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Hostname: page-component-7dc689bd49-kfntg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-03-20T10:55:40.098Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": false } hasContentIssue true >Asian Journal of Comparative Law >From South Africa to Sri Lanka: Prospects of Travel... Asian Journal of Comparative Law From South Africa to Sri Lanka: Prospects of Travel for ‘Transformative Constitutionalism’ Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 May 2020 Dinesha SAMARARATNE [Opens in a new window] Dinesha SAMARARATNE* University of Melbourne, [email protected] University of Colombo, Sri Lanka What lessons can we learn from the way in which the South African experience of transformative constitutionalism was invoked in Sri Lanka's recent constitutional reform experience? What conditions allow experiences of transformative constitutionalism to travel? In this article, I respond to these two questions, using Frankenberg's idea of a ‘layered approach’ in comparative constitutional law. My analysis affirms that in the comparative enterprise, a thick explanation that allows each experience to ‘speak for itself’ heightens the value of a comparative example. In the case of South Africa, I demonstrate that transformative constitutionalism is in fact a specific genre of constitutionalism. It demands attention not only to substantive constitutional guarantees and institutional design, but also to the process of constitutional reform. Moreover, effective measures for transitional justice are an essential component of transformative constitutionalism. A closer reading of the South African experience that paid attention to these factors would have led to better use of this experience in Sri Lanka's post-war constitutional governance. Asian Journal of Comparative Law , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , July 2020 , pp. 45 - 68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2020.4[Opens in a new window] Copyright © National University of Singapore, 2020 LLB (Hons)(Colombo), LLM (Harvard), PhD (Colombo), Attorney-at-Law (Sri Lanka). Postdoctoral Fellow, ARC Laureate Program in Comparative Constitutional Law, Melbourne Law School; concurrently Senior Lecturer, Department of Public & International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Colombo. A draft of this paper was presented at the ‘Public Law in Four Nations’ conference convened by the Faculty of Law, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa on 2–5 July 2019. I thank Toerien Van Wyk, PhD candidate, Melbourne Law School, for her comments on this paper, and the Academic Research Service at the Melbourne Law School for their research support. Research for this paper was undertaken from April 2019 to August 2019 and was fully funded by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council (ARC) Laureate Program ‘Balancing Diversity and Social Cohesion in Democratic Constitutions’. 1. On the usage of the term ‘constitutional legislators’ see Jackson, Vicki C, ‘Comparative Constitutional Law: Methodologies’, in Rosenfeld, Michel & Sajo, Andras (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law (Oxford University Press 2012) 69Google Scholar. 2. Tushnet, Mark, ‘Some reflections on method in comparative constitutional law’, in Choudhry, Sujit (ed), The Migration of Constitutional Ideas (Cambridge University Press 2006) 83Google Scholar. 3. Jackson (n 1) 54. 4. Hirschl, Ran, ‘Editorial’ (2013) 11 International Journal of Constitutional Law 1, 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 5. ibid 9. 7. Saunders, Cheryl, ‘Towards a Global Constitutional Gene Pool’ (2009) 4 National Taiwan University Law Review 3Google Scholar. 8. Tushnet (n 2) 68. 10. Hirschl, Ran, ‘On the blurred methodological matrix of comparative constitutional law’, in Choudhry, Sujit (ed), The Migration of Constitutional Ideas (Cambridge University Press 2006) 66Google Scholar. 11. See Frankenberg, Gunter, ‘Comparing constitutions: Ideas, ideals, and ideology – toward a layered narrative’ (2006) 4 International Journal of Constitutional Law 439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar 12. ibid 459. The reference to Cinderella is a way of highlighting the neglect of the debate on method in comparative law. The reference to Sleeping Beauty is a way of highlighting the increased attention and interest in comparative method. 13. ibid 443–451. 14. See also, in this regard, Frankenberg, Gunter, ‘Critical Comparisons: Re-thinking Comparative Law’ (1985) 26 Harvard Journal of International Law 411Google Scholar; Frankenberg, Gunter, ‘Comparative constitutional law’, in Bussani, Mauro & Mattei, Ugo (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Comparative Constitutional Law (Cambridge University Press 2012) 171Google Scholar; Frankenberg, Gunter, Comparative Law as Critique (Edward Elgar Publishing 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 15. For a critique of liberal constitutionalism see Tushnet, Mark, ‘The Dilemmas of Liberal Constitutionalism’ (1981) 42 Ohio State Law Journal 411Google Scholar. 16. Klare, Karl E, ‘Legal Culture and Transformative Constitutionalism’ (1998) 14 South African Journal on Human Rights 146, 150CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 18. ibid. Compare the South African approach to transformative constitutionalism with that of understandings of transformative constitutionalism as developed in Latin America. See eg Von Bogdandy, Armin et al. (eds), Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America: The Emergence of a New Ius Commune (Oxford University Press 2017)Google Scholar. 19. Klare (n 16) 155. 21. ibid 151. 24. See eg Moseneke, Dikgang, ‘The Fourth Bram Fischer Memorial Lecture – Transformative Adjudication’ (2002) 18 South African Journal on Human Rights 309CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Woolman, Stu, ‘Understanding South Africa's Aspirational Constitution as Scaffolding’ (2015) 60 New York Law School Law Review 283Google Scholar; Hailbronner, Michaela, ‘Transformative Constitutionalism: Not Only in the Global South’ (2017) 65 American Journal of Comparative Law 527CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kibet, Eric & Fombad, Charles, ‘Transformative Constitutionalism and the Adjudication of Constitutional Rights in Africa’ (2017) 17 African Human Rights Law Journal 340CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 25. See eg Hailbronner (n 24). 26. For an account of these contingencies in the German context, see Grimm, Dieter, Constitutionalism: Past, Present, and Future (Oxford University Press 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 27. That is to say, the constitutional obligation to enforce a positive right. 28. Brickhill, Jason & Van Leeve, Yana, ‘Transformative Constitutionalism – Guiding Light or Empty Slogan’ (2015) Acta Juridica 141Google Scholar. 29. Fowkes, James, ‘Transformative Constitutionalism and the Global South: The View from South Africa’, in Von Bogdandy, Armin et al. (eds), Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America: The Emergence of a New Ius Commune (Oxford University Press 2017)Google Scholar. 31. ibid 106. For a similar critique see Venter, Francois, ‘The Limits of Transformation in South Africa's Constitutional Democracy’ (2018) 34 South African Journal on Human Rights 143CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 32. On inequality in South Africa, see eg Simkins, Charles, ‘Poverty, Inequality, and Democracy: South African Disparities’ (2011) 22 Journal of Democracy 105CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tregenna, Fiona & Tsela, Mfanafuthi, ‘Inequality in South Africa: The distribution of income, expenditure and earnings’ (2012) 29 Development Southern Africa 35CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On violence in South Africa, see eg Plessis, Anton du & Louw, Antoinett, ‘Crime and Crime Prevention in South Africa: 10 Years After’ [2005] Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice 427CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Neocosmos, Michael, ‘The Politics of Fear and the Fear of Politics: Reflections on Xenophobic Violence in South Africa’ (2008) 43 Journal of Asian and African Studies 586CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 33. For a critique of the South African constitutional project, see Roux, Theunis, ‘Transformative Constitutionalism and the Best Interpretation of the South African Constitution: Distinction without a Difference?’ (2009) 20 Stellenbosch Law Review 258Google Scholar. 34. Sibanda, Sanele, ‘Not Purpose-Made! Transformative Constitutionalism, Post-Independence Constitutionalism and the Struggle to Eradicate Poverty’ (2011) 22 Stellenbosch Law Review 482Google Scholar. See also Rapatsa, Mashele, ‘Re-thinking the Constitution's Rights-based Approaches and Klare's Social Change Phenomenon: A View towards Securing Human Well-being and Societal Stability’ (2017) 13 Acta Universitatis Danubius Juridica 65Google Scholar. 35. See Ramose, Mogobe Bernard, ‘Towards a Post-Conquest South Africa: Beyond the Constitution of 1996’ (2018) 34 South African Journal on Human Rights 326CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Davis, DM, ‘Is the South African Constitution an Obstacle to a Democratic Post-Colonial State?’ (2018) 34 South African Journal on Human Rights 359CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 36. For an account of the internal armed conflict in Sri Lanka from a constitutional perspective, see Chandrasekaram, Visakesa, The Use of Confessionary Evidence under the Counter-Terrorism Laws of Sri Lanka: An Interdisciplinary Study (Amsterdam University Press 2017) 17–31Google Scholar; Welikala, Asanga, A State of Permanent Crisis: Constitutional Government, Fundamental Rights, and States of Emergency in Sri Lanka (Centre for Policy Alternatives 2008)Google Scholar. 37. For a critical examination of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (the 1978 Constitution), see Edrisinha, Rohan & Jayakody, Aruni (eds), The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution: Substance and Process (Centre for Policy Alternatives 2011)Google Scholar. 38. Seventeenth Amendment to the 1978 Constitution, art 41A. Individuals from civil society were appointed as follows: one appointed by the President, five nominated by the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition and appointed by the President, and one nominated by political parties other than the parties that the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition belong to. 39. The independent commissions are the Elections Commission, the Public Service Commission, the National Police Commission, the Human Rights Commission, the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery and Corruption, the Finance Commission, and the Delimitation Commission: Seventeenth Amendment to the 1978 Constitution, Schedule to art 41B. The high offices are those of the Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court, the President and the judges of the Court of Appeal, members of the Judicial Service Commission, the Attorney-General, the Auditor-General, the Inspector-General of Police, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, and the Secretary-General of Parliament: Seventeenth Amendment to the 1978 Constitution, Schedule to art 41C. 40. Eighteenth Amendment to the 1978 Constitution, art 411A(1). 41. In re the Eighteenth Amendment Bill SC (SD) No 01/2010, SC Minutes 31 August 2010. 42. For a critical account of the Executive Presidency under the Sri Lankan Constitution, see Welikala, Asanga (ed), Reforming Sri Lankan Presidentialism: Provenance, Problems and Prospects (Centre for Policy Alternatives 2015)Google Scholar. 43. For an examination of the political and constitutional issues related to the impeachment of the Chief Justice, see International Bar Association, ‘A Crisis of Legitimacy: The Impeachment of Chief Justice Bandaranayake and the Erosion of the Rule of Law in Sri Lanka’ (Human Rights Institute, Executive Summary, April 2013) <https://www.ibanet.org/Document/Default.aspx?DocumentUid=C6E5D350-64F5-419C-8161-C281BA8EDFCF> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 44. The 1978 Constitution, art 107(3) provides that Parliament ‘shall by law or by Standing Orders’ provide for all matters relating to the impeachment of judges of the appellate courts. The procedure in place for impeachment has been established by way of a Standing Order. It provides that a Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) should investigate and determine the allegations made against the judge in question. In the case of Chief Justice Bandaranayake, the government of the day followed this procedure; however, the Chief Justice was not afforded the guarantees of natural justice during the hearings before the PSC. 45. For instance, it was described as a ‘threat to the independence of the justice system’ by Gabriela Knaul, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers. See ‘UN independent expert concerned over reports of intimidation of judges in Sri Lanka’ (UN News, 31 December 2012) <https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/12/429212-un-independent-expert-concerned-over-reports-intimidation-judges-sri-lanka> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 46. See 11th special session of the Human Rights Council A/HRC/S-11/2(26 June 2009); Resolution 19/2 Promoting Reconciliation and Accountability in Sri Lanka A/HRC/RES/19/2 (3 April 2012); Resolution 22/1 Promoting Reconciliation and Accountability in Sri Lanka A/HRC/22/1 (9 April 2013); Resolution 25/1 Promoting Reconciliation and Accountability in Sri Lanka A/HRC/RES/25/1 (9 April 2014); 30/1 Promoting Reconciliation and Accountability in Sri Lanka A/HRC/RES/30/1 (14 October 2015). 47. The reports commissioned by the Secretary-General are the Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka (31 March 2011) and the Report of the Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka (November 2012). The relevant reports by the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) are: A/HRC/22/38 (11 February 2013); A/HRC/25/23 (24 February 2014); A/HRC/30/61 (28 September 2015); A/HRC/34/20 (10 February 2017); and A/HRC/37/23 (25 January 2018). 48. The Commission found that human rights violations such as enforced disappearances and extra-judicial killings were the acts of individual members of the armed forces and not in furtherance of a policy. See Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation (November 2011), para 4.282 ff <http://slembassyusa.org/downloads/LLRC-REPORT.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 49. For a critical discussion on the implementation of the recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry on Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation, see Hoglund, Kristine & Orjuela, Camilla, ‘Friction over justice in post-war Sri Lanka’, in Björkdahl, Annika et al. (eds), Peacebuilding and Friction: Global and Local Encounters in Post Conflict-Societies (Routledge 2016) 128 ffGoogle Scholar; Thiranagama, Sharika, ‘Claiming the State: Postwar Reconciliation in Sri Lanka’ (2013) 4 Humanity 93, 98 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar. The recommendations of the Commission included resettlement of internally displaced persons and accountability for enforced disappearances. 50. See ‘Working Visit by Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa, appointed as Special Envoy of President Jacob Zuma to Sri Lanka, arrived on 7 July 2014’ (South African High Commission, Colombo, Sri Lanka) <http://www.dirco.gov.za/colombo/newsandevents.html > accessed 31 Mar 2020. 51. For a discussion of these developments see Bhavani Fonseka et al, ‘Two Years in Government: A Review of the Pledges Made in 2015 through the lens of Constitutional Reform, Governance and Transitional Justice’ (Centre for Policy Alternatives, February 2017) <https://www.cpalanka.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2-February-2017-FINAL-REPORT-.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 52. Notable among these reforms are the Right to Information Act (Act No 12 of 2016), the Office of the Missing Persons Act (Act No 14 of 2016), and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Act (Act No 5 of 2018). 53. For an analysis of the Nineteenth Amendment, see Welikala, Asanga (eds), The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution: Content and Context (Centre for Policy Alternatives 2016)Google Scholar. 54. Resolution adopted 9 March 2016 by the Eighth Parliament of Sri Lanka, as recorded in 2(243) Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 212 ff. 55. Six sub-committees were appointed by the Constitutional Assembly on the following themes: fundamental rights, the judiciary, law and order, public finance, public service, and centre-periphery relations. 56. This Committee was appointed by the Cabinet of Ministers on 22 December 2015. 57. The 1978 Constitution, art 82. 59. The report was submitted by 10 May 2016. 60. Interim Report of the Steering Committee of the Constitutional Assembly of Sri Lanka (21 September 2017) <http://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2017-09/Interim%20Report%20of%20the%20Steering%20Commmittee%20of%20the%20Constitutional%20Assembly%20of%20Sri%20Lanka_21%20September%202017.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 61. Subsequent to the Nineteenth Amendment, the President's power to dissolve Parliament could be exercised only after 4.5 years of the term of Parliament had elapsed: 1978 Constitution, art 70(1). This effectively meant that the President had no power to dissolve Parliament until March 2020. See Sampanthan v Attorney General SC (FR) 351–356, 358–361 of 2018, SC Minutes, 13 December 2018. 62. On 21 April 2019, six suicide bombers set off bombs in three churches and three hotels in Sri Lanka, leading to over 250 deaths. 63. The new President (the defence secretary up to 2014 and a brother of former President Mahinda Rajapakse) was nominated by a new party, the Sri Lankan Podujana Peramuna [Sri Lanka People's Front] (SLPP). This party was formed during the constitutional crisis. Soon after the election of the new President, the Prime Minister resigned, and the former President Mahinda Rajapakse was appointed as the new Prime Minister. 64. Nine provincial councils were established through the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This Amendment was enacted pursuant to the Indo-Lanka Accord signed between India and Sri Lanka, in which the Sri Lankan Government committed to constitutional reform for the devolution of power. The devolution of power was for the purpose of providing a political solution to the separatist demands by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). However, the Thirteenth Amendment has been criticised for failing to provide an effective solution to the ethnic conflict. See in this regard Rohan Edrisinha, ‘Debating Federalism in Sri Lanka and Nepal’, and Welikala, Asanga, ‘Constitutional Form and Reform in Postwar Sri Lanka: Towards a Plurinational Understanding’, both in Tushnet, Mark & Khosla, Madhav (eds), Unstable Constitutionalism: Law and Politics in South Asia (Cambridge University Press 2015) 291, 320Google Scholar. 65. Jayadeva Uyangoda, ‘Sri Lanka's Presidential Election: Healing the Wounds in the New Task’ (Groundviews, 19 November 2019) <https://groundviews.org/2019/11/19/sri-lankas-presidential-election-healing-the-wounds-is-the-new-task/> accessed 2 Mar 2020. On 21 April, five suicide bomb attacks were carried out in Colombo and one in Batticaloa resulting in more than 250 deaths. A local organization inspired by the Islamic State has been alleged to be responsible for the attacks, and investigations are ongoing. 66. See eg Höglund, Kristine & Orjuela, Camilla, ‘Friction and the pursuit of justice in post-war Sri Lanka’ (2013) 1 Peacebuilding 300CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Seoighe, Rachel, ‘Discourses of Victimization in Sri Lanka's Civil War: Collective Memory, Legitimacy and Agency’ (2016) 25 Social and Legal Studies 355CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 67. Report on the Second Mandate of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Complaints of Abductions and Disappearances (the Paranagama Commission) (August 2015), 144 <https://parliament.lk/uploads/documents/paperspresented/report-of-paranagama.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 68. Final Report of the Consultation Task Force on Reconciliation Mechanisms, vol 1 (17 November 2016), vii <http://war-victims-map.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/CTF-Final-Report-Volume-I-Nov-16.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020. The Task Force was appointed in January 2016. 69. Report on Public Representations on Constitutional Reform (May 2016), 28 (referring to the South African Constitution, art 2) <http://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/sri_lanka_prc_report-english-final.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 70. ibid 151 (referring to the South African Constitution, art 178(1)). 71. Final Report of the Consultation Task Force on Reconciliation Mechanisms (n 68) 114. 75. See Report on the Second Mandate of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry (n 67). This Commission was initially appointed in August 2013 and its mandate was extended in July 2014. 76. See Interim Constitution of South Africa Act 200 of 1993 (as amended by Act No 2 of 1994 and Act No 3 of 1994), sch 4. 77. For a critical assessment of the public participation process in the South African constitution-making process, see Synnove Skjelten, A People's Constitution: Public Participation in the South African Constitution-making Process (Institute for Global Dialogue 2006). 79. See eg Bennun, Mervyn & Newitt, Malyn DD (eds), Negotiating Justice: A New Constitution for South Africa (University of Exeter Press 1995)Google Scholar. 80. See eg Orkin, Mark (ed), Sanctions Against Apartheid (Community Agency for Social Inquiry 1989)Google Scholar. 81. Constitutional Assembly, ‘Community Liaison Report’ (Management Committee Document, June 1995), cited in Skjelten (n 77) 14. 82. See eg Welikala, Asanga, ‘The Sri Lankan Culture of Constitutional Law and Politics: The Lessons of the Constitutional Reform Exercise 2014-19 and the Constitutional Crisis of 2018’, in Welikala, Asanga (ed), Constitutional Reform and Crisis in Sri Lanka (Centre for Policy Alternatives 2019) 263Google Scholar. 83. For a critical discussion see David, Kumar, ‘Revisiting the Single-Issue Common-Candidate Strategy: Successes and Failures’, in Welikala, Asanga (ed), Constitutional Reform and Crisis in Sri Lanka (Centre for Policy Alternatives 2019) 89.Google Scholar 84. For an assessment of the political context at the time, see Fonseka et al (n 51) 5; Neil Devotta, ‘A Win for Democracy in Sri Lanka’ (2016) 27 Journal of Democracy 152; Thiranagama (n 49). 85. The two Members of Parliament (MPs) who led the process for constitutional reform were Dr Jayampathy Wickramaratne PC and MA Sumanthiran PC. MP Wickramaratne was nominated to Parliament by the United National Party (UNP) through the National List. MP Sumanthiran represents the Tamil National Alliance and was elected from Jaffna, the urban centre of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. Both MPs are senior lawyers who entered the arena of representative politics in the last decade. 86. For an assessment of public perception, among others, of constitutional reform, see ‘Opinion Poll on Constitutional Reform: Top Line Report’ (Social Indicator, Centre for Policy Alternatives, March 2017) <https://www.cpalanka.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Rapid-survey_final-report_March-2017.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 87. See eg Jayawardena, Kumari, ‘Aspects of Class and Ethnic Consciousness in Sri Lanka’ (1983) 14 Development and Change 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar; DeVotta, Neil, ‘From Ethnic Outbidding to Ethnic Conflict: The Institutional Bases for Sri Lanka's Separatist War’ (2005) 11 Nations and Nationalism 141CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 88. See eg Gravers, Mikael, ‘Anti-Muslim Buddhist Nationalism in Burma and Sri Lanka: Religious Violence and Globalized Imaginaries of Endangered Identities’ (2015) 16 Contemporary Buddhism 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 89. See eg Stewart, James John, ‘Muslim-Buddhist Conflict in Contemporary Sri Lanka’ (2014) 34 South Asia Research 241CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 90. Examples include the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi [Lanka Tamil State Party, commonly known in English as the Federal Party], the Sri Lanka Muslim Council, and the Jathika Hela Urumaya [National Sinhala Heritage Party]. 91. For a helpful analysis, see Rambukwella, Harshana, The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity (UCL Press 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 92. For a discussion see Jeganathan, Pradeep & Ismail, Qadri (eds), Unmaking the Nation: The Politics of Identity & History in Modern Sri Lanka (Social Scientists’ Association 1995)Google Scholar. 93. The two exceptions are the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the Afrikaner People's Front. See Sparks, Allister, Tomorrow is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa's Negotiated Revolution (Mandarin 1995) 230Google Scholar. 95. Resolution 30/1 ‘Promoting reconciliation, accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka’ A/HRC/RES/30/1 (1 October 2015). 96. See eg WA De Silva, ‘Why Constitutional reform is a threat’ Daily Mirror (6 January 2018) <http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/Why-Constitutional-reform-is-a-threat-143484.html> accessed 31 Mar 2020; Asoka Bandarage, ‘Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity and Constitutional Reform in Sri Lanka’ Daily Mirror (9 October 2017) <http://www.dailymirror.lk/138037/Sovereignty-Territorial-Integrity-and-Constitutional-Reform-in-Sri-Lanka> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 97. For an account of the constitution-making process in South Africa, see Ebrahim, Hassen, The Soul of a Nation: Constitution-making in South Africa (Oxford University Press 1998)Google Scholar; Segal, Lauren & Cott, Sharon, One Law, One Nation: The Making of the South African Constitution (Jacana Media 2012)Google Scholar. 98. Sparks (n 93) 133. 100. See eg ibid 137 ff; Bennun & Newitt (n 79). 101. Murray, Christina, ‘A Constitutional Beginning: Making South Africa's Final Constitution’ (2001) 23 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review 809, 816Google Scholar; Ebrahim, Hassen & Miller, Laurel E, ‘Creating the Birth Certificate of a New South Africa: Constitution Making after Apartheid’, in Ebrahim, Hassen & Miller, Laurel E (eds), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making (United States Institute of Peace Press 2010) 134Google Scholar. 102. Skjelten (n 77) 86–87. 103. ibid 76. On constitutional public meetings, see ibid 56 ff. 104. ibid 104 ff. The sectors were: judiciary and legal systems, business, children's rights, traditional authorities, religious groups, youth, labour, women, national machinery and the advancement of women, local government, socio-economic rights, and land rights. 105. Ebrahim & Miller (n 101). 106. ibid 148. 108. ibid 159. See also generally South Africa History Online, ‘Chapter 13 – The public participation process’ (1 September 2019) <https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/chapter-13-public-participation-process> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 109. Ebrahim & Miller (n 101) 111. 110. For a discussion of this initiative, see ibid 91 ff. 111. ibid 93. 112. Gloppen, Siri, South Africa: The Battle over the Constitution (Ashgate 1997)Google Scholar. 113. See eg Alexander Edward Hudson, The Impact of Public Participation in Constitution Making (PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin 2018) 46 ff. 114. The themes were: nature of the state, form of government, basic structure of the constitution, fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy, legislature, supremacy of constitution or parliament, separation of powers, independence of the judiciary and the court structure, constitutional court, devolution and local government, sharing of power at the centre, constitutional council and independent commissions, public service, electoral reforms, judicial review of legislation, powers of president under parliamentary system, election of president under parliamentary system, public security, finance, and any other issues. See Report on Public Representations on Constitutional Reform (n 69) 211. 115. Report on Public Representations on Constitutional Reform (n 69) iii. 116. ibid vii. 117. For a detailed analysis of these proposals, see Mario Gomez et al, ‘Constitutionalising Economic and Social Rights in Sri Lanka’ (CPA Working Papers on Constitutional Reform No 7, September 2016) <https://www.cpalanka.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Working-Paper-7.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020; Tom G Daly, ‘A Constitutional Court for Sri Lanka? Perceptions, Potential and Pitfalls’ (CPA Working Papers on Constitutional Reform No 15, April 2017) <http://constitutionalreforms.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/CPA_WP_CR_No_15_Final-TDrevno-tracks.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 118. See eg ‘Introduction’, in Report of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights (Steering Committee of the Constitutional Assembly of Sri Lanka, November 2016) <https://www.colombotelegraph.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/01-Fundamental-Rights-ste-1.pdf> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 119. See in this regard CA Chandraprema, ‘Radical changes in the Judiciary: New draft constitution – part 4’ The Island (7 August 2018) <http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=189224> accessed 31 Mar 2020. 120. Discussions at the public meeting organized by the Sri Lanka Bar Association on ‘The Report of the Sub-Committee of the Constitutional assembly on Fundamental Rights – perspectives on the inclusion of Socio-Economic Rights in the new constitution’, 10 January 2017. 121. Report of the Public Representations Committee (n 69) 100 ff. 122. See eg the Constitution of Nepal 2015 and the Constitution of Kenya 2010. 123. 1978 Constitution, art 9. 124. ibid art 16. 125. See Interim Report of the Steering Committee (n 60), Part IV. 126. See generally ibid. 127. See eg Pierre Legrand, ‘The Impossibility of Legal Transplants’ (1997) 4 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 111. 128. ‘We enter into a covenant that we shall build a society in which all South Africans, both black and white will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world’: President Nelson Mandela at his inauguration speech, as cited in Sparks (n 93) 229. 129. Klare (n 16) 150. 130. See in this regard Huntington, Samuel P, ‘Democracy's Third Wave’ (1991) 2 Journal of Democracy 12CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 131. See eg Moffitt, Benjamin, The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation (Stanford University Press 2016)Google Scholar. 132. See Gunter Frankenberg, ‘Critical Comparisons: Re-thinking Comparative Law’ (n 14). Dinesha SAMARARATNE (a1) (a2) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2020.4

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Posts Tagged English La Illeta Dels Banyets August 8, 2017 at 7:44 pm · Filed under Culture, Uncategorized ·Tagged Alicante, Archaeological, Benidorm, Berber Pirates, Bronze Era, Ceramics, Civilisations, Costa Blanca, Cultures, El Campello, English, European Ancestors, Fish Market, French, Iberian, La Illeta Dels Banyets, La Illeta Watchtower, Living History, Marina, Mediterranean Sea, Museo Arqueológico de Alicante, Museum, Nautical Club, Queen’s Bathing Pools, Roman, Ruins, Spain, Spanish, Student, Thermal Baths, Tombs, Tourist Information Office, Vessels, Weapons, Wine EL CAMPELLO is a delightful town, in the heart of the Spanish Costa Blanca. Situated about half an hour away from Alicante and an hour away from Benidorm, it has a population of around 26,000. El Campello is home to a few English speaking folks – but it’s light years away from those who live, work and holiday in Alicante and Benidorm. As the town’s web-site – http://www.elcampello.es/index.php?s=campello_hoy&i=en – notes, it’s a ‘traditional fishing village which has known how to transform itself, without losing its roots, in to a first rate tourist town.’ Indeed, it’s where a lot of Spanish folks go for their holidays. And it’s easy to see why – there’s over 14 miles (23 kilometres) of beautiful beaches which are effectively given a ‘manicure’ early every morning. In addition to this the whole beach front is immaculate. In fact it’s so neat and tidy you’d be hard pressed to find any litter at all. If you’re into history and culture, one of the highlights of El Campello is an archaeological site known as La Illeta Dels Banyets, sometimes known as the Queen’s Bathing Pools. Earlier this year my wife and I visited the town. We were aware of the La Illeta and wanted to visit it. We were really lucky as our visit coincided with the twentieth anniversary of the opening of El Campello’s Tourist Information Office. To mark the occasion, some visitor attractions were open free of charge – including the La Illeta. Happy days! I’ll let the town’s aforementioned web-site explain the significance of the site: ‘Located in a small peninsula, at the foot of the Watchtower, an archaeological site can be found which is, without a doubt, the most important of the Mediterranean. These lands were separated from the coast by an earthquake of an unknown date, and during the 30’s of the last century were artificially reunited with the land. The first excavations were carried out by F. Figueras Pacheco between 1931 and 35 and, during the decade of the 70’s, by E. A. Llobregat. These works confirmed the existence on this site of different civilisations and cultures, with the Roman, the Iberian, and the Bronze Era being the most significant, and so we can date the site as being over 5,000 years old. From the Iberian era vessels, weapons, tombs and ceramic remains have been found, as well as singular buildings which lead us to believe that significant production and trade activity took place in relation to other Mediterranean cultures between the second and fourth Centuries B.C. From the Roman era small thermal baths have been found which belonged to a disappeared agricultural village and, linked to this and to others nearby, some fish-farm hatcheries cut into the rock. Despite the erosion, the pools can still be made out, connected to the sea, in which the fish were farmed. These constructions (els Banyets) give their name to the site because according to word of mouth tradition they were the bathing pools of a Moorish queen. The site is currently supervised by the Museo Arqueológico de Alicante (Marq), which is in charge of is museumisation.’ We both found La Illeta really interesting. There were detailed information boards everywhere. Even by the plants – which somehow are able to survive the reasonably arid conditions in this part of the world – had information boards! It provided a fascinating glimpse into the past. We both found ourselves thinking that we have it really easy compared to the lives our European ancestors lived. My wife was particularly interested in the wine making area which dated back to the Iberian era. As a wine lover, she wondered how our ancestors ‘came across’ wine. Indeed, how did they work out how to make it – was it completely by accident or did someone deliberately set out to do it? I’m not really into wine at all, but even I started to wonder if wine has always tasted the same or did it evolve over the years? I presume environmental changes and modern production methods would have some bearing on the matter – if so, is there any way that the ‘original’ taste of wines throughout the ages could be recreated? During our time on La Illeta we came across one of the assistants talking in French to a young girl. We presumed she was an archaeology student as she was taking copious notes whilst the assistant was going into great detail and both were taking a very close look at some of the ruins. We really enjoyed our time there. However, I thought that maybe even a small ‘living history’ museum near the site would have been useful. I would have really like to seen full size mock-ups of the buildings, characters in various period costumes and maybe an audio visual display providing a history of the general area. La Illeta is one of the most prominent features along the El Campello coast line. Others include a modern marina, nautical club and fish market. Overlooking this area is La Illeta Watchtower. It’s a very impressive and a fairly substantial defensive position dating back to the sixteenth century and built to warn against raids from Berber Pirates. As mentioned earlier, some form of museum could provide a link between all of these features – a real delight for all history buffs and culture vultures! La Illeta is well, well worth a visit. However, a word to the wise – it’s surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean Sea which provides a lovely – but deceiving – breeze. Believe it or not it’s easy to get roasted by the sun without actually noticing it. Our tip is to use plenty of the highest factor sun cream you can get hold of – you have been warned! Costa Blanca News January 24, 2015 at 8:35 am · Filed under Uncategorized ·Tagged Albert Einstein, Allicante, Anti-PC, Barry Wright, Battles, Benidorm, British, Buildings, Capitalism, Castles, CB Live, Celebrations, Charities, Clubs, Costa Blanca, Costa Blanca News, Counter Culture, Cultures, Customs, Danish, Darkness, Dénia, English, Enlightenment, Exploitation, Finestrat, Gig Guide, Globalism, Governments, Harmonious, Heritage, History, Indigenous, It's All In Your Mind, Jihadis, Joe Strummer, Karl Marx, L'Alfàs del Pi, Leftist, Liberal, Lies, Loose Women, Los Alcázares, Losing You, Manhattan, Manipulation, Market Days, Med TV Guide, Mediterranean, Mod/Punk, Moors and Christians Festivals, Multicultural, Oppression, Parades, Paul Weller, Pilar de la Horadada, Politically Correct, Posers, racism, Rosa Luxemburg, Rotherham, Sex Abuse Gangs, Spain, Spanish, Sport, The Brit Scene, The Clash, The Jam, The Movement, The Who, Theatre, Third Millennium Fascists, Traditional, Truth, Vox Pop, War, What’s On, White Coast, World, You Tube Costa Blanca News. Serving the English speaking community in Spain for over 40 years. TOWARDS the end of last year some of my extended family and I spent a fortnight near Allicante on the Costa Blanca. The Costa Blanca – the ‘White Coast’ – itself covers around 120 miles of beautiful Mediterranean coastline in South East Spain. It runs from from Dénia in the north to Pilar de la Horadada in the South. It’s known as Spain’s most popular year-round holiday area. According to one popular English language web-site (1) the Costa Blanca runs “along the province of Alicante, it can be divided into two clearly distinct areas of scenery: to the North, a curtain of mountains running closely parallel to the sea, dropping away to form sheer cliffs and secluded pebble coves: to the South, a vast plain of sands, dunes, palm groves and saltpans make up a backdrop for the beaches.” One day, and out of the blue, we decided to visit Benidorm – sometimes called the ‘Manhattan of Spain’ because of its skyline – which was about 20 odd miles away from where we were staying. As noted in an earlier review (2) of the well-known holiday resort, “I’d heard a lot about this popular holiday resort – good, bad and indifferent – and I wanted to see what it was like first hand.” However, I was disappointed with Benidorm. For me, it had “just about enough to remind us that we were in Spain.” However, one bright spot was the number of English language papers available. I get myself into a bit of a routine when it comes to picking up local papers. As I noted sometime ago, it doesn’t matter “where the paper is from – anywhere in the English speaking world does me just fine.” (2) A Spanish travel guide’s map of the Costa Blanca. Because of its climate it is one of Spain’s main holiday destinations. Probably the best paper that I came across on my visit to Benidorm was the Costa Blanca News. Produced on a weekly basis it has going for over 40 years and serves “the English speaking community in Spain.” My issue covered the period 5 – 11 September 2014. At €2 for 110 pages plus a free 32 page Med TV Guide I thought that it was fantastic value. Like all local papers, the Costa Blanca News covers a little bit of everything – and more! I was really surprised at the number of features it carried. These included The Brit Scene, Vox Pop and Loose Women. I was also particularly impressed by the dozen or so pages devoted to both Spanish and British sporting events. And although the paper seems to be predominately centred around what’s happening in Benidorm, I was pleased to note that small towns – such as L’Alfàs del Pi, Finestrat and Los Alcázares – were also featured in a news round up. Of great interest was the What’s On guide. It consisted of nearly 30 pages and was sub-divided into several sections including an alphabetically arranged town listing section, market days, gig guide, theatre, clubs and charities. Two features in the Costa Blanca News stood out for me – The Brit Scene by an unnamed author and CB Live by Barry Wright. The former included an anti-PC polemic whilst the second was a look at the oh-so ‘right on’ Danish mod/punk band, The Movement. Ironically, both took what appeared to be diametrically opposing views, but I enjoyed them none-the-less! The Brit Scene’s first two paragraphs set the scene of its anti-PC article: “The World is a dangerous place to live; not because of the people who are evil, but because of the people who don’t do anything about it. This – or something very similar – was said by Albert Einstein and it is very significant in today’s climate of sex abuse gangs, jihadis, weak governments and the liberal pursuit of a harmonious multicultural society.” The article expanded on these themes and in particular how the fear of being called a ‘racist’ effectively paralysed all state agencies thus allowing the Rotherham sex scandal to continue unchecked. I found much of this article very interesting – although it didn’t say anything that I didn’t know – but sadly it didn’t prescribe any cure to any of Britain’s ills. The feature on The Movement also caught my eye. A highly political band, the trio’s musical influences include The Jam, The Who and The Clash. Politically their influences “range from Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Marx to Joe Strummer and Paul Weller.” I enjoyed their polemic on Globalism: “There’s a new and constantly growing generation of young kids interested in political questions, expressing deep fundamental criticism and rejection of the global effects of capitalism and its mechanisms of exploitation, war and oppression – young people searching for truth and enlightenment in times of total manipulation, lies and darkness.” Despite this The Movement offered no answer to the menace of Globalism! Are they just anti-Capitalist posers, full of ‘leftist’ empty rhetoric? (Personally, some of the most strident critiques of capitalism that I’ve read recently have come from people who’d describe themselves as ‘Third Millennium Fascists.’) Maybe they should just stick to music – check them out on YouTube, and look out for excellent tracks like Losing You and It’s All In Your Mind When I was in Benidorm I looked out for any signs of history, heritage and culture but couldn’t find much on offer. Therefore I was intrigued to read in the Costa Blanca News about the Moors and Christians Festivals. (4) The pictures and reports looked amazing – this is something that I’ll have to see in person! I love the various indigenous cultures of the world. Indeed, I think that articles looking at famous battles, castles, buildings, traditional parades and celebrations around the world would make an excellent mini-series for Counter Culture. Maybe we should kick off with a report of the forthcoming Moors and Christians Festival in September? Indeed, I think that I’ll use that as an excuse for visiting the Costa Blanca again! Until next time then … O YOU can check out the web-site of Costa Blanca News here http://www.costa-news.com/ its Facebook page of here https://www.facebook.com/pages/Costa-Blanca-News/152894188104472 and follow its Twitter feed here: https://twitter.com/costablancanews (1) http://www.in-costablanca.com/ (2) https://countercultureuk.com/2014/10/20/two-weeks-in-spain/ (3) https://countercultureuk.com/2013/10/26/majorca-daily-bulletin/ (4) http://www.travelinginspain.com/spain_festivals/moors_christian.htm Federalism for Britain August 24, 2012 at 2:28 pm · Filed under Uncategorized ·Tagged Albion, Alternative Publications, British Family of Nations, Caledonia, Caledonian Voice, Culture, Decentralist, Devo-Max, E-Publications, England, English, English Voice, Federalism, Identity, National Liberal Party, New Horizon, NLP, Scotland, Scottish, St. Andrew, St. George Cover of Caledonian Voice. Cover of English Voice Federalism for Britain: The NLP Launches two papers for England & Scotland. JULY saw the launch of two new publications by the National Liberal Party (NLP), English Voice (EV), and Caledonian Voice (CV). As their titles suggest, the former is produced for England and the latter is aimed at Scottish readers and thus they will function as the national NLP papers for England and Scotland. Both papers are currently produced in a double-sided A4 format with the front page comprising eye-catching mastheads and lead articles with the reverse giving readers a general introduction to the NLP, its policies and its New Horizon e-zine. EV is currently available online while CV is available both online and in printed form for distribution door to door. The common theme of the first issue of both publications can be summed-up as ‘Federalism for Britain’ and revives the concept of ‘The British Family of Nations’ which was a strong strand of de-centralist thinking within nationalism in the 1980’s which sought to strengthen local and regional identities and culture and devolve power away from central government and down to the ordinary people. At the time this represented a radical departure from what had been hitherto orthodox nationalist policy which looked very much to a centralist British Government and a blanket British identity. With the question over Scotland’s future within the United Kingdom and calls for England to have its own Parliament, EV and CV bring a nationalist view to these debates. CV leads with The Independence Referendum…..Is there a Third Way? and puts forward the option of Devo-Max as alternative to both outright separation of Scotland from the rest of the UK and the status quo. Devo-Max seeks to devolve as much power to Holyrood from Westminster as possible leaving only issues common to the whole of the UK such as defence and foreign affairs vested centrally. The NLP’s distinctive stance in calling for the establishment of an English Parliament and the introduction of citizens’ initiative referenda along the Swiss lines are also highlighted: “The NLP supports the creation of an English Parliament and encouraging people across the United Kingdom to become involved in open and accountable systems of government at both local and national level that enable ordinary citizens to participate in the decision making processes that affect their daily lives. The NLP calls for the introduction of Swiss-style citizens’ initiative referenda to ensure that the majority can be heard on issues that the political elite would rather ignore”. EV carries the bold headline DEVO-MAX FOR THE ENGLISH and pulls no punches when it lays out the anomaly of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland having their own parliaments or regional assemblies while England has none: “DISCRIMINATION! That’s the only way to describe the way the Westminster establishment treats England and the English people. One of the main reasons England is discriminated against is because every other nation in Britain has some form of self-government. But England has none!” EV then continues to point out other areas where England is disadvantaged relative to the other parts of the United Kingdom, such as the “West Lothian Question”, posed by the Labour MP Tam Dalyell back in 1977, which highlights how MPs from Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales can vote on purely English matters in the House of Commons while under devolution English MPs could not vote on the same matters concerning those other parts of the UK. EV puts forward the creation of an English parliament under Devo-Max as the way to address the imbalance with the rest of the United Kingdom. Both English Voice and Caledonian Voice are produced to a high standard with impressive layouts that attract the reader. CV has been produced in printed form with the aim of being distributed especially in small towns and rural areas that do not often see any form of political campaigning. It will be interesting to see what the response is. Readers interested in distributing CV door to door in their areas should contact the NLP’s office for details of how copies can be sent to them. I understand that issue two of both papers should be out before the end of the year. Both papers are also available via e-mail. To get hold of them, e-mail [email protected] and ask for your FREE pdf copy of Caledonian Voice and English Voice. Reviewed by Andrew Hunter

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Smart Contracts Are All Around You May 7, 2019 by Counter Markets By Michael Munger I hear a lot of people say they don’t understand blockchain technology or that the idea of “smart” contracts doesn’t make much sense. I’ll admit that the technical aspects of blockchain apps can be bewildering, but the fact is that you have been around smart contracts all your life. The difference is that until now smart contracts have mostly been physical … [Read more...] about Smart Contracts Are All Around You

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PPI Projects IprocureSecurity PCP PMC Presentation Conference PMC Concluding Day The project Health Data Architecture for Learning, INFOBANCO, aims to develop a regional network architecture for data for health system learning. It is conceived as a standardised repository of health data, combining information derived from different clinical as well as research and administrative systems. The project is meant to be of use in care improvement and innovation, value-based health care (VBHC), biomedical research and other secondary applications. This architecture is intended to function as a platform that provides services to clinicians, managers, and researchers, making it possible to combine data from multiple sources. It shall be equipped with tools for data governance, collection, transformation, interrogation, visualisation, and analysis to obtain knowledge and support decision making. The quality of the data and the validity and usefulness of this INFOBANCO architecture is to be evaluated. lNFOBANCO will allow the combination and joint exploitation of health data from different sources of the Madrid Ministry of Health and/or the Madrid Health Service (SERMAS) for secondary use from the different levels of care (primary care, hospitals, emergencies, pharmacy) with both an individual perspective, in the field of personalised and precision medicine, and a population and public health perspective. Watch the video of the technical workshop of the PMC millons euros for Phase 1 The project has a total budget for Phase I of €2.5 million (R&D&I Phase), under the collaboration agreement signed by the Ministry of Health of the Community of Madrid and the Ministry of Science and Innovation in December 2020, within the framework of the Line of Promotion of Demand-Side Innovation (FID) of the third call for proposals) to promote the Public Procurement of Innovation (PPI) in health services. INFOBANCOis 50% co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF),through a grant awarded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation ,which is part of the Pluri-regional Operational Programme of Spain (POPE) 2014-2020. It reinforces the Community of Madrid’s commitment to this instrument to continue modernising the Administration and improving public services for citizens. It also favours business competitiveness and strengthens public-private collaboration. This project will run from 25 September 2019 through 30 June 2023. General objectives Develop a regional health data network architecture (Infobanco), conceived as a standardised repository of health data, combining information generated from different sources, including clinical, administrative and research systems. This architecture will operate as a platform that provides services to clinicians, managers, and researchers, and will be equipped with tools for data governance, collection, transformation, interrogation, visualisation and analysis to obtain knowledge and support decision making. Specific objectives To design a functional and technological architecture, based on the state of the art, that allows to respond to the proposed objectives. Implement the designed architecture in one or more SERMAS hospitals that meet the requirements laid out in the project. Evaluate the health data platform for general dimensions of quality: uniqueness, completeness, consistency, multi-origin stability, and accuracy. Determine the validity of the human health data platform, versus the manual registry considered the “gold standard.” Quantify the usefulness of the health data platform in research, knowledge generation and care improvement. New technologies or modifications developed INFOCAMwill allow the creation of platforms with technological solvency that allow the collection and provision of data for different purposes, with scientific relevance, complying with security and confidentiality requirements, according to ethical guidelines and if socially accepted. The solution provided will consist of the creation of a health data network, which combines information from different sources, both from clinical and administrative systems. Public service improvements More precise identification of the different procedures used in the social healthcare sector by having better information available. The reduction of unnecessary duplicate testing through information obtained from mining large databases with real-world information. Enhanced diagnostic accuracy with consequent improvement in the efficiency of health care delivery. Increased quantity and quality of information will result in more efficient treatment with a consequent reduction in hospitalisations and improved efficiency in the sector. Increased real-time visibility of operations, patient experience and feedback, and the behaviour of different agents. It will advance the system’s intelligence and, therefore, the quality and accuracy of decisions to be made. It will improve the user experience: greater availability of medical assistance; access to history, analysis and test results; possibility of early diagnosis and treatment of diseases, etc. Healthcare professionals will be able to better detect, better predict, better alert, better relate and better catalogue information. Infobanco Project Bid Announcement Infobanco Project Bid Notice Infobanco Project Bid Questions Answered

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Judge Louis A. Trosch, Jr. Designation: Commissioner, RAP-TRACC Judge Louis A. Trosch, Jr., is a Superior Court Judge in the 26th Judicial District in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Judge Trosch received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Washington & Lee University in 1988 and his Juris Doctor in 1992 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law, where he graduated Order of the Coif. He has served as district court judge in the juvenile and family courts since 1999. In July of 2010, Judge Trosch was the first judge in North Carolina to be certified by the National Association of Counsel for Children as a child welfare law specialist. During his tenure on the bench, Judge Trosch has served in all of the varied courts with distinction and was awarded the N.C. Distinguished Jurist Award in October 2011 by the N.C. District Court Judges’ Association. Beginning in 2002, Judge Trosch was selected to oversee the 26th Judicial District’s Juvenile Court. He currently leads many collaborative reform efforts underway in Mecklenburg County. Judge Trosch previously served as Co-chair of Race Matters for Juvenile Justice Initiative, which is dedicated to ending disparate outcomes for children in the 26th Judicial District. Judge Trosch is also active in the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ) and served on the NCJFCJ Board of Trustees from July 2008 through July 2015. He also serves on the National Steering Committee for the Courts Catalyzing Change Project, which is designed to reduce the overrepresentation of children of color in abuse and neglect courts, and he has served as his Model Court’s Lead Judge. In May of 2012, Judge Trosch was presented with the Lucille P. Giles Volunteerism Award by Florence Crittendon Services for his collaborative work on behalf of children and families. Judge Trosch is a nationally recognized expert on collaboration between court systems and various community groups, having traveled across the United States to speak on this topic. He has twice testified before Congress. Because of his many efforts both inside and outside the courtroom, Judge Trosch was recognized as a North Carolina Leader in the Law by N.C. Lawyers Weekly on September 23, 2016. Marian Gh. Simion, Ph.D.

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Superstar cricketer Virat Kohli has opened up on quitting Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) captaincy at the end of the Indian Premier League (IPL) 2021 season. Kohli said it was a straightforward decision for him as he wanted some time to manage his workload. Notably, Kohli had announced his... By admin January 18, 2023 Beginners 0 Comments By India Today Web Desk: Australia allrounder Mitchell Marsh has been ruled out of the remaining ODI matches against Pakistan and will join the Delhi Capitals squad for IPL 2022 to “continue his recovery” from a hip flexor injury. Marsh, who... By admin January 18, 2023 Intermediates 0 Comments The International Cricket Council (ICC) today announced the winners of the ICC Player of the Month awards for November 2022. I want to thank the fans for voting for me as the ICC Player of the Month for November. This award... After the Indian Premier League (IPL) 2022 auction, one of the major talking points was the inclusion of Krunal Pandya and Deepak Hooda in the same team, especially considering the controversy they were a part of. “Krunal Pandya is like my... Three young teenagers from Pakistan Junior League (PJL) – all-rounder Arafat Minhas, top-order batter Basit Ali and right-arm fast bowler Mohammad Zeeshan have been included in Pakistan’s squad for the ongoing home Test series against New Zealand. Basit also featured in the U19 series against... IPL 2023: Delhi Capitals likely to approach David Warner for captaincy Pant has been the mainstay of the middle-order. Warner has the experience of leading IPL teams. The management will speak to him. The middle-order needs an impactful Indian batter now. Sarfaraz will be asked to keep wickets if the combination asks... Centurion Ravindra Jadeja Gets Cleaned Up By James Anderson On Day 2 Of The Edgbaston Test ENG vs IND – On the second day of the final test between England & India, team India’s all-rounder Ravindra Jadeja smacked a classy ton. Before getting dismissed for 104 runs, Jadeja took on all the English bowler, smacking them all for... IPL 2023: BCCI Confirm Player Availability, England & Australia Players To Play Entire League The Indian Premier League (IPL) franchises have been informed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) about the players’ availability for the 2023 season. As per the Cricbuzz report, with the exception of Sri Lankans and Bangladeshis, shortlisted... Australia withdraw from three-match ODI series against Afghanistan after recent Taliban announcement Jan 12 (Reuters) – Australia’s men’s team has withdrawn from their one-day international (ODI) series against Afghanistan in March following further restrictions on women’s and girls’ rights imposed by the Taliban, Cricket Australia (CA) said on Thursday. Afghanistan’s Taliban-led administration last... ndian star Virat Kohli had a great time with the bat in the recently-concluded Super 4 match against Pakistan on Sunday at Asia Cup 2022. Though the Men in Blue lost the fixture by five wickets, but Kohli’s back-to-back half-century gave positive vibes to Indian...

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Door Knocking Is Fantastic There is a misconception among some people in politics that ‘door knocking’ is a chore. This is mostly because the ‘conversation’ techniques that have commonly been used in the Labour Party have involved not having a conversation at all but simply asking people about their voting preference (voter identification (id)). Voter id is certainly a useful tool in the last few weeks of an election campaign when we need to find out where are voters are, but it does nothing to increase our vote. If we are simply interested in identifying our vote (and remember we last the last two general elections), then we will inevitably lose election after election. So, to coin the phrase of Danielle Grufferty’s ‘satirical’ CorbynSuperfan, voter id is ‘Horseshit’. However, having a real conversation with people and asking people about their opinions is a great way to show we are listening and not just there for electioneering. In the new year, I was out doorknocking in my ward and I found that just asking people what their concerns were and actually listening to them was not only good for them (as they felt someone was interested), but it also gave me an insight into what issues are of interest and how Labour locally could frame policies. I was invited into two houses for a cup of tea just for having this kind of conversation. I was also asked for information about how to get involved in local politics. Having genuine conversations can be a great way of recruiting more supporters into the party and, they in turn, can inspire more people to do so. My suggestion to all Labour supporters is to participate in door knocking when they can and to make sure that they don’t just get drawn into the ‘voter id’ conversation. If we actually engage with people a bit deeper and listen to them then door knocking is fantastic. This entry was posted in Uncategorized on January 18, 2017 by crispinflintoff1. What have we got to fear? This may go against most people’s idea of a light read, but over the last few days I have been absorbed in Seumas Milne’s account of the miners’ strike, ‘The Enemy Within’. It not only exposes the deliberate plot to destroy the coal industry, but also shows how MI5 was involved in making false allegations against the National Union of Mineworkers. A similar plot was made against George Galloway after the Iraq War but was exposed by him in a court case in which he won substantial damages from the Telegraph. On both occasions, the mainstream media regurgitated all the false allegations fed to them by the UK intelligence service. The idea was to discredit the NUM as being corrupt, just as it was to discredit George Galloway by accusing him of taking £375,000 in payments from Saddam Hussein. ‘The Enemy Within’ shows that the political establishment in this country will resort to any methods to undermine any challenge to its interests. This is particularly appropriate when we consider Jeremy Corbyn’s position as a truly socialist Labour Party leader. It’s obvious that Jeremy Corbyn being Labour Party leader doesn’t sit well with the establishment in this country – the super rich, the media, even some people in his own party. These people have already put up resistance to his leadership by repeatedly running negative stories, publishing false allegations and, in the case of some Labour MPs, organising a series of resignations to give the impression he was losing support. So what should we do about this opposition that seeks to undermine Labour’s leader through false propaganda? Should we look for a compromise whereby we water down policies to curry favour with the establishment? This isn’t really an option. The thing that has led hundreds of thousands of people to join the Labour Party is Jeremy Corbyn’s integrity. His opinions have been consistent. He doesn’t change them according to what is fashionable in media circles. Apart from the fact that he wouldn’t compromise anyway, back-tracking would lose Jeremy Corbyn support just as fast as it lost the Lib Dems support when they joined the coalition in 2010. So, with a radical set of policies put forward by a principled leader, it is certain that the establishment will use every plot and trick in the book to undermine the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn. Should we give up our hopes because we have the whole establishment against us? The pressure on Jeremy Corbyn – and those around him – has been relentless. And it is unlikely to ease up. Is it possible for Labour to win an election under such attack? This is the fear. And, as with all fear, it begets fear and negativity. We need to stop worrying about the media and whether we can win an election or not. That kind of self-obsession gets us nowhere and also makes us unattractive. We can get our ideas out on social media and through grassroots campaigns that do not rely on the mainstream media. And we need the Labour Party to do more to encourage these to happen. We cannot allow the MPs or the bureaucrats who are opposed to Jeremy Corbyn to hold this back. We need to get back to where this campaign started. We need to rekindle that excitement about a new politics where we can open up discussion and be imaginative about how we do things. Events are key This means more events – big and small – that will give people things to talk about. I have seen from Stand up for Labour, the #JC4PM tour, Curry for Corbyn, public meetings I’ve organised and the Corbyn Christmas single that having an event to look forward to and be part of gives people a sense of belonging that social media ‘likes’ do not. We also need to work harder on making connections with people that are not just ‘on the doorstep’. But, above all, when we have the whole political establishment doing all it can to undermine us, we need to encourage each other and keep faith in the new politics. This entry was posted in Uncategorized on January 2, 2017 by crispinflintoff1. We must always look to inspire There is no scientific, material reason why people get involved in politics. If it were this simple then surely we would not have the kind of unequal society we have. For many people the idea that we can change things seems like a dream or something that is too much work. It’s easier to deny it is possible and accept life as it is. People need to be inspired to get involved in politics. If we are to engage more people in politics and set up a mass membership Labour Party that will defeat the Tories, we must do our best to make sure we encourage people to get involved and don’t demoralise them. I always prefer to talk from my own experience than hypothetically, so I will describe how important my spirit has been to my own political life and how this has shaped my activism in the Labour Party. A personal journey I first became interested in politics after long conversations with my dad about Margaret Thatcher and after hearing Tony Benn speaking about how it was possible to create a more just and decent society. This fired me up and I became a member of the Labour Party when I was 16. However, when I went to a few party meetings, my spirit was dimmed by my experience of seeing bare-faced factionalism. I became aware that politics was being hijacked by egomaniacs who were less interested in changing anything than in keeping their positions in a clique. This turned me off getting active. It wasn’t long before I was not involved in any political party. Instead I spent my time partying, listening to reggae music, supporting Fulham and, like all people who have lost hope, trying to become a stand-up comic. My time away from politics lasted sixteen years – except for demonstrating against the invasion of Iraq. What inspired me to get back into politics was the death of Michael Foot in March 2010. I was on the treadmill in the gym during my lunch hour at work when I saw tributes and clips of Michael Foot on the telly. I saw the pictures of him with his stick on Hampstead Heath and of the ‘donkey jacket’ at the Remembrance Sunday ceremony. It made me think what a principled man he was – devoid of ego – and how he was not given a chance by the biased media. I thought about how a good man had been taken away from us and there was no-one like him in politics. This made me think of rejoining Labour and trying to promote the same type of politics. Yet again I was not inspired to get involved in politics for any material reason. It was more like a spiritual decision. When I started to attend local Labour Party meetings I found that there was often a tendency for some people to dominate (as I’d seen in the 1980s) and that ideas about encouraging other people to get involved were not popular with many office holders. I was frustrated at the lack of opportunity I had to do anything locally. My plans to design and distribute regular newsletters to constituents were vetoed by a committee, my plan to increase party membership was also scuppered (I was actually told to ‘f*** off and leave the party’) and soon I was voted out as vice-chair membership – there was even an organised campaign to stop me doing anything. However, these events did not break my spirit. I realised that there were other ways I could make a difference. If some people in my constituency were going to block me, then I would have to work outside that. I set up Stand up for Labour and it has been a perfect vehicle for me to try to encourage more people to get involved in politics and to keep people inspired who are already active. The problem that I had for many years was that I felt isolated and that no-one else felt the same way as me. I’m sure that is the same for many other people. Now I have provided an affordable and entertaining way for Labour supporters and members to come out and feel connected. It didn’t exist before I started it. The #JC4PM tour that was started this year took this to another level. We had over a thousand people in Kentish Town for the first event in February and it was magical when Jeremy Corbyn made a surprise appearance. Anyone who was in the room that night will have felt inspired by the music, the poetry, the comedy and the speeches. And we toured England, Scotland and Wales and the response from the audience was fantastic. These are the kind of events that make us stronger. I combined politics with curry by putting on a few ‘Curry for Corbyn’ events in my local area. These were designed to give everyone a chance to talk about what is happening politically, get things off their chest and then eat heartily. The discussion was not set up in such a formal way as political meetings and everyone was given an opportunity to put their points across. I am sure these made people feel more connected with each other too. At the end of this year I helped to produce a Christmas single once more aimed at raising morale. ‘JC4PM for me’ was a lot of fun. The cheesiness of the music and the video were an attempt to show humour and carry a message about Jeremy Corbyn that the media couldn’t sensor. We had plans to get it into the charts (well you have to aim high), but we didn’t really get the backing we needed to make this happen. Fear and cynicism is our enemy When Jeremy Corbyn stood to become leader of the Labour Party in 2015 he inspired hundreds of thousands of people to get active in politics again. The spirit of hope was clear for all to see at rallies across the country and on social media. People felt energised about a new form of straightforward, honest politics. We always knew that the political establishment – and the establishment generally – would do all they could to undermine this spirit. We’ve seen daily attacks in the mainstream media on Jeremy Corbyn and his allies and we had the attempted coup in the summer plus the leadership challenge. These were all aimed at knocking us off course. The main thing that the establishment wish to do is to produce fear and division in us. They want us to be wary of what we do, to worry about what the media will say and to end up by bickering amongst ourselves. And it’s happening. I have no idea how to stop it but I would like to suggest that – instead of getting drawn into personality clashes – we all look at organising events that bring us together and raise our spirits. Events I helped organise in 2016 Stand up for Labour gigs Letchworth #JC4PM gigs Swansea (picured above) Conway Hall Three Curry for Corbyn events in Hounslow This entry was posted in Uncategorized on December 29, 2016 by crispinflintoff1. The Top 5 download that didn’t make the charts Before 4pm on Friday, I was optimistic that the Corbyn Christmas single, ‘JC4PM for me’ would make it into the top 40 of the pre-Christmas official charts (the Christmas chart is announced this coming Friday). My positivity was based on the fact that it was in the top 5 downloads on Amazon for over four days and had even reached number two on that chart. This was fantastic not just for the fact it was high up the Amazon chart, but was also raising money for foodbanks via the Trussell Trust. I had spoken to someone who had a Top 20 hit earlier in the week and they were confident it would get a good position in the charts. However, having listened to the chart countdown from 4pm, it gradually dawned on me that we were not likely to appear. As it turned out, ‘JC4PM for me’ didn’t make the top 40. In fact, it didn’t even reach the top 100. The reason for this is streaming – mostly from Spotify and Deezer. Since July 2014, 100 streams has counted as equivalent to one single (download or physical single) in the chart compilation process. I had imagined that this would make little difference, however, on reflection, it is clear that shops, hairdressers, cafes all over the country continually replaying a set playlist of Christmas singles and the top 40 chart hits has led to a dearth of any alternative singles reaching the charts. It is highly unlikely that a single such as ‘Killing in the name of’ would ever make number one with these new rules for singles – how many cafes that play background music would play thrash metal. And, similarly, how many of hairdressers would play a song supporting the Labour leader? It might upset the customers! As a result of this rather painful lesson, Robb Johnson and the Corbynistas are asking people if people can not only download from Amazon here, iTunes here and Google Play here, but that those with Spotify or Deezer accounts stream our song continually (they can even have the sound down). Perhaps, we could make it to the top 100? That would be an achievement bearing in mind the situation! If you are on Spotify, you can find the song here. If you are on Deezer, it is here. We would also suggest adding Joe Solo and the Hatfield Brigade and the Jo Cox single to a looped playlist. Will ‘JC4pM for me’ get airplay if it hits the charts? I’m writing this blog in a greasy spoon cafe in Brentford where the plasma TV is tuned into a music channel. The channel is churning out Christmas songs from the past, mixed with singles in the charts. I’ve just seen Slade, Band Aid, the X-Factor winner and Chris Rea’s ‘Driving Home for Christmas’. No one is watching the telly other than me and I’m only watching with a sense of incredulity: the Christmas single I put together with Robb Johnson and the Corbynistas could soon be above some of these songs in the charts. This will not only show how strong the support is for Jeremy Corbyn, but will be a considerable help to foodbanks (via the Trussell Trust). At the moment it is number four on the Amazon Best Sellers chart and is the number two ‘hot new release’. Calculating the chart involves totalling digital downloads, streaming data and sales of CDs and vinyl. I could have totally misjudged this but ‘JC4pM for me’ is highly likely to be in the top 40 if the Amazon download figure is high enough. (I’d like to add that I’m not keen to support Amazon in any way but many more people have an account with them than the other providers.) But what is the chance that the radio or TV music channels will actually play ‘JC4PM for me’ if it makes the charts? Would the powers that be try to stop a song that includes the line ‘I’m voting Jeremy Corbyn’ and talks about political issues like austerity from being broadcast? Most importantly, would the BBC include it on the radio show that announces the chart at 4pm on Friday? When ‘Ding Dong The Witch is Dead’ reached the charts they refused to play it and put a short excerpt on a news broadcast instead! If you are interested in finding out what the BBC will do – and want to make it happen – you can download the single by clicking on the links below. You can also download from more than one provider at a time to increase the chart position and each costs between 69p and £1: You can also stream it on Spotify. ‘He that hath no stomach for this fight, let him depart’ It was a special day for me yesterday as it was St Crispin’s Day. I was named after the speech in Shakespeare’s Henry the Fifth, in which the eponymous hero rallies the troops before the Battle of Agincourt and asks them to forget the odds that are against them and look at the strength of their solidarity. This idea that if the spirit is within us then nothing can get in our way is something that resonates for political movements. And this spirit of solidarity is something that has come to the fore in the past year with the politics of hope that Jeremy Corbyn has encouraged. The spirit of Jeremy Corbyn’s support is strong enough to overcome the odds. Overcoming media bias Theresa May and the Tories may well be ahead in the polls, but policies to build one million houses (including half a million council houses), invest heavily in the NHS and education (excluding Grammar Schools) and create a fairer economy are all election-winning ideas. The only thing we need to do is to get the word out. The obstacle we face is the media. The billionaire owners of media empires are not prepared to give a socialist Labour Party a fair hearing. However much Jeremy Corbyn’s team may wine and dine journalists, the final say on editorial policy sits with the mogul. It’s clear that the only way the Labour Party can win the battle is to do so on the ground. We need to raise the proportion of activists campaigning in every constituency and we need to continue to increase our membership. We also need to work on community campaigns of the sort that Hammersmith & Fulham Labour Party did in the run up to their historic council victory in 2014. However, this has to be led from the top as we can’t rely on all constituencies to organise themselves. We need a dedicated unit within the Labour Party that can bring this about. Membership Engagement Unit The Labour Party currently has a Compliance Unit (that is mostly used to exclude people from joining) and a Thousand Club team (who look after people who have donated over £1,000 to the party and are given access to leading party figures in return). These two party units do not hold the right spirit for an outreaching, inclusive party that can win on the ground. If we are to create a campaigning movement, we need the party to restructure and transfer resources from these two groups to a Membership Engagement Unit. This would also make financial sense if the pay-off is that the party picks up more subscriptions through a recruitment drive. It would not be difficult to set up a recruitment team within the Membership Engagement Unit that would be tasked with increasing membership on a commission basis. With the support of affiliated trade unions, it would be easy to target trade union members who could be offered a special deal to join the Labour Party. Affiliated unions hold millions of potential members and this would be a good way to start a recruitment drive. It is frequently said that there are many more members in the Labour Party but that they are not to be seen canvassing, delivering leaflets or taking part in other campaigns. Changing this would be another task of the Membership Engagement Unit. A separate team working on turning members to activists would support CLPs with exciting regional events with inspiring speakers or entertainment (like Stand up for Labour – I would say that!) in which members would feel encouraged to participate more. From my experience, it is through events that people feel part of their local party and community. An email from a stranger inviting them to attend canvassing is not the best introduction. The feeling of belonging to the group that comes through events gives members the drive to take part in campaigning. With regular events that are affordable, inclusive and entertaining, members are also more likely to renew their subscriptions. Many CLPs do not have the resources to put on these events themselves so they would need the support of experts at either national or regional level. What’s stopping this happening? Jeremy Corbyn’s campaign to be re-elected Labour Party leader included a commitment to increase the membership to over one million and to call on the skills of those members. It’s clear that the leader of the party is keen to engage more people and to get things moving. Were Labour to fail to change itself into a mass membership, campaigning party it would certainly not be the fault of Jeremy Corbyn. It would be the fault of people who have a vested interest in making sure the party is not inclusive. These people could destroy the spirit we could harness into winning a historic victory at the next general election. As Henry the Fifth says in the Crispin’s Day speech: ‘He that hath no stomach for this fight, let him depart.’ This entry was posted in Uncategorized on October 26, 2016 by crispinflintoff1. Tests, streaming and Grammar schools I never had to take any tests at my primary school or at Holland Park Comprehensive (I was there in the 1980s, pictured above). There was no streaming either. Children in my class who couldn’t read or write properly would often take lessons outside the class to support them. Some children could sometimes be disruptive but the teachers usually found a way to keep the class in order (and I don’t mean with corporal punishment). At the end of my time at Holland Park school (with no streaming), I obtained three A grade ‘A’ levels. I only took three ‘A’ Level exams. So 100% success. I’m sure that having an intellectual mum and dad helped as well as having an older brother who gave me lots of old notes, but the experience of being at a Comprehensive without streaming did not stop me achieving the highest grades possible. I applied for Oxford but I didn’t get in mostly because I am terrible at interviews (and I had the wrong kind of trousers on – but that’s a long story). About 10 years ago I considered taking up teaching and went back to my Comprehensive school to get classroom experience. I found that a lot had changed. Streaming had been introduced. It was depresssing to sit at the back of an English class for 13-14 year olds in the lowest stream. Most of the children were bored and felt like there was no point in learning. To make matters worse, the teacher was obliged to teach a curriculum topic and could not inspire them like something out of ‘The Dead Poets Society’. The class were given the kind of exercise you get when you learn a foreign language. But these were native English speakers! They were asked to read a paragraph and then answer questions about it. The paragraph would read something like: ‘Ben’s alarm did not go off and he was late for school. He ran to school in his trainers and then got in trouble for not having the right shoes on.’ The questions were like: 1) Why was Ben late for school? 2) Why did Ben get in trouble at school? If anyone were in the position of those children, they would not have any interest in the exercise. Many of the class talked amongst themselves and the teacher ignored this as he knew he was fighting a losing battle. I decided against going into teaching. Tests for Primary School children Two years ago my daughter was tested at her local state primary school. She was only six. For most of the term the teacher tried to drum into the class acronyms that would see them through. Every so often, my daughter would recite acronyms to me about elephants. I got the feeling this was a great waste of time when they could be firing her imagination. Now she is eight, she is well versed in being tested and has managed to make it to the top or second top steam in her class. She has acronyms with monkeys now. She tells me which stream everyone is in and I can’t help feeling that those in the lowest stream have already developed an inferiority complex before they are even 10 years old. Grammar schools The new Prime Minister wants to reintroduce Grammar schools and has argued that as we already have streaming in schools and test children much younger than 11 there should be no objection to it. This seems like a logical argument but I think it also signals a need for change in our state schools. Rather than just opposing Grammars, I would now like to see moves to stop tests and streaming in our primary schools and Comprehensives. My experience has shown me that it is not necessary to have streaming to achieve good grades – and tests do not inspire or fire imagination, but demoralise children. This entry was posted in Uncategorized on September 9, 2016 by crispinflintoff1. Jeremy Corbyn is Prime Minister, 8 May 2020 Below is a report of how Jeremy Corbyn’s grassroots campaign paid off and how the Labour Party established itself as the party of government ‘The people I have to thank most of all for this are those who have worked so tirelessly to campaign to promote a new type of politics in all our communities. This is our victory.’ – Jeremy Corbyn, outside 10 Downing Street, 8 May 2020. Jeremy Corbyn’s Labour Party has won a landslide victory at the General Election and the first thing he did was pay tribute to the hundreds of thousands of activists who played such a crucial role in campaigning. Since the Labour leader cemented his place in the party following the leadership election of 2016, the party increased its membership by one million to over 1.5 million. The party had formerly merely mouthed the idea of recruitment as this had not sat comfortably with many MPs elected during the Tony Blair era. While Blair had relied on the support of media moguls like Rupert Murdoch to get elected, Corbyn steered a different course. In many ways it all started with the trade unions rallying behind Corbyn in 2016. Unions played a significant role in promoting Corbyn’s values with hundreds of thousands of members joining Labour and also taking an active part in local politics. Rooted in communities After the party was reorganised so that it was less top-down, local Labour Party branches were encouraged to recruit more people and engage them in campaigning as well as social activity. Labour became part of the community again just as it had been decades before through working men’s clubs. Regular Labour newsletters were delivered to each household, not just asking for votes but keeping local people up to date with the political issues in their community. And people were encouraged to speak about the issues that affected them – public meetings were a regular occurrence. Labour councils were also part of a shift towards a campaigning party. Councils made sure that the message of what austerity was doing was brought to the public’s attention. The local government rally against austerity in 2017 was a breakthrough with over two million people demonstrating against austerity across the country. Labour councils also made their accounts transparent and easy to read so that all residents could see exactly how little money there was to maintain essential services. Social media and media platforms were also a vital part of Corbyn’s success. It was now much easier for people to receive information without needing to hear it through the prism of anti-Labour sources. And people were offered a cultural alternative to X Factor and reality TV with exciting shows written and produced by Corbyn supporters from across the arts. 500 activists per seat What this all meant was that for the past year there have been over 500 activists in each constituency engaging with their community and showing that Corbyn’s straightforward, honest politics was not just a catchphrase, but a new way of doing politics and winning elections. This entry was posted in Jeremy Corbyn, Labour Party, Local Government, Uncategorized on July 17, 2016 by crispinflintoff1. A phone call from Jeremy Corbyn On Monday the #JC4PM tour hit Swansea. The date had been planned months ago and tickets had been selling well before the attempted coup on Jeremy Corbyn. But in the week between the coup and the event, sales went through the roof – and the Brangwyn Hall has a very high ceiling! People wanted to show support for Corbyn. That was clear from the impromptu rally of a few hundred people that assembled outside the venue just before the show. The was already a buzz about the night before it had started. Mark Serwotka was a fantastic compere. He not only managed to set the political events of the last two weeks in context, but he was skilled at introducing performers and encouraging audience participation. He was also funny. From the perspective of the audience, it was slick (there is a youtube clip here). However, backstage, I was in a bit of a pickle. At the weekend I had been informed that John McDonnell couldn’t attend as he now had an important speech to make in London. The way out of all this was to skype John and put it on the projector screen. Easy? We rehearsed it a few hours before the event started and it all seemed straightforward, but at 7pm the wifi signal disappeared. While I was trying to find new wifi codes for it, I got a phone call. I was tempted not to answer as I was so busy, but I’m pleased I did as it was Jeremy Corbyn. He asked if he could do anything for the night. I was a bit taken aback and said we could try skypeing. He said he would see if this was possible and would call me back. Then I realised that I was already struggling to get John to skype so I could be wasting a great opportunity if skype fell flat. I texted a message to say that we could do a phone call instead. I then tried to work out how this would work while I was I was also hunting for wifi codes. The only way possible would be for me to put my phone on speaker and hold it next to the microphone on stage. Jeremy phoned me back. While Grace Petrie was on stage engaging 800 people in a singalong, I explained that I would be going on stage with the phone. Mark was going to introduce him as I came on. What happened was incredible. Jeremy was introduced. All that people saw was a phone in my hand, but the idea of the Labour Leader being on the other end generated more noise in the Brangwyn Hall than decades of amped-up Heavy Metal bands. When I actually put the phone to the microphone I realised it wasn’t in speaker mode so I switched it over and then it only took three words from Jeremy to prompt another roar. And then when he finished a few sentences there was more commotion. People started stamping their feet by this time. On a few occasions people didn’t hear what Jeremy was saying as they were making so much noise. It was incredible. I thought the night was already made but then I had a message saying John had to be skyped within five minutes as soon he had to go and vote in Parliament. At this point, people were going to get drinks for the interval. I asked the theatre management to get everyone to come back as John was speaking. I then tapped in the wifi code and hooked up my laptop to the projector screen – and John was there! It worked well. People were excited that there was a live transmission and that John was there to explain what was happening in the Labour Party. At one point the picture disappeared, but John’s office called back and the first thing John said was: ‘When we get into power we will make sure we improve Broadband connections’. This got one of the best laughs of the night! At short notice a special #Keep Corbyn night has been arranged for the O2 Forum Kentish Town on Tuesday (12 July). The night is compered by Mark Serwotka and features Jeremy Hardy, Francesca Martinez, Michael Rosen, Rufus Hound, Dane Baptiste, Grace Petrie, She Drew The Gun and guest speakers including Jeremy Corbyn. Tickets cost £5/£10/£10 and can be bought online here. This entry was posted in #JC4PM, Jeremy Corbyn, Labour Party, Uncategorized on July 10, 2016 by crispinflintoff1. Stand up for Labour values The past few days have been upsetting. And I don’t mean that I have ‘a heavy heart’. I mean that my spirit has been tested to its limit by a sinister, co-ordinated attempt to topple the democratically elected leader of the Labour Party. There is no doubt that this was planned for weeks: we’ve had rumours of it since before the local elections and way before the EU referendum. Some MPs who resigned may have been misled by the situation (ie not aware this was co-ordinated weeks ago) and may think there this is a genuine sudden idea that Jeremy Corbyn must go, but most of these resignations were done according to a plan. There was one every hour or so, just to keep the story running. I’ve also been told by a source close to one of the MPs who resigned that the architect of all this is a well-known bully in the party. Many of the MPs who resigned were holding responsible positions: on things like the economy (during a financial crisis) and on Northern Ireland and Scotland (during a constitutional crisis). It is inexcusable that they have taken part in this coup at such an important time. The right spirit In the past four years I have organised over 180 Stand up for Labour events all over the country in order to support many of these MPs in their campaigns. I’ve travelled thousands of miles and returned in the early hours (and then done my day job) and hardly covered my costs. I’ve worked flat out and I’ve done this out of love for the Labour Party. What I’ve seen at Stand up for Labour has lifted my spirits: people getting together socially and enjoying a night out together in support of the Labour Party. They have all been about unity and a sense of community – nothing like what has been shown in the behaviour of these MPs. We can’t win an election unless we are united and we are in good spirits. Tony Blair won in 1997 because people were hopeful and united. Getting rid of Jeremy Corbyn through a coup will destroy our spirit and will divide us. There are still some tickets left for Stand up for Labour in Chiswick tomorrow night (Wednesday 29 June). Speaking on the night will be John McDonnell and Ruth Cadbury (MP for Brentford & Isleworth), with comedy from John Moloney, magic from Ian Saville, poetry from Attila the Stockbroker and music from Grace Petrie. To buy a ticket, click here. This entry was posted in Uncategorized on June 28, 2016 by crispinflintoff1.

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The New Law on Competition in Croatia (2009) Mirna Pavletic-Zupic, Member, Croatian Competition Council, Croatia The new Law on Competition in Croatia (furthermore: Competition Act; CA) was enacted in 2009, replacing the Competition Act from 2003. The new Competition Act shall enter into force on 1st October 2010. The Competition Act lays down the competition rules and establishes the competition regime, regulates the powers, duties, internal organization and proceedings carried out by the competent authority entrusted with the enforcement of this Act. The scope of application of the Act are all forms of prevention, restriction or distortion of competition by undertakings within the territory of the Republic of Croatia or outside its territory, if such practices take effect in the territory of the Republic of Croatia. The Competition Act applies to companies, sole traders, tradesmen and craftsmen and other legal and natural persons who are engaged in a production and/or trade in goods and/or provision of services and thereby participate in economic activity, as well as to state authorities and local and regional self-government units where they directly or indirectly participate in the market and all other natural or legal persons, such as associations, sports associations, institutions, copyright and related rights holders and similar who are active in the market. Croatia Competition General May 2010 Vol. 3, No. 11, Spring 2010 Mirna Pavletic-Zupic Croatian Competition Agency (CCA) The Croatian Competition Agency (CCA) performs administrative and professional activities relating to competition, in the area of anti-trust as well as state aid. The competences of the CCA are regulated by the Competition Act (Official Gazette, No 122/2003) and the State Aid Act (Official Gazette, No 47/03 and 60/04).

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13842

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Ottawa, 2 December 2002 Reference: Tariff Notice 6695 Arrangements for data transmission The Commission received an application by Bell Canada, dated 18 October 2002, to revise its Special Facilities Tariff in order to introduce item D29(e), 128 Kbps Digital Facility. The new item relates to the provision of a 128 Kbps digital facility between St-Blaise and St-Jean, Quebec. The Commission received no comments with respect to the application. The Commission approves Bell Canada's application. The revisions take effect as of the date of this order. This document is available in alternative format upon request and may also be examined at the following Internet site: http://www.crtc.gc.ca

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Excerpts of Interviews with Sirajuddin Haqqani by Anand Gopal | Sep 17, 2011 | Monitor After the recent Reuters interview with Siraj Haqqani, I shuffled through my archives to see if there is anything new in what he said. Below are a excerpts of a few interviews I did with him in 2010. You’ll see he covers similar ground. The Haqqanis are quite pragmatic and have an established track record of exhibiting openness to a deal, although for legitimacy purposes it seems unlikely that such a development would come independently of the Quetta Shura Taliban. Haqqani has been reticent in the last year–largely because, his people explain to me, of the fear of drone attacks. In fact, if I’m not mistaken this is the first time he has publicly surfaced in over a year. That it comes in the midst of heightened US accusations against the Pakistanis is probably not an accident: Islamabad has for some time been promoting the Haqqanis as responsible interlocutors in a potential peace process. Your father worked with the U.S to defeat the Soviets. Is there any way you could talk with or work with the Americans to bring peace to Afghanistan? At that time my father didn’t have a personal relationship with Americans. Back then the whole international community was supporting the Afghan Jihad, including Western and Arab countries. Also back then the Afghan freedom fighters were relying more on the assistance and aid of Islamic countries rather than Western countries. Like today, during the Soviet era the Mujahidin were fighting an occupying force and believed that foreign forces are the only obstacle which prevents peace and stability in Afghanistan. This is why we wanted the immediate withdrawal of the occupying forces. Today too the withdrawal of the occupying forces is one of our main demands. Once the occupying forces leave Afghanistan the fighting will end and peace and stability will be restored. Under what conditions could you be part of an Afghan government led by President Karzai? We are not an independent or separate group. We are part of The Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan. And we are serving under the leadership of Mullah Omar. We don’t have any personal demands. The whole world knows about The islamic Emirate’s demands. Under what conditions would you be open to a negotiated settlement of the war? We are not a separate group. We follow the Islamic Emirate’s decisions regarding talks. We support whatever path they chart. What are your responsibilities? We have been assigned to organize and coordinate jihadi affairs in Loya Paktia by his excellence the Amir-ul-Mominin. We also have membership on the Emirate leadership council and I am to perform duties of the Emirate delegated to me on a timely basis. Was your group directly involved in the suicide blast that killed a number of CIA officers in Khost recently? I can say that we were not involved. But beyond that, I can’t say–I’ve been ordered by our leadership in the Shura not to talk about this. It’s better that I don’t say anything. Our central leadership has ordered that I keep quiet about these sorts of sufferings of NATO and America. Was your group directly involved in the recent attack on a guesthouse in Kabul where Indians lived? Our Mujahedeen were not involved in the attacks, but we are happy that they took place because all foreigners who come to our country are working for the continuity of the current occupation and they help the crusaders in various areas and issues. What are the differences between the Taliban and al Qaeda? In our faith in Islam, we are one. In the countries that we want to capture, our geographical location, our organizational structure and our fighting tactics, we are different. Some Taliban fight against Pakistan, but some others fight only against the U.S. forces in Afghanistan. Is there any difference between the two? In terms of belief, we are all Muslims of one body. But the organization, fighting strategy and geographical location is different. Why has Pakistan been arresting senior Taliban leaders? None of our leaders have been arrested. Pakistan says Mullah Beradar and other senior Taliban have been arrested. What has been the impact? We must give sacrifices in the fight against the crusaders. In this fight, whether we are killed, martyred or thrown in jail we are proud of it. We have organized our campaign in such a way that our struggle is based on ideas, not individuals. You can harm people, but no one can harm ideas. What is the goal of your movement? What kind of government do you want? Afghanistan should have an independent, free and strong central Islamic government, in which the life, property and honor of every Afghan is protected and people can live a life of respect and dignity. Is your war against all foreigners or just those associated with foreign militaries? What is your stance on NGOs? In accordance with Islam we are ready to deal with every NGO. Islam has a full set of guidelines about social relations. The benefit of Afghanistan and Islam are the top priority for us. Is the Taliban mainly a Pashtun movement or do you have support from other ethnic groups? We enjoy the support from all ethnic groups in Afghanistan. It’s a conspiracy of the crusaders to present the movement of the Taliban as a Pashtun one. They want to provoke the linguistic differences in Afghanistan, through which they will guarantee their presence and existence here. Some Shiite groups and non-Pashtuns are concerned that if the Taliban once again come to power they will be deprived of their rights. Is their concern valid? The Islamic Emirate believes that the rights of all citizens in light of Islam are equal and should be without any discrimination. Such propaganda is propagated by outside agents. The Islamic Emirate was tested by the nation already and has delivered in practical terms to their countrymen, so there is no concern from any Afghan citizen about the Islamic Emirate. Do you believe that girls should be allowed to go to school and get an education? Yes, we believe that under the direction of Islam, males and females should study. The education of men and women is in accordance with the sacred religion of Islam. If you look to history, those who today speak about education and other rights of women did not consider women as human even yesterday. And they still use women solely as a means to satisfy their sexual pleasures, whereas women have an honorable status in Islam. Islam was the first to give respect to women. When we have the direction of Islam with us, we do not need the spoiled and filthy civilization of the West to tell us about women’s education.

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Social Toolkit Boost the ’Cuse is counting on YOU! Current: About You » Your Address » Finish Boost the 'Cuse is a day for the entire Syracuse University community to come together to support Syracuse and show what it means to be Forever Orange. Don't miss this chance to be part of our biggest giving day to date, now set for March 2023! Being a VIP means you are committed to: Making your gift on March 23, 2023 Sharing #BoostCuse on your social channels to help us spread the word Recruiting at least 5 of your friends to join as a donor on March 23, too! To say thanks we will send you some sweet Syracuse University swag to amplify your SU pride and make sure you know we appreciate your support! If you had a different name at graduation, share it here: What’s your tie to Syracuse? (select all that apply) What’s your tie to Syracuse? (select all that apply) I have my bachelor’s degree from SU I have my master’s degree from SU I have my doctoral degree from SU I have my law degree from SU I’m a current SU parent I’m a former SU parent I’m a faculty member I’m a staff member I’m a student I’m a friend who loves Orange School/college? Please Choose N/A Architecture Arts & Sciences College of Professional Studies Education Engineering & Computer Science (ECS) English Language Institute (ELI) ESF Falk College of Sport & Human Dynamics Human Ecology Human Services and Health Professions (HSHP) Institute for Veterans and Military Families (IVMF) iSchool Law Maxwell Newhouse Nursing Project Advance Social Work Speech and Dramatic Arts Summer College Utica College University College Visual and Performing Arts (VPA) Whitman School of Management Other Preferred class year? Please Choose N/A 2026 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921 1920 Primary E-mail: Your password must have each of the above components and be at least 8 characters. Does Not Pass Very Secure Re-type your password. Re-type your email. Please verify your input by typing it again. Passwords do not match! Emails do not match! Inputs do not match! Passwords match! Emails match! Inputs match! How can we find you on social? Instagram handle: Tell us where to send the swag: Tell us where to send the swag: Home address 640 Skytop Road, 2nd Floor © Syracuse University. Knowledge crowns those who seek her.

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Full Review of Geenius.ee of CyberHygiene Platform Published On: May 16, 2017Categories: News We are glad to publish the full review of Geenius.ee tech portal of CybExer Cyber Hygiene e-Learning platform that thousands of Estonian Civil Servants will now be able to undertake. Review is authored by Hans Lõugas (Geenius.ee) Estonian company CybExer Technologies has developed a web-based tool, which will help people and organizations understand how their own behavior could result in a cyber threat incident in the form of hacking, data leak or attack. In May, tens of thousands of Estonian officials will start taking it, and Geenius editor’s office had an exclusive opportunity to evaluate their risks and see what such testing implies. You cannot fail at this test, but it will show your weaknesses How many of our workers would plug a memory stick found in the elevator into their computers? Or do they know what a screen privacy filter is? To get the sincerest responses and to avoid naming and shaming anyone among the staff, the results of individual test-takers could only be seen by the editor in chief. In total, six Geenius employees completed the test, and one left it unfinished (a separate discussion with that person will take place later). Overall, the test, divided into several parts, took more time than a coffee break but less than a lunch break. In addition to making people mentally rehearse real-life situations, the most efficient feature of CybExer’s test is the ‘radar’ of results. It means that no-one will be getting points, for instance, ranging from 1 to 5 like in school or ‘fail’. Instead, the risk level across various areas will be displayed: for example, personal attitudes and approaches of individuals will be assesses as well as their knowledge and how cyber security is fostered within the organization, and so on. Our best result among all the test-takers was the following: The test-taker’s cyber security risk level in all dimensions was 0% (the Social Media is displayed as an example). Photo: screenshot Of course, we did not achieve such a figure in the organization as whole. We are not going to tell our readers what Geenius’ risk profile looks like in detail (by the way, the test does not have a situation in which a person would publicly disclose their CybExer cyber hygiene test results). in some areas, our risk levels have proven to be surprisingly high, but these can be associated with journalists’ duties. It was especially good to know though that our lowest risk level (meaning that this is what we are the best at) characterizes our cooperation: people are willing to share information and become involved in ensuring security. CybExer cyber hygiene test So, what did Geenius journalists think about someone evaluating their skills in safe computer use? Test-takers’ opinions: listen to the Digitund [Digital Hour] on the radio, and your score will be 90% “The test is certainly extremely important, especially for people who are not exposed to information about cyber security on a daily basis,” one test-taker believed. “It makes on think about things we normally do not stop to consider, for instance, looking on the screen over someone’s shoulder or stealing confidential information.” “What I can say is that you listen to the Digitund show, you will be 90% aware of such cases,” another test-taker said, emphasizing, that one did not need to be a ‘hacker’ or even read professional message boards to behave correctly in the described situations involving cyber security. Another person thought it was very positive that the test covered a variety of issues, starting with Wi-Fi settings at home and down to phishing e-mails. “I liked it that the test can be completed by people who believe they have higher technology awareness than average and also those who are ‘weaker’ at technology and cyber security,” was the comment concerning the flexibility of the test. As it always is in a group of people, some were happy with the test, and others, not so. One test-taker thought that the questions were too easy and apparently meant for children; weirdly enough, it was this person who displayed a risk level of 75% in one dimension. What did the test lack? “One topic I expected to see but did not was using cloud services: how to treat the storage of documents in Dropbox or cooperation with colleagues in Google Docs.” CybExer: the test will keep evolving “Feedback from users is very important for us, and it helps us keep improving the solution in terms of both content and functionality. We will certainly take feedback from Geenius into consideration during our future development cycles,” said Janek Gridin, member of the board at CybExer. “Similarly to the ever-changing cyber-world with its threats around us, our questions and the study-aid part keep evolving to make sure that people’s awareness about the treats is high, and their knowledge is thorough. For example, if such ransomware attacks like WannaCry, which has wreaked havoc all over the world, happen more often, more attention will definitely be paid to this issue,” Gridin said. “The team of Geenius.ee took the test in the role of regular users; in addition to that, there are questions and study aids for specialists and management executives, which provide a comprehensive overview of the entire organization with various roles and areas of responsibility within it.”

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13846

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Fire Sprinkler Systems Explained When it comes to the safety of your home, having some sort of fire protection system can help to ensure that the things and people you care about are safe. Getting a commercial sprinkler system for […]

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Twelfth Night Screening « Ismat Apa Ke Naam Regent Park Film Festival Program Launch and Fundraising Screening » The Stratford Shakespeare Festival’s 2011 production of William Shakespeare’s play Twelfth Night was such a hit with audiences, it was captured on film to be enjoyed even after the 2011 season ended. Shakespeare’s comedy of mistaken identity and romance gets a rock-and-roll boost from director Des McAnuff. After the film, actors from the play will be on hand to answer your questions! Image credits: Cylla von Tiedemann Toronto, Ontario M5A 2B7 Canada Stratford Shakespeare Festival

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SEO for Small Business: 21 Ways to Win More Customers With Search Lead Generation, Marketing for Small Business, Search Engine Optimization, SEO By Kitty French Search engine optimization isn’t fast and it isn’t easy. But it is totally worth the effort to win more customers for your small business. No matter what business you’re in, there are potential customers searching for your products or services on their smartphones right now. And it’s no secret that search engine optimization (SEO) is important. After all, it draws customers one step closer to making a purchase from your company. Still not convinced you should make SEO a priority? Here is everything you need to know about how SEO works, why it generates leads, and how to make search engine optimization pay off for your small business at Manta.com

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The work continues Dear fellow activists and entrepreneurs. If you read this blog, you are actively engaged in the growth of the alternative food system either by interest or by work. It means that you know the reality of small businesses and the struggle for long-term success by those businesses. It also means you are aware of the divide between rural and urban, of small and large population centers in terms of access to resources and in understanding by the media or policy makers. Hopefully, everyone who reads this blog also agrees on the need for more places to discuss and work on those issues and others. For me, the first place is public markets. That is because it is the best place to offer small businesses space, face-to-face peer time, and access to a wide variety of people to grow their ideas to fruition. Issues like resource depletion, social isolation and economic sovereignty are also on the minds of those who use markets as organizing tools. As for those visitors, no purchase is necessary to attend a market. No one will be required to fill out an online database request to read our market materials or have to sign up for a time-share condo to have access to our market experts. Education is constant and it is offered to anyone who asks and offered not only by those with a long group of letters after their name. In markets, experience is seen as a better teacher. Those principles were given to us by the founders of our movement, based on their strong conviction that the only way to rescue family farming and public space was to put them together. Those ideas have been exposed to the air of thousands of places since the rebirth of the farmers market movement in the 1970s and successfully connected unlikely collaborators, created safe space for diversity and championed innovation. We have done amazing things with our markets in the last 40+ years. Thousands of pilots have shown the way to finding new businesses to vend their products, engaging people through inclusive outreach, marketing open-air or shed market culture to shoppers unfamiliar with them, and adding new appropriate technology when necessary. Yet, we are all aware that we still have a lot to do. That we had only reached a tiny percentage. That as more places are hollowed out economically, our work becomes ever more important and even more difficult. So, no matter which candidate was yours, my hope is that you remain committed to the goals we have worked on together. That we agree that the combative nature of a national campaign cannot continue indefinitely or it will be absorbed by its citizens and become the culture of the times. Division is the enemy, because our work relies on finding the best way to include each person as and when they enter, whether they are a newly arrived resident, a suburbanite, a small town grandmother, a rural father or an urbanite. Therefore, we need to redouble our efforts to make markets the civic centers for everyone. Let’s make a pact to double the number of markets in all areas, extend seasonal markets to year-round (and if your response to that is we can’t grow year-round in our area, do remember that your region used to do just that) and triple the number of small producers by the time of the next election. In order to do that, we will need to lose more of the assumptions that we all make about those different from us and to work harder to find common ground. I’m more than ready to continue this work during this new administration and will be open to participating in any conversation in which I can be helpful. I look forward to hearing from many of you about how your work will evolve and grow. And I’ll see you at the market. Thanks, 700 Magazine Street No Piece of the Pie

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13850

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Formats: XLSX Tags: procurement Local Government Renewables Action Tracker The Tracker contains information on two types of renewables activities commonly being pursued by local governments in the United States: 1. Electricity purchases and transactions, such as on-site solar, community solar projects, off-site power purchase agreements (PPAs), and green tariff... renewable (1) transaction (1)

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13851

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Siptah I love discount bins. I love rummaging. Thus yesterday I was in heaven as the grocery store had two bins, side by each. One filled with remaindered books, the other with cheap DVD's. I'd finished with the DVD's and had a couple nestled between my back and the back of the wheelchair. Then I was on to the books. Almost immediately I found a book that purported to have 505 facts about germs. It was on sale for only $3.99. That's less than a cent a fact! Joe found me sitting happily waiting for him to return from the bathroom with 3 DVD's and 1 book. I showed him my prizes. When he got to the book he said, "Germs?" Sometimes Joe just doesn't get it. On the drive home I sat quietly flipping through the book discovering things you need to know like there is 10 million, million, million different bacteria in human poop. There's things in there about pus that are a revelation. I'm reading these things out loud to Joe who is oddly quiet. Then I come upon a fact. I've turned that fact into a quiz. Here, try it out ... The earliest depiction of a person with a disability at work was in ... A) 108 AD B) 1580 BC C) 1248 AD D) 1824 AD Do Do Do Do Do Do Do (The theme song from Jeopardy if you don't recognize my singing.) If you guessed 1580 BC, you'd be right. There is a painting of an Egyptian priest ... you read right ... priest ... with polio. I looked him up on the computer by Googling three words, egyptian priest polio, I click on the search button and suddenly I'm faced with a huge number of hits. All about this guy named Rom who is depicted with 'withered leg and staff'. One of the hits goes further and tells of this Eqyptian Pharaoh with a disability. When the mummy of Siptah, a Pharaoh who died around 1193 BC, was discovered, scientists found that he had a seriously twisted leg and foot and they attributed the disability also to polio but with less certainty than with Rom. What was certain about the whole thing was that these two guys, without question, had disabilities, and also without question held powerful positions in Egyptian society. I have one question. How could we, as human beings, at one time accept disability to the extent that it didn't prohibit people from being in powerful jobs, and now in the age of 'tolerance' have people with disabilities unemployed at a remarkable level? Why is it that people with disabilities have trouble even getting an interview? I feel incredibly lucky to have become disabled after I had spent a career building a reputation and a place for myself. There have been few barriers for me, but only because I was already employed, already 'in'. Those early Egyptians had it going on. All I've ever really read about history before was that disabled people were discarded, disposed, disposessed. And now I find two guys who must have been pretty cool. I feel like sneaking into schools and finding kids with disabilities and saying, "Hey you heard the one about the Egyptian Pharaoh with withered limb?" Well, I'd say that little fact was worth a tad more than a cent. Now did you know that if you lived long enough with smallpox the whites of your eyes will turn completely black ... Posted by Dave Hingsburger at 4:26 am 8 comments: A few weeks ago I got an email from a guy named Jef Warnar who teaches a course called "Sexuality and Social Relations" at Georgian College in Orillia. He is using my book, 'Just Say Know', in his class along with the video 'The Ethics of Touch' and wondered if I had any words of wisdom for his class that he could pass along to them. In with that request came an invitation to drop into his class should I ever be passing the college during the semester. I read the email and hatched a plan. We were going to Ottawa to do a presentation there and we could easily go through Orillia and then take the long route to enjoy the colours. So we got up early on Wednesday morning, piled into the car and headed to the college. I didn't tell Jef we were coming, he'd said, 'Drop in' and that was my intention. We found parking and a couple of very polite students gave us directions to room C210, the room the class was held in. I knocked on the door and waited. The door opened and Jef's face as a mixture of pleasure and disbelief. He shook my hand and then turned to the class and said, "We have a surprise guest today." I rolled in, grinning. There were at least twenty students there and all had that eager look that you see on those who have a goal. I turned my chair to face them and told them that I was on my way somewhere else so I didn't have a lot of time. I gave them three questions. The last question was from a young woman on my left. She wanted to know what advice I'd give them as they were preparing to enter the field of disability. I told her that I wasn't really good on advice like that but I'd give it a shot. "You are entering the field of human services," I said stating the obvious, "remember then that your best resource will always be yourself. Your own humanity. Don't be fooled by someone's difference. When you don't understand why someone is doing what they are doing, when you just can't figure them out, retreat to yourself. I once worked with someone who engaged in severe self injury. I couldn't understand why anyone would hurt themselves. There were no clear antecedents to the behaviour, no clear benefits to it either. Then I retreated to self and wondered, 'when do I engage in self injury' ... surely I do, I bite my nails, I chew the inside of my cheeks, I drink too much, smoke too much, sleep to little. Suddenly, I knew that I responded to anxiety, depression, fear, by hurting myself. In that moment the individual I was thinking about became less bizarre, more ordinary, more like me. More than that, I had a place to start ... an understanding to grow." "If you use your time right, you will discover, too that you are on a parallel journey with those in your care. You will be asked to think about things that most people avoid. You will be asked to challenge yourself in ways that people find painful. You will be asked to review your ideas and your beliefs and your motives regularly. You will have the opportunity for personal growth that is rarely offered to us these days. The best thing, for me about being in human services is that at the end of every year, I am different and I am changed. Contact with others creates the opportunity for contact with self. Be open to that growth." I was looking at her, my inquisitor, when I was answering, but I was talking more to myself. The question got me thinking about my life here in human services. I was so much older than the students, I had trod the path that they were embarking on. It felt like a real honour to have the chance to talk to them, there in room 210. On the way to Ottawa I was fairly quiet for a long while. I was answering that question a thousand different ways. Wishing I'd said things differently, wishing I'd focused on differing issues, rewriting what I said. But life is life, what you say you say, so I tired of the self examination decided that I'd enjoyed my journey thus far here, working with others, now it was time to enjoy my journey to Ottawa. "That tree is beautiful," I said as we passed an incredible maple. Joe smiled and welcomed me back to the trip. Two Word Philosophies We stopped at a funky little restaurant on our way to Ottawa. It was nestled in amongst other shops in Peterborough and looked welcoming. It was. We'd decided to drive the northern route to see the fall colours and to be off the freeway. The drive had been great. We'd expected few of the vibrant reds this year but we saw amazing beauty. Trees that had spontaneously burst into flame. How cool is that. As we had lunch, Joe and Mike had the messy grilled cheese and I had falafels smothered in garlic dill sauce. I wouldn't ordinarily tell you about the food, but it was good, I'm fat, therefore food matters to me. I had mentioned hearing someone talk recently about 'two word philosophies' ... it's a challenge to put the things you believe into two words. We had fun coming up with combinations. "Cool matters," was the first that Mike came up with. "Age gently," was Joe's. "Fat's phat," was mine. Then we were off and running. It turned into a fun conversation and we went round and round and round again. Once in the car and the Dixie Chicks were playing in the car, I thought more about this whole idea. Here are some that came to mind when thinking about what I do and who I am. Listen softly. Judge rarely. Hope constantly. Strive unceasingly. Apologize readily. Feel passionately. Guard prejudices. Temper temper. Swallow fear. Expect miracles. Be miraculous. Reject pretence. Welcome truth. Challenge orthodoxy. Hold dear. Two words can contain a lot of wisdom, we discovered as we chowed down. Two words can reveal a lot about one's character and one's vision. As a writer, I find words flow fairly easily for me and it was good to slow down and try to use fewer words with more meaning. I'd like to hear your two word philosophies so ... Comment freely. Posted by Dave Hingsburger at 7:33 am 20 comments: Joe Jobs I'm just a little afraid. Right now I'm in a hotel in Ottawa all by myself. Joe is in the next room over but there is no adjoining door so it's just me here. Since I became disabled I have not ever been entirely on my own, not really at all. As such I've become, I realize as I sit here, a bit dependant on Joe's physical presence. Not that he does every little thing for me, or that I can't do things on my own, but just having him around makes me feel like ... if something happens, like I fall which I am prone to do, there's someone to call out to. You know. "I've fallen and I can't get up." And though the bathroom is supposed to be accessible, the toilet is one that is grade school height and the bar is way above it. There is no side bar. We've agreed, no using the toilet unless I call him back over, the bathroom is a Dave-tragedy waiting to happen. But the bed is very small and the room was deemed to tiny for a roll-away cot, a Z-bed. So the conference people offered Joe his own room, I suggested that he take it. He's a bit to old for cots anyway. All this time, two years, and Joe's presence kept me from realizing how much of my life, my independance and my sense of personal security my disability has taken. All this time I thought, so what, no big deal, I can manage just fine, thank you. And I was wrong. "We" can manage just fine but maybe, truthfully, "I" cannot. This would be a depressing realization. But in fact, it's not. Over the years we've relied on one another in greater and lesser amounts. There are many things that Joe completely relies on me for ... they are that 'that's you're job' kind of things. This is a little different because I do what Joe does not want to do, not what he can't do. Here, it's abit more of the 'can't' situation. But what's got me thinking here about how Joe has managed for two years to let his assistance really slip under the radar. His manner hasn't made me feel burdonsome, or like I should be constantly in his debt. He has provided support to me that has allowed me to continue on my path, to strive after my goals, to be the master of my own destiny. He has never for a moment, now that he has the power of assisting, misused that power. He has shown me that power need not always corrupt. I will make it through the night, of course, if I fall I just have to crawl to the wall and bang on it. Or as Joe put it before he left a few minutes ago, "Knock three times on the wall if you want me, twice on the pipes if the answer is Joe, Now!" While I do not see Joe as my 'staff' or my 'carer', I do see in him the elements of what it takes to give support without taking leadership. It's something I'm going to think more of, take more notice of, even talk to him about. There's a staff training in this, maybe even for me. Ruby's Walking She stood teetering on two feet. She's been standing on her own now for some time. A couple of steps have been taken. But there standing by the fridge she looked like a ballet dancer as she raised her arms over her head. Her chest leaned forward. Her expression changed from concentration to determination. She walked. Her arms up, her chest out, she flung herself into a new world. She's just over a year old and now the floor she crawled on only minutes ago is being explored anew. She looked to us for approval and then she was off. Around the banister and down the hallway, back to the front room, around and into the kitchen. One minute she couldn't walk. The next minute she was running. Ruby's world has changed. With her 'forth into the world' posture - arms up, chest out ... it was hard not to contemplate what kind of world she was thrusting herself forward into. She already has decided that I am cool but my wheelchair is cooler. She likes it when her Dad runs her around the lawn while she sits in my place in my chair. She likes it as a jungle gym. And she's met Mickey, Mike's friend with an intellectual disability. Last time he was up to visit Mike, he held her and she looked at him and decided that he was OK. She comes from a mix of ethnicities so her birthday party is a little UN. She is only a year and has experienced more integration than my parents have in their life. She is only a year so she hasn't yet learned that some amongst her acquaintences have less value, so she values all of us equally. She is more concerned about kind, than smart. She is more concerned with generous, than mobile. She is more concerned with the content of the characters in those she meets. Ruby's walking today. We went out to dinner to celebrate and she took over the pizza joint. She'd run back to her dad and be swung into the air. She'd tire and grab onto my tire to rest a bit. At one point she was so excited she just put her head back and laughed. On our way out Mike pushed me and she walked beside me. She's walking beside someone who's rolling. I don't know why but I think that's cool. First We Take Manhatten ... Yesterday at the mall dropping off Joe's perscription for glasses we stopped at Teopia for a cup of tea to kill time until the glasses were ready. We noticed a friend walking by and invited her over to chat for a bit. In the end we had a chin wag of epic proportions. Gossip? Yeah. After we left we were heading back and we ran into a young woman who stopped me and told me that she was a student studying at the college, further that they were using my book, "Just Say Know" in their class along with the video "The Ethics of Touch". She recognized me from the video. She told me, blushing, that I was a role model for her. I blushed in return and we said our goodbyes. I then started thinking about role models that I had while young ... there were a few ... The high school janitor had to be one for me. He seemed to gather about him the discarded kids. The ones that had no potential, no ranking, no respect. This guy seemed to be able to relate very differently to us all than anyone else ever did, or cared to. The cool thing about him is that he wasn't at all social worky or filled with folky wisdom, in fact he did everything he could to establish himself as an alpha male kind of guy. What he had was time. And humour. And a capacity for looking at us clearly. He liked to stand out side the building and have smoke and invariably there'd be one of the school's losers standing with him. Often that would be me. I have a variety of janitor memories. Oddly, still, they are quite private. When I was a boy, I saw the movie "The Miracle Worker" with Patty Duke and Anne Bancroft. Instantly I was taken by Annie Sullivan and remember thinking that it was incredible to have that kind of impact on someone else's life. To seek out another, to make the world available to someone, to capture but not cage another soul. It moved me greatly and deeply. It was that movie that had me thinking about working, somehow, with those with disabilities. To this day, the movie remains one of my favourites. Ruth was an older woman who ran a shop around the corner who loved to smoke and drink scotch. She was full of tales from a live well lived, she wore her 'outsider' status as a badge. It was amazing to come under the sphere of her influence. She was fascinated by my work with people with disabilities and liked to hear me talk of my work. It was Ruth who first prodded me to speak up, to not be shy about my opinions. It's hard to believe now that I lecture around the world, that there was a time when my fear of public speaking, of being in front of others, was debilitating. I remember telling her that I was going to a conference for a day on sexuality and disability. She said, "Remember, speak up." And then at the conference someone said something so disrespectful to the sexuality of women with disabilities that I was shocked. Ruth's voice was in my head and my hand went up. I said a sentence, a whole sentence, in front of others. I got applause. That was the first time I'd ever spoken in public. It wasn't the last. I still have role models, I still have heros, I still admire others. While I felt a bit uncomfortable with being praised thusly, like the janitor would have been, it was nice of her to stop and tell me. It sent my down memory lane ... and I'm still there. Unbowed Today is a very big day for me. September 24th is the anniversary of the day I liberated myself from the tyranny of expectations. Let me explain. I was a young behaviour therapist, hired to consult to families, schools and agencies. I served an area, not an age group. As such in the course of a week I'd be found talking to parents about toddlers and to group homes about the elderly. I liked the diversity and I liked the challenge. At first I didn't think much about what I did and why I did it. They had behaviours that needed controlling, I was the man for the job. I wrote token economies, I wrote differential reinforcement programmes, I wrote strategies for establishing what we called 'instructional control'. And I liked it. I liked the briefcase. I liked the status. I liked having an office. I liked coming and going as I pleased. Then came Nate. A lovely little boy with Down Syndrome. A boy that would bring about a revolution in me and a resolution that I have since not broken. He was a joint referral from both the school and home. Seems dear old Nate had a problem with compliance. He had defiant behaviours. He was oppositional. All this and in grade 2. He was on the path to notice. Sitting in my first meeting with parent and teacher I heard story after story about this kid who refused to participate in circle (outrageous) who refused to wash his hands before dinner (unthinkable) and other childhood misdemeanours. I took notes, organized myself. I put together a fairly simple baseline. But it didn't work. Nate had had a good week at school and a good week at home. Next week was the same. Nothing showed. They swore to me that this was an aberration. That this oppositional kid was 'manipulating' us all. The third week in there were two incidents at school and one at home. They sat there with data sheets in hand, both mom and teacher, with a 'see, see, see what Nate gets up to' look on their faces. Both school and home thought that I had enough data now to put together a 'Compliance Training' programme, oddly, so did I. Nodding agreement while I scanned the data, I asked them to do a different form of data over the week or two it would take me to write the programme. This data sheet would have them tick off the commands he followed in his day and 'x' off the commands that he refused. They both agreed and we all felt very, very, scientific. I read the data sheets more carefully upon return to the office. Nate's outbursts, in the cold light of calm, seemed fairly typical for a kid. I got out the calculator. Three acts of non-compliance in three weeks. That works out to ... wait ... 3 incidents divided by 3 weeks ... 1 per week. Where was this kid who did all the things I was told. Then I realized that if that meeting they gave me examples that had happened over time. I didn't ask for the frequency or regularity of the 'outbursts of defiance' I only wanted examples of them. Dumb. I called a co worker with children into my office and asked if she and some of her mommy friends could take the same data for the same week. Intellectually interesting, but nonetheless I had a programme to write. Compliance Training. When we all next met, I had the programme in hand but I asked to see the new data sheets first. Mom and teacher handed them over, with quick calculations I found that Nate complied to just over 90 percent of requests and demands. He hesitated on about 4 percent. He refused about 5 percent of the time. I looked up at them and said, "This is wrong." I put my programme away and said that Nate was, if anything, over compliant. They were upset. I didn't care. Back at work I took the data sheets from the mommies. I of course had no data from schools but I found that typical kids non complied and hesitated at a much, much, higher level. Some kids up to 40 percent of commands and requests were refused or hesitated in follow through. None of these kids was labled a behaviour problem, an oppositional child. None of them was on a programme. In fact some of the parents were outright a little proud of their child's independent streak. Remarks like 'no one pushes her around' and 'he knows how to stick up for himself' were written by parents in the margins. But here's this kid who lives in the margins and he's got his behaviour under a microscope. I went to one more meeting with the school and with the mother. I told them that Nate's behaviour was better than the norm, that in fact I felt he was over-compliant, that he needed to learn how to stick up to both of them a little bit more. I felt that he was being groomed as a victim and that I would have no part in that grooming. I told them then, what I believe now. Non-compliance is a skill, not a behaviour. Aggression is a skill, not a behaviour. That if they wanted Nate to grow up well, they had to teach him how to be defiant, to be a problem when he needed to be a problem. That was a programme I would write. I was ejected from the school. My boss got a call. I was in trouble. I tried to explain my reasoning. She didn't care. I tried to say that someone had to confront the teacher and the family. She didn't agree. I tried to say that at times it was more important to be an advocate not a programmer. She didn't think that was our job. The end result was that the case was taken from me and given to another therapist. I took my programme out of the file before passing it on. I destroyed it. If this kid was brought to his knees it wouldn't be because of me. Now I was asked to write a letter of apology to the school with a copy to the family. "Fire me," I said, "I won't do it." The therapist who got the case met the family, met the school and met Nate. And turned down the request to do a programme. One could sense that a moment had come that had changed us all. After much furor a decision was made. We would never, as an agency, write a compliance programme again. We'd work on cooperation. Negotiation even. But not compliance. It was on September 24th that I decided that there was a line I would not cross. And didn't. It was then that I realized I would always have to look at my feet before making a move, to see if that line appeared again. It has, often. And it is on the anniversary of that date that every year, I remember Nate, remember the fight, remember the decision. I ask myself again, am I being careful? Really careful with the trust given to me. And every year I discover ... There is a line I will not cross. Nate would be an adult now. I hope he's unbowed. Joe needed needs new glasses and we went to the mall today because we had a gift certificate for Lenscrafters there. We couldn't remember where it was in the mall, but we were both convinced it was in the mall's lower level. We entered, found a directory and discovered that the store was at the other end in the upper level. But it was Saturday, we weren't in a hurry, why not visit the mall. I actually feel bad about calling it a mall because the radio commercial keeps telling me that it's a 'shopping resort'. Cool. I spotted a store called 'Teaopia' that sold ... umm ... tea. So we stopped there first and a really charming clerk spent a fair bit of time with us pulling out these huge cannisters of teas from around the world and letting us experience the fragrence and soon we had a line up of three bags of expensive tea. The clerk was great, it was like he didn't notice or didn't care that I was in the chair. He realized right off that I was the tea junkie and therefore didn't have that annoying habit that some clerks have of speaking to me through Joe. Nice. So we went along the shores of the resort, popping into this store or that, finding a cute little winter coat for baby Ruby at H and M, and finally picking out the glasses at Lenscrafters. The clerk there was one of those automatons. There was a pair of glasses that I thought looked great on Joe but he had some concerns about the lugs. I put them on so he could see that the lugs were invisible when on. The clerk approached. Saw me in the glasses. "They bring out your eyes," she said, seriously, she said that. Joe said, "Umm, I'm buying the glasses," she waited until he put on the glasses, "They bring out your eyes," she said, again. Joe has blue eyes, I have green. Uh, huh, but despite her we bought the glasses. Done. Then we decided to have a bite at the food court. I was wheeling around looking for the exact thing I wanted to eat. The food court has a long wooden railing around the seating area. I like these because I pull myself with one hand using the railing and wheel with the other hand. I go much faster, it feels freeing. When I get to the end, I know exactly how to release from the railing and make a sharp turn. A woman watching me said, "You are sure good in that thing. I'm impressed." Now, I know that she's being kindly. But, really. She's impressed because I can wheel myself and make a turn? It takes that little of an accomplishment to make me an inspiration? Really. Is the bar set so low that merely getting about is worthy of comment? Really. A while back Elizabeth McClung, a fellow OUCH blogger, who I admire because she wrote an incredible novel, Zed, that I'm now reading. This to me is a REAL accomplishment. A little bigger than turning a corner in a wheelchair. Anyways, Elizabeth, wrote an OUCH blog full of complaints about having a disability. I love how she challenges orthodoxy even on OUCH. So, she asked others what aspects of disability are worthing of a good moan. I wrote in my commets to her blog that I found that being in a wheelchair means that the oddest people feel that they have a right to break into my world with commentary. I thought of Elizabeth in the 'shopping resort' looking at this woman with the beautific smile. She'd complimented a cripple, surely there's a special part of heaven for her and her ilk. But, I was in a good mood. I had expensive tea in my wheelchair bag, I was about to lunch with Joe, my day wasn't going to turn on this incident. So I smiled back, and refrained from congratulating her on the fact that she seemed to balance really well in her chair, as good as I did in mine. Enough. So today, Sunday, we're going out again. I think I'll thrill the world by pulling myself up the ramp at the theatre. What an orgy of awe that should bring. Posted by Dave Hingsburger at 2:34 am 1 comment: Living Integrity A force of nature. Such is the only way to describe Lynne Seagle. An audience was on their feet, cheering, the moment she finished her presentation in Toronto. Lynne spoke as part of a series of speakers that had been brought in to encourage and challenge us to look at ourselves, our services and our relationships with those in care. Believing that an agency is as good as its worst staff, Lynne talked about how to create healthy agencies with happy staff providing holistic care. I don't think that audience was expecting what it got. Lynne isn't a speaker with charts and graphs, she's a speaker with passion and conviction. She isn't a speaker who talks about what she did ten years ago, she talks about what she does now. Lynne cares about people with disabilities and she shows that as an administrator that cares about her staff. Though much affected me as I listened to her present, laughed at her stories and marvelled at the quickness of her wit. I was really taken when she challenged us to imagine what an agencies service would look like if every staff understood that they were in charge of their own integrity. I know that we all are, of course, but I for a second imagined it. It was awsome. At Vita we are thinking of trying a new idea. We want to see what a 'Pledge of Service' would look like. So I sent out an email to all staff asking them to ponder a bit and send me a description of the qualities of a good staff, to tell me about the best they've seen, the best they've been. The emails have been stunning. Almost all coming from direct care, they varied in form from a list of a few words to long letters. Some of them moved me in their simplicity, all of them moved me in the depth of caring that had been poured into those words. When I got home from dropping Lynne off, I sat down at the computer and re-read those letters. I shouldn't have. They got me excited. They got me thinking. This isn't the best frame of mind to go to bed with. So, at one o'clock, I got up and spent a few hours now putting together the first proposed draft of a 'pledge of care' and before getting shy with it, I put it into an email and pushed 'send'. Even if we don't go this route, it's been a good exercise for me. To try and put into words what my personal pledge is to people with disability, to understand what living in integrety in service meant. A day with Lynne Seagle is like taking a brush to your soul and scraping off the barnacles. Lynne, I can't thank you enough. Godspeed. I was pretty proud of Joe today. On our way down to work Joe was talking about getting the car washed by a disabled guy who likes to make a few extra dollars. I didn't know that Joe had set an appointment to have the car washed, didn't even realize the car needed washing. I'm the kind of guy who is surprised that carpets have to be vacuumed. What does 'dusting' mean? So, anyways I nod and appear interested (the two things you need to learn to do to stay in a successful relationship). The problem, as Joe explained endlessly, was that the time he booked no longer worked and he needed to change the time. The decision was to find the guy and change the appointment time. Scintillating conversation and problem solving, no? Well, the best laid plans ... the guy wasn't around so Joe left a message for him with the new time. He did all this with a sense of real urgency. Well the guy pops into my office to say the new time isn't good for him and rebooked for next week. I called Joe. He was concerned, "That was OK with him?" "Yeah, it was." "Good," he said with a voice that told me he was relieved. "Why is this such a big deal." "People promise things all the time, then they don't keep them, or don't show up. You know the guys who stand outside the beer store begging for change, everyone says 'I'll give you what change I have on the way out and then they rush away not looking up? Or you know the guys who get their car squeegied and then laugh while driving away? Poor people, diabled people, children, all have people promise them things ... to get them to shut up, or to get out of an uncomfortable situation. You know people do that right?" "Right." "I don't. Because equality is something you do as much as it is something you believe." I knew that. On The Elevator We got on the elevator up to the office and heard it. Vita has a day programme on the main floor and the offices are just above. The elevator door creaked to a close and the rogue sounds of laughter run amok burst through the closing door and wrapped itself around us. I did what I never do on that elevator, I stopped the door from closing and just stood there and listened. Savoured the sound as it tickled the palette of my ears - sound that tastes good is rare and needs to be enjoyed. The laughter began slow, low, like it had a Southern drawl. Then it built and built, one laugh giving encouragment to the next. Finally a full throated laugh filled the elevator with pure, unadulterated mirth. We, Joe and I, carrying foodstuffs in for a meeting later that day, began to giggle. We had no idea what had caused the laughter or who was laughing, but it didn't matter the laugh we heard tickled the bottom of our feet. By the time we reached the second floor we too were laughing. I'm smiling here as I write this. It was so good to hear that kind of laughter. Unrestrained, gutbusting, trumpets of Jerhico laughing. Not the restrained giggle of polite company. Not the haughty smile of the 'better thans'. Not the forced frivolity of a drunken partier. Real, genuine, joy. And I realized, I don't laugh much anymore. I find much funny. But sad funny, awful funny, I can't believe it funny. Joyous funny has eluded me these last few months, nay, years. I don't know how it got left behind. I know I was berated for my laughter as a child ... too loud ... too brazen ... too noticable. I worked at bringing it down, bringing under control, finally ending it altogether and replacing it for the slow, quiet laugh that I have now. It's acceptable, it fits in, but it's not the one I was borne with. I notice this in others too, I notice how when someone laughs too loud at something funny at a movie that everyone glances at each other ... like the laugh rule was broken. But the laugh I heard this morning was the real deal. It was the 'may interfere with aircraft frequency' kind of laugh. It was a laugh that could have parted the Red Sea. A hardy Hardy-Har-Har. First time, in my adult life, I heard that laugh was when working in a large institution. A woman with a disability who had been given the job of carting food down a corridor had somehow slipped. There was scrambled egg everywhere. Everytime she tried to clean it up, she slipped down. It was in her hair, her clothing and all over the walls. We all stood, helpless to help her, outside the radius of egg mess. Finally when she tried to stand up holding onto the cart, she lost balance and went down again, this time bringing everything down with her. She gave up. She laid back and laughed. A huge laugh. A from the fingertips, from the toes, laugh. Laughter filled the institution hallways, it coloured the air with humour, it was loud enough to crack faces, it was warm enough to melt frost. Then we all laughed. Pale imitations of the real thing, but we laughed. We who lived free laughed our restrained appropriate laughs while she who lived abandoned and caged - laughed large. At least she was left with an uncaged laugh. I want to laugh more. I want to have a pull a muscle laugh. I want my laugh back. But if I can't have that ... I'll settle for hearing that laugh, at least a few more times, in my life. Pink Shirts Did you catch the story? I didn't, my friend Lori from BC sent it to me. She said that she was cheering when she heard the kids interviewed on CBC radio. Her note to me said that she didn't forward many articles but that she knew that I'd like this one. I'm thrilled that she did. Somewhere in Nova Scotia a new kid started at at new school. Anyone who ever switched schools knows how that feels. The young man came to his new school wearing a pink shirt. The school bullies set upon him and called him all sorts of names, making inferences about his sexuality, in doing so bullying him and terrifying every gay kid in the school. Two teen boys thought this was ridiculous and went out and bought 75 pink coloured shirts and distributed them to all their friends and all the kids who wanted to stand up to the bullies. When the new kid arrived at school a couple days later he saw a sea of pink, all kids who didn't know him showed him that he wasn't alone, that there were those who would stand with him and against the bullies. They even saved a tee shirt for him to wear with them. Along with the shirts they brought pink material to make arm bands and head bands. In all, over half the kids at a school of over 800 wore pink that day as a statement against bullying. You can read the whole story by going to http://www.thechronicleherald.ca/Search/858884.html A great story. The article in the paper has a picture of these two teen heros wearing pink shirts and grinning into the camera. The article doesn't say but I believe that every kid in that school is safer from bullies right now. Fat kids. Frecked kids. Disabled kids. Gay kids. All of them. Bullies don't expect others to care. They depend upon the apathy of others to get away with what they do. All that it takes for evil to succeed is that good people do nothing. This time, the good people did something. This time, the bullies lost. This time, so maybe next time too. All it takes for evil to succeed ... wait ... Evil lost in Nova Scotia. I for one am cheering. Label Me! "Label jars not people." This was said to me recently by someone who has a bumper sticker approach to life. "Focus on the ability not the disability." This criticism was leveled at me by someone who thought that I took disability too importantly. I'm afraid I'm out of step with where our philosophy in service to people with disabilities has taken us. Partly this is because I now have a disability, but partly this has always bothered me. I don't think that 'labeling' people is all that awful. I think the issue is how we value the difference that is labeled. I think that putting difference on a heirarchy is the problem. For me, I don't know how we could have a disability community without the concept, the reality of this thing called disability. I don't think the gay movement even got started until the gay community got over it's own fear of difference ... the 'we're all the same as you' stage. Similarily the women's movement came of age when it began valuing the feminine difference rather than proclaiming masculine equivilancy. "Don't call me disabled." Said to me by a self advocate with an intellectual disability who refuses to identify with his disability and his community. His fear of his own difference is his major handicap. He lives a life on the borders on normalicy and even though he has a key to open the door to his own community, he refuses to use it. Doesn't ever, ever, ever want to be seen with someone else with a disability. This to me is profoundly sad. A waste of time, a waste of a life. Go ahead and sew the label 'disabled' on my forehead. You might as well, the wheelchair gives it away anyways. Don't try to stop me from accessing my disability community, my trolling through the disability blogs, my chatting with other crips when I'm out and about, my reading books and stories about those with disabilities. It's my community, it's my patch of grass, I'm not going to give it up or give it over. Sure I want access to the whole world, but I want access to my own as well. I'm not interested in the 'I'm not crippled cripples' I find their lack of courage to identify boring and sad. I have always liked people who are in your face. Who are exactly who they are. If you are going to be Christian BE Christian ... not a wishy washy apologist. If you are going to be a philatalist wear stamp ear rings. If you are going to be a Trekkie, learn Klingon. So, I'm thankful for the label 'disabled', it's given me a movement, it's given me a community and it's given me purpose. Should others try to use that word, that 'label' to take things away, that's where the fight begins ... not with the word but with greedy bigots who want to stuff my rights into their bag. I refuse to bow to pressure to deny my disability in order to prop up the idea that disability is something to be denied. Forget it, I'm too old to spend energy on self delusion for the sake of others. Disabled ... count me in ... I'm one. Beautiful Joe Driving into Meaford we are welcomed by a sign that announced that "Beautiful Joe" hailed from here. After joking with Joe that they knew he was coming, we both wondered who "Beautiful Joe" had been. We saw the sign indicating where to turn to visit the "Beautiful Joe" memorial park but ignored it an continued on our journey to Wiarton where I was to present for a couple days last week, a couple days this. Once into the hotel room, I hooked up the computer and looked up "Beautiful Joe" and discovered that Joe had been a dog that lived in Meaford in the late 1800's. He had belonged to a deranged and abusive man who over time had mutilated and disfigured the dog. Hacking off ears and tail, treating the dog as property to be abused at will, Joe barely survived. He was rescued by a caring family and once brought back to health he brought love in abundance to his new caretakers. Beautiful Joe's story was discovered by a relative visiting the family in Meaford and then written into book form, the story was relocated to an American location in order to compete in a Humane Society competion and thereby win publication. The book, won, was published and has sold millions and millions of copies. It is still in print over a century later. I had never heard of the story but I immediately was moved. Eric, our little dog, was an abused dog who rescued us. I choked with emotion at Joe's rescue and foamed in anger at his past abuse. On our way back this week we went to the memorial park and found a statue there in Beautiful Joe's honour. The artist captured Joe lying down with his head raised looking into the distance. His ears, mutilated, his spirit unwounded. I didn't expect to be so moved. But then I remembered only weeks ago doing a consultation with a woman with a disability who had lived a life of rape and violence. I remembered a young boy with intellectual disability, eyes burned out with cigarettes. I remembered measuring a bruise and documenting it onto a report. Joe, like all these, was given to care to others. Joe, like all these, was vulnerable to the temper of another. Joe, like all these, felt all that was done. We, who are in the position of care providing are given such an incredible trust. Lives are placed in our hands. Skin that can be cut. Bones that can be broken. Souls that can be destroyed. It seems sometimes that we become casual with that trust. It's all to easy to forget the strength of our grip, the tone of our voice, the harshness of our demands. I got out of my wheelchair to make my way, with assistance, to the statue. I ran my hand gently over that dogs head. I touched at his ears. Felt the jagged remains. And was reminded, again, of my responsibility. Reminded again of the depth of human depravity. Of the creativity of cruelty. I prayed that Joe had forgiven us, we humans, for what we had done to him. I prayed that we humans would find in Joe a reminder of what it means to survive. Test Run I hadn't heard from her in awhile. We had met several years ago when I was doing a parent training seminar on abuse prevention in Barrie. She sat down with me during one of the breaks and chatted about her son who was then 6 years old. Her greatest fear, she told me, was that her son would be victimized. I could see the strain on her face but I could also see the determination in her eyes. She would do what she could. When she left the seminar she handed me a note. I was touched so I've kept it all these years. "Thank you so much for teaching us how to better parent our children. I always thought that it was my job to protect Jeff, but now I see that it is my job to teach him how to protect himself. In that message alone, you have given me such insight. Thank you for what you do." Reading that part of the note in the car later, I thought, "That's why I do this." About six months later when I was doing a consultation day for the Sexuality Clinic in Barrie, I meet her again, this time with her son Jeff. He was a strapping, handsome boy with Down Syndrome. By the time he'd got to me he'd hugged the secretary, the director, the maintenance guy, the othe people in the waiting room. Mom was frustrated and as much as she tried to stop him, people would say, "Oh, it's OK" and instantly she was defeated. We talked she, he and I. At one point I suggested that Jeff go to the kitchen and get a pop from the fridge and called in the secretary to take help him find the way. Then I gave Mom some ideas for how to deal with this situation. We practiced the strategies. She was teary-eyed when she left, "I want him to be safe but I don't want him to lose his joy, his trust." Over the next several years, Mom would call me maybe once, maybe twice, to ask for advice. She was always full of apologies for calling, I always assured her, truthfully, that I always enjoyed her contact. Then, we met for lunch. She was making progress with Jeff, she didn't know for sure if he was developing boundaries to please her or if he was really understanding the purpose of distance and permission. Either way, progress was being made. I told her to call me when she thought that he'd got it and we'd test him out and see how he does. She called yesterday. It was the perfect day. We had planned to go to the city, but those plans fell through. We always go to a movie on the weekend but nothing new openned of interest to us and we'd seen everything else. So we had time on our hands. We chatted for a second first and she said that she thought he'd be ready. So, I cupped the phone and asked Joe, if he felt up to playing a pedophile stalker today. "Do I have to wear a costume," was his answer. He's used to doing odd things for my job. When she asked me when we should do this, I said, "How's about now." We agreed to meet at one of the smaller malls here in Barrie. She and her sister would bring Jeff to the mall. Then the three of us would meet while Jeff shopped with his aunt. We found each other in the mall and then scouted the mall for the perfect spot. We found a bench in the mall that was perfect. We could view what was happening in reflection while we were out of sight. The set up ... Mom and Sis and Jeff take a seat on the bench. Then Mom says, "We're going off to the bathroom. We'll be back in a minute. What are the rules?" He looked exasperated, like he'd said them a thousand times, "Don't talk to anyone, don't leave this spot." She gave him a quick kiss and they were gone, he was alone. The follow through ... As soon as they were around the corner, Joe walked up to the bench and sat down, a little too close. Jeff, really noticed that Joe was in his space and squeezed hard up against the arm of the bench and looked away. Joe started chatting with him. At first Jeff said nothing, but then started answering basic questions. Joe learned that Jeff was in the mall shopping with his mother and his aunt. That they were coming right back. He didn't learn Jeff's name, his address or where he went to school. Jeff kept saying that the questions were private. Then came the big moment. Joe said, "Why don't we go and get a hot chocolate, it's just round the corner, your mom with find you." The resolution ... Jeff looked at him and said, loudly, "You are a stranger, why do you want to buy a little boy a treat!?!" At this point several people in the mall looked over at Joe and Joe went bright red. Mom came from around the corner, I stayed in place. I knew if he saw me, he'd know what was going on. It was better that he have the feeling of pride for standing up for himself. Joe quickly retreated when mom came on the scene. "I'm never going to do that again," Joe said, laughing in the car on the way home. We agreed that Jeff had done really well. He showed discrimination, he recognized that Joe had sat closer than he should have, he answered only questions that were impersonal and kept private all identifying information. And best of all, he asserted himself in a way that alerted others on the scene. It was perfect. We talked later on the phone and she was over the moon with excitement. "This doesn't mean that I'm going to leave an 11 year old on his own a lot, but I know now that I can trust his skills." "What's Jeff up to?" I asked. "He's here telling his dad about what he did, about how a bad man wanted to buy him a hot chocolate and how he told the bad mad to leave him alone." "That's awesome." "For the first time I think he really gets it." "He's proud of himself then?" "Not as," here the phone became muffled for a second as she started to cry, "much as I am." Pig Anus They had all gone out to a bar for a couple of drinks and to gossip and share time for each other. Most were deaf, some were hearing, but sign was the mode of communication. Talk flew thick and fast. Every member of the group was a fan of the television show 'Fear Factor' and the talk turned to the events on the show the previous evening. The woman telling me this story could barely suppress a grin as she told me of her night out with friends. She was attending a conference I was giving in Almonte and had come up just before afternoon break had ended. Before break I was emphasizing how the subject of the workshop 'The Ethics of Touch' was even more important to me now that I was in a wheelchair. People touch me differently, talk to me differently, use different tones of voice with me. I had always known, intellectually, that people with disabilities were treated differently, but know I knew this in a different way. She approached me and said, "I can tell from your workshop that you like funny stories, let me tell you one." As they talked about 'Fear Factor' and the things that the contestant had to do they were using sign and facial expressions to communicate how disgusting some of the things were. Signs like 'pig anus' and 'slime and muck' were used along with a grimace or a sick look. Sign language, like spoken language, communicates tones and shadings of words. I learned this when I worked with deaf kids for a few months. It's possible to sign 'stop' in a casual tone and it's possible to yell 'STOP' by deliving the sign with more speed and force along with a vein popping expression on the face. The group was laughing as they put as much meaning into 'pig anus' as it's possible to do. The woman telling me this story was obviously an accomplished signer. As she told the story she kept slipping into sign as she talked. It think I saw 'pig anus' three or four times - it's not pretty. A woman approached them after determing that a few of the signers could hear, "I really don't want to bother you or interupt you," she began "I just want you all to know that I think your language is beautiful." She had no idea why this statement sent the group into hysterics. The Speed of ... I'm pleased. Very, very pleased. For the past year and a half, I've been working with Vita Community Living Services on trying out ideas which have the outcome of creating an agency where abuse is less likely to occur. Statistics show that people with disabilities are often victimized while in care, Vita has made it a mission to try new ideas and approaches with the eye to offering every single person in care safe harbour. One of the ideas was to look at how to make a large agency which sprawls over a large geographic area into an agency that feels intimate and close. Where distance is reduced between staff and the level of the heirarchy between frontline staff and upper management is made less daunting. Open communication between the levels of heirarchy in an agency creates an atmosphere where people are less afraid to report concerns, talk about real issues and face up to practices that are less than perfect. We decided to start a book club within the agency wherein staff would sign on to read a book that has a disability theme and then we'd get together an talk about it. Learn from the book and learn from each other. We started by giving a selection of books to be voted on, The Speed of Dark by Elizabeth Moon, Dissolution by C. J. Sansom and Too Big Too Miss by an author whose name escapes me. The Speed of Dark won and then 15 staff signed on to read on their time, meet on Vita's. Over the weeks that the book was being read, a buzz started about the book. People chatted about where they were in the book and all held off telling the ending. Every single person who read the book felt that they were challenged by the text to rethink disability and rethink service. Today we held the first of two meetings. A front line residential staff, the art therapist, a director, the executive director were all part of the group. We all were equals as we discussed the book and then moved into a really passionate discussion about service and about Vita and about what kind of agency we all wanted. Two hours later we all sat back like we'd had a fine meal and said, "That was good." What intended to happen, did happen. The agency felt a little closer - the heirarchy a little smaller, we all were a little wiser, and a growing sense of corporate community has begun. I'm proud to be part of an organization that wants to serve well, wants to examine how we offer service, wants to try new ideas. There was a moment when I just sat back in the meeting and everyone was talking all at once excitedly about ideas, about ideals and about service. It can't get better than this. Monkey Face A few months ago I wrote about my wallet. My old worn out black leather wallet with ripped coin purse and a faded radio sticker with the call name Dave that was given to me by the folks at KW Hab. I loved that wallet. Joe hated that wallet. For Christmas several years running I got an assortment of new wallets. I never used them, didn't want them, resented getting them. He didn't understand. Said they were the same as my old wallet, only new. I said they weren't the same as my wallet because they were new. When I wrote about this last time I pointed out that my wallet was 'mine'. Absolutely and completely mine. Not shared. Not part of 'us'. Completely mine. And I liked it just as it was. I wanted to make the point, then, that people have attachments - silly or not - to the oddest things. That its wrong to take away these things, to talk people into giving them up, to use disapproval as punishment for not seeing the world in the prescribed way. I was surprised when many people posted about how I could keep my wallet and get a new one at the same time. Put your old wallet in a special place was one suggestion. It didn't make sense to me, the special place I kept my wallet was in my pocket. Cut the wallet up and make a key chain with the leather and Dave sticker ... EEEEEEEEK! Get away from my wallet you butcher. I wanted to scream at the screen: "But it's my wallet, why do you care about my wallet, why do you all want me to give up my wallet!" Admittedly, I knew you were all right. But your being right doesn't subsume my right to be wrong. So it will suprise you to learn that whilst in Owen Sound we were wandering around Wallmart and I spotted a very cool black cloth wallet with an awesome monkey face embroidered on it. I pushed myself over to examine it. Perfect. I couldn't understand why it was marked as a 'girl's wallet' but who cares, I'm daring, self assured in both my manliness and maturity. I plopped it into the cart. Joe picked it up and asked, totally confused, "Who are you buying this for?" "Me," says I. "But you've got a hundred new wallets at home." "I don't like them, I like this one." "It has a monkey face on it." "It's a girl's wallet." "So you say." His face looked stern, "Well then I'm going to take the wallet I gave you last year, I need a new wallet and I might as well use that one." "Be my guest." We strolled away and I smiled at the idea of my new black fabric wallet with the cool monkey face on it. On the way out I said to Joe, "Remember that conversation we had about choices for people with disabilities in the car." (We really do have the best conversations some times about disability issues and themes.) "Yes," he said, warily. "You know what my new wallet is?" "Uncoerced selection. And that is why I like it, that's why I bought it and that is why I'll use it." I knew I had to give up my old wallet one of these days. Every time I was prompted to get a new one, nagged to replace the old one, my heels dug in a little further. I became defiant. About a silly wallet because I wanted to do it in my own time, in my own way and I wanted to pick out the next one myself. You may call this childish, I call this freedom. Really, I Mean REALLY? Panic wells in my chest. I don't want to answer the question. Not that it's a hard one, "What movie do you want to go see?" But the thing is for one of my friends, this is a question that has a right answer. Make the wrong choice and it's "Really? THAT'S the one you want to see?" The trouble with writing this post is that there is no way I can communicate to you the tone of his voice. The condemnation in those words. Now, when asked the question, I just try to guess the right answer, I try to pick a movie that will meet with approval. You're wondering now how I could be friends with someone like that. Well, there are other aspects of our friendship that I enjoy. And besides, everyone I know does this about something, "Really, you like that song?" "Don't tell me that you actually watch the Young and the Restless." "Please don't call murder mysteries, literature." Everyone has an opinion on everything, and everyone seems mightily convinced of the rightness of their opinion. Even me. Kraft Peanut Butter is the only really good peanut butter. You eat ... what? Most of us have the ability to stand up to these little daily assaults on our self esteem, our tastes, our choices. We've learned to like what we like and be damned the rest of you. But, for me this was a lesson tough to learn and a way of living that's tough to maintain ... ergo, my capitulation on choice of movie to my friend. I thought of all this when I was talking to a group of staff about the issue of 'choice' in the life of people with intellectual disability. It came clear to me that 'choice' could only be made where there was both self-esteem and assertiveness. I saw a definition of choice for people with disabilities that helped me think this through. Choice is uncoerced selection. Most agencies are concerned about the opportunity for an increased number of 'selections' but have not put much emphasis on the 'uncoerced' part. There is only choice where there is no fear of punishment. Where there is safety to select. Where there the word 'REALLY' as in, "Do you REALLY want dessert?" "Do you REALLY want to buy that blouse?" does not exist. For the last year and a bit, I've been working on discovering changes that agencies and families can make in order to increase safety from abuse - physical and sexual. But now I understand that the job is bigger than that - it's the reduction of coercion and the increase of assertion. It's working towards a service wherein we eliminate the little sins as well as the big ones. It's teaching people to stand up to us when we slip up and try to suggest that 'Sound of Music' for the 10,000th time isn't a choice that should be made. I heard a sermon once about how many people are self satisfied and convinced of their righteousness because they don't commit the big sins, murder, adultery, worshiping golden idols, larceny, perjury and the like. But, the minister continued, what about the little sins. Stealing pens from work, undermining someone's character with snide remarks, not bothering to visit someone in the hospital because you're 'busy'. It's the little sins, he said, that clog up the soul - not getting through the day without committing murder. This stikes me as important now as I think about this. I know, without question that I have used tone of voice and my personal status combined to get someone with a disability to agree to the 'right' choice. All without realizing that if there is a right and a wrong there is no 'choice'. I know that I have used subtle coercion - because I could, because I wanted to, because I didn't see it as important. And I'd go home feeling like a great staff because I didn't commit the big sins of abuse. Uncoerced selection. I have decided to tell my friend the next time he says that it's my turn to choose the movie ... that choice means uncoerced selection and that means that whatever I choose, he's gotta just say, 'Great let's go.' And the next time I eat Kraft peanut butter I hope my tongue sticks to the roof of my mouth - keeping me silent when you tell me you like Jiff. I was tired and I was rushed. The lecture day was over, Joe had loaded the car, and a woman was standing talking to me telling me a story. I was listening, kind of, but I noticed Joe tapping his foot to the 'Let's go, let's go, let's go' beat. And because of this, I missed the point of her story. But I wasn't alone in this. When we got to the car, Joe asked what she was telling me. I told him that she was a bus driver, driving kids with disabilities to school and back. She told me of a story about a little boy who got on her bus who would upset the other kids because he would scream long and loud. She tried several solutions to get him to sit quietly. None worked. One day she brought a large picture book on the bus an sat with him. Getting him to turn pages and she'd read the words to him. She did this for several days and then noticed that he would now quietly turn the pages of the book. It was something that worked. Several weeks later she decided to tell the teacher at the school about the solution to the problem of screaming on the bus. "He likes," she said, "looking at books on the ride to and from school." The teacher, not always a receptive lot, rolled eyes and said, "He's blind, he can't like picture books." The driver was embarassed and wished she'd said nothing. The woman told me this story to illustrate the point of 'poor communication' as the subject of my lecture today was communication. I nodded and agreed that we do communicate poorly, I didn't add but should have - that if you are a bus driver or a janitor or a playground monitor - you're so far down on the respect-o-meter that you might as well be a parent. So, driving back to the hotel, telling Joe her story something clicked. He stopped screaming. He looked at the book, quietly. He's blind. All this mushed around in my head. I wonder if he really liked having her sit with him, give him a gift of a book, read it to him, describe the pictures. Maybe as he flipped the pages her words stayed with him, maybe he saw the pages in his mind, maybe he liked being talked to and included. Maybe it wasn't about the book, maybe it was about the caring, the times spent together, the contact she'd made. Maybe everyone missed the point. Maybe the screaming meant, "I'm lonely in here." Maybe the bus driver caring was all he needed. Maybe the book was more than a book. He looked at a book. He's not the one who is blind here. What do they think is going to happen when we get there? We don't trust smaller hotels anymore and call and check several times that our room is accessible. We even explain what we mean by accessible - having one hotel thinking that accessible meant that we could get into the room. So, after a couple of friendly chats, after checking out their website, we were confident. But last night we arrived at a small hotel and Joe went in to check in. I could tell by the look on his face that it didn't look good. He got in the car and said, "Well, lets take a look." He had the key for Room 19 in his hand. He started the car and we drove round the side of the hotel and then down a steep driveway with a little roundabout at the end. There was no where to really park. Pulling over to the side and ensureing the emergency brake was well on, Joe got out to check the room. He stepped down the steps to the walkway and then at the room, unlocked it and stepped up into it. He came back and said, "Besides not being able to get to it, you won't be able to poo in it either." Apparently they had a very low toilet that was made accessible by putting a bar somewhere near it. We drove back up to the office and went in. The woman seemed a little offended that we didn't like the room. It wasn't a case of not liking, it was a case of not being able to get to it, get into it, use it when we were in it. So she took Joe off to see another room. This one was worse still, but she stood and explained how Joe could wheel me over the lawn, which was so damp that his foot sank into the earth, then he could heave the chair up inot the room. It was on the topic of the bathroom that she finally gave and admitted that "We really don't have those kind of rooms." Now we are stuck in a small town, with no where to stay, it's Sunday so we can't call the agency who booked me to speak for advice. So we drove a long way back to a town where there was a chain hotel who luckily had one accessible room left. But that means we've got to drive a long distance to do the training each day but, of course, we're willing. Besides being lied to about their rooms, what was disturbing was that we were being treated as a 'problem' and a 'bother' when they booked the room to a wheelchair user. It was like they 'wink wink' knew that wheelers could really walk and climb stairs if they just wanted to. "Come on, we won't tell.' It is these times that I find my disability disabling. Times when we have to drive miles away to get a place where I can get around. But, I keep having to remind myself. It's about Room 19. It's about being disabled by the environment, not the chair. If Room 19 had been what was promised, I'd not be feeling even the slightest bit disabled. Damn Room 19. And damn those who lied about Room 19. Because, here I am, in room 251 and suddenly my disability doesn't matter any more. One Tomato Two Normally, it doesn't make me angry. Normally, I don't even notice. Today, I noticed. Today, I got angry. It's a common enough sight when grocery shopping, people pick over the fruits and vegetables looking for just the right tomato, just the right peach. We were going to try a new recipe for Fresh Tomato Pie and I was sitting with the flimsy store bag in my hand waiting for a woman to go through each and every tomato on the stand. She'd pick one up, examine it for even the slightest imperfection and, when found, her face would screw up like she'd stepped in poo and she'd toss it aside and then look for another. We waited a few minutes and then I told Joe to pick up the other items and I'd wait my turn. Stewing. Saying nothing. But I hated what I saw. The search for perfection. The tossing aside of a perfectly good tomato because of the slightest flaw. "This," I thought, "is the problem." You see this morning I was reading the paper, it was a beautiful sunny day - perfect for lounging about and catching up on the news. Then I read an article about an Italian mother who, carrying twins, was informed that one of the twins had Down Syndrome. She asked for the one with the extra gene to be aborted and the other, the normal perfect one, to be kept safe. During that abortion the wrong baby was left behind. The typical kid was aborted and the wrong baby, the baby with Down Syndrome grew on. Devastated at the tragic loss of the 'right' baby it was decided that the 'wrong' baby would now be terminated. In all the discussion of this, the tragedy of the loss of the normal child is emphasized. The kid with Down Syndrome, the disposable, flushable, abortable baby - well, it's survival of the first attempt on it's life, that was a tragedy. Now the family is looking at all sorts of law suits because of their pain and suffering. They mourn the loss of the baby they wanted. The right and good heir. Well as far as I'm concerned, that kid with Down Sydrome, was the 'right' baby. Unfortunate to be given the wrong family. Anarchy in Angus It all started with getting gas. We were parked at the station and Joe was in paying. I was looking at posters stuck up in the window of the gas station and noticed one that announced that Anarchy in Angus 2 was finally here. On the poster were four guys making 'angry he-man' faces, fists up. When Joe got in the car I pointed the picture out to him and said, "Let's go!" He looked at me and said, "You are kidding, right?" I told him that we were in a rut, we should do something different than we'd ever done before and that wrestling fit that description. In a second, Joe as into the spirit of the thing and we bought tickets right then. The doors opened at 6 and we were there shortly after. I wasn't sure what they'd do for wheelchair seating and I wanted to be able to be up close. This, I was absolutely certain, would be the only time I would ever go to wrestling so I wanted to actually experience it close up. Wheeling in, I noticed something odd, people quietly and without fuss made room for the chair and absolutely no fuss was made about getting seats. The ring was in the center of the gym and movable chairs were set up on it's four sides. "Push aside any seat you want," was the instruction given. As the crowd arrived they were clearly in the mood for a good time and people were grabbing places to sit and, true to advertising, there was a fair degree of orderly anarchy in Angus. Rows grew and shrunk as chairs were grabbed and moved. For a while I had two people in front of me, then four, then one as people got settled in. When the wrestling started, I was impressed with the showmanship and with how hard the guys and gals worked to give the crowd a fun time. The kids were in heaven. One boy in front of me said to his friend after a spectacular lift and drop (do not expect me to know wrestling terms) "It just doesn't get better than this." And for awhile for me, it didn't, as far as anyone was concerned I could have been sitting in a regular chair. No stares, no pointing, no notice, nothing. Everyone was fixed on having a good time and it was an egalitarian evening. Last week we went to a play, we saw, Pump Boys and Dinettes, and though the staff at the theatre were nice, several people made a big deal about stepping around the chair, about the fact that I sit tall in my chair, about having to wait for me to push into the theatre. People who would sneer down their noses at a wrestling crowd did the same to me. But not here. As costumed men and wild women slammed each other down on the mat I was just part of the crowd. Before going that evening I had made a joke, a few times, about what I expected. "I'm more afraid," I said, "about the people attending than I am of the guys wrestling." That was a snobbish thing to say. I apologize. A Minute 21 maybe 22 with a pretty significant disability. She was laying on what we used to call a 'banana cart' gazing around the mall. Her care provider must have slipped into a store because she was clearly at that moment alone. Joe and I had stopped to get a falafel pita on the way home from work. It was blistering hot out and the mall welcomed us to a cool oasis. We'd finished eating and Joe said he wanted to run down to check out to see if the mall had a Roots clothing store because he wanted to replace a pair of walking shorts. I told him that I'd just wander about a bit by myself and to just check the stores in that vicinity when he came back. I had pushed myself only a short distance and was enjoying being alone and being cool when I saw her. She was in an odd position and she seemed to be staring at the store directly opposite her. I pushed myself into her view and noticed that she squirmed a bit as if she was trying to see around me and into the store. I pushed away to see what it was she was looking at and realized that the store was actually a bit difficult to see into at wheelchair / banana cart level as it was mostly mirrored along the bottom. She was looking directly at herself. Appraising herself. Immediately all sorts of thoughts went through my head. I thought that she was seeing herself as a small frail being on a banana cart. I thought she'd be seeing the way her body lay, a little twisted, a little turned. I thought that she was seeing what I was seeing, in other words. Suddenly a hand slowly came out from where it had been tucked away behind her. It moved like I imagine the Canadarm on the space shuttle moves, carefully, slowly and with a tendency to jerk. She didn't notice me watch her. She concentrated on her image in the mirror. Her hand formed into a fist with only one finger extending. Then, carefully, that finger lifted a curl of dark hair that had fallen onto her brow and pulled it slowly back into place. The effort the movement took showed on her face. Then her hand retracted and folded back in place behind her. She burst into a smile at herself, pleased with how she now looked. She wasn't a woman on a banana cart. She was a woman fixing herself in a mirror. I had seen what others had seen, she had seen herself. A stout woman came out of the store and said, "Sorry for leaving you so long love, you must have been bored silly." She hadn't been. As she was pushed by me she saw me, looked straight at me. I knew there was an intellegence in there. A woman. I said, "Your hair looks great!" She winked, smiling because her little act of vanity had been caught. "What on earth did you get up to?" Said the stout woman pushing her along the walkway in the mall, "Can't leave you alone for a minute. I heard them both giggling as they walked away. Joe came back and said, "Did you see the woman ..." "Yes," I said, "and I know why they are laughing." "Can't leave you alone for a minute ..." I heard the news this morning on the way to work. And I remembered. Years ago, I came to work, on a day very much like this one. Lincoln Alexander had just been appointed to the position of Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. It was, I knew a big deal. He was the first black person to hold that position and we all knew that a significant line had been crossed in the life of our province. I arrived early, made coffee for the others, then went to retrieve messages and generally get ready for the day. Ten or fifteen minutes later, I went into the coffee room and found the temp secretary, a lovely woman, crying softly at the coffee table with the newpaper resting on her lap. I came to her quickly and asked if she was OK. I didn't know her well, she'd only been there a week or so, but it didn't matter, she seemed so distressed. She shook her head when I asked her if anything was wrong, if I could do anything. Then she picked up the paper and showed me the reason for her tears. There on the front page was a huge photograph of Lincoln Alexander. "I never thought, growing up I mean, I never thought I'd see this day." Tears sprang to my eyes. I understood, almost instinctively, what she meant. Yes, it was a big day for Canada and for Ontario. But it was a huge day for her, a black woman. That face in the newpaper that day signalled to every racist son-of-a-bitch to step back, but it also signalled to every black kid to step forward. It was a big day for a community. A community that wasn't mine. But a community that had it's own reason's for celebration. And now today. David Onley became the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. A man who gets around on a scooter. A disabled man who has the courage to identify with the disability community. A man who has spoken before and will speak again about disability rights. The broadcast this morning mentioned Onley's disability but seemed to have no understanding of his community, of the 'bigness' of the day for a whole wack of people with disabilities. For me. "Are you OK?" Joe asked as he'd noticed that I'd fallen silent and was looking away from the road and off into the distance beside me. "Very," I said. Two Witnesses I got the same feeling in my stomach. I was at a conference and a regular blog reader said, "You know a lot of people think you make up stories for your blog because no one can have something happen every day." I was immediately devastated. I don't remember what I said but I remember remarking to myself 'but something does happen every day, I mean I do go through my day AWAKE'. I read another blog a few months ago, I don't remember the blog - sorry to the blog author - said something like, "Having a disability is like a trigger for people to be socially inappropriate with me every day." I remember thinking, "How true is that?" It was like when I first started getting recognized publicly. I had been lecturing for a few years and been the subject of a one hour television documentary and a 'talking head' on two or three other television programmes. I was in an airport and someone approached me and said, "Are you Dave Hingsburger?" I was shocked and, truthfully, a little pleased. It was a nice feeling. I came home and told Joe who had a 'Yeah, sure,' look on his face. Over the next several months it happened more and more often. Joe was never with me when it happened and I was always frustrated because I really wanted him to see what was going on. Then we were in the food court in the airport in Minneapolis. On cue Joe had left to get some thing at the Chinese food place and I had picked up a pizza slice and was sitting at a table. A woman approached and said, "Are you ..." and I groaned. She immediately apologized for bothering me and I said, "No, no, it's OK, except this happens all the time when Joe is away. Could you stay a second so Joe can see that you aren't a figment of my imagination?" She laughed and said, "Sure." "See!" I said to Joe after she left. Since then it's happened several times when we are together and Joe no longer questions my stories about recognition. Well, on Labour Day we were out with friends for tea. We were all chatting and the woman sitting at the table next joined into the conversation for a wee bit. It was all very friendly until. Out of the blue she leans over to me and says, "I'm a nurse and I'd like to know what caused your disability? What's your diagnosis?" I don't know what being a nurse has to be with being rude, having no boundaries, and asking someone a personal question, in public, in front of friends, in Starbucks, on a holiday Monday. But oddly, I was really flustered. If I'd been alone, I'd have confronted her for what I considered to be a intrusive question. But I wanted my friends to see me as being more socially graceful. So, all I said was, "I'd rather not say." She looked at me, glared for a second, and then smiled and said, "But I'm a registered nurse," and waited for a response. Again, I'm not sure what being registered had to to with not having boundaries, not respecting my privacy, not gauging the seriousness of my previous response. Quietly, but firmly, I said, "I'd rather not say." She was really offended but that stopped the questioning. It festered in me and I wondered what my friends all thought. Firstly, this kind of thing happens to me all the time. Most of the people aren't nurses, registered or otherwise, most people - even if they are a trucker - feel they have a right to personal information about my disability. But this had happened in front of others. So I asked, "What did you think about how I handled the question about my disability?" Something odd happened, my friends immediately responded about how they were glad I didn't give out the information, about how that woman had no boundaries, about how they were shocked at the intrusive nature of the question. All things I needed to hear. I had begun to wonder if it was just me, if I was being offended needlessly, but here they were giving me support for living a life with dignity and privacy. It felt really good. On the way home, I thought about that post written by another person with a disability about people spontaneously becoming socially inadept when someone in a wheelchair enters the room. It sure is my experience. But I said to Joe, "At least I have witnesses this time!" A young man with a disability was killed this weekend in a tragic accident. I didn't know him well, but I knew him. Upon hearing the circumstances of his death I had a mix of emotions that will be hard to explain but I rush to try. He was fairly skilled and as such he lived in a Semi Independant Living kind of situation and he loved having his own place and making his own rules. Sometimes when he woke up early, 3 or 4 in the morning he would get up, get dressed and cleaned up, and head out on his bike for a coffee at one of the 24/7 kind of coffee places that he frequented. It was on one of these excursions that he was hit by a driver and accidentally killed. His death is surely tragic. I understand that. Any life cut short, lost, is tragic. Many years ago I worked in an institution and remember the death of a man there of similar age. He died in a room with many others, no space really his own. He died kept away from the community - for his own safety. He died with little of his own - including his will. He died early. Too young. But still he died. Later, working in Toronto as a Instructor at a "PreVocational Center" the press was alive with the story of a woman with Down Syndrome being struck by a bus and being killed. The stories were about 'letting people like that out unattended,' the 'failure of the service system,' the 'dangerousness and foolishness of the philosophy of integration and inclusion'. There was the assumption that her accident was due to her disability. There was the immediate call for a review of service - how could we have let her out on the streets alone. Pray God we are past that kind of nonsense. But pray also that we have come to see joy, even amidst tragedy. This young man died living HIS life. This young man died making HIS decisions. This young man died doing what HE loved. This young man died feeling HIS freedom. This young man died while living. In contrast to the thousands buried in institution graveyards who died long before death. Who died in captivity, longing to be free. I see the tragedy of his death. But I feel the extraordinariness of his life. So I am conflicted. I bow my head in prayer at the loss of his life. I bow my head in a prayer of thankfulness that he had an actual life to lose. Godspeed to the victorious. Tom and Jerry and other Telethon Stories Several days ago I received a request to join, along with other disability bloggers, in on the "Blogging Against Telethons" protest day - today. Talk about hitting the right buttons with me, as someone who spent part of his youth in protest marches. Pro-peace, pro-women, pro-gay, anti-discrimination, anti-establishment, anti-pasto ... yep, I'm your guy. Even more, the MDA telethon always bothered me. Even as a child, it bothered me. Deeply. I was a sensitive kid, which was a handicap (word chose carefully) itself growing up male in Salmo and led it various other traumas, but I remember going to the Calgary Stampede and paying 25 cents to go into the 'Freak Show' and getting only part way through before having to leave. I threw up behind the tent and hid myself away for hours trying to rid myself of what I'd seen. The 'Freaks' didn't bother me, but sitting there being on display for money seemed to be to be horrific. I hated being part of the crowd, wanted to apologize for having looked, wanted to crawl under the earth for even having thought about going into the tent in the first place. I got this sense from watching the telethon. Having Tammy or Timmy - poster children didn't even have their own names, they were given names that were marketing friendly I guess, anyways having them come out for public view, for public sympathy caused me to feel actual nausia. Again, to be clear, not at the fact of their disabily - but because of the public display, for money. Then on, I never thought about the telethon. Didn't watch, joined in when others complained, but didn't watch. Never thought much about it again until I was working for West Toronto High school as a classroom aide with students with physical disabilities. Three boys in the classroom had Muscular Dystrophy. I had started mid-year and after the summer break came back a few days early to help get the classroom set up. I thought for the first time in a long time about the telethon, there were three kids with MD in the class. What were they feeling as their disability was being broadcast over the airwaves that final weekend before school? Two of the boys, brothers, were very shy and always seemed fragile. I knew I couldn't ask them. But the other boy, Tom, was quite a wit. I figured he'd be up to it. When he came to school there was much activity. A couple days later we had some time alone together and I worked up the courage to ask. So, I did, "So, Tom, I'm curious, what do you think of the Jerry Lewis telethon?" He looked at me like I'd kind of offended him and I immediately began to apologize. "No," he said, "I've been waiting for someone to ask me. No one ever has." "I hate that damn telethon," he said, "first God gives me Muscular Dystrophy and then Jerry Lewis claims to have boffed my mom - talk about adding insult to injury." We both laughed. He went on to explain that he had no difficulty with raising money for research, was even grateful that they did it, but did they have to present his life like it was over before it started? Did they have to evoke real pity? Did they have lie about what it was to have a disability and be in a wheelchair? Once he got going it was hard for him to stop. When he was done he said, "That felt good, thanks." We never talked about it again. And again, the telethon left my head. My Mother-In-Law, Ellen Jobes, was a telethon addict. She got herself set up with a big mug of beer and clamato juice (I kid you not) and she'd sip at it while watching the 'thon'. She stayed with us over the Labour Day weekend one year and I expected her to be plopped in the chair with a bit of foamy red over her upper lip watching Jerry. I had resolved to say nothing about it. She didn't, at this stage of her life (really, really old) need me yapping at her. But I was surprised when I came upstairs to find her not watching telly at all. I asked her why she wasn't watching the telethon, she said, "I got annoyed last year watching it and I don't want to watch this year." I was curious so I asked, "What annoyed you?" She explained that she needed her cane full time now and sometimes she needed a wheelchair to help her get around airports and was working up to needing a walker. "When Jerry started to go on and on about kids being in a wheelchair prison, I knew it wasn't true. The wheelchair isn't what I'd thought it would be. It wasn't what I feared. It was just something that helped me get around. Jerry shouldn't lie about that." That was it for her, at least for then, she went back to watching the telethon but for 'entertainment'. However, one year, Jerry lost a viewer. Then I forgot about it again. I don't watch it, no one I know does, and I was surprised to get a request to protest it this year. Do they still air that damn thing? was my first thought. Then I thought of Tom and of Ellen and of those people in the tent in Calgary. And it all came back. Differently this time because I'm in a wheelchair. So ... This blog joins in the protest about any use of disability to engender pity, reinforce prejudice, cause ridicule or create barriers to understanding - this would include, of course, the MDA telethon. For more information on today's protest ... or to find other blogs participating, please visit http://www.karasheridan.com/ and you'll be guided through the protest day. Little Girl Sitting on a Barrel Suddenly she was there. My stomach clenched. It couldn't be. I blinked my eyes, but the camera had panned away. Where was Joe? Where was Joe? Where was Joe? I couldn't take my eyes way from the bank of televisions. I heard Joe call me from the next store down in the mall. I waved frantically for him to come. I didn't look away. They were still panning over the camp. Every television was playing the same channel. There must have been twenty or thirty broadcasting. Joe rushed over, "What's wrong?" "Watch!" I commanded trying to slow my breathing, "I saw something incredible. It may happen again, they are still panning the same area of the camp." "You saw something incredible on the History Channel?" "Yes, watch!" "Oh my God," Joe said as the historical footage taken at the liberation of one of the Nazi Concentration Camps hit his eyes. No matter how often you see these kind of ... "There!" I almost jumped out of my chair. "Look! LOOK!" "Holy Shit," Joe saw her and, like me, had a visceral reaction. Sitting atop a barrel looking back at the camera with eyes that didn't belong to her anymore was a little girl with Down Syndrome. Devastation had been wrought around her and she sits peaceably on a barrel looking directy at the camera! Then, she was gone the programme had cut back to the talking head. Joe is a WWII buff and we've seen practically every documentary, every movie, that had anything to do with the period. We've even read Berlin Noir - the triology of murder mysteries set in Nazi Berlin. My interest has always been more regarding the extermination of people with disabilities. What happened at Hadamar in particular and I want to one day visit the memorial there. It has always frustrated me that there is little emphasis put on the Nazi experimentation with means of mass destruction on the institutionalized disabled. The book, "By Trust Betrayed" by Hugh Gallager, stunned me with his ability to document the horrors of what happend to people with disabilities in Germany, with his ability to tell a story, and passion to get it right - this was the first book that made that history really real to me. Yet in all my readings I could not imagine a person with a disability making it to a death camp. And once there surviving it. Who was this little girl? Joe went into the store. They had so much merchandise that I couldn't get in. He asked if they could check to see what channel was showing the documentary, and if possible, what the name of the documentary was. They looked at him as if he had asked them to actually provide customer care, told him they didn't have time for that 'kind of nonsense' and he came out and said, "I wished it was you who'd gone in." (At times my ... umm ... personality ... really annoys Joe and at other times he likes to send me in like his own personal 'hell on wheels' to deal with snotty clerks and the like.) "Forget the store, I'm not in a mood for a fight." "She survived. If there is a Top Ten list for miracles, this would be near the top. I've got a glow on." But now we're home and now it the next morning, I feeling refreshed because I went to bed early. Joe, though, stayed up and watched Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil which started at 8 and went on to 10:30. I didn't think the television broadcasted that late! This all leads up to ... DOES ANYONE KNOW THE NAME OF THAT DOCUMENTARY!?! I'd really like to track it down. She made it. But, what happened next? I had expected his eyes to be angry. They weren't. They were sad. Given that I mostly work with other adults, I forget how small seven years old is. He sat in a large chair and when I introduced myself to him, he pulled his legs up and curled into the corner of the chair. Then he looked up at me and I saw those eyes. Of course I never meet people who come for consultations without already having a picture of them in my head. I've read reports, talked to people who know them - love them - worry about them and of course this information effects me. I had been told that he was an angry little boy. He had been in foster homes for several years, bouncing from one to another, and had been recently adopted by a mom and dad who specifically wanted to adopt a child with Down Syndrome. They'd expected, they'd said frankly, "a happy Down Syndrome boy who loved everyone." But they'd gotten a different package. A kid who resisted hugs, who gave little and wanted less. A kid who's anger took hold of him in ways that were frightening. They had several consultations, evaluations, and had requested another. They were getting, they felt, no where. I pictured an angry pair of eyes. But they were so sad. I started with him the way I always do. "Do you know why you are here today?" He seemed surprised by the question and he answered, "Because I have Down Syndrome." He was so far from the mark that I couldn't keep astonishment from my voice, "Really?" I asked. Surely he'd know that he was here because he destroyed rooms with his anger. "Yep." He had glanced at me and now he was looking down. I fell silent. This was not a therapeutic trick. He'd thrown me and now I was trying to reset my own agenda. Figure out what question to ask next. The silence though seemed to interest him. He looked up at me and asked, "What's wrong? Why aren't you talking?" I said, "You know, sometimes I get in trouble here at work." "Why" "Because I don't want to do what they tell me to do." This interested him, "Like what?" "Like I'm supposed to talk with you about your temper and try to get inside your head." Might as well be honest, he was. "You don't want to do that?" He smiled. The smile didn't reach his eyes, but he smiled. "Because I feel like playing X's and O's. You want a game?" He grinned, "But won't you get in trouble?" "Are you going to tell?" "Then who'll know?" He giggled. I moved my chair around, pulled out a piece of paper and drew the game board. Then I pulled a tooney out of my pocket and he called heads, I won. I always play X so I placed an X in the center of the grid. We didn't talk. We just played 4 or 5 games. He's a kid so he doesn't realize that once you know the game, the best you can get is a draw. So I let him win a couple of times. Sue me. "Did you talk to them?" He asked while pondering the board. "Who?" "The one's who brought me." Note to self. Didn't call them parents. Didn't call them Mom and Dad. "Yeah." "They done yet?" "Done what?" "With me. They done?" This was too big and I put the pen down and looked hard at him. "What are you talking about?" "No one keeps me. Once they find out I have Down Sydrome, they don't keep me." He's out of radar range. His Down Syndrome has nothing to do with the consultation. "What does Down Syndrome have to do with any of this?" He started to cry. I don't like seeing kids cry. It makes me automatically want to cry too, to swoop them up and tell them it'll all be ok. I never do this. But it's an automatic response. "My mom didn't want me because I had Down Syndrome, and all the people I lived with always talked about me having Down Syndrome. Then, they gave me back. These people, when are they going to give me back?" "But they aren't going to give you back. They're here with you trying to figure out what will make you happy. They want you to stay. They never, ever, once said anything about giving you back." "They always give me back." He said this more to himself than to me. "Well, I figure you should just ask them. Instead of ripping their house apart trying to make them give you up, why don't you just ask them." I didn't want to get in the way of a natural interaction by giving the parents a heads up, instead I just called the secretary and asked her to bring the parents back into the room. The settled, looking tired and anxious. I said to him, "Go ahead." He didn't look up and in a quiet voice said, "Are you going to give me back?" Mom started crying and asked, "Is that what this is all about?" He nodded his head. "Why, never." His Dad answered, "You're stuck with us." Mom noticed a pad of yellow stickies beside my note pad and grabbed it, wrote something on it, then came around and stuck it on the shoulder of his hoodie. He took it off and looked at it. Not being able to read yet he handed it to me. It read, "Property of Mom and Dad."

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Touring the Heart of Leon, Spain: the 17th Century Plaza Mayor Date August 23rd, 2013 David’s Been Here is in the Castilla y Leon region of Spain, touring the beautiful city of Leon. Join David as he tours one of the city’s main sites, the Plaza Mayor. Built in 1665, this main square is loaded with history and beautiful architecture, and is only 2 blocks away from the Cathedral. With a fruit and vegetable market every Wednesday and Saturday and great lodging within the square itself (NH Plaza Mayor), a visit to this central Leon destination is simply a must. For more information on visiting or staying inside Leon’s Plaza Mayor, check out the David’s Been Here Guide to Leon, now available for your Kindle as well.

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The Pope, the Patriarch, and the Professor in Jerusalem Church of Holy Sepulcher Vid from David Lamb on Vimeo. Tomorrow (May 25, 2014) at about noon ET in the US, the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox church will meet in Jerusalem. Pope Francis of Rome and Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople will meet at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Professor David of Hatfield wasn’t invited, but I did visit the church two months ago. For an eighteen second video of the outside of the church click above (ignore my sarcastic commentary). The Church of the Holy Sepulcher is the supposed site of Jesus’ death and burial, the site is also called Golgatha (Matt. 27:33; Mark 15:22; John 19:17), or Calvary (based on Calvariae the Latin for skull). This particular site was chosen three hundred years after Jesus’ death while Helena, the mother of the Roman Emperor Constantine, was on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. She became aware of a pagan temple devoted to Venus and Jupiter that was built in 135 AD at the site supposedly to discourage Christians who had been worshiping there. Graves were found which were assumed to belong to Jesus and Joseph of Arimathea. People who doubt this site was the actual location of Jesus’ death and burial point out that the location would need to be outside the city wall, not in the center of town. It’s hard to say definitively either way, but if you’re interested in reading more, click here. While it’s very possible Jesus died at that very spot, it was still hard for me to connect to it spiritually. Part of the reason for my lack of connection was the uncertain nature of a decision about a precise location 300 years after the event occurred. But the main thing that made it hard was the crowds. My guess is that the crowds may be bigger tomorrow for the Pope and the Patriarch. I visited the church with a group from BTS on March 25, 2014 and we tried to get to the crucifixion location, up the narrow stairs, but the crowds were outrageous. We stood and waited, and waited, and waited, slowly pushing forward. Then suddenly an older Russian lady cut in front of us, pushed us back and informed us that she was trying to keep her group together. I’m thinking, “Yes, but you joined the mob after we did.” I got mad, indignant really, that her group was going to get to be at the right and left side of Jesus in his glory before I was (Mark 10:35-45?). Something about the situation just didn’t seem right. People pushing and shoving to get near the place that Jesus died for my sins. The next day we visited another possible burial site, and that was a different story which I’ll talk about in the next blog. I never made it to the burial spot for Jesus, the crowds were too big and we didn’t have enough time. I wonder if Francis and Bartholomew will have the same problem tomorrow. The two leaders are commemorating the 50th anniversary (1964) of a meeting in Jerusalem between Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras, which was the first time a pope and patriarch had met since the 15th century. Odds-makers think this time Francis and Bartholomew will hug, more likely at least than a hug between me and that old Russian lady. We’ll just have to wait and see about those hugs. The split between the two churches occurred in 1054 over the filioque, Latin for “and the son” an expression that the Western church added to the Nicene Creed without consulting the Eastern church. (Twenty years ago I wrote a paper on the filioque for my Systematic Theology class, but I won’t make you read it.) Posted in Jesus, Personal, Stories and Photos from Israel and tagged Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Patriarch Bartholomew, Pope Francis on May 24, 2014 by David Lamb. 2 Comments ← Please Comfort Comfort Don’t Be Indecisive about this Book → Marg Miller says: We had a similar experience to yours at The Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Crowds, Lines. Waiting. Not seeing the burial spot either because of the crowds and timing. The different styles of lavish decorations did not help me experience a spiritual sense of the place either. (But I try to remind myself that they were seeking to honor Jesus in THEIR way.) So I much preferred the alternative site of the Garden Tomb Area that better portrayed the crucifixion and resurrection events for me. Our group held a quiet, reflective Communion Service there. (But it was in a private part of the Garden of Gethsemane where we did spend some time in meditation that was most moving for me.) David Lamb says: Marg, thanks for the comment (sorry, I didn’t get to it sooner). Your points are excellent and sensitive. We also had a quite, contemplative communion service at the Garden Tomb, which was moving as we heard worship in various languages providing the background for our own time.

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Florida Woman Gets Life Sentence After Sitting On, Suffocating 9-Year Old A Florida woman was accused of suffocated and killing a 9-year old girl after sitting on top of her in October 2017. A court in Pensacola found the woman, 66-year old Veronica Green Posey guilty of first-degree felony murder over the weekend and sentenced her to life in prison. Posey was charged with homicide and cruelty towards a child after paramedics responded to a cardiac arrest call for 9-year old Dericka Lindsay, who was pronounced dead upon arrival at a nearby hospital. According to a police report, the 325 lb. Posey sat on Dericka as a form of discipline "for being out of control." Dericka apparently pleaded that she could not breathe during the ordeal. Prosecutors say Posey, who was Lindsay's cousin, was called in by Lindsay's elderly adoptive parents to discipline her and her younger sister. An arrest report of one of Dericka's adoptive parents says that Posey struck Dericka with a ruler and a metal pipe as well. James Smith, one of the adoptive parents, was sentenced to 10 years in state prison in connection with the murder. Grace Smith, the other parent, was seen unfit for trial due to mental and physical illnesses. Photo Credit: Escambia County Jail

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SUICIDE SILENCE Posts Studio Footage From “You Can’t Stop Me” Sessions Thursday, 15th May 2014 By Dead Rhetoric California deathcore ensemble SUICIDE SILENCE have posted footage from the sessions for their new album, You Can’t Stop Me. This is the first album to feature new vocalist Hernan “Eddie” Hermida (ex-ALL SHALL PERISH) and their first since the tragic loss of singer Mitch Lucker, on July 11 in Europe (except in the U.K., where it will arrive on July 14) and July 15 in North America via Nuclear Blast Entertainment. You Can’t Stop Me was produced and mixed by Steve Evetts (SEPULTURA, THE DILLINGER ESCAPE PLAN), who worked with the band not only on The Black Crown, but also on some instrumental demos for the new CD just prior to Lucker’s death in the fall of 2012. You Can’t Stop Me standard jewelcase track listing: 1. M.A.L. 2. Inherit The Crown 3. Cease To Exist 4. Sacred Words 5. Control (feat. George “Corpsegrinder” Fisher) 6. Warrior 7. You Can’t Stop Me 8. Monster Within (feat. Greg Puciato) 9. We Have All Had Enough 10. Ending Is The Beginning 11. Don’t Die 12. Ouroboros You Can’t Stop Me special edition track listing: 13. Blue Haze 14. Last Breath (HATEBREED cover) + Bonus DVD (featuring studio & touring footage) You Can’t Stop Me vinyl track listing: 4. Ending Is The Beginning 5. Don’t Die 6. Ouroboros Suicide Silence – Become the Hunter (Nuclear Blast) Suicide Silence – Suicide Silence (Nuclear Blast) Dead Rhetoric.com Week in Review December 7 – December 13, 2014 SUICIDE SILENCE: 2015 Winter Headlining Tour Dates Announced Dead Rhetoric.com Week in Review November 9 – November 15, 2014 SUICIDE SILENCE: “Inherit The Crown” Video Available

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You are here: Home » Annya Breytenbach Archive for Annya Breytenbach Peony Extravaganza Saturday, June 7th, 2014 By Deborah Sometimes people do things that are so unexpected and so mysteriously unfathomable that you’re literally left reeling. It’s an interesting place to be. Off-kilter for sure, but there’s also something expansive about it. Suddenly it seems new possibilities open in places you never might have guessed. I’ve had that kind of week. I’ve also had […]

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Tag: President of India Draupadi Murmu Inspiring Success Story – Youngest President of India July 27, 2022 September 24, 2022 By AdminLeave a Comment on Draupadi Murmu Inspiring Success Story – Youngest President of India Draupadi Murmu’s Inspiring Success Story – Youngest President of India Draupadi Murmu from Odisha, who had contested against the United Opposition’s candidate Yashwant Sinha in the presidential election, has created a history by becoming the first Tribal President of India. She is the 15th President of India, who through her hard work, earned her place […] 14 Name List of Presidents of India Since 1947 April 24, 2022 November 29, 2022 By AdminLeave a Comment on 14 Name List of Presidents of India Since 1947 14 Name List of Presidents of India Since 1947 Rajendra Prasad– He was the first president of free India and the only president till who had worked twice terms. He was awarded with bharat ratna in 1962. Sarvpalli Radhakrishnan– He was born on 5th September 1888 and on this day teacher’s day is celebrated because […]

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How Does 925 Sterling Silver Compare to Pure Silver? Are you in the market for some new jewelry but wondering whether to go for pure silver or the 925 sterling silver? It can be a tough decision, especially if you don’t know the differences between the two. Pure silver and sterling silver may sound like they’re the same, but they have some significant differences in terms of durability, cost, and appearance. In this blog post, we’ll explore the differences between pure silver and sterling silver. We’ll also delve into what the “925” marking on jewelry means and why paying attention to it is important. So, whether you’re a jewelry enthusiast or just looking for a new piece to add to your collection, this blog post will help you make an informed decision about whether pure silver or sterling silver is the right choice for you. What is pure silver? Pure silver, also known as fine silver, is the closest form of silver to its pure element state. It is highly valued for its high purity percentage, which is commonly identified by quality stamps such as “.999 FS,” “999,” or “99.9.” These stamps reflect the silver alloy’s actual silver content of 99.9%, with the remaining 0.1% consisting of trace elements of insignificant quality. However, due to its high purity, fine silver is a soft metal that can easily scratch, dent, or change shape, making it a challenging material for jewelry making. Despite this, its exceptional beauty and luster make it a popular choice for creating unique and delicate jewelry pieces. Sterling silver is a type of alloy that consists of 92.5% pure silver and 7.5% other metals, typically copper and other alloy compositions. The addition of copper to the silver provides additional strength and durability, making it more stable and easier to work with than pure silver. As a result, many of the silver jewelry items available for purchase in the market are crafted from sterling silver. Have you ever wondered what “925” means on jewelry? Sterling silver is a compound made up of 92.5% pure silver and 7.5% other metals, usually copper. The 925 sterling silver markings indicate the actual silver content in the alloy. The addition of copper increases the hardness of the alloy, transforming it into a much more durable material for jewelry making. The quality of sterling silver is often identified by the hallmark stamp of “.925”, “925 STG”, or “92.5”, which allows jewelers to produce intricate and complex designs of jewelry pieces with sterling silver. Although sterling silver is harder than pure silver, it is still prone to scratches and tarnishing. To prevent this, a layer of plating can be applied using gold to change the color, or rhodium to enhance the safety guard over the jewelry surface. By taking these precautions, sterling silver jewelry can retain its beauty and durability for years. Why choose silver 925 over pure silver? The difference between sterling silver vs. pure silver is highly influenced by the following factors: Cost – When it comes to silver, purity is directly proportional to cost. Real silver, which has a higher purity than sterling silver, is generally more expensive. However, silver 925 is a popular alternative due to its relative affordability. Despite being less pure than real silver, silver 925 retains its beauty and lustrous appearance. Therefore, it is an excellent choice for those seeking an affordable option. Durability Factor – The added metal alloys in sterling silver makes it significantly stronger and more durable compared to fine silver. This durability ensures that jewelry pieces made from sterling silver can last longer while retaining their design and appeal. Copper is the most commonly chosen metal for creating the alloys used in sterling silver. It offers excellent durability, stability, and longevity, making it a reliable option for creating high-quality sterling silver pieces. Easier to shape – The design complexity of a piece of jewelry can significantly increase its value. Pure silver is known for being soft and malleable, whereas sterling silver (also known as 925 silver) is much stronger and more pliable. This makes it easier to create intricate and unique designs with 925 silver jewelry. Furthermore, sterling silver is easier to resize, repair, and polish compared to other types of jewelry. And when scratches or scuffs appear, sterling silver can be easily restored to its original luster. HOW DO YOU KNOW YOU HAVE A REAL 925 STERLING SILVER? There are techniques that can help you to identify real sterling silver from the fake silver jewelry that is available in the market. Clean your jewelry – Use a soft white polishing cloth and rub it gently. If you notice any black marks on the cloth after rubbing, it’s a good sign that the jewelry is made of genuine sterling silver. This is because the polishing action removes the oxidized layer that naturally forms on silver over time, revealing the shiny, unblemished metal beneath. Perform the nitric acid test – Begin by adding a single drop of nitric acid to the surface of the jewelry. If it is authentic, the surface will remain unchanged. However, if the jewelry is made of fake silver or is silver-plated, the area with nitric acid will turn green due to the presence of impurities such as nickel. In contrast, real sterling silver will turn creamy in color when exposed to nitric acid. Note: Remember to wear gloves and goggles to protect your hand and eyes during the nitric acid test. Perform a smell test – If you detect an unpleasant odor, it could be a sign that the item contains an excessive amount of copper. True sterling silver should not have any discernible scent. Perform magnet test – A magnet should have no impact on fine silver or sterling silver. If a piece of jewelry is attracted to a magnet, it is likely not made of authentic sterling silver but rather silver-plated over a base metal. Identify the quality stamp marking – Determining the authenticity of sterling silver is quite simple, as the markings are straightforward. A genuine sterling silver piece will have a stamp with markings such as “.925”, “92.5”, “925”, “Ster,” or “Sterling Silver” in a hidden area or behind every piece of jewelry. In conclusion, sterling silver and pure silver have their own unique characteristics and qualities. Pure silver, also known as fine silver, is 99.9% pure silver and is extremely soft, making it difficult to use in jewelry making. On the other hand, sterling silver is a popular choice for jewelry because of its durability and affordability. It is made up of 92.5% silver and 7.5% other metals, which makes it more resistant to wear and tear. If you’ve ever come across the number “925” on your silver jewelry, it is an indication that it is made of sterling silver. The number 925 represents the purity level of the silver used in the jewelry, which is 92.5%. This hallmark guarantees that you’re getting the real thing and not a cheap imitation. When choosing between pure silver and sterling silver, it’s important to consider your needs and preferences. While pure silver is ideal for certain types of jewelry, such as fine art pieces, it may not be suitable for everyday wear. Sterling silver, on the other hand, offers a great balance of affordability, durability, and style. Overall, both pure silver and sterling silver have their own advantages and disadvantages. But if you’re looking for a beautiful and durable material for your jewelry collection, sterling silver is a way to go! So, if you plan to add sterling silver to your jewelry collection or want to improve your existing designs, it’s crucial to source from a reputable supplier. It’s equally important to choose a reliable destination known for crafting authentic sterling silver with exceptional quality and sophisticated designs. One such destination is Thailand, which has a well-earned reputation for producing high-quality sterling silver jewelry. Thailand offers a range of beautiful designs crafted with premium materials. To learn more about why you should source your sterling silver from Thailand, CLICK HERE. And aside from Thailand, at Deepwear, we can help you connect with several manufacturers of sterling silver worldwide. With our in-house team of jewelry specialists and a large network of sterling silver jewelry suppliers, you can rest assured that you’re getting the real deal. CONTACT US today to get started!

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Booster Shot For Russia! Will UAE Co-Develop SU-75 Checkmate With Moscow After Suspending US F-35 Fighter Deal? Moscow’s collaboration with Abu Dhabi could be a win-win situation as it has the potential to revitalize Russia’s struggling defense industry while also reducing the UAE’s dependence on the West for its warplanes. Su-75 Checkmate The Su-75 Checkmate is designed to be a low-cost alternative to the US’ F-35 fighter jets. This modern aircraft is the second fifth-generation warplane that Russia will produce after the Su-57. The Checkmate’s manufacturer told the media that the new light combat aircraft (LCA) would have the capability to strike any target on a future battlefield and would be able to accomplish mission tasks without entering into a region controlled by an adversary’s air defenses. Tags: SU-75 Checkmate

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Mike Viray A writer with a fondness for consumer tech, Mike is also a music lover, and an avid gamer as well. He and his wife are big fans of Mario Kart.

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Urban Putt 27 June 2018 Events Mozilla's All Hands in San Francisco 2018 I was invited recently to the global gathering of all the Mozilla's employees and selected volunteers, second time in a row after the All Hands in Austin last December - this time it happened in San Francisco between June 11th and 15th.

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#95: Renamed Bank Still Focused On Building Community Aug 28, 2014 • 15M August 25, 2014 - Read the full Forbes article and watch the interview here: http://onforb.es/1pwca1u. Subscribe to this podcast on iTunes by clicking here: http://bit.ly/ymotwitunes or on Stitcher by clicking here: http://bit.ly/ymotwstitcher. One PacificCoast Bank is rebranding itself to better reflect its social justice agenda as Beneficial State Bank. Beneficial State Bank takes its social mission seriously. The bank is a member of the Social Venture Network and is a registered B Corporation. In fact, B Lab recognizes the bank as qualifying for “Best for Community Impact.” Beneficial focuses on serving business customers that serve the community in an environmentally friendly way. The bank says: Typically, mainstream banks work with big businesses that offer conventional products with relatively low risk — but often in a way that bars new, more sustainable ways of meeting our needs, like sustainable agriculture or clean energy. If we want to build our local community economies, then the underserved sectors must become the primary focus of our bank and other organizations committed to local living economies. The bank focuses on community development business sectors for its lending like affordable housing, sustainable food and agriculture, The bank has a unique ownership structure. The bank is effectively owned by a foundation so that any and all dividends will be distributed back into the community, supporting nonprofits and environmental efforts.

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“My best friend is the man who’ll get me a book that I ain’t read.” Part Two: The Second Guest A white-haired, mustachioed man stood at my doorstep in a white linen suit and smoking a cigar, the smell of which was overwhelmingly rancid. The man must have read the displeasure in my face, because he removed the cigar from his mouth, carefully snuffed it out on my front step, and put the un-smoked portion in his coat pocket. “Sorry about the cigar,” Sam Clemens said as he stepped through the door and shook my hand. “I should have asked before I lit up. An old habit, you know.” I took his offered hat and hung it up on the coat rack. “I don’t mind having cigars smoked in my house,” I said. “In fact I bought a box of them for this very occasion. It’s just that…” I gestured to his coat where his cigar was. He grinned in understanding. “It’s just that you’re particular in your brands. That’s understandable. Actually, I didn’t like the smell of my cigars at first, but I’ve become accustomed to it. In fact, I prefer it.” “Well,” I said, “you are more than welcome to smoke my cigars.” “I might take you up on that offer,” said Clemens as I led him toward the den. “And you’ll be happy to know, that I do smoke in moderation.” “Really?” I said. “I never heard you to be a man of moderation.” “It’s the truth,” Clemens stopped, putting up his hands in mock solemnity. “I have made it a rule never to smoke more than one cigar at a time.” I laughed. Lincoln was intently reading his biography when Clemens and I walked in. He looked up, closed the book, and stood. “Mr. President,” I said, “I don’t believe you’ve met Sam Clemens before.” The two men shook hands. “No,” said Clemens, “I did His Excellency the favor of staying out west during his presidency. He had the Civil War to contend with, he didn’t need me to add to his troubles.” “A pleasure to meet you, Mr. Clemens,” said Lincoln, “I have heard much about you.” Clemens looked at me and made a comical grimace. “I understand that you were acquainted with Artemis Ward.” A smile spread across the humorist’s face. “Ah yes, he was quite an inspiration to me. I saw him give a lecture in Virginia City once and laughed my head nearly clean off!” “He’s a powerful funny man,” agreed Lincoln with a grin. “He told me that you were a great admirer of his,” Clemens replied. “Yes, I quite enjoyed his books. They were rather a tonic for me during our country’s great trouble.” “I can’t imagine what you must have gone through,” I said. Lincoln nodded gravely. “It was a fearful strain on me, true enough” he sighed. “If I couldn’t have laughed once and a while, I would’ve died…” An awkward silence fell as Clemens and I looked at each other. Lincoln interpreted the silence correctly. “Well,” he said, smiling, “at least I would have died in a different, and less dramatic, form.” “I take it you don’t mind mention of your, um…” I trailed off. “…Of my assassination?” Lincoln shook his head. “No, I don’t mind it. Although,” he continued with a sly grin and rubbing the back of his head, “the topic does tend to give me a headache.” Clemens rolled his eyes as Lincoln let out a bark of laughter. “Mr. Lincoln,” said Clemens disgustedly, “that was a terrible joke…and I resent the fact that you came up with it before I did.” Grabbing my notebook and pen from my writing desk, I moved to another chair and sat. Lincoln returned to the armchair, Clemens took a seat at my ever-cluttered desk. “Oh, I nearly forgot,” I said to Clemens, “would you like something to drink?” “I’m content for now. Although, I wouldn’t mind taking you up on that offer of a cigar.” “Coming right up,” I said, reaching up to a shelf for my box of cigars. “You don’t mind if I smoke, do you Mr. President?” inquired Clemens as he received his cigar. Lincoln shook his head. “I wouldn’t deny you the pleasure of your vice.” Clemens produced a match, lit his cigar, and puffed on it contentedly. “It’s probably not the best of habits to hold on to,” said Clemens. He blew a cloud of smoke, and then added, “Still, I haven’t got a particle of confidence in a man who has no redeeming petty vices.” Lincoln chuckled. “That reminds me,” said the President, “of the time I was on a stagecoach to Washington. This was during my brief career as a congressman. There was this rough looking fellow sitting next to me who offered me a ‘CEE-gar,’ as he called it. Well, I told him that I didn’t smoke; that I really had no vices to speak of. He didn’t say anything for a while. At last, he grunted and said to me: ‘It’s been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues.’ ” It was Clemens’ turn to chuckle. He released another plume of smoke. “When I was a youth,” Clemens began, “I used to take all kinds of pledges. I’d do my very best to keep them, but I never could.” He shook his head in mock sadness. “Once, I vowed to smoke only one cigar a day, but my desire persecuted me so badly that within the week I found myself hunting for larger and larger cigars to smoke. Within a month, my cigars had grown to such proportions that I could have used them as a crutch…so to speak. Well, it seemed to me that a one cigar limit was no real help to a person, so I dropped the pledge on its head and, well, resumed my liberty.” He grinned and puffed while Lincoln and I laughed. “I’m sorry to backtrack,” I said to Clemens, “but I’m curious to know how you and Artemis Ward met. I assume that wasn’t his real name.” Clemens grinned mischievously. “Ah yes, we scribbler of lies love to hide behind our nom de plume, don’t we?” “Would you prefer that we address you as Mr. Twain?” Clemens waved a languid hand. “I answer to either name. Sam was good enough for my mother, but no matter. Now where were we?” I repeated my inquiry. “Well,” he drawled slowly, “as I said before, I saw Artemis, Charles Browne if you wish to know his Christian name, give a lecture in Virginia City, and I loved it! I was inspired by it! So after the lecture I introduced myself, and heaped a wagon load of praise upon his head. He seemed to like that, so I then offered to show him the town and he agreed. Our first stop was the saloon where we sampled the beverages. Four hours later, we were as drunk as skunks.” He paused meditatively, and drew on his cigar. “Then what happened?” I asked. He shook his head. “Can’t remember,” he said flatly. Lincoln howled with laughter. Clemens gave a comical shrug. “I honestly don’t recall anything we did after that, although we were informed the next morning by some citizens that we did end up seeing Virginia City. Apparently, in our state of inebriation, I led the great Artemis Ward on a rooftop tour of the town.” Lincoln was laughing, slapping his thigh, and wiping the tears that were coursing down his craggy cheeks. “And then what happened?” I asked, choking on my own laughter. “The town constable came out and threatened to blast us off with a shotgun filled with rock salt!” At that, Lincoln doubled over in his chair and was gasping for air. I was slumped back on my seat clutching the stitch in my side. Clemens was grinning broadly, pleased at his audience’s reaction. “Now, this was the story that was told to me by some of the, ahem, so-called, trustworthy citizens of Virginia City. For all I know, they were just stringing me along. I wouldn’t put it passed them.” It was a while before we regained our composure. I heard a knock at the front door. I left Lincoln and Clemens chatting amiably while I went to open it.

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Blog IV – Pilot project for Personal budgeting and Mobility Services January 31, 2022 May 31, 2021 by DfG These blog posts report on work-in-progress within the DfG course! The posts are written by groups dealing with the brief on ‘Pilot project for Personal Budgeting Model’, provided by the Ministry of Social Affairs, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), and the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (Kela) in collaboration with the ORSI project. Group 1A: Senni Alho, Katriina Kenttamies and Naiquan Gu from the Creative Sustainability program, and Ondřej Zajíc from the Collaborative and Industrial Design program. Journey to Supported Autonomy After identifying our design leverage points and design drivers, we focused on the detailed ideation and design section. What kind of design can achieve our drivers at these leverage points? Over the past few intensive weeks, we’ve answered that question through co-design workshops and design works. Co-design Workshops As a method that can bring opinions and ideas from different stakeholders together, hosting co-design workshops was a consensus inside the team at a very early stage. We started with an Ideation workshop that invited one THL staff and one person with disabilities. After the introduction of our project background, design drivers, and problem areas, we organized two brainstorms sections that emphasize both quantity and depth. A lot of interesting and valuable ideas emerged from the workshop. After the first ideation workshop, all the ideas have been reorganized into our simplified system map to help us better locate and understand them. After group discussion and voting, we chose five preliminary proposals to proceed to the next stage, which are: Info package; Support person, and Increasing value of social workers. However, we were not sure whether these proposals really met the needs of different stakeholders or what problems they would encounter in the real system. So we organized another evaluation workshop with 1B. Another THL representative and a municipal employee were invited to evaluate the three proposals. They emphasized, in particular, the fact that from the government’s point of view, the money issues should be paid more attention to. The successful holding of the two workshops made us more confident about our project. This co-design method greatly helped us to get closer to the real system and the specific consideration of the stakeholders. Also, as designers, we need to balance the ideas of our stakeholders with our own instincts to find the common area that will work best. Proposal: Supported Autonomy Our proposal consists of two parts that aim to ensure people with disabilities are well-informed about their rights to disability services, in order to enable them to better take control of their lives. 1.Info-Pack The first part of the proposal is the info-pack. It will solve the problem of information being hard to find and understand by bringing the information about disability services into one place in various accessible formats. As we described earlier in research, information about disability services is scattered and usually communicated in a difficult and formal language. So, instead of end-users having to look for the information themselves in a vulnerable life situation, the information would be brought to them in the form of an info-pack. The info-pack is a modular product that can be easily personalized to each user. It consists of three types of content: national, local, and personal content. National content is the information that is applicable to all the people with disabilities in Finland. The second part is the local content, which includes information about the services provided by the municipality. This would also include a list of local support groups and associations. The third part is the personal content, which includes info about the services, benefits, and support groups that are specific to the disability that the person has. This content is provided by the municipalities. The info-pack comes in various different formats (for example video, audio, digital or paper pamphlet, plain language, etc.) so the end-user can choose to receive the information in the format they find most accessible. Info-pack will be provided by the municipality after a person gets a diagnosis of a disability, or when there is a change in a disabled person’s situation This means that end-users will not have to search for the info themselves from various sources that may be unreliable, conflicting, or not applicable to their situation. Instead, end-users would receive a readily curated info-pack from their social workers. 2.Support Person The second part of our solution addresses the issue of people with disabilities needing more support with understanding their needs, applying for services, and understanding how the system works. Currently, social workers do not have time to provide this level of support. Our proposed solution is that everyone with a disability diagnosis will have the right to a support person. People with disabilities can directly contact their support person with any questions or concerns they may have, big or small. The support person helps the end-user with practicalities, like understanding what services they need and how to apply for them. Support people receive training from multiple stakeholders, like the municipality, disability associations, and Kela, as well as basic training in counseling. Anyone can apply for the support person training, but priority is given to people with disabilities, who already have experience with the disability service system. 3.Additional recommendations From our research, we identified additional changes that need to be done to support people with disabilities to have more autonomy. Firstly, we would strongly recommend capping the number of customers per social worker. Secondly, we recommend moving towards more centralized information channels, by creating a unified website for all information, as well as creating one-stop-shop service points. Presentation & The End After completing the design task, we connected the problems we were dealing with and our proposals by telling a story of Liisa, a virtual character. We spent a lot of time on the visuals, and the feedback of the final presentation proved it was worthy. We avoided overloading the project with content, instead, we put as little text as possible to make sure the whole story is understandable. As a course project, we are not sure whether the government will really push forward with our proposal, as we understand that many areas have not been fully implemented. But we all agreed that we had already created a lot of valuable discussion among stakeholders in the workshops and final presentations, not to mention the knowledge and skills we learned from them. Thanks to all the help from stakeholders and teachers, this DfG experience will undoubtedly make us more confident to face the complex system problems we will deal with in the future. Group 1B: Helena Eharand from International Design Business Management (BIZ) program, Lucia Llerena from International Design Business Management (ARTS) program, Matleena Inget from the Creative Sustainability (BIZ) program, and Ruta Jumite from Creative Sustainability (ARTS) program. Transition to a thriving & inclusive society How to transition to a thriving and inclusive society? In the last few weeks, we have been trying to answer the question. During that journey, the systems thinking methods helped us to see the underlying issues of the disability services system, whereas future visioning methods enabled us to imagine the ideal future for society and people with disabilities. As a result, we have developed a solution that would promote systemic change as transition to desired futures. Our proposal is a strategy that would firstly be implemented in the Personal Budgeting Model, but has the potential to further inspire other organizations to create a wider impact. A Strategy proposal for hiring people with disabilities in governmental institutions based on the Personal Budgeting Model. We used a closed flower bud (image 1) to illustrate the current design process for the Personal Budgeting Model. The graphic arrows demonstrate the top-down approach where the Personal Budgeting Model is designed by governmental actors, and people with disabilities are seen only as receivers. As we wanted to make this flower bloom and make the design process of the Personal Budgeting Model open up, we identified that involvement is essential for an inclusive world. Furthermore, especially meaningful employment plays a key role in one’s identity and sense of belonging (Jackson 2017). Image 1. Transition to a thriving & inclusive society. (Graphics by Ruta Jumite) Therefore, we re-briefed the goal for our project as To employ people with disabilities in relevant institutions, so they become creators and decision-makers of the disability services. And, as our vision is a systemic change, our solution proposal is a Strategy for hiring people with disabilities in governmental institutions based on the Personal Budgeting Model. We developed the strategy by defining 2 main goals which complement each other (image 2): Empowering a wider range of people with disabilities We advocate “Hiring people with disabilities” since they are the only ones who understand their actual needs and therefore, are the ones who can design a fully functioning Personal Budgeting Model. In addition to creating opportunities for people with disabilities to get hired, another issue is that because of the paradigm in society, people with disabilities often do not recognize their own abilities. Therefore, we also want to “Empower a wider range of people with disabilities”. As one of our workshop participants described it: “People have skills and lots of potential which is not seen.. Whatever is their passion, they can take it and make it a job for themselves. But it is not easy if you do not have someone coaching, supporting, or helping you..” – an expert of an organisation specialising in recruitment of people with disabilities. Image 2. Strategy for hiring people with disabilities in governmental institutions. (Graphics by Ruta Jumite) The two main goals are illustrated by watering cans, as they hold within the nurturing water, which in our case are the 6 sub-goals of the strategy. Hiring people with disabilities: Redesigning job positions Educating the workforce Connecting institutions and people with disabilities Hiring a wider range of people with disabilities: Positive role models in different institutions Reaching the less active People with disabilities. (In order to find a more elaborated description please find the final presentation on the Design for Government web page) As illustrated (image 1), the implementation of the strategy would make the flower of inclusivity and collaboration bloom. In other words, empowerment through employment would create a transition to a thriving & inclusive institution where the Personal Budgeting Model would be created by the end-users. The arrows demonstrate the cooperation and the free information flow between the stakeholders, who share knowledge together as equal participants. Successful implementation of the strategy would ensure a functioning Personal Budgeting Model, where the real needs of the users are met. Furthermore, the successful implementation of the strategy in the Personal Budgeting Model could become a benchmark to accelerate wider impact, to inspire other organisations and businesses to become diverse and inclusive. Eventually, this could lead to a thriving & inclusive society, where every person with disabilities would be an active citizen who can flourish at meaningful work, design the services for themselves, and be an integrated part of society. As a result of this course, we are handing over the strategy proposal to the governmental institutions related to the Personal Budgeting Model. However, the next steps are in their hands. Firstly, the strategy should be introduced in the institutions that are involved in the development of the PB model. Secondly, an action plan needs to be developed to bring strategy to life, which would be followed by the implementation part. On the last note, on behalf of my team, we would like to thank all the stakeholders who participated, our project partner KELA and the teaching team for the constant support and inspiration! It has been a challenging, yet inspiring journey for us. Jackson T. (2017) Prosperity without growth. Routledge Group 1C: Eve Nieminen and Diana Becares Mas from the Creative Sustainability program, Esko-Matti Helin from the Collaborative and Industrial Design program, and Faye from Human-Computer Interaction Design program. Making public transport a relevant option for disabled people “How did we end up having this many ideas in two weeks? I would have never thought!” This what I said to my group mates during the final weeks of the project. In May 2021, our group has focused mostly on ideation and finding a solution for our customer. As you may know from the previous blog posts, our brief is to develop a service to support disabled people in their multimodal mobility services. After finding out our leverage points, we decided to focus on the two-way communication between disabled people and social services + mobility service providers. From our research work, we had found out, that the personal budgeting and the kilometer-wallet in the mobility services are already in a pilot face and the users seem to be quite satisfied. On the other hand, we saw, that some disabled people had some fears or misunderstandings about personal budgeting in mobility services. This is when we understood that we should focus on the open communication of the disability services. From this face we as a group found out that sometimes you just need to make a decision – when we decided to focus on communication, we could start developing more concrete solutions. Needs for public transport, visualization from our group presentation. Next, it was time to find out the different ways of communication in mobility services. We found out that the communication from the social services happens mostly when applying the services and when reconsidering the needs of the services. It seemed, that the users were on their own all the time using the services. Mobility services are a wide range of different types of travel options. Currently, disabled people use mostly taxi as it can be difficult for a disabled person to move from home to the station of public transport. In our interviews, one disabled person commented that they find the HSL services of great quality, but they still are not fully accessible for them, and how to know when there are accessibility issues. We got inspired by this idea and agreed this could be a potential starting point for ideation with our group. Screenshot of the voting in our validation workshop. In the ideation workshop, we got lots of ideas and four of them stood out the most. We developed the ideas further and organized a validation workshop for some disabled people and the municipality social service stakeholders. With them, we had an open discussion, and in the end, they had the opportunity to vote for the ideas they found the most valuable. The result was clear – most of them voted for a combination of the accessibility alerts and accessibility filter combinations. From them, we got good advice to include our concept into the existing webpages/apps HSL Route finder and Palvelukartta (Service map). From the validation workshop and the ideation session, I learned, that in a design project it is always important to have an outside perspective. Both workshops gave us a new spirit and important viewpoints to our project. Customer journey, HSL Accessibility filter After the validation session, we developed customer journeys and prototypes from the two chosen concepts. We came up with a user persona Sara and through her story, we explained our concept in our final presentation. The finalizing was a tough ride, but it paid off – I am truly proud of our concepts, that make public transport a relevant option for disabled people. From making the project presentation our group learned that it is important to bring a story to describe your concept or service – it brings the concept alive in a totally different way! The DfG course runs for 14 weeks each spring – the 2021 course has now started and runs from 01 Mar to 24 May. It’s an advanced studio course in which students work in multidisciplinary teams to address project briefs commissioned by governmental ministries in Finland. The course proceeds through the spring as a series of teaching modules in which various research and design methods are applied to addressing the project briefs. Blog posts are written by student groups, in which they share news, experiences and insights from within the course activities and their project development. More information here about the DfG 2021 project briefs. Categories Blogs, Design Proposal Tags blog-21 Post navigation Blog IV – Strategy for Expatriate Finns Clearing the skies for collaborative sustainable procurement

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The Best Water Systems In DFW Water System Companies with address, phone numbers, reviews and more. Dallas, Fort Worth, DFW, Texas and the I-35 corridor from Gainesville to Austin, Texas. In summary Water Softeners, Drinking Water Systems, Water Filtration Systems, Reverse Osmosis Systems and more. American Water

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13867

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Levemir Home » Levemir Daria Arofikina Ely Fornoville October 24, 2020 I am a Type 1 diabetic blogger, a content creator, writer, personal trainer and in the process of becoming a Nutritionist. The aim of everything I do is to prove that Type 1 diabetics can live life to the full, eat what they love, and have good control of the condition. I do this by encouraging T1s to learn to manage the foods they love with better lifestyle and nutrition choices. I promote a balanced lifestyle, where there is space for both health and tasty pleasures. Stories, Diabetes Type, Diabetes type 1, Europe, Location Jazz Sethi Ely Fornoville August 16, 2020 I have been living with type 1 diabetes for 11 years now! I am a professional dancer and choreographer and the founder of The Diabesties Foundation! When not working on diabetes or dance, you can find me reading, listening to music or writing! Stories, Asia, Diabetes Type, Diabetes type 1, Location Christel Oerum Ely Fornoville July 9, 2020 I’ve been living with type 1 diabetes since 1997. I was born and raised in Denmark but moved to the United States in 2009 with my husband. Today we run www.diabetesstrong.com from our home in Santa Monica, CA where we enjoy hiking and hanging out with our fur-baby, Zoe. I didn’t grow up with diabetes. I was not diagnosed until I turned 19. Stories, Diabetes Type, Diabetes type 1, Location, North America Ely Fornoville June 7, 2020 Levemir is a man-made form of insulin, a hormone that is produced in the body. Insulin works by lowering levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Levemir is a long-acting insulin that starts to work several hours after injection and keeps working evenly for up to 24 hours. Levemir is used to improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes. Diabetic Equipment Alex Voigt I’m living with my girlfriend, her two kids and our 2 dogs in a house near Stuttgart. I’m working as a social worker since 25 years. In my job, I try to help kids and families to get along with their problems and difficult situations. In my free time I make german rap music since 1991. I work with kids and some young refugees from Syria and Afghanistan to create their own hiphop music. Kate Wallace I’m from London, I love sport, hanging out with friends and traveling. I was diagnosed at age 11 with diabetes type 1. I didn’t hide my diabetes at first but then began too as I went into my teenage years. The hardest part was emotionally for my family, a lot of changes happened. Stories, Diabetes type 1, Europe, Location George Hakes Ely Fornoville May 20, 2020 I’ve met a lot of people with type 1 diabetes, diagnosed at various ages and as a result, I’m grateful that I was diagnosed at a young age. I was around 10 years old and it was during the Summer break from school. I was clearly very unwell and exhausted, despite usually being a really physically active kid. Dan Thrailkill Ely Fornoville March 19, 2020 I was born and raised in South Carolina. I was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes on January 13th 1988, attended college in North Carolina, was a golf professional for 10 years, got married to my now husband in July 2013 and I am in the process of adopting 2 kids through our local County Agency. We live on just over 4 acres in Woodstock, Georgia, participate in our local community in several ways and attend church at Ebenezer UMC. Stories, Diabetes Type, Diabetes type 1, United States

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I Tried Cora’s New Menstrual Disc, and Now I’m Phasing Out Tampons for Good For as long as I’ve been getting my period, I have almost exclusively used tampons to manage my flow, save for a panty liner on particularly light days. They have certainly served me well (I rarely deal with leaks!), but I’ve been interested in switching to, or at least trying, a menstrual disc for a few years now. So, when I saw that my favorite tampon brand, Cora, was launching its very first reusable menstrual disc, I decided it was time to add one to my shopping cart. I’m not going to lie: I stared at the Cora Menstrual Disc ($39) for a good two months before taking it out of its package. Even though I had read literally hundreds of amazing reviews about menstrual discs and talked to friends who use them every cycle, I was still filled with anxiety about the insertion and removal process. I couldn’t justify letting another full period pass by (plus I had run out of tampons), so on the second to last day of my period, I took it out of its tin, sanitized it, and got started. Note: I purposely chose a day where I had no plans to leave the house in the event of messy leaks. Unlike menstrual cups which take up space in the vaginal canal, menstrual discs sit at the base of the cervix to collect blood. That’s also why you can have mess-free period sex while wearing one. What initially drew me to Cora’s soft silicone disc, besides the fact that I was already a fan of the brand, was the disc’s finger groove. This little divot is meant to make inserting and removing the disc easier. It’s what you grab onto to untuck it from behind your pubic bone and pull it out. To insert it, the instructions said to squeeze the disc together to form a figure-8 with the finger-width groove facing away from the body. Then, the brand recommended guiding the menstrual disc into the vagina “as far as it will comfortably go.” The last step on the brand’s instructions pamphlet was to use an index finger to tuck the rim behind the pubic bone. The corresponding illustrations made these instructions super simple to follow, and I was shocked at how easy the insertion process was. It took me a grand total of about two minutes to place it perfectly. I knew because I didn’t feel a thing while standing, sitting, or walking around. A few minutes later, and much to my surprise, I had a mini meltdown about having to remove it later: “What if it’s stuck forever?” Logically, I knew that wasn’t possible, but switching up your period care routine is understandably scary when you’ve only used tampons for nearly 18 years. After a few hours of forgetting the disc was even in there, I decided to try my hand at removing it. I had to try a few times to catch hold of the groove, but the third time was the charm. After I got my finger tucked under it, I was able to pull it out in one fell swoop. I decided to try my disc for the first time on a lighter day, so there wasn’t a ton of fluid in the cup and the removal process was 100 percent mess free. However, I did have some trouble trying to keep the cup horizontal, so on heavier days, I will likely empty it in the shower or while sitting on the toilet. Overall, the hardest thing about using the disc was just getting over my own personal anxiety, and I know that it will take practice to feel more confident in my abilities to take it out. But, as of right now, that sure beats buying another box of tampons. Image Source: Cora

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Freeman, James E.

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Between Sections 15 and 22 (West Corrected)

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Section 1, East boundary (North)

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Items Demand McClintock. The Plan to Find a Cure. Demand McClintock. The Plan to Find a Cure. Manuscripts and Archives Division ACT UP New York (Organization) Image ID 1577342 Original Scan ACT UP New York records Series XIV. Posters and placards XIV.A. Posters ACT UP New York (Organization) (Creator) Place: New York Date Created: 1986 - 1997 Shelf locator: MssCol 10 AIDS activists Bills, Legislative McClintock, Barbara, 1902-1992 Content: 1577342 MSS Unit ID: 10 Archives EAD ID: 558012 Universal Unique Identifier (UUID): 33c72a60-9891-0138-3230-5d9b9fba2db4 The copyright and related rights status of this item has been reviewed by The New York Public Library, but we were unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the item. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. : Place Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library. "Demand McClintock. The Plan to Find a Cure." The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1986 - 1997. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e3-3ee2-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library. "Demand McClintock. The Plan to Find a Cure." New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed March 20, 2023. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e3-3ee2-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library. (1986 - 1997). Demand McClintock. The Plan to Find a Cure. Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e3-3ee2-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 <ref name=NYPL>{{cite web | url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e3-3ee2-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 | title= (text) Demand McClintock. The Plan to Find a Cure., (1986 - 1997)|author=Digital Collections, The New York Public Library |accessdate=March 20, 2023 |publisher=The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations}}</ref>

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Sylvester Low home, Cardston, Alberta. National Hotel, Hanna, Alberta. Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Calgary, Alberta. Calgary General Hospital, Calgary, Alberta. Canadian Pacific Railway bridge across Elbow River, Calgary, Alberta. Rectory, Oblate Order, Calgary, Alberta. Automobile, Calgary, Alberta. Delivery staff of B.C. Fruit Products Limited, Calgary, Alberta. Alexander corner, Calgary, Alberta. Calgary Exhibition and Stampede parade, Calgary, Alberta. Interior of Pagnuelo liquor store, Lethbridge, Alberta. Union Bank of Canada, Hanna, Alberta. View of 6th Avenue from 1st Street SW, Calgary. Ernest Freeze house, Calgary, Alberta. Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) building, Calgary, Alberta. Haultain School, Calgary, Alberta. Phillips family and friends beside tent homes, Calgary, Alberta. The Calgary Post Office, Calgary, Alberta. Note baby carriage. Located at 1st Avenue and 2nd Street West on the present site of the Municipal Hospital. Date before 1900 Subject Baby carriages, Cardston, Alberta--Dwellings, Dwellings Attribution "Sylvester Low home, Cardston, Alberta.", before 1900, (CU1108412) by Unknown. Courtesy of Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.

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May 28, 1981 Cal Poly Report Volume 32, Issue 35, May 28, 1981, pages 1-4.

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Home » Marketing Tip » Understand your direct competitors Your competitors can be broken down into two groups: direct and indirect. The direct ones are the ones who serve customers in your exact niche. They may not be located in your geographical area, but they sell products and services that are essentially interchangeable with yours. This is a crucial distinction. If you’re a plumber, the other plumbers in town aren’t your direct competitors, because each of them offers something different from the others. You’re competing against them only indirectly, by offering a better price or faster service or higher quality or whatever it is you do better than they do. How many direct competitors you have depends on how narrowly you define your niche. If you define yourself as a plumber who does bathroom remodeling, there may be four or five of you in town. If it’s just bathroom remodeling, though, there may be only one. In the latter case, all of your competitors are direct. If you don’t know how many direct competitors you have, try looking at a few of your ads from last year and counting the number of businesses similar to yours that were advertising at that time. Or talk to some customers and ask which companies they would consider when buying a product like yours. It is a mistake to think of marketing as something you do to your customers. Your customers don’t care about your marketing, and if they did it wouldn’t help them. They care about their problems, and your marketing is a means of showing how your solution will solve their problems. The way to win at marketing is not to be cleverer than your competitors, but to understand better than they do what your customers’ problems are. I am not saying that understanding customers is easy. It is very hard. But I am saying that it is the only way to win in the long run, because the only thing that changes over time is what people want. If you don’t keep up, either through some kind of intuition or by doing a lot of work to figure out what has changed, someone else will. By Matt Woicik|2021-10-22T15:19:39-07:00December 9th, 2021|Categories: Marketing Tip| Determine which social network is right for you Create an overall vision for your marketing Why content marketing is so important Properly measuring your marketing efforts How to write an effective call to action How can digital marketing raise awareness Why create a Facebook Page

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Is JEPI a good investment in 2023? – dividend & long term goals One of the best-known income ETFs on the market right now is the JPMorgan Equity Premium Income ETF (JEPI), and for a good reason. JEPI has a double-digit dividend, engages in a diverse portfolio of lower-risk stocks, and has experienced little capital growth since its founding. With many advantages and few notable downsides, JEPI is a solid product ideal for retirees and income seekers. JEPI distributes covered call options via ELNs (Equity Linked Notes) on a group of low-volatility stocks chosen from the S&P 500 Index (the 500 largest U.S. corporations) to generate revenue. Launched in the middle of 2020, this fund has collected assets worth more than $3.5 billion. It possesses a 0.35% expense ratio. Thus, a covered call ETF for the S&P 500 Index created to reduce instability and produce profit is called JEPI. However, is it a good investment? Let us review it in this article. How does JEPI work? Is JEPI a good investment in 2023? Is JEPI an excellent long term investment? Is JEPI good for retirees? Is JEPI a qualified dividend? Is JEPI a good ETF? JEPI chooses equities based on ESG standards, valuation standards (think dividend-paying value stocks), and high stability. The fund’s primary mission is to outperform the S&P 500 benchmark index while maintaining lower volatility and higher income. The fund would be excellent for a retiree if it could accomplish that goal, which it still needs to do. The dividends paid by the stocks that JEPI owns contribute to its high yield. Since the ETF is actively managed, it aims to “provide a major share of the returns associated with the S&P 500 Index in addition to monthly income,” as was previously said. On the equity side, this comprises a bottom-up basic research methodology that uses “proprietary risk-adjusted stock ratings” based on their “relative worth” to filter large-cap U.S. equities. This method is a bit of a “black box,” and JEPI’s brochure doesn’t go into great depth about it. JEPI may spend up to 20% of its monthly revenue in exchange-linked notes, or ELNs. These are fixed-income securities that a creditor has issued and guarantee a return based on a reference asset. JEPI owns ELNs that give it access to call options on the S&P 500 index that are out-of-the-money. JEPI does not own all the equities necessary to write call options on the S&P 500 index itself, in contrast to other call option ETFs. Its actively managed inventory is unique. As a result, it needs to be exposed through different tools, in this example, an ELN. We would be right if JEPI made us think of DIVO. The funds’ strategy of choosing large-cap dividend equities from the S&P 500 and selling call options makes them remarkably identical. However, there are a few key areas where they diverge: JEPI has 95 holdings, while DIVO only has 23, making it more diversified. JEPI is nearly six times more prevalent than DIVO in terms of AUM. In contrast to DIVO, JEPI charges a reduced fee of 0.35 per cent. They own different equities because JEPI has a higher weighting on value and investment variables than DIVO on size and profitability. JEPI considers ESG requirements for inclusion, whereas DIVO seems not to. In terms of overall performance, JEPI and DIVO have been quite competitive. However, JEPI may have achieved its goal more consistently, with higher returns at lower risks. As a result, in the short time these two funds have existed, JEPI has produced slightly greater overall and risk-adjusted returns than DIVO. Both have still underperformed the entire market. Is JEPI a good investment, then? Most likely not. As with DIVO, the goal is to put together a low-volatility portfolio of stocks that JEPI seeks to keep. But over the long run, we still anticipate stock selection to outperform the market. We could also pay less money and purchase a low-volatility or value fund. These call option funds should only be used by investors who depend on and use their stable income from dividends and option premiums. It only makes sense to purchase JEPI if all we intend to do is reinvest the fund’s payouts. Especially for anyone who will have to pay taxes on them if they are held in a taxable account. We can directly target ESG, value, or dividends while spending less on fees. If we believe that the S&P 500 will rise, invest in a cheap index fund, such as Vanguard’s VOO, and stop. Remember that covered calls restrict an increase in the index’s value. JEPI is well-liked. The ETF presently manages about $18 billion in assets, with a cost ratio of 0.35%, which is considered moderate. Compared to other income-oriented products, the ETF now has a 12-month dividend yield of 11.29%, which would be fairly high. What has the ETF’s past performance been like? Experts backtested the fund against the S&P 500 and a well-balanced 60/40 portfolio of American stocks and bonds to find out. Note that this approach is too brief to yield conclusive results because JEPI began operations in May 2020. The research shows that while JEPI lagged the S & P 500 in 2021, it beat it significantly in 2022. Notably, in both years, it outperformed the 60/40 portfolio. Additionally, it did so with less turbulence and downturns. JEPI performed significantly worse in 2020 than in 2019, when it nearly matched the 60/40 portfolio’s returns. The COVID-19 crash is the root cause. The call option overlay for JEPI could have been a more effective hedge, unlike the 60/40, which was protected by its bond allocations due to Fed rate decreases. JEPI decreased almost as much as a standard S&P 500 index ETF. The lesson learned is that covered calls are a revenue solution and do not adequately manage risk. They should not be relied upon as crash protection. Bonds remain necessary. For investors worried about increasing rates and seeking a comparable level of volatility, ETFs like JEPI works best as an addition to a conventional 60/40 strategy. Holding JEPI alone may reduce volatility but won’t provide crash protection. Think of combining it with a Treasury ETF, for example. This fund can be particularly appealing to retirees and other income investors. Investors should be aware of this yield-focused strategy’s drawbacks. It has limited potential for gain while the overall market is rising. Nevertheless, for some investors, JEPI might be a wise choice. JEPI was formerly a low-profile, high-yielder, but that is no longer the case. Just two years ago, the fund had assets totalling less than $200 million; today, it is a $17 billion giant. Of the 3,000 U.S.-listed ETFs, it had the seventh-greatest total revenue in 2022 (slightly under $13 billion)! In essence, JEPI is a covered call ETF. It’s unusual because it purchases equity-linked notes rather than selling call options on specific equities or indices (ELNs). These are securities that combine an index and a written covered call. Although there is a structural difference, it essentially functions like a covered call ETF. The defensive, low-volatility stocks that make up the core portfolio of JEPI were chosen through a bottom-up, basic research process. Written out-of-the-money call suggestions based on the S&P 500 make up the ELNs. The increased market volatility of the previous year raised the price of options contracts. This is one of the reasons the yield has grown to a recent high of over 14%. Higher premiums result in more revenue for the fund, which increases JEPI’s returns. JEPI has emerged as one of our preferred high-yield ETFs. The 14% yield (typically between 8 and 10%) will only last for a while. But in its comparatively short history, it has Outperformed the S&P 500 while carrying around 30% less risk. That is suitable for practically any retirement portfolio! Therefore, these funds would be suitable for at least some of our retirement portfolio. Although adding these funds wisely to an otherwise diverse portfolio might give anyone a good income boost, We don’t necessarily want to overweight them or make them the centre of our retirement income scheme. Due to their low correlations with other traditional asset types, adding these ETFs could lower portfolio risk while increasing yield. JEPI delivers $0.61 per month based on its most recent dividend payment. That works out to almost $7.30 each year, a staggering dividend yield of 13.3%. Not all monthly dividend payments, however, are thus high. JEPI has distributed $6.26 per share during the past year, or just over $0.50 each month. With that, the dividend rate is 11.4%. Even though it isn’t nearly as high as the yield when the most recent distribution is annualized, a result of 11% or more on dividends is still quite favorable. Investors must accept fluctuations in JEPI’s net dividend payments due to the ups and downs in the earnings from call writing. There will always be a few months that are better than others. Dividends have generally been increasing. JEPI distributed $3.23 in dividends per share in 2020 and $4.16 in dividends overall in 2021. JEPI will pay out a little more than $6.00 this year, a significant increase from 2021. This is driven by higher market volatility since, on average, it enables call sellers to collect more significant premiums. Option premiums will likely be lower once again when markets stabilize, and volatility decreases. This could result in fewer dividend payments. Although the payout trend has increased, investors may eventually have to accept smaller dividend payouts. Even with a dividend cut, a dividend yield in the high single digits would still be possible if the payout was reduced to $4 or $5 per share. The prospect of a dividend cut exists but is not at all assured. The JPMorgan Equity Premium Income ETF is an appealing option for low-income investors seeking a low-volatility investment. JEPI offers a sizable income return paid out monthly and will undoubtedly outperform during market falls (including the one we are currently experiencing). This is due to its low beta. However, due to the structure of the stock portfolio and the call writing that the ETF engages in, the upside in a favorable situation is more constrained compared to an ETF like QQQ. As a result, JEPI is only suitable for some. .With a 12% dividend paid every month, JEPI was the eighth most famous ETF in 2022. The investors’ interest has exploded due to this. JEPI has produced average annual returns of 13.4% and yields of 9.3% since its debut, but with 37% less volatility than the S&P and 50% lower peak drops. With sell indications from both the short- and long-term trend lines, the JPMorgan Equity Premium Income ETF has a more negative outlook for the company. Additionally, the connection between the two signals indicates a general sell signal, where the long-term average is higher than the short-term average. The lines at $55.05 and $55.17 will offer some support during upward recovery. Equity Premium Income exhibits several encouraging signs, but they are insufficient to qualify it as a buy option. It should be regarded as a hold option (hold or accumulate) while expecting further growth at the current level. Since the last review, experts have downgraded their analytical conclusion for this ETF from a buy to a keep or accumulate option. This was due to a few minor things that could have been improved in the technical outlook. Is Tonal going out of business in 2023? – What is happening? ST Ives lotion discontinued 2023 – Did they stop making it?

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Dissemination Conference - Technical University of Košice Capture2 The event was organized 11.04.2019 in Chania, Greece, by Technical University of Crete. It was organized within the framework of the 9th Student Digital Creativity Festival held in Chania 11-12 April 2019 (one of the best practices identified in IO1). It is an annual event organized in many cities across Greece, allowing researchers and research laboratories to give scientific presentations, organize seminars, present prototypes and research achievements. The organized the workshop within this context in order to utilize synergies with other researchers and science events, to reach a wider audience and promote further collaborations as part of the sustainability strategy of the project. The participation of business allowed us to discuss job opportunities for VET students related to STEM fields in local SMEs.

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Dividend Income Update February 2018 Happy St. Patrick’s Day! This post is really late, but better late than never. February is usually one of the slowest month in terms of passive income for the portfolio. This was no exception in 2018. It will likely stay that way until I add more equities with monthly or quarterly payments that pay out in […] Read more "Dividend Income Update February 2018"

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Tag: Walker Art Center City leaders gather for site visit to Twin Cities August 28, 2017 General Cities at any stage of development can benefit greatly from sharing ideas with and learning from other communities. For the second year in a row, more than 40 leaders from organizations in and around Rochester traveled to the Twin Cities for a DMC-organized site visit. This year’s trip focused on topics of transportation and public spaces and included discussions and presentations from key experts in those fields. Attendees included staff from the DMC Economic Development Agency (EDA) staff, the City of Rochester, Mayo Clinic, Coen+Partners, RSP Architects, the University of Minnesota, the Rochester International Airport, and other local organizations.

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E/C.12/ECU/3 Distr.: General Original: Spanish Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Third periodic reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant Ecuador * , ** [8 September 2009] Paragraphs Page Acronyms5 I.Introduction1–106 II.Application of articles of the Covenant11–47510 A.Article 1: right to self-determination and rights of indigenous peoples11–3610 B.Article 2: international assistance and cooperation and the rights of non-nationals37–7213 C.Article 3: legislation and measures to eliminate discrimination between men and women73–9122 D.Articles 4 and 5: international obligations92–9425 E.Article 6: measures to promote employment95–13125 F.Article 7: minimum wage132–15732 G.Article 8: right to form trade unions and right to strike158–16938 H.Article 9: social security170–19740 I.Article 10: the right to marriage; social services funding for childcare; people with disabilities; maternity198–31846 J.Article 11: the right to the continuous improvement of living conditions319–38369 K.Article 12: right to health384–41384 L.Article 13: right to education414–45289 M.Article 14: no-fee education45395 N.Article 15: right to take part in cultural life454–47595 I.Participants in the meeting held by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration (Office of the Regional Under-Secretary, Cuenca, 29 July 2009)104 II.Cooperating institutions and institutions that provided information relating to the Covenant105 1.Study on the elimination of outsourcing26 2.Categories and modules30 3.Sexual harassment cases35 4.Number of working persons and occupations36 5.Minimum monthly pension41 6.Social security coverage42 7.Budget execution of Ministry of Health social programmes under Policy 147 8.Budget execution of social programmes under Policy 247 9.Budget execution of social programmes of the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion and the Ministry of Education under Policy 348 10.Budget execution of social programmes of the Ministry of Labour and Employment under Policy 448 11.Child and youth service coverage49 12.Programmes and services50 13.Reported cases of domestic violence64 14.Reports of sexual offences64 15.Human Development Voucher71 16.Skilled agricultural workers74 17.Households whose members are at risk of contracting diseases75 18.Types of dwellings, by area77 19.Types of dwellings, by region77 20.Dwellings with sufficient living space, by area78 21.Dwellings with sufficient living space, by region78 22.Deficient housing quality, by area78 23.Deficient housing quality, by region79 24.Use of domestic gas, by area79 25.Use of domestic gas, by region79 26.Households with a computer80 27.Owned dwellings, by region80 28.Owned dwellings, by area80 29.Vaccination programmes86 30.Responsibilities during outbreaks and epidemics87 31.Children enrolled in school nationwide90 32.Children in school in Ecuador, 200494 33.School dropout rates and remedial measures94 34.Scientific research projects, INAP, 200799 35.Virtual libraries programme99 36.Scholarship programmes100 37.Short-term events100 38.International support102 39.International scientific cooperation102 40.International scientific cooperation agreements103 1.Survey on human rights defence efforts20 2.National Policy Institutions Programme, 2007 – Complementary, pivotal roles: the key to effectiveness in eliminating child labour58 3.National poverty line69 4.Katzman’s typology70 5.Components of the warning, emergency-response and monitoring system86 AGECIEcuadorian International Cooperation Agency ASNASocial Agenda for Children and Adolescents CNNANational Council for Children and Adolescents CLADEMLatin American and Caribbean Committee for the Defence of Women’s Rights CONADISNational Council for Persons with Disabilities CONAMUNational Council for Women DYADesarrollo y Autogestión (“Development and self-management”) FAOFood and Agriculture Organization FUNDACYTFoundation for Science and Culture ILOInternational Labour Organization INECNational Statistics and Census Institute INFAInstitute for Children and the Family INNFANational Institute for Children and the Family IOMInternational Organization for Migration SECAPEcuadorian Vocational Training Service SELBENSocial Programme Beneficiary Selection System SENACYTNational Secretariat of Science and Technology SENPLADESNational Secretariat of Planning and Development SIMUJERESSocial Indicators System on Women and Gender Inequality UNESCOUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEFUnited Nations Children’s Fund UNHCROffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees WFPWorld Food Programme WHOWorld Health Organization I.Introduction 1.States parties are required under article 16 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to submit periodic reports on their implementation of this international instrument. Ecuador signed the Covenant in 1969 and is therefore required to observe the rights recognized therein. This obligation is also a constitutional one, as the current Constitution, which was approved in October 2008, establishes that the international treaties ratified by Ecuador shall be subject to the provisions set forth in the Constitution and that, in respect of human rights treaties, the human-centred principles of non-restriction of rights, direct applicability and open-endedness as set forth in the Constitution shall apply (art. 417). 2.On this basis, the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration have prepared the third periodic report of Ecuador on its implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in accordance with Executive Decree No. 1317 (para. 7) of 9 September 2008, which entrusts the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration with the task of preparing, in coordination with the general public, national reports and validating them with human rights committees and other human rights treaty bodies. 3.As shown in the annexed list of participants, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights will note that various Ecuadorian institutions in the cities of Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca provided information for inclusion in the report. Civil society organizations were invited to a presentation of the initial draft and were also asked to provide information. 4.The third periodic report was prepared on the basis of the guidelines contained in document E/C.12/2008/2 of 13 January 2009. The reporting period runs from 2003 to the end of August 2009. 5.In this periodic report, the Government of Ecuador replies to the questions raised in the aforementioned guidelines and to a number of the concerns and recommendations expressed by the Committee during its consideration of the second periodic report (E/C.12/1/Add.100). A brief overview of these replies to the Committee is given below. More detail is provided later in the report. 6.As the Committee will note, Ecuador has made significant advances in the protection of economic, social and cultural rights, particularly since the adoption of the National Development Plan in June 2007 and the adoption of the new Constitution that was framed by the Constituent Assembly in 2008. Since the new Constitution took effect, Ecuador has been working to bring sumak kawsay (“good living”) within the reach of the entire population. The Committee’s concerns and recommendations to Ecuador 7.In sections D and E of the concluding observations regarding the second periodic report, the Committee expressed certain concerns and made recommendations relating to the status of economic, social and cultural rights in various areas, including: (a)The lack of independence of the judiciary (concluding observations of the Committee (E/C.12/1/Add.100), paras. 10 and 33). This issue has been resolved with the introduction of the new Constitution, which sets out the functions of the different branches of government, including those of the judicial branch and its component agencies. It establishes the principles underpinning the administration of justice, the indigenous justice system, alternative methods of dispute settlement and the different bodies of the judicial branch, including the Council of the Judiciary, whose responsibilities include overseeing the selection of judges and other public servants in the judicial branch and ensuring its transparency and efficiency (Constitution of Ecuador, art. 179); (b)Discrimination against indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian peoples (paras. 11, 13 and 34). The report contains detailed information about the measures for the benefit of these peoples that have been adopted in Ecuador (see chap. II, sects. A, C, F, J, L and N below); (c)The right of indigenous communities to be consulted before natural resources located in their territories are developed and the negative health and environmental impacts of extractive activities (paras. 12 and 35) (see chap. II, sect. A below); (d)Percentage of persons with disabilities (paras. 14 and 37). As the Committee will note from the discussion of this subject in the third periodic report, the Government of Ecuador has undertaken innumerable actions for the benefit of persons with disabilities over the years, especially during the reporting period. These actions have included becoming a party to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol in 2007. In addition, a Colombian expert has been selected to serve on the recently created committee that will monitor the implementation of that convention. A number of policies and measures have also been put in place by the National Council for Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS) and the Office of the Vice-President of Ecuador during the current Administration (see chap. II, sects. B, I, J and L); (e)De facto inequality between men and women in Ecuadorian society in such areas as employment, wages, literacy and education (paras. 15 and 38). Ecuador has made great strides in this area, as the Committee will see from the report (see chap. II, sects. B, C, F and L below); (f)Right to work, unemployment, minimum wage, health and safety regulations, social security, right of association, temporary contracts (paras. 16 to 19 and 39 to 42). The Government of Ecuador has made significant advances in these areas and has described its extensive efforts to improve the standard of living of workers and their families in this report (see chap. II, sects. E to H below); (g)Funding of the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute and social security coverage (paras. 20, 21, 43 and 44). In 2008 the Government of Ecuador settled part of the accumulated debt owed to the Social Security Institute (about US$ 888 million). As stated in the new Constitution, social security is one of the cornerstones of the country’s strategy for achieving collective well-being through sumak kawsay (see chap. II, sects. E, F, H, I and J below); (h)Child labour (paras. 22 and 47). Ecuador has taken part in various programmes aimed at eliminating child labour and the worst forms of child labour (see chap. II, sect. I below); (i)Sexual abuse, prostitution of girls and boys under the age of 18 in urban areas, exploitation of children and trafficking in minors (paras. 23, 24, 48 and 49). Trafficking in human beings, sexual exploitation, the sale of children and child prostitution have been issues of particularly serious concern during the reporting period. To address this situation, in 2006 the Government launched a national plan to combat human trafficking; the smuggling of migrants; sexual, labour and other forms of exploitation; the prostitution of women, children and adolescents; child pornography and the corruption of minors. Since then, various steps have been taken to put a stop to these offences, and victim support and reintegration programmes have been introduced to assist child and adolescent victims of sexual and labour exploitation. In addition, the Criminal Code was amended in 2005 to increase the penalties for sexual offences and to make trafficking in persons a criminal offence as such. The programmes and measures introduced to combat these offences are detailed in this report (see chap. II, sects. B, I, J and L below); (j)Domestic violence and rape (paras. 25 and 50). Ecuador has a specific law on domestic violence and violence against women, and a number of different actions and programmes aimed at reducing and mitigating the problem have been implemented on that basis. The amendments to the Criminal Code made in June 2005 increased the penalties for rape, defined other sexual offences and the offence of knowingly infecting another person with a disease, and introduced a requirement concerning the establishment of the criminal liability of any person who causes bodily harm or kills another in self-defence against sexual assault (see chap. II, sect. J below); (k)Living and housing conditions, health care and services (paras. 26, 27, 29, 30, 36, 51, 52 and 59). The Government has accorded particular attention to social issues, especially since 2007. More than US$ 3 billion was allocated to the social sector in that year, which was the first time that the budget for social policies had exceeded the allocation for external debt servicing in percentage terms (see chap. II, sects. A, C, E, I, J and K below); (l)The Human Development Voucher (a monthly cash subsidy for poor households) was increased in 2007 and is now received by 40 per cent of the country’s poorest families. A housing allowance for the most disadvantaged households was also introduced. The subsidy for the purchase of homes was doubled to US$ 3,600 per family in the same year, while the housing allowance for urban homes was doubled and the allowance for rural homes was increased fourfold. More than 60,000 grants were distributed in the course of the year, equivalent to a total outlay of US$ 180 million. Investment in the housing sector exceeded the 2006 level by more than 95.2 per cent. There have been further increases in funding in subsequent years, and housing programmes for those of limited means have been introduced (see chap. II, sects. B, I and K below); (m)In 2007, the Government also launched the National Development Plan for 2007–2010. The Plan’s 12 objectives are based on a non-sectoral, rights-centred approach in which people’s well-being is the point of departure and the sole aim of all public policy. The 12 objectives are: (i)To foster equality, cohesion, and social and territorial integration; (ii)To build people’s capacities and provide them with greater opportunities; (iii)To increase life expectancy and standards of living; (iv)To promote a healthy, sustainable environment and ensure access to safe water, air and soil; (v)To ensure national sovereignty and peace and to foster Latin American integration; (vi)To guarantee stable, fair and dignified employment; (vii)To reclaim and expand public spaces and meeting places; (viii)To reinforce national identity while strengthening diversity and interculturalism; (ix)To promote access to justice; (x)To guarantee access to public and political participation; (xi)To establish a supportive, sustainable economic system; (xii)To reform the State for the well-being of all. (n)Forced evictions of communities from their ancestral lands (paras. 28 and 53) (see chap. II, sect. L below); (o)Maternal mortality rates and enjoyment of the right to health by all persons (paras. 29, 30, 36 and 54). The Government has increased funding for the health sector in order to ensure universal access to the health system. In 2007 it set aside US$ 757 million for public investment in the health sector, which was a 31.42 per cent increase over the 2006 level. A state of health emergency was declared, and charge-free access to public health-care facilities was extended to all persons. Increased recruitment of health-care professionals brought the number of new positions created in the various specializations for the implementation of the community health-care model to 8,000 (see chap. II, sect. K below); (p)Illiteracy and school dropout rates (paras. 31 and 57). As mentioned above, social sectors such as education have received greater State support under the present Administration, and provincial governments have been encouraged to run adult literacy programmes, which have reduced illiteracy rates (see chap. II, sect. L below); (q)Bilingual education for indigenous communities (paras. 32 and 58). Ecuador has accorded special importance to the ancestral languages of the communities within its territory, in recognition of its status as a plurinational and intercultural State. The Constitution establishes that Spanish is the official language and that Kichwa and Shuar are official languages for intercultural relations. Other ancestral languages are in official use by indigenous peoples in the areas they inhabit, in accordance with the terms established by law, and the State has an obligation to respect and encourage the preservation and use of these languages (Constitution, arts. 1 and 2) (see chap. II, sect. L below); (r)Migration issues (para. 45). The Government of Ecuador has accorded a great deal of attention to the circumstances of migrant workers who left the country in the 1990s and 2000s and has made a determined effort to improve their situation. In 2007 it created the National Secretariat for Migration, which has ministerial rank, to assume responsibility for migrant programmes (see chap. II, sects. A, B, D, E, H, I, J and L below). 8.Since the establishment of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, human rights training has received special attention and has been widely promoted at the national and institutional level. The training days organized for 2,420 officers of the national police force between January and December 2008 are one of the fruits of these efforts. In addition, in implementation of the National Human Rights Plan, the Ecuadorian Commission for the Oversight, Evaluation and Adjustment of Human Rights Operating Plans ran various national workshops between 2003 and 2008 in almost every province of the country. These workshops were attended by approximately 2,000 participants and covered various issues related to the exercise, promotion and defence of human rights. 9.As the Committee will note, Ecuador has made great progress in the social sector as it works to secure better living conditions for the most disadvantaged and to ensure access to health services, education and housing for the entire population. 10.This report provides analyses and information relating to the articles of the Covenant, together with annexes listing the institutions which contributed to its preparation, the legal instruments consulted, and text of the decree that provided for the founding of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights and the decree which defined its terms of reference. II.Application of articles of the Covenant A.Article 1: right to self-determination and rights of indigenous peoples 11.The rights of communities, peoples and nations are set forth in title II, chapter four, articles 56 to 60, of the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, which entered into force in October 2008. These articles recognize the right to self-determination of the peoples and nations of Ecuador. Article 57, which recognizes and guarantees the collective rights of peoples and nations, is of particular importance. 12.Other important articles of the Constitution include article 1, which defines Ecuador as an intercultural and plurinational State. This means that the State is under an obligation to reflect its intercultural and plurinational nature in all political and institutional reforms. 13.Title IV, chapter four, article 171, recognizes indigenous jurisdiction as an ancestral right of indigenous peoples and nations and grants them freedom and sovereignty in decision-making, provided that any such decisions uphold human rights and are in accordance with the Constitution. 14.To support the rights of Ecuadorian citizens, particularly their right to participate in the governance of the country, the Secretariat for Peoples, Social Movements and Citizen Participation was established, with ministerial rank, by Executive Decree No. 133 of 26 February 2007, which was published in issue No. 35 of the Registro Oficial (official gazette), dated 7 March 2007. The Secretariat acts as the lead agency for public policy relating to the right of citizen participation. It is in charge of designing and developing measures and actions to encourage, channel and consolidate the participation of peoples, social movements and citizens in key decisions affecting them. It is also charged with strengthening its component parts and to coordinate and oversee their plans, programmes and projects with a view to optimizing the impact and efficiency of resource allocation in this area. 15.In addition, in order to fulfil the State’s obligation to allow indigenous peoples and nations to participate in all levels of planning, priority-setting and decision-making, as established in the constitutional amendments of 1998, over the past 10 years the Government has made a special effort to create and strengthen public institutions and public/private agencies in which the State and civil society work together. Foremost among such institutions are the Council for the Advancement of the Nations and Peoples of Ecuador, the Afro-Ecuadorian Development Corporation and the Ombudsman’s Office. 16.The Council for the Advancement of the Nations and Peoples of Ecuador was created by Executive Decree No. 386 of 11 December 1998. Its mission is to foster and facilitate the comprehensive, sustainable development of the nations and peoples of Ecuador while respecting their identities. It is to accomplish this task through policymaking, joint management and coordination, while upholding equality and working to mobilize resources. The Council also seeks to improve these peoples’ and nations’ quality of life with the help of a new model of development and supportive legislation and policies. Congress subsequently passed a law on the organizational aspects of the public institutions created to serve indigenous peoples that define themselves as ancestral nations. This law establishes a number of such bodies as institutions under public law with legal personality and technical, administrative and financial autonomy. Their main function is to formulate public policies to promote the comprehensive, sustainable development of the nations and peoples of Ecuador while respecting their identities. 17.On 11 September 2007, the Government of Ecuador created the Secretariat for Intercultural Health of the Nations and Peoples of Ecuador as a technical body under the supervision of the Council for the Advancement of the Nations and Peoples of Ecuador that specializes in traditional medicine and knowledge. The Secretariat is an institution under public law with technical, administrative and financial autonomy. Its mission is to deliver health services to the country’s entire indigenous population, which, according to the 2001 census, consists of approximately 1,500,000 inhabitants spread across the country’s 24 provinces. 18.The Ministry of Health also operates an intercultural health programme which promotes the recognition of traditional medical knowledge and practices in political, cultural, academic and institutional forums. It implements plans, projects and programmes involving the direct participation of beneficiaries in the recovery, development and dissemination of the traditional medical practices, knowledge and wisdom of indigenous nations, peoples and communities. It also works to enhance intercultural medicine through research and the development of scientific and technological tools. 19.There are 14 different indigenous nations and 21 different indigenous peoples living in Ecuador. According to the country’s Integrated System of Social Indicators, 69.8 per cent of indigenous peoples inhabiting the Andean and Amazon regions live below the poverty line, with children and adolescents constituting the most vulnerable components of these ethnic groups. 20.The Development Fund for Indigenous Nations and Peoples was created under the law on organizational aspects of public institutions created to serve indigenous peoples as a technical/financial social institution under public law. The Fund, which has technical, administrative and financial autonomy, comprises representatives of the Government and of indigenous nations and peoples. Its main objective is to promote the development of the financial systems and the technical and business capacities of indigenous nations and peoples, as provided for in article 13 of the above-mentioned law. 21.The Afro-Ecuadorian Development Corporation was created in accordance with Executive Decree No. 1747 of 10 August 1998. Its mission is to foster comprehensive, sustainable development while respecting the identity of Ecuadorians of African descent, strengthening the organization of the Afro-Ecuadorian community and helping to eliminate racism and discrimination. 22.The Afro-Ecuadorian Development Corporation, the Council for the Advancement of the Nations and Peoples of Ecuador and all other national councils are currently in the process of being converted into national equality councils in accordance with articles 156 and 157 and the sixth transitional article of the Constitution, which entered into force in October 2008. The sixth transitional article provides that the national councils for children and adolescents, persons with disabilities, women, indigenous peoples and nations, Afro-Ecuadorians and Montubios (coastal peasants) will become national equality councils and that their structures and duties shall be adjusted accordingly, in line with the Constitution. 23.The Ombudsman’s Office, created in September 1998, is the institution responsible for safeguarding fundamental rights and is considered the foremost institution for the protection of constitutional liberties and guarantees. The primary responsibility of the Ombudsman’s Office is to safeguard and protect human rights. The Office has two national directorates which are responsible for safeguarding and upholding the rights of indigenous peoples and Afro-Ecuadorians. 24.The Government has created the National Commission for the Protection of the Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which is based in Quito, and the Subcommission for the Protection of the Human Rights of Afro-Ecuadorians, which is based in the city of Guayaquil. These two bodies, which are part of the Office of the Ombudsman, are responsible for promoting and protecting the rights of indigenous peoples and nations and of Afro-Ecuadorians. 25.With a view to meeting the challenges and objectives associated with Ecuador’s new constitutional framework, it has been proposed that a unit to deal with ethnic and collective affairs should be established within the Ombudsman’s Office to help guarantee full enjoyment of human rights in all sectors of the population. The proposal is founded on the recognition that “peoples” have rights and that each peoples, along with their particular ethnic, cultural, anthropological and historical characteristics, deserves equal recognition before the State and society. 26.The National Development Plan for 2007–2010 was launched by the Government of Ecuador in June 2007 in order to guarantee the protection and enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights based on a cross-cutting, rights-centred approach and is the country’s principal planning instrument. The Government’s future vision for the country and the overall goals and objectives to be achieved by 2010 are set out in this document. 27.The Plan’s objectives are pursued by means of a non-sector-specific, rights-based, people-centred approach. The principal aims are to achieve equality and social cohesion, improve living conditions, foster sustainable development, affirm national identity and promote diversity and interculturalism. The Plan is the country’s most important tool for the achievement of its social development objectives and goals by 2010. 28.The programme for the implementation of the National Citizen Participation System was approved in 2007. Its general aim is to develop a viable political agenda for the State and society by forging public policy networks as a means of reaching out to organizations, peoples and citizens. The policy instruments and management tools used for this purpose are designed to deepen democracy, to engage marginalized sectors and the wider population in decision-making, to reaffirm national identity and to cement political freedoms and rights by fostering and strengthening the representation of the populace at the different levels of government. 29.A more specific aim is to coordinate and streamline a number of different initiatives which have been grouped into two large-scale projects that constitute the programme’s strategic lines of action. This aim is pursued under the supervision of the Secretariat for Peoples, Social Movements and Citizen Participation, as the lead agency for citizen participation. These two projects are: (a)Project 1: The aim of the National System for Citizen Liaison is to strengthen the country’s diverse social fabric by reinforcing its forms of political, social and economic organization and participation; (b)Project 2: The aim of the National System for Citizen Action is to develop mechanisms for citizen action that reflect communities’ social and geographical circumstances and that will strengthen their identity and their participation in public oversight, decision-making, capacity-building and sustainable local development initiatives. 30.Paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 of article 57 of the Constitution recognize the collective rights of indigenous communes, communities, peoples and nations, in conformity with provisions set out elsewhere in the Constitution and with human rights covenants, treaties, declarations and other instruments. These portions of the article in question guarantees the preservation of these groups’ property, ownership of ancestral lands and territories, and their right to participate in the use, usufruct, administration and preservation of the renewable natural resources present on their lands. Paragraph 7 of the same article marks a significant advance in this area, inasmuch as it establishes the right of indigenous peoples and nations to be consulted about plans and programmes for prospecting and developing the non-renewable natural resources present on their lands in cases where such activities could have environmental or cultural impacts. It also establishes their right to share in the profits generated by such projects and to receive compensation for any adverse social, cultural or environmental effects that the projects may cause. The consultations to be carried out by the competent authorities are obligatory in nature and must be performed in a timely manner. If the consent of the community in question cannot be obtained, the parties must then proceed as provided in the Constitution and other legislation. 31.The Collective Rights of the Black or Afro-Ecuadorian Population Act, published in issue No. 275 of the Registro Oficial, dated 22 May 2006, expressly recognizes the rights of Afro-Ecuadorians as established in the current Constitution, which sets out the principle of non-discrimination and equality. This law also establishes the State’s obligation to ensure the economic, social, cultural and political rights of Afro-Ecuadorian communities and recognizes the aspirations of such communities, whether settled on ancestral lands or in urban and rural areas. It is designed to promote development policies for this sector of the population and their incorporation into the economic, social, cultural and political development framework. 32.Implementing regulations for the social participation mechanisms envisaged in the Environmental Management Act are set forth in the Environmental Management Act itself, in the consolidated text of the subsidiary legislation of the Ministry of the Environment and in Executive Decree No. 1040 of 8 April 2008. These regulations are designed to guarantee community participation. 33.Executive Decree No. 1040, published in issue No. 332 of the Registro Oficial, dated 8 May 2008, also provides for the implementation of environmental impact assessments that incorporate social participation mechanisms such as informational, training and environmental awareness-raising workshops, environmental awareness campaigns and public disclosure mechanisms for informing communities about projects to be implemented in their vicinity. 34.Negative effects attributable to activities and projects that have environmental impacts on ecosystems and local populations are in evidence in some parts of Ecuadorian territory. According to statistics from the Ministry of the Environment, in 30 per cent of all cases, the local population was consulted before a concession contract was awarded. The communities in question gave their consent for the projects in 20 per cent of these cases. 35.The construction of the gas pipeline running from Santo Domingo in the province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas to El Beaterio in the province of Pichincha was one of the projects subject to prior consultation. In this case, the consultation involved two participatory processes: (a)Establishment of the terms of reference for the dissemination of information about the project; (b)Presentation of the environmental impact study with the aim of providing the public with information about the environmental management system for the project, including the measures to be adopted in order to monitor, prevent, mitigate and offset negative environmental impacts. 36.No extractive activity that might have an impact on a community, people or nation is approved unless the required environmental permits have been granted by the Ministry of the Environment, the body responsible for monitoring environmental and land impacts. B.Article 2: international assistance and cooperation and the rights of non-nationals 37.The Government of Ecuador has invested heavily in the economy and has developed convergent multisectoral policies. The political will and commitment shown by the State, combined with its “good living” approach, translated into an investment of US$ 3 billion in social development in 2007, a notable increase on the US$ 2.2 billion invested in the same sector the previous year. For the first time in many years, social expenditure, as a percentage of the national budget, outweighed external debt service payments. Social investment in 2008 represented 6.8 per cent of gross domestic product. 38.The Ecuadorian International Cooperation Agency (AGECI) is responsible for implementing cooperation policy in Ecuador. In 2008, AGECI held negotiations with various countries and international organizations with a view to obtaining non-reimbursable resources to support the pursuit of the objectives of the National Development Plan. International cooperation is viewed as a complement to the Government’s own efforts to improve the situation in the country, especially in border communities and particularly violent areas. Resources are therefore being channelled mainly into Plan Ecuador and the Ecuador Chapter of the Bi-National Development Plan. These two plans focus on promoting development in the northern border area by improving security and fostering a culture of peace. 39.According to figures on cooperation for development compiled by AGECI, US$ 78.2 million have been invested in 48 projects in the northern border area and US$ 121 million have been invested in 94 development projects in the southern border area. 40.An additional US$ 7.3 million were invested in 25 development projects in 2008 in what the National Secretariat of Planning and Development (SENPLADES) defines as the social welfare sector, which includes rural development, social services for young children, adolescents, older adults and persons with disabilities, gender equity and social inclusion. 41.The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is another agency whose financial assistance and cooperation have a particularly large impact in Ecuador. The assistance provided by UNHCR falls into four broad categories: technical advisory services provided to the Government, humanitarian assistance, community projects and the resettlement programme: (a)The technical advisory services provided by UNHCR to the Government of Ecuador in the area of international refugee law have contributed to the adoption of public policies and regulations that recognize and uphold the rights of people in need of international protection; (b)An enhanced registry for Colombian refugees in Ecuador has been created by the Directorate-General for Refugees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration and UNHCR as an innovative mechanism for providing a swift and effective response to the thousands of Colombian nationals in need of international protection. The registry has been built up over the course of this year; (c)UNHCR provides humanitarian assistance to the most vulnerable refugees and asylum-seekers. These people are identified by social workers from the partner agencies of UNHCR on the basis of criteria set out in an assistance guidelines manual. The services it provides include medicines and laboratory tests for those who could not afford them otherwise and household items for asylum-seekers who arrive in the country without any belongings. It also provides shelter to recent arrivals or refugees in special need of protection. Each month UNHCR also distributes, on average, 7,500 food rations, provided by the World Food Programme (WFP), to refugee families and to asylum-seekers who are in particularly vulnerable situations and would otherwise be unable to feed their families; (d)Community support and integration projects address various issues, including education, health, income generation, community services, water and sanitation. Working together with the authorities, the local population and refugees in their host communities, UNHCR and its partner agencies analyse problems that limit the enjoyment of human rights and take action, insofar as possible, to resolve them; (e)Local integration initiatives have been developed under these projects to improve relations between Ecuadorians and refugees. Fairs, workshops, and sports and cultural events have been arranged to bring the two groups closer together. The host community and the community in need of international protection in fact share many of the same challenges, aspirations and experiences. Approximately 50,000 people, including recognized refugees and asylum-seekers, as well as a large number of Ecuadorian citizens, have benefited from the UNHCR community support and integration projects carried out in 2008; (f)The resettlement or relocation of refugees to another country involves the selection and transfer of refugees to a third country that has agreed to receive them, to protect them and to grant them a type of legal status that allows them to stay in the country. The resettlement of refugees with special needs has been used as an effective and lasting solution in Ecuador in the last few years, especially since 2006. UNHCR advocates the use of resettlement as an effective tool for protecting and responding to the needs of refugees whose life, liberty, safety, health or fundamental rights are at risk in the country of asylum. Resettlement is also used as a strategic means of sharing responsibility and alleviating the pressure on the first country of refuge or host country. This is especially important in the case of Ecuador, which has the largest refugee population in the entire region. 42.The UNHCR office in Ecuador has managed to resettle approximately 7.5 per cent of the total refugee population in the country, while about 2,800 people out of a population of 30,000 officially recognized refugees were resettled in third countries between 2006 and 2009. By any standards, the number of people who have been resettled is still a very small proportion of the total number of people in Ecuador in need of international protection (approximately 135,000 people), 96 per cent of whom are Colombians who have been forced to flee Colombia by the serious violence and insecurity associated with the internal conflict there. 43.As shown below, the Ecuadorian Government has put in place several plans to support refugees. Under Plan Ecuador, which focuses on improving the situation in the northern border area of the country, US$ 39,051,000 have been invested in the population in need of international protection. 44.Ecuador has received international assistance in addressing migration issues from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the International Labour Organization (ILO), AGECI (through the debt swaps programme), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and other organizations. These resources have been used to finance activities in a number of areas, including: the development of a legal framework for migration that is in keeping with the new Constitution; the fulfilment of international obligations, such as those assumed under the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the establishment of support networks for migrants and their families; the creation of information systems; and participation in international forums, such as the Ninth South American Conference on Migration. 45.The Government of Ecuador has taken action to combat discrimination and promote equality. The new Constitution of 2008 establishes a framework that is conducive to the implementation of Government projects and programmes on the basis of a social, intercultural, fair, inclusive and rights-based approach. One of the main principles enshrined in the Constitution is that Ecuador is a constitutional, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational, secular and decentralized republic that upholds social justice and operates under the rule of law (art. 1). 46.The current Constitution reaffirms the multicultural character of Ecuador by establishing plurinationality as the guiding principle for the recognition and protection of the diversity of its peoples. Interculturalism thus becomes an essential mechanism for ensuring peaceful coexistence and understanding among the various cultures of the country. 47.Pursuant to the new Constitution, the peoples, nations and communities of Ecuador possess the rights established in the Constitution and in international instruments, and the State has the duty to guarantee, without discrimination, the full enjoyment of all such rights. The principles governing the exercise of those rights are also set forth in the Constitution, which provides that the “most important duty of the State is to respect, and ensure respect for, the rights guaranteed in the Constitution”. 48.The chapter on collective rights (arts. 56 to 60) describes those rights in more detail. Article 57, in particular, recognizes and guarantees the rights of indigenous communities, peoples and nations, including those set forth in paragraphs 2 and 3: the right to “not be the target of racism or any form of discrimination based on cultural or ethnic identity or origin”, and the right “of communities subjected to racism, xenophobia or other related forms of intolerance and discrimination to recognition, reparation and compensation”. Racism and racial discrimination in the media are also prohibited. 49.The rights of nature, or Pachamama, are also recognized, and the rights and the governing principles of “good living” (sumak kawsay) are established. The latter include the rights to education, health, housing and social security. 50.A number of advances have been made in the recognition of human rights with the introduction of several new concepts that were not included in the Constitution of 1998. One of the most notable is the widely discussed notion of plurinationality. This concept is the antithesis that of the concept of a divided State and refers to the idea that nations, peoples and communities have collective rights and their own forms of government that are tied in with the territory in which they have lived for generations. 51.The new Constitution establishes several rights related to equality and non-discrimination. The most pertinent provisions are: (a)Title I, on the constituent components of the State, chapter one, on basic principles: (i)Article 2 deals with the furtherance of interculturalism and plurinationality through the recognition of Kichwa and Shuar as official languages for intercultural relations in Ecuador; (ii)Article 3, paragraph 1, guarantees the free and effective enjoyment of the rights set forth in the Constitution and in international instruments to which Ecuador is party on an entirely non-discriminatory basis. Specific mention is made of the rights to education, health, food, social security and water. (b)Title II, on rights, chapter one, on principles for the implementation of rights: (i)Article 10, on holders of rights, states that: “Persons, communities, peoples, nations and collectives are rights-holders and shall enjoy the rights guaranteed in the Constitution and in international instruments. Nature shall have the rights granted to it by the Constitution”; (ii)Article 11, paragraph 2, states that: “All persons are equal and shall enjoy the same rights, duties and opportunities. No person shall be discriminated against on the grounds of ethnicity, place of birth, age, sex, gender identity, cultural identity, civil status, language, religion, ideology, political affiliation, criminal record, socio-economic status, migrant status, sexual orientation, health status, HIV status, disability, physical difference or any other distinguishing feature, whether personal or collective, temporary or permanent, with the aim or effect of diminishing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of rights. All forms of discrimination shall be punishable by law. The State shall take affirmative action measures to promote genuine equality for the benefit of rights-holders who are in a situation of inequality.” (c)Title II, on rights, chapter two, on the rights of “good living” (arts. 12 to 34), states that the right to “good living” includes the rights to water, food and a healthy environment that ensures sustainability and good living, which is known as sumak kawsay (nature and humankind’s relations with its environment) in indigenous cultures and forms part of their world vision. The rights to communication and information, culture and science, education, habitat, housing, work and social security are also set forth in chapter two; (d)Chapter three, on the rights of persons and groups belonging to priority sectors (arts. 36 to 38), states that the following persons and groups are to be given special attention in an effort to include them as active participants in the country’s development: older adults; young persons (art. 39); migrants: the right to migrate is recognized, and no person is to be identified or considered as illegal on account of that person’s migrant status (art. 40); asylum-seekers and refugees, who shall enjoy special protection in order to guarantee them the full exercise of their rights (art. 41); displaced persons, who shall have the right to emergency protection and assistance (arbitrary displacement of persons is prohibited) (art. 42); pregnant women (art. 43); children and adolescents, whose overall development shall be promoted (arts. 44 to 46); persons with disabilities (arts. 47 to 49); persons with catastrophic illnesses (art. 50); persons deprived of their liberty (art. 51); and customers and consumers (arts. 52 to 55). This recognition of rights on the basis of the particular characteristics of each group focuses on the specific needs that must be addressed in order to achieve genuine equality; (e)Chapter four, on the collective rights of communities, peoples and nations: (i)Articles 56 to 60 refer to the inclusion of Afro-Ecuadorians as persons entitled to the same rights (art. 59) as those established for indigenous peoples, communities and nations; (ii)Articles 56 to 58 provide for the recognition of the indigenous peoples, communities and nations, the Afro-Ecuadorian peoples, the Montubio peoples and communes and guarantee their collective rights. These rights include: the right to not be the target of racism or any form of discrimination based on cultural or ethnic identity or origin; the right of collectives that have been subject to racism, xenophobia or other related forms of intolerance and discrimination to recognition, reparation and compensation; and the right of men and women to enjoy these collective rights without discrimination under conditions of fairness and equality. The collective rights of Afro-Ecuadorians as one of Ecuador’s ancestral communities have thus been recognized more explicitly than they were in the Constitution of 1998; (iii)Article 60 states that the indigenous, Afro-Ecuadorian and Montubio peoples are entitled to establish administrative districts in order to help preserve their cultures; (iv)Article 65, on gender equality, provides that the State shall promote gender parity in elected or appointed public office, in its executive and decision-making institutions and in political parties and movements. The names of men and women candidates included in electoral lists shall appear alternately and sequentially. The State shall take affirmative action to guarantee the participation of sectors that are discriminated against. (f)Chapter six, on freedom rights: (i)Article 66, paragraphs 4, 6, 28 and 29: The right to formal equality, substantive equality and non-discrimination. The right to voice one’s opinion and express one’s thinking freely in all of its forms and manifestations. The right to a personal and collective identity, which includes having a first name and last name that are duly registered and freely chosen, and the right to preserve, develop and strengthen the tangible and intangible characteristics of identity, such as nationality, family origins, and its spiritual, cultural, religious, linguistic, political and social manifestations. Freedom rights also include: Recognition of the fact that all persons are born free. The prohibition of all forms of slavery, exploitation, servitude and smuggling and trafficking in persons. The State shall take measures to prevent and eliminate trafficking in persons and to protect and rehabilitate victims of trafficking and of other violations of freedom. (ii)Article 67 states that: “The family in its various forms is recognized. The State shall protect the family as the fundamental unit of society and shall guarantee conditions that wholly support the fulfilment of its purpose. Families shall be constituted by legal or common-law ties and shall be based on the equality of rights and opportunities for their members. Marriage is the union of a man and a woman and shall be based on the free consent of the contracting parties and on the equality of their rights, obligations and legal capacity.” (g)Chapter seven, on the rights of nature: (i)Articles 71 and 72 recognize the rights of nature, which, in the indigenous vision of the world, is known as Pachamama. The two essential rights of nature are the right to complete restoration and the right to the regeneration and sustainment of nature’s life cycles; (ii)Article 83, paragraphs 10 and 14, provide for: Promotion of unity and equality in diversity and in intercultural relations Respect and recognition of ethnic, national, social, generational and gender differences and differences in sexual orientation and identity (h)Title IV, chapter three, on the executive branch of government, and transitional provisions: (i)Articles 156 and 157 of the second section of chapter three, on the executive branch of government, and transitional provision 6 provide for the establishment of national equality councils as bodies responsible for ensuring the full observance and exercise of the rights established in the Constitution and in international human rights instruments. These councils are to be comprised of an equal number of representatives of civil society and of the State and are to be chaired by a representative of the executive branch; (ii)Article 242 provides that the State is to be organized into regions, provinces, cantons and rural parishes. Special administrative arrangements may be made for environmental conservation purposes or for ethnocultural or demographic reasons. The autonomous metropolitan districts, the Province of Galápagos and indigenous and pluricultural administrative districts shall operate under special schemes; (iii)Article 257 states that indigenous or Afro-Ecuadorian administrative districts may be formed within the framework of the country’s political and administrative organizational structure. These districts will exercise the powers of the corresponding autonomous territorial government and are to be governed by the principles of interculturalism and plurinationality and in accordance with collective rights. Parishes, cantons and provinces comprising mainly indigenous, Afro-Ecuadorian, Montubio or ancestral communities, peoples or nations may adopt this special administrative system provided that a referendum is held and at least two thirds of the valid votes cast are in favour of its establishment. Two or more districts administered by indigenous or pluricultural territorial governments may join together and form a new district. The structure, functions and authorities of such districts are to be defined by law. (i)Title VII, on the rights of nature and on the plan for “good living” (arts. 340 to 415) as a national system for promoting equity and social inclusion through institutions, policies, programmes, legislation and services, states that the principal rights associated with this system are the rights to: inclusion and equity; education; health; social security; sport and leisure time; habitat and housing; culture; social communication; science, technology and ancestral knowledge; risk management (protection against natural disasters); food sovereignty; biodiversity; and natural resources. 52.As indicated in the core document, there is a second tier of legislation that has been introduced to protect the rights to non-discrimination and equality. 53.The President of the Republic, Rafael Correa Delgado, by Decree No. 749 of 15 November 2007, created the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights with a view to the implementation of effective mechanisms for promoting human rights and disseminating information on legal matters and proceedings and to the improvement of the services provided by the institutions of the justice system. 54.The Office of the Under-Secretary for Human Rights and the Coordination of Public Defender Services of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights has issued a manual and created mechanisms to help members of the public to exercise their rights. The Office of the Under-Secretary also formulates public policies aimed at protecting the rights set forth in the Covenant. 55.The following figure shows the results of a survey conducted in September 2008 to determine how much members of the general public know about their rights and the Government mechanisms that are in place to protect those rights. Respondents were asked to answer the question: “How would you rate the efforts made by Ecuador to defend the human rights of its citizens?” Survey on human rights defence efforts Source: Ministry of Justice and Human Rights . 56.The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights is working with the National Secretariat of Planning and Development on a project to develop a system of quantitative and qualitative indicators of justice and human rights in Ecuador for implementation in 2011. The goal of the project is to put into place a system of indicators that will not only reflect the data compiled on the social and economic situation in the country but that will also make it possible to determine how fully human rights are being respected. The system will be developed on the basis of information on the structural factors that determine the effective enjoyment of human rights, such as: the recognition of human rights in the Constitution and other domestic legislation; the existence of mechanisms for participation and for ensuring transparency and accountability; and the design of public policies that are sufficiently flexible to allow room for addressing particular problems or aspects involved in the realization of a given right. 57.As part of the effort to combat discrimination, the National Secretariat for Migration has launched a campaign called Todos somos migrantes (“We are all migrants”) as a collective effort to raise awareness of the importance of migration as a fundamental dynamic in a globalized world, as an endless source of wealth and progress for the peoples of Ecuador and as an instrument for furthering intercultural understanding on the basis of respect and the integration of diversity. 58.The campaign is built on the ideals of universal citizenship, solidarity and fraternity and the rejection of all forms of discrimination, racism and xenophobia. The task is both complex and challenging, as there is an extremely strong trend in immigration policy worldwide towards tighter policies that entail elements of racism and tend to criminalize, repress or discourage immigration, in violation of the rights of millions of migrants all over the world. The universal citizen’s passport, which forms part of this initiative, symbolizes Ecuador’s comprehensive migration policy, which, it is hoped, will prove to be an inspiration to other countries and regions. 59.The campaign aims not only to garner the commitment and solidarity of citizens worldwide, but also to serve as a platform for promoting a series of meetings and activities to be hosted by social organizations and institutions in different cities around the world in 2009 and 2010. These activities will focus on analysing, developing and implementing interculturalism. 60.Article 9 of the Constitution of Ecuador guarantees non-nationals within its territory the same rights and duties as Ecuadorians. 61.Article 11 of the Constitution establishes that all persons are equal and that they shall enjoy the same rights, duties and opportunities. No person is to be discriminated against on the grounds of ethnicity, place of birth, age, sex, gender identity, cultural identity, civil status, language, religion, ideology, political affiliation, criminal record, socio-economic status, migrant status, sexual orientation, health status, HIV status, disability, physical difference or any other distinguishing feature, whether personal or collective, temporary or permanent, with the aim or effect of diminishing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of rights. 62.By law, non-nationals may remain in Ecuador as migrants or non-migrants and, in both cases, shall enjoy the same rights as nationals. 63.Ecuadorian law contains several provisions on the right to work, as listed below. 64.Article 560 of the Labour Code states that all foreigners wishing to enter the country in order to work for a person or organization, whether domiciled in Ecuador or elsewhere, must obtain a work permit and have their names entered into the Aliens Registry in accordance with articles 10 and 12 of the Aliens Act. 65.There are also various laws governing the exercise of certain professions by foreigners. Examples include: (a)Article 35 of the Professional Architects Act, which states that foreign architectural staff employed in Ecuador must obtain a temporary licence from the corresponding provincial association of architects before being granted the applicable visa; (b)Article 29 of the Professional Engineers Act, which states that foreign engineering staff employed in Ecuador must obtain a temporary licence from the Society of Engineers of Ecuador; (c)Article 27 of the latest regulations on the performance of the year of rural service that is one of the requirements for the award of a degree in medicine, dentistry, obstetrics or nursing, which states that foreign professionals may not choose to complete their year of rural service in locations within the border area nor engage in exchanges; (d)In the case of asylum-seekers and refugees, article 42, paragraph 7, of the implementing regulations of the Aliens Act states that foreigners admitted under the preceding provisions of the Act or under diplomatic asylum treaties shall abide by certain rules, such as those established by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs concerning the activities, including paid work, in which an asylum-seeker or refugee may engage. Such activities are not subject to the regular rules in view of the special status of political asylum-seekers and refugees. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs will therefore issue such persons with identification documents that are duly numbered, signed and stamped by the corresponding Ministry official. These documents will display the bearers’ full names, their official status as political asylum-seekers or refugees, personal identification details, their photograph and signature. They will also contain a pledge by the bearer to refrain from participating in political activities, to abide by Ecuadorian law and to comply with the provisions of international conventions on asylum and refuge. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs will also issue a document granting the bearer a 12-IV visa, which authorizes the bearer to engage in gainful employment. No other formalities are required of political asylum-seekers or refugees for this purpose. This identification document, which is to be issued in card form, is a fully valid form of identification for official purposes. Asylum-seekers and refugees must register once a year with the National Directorate of Migration. 66.Migration flows in Ecuador have changed dramatically over the past decade, and Ecuador is now in the complex position of being a country of origin, destination, transit and return. 67.Domestic legislation clearly needs to be completely overhauled in the light of the new approach being taken to migration in order to guarantee non-nationals the economic rights set forth in the Covenant. 68.This matter has not been duly addressed by the country’s legal institutions, which continue to reflect values and principles that are not compatible with the new Constitution. 69.It has thus become necessary to establish a coordinated, participatory, intersectoral process for designing and assembling an entirely new regulatory framework for migration. That framework should consist of a single systematic, comprehensive, coherent body of legislation for regulating the legal and institutional aspects of migration in Ecuador in compliance with national and international human rights standards. 70.This comprehensive legal reform is being pursued on the basis of intersectoral cooperation and coordination. Various mechanisms for dialogue are being used to obtain input from Ecuadorians at home and abroad, as well as from immigrants, refugees and their families, civil society organizations, international cooperation agencies and the State institutions currently working in this area. 71.The objectives of the National Secretariat for Migration, as well as the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, are to further the legal reform process with a view to organizing the corresponding institutional framework and setting up the mechanisms needed to protect the rights of Ecuadorians abroad and the rights of foreigners in Ecuador. Work towards those objectives is currently under way. 72.At the international level, Ecuador has been promoting the new vision of migration policy enshrined in the Constitution in regional and global events such as the first and second meetings of the Andean Forum on Migration, the eighth and ninth sessions of the South American Conference on Migration and the second and third meetings of the Global Forum on Migration and Development. This effort is focusing on the development of a comprehensive migration policy founded upon human rights and human development. C.Article 3: legislation and measures to eliminate discrimination between men and women 73.Under article 11, paragraph 2, of the Constitution of 2008, the State shall adopt affirmative action measures to promote true equality for rights-holders who are in a position of inequality. 74.Article 65 of the Constitution guarantees that the State shall promote the equal representation of men and women in nominated and appointed government posts, in leadership and decision-making posts, and in political parties and movements. They shall be included alternately and sequentially in candidate lists for party-list elections. The State shall adopt affirmative action measures to ensure the participation of groups subject to discrimination. 75.Article 66, paragraph 4, of the Constitution recognizes and guarantees the right to formal equality, substantive equality and non-discrimination. 76.Article 70 establishes that the State shall make use of a specialized mechanism as provided for by law for the design and implementation of policies to achieve equality between men and women and shall mainstream a gender perspective in plans and programmes and provide technical assistance for the compulsory implementation of those policies in the public sector. 77.As explained above in the section on the implementation of article 1 of the Convention, the bodies previously known as national councils, such as, in the case of gender issues, the National Council for Women (CONAMU), which was established in 1998, are being restructured and converted into national equality councils. 78.The Constitution of 2008 contains inclusive language that gives visibility to women as rights-holders, thereby giving effect to article 1 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. 79.One of the programmes to have been established during the reporting period is the Equal Opportunities Plan 2005–2009, which was developed by CONAMU, as the lead agency for public policy on women’s rights. This plan has been declared to have the status of a Government policy, and its implementation is mandatory in the public sector. The plan has an intercultural focus and centres on actions to promote the human rights of indigenous women and women of African descent. In 2008 it was extended to include migrant women. It involves a broad range of action and brings together the efforts of various women’s organizations nationwide. 80.The four focal points of the Equal Opportunities Plan 2005–2009 are as follows: (a)Promotion and protection of the right to participate in social and political affairs, women’s right to exercise their citizenship and democratic governance; (b)Promotion and protection of the rights to a life free of violence and to peace and health, sexual and reproductive rights and access to justice; (c)Promotion and protection of cultural and intercultural rights and the rights to education, quality of life and autonomy; (d)Promotion and protection of economic, environmental and labour rights and access to financial and non-financial resources. 81.Measures for meeting the needs of different groups of women have been incorporated into the Equal Opportunities Plan under the third focal point (promotion and protection of cultural and intercultural rights and the rights to education, quality of life and autonomy). Its implementation has included the use of measures focusing on collective rights as a fundamental element in the promotion and realization of equality in diversity for women. 82.In order to address this issue, steps were taken to raise awareness of collective rights. This led to the development of a cross-cutting intercultural approach that encompasses all four focal points of the Equal Opportunities Plan and introduces a perspective based on ethnic diversity among women. The work done in this area has a direct bearing on the work of CONAMU. 83.These programmes have focused on teaching rural Ecuadorian women how to exercise their rights and on the regularization of land titles as a means of benefiting women. Ecuador has mainstreamed a gender perspective into these processes and, as part of that effort, introduced a training programme on women’s rights for various groups in Ecuador, including all civil servants. The beneficiaries have been rural women, including Ecuadorian women of African descent and indigenous and Montubio women. The Government is currently evaluating this process. 84.CONAMU and the Council for the Advancement of the Nations and Peoples of Ecuador have signed a cooperation agreement to “promote and consolidate the inclusion of interculturalism, a gender perspective and individual and collective rights in the discussion, design, drafting and implementation of public policies, strategies and programmes”. 85.Within this framework, in November 2008 a national workshop was held for indigenous midwives. The aims of the workshop were to recover ancestral knowledge and promote women’s human rights. This provided an opportunity to disseminate information about the Free Maternity and Child Health Care Act and the collective rights of women. 86.Within the framework of the new Constitution, the Government is also mounting an inter-agency effort to strengthen the gender perspective in the areas of interculturalism, plurinationality, indigenous justice, promotion of good living, gender and identity, political participation, gender-sensitive budgets, public policy on women and the family, poverty, and gender and development, in accordance with its international obligations (the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (No. 169) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). 87.Given their vulnerability and diversity, women of African descent and indigenous, Montubio and campesino women are a national policy priority for the State. Action in this area includes the TCP/ECU/3202 project entitled “Constructing a Priority National Policy on Rural Women”, which was approved by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in October 2008. Its primary objective is precisely to work with rural women in Ecuador from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds to develop a policy with a focus on gender, the environment, interculturalism, and individual and collective human rights. 88.Action to benefit migrant women is being taken within the framework of the Round Table on the Movement of Persons. This includes the adoption of a number of measures in the Metropolitan District of Quito, where the municipal government has introduced the Ordinance on the Movement of Persons in the Metropolitan District of Quito. The Ordinance, which incorporates a gender perspective, guarantees the right of immigrants to participation, social integration and access to the administration of justice. It also provides for training for municipal civil servants and for members of the general public, along with preferential treatment for migrants in the city. 89.Under Plan Ecuador, the Government, through the Transitional Council, is taking steps to assist the population living near the country’s northern border. One of the main such measures is the implementation of a comprehensive development plan in the northern border area. This plan aims to mainstream the gender perspective in actions being planned and carried out by the technical secretariat of Plan Ecuador in order to promote gender equity and foster gender mainstreaming in national and local public policies related to the area of activity covered by the Plan. The actions taken under the Plan have included the organization of a training programme in late 2008 on women’s human rights under the new Constitution. This programme targeted women’s organizations, organizations for migrant and displaced women, civil servants and the staff of organizations working to promote women’s rights in the border area, particularly in the provinces of Carchi, Sucumbíos and Esmeraldas. 90.The country has updated, sex-disaggregated statistics that can be used to increase the visibility of the situation of Ecuadorian women. This information has been used to prepare other valuable inputs, such as the document entitled Mujeres y Hombres del Ecuador en Cifras (“The women and men of Ecuador in figures”), which shows up the existence of gender and ethnic inequalities, and the 2008 version of the SIMUJERES system of gender indicators, which provide a picture of the situation of women and the gender inequalities that exist. The SIMUJERES indicators are also disaggregated by area, age and ethnicity. 91.Through CONAMU, the Government has taken a series of steps over the course of the reporting period to strengthen and promote the rights of women and to bolster women’s organizations. It also continues to provide training to leaders from various women’s organizations and communities throughout the country. Technical support was also provided in 2008 to the National Council of Black Women and the Rural Parish Councils Women’s Association in order to assist them in the drafting of proposals to be submitted by women’s organizations for inclusion in the country’s political agenda. D.Articles 4 and 5: international obligations 92.Ecuador is a party to most United Nations and inter-American international human rights instruments, as well as to ILO conventions and treaties on international humanitarian law. 93.Title VIII, on international relations, chapter two, of the Constitution of 2008 sets forth various provisions regarding international treaties and instruments. Once a treaty or other such instrument is ratified by Ecuador, its implementation is subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution expressly states that, in respect of human rights treaties and other international human rights instruments, the human-centred principles of non-restriction of rights, direct applicability and open-endedness as set forth in the Constitution shall apply (art. 417). International treaties and instruments must be ratified by the President, and those concerning the rights and guarantees established in the Constitution must first be adopted by the National Assembly (art. 419, para. 4). 94.Ecuador co-sponsored the adoption of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 2008 in the United Nations Human Rights Council and, in 2009, pursuant to the Constitution of 2008, it held technical consultations with the national organizations concerned in order to encourage Governments to sign and ratify this international instrument as soon as possible. E.Article 6: measures to promote employment 95.During the current Administration of Rafael Correa, an economist by profession, provision was made in Executive Decree No. 117-A of 15 February 2007, published in Registro Oficial No. 33 of 5 March 2007, for the establishment of the Ministry for the Coordination of Social Development as the body responsible for harmonizing the policies and measures adopted by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Labour and Employment, the Ministry of Social Welfare (currently the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion), the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance, the National Secretariat of Planning and Development, the Ecuadorian Institute for Student Loans and Scholarships, the Ecuadorian Housing Bank and the National Secretariat for Migration 96.The Ministry for the Coordination of Social Development is also responsible for drafting, designing, monitoring, evaluating and following up on public policies. To this end, it formulated social agendas for 2007 and 2008 which served as a basis for follow-up measures in connection with each of the institutions under its mandate. Management and process indicators included in the Government Information System, which is an official source of data designed to promote accountability and transparency, were used for this purpose. 97.A technical report prepared in March 2009 indicates that the elimination of outsourcing in Ecuador has boosted formal employment by spurring the direct creation of 158,680 jobs that provide employees with benefits. The sectors displaying the steepest growth were construction and manufacturing, followed by agriculture, mining, electrical power and trade, as shown in the following table: Study on the elimination of outsourcing Source: Ministry for the Coordination of Social Development. 98.The study highlights the fact that the elimination of outsourcing did not result in mass company shutdowns or layoffs. On the contrary, 106,524 persons ceased to work under outsourcing contracts and were instead recruited directly, and 51,488 net new jobs were created. 99.The Government is working in the following five strategic areas to safeguard jobs and promote employment through the Socio Empleo (“employment partners”) programme, which is being implemented jointly by various State institutions. 100.Promotion and development of production. The Ministry for the Coordination of Production is working on a comprehensive strategy to promote production. One facet of this strategy is to be the creation of special Government lending instruments designed especially for small- and medium-sized businesses. One such instrument is the electronic factoring programme of the National Finance Corporation. A business development programme is also being established that will cover not only small- and medium-sized industrial enterprises, but also small- and medium-sized enterprises in the handicrafts, tourism, services and other sectors. Through this programme, the necessary technical assistance and technology transfer can be provided to help bring about changes in production patterns. 101.Economic inclusion and the promotion of a people- and solidarity-based economy. The State has increased service coverage and efficiency. Working along these lines, the current Administration has approved a proposal put forward by the Ministry for the Coordination of Social Development, the National Secretariat of Planning and Development, the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion and the Ministry of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries for the reorganization of the country’s economic inclusion programmes, particularly those related to agriculture. These ministries also proposed the establishment of the National Institute for a People- and Solidarity-based Economy, an institution that would specialize in agricultural outreach services and the Socio programmes of the Ministry for the Coordination of Social Development. Nearly US$ 50 million will be invested in the programmes managed by these three institutions; these funds are to be used for technical assistance to improve the productivity of small production units, both in the agricultural sector and in marginal urban areas. In addition, the national microfinance system will make another US$ 60 million available to assist microentrepreneurs and to bolster the creation of a people- and solidarity-based economy. These programmes have already boosted the incomes of 200,000 households, and programme coverage is to be expanded to 300,000 households this year. 102.Employment services and business ventures – Socio Empleo. Socio Empleo is a strategy developed by the Government to overcome the socio-economic problems facing the country. The strategy is based on the idea that a fundamental pillar of current social policy is the creation of decent jobs. It includes a comprehensive array of training services, job certification, internships in the public and private sectors, job placement services and support for microentrepreneurs in the form of information, credit and capital. 103.On the basis of an integrated action strategy, the programme is designed to remove the various obstacles to entry into the labour market, especially in priority sectors. This effort is backed by a strong commitment to fostering human development by improving people’s knowledge base, skills and abilities by providing them with training using a learning-by-doing methodology. 104.The Ministry for the Coordination of Social Development is also promoting a national job certification system for persons who have acquired trades and expertise through hands-on experience but do not possess any certification – a lack which has a direct effect on their incomes. Under this system, credentials will be issued to people who have the requisite knowledge to perform a given job. 105.In order to assist young job-seekers and persons wishing to change careers who lack the necessary experience, Socio Empleo is working to expand the internship system in both the public and private sectors. In the private sector, this programme was launched in the provinces of Guayas and Pichincha under an agreement with the Federation of Chambers of Tourism for the provision of training to young people from the poorest neighbourhoods to prepare them to take up internships. 106.The ultimate objective of the programme is to promote entry into the workforce. It is therefore designed to help the various ministries and local governments, as well as private employment agencies, to be as effective as possible in serving as an interface between labour supply and demand. The aim is thus to connect up the various labour exchanges and to create an optimized nationwide mechanism for this purpose. 107.In 2009, a total of 10,600 jobs for manual workers were created in construction projects financed by the Banco del Estado, while 3,000 job opportunities for technicians were provided through Socio Empleo Profesional. This initiative of the Banco del Estado, whose aim is to provide technical assistance to support institution-building, is part of the Socio Empleo programme of the Ministry for the Coordination of Social Development. The length of these employment contracts could be anywhere from two months to a year or more, and this was not taken into account when compiling these figures, which is why they are referred to as employment “opportunities”. 108.Another one of the benefits that Socio Empleo provides for entrepreneurs is comprehensive technical assistance to backstop their business ventures. More resources have been allocated for these initiatives (Socio Micro, Socio Joven) so that they can provide seed capital, technical assistance, training and market access assistance. The work being done in this area has continued with Socio Micro Pan, Socio Micro Tienda and Socio Micro Vulcanizadora. 109.There are currently eight Socio Empleo centres in the largest provincial capitals in the country: Guayaquil, Quito, Machala, Cuenca, Ambato, Esmeraldas, Manta and Loja. 110.In 2009, a survey of unemployed families known as the “social register” was taken in order to determine respondents’ eligibility, depending on their circumstances, for Government social benefits. The Government has made evident progress towards building a national dialogue that includes all sectors of the population as a basis for designing economic measures to respond to the crisis, reinforcing the dollarization of the economy and, above all, sustaining employment levels. The rate increases agreed upon with the financial sector in order to maintain lines of credit and joint programmes such as Socio Solidario and Socio Ahorro are part of this effort. 111.Public investment and infrastructure. The Government has worked to protect public investment, particularly in areas that will further the social development process. An unprecedented infrastructure plan has been devised that will improve transport, technological and logistical connectivity and that will upgrade the energy grid. The ultimate aim of these efforts is to achieve true system-wide competitiveness and thus promote production in Ecuador. 112.Economic protection for households. The Government has maintained an ongoing policy for the protection of the incomes of Ecuadorian families. Examples of measures taken to bolster the household economy include placing a freeze on the price of fuel, lowering electricity rates and providing free school uniforms. 113.The Labour Code has been amended to facilitate the entry of persons with disabilities into the workforce. Article 42 of the Code stipulates that, in the first year of the application of the Labour Code Amendment Act, counting from the date of its publication in the official gazette, public or private employers with at least 25 workers are required to employ at least one person with a disability in a permanent position that is appropriate to that person’s skills, physical condition and individual abilities, while respecting the principles of gender equity and the diversity of disability. Persons with disabilities shall account for 1 per cent of each employer’s workforce in the second year of the amendment’s application, 2 per cent in the third year, 3 per cent in the fourth year, and 4 per cent in the fifth and all following years. 114.The employment contracts for these persons must be in writing and must be registered with the corresponding labour inspectorate, where a registry will be kept specifically for this purpose. If a person with a disability is unable to sign an employment contract, then it is to be signed by his or her legal representative or guardian. A special identity card will be issued to such persons by the National Council for Persons with Disabilities. 115.The Labour Code includes an entire chapter on employment for persons with disabilities. The overarching objective of its provisions is to ensure that such persons have access to the full range of types of employment in both urban and rural areas. 116.In an accountability report on the action taken to integrate persons with disabilities into the workforce, the Ministry of Labour lists the following programmes: (a)Integration and reintegration of persons with disabilities into the labour force. The beneficiaries of this programme are persons with disabilities of working age; 1,778 of such persons have obtained regular employment nationwide. There are plans to help 3,000 persons with disabilities gain entry or return to the workforce in 2009; (b)Mothers helping mothers. This programme is designed to benefit mothers with intellectual and multiple disabilities. A total of 35 legally constituted microenterprises have been organized by groups of up to eight families per enterprise in Pichincha, Chimborazo and Pastaza. A total of 585 mothers, their children and other family members have received vocational and life-skills training, and there are 80 trained advisers providing technical and logistical support in each locality. This initiative was implemented in the provinces of Esmeraldas, Pichincha, Loja, Azuay, Guayas and Los Ríos. For 2009, there are plans to organize 200 microenterprises in the provinces of Chimborazo, Pastaza and Manabí; (c)Disability prevention. The target population is composed of persons with disabilities of working age, workers and employers. One of the most important results of this programme is that 800 entrepreneurs throughout the country have received training in the application of work safety standards in flower farms, banana plantations, mines, hotels, private security companies, cleaning companies and water treatment plants from the Metropolitan District of Quito and from chambers of industry and commerce; (d)Self-employment. The beneficiaries of this programme are microentrepreneurs with disabilities. They are provided with support in the form of start-up capital, advisory services, research services, evaluations, follow-up and monitoring, all of which are part of the Seed Capital Fund Programme carried out under an agreement between the Ministry of Labour and the National Council for Persons with Disabilities, with the participation of the Banco Nacional de Fomento, the country’s development bank. Through this programme, 337 persons with disabilities in the country have received assistance and training in the use of microcredit, and 2,000 persons with disabilities have received management training to help them learn how to run a microenterprise. There are plans to bring another 400 persons into the programme during the current year. In all, 791 loans for a total of US$ 920,435.37 were made, with the greatest number of those loan operations being conducted in the cities of Machala, Quito and Loja; (e)Defence of rights. The beneficiaries of this programme are workers with disabilities who file complaints concerning violations of their rights. Requests and complaints filed by 469 persons regarding violations and the restoration of their labour rights have been processed. The target for 2009 is to provide these services to 600 persons with disabilities; (f)Establishment of a project to promote local management in addressing disability issues in Ecuador. This project focuses on providing training for persons with disabilities in information and communications technologies, human resources development tools and work skills. The project was carried out at sector level, and 270 persons in all received training. Of that number, 110 had joined the workforce as of November 2008. The budget for the project was US$ 110,000; (g)Establishment of the project entitled “Mobile Entitlement Brigades for the Restoration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities”. This nationwide project mobilized brigades to provide support to persons with disabilities and was headed up by the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, the Civil Registry Office, the Ministry of Health and the National Council for Persons with Disabilities. As of November 2008, these brigades had registered about 1,000 persons with disabilities, recorded information about their technical assistance needs and prepared an evaluation of their situation in order to establish their eligibility for Human Development Vouchers. The budget for the project was US$ 354,842. 117.The National Secretariat for Migrants of Ecuador has created a number of employment and production programmes, including the Plan Bienvenid@s a Casa: Proyectos Productivos (“Welcome home: production projects”), which provides support to returning Ecuadorian migrants and their families. As a result of the plan, as of June 2009 a total of 1,710 persons had obtained employment in projects managed by the Cucayo Fund (84 ventures); in addition, 60 families had received microcredits to start up tourism projects (through the National Secretariat for Migrants and the Banco Nacional de Fomento), and 87 families were running tourism businesses or preparing to do so. 118.The Cucayo Fund seeks to reintegrate returning migrants into the country’s production structure by providing seed capital grants for business start-ups, together with specialized technical assistance, through a network of qualified business mentors (advisers). Seed capital is granted to migrants who wish to open a business or continue their current business activity. The grants amount to 25 per cent of the total project investment up to a maximum of US$ 15,000 for individual and family projects and US$ 50,000 for joint projects. Beneficiaries must put up matching funds or, in some cases, depending on the scale of the project, must invest a larger sum. 119.In the second quarter of 2009, the National Assembly debated a bill in support of retailers, self-employed persons and microentrepreneurs. The objective of the bill is to regularize informal work, improve competitiveness and prevent the seizure of merchandise within that sector. Statistics submitted to the Assembly indicate that about 40 per cent of the population works in the informal economy, and these persons must not be denied the right to work and to earn a living. 120.This bill aims not only to regularize informal retailing and microenterprises in Ecuador, but also to promote access to credit through the national financial system and registration in the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute (which affords access to all the corresponding benefits and loan facilities). 121.The bill was approved on first reading by the National Assembly and is awaiting final adoption in the coming months. 122.The Labour Code includes several articles on summary dismissals, such as article 154, paragraph 2, and articles 188, 192 and 622. These articles set out safeguards for pregnant women, who cannot be summarily dismissed under any circumstances (art. 154, para. 2); provide for severance payments based on the number of years of service (art. 188); establish that a change of work assignment without notice shall be considered to be a summary dismissal (art. 192); and sets out a number of measures to benefit workers if a request for authorization of dismissal is approved (art. 622). 123.The Ecuadorian Vocational Training Service (SECAP) provides vocational and specialized training, and skills certification for people in the primary (agriculture, forestry and mining), secondary (industry and manufacturing) and tertiary (trade and services) sectors of Ecuador’s economy. Three major categories of vocational training are currently provided. Within each of these categories, a number of specific vocational training modules are offered by SECAP. Categories and modules Training for young people Training for adults Training for technicians Training for trainers Add-on training courses Retooling courses Skills-building courses Source: SECAP. 124.T ypes of vocational training offered by SECAP. Within these categories and training modules, SECAP offers courses relating to the following economic sectors: (a)Agriculture: crop-farming and stock-raising; (b)Industry: metal mechanics, auto mechanics, electricity and electronics, industrial garment-making, graphic arts, civil construction, wood-working and furniture-making, leather processing and footwear manufacture, agribusiness, textiles and handicrafts; (c)Trade and services: administration, marketing, finance, services (hospitality industry, health and nutrition, beauty and cosmetology, tourism and others), information technology and languages. 125.SECAP also offers programmes in business development and microentrepreneurship that cover such areas as business advisory and consulting services, technical assistance and system-wide training. Instructors in all three branches (training, instruction, advanced training) are highly experienced in the corresponding technical and administrative fields. Ecuadorian instructors partner with foreign experts under international technical cooperation agreements that Ecuador has signed with friendly Governments such as those of Japan, Spain, Germany, Brazil, the United States of America and others. 126.Length of the vocational training courses provided by SECAP. The duration of SECAP training programmes varies depending on the type of training and the field of specialization concerned: (a)Instruction: up to 60 hours; (b)Training: from 1,200 to 3,000 hours; (c)Training courses leading to technical certification: 4,500 hours; (d)Refresher or advanced training: 3,424 hours. 127.Vocational training strategies have been developed for various settings and time frames, including combined venues (training centre/company), training provided at the SECAP centre only or at the company site only, mobile training modules, special-purpose courses and distance learning. 128.Vocational training modules are tailored for persons from the formal and informal sectors of the economy and for disadvantaged persons. 129.The types of certification awarded by SECAP upon completion of the various vocational training activities are as follows: (a)Vocational training certificates are issued to people who complete between 1,200 and 3,000 hours of vocational training; (b)Technical training certificates are issued to people who complete a technical vocational training course of study in their chosen area of specialization. They must also have completed the tenth year of the basic education cycle; (c)Certificates of completion are issued to people who complete a modular unit or course in the “instruction” category; (d)Certificates of attendance are issued to people who participate in seminars or workshops or who do internships and who do not need to obtain a diploma or other sort of certification. 130.The Vocational Training for Social Inclusion Programme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment has helped to provide greater access to the job market and to create new employment opportunities for unemployed and underemployed members of vulnerable groups in both urban and rural areas. The courses offered under this programme focus on building production-related technical skills as a means of boosting labour productivity and the competitiveness of microenterprises and other small production units and of expanding employment opportunities, thereby improving the income and living conditions of workers in this sector. 131.In 2008, the Government signed 12 cooperation agreements with various social organizations for the implementation of training projects which benefited 15,600 Ecuadorians. The budget allocation for this purpose was US$ 1,348,545.15. F.Article 7: minimum wage 132.On 1 January 2009 the Government of Ecuador introduced national minimum wages for different groups of workers in accordance with article 1 of Resolution No. 00219, which was published in issue No. 498-2S of the Registro Oficial on 31 December 2008. The resolution established a standard minimum monthly wage of US$ 218 for private-sector workers in general, including workers in small-scale industry, agricultural workers and maquila workers; increased the minimum monthly wage for domestic workers from US$ 170 to US$ 200; and set a minimum monthly wage of US$ 185 for tradesmen and microentrepreneurs. 133.The new Constitution of 2008 includes various provisions concerning the rights of workers. Article 328 establishes that pay shall be fair, providing a decent wage at least sufficient to cover the basic needs of workers and their families, and shall be exempt from all forms of attachment, except for alimony and child support payments. The Government must set the minimum legal wage, which applies to all and is compulsory, and review it on an annual basis. Wages are to be paid within the agreed time frames and may be reduced or subject to deductions only with the express authorization of the worker and in accordance with the law. 134.The Constitution and the Labour Code establish the conditions of employment that apply to all Ecuadorians. Article 33 of the Constitution provides that work is a social right and duty, as well as an economic right, a source of personal fulfilment and the basis of the economy. It also affirms that the State shall guarantee that the dignity of working persons is fully respected and that they enjoy a decent life, fair pay and healthy employment that is freely chosen or accepted. 135.Article 326 sets out the principles that should underpin employment, including the principle of fair pay. It also states that, in the event of uncertainty as to the scope of any legal, regulatory or contractual provision applying in employment matters, the interpretation most favourable to workers shall prevail. 136.Article 7 of the Labour Code also establishes that, in the event of uncertainty as to the scope of any legal, regulatory or contractual provision applying in employment matters, court and administrative officials shall apply the interpretation most favourable to workers. Articles 55, 69, 79, 97, 111, 113, 152, 196, 216 and 328 of the Labour Code contain various provisions stipulating that all workers shall be entitled to annual holidays, two bonus payments per year, each of which shall be the equivalent of a month’s salary, equal pay, a share in profits, overtime pay, and paid and unpaid leave. 137.At the national level, in order to safeguard workers’ fundamental rights, the Ministry of Labour and Employment adheres to the provisions of the Labour Code which establish that administrative and court officials shall be required to furnish due and timely protection for workers in order to guarantee the effective exercise of their rights (art. 5). A comprehensive inspection programme was established to monitor and verify compliance with these legal provisions. 138.The above measures paved the way for the creation of a dedicated unit of inspectors who verify compliance with the various labour regulations that have been instituted in Ecuador in the course of recent years, particularly those introduced by Constituent Mandate No. 8 of 1 May 2008, which put an end to subcontracting, outsourcing, hourly wages and other forms of the casualization of employment. 139.The unit has trained teams composed of around 40 legal, administrative and technical professionals working to address workers’ many concerns in this area. Their duties include ongoing monitoring to verify compliance with labour regulations in the provinces of Pichincha, Guayas, Azuay, Tungurahua, Cañar, Manabí, Sucumbíos, Orellana, Morona Santiago and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, in particular. 140.The institutional employment policy adopted by the Ministry of Labour and Employment is fully aligned with the Constitution, the Labour Code and related laws, all of which are designed to safeguard one of workers’ most fundamental rights – i.e., job security. A core policy of the Ministry is therefore to make employers aware of their obligation to comply with the relevant legal provisions. These include an express provision that all employment contracts concluded by workers hired in application of Constituent Mandate No. 8 shall include a special clause stipulating that, in accordance with the provisions of article 171 of the Labour Code, workers’ previous service with the contracting company must be taken into account. 141.The provisions set forth by the National Constituent Assembly in Mandate No. 8 are of particular importance because they will strengthen the organizational, administrative and financial infrastructure of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, thereby enabling it to more effectively fulfil its role as the institution responsible for monitoring and safeguarding workers’ fundamental rights and providing greater legal security for employers. 1.Measures upholding the principle of equal pay for men and women for work of equal value 142.Article 331 of the Constitution stipulates that the State shall guarantee women equal access to employment, to vocational and professional training, and to development opportunities, fair pay and the option of self-employment. All necessary measures are to be adopted to eliminate inequality. 143.To help advance social equality and women’s integration into the labour market on equal terms, in 2007 CONAMU and the National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC) conducted the first time use survey ever to be carried out in Ecuador. The aim was to highlight the contribution of unpaid domestic labour to society and the economy and thus to promote the formulation of rights-based policies which will lead to the achievement of social equality between men and women. The survey findings, which were published in 2008, indicate that the mean total workload (sum of total hours engaged in paid work plus total hours engaged in unpaid work, on average) is 61.56 hours for men and 77.03 hours for women nationwide and 62.54 hours for men and 75.05 hours for women in urban areas. In rural areas, the average workload is 60.11 hours for men and 82.58 hours for women. 144.Women’s participation in the labour market has grown steadily over the past two decades, taking their overall participation rate in Ecuador from 30 per cent in 1998 to 52 per cent in 2006. 145.A large percentage of the working population is underemployed, with women most likely to fall into this category. Unemployment is most acute among the economically active female population. Nationwide, the unemployment rate is 9.40 for women and 4.36 for men. These levels of unemployment and underemployment indicate that, for women, access to paid work is still not effectively guaranteed. 146.An analysis of the structure of the economically active population shows that women account for 40.05 per cent of employees in the modern sector, 42.08 per cent of employees in the informal sector, 20.57 per cent of employees in the agricultural sector and 94.26 per cent of employees in the domestic service sector. The situation in the domestic service sector indicates that gender-based sociocultural patterns remain prevalent. 147.Although equal pay is guaranteed in principle, the practical reality remains very different, and the 2006 labour market survey confirmed the continuing existence of gender-based wage gaps. Women earn less than men throughout Ecuador. The average female wage is equivalent to 78 per cent of the average male wage or, in other words, for every US$ 100 dollars that men receive in wages, women receive, on average, US$ 78. It is the State’s duty to develop mechanisms for narrowing this gap. 2.Social security 148.Only 22 per cent of the economically active population in Ecuador has social security coverage. The difference between men and women is in this case minimal: 22.11 per cent of economically active men have coverage compared with 22.04 per cent of economically active women. There are marked differences between levels of coverage among the different groups of women, however. Only 12 per cent of indigenous women and 18 per cent of Afro-Ecuadorian women have coverage, compared with 23 per cent of mestizo women and 26 per cent of white women. This situation means that a large part of the population cannot exercise their right to social security and has serious implications for women’s lives. 149.Article 34 of the 2008 Constitution guarantees the right to social security to all persons, including those who perform unpaid work in the home, engage in rural subsistence activities or any other form of self-employment and unemployed persons. 150.The Ministry of Labour and Employment has the following statistics on this subject: (a)In general: (i)There are 139 workers associations, which between them have a total of 2,733 male members and 1,123 female members, which means that 41.1 per cent of their members are women; (ii)There are 121 works councils, with a total of 8,018 male members and 1,941 female members (24.2 per cent of the members are female); (iii)There are 33 other labour organizations with a combined membership of 154 men and 30 women (19.5 per cent of the members are female); (iv)The 353 registered trade unions have a combined membership of 12,786 men and 2,264 women (17.7 per cent of the members are female). (b)In management: (i)The country’s 139 workers associations are headed up by 223 men and 73 women (32.7 per cent of their directors are female); (ii)The 121 works councils are presided over by 264 men and 82 women (31.1 per cent of their directors are female); (iii)The 353 trade unions are led by 637 men and 61 women (9.6 per cent of union leaders are female). 151.The second portion of Article 331 of the Constitution prohibits all forms of discrimination, harassment or violence of any sort, whether direct or indirect, targeting women in the workplace. 152.In addition, the Criminal Code makes sexual harassment a criminal offence carrying prison sentences of between 6 months and 2 years, if the victim is an adult, and of between 2 years and 4 years if the victim is a minor. 153.Article 24 of the Civil Service Organization Act standardizes and harmonizes public-sector wages and establishes the duties of public servants, which include obeying senior officials’ orders, provided they are legitimate. Public servants are directed to refuse to obey superiors’ orders, in writing, if the orders in question are unlawful or immoral. They are to maintain their dignity in the discharge of their duties and in their public and private lives and to ensure that they do not disturb the public order or offend public morality and do not undermine the reputation of the institution within which they work. 154.Article 42 of the Labour Code sets out the obligations incumbent on employers in the private sector, which include the obligation to treat workers with due consideration and not to subject them to verbal or physical abuse. 155.The Prosecutor-General’s Office maintains a record of the number of convictions handed down in sexual harassment cases (a total of 26 since 2004): Sexual harassment cases Offences reported Official criminal investigations Charges brought Committal orders Source: Prosecutor-General’s Office. 156.The Labour Code, Health Organization Act and Social Security Act contain various chapters and provisions that regulate occupational health and safety and guarantee safe and healthy conditions for workers through, inter alia, training programmes and the development of health and safety regulations. 157.The National Statistics and Census Institute has drawn up the following table of economic activities in Ecuador and the number of people working in each area: Number of working persons and occupations Occupational groups (1-digit code) Economic activity (1-digit code) 1. Crop-farming, livestock production, hunting and forestry 2. Fishing 3. Mining and quarrying 4. Manufacturing 5. Electricity, gas and water 1. Government officials and managers of Government departments or private enterprises 2. Scientists, academics and other professionals 3. Technicians and mid-level professionals 4. Office employees 5. Service and sales workers 6. Farmers and skilled agricultural and fishery workers 7. Craft and related trades workers 8. Plant and machine operators and assemblers 9. Unskilled workers 10. Armed forces 11. Not stated 12. New workers Occupational groups (1- digit code) 7. Wholesale and retail trade 8. Hotels and restaurants 9. Transportation, storage and communications 10. Financial services 4. Clerical support workers 11. Real estate (sales, rentals, leasing and property development) 12. Public administration and defence 14. Health care and social work 15. Other community, social and personal services 16. Domestic service 7. Officials, operators and craftsmen: mechanics and other trades 17. Extraterritorial organizations and bodies Source: National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC). G.Article 8: right to form trade unions and right to strike 158.Article 326 of the Constitution enshrines not only the right to work but also the principle that workers shall be free to organize themselves without prior authorization. This includes the right to form trade unions, guilds, associations and other forms of organization and the right to freely join and leave such organizations. Employers are likewise guaranteed the right of organization. 159.In addition, article 440 of the Labour Code stipulates that workers and employers, without distinction and without the need for prior authorization, shall have the right to form the professional associations and trade unions that they consider appropriate and to join and to leave such organizations, in accordance with the law and the articles of association of the respective organizations. 160.The Labour Code also guarantees trade unions the independence to organize their activities without interference and to federate and join international trade union organizations, subject to any legal or other restrictions on the exercise of this right that may apply. 161.The Ministry of Labour and Employment registers all trade unions that have been established in accordance with the Constitution and other relevant legislation, specifically the Labour Code. Article 443 of the Labour Code details the documentation that must be submitted in order to form a trade union: a copy of the charter, three copies of the articles of association, a provisional list of the directors and a list of the founding members, of whom there should be no less than 30 in the case of workers associations and no less than 3 in the case of employers associations. 162.Article 447 of the Labour Code stipulates that the articles of association must include the following details: the name of the organization; the legal representative of the organization; an explanation of how its leadership is to be organized; the rights and obligations of members; disciplinary penalties and grounds and procedures for the expulsion of members; a description of how trade union funds are to be managed; provisions prohibiting the trade union or professional association from taking part in political party or religious activities and from making participation in such activities obligatory for its members; an express declaration of the desire to form an association; and the circumstances in which the trade union or professional association should be disbanded and the procedure to be adopted in that event. 163.In addition, title II of the Code (arts. 221 to 261) sets forth the provisions governing the conclusion of collective contracts and the rules for collective bargaining between employers and workers; it also sets a maximum period of 30 days for the conclusion of such negotiations. In addition, it provides that, in the event of disagreement between the parties, the matter shall be referred to a conciliation and arbitration board for consideration and settlement. The board is to be composed of five members: the labour inspector or deputy labour inspector, who serves as its chair, two members nominated by the employer and two members nominated by employees. The board is to issue rulings concerning the areas of disagreement only and is to hold hearings with the aim of reconciling the parties. If a settlement is reached, the board is to draw up an agreement setting out the terms of the settlement. If no settlement is reached, the board has a further six days to conduct enquiries and must issue a decision at the end of this period. The board’s decision will be immediately enforceable, although the parties will have two days in which to request clarification or an explanation, after which the board will have a further two days in which to respond. Article 248 provides that all collective agreements may be reviewed, in full or in part, upon their expiry or, if no expiration date has been set, once every two years at the request of either party. 164.In 2008, the Ministry of Labour registered 59 collective agreements covering a total of 12,076 workers nationwide. As of May 2009, there were a total of 665 collective agreements in force at the national level covering a total of 3,371 workers. 165.Article 326, paragraph 14, of the Constitution recognizes the right to strike of workers and their trade union organizations. It establishes that union representatives shall enjoy all necessary safeguards during strikes and that employers shall have the right to lock out their employees in accordance with the law. 166.Article 467 of the Labour Code recognizes workers’ right to strike, subject to the provisions which it sets out. 167.The Ministry of Labour and Employment reports that there have been 5 strikes and 57 collective disputes to date in 2009. Fifteen of the disputes ended in contractual settlements between the parties, while five were resolved by decisions of the conciliation and arbitration board. Five cases were withdrawn, five were discontinued and one was dismissed. As these figures show, none of the labour disputes was ended without being given due consideration. 168.Article 471 of the Labour Code prohibits workers in the private sector from calling a strike while the compulsory mediation process provided for in article 470 of the Code is under way. 169.With regard to the public sector, article 326, paragraph 15, of the Constitution prohibits the stoppage of the following public services: health and environmental sanitation services; education; judicial services; firefighting; social security; the provision of electricity, drinking water and sewerage services; oil and gas production; fuel processing, transportation and distribution; public transport; and postal and telecommunications services. H.Article 9: social security 170.Article 2 of the Social Security Act provides that all persons who receive remuneration for performing a job or providing a physical or intellectual service, whether or not they have a contract of employment, shall enjoy coverage, as members, under the general compulsory social security system. This provision covers, in particular: (a)Economically dependent workers; (b)Self-employed workers; (c)Independent professionals; (d)Business directors and proprietors; (e)Owners of sole-proprietor enterprises; (f)Self-employed minors; (g)All other persons covered by the compulsory general social security system by virtue of prevailing legislation and special decrees. 171.Persons working in small-scale fisheries and rural farmers working the land on their own behalf or on behalf of their community who do not receive an income from a public- or private-sector employer and do not contract workers from outside the community or other third parties to undertake economic activities under their supervision are required to apply for coverage under the special rural social security system. 172.Article 3 of the Social Security Act establishes that the general compulsory social security system is to insure its members against all contingencies that might affect their capacity to work and to earn an income commensurate with their usual occupation in the event of illness, maternity, workplace accident, old age, death, invalidity (including disability), and redundancy. 173.It also establishes that the rural social security system shall provide health (including maternity) benefits for its members and shall insure heads of household against contingencies such as old age, death and invalidity (including disability). Under the compulsory general social security system, disability coverage takes the form of invalidity insurance. The law provides that a special social security system may be established for the national police force and for the Armed Forces and that the social security institutions serving these bodies shall constitute part of the comprehensive public health network and social security system. 174.Pursuant to article 234 of the Social Security Act, invalidity, old age, total permanent disability, workplace accident and dependants’ pensions are to be increased at the start of each year in line with the rate of inflation for the previous year in order to offset any decline in the purchasing power of the pensions in the 12 months preceding the date of adjustment. 175.The law also establishes that the initial and ongoing pension entitlements of members who have contributed to the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute for 40 years or more shall in all cases be no less than the standard minimum wage set for the relevant occupational category by the Ministry of Labour and Employment. The minimum pension entitlements of pensioners who have paid social security contributions for less than 40 years are shown in the following table: Minimum monthly pension No. of years of contributions As a percentage of the standard minimum wage 10 years or less Between 11 and 20 years Source: Ecuadorian Social Security Institute. 176.Survivors’ pensions will be no less than 50 per cent of the standard minimum wage for the relevant occupational category. 177.Article 369 of the Constitution provides that: (a)The compulsory universal social security system shall provide coverage in the event of illness, maternity, paternity, workplace accident, redundancy, unemployment, old age, invalidity, disability, death and all other contingencies specified by law. Health-care benefits due in the event of sickness and maternity shall be provided through the comprehensive public health network; (b)Compulsory universal social security coverage shall be extended to the entire rural and urban population, irrespective of a person’s employment status. Health-care services for persons who perform unpaid domestic work or caregiving activities shall be funded from State contributions and allocations. The specific funding mechanism to be used for this purpose shall be defined by law; (c)Adequate funding shall be made available for the establishment of new benefits; (d)There are no restricted-access social security schemes in Ecuador. 178.In Ecuador, women and men have equal access to invalidity benefits and old-age pensions in terms of eligibility criteria and the method used to calculate their entitlements. 179.A new social security law is in the process of being drafted. Once adopted, the new law will facilitate the implementation of the compulsory universal social security system. In the interim, the Governing Board of the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute has issued special decisions in order to provide social security coverage to persons working in small family businesses and workers eligible for the internal revenue system’s simplified taxation scheme and will soon extend health coverage to members’ children and to orphans up to the age of 6. Social security coverage Ecuadorian Social Security Institute, general social security system Ecuadorian Social Security Institute, voluntary general social security system Ecuadorian Social Security Institute, rural social security system Armed Forces Security Institute and Police Social Security Institute Universal health insurance system Municipal social security schemes Source: National Statistics and Census Institute. 180.The Government of Ecuador is developing a national system to promote social inclusion and equity in accordance with article 340 of the new Constitution: “Article 340. The national system for social inclusion and equity is composed of a set of coordinated, interlinked systems, institutions, policies, standards, programmes and services designed to ensure the exercise and enforceability of the rights enshrined in the Constitution and the achievement of development objectives. The system shall be coordinated with the National Development Plan and the national decentralized system of participatory planning. It shall be guided by the principles of universality, equality, equity, progressivity, multiculturalism, solidarity and non-discrimination and shall operate in accordance with criteria of quality, efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, accountability and participation. The system encompasses the fields of education, health, social security, risk management, physical education and sport, habitat and housing, culture, communication and information, leisure, science and technology, demographics, safety and security, and transportation.” 181.The aim of the health system implemented by the current Administration through the Ministry of Public Health is to ensure access to health care for the country’s entire population by means of a regional planning programme underpinned by an approach to the promotion of health that encompasses epidemiological, sociocultural, gender-based and intercultural considerations. 182.Immigrants in Ecuador have access to health care. There are no restrictions on health services for any person, irrespective of his or her immigration status. 183.The national health policy is incorporated in all of the country’s laws, from the Constitution on down, and guarantees universal access to health-care services for the entire population, including migrants and their families. There is therefore universal coverage and equitable access without discrimination for all persons in accordance with their health-care needs. 184.The law specifies that, in medical emergencies, all persons, whether Ecuadorian or foreigner, have a right to receive treatment in any public or private facility, irrespective of their ability to pay. Health services are available to all immigrants in Ecuador, who are guaranteed access on the same terms as Ecuadorian nationals. 185.A survey conducted in 2007 by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), with assistance from the Millennium Social Research Centre (an institution supported by the National Secretariat of Planning and Development, the United Nations Development Programme and the Ecuador campus of the Latin American Social Sciences Faculty), found that 9 per cent of asylum-seekers and refugees receive humanitarian aid and that, for 14 per cent of asylum-seekers, the aid they receive through humanitarian organizations such as UNHCR, the Red Cross and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society constitutes their only source of income. This humanitarian aid is used primarily for food (63 per cent), followed by health services (13 per cent), education and housing (around 10 per cent each). 186.The survey results indicate that less than 10 per cent of refugees and asylum-seekers in Ecuador are enrolled in social programmes. According to the survey, aid programmes accessed by asylum-seekers include, first and foremost, food and nutrition programmes; secondly, the Human Development Voucher (a monthly cash subsidy for poor families); and, thirdly, NGO aid. 187.As mentioned above, the Free Maternity and Child Health Care Act was passed in 2007. However, access to health care remains limited, primarily because people are not aware of the benefits that this law affords women and children. According to the findings of the aforementioned survey, 50 per cent of refugees and asylum-seekers do not know that they are entitled to free maternity and child health care. One third (34 per cent) know that they are entitled to such care, while just under one fifth (16 per cent) mistakenly believe that they are not entitled to these health-care services. 188.In 2004, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a memorandum formally requesting the Ministry of Education and Culture to admit undocumented refugees to the Ecuadorian education system using a system of placement tests. The proposal was approved by the Office of the Deputy Minister of Education in December of the same year. 189.In 2006, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Education signed Ministerial Decision No. 455, which established the regulations governing refugees’ access to the Ecuadorian education system. Pursuant to these regulations, all refugees and asylum-seekers have the right to an education even if they lack the relevant documentation. 190.The findings of the 2007 UNHCR survey indicate that, while 73 per cent of the communities in which refugees and asylum-seekers have tended to settle have both primary and secondary schools, 21 per cent have a primary school only and 4.5 per cent have no educational establishments. Survey respondents were also asked whether they were currently studying. The corresponding cycle (i.e., primary, secondary or higher education), rather than the specific grade level, was noted down in order to determine what percentage of school-age persons were in education. The survey report indicates that 63 per cent of refugees and asylum-seekers are studying. 191.The current Constitution establishes that education is a lifelong human right and an absolute and unconditional obligation of the State and that, as a guarantee of equality and social inclusion and an indispensable prerequisite for good living, it shall therefore constitute a priority area for public policymaking and State investment. The Constitution also guarantees universal access, without discrimination, to a preschool, primary and secondary education. General comment No. 13 of the Committee likewise rightly affirms that “... education is the primary vehicle by which economically and socially marginalized adults and children can lift themselves out of poverty and obtain the means to participate fully in their communities”. 192.In accordance with these provisions, and with a view to reducing dropout rates among child asylum-seekers and safeguarding their rights by putting the best interests of the child first, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration has reached agreements with the Ministry of Education that give asylum-seekers and refugees unconditional access to educational services. Ministerial Decision No. 337, issued on 26 September 2008, guarantees this right to all persons, whether their immigration status is regular or irregular. Article 1 of the decision expressly stipulates that children and indigenous people in border areas shall not be denied access to education. 193.The decision also provides that placement tests will be given to children who have no school records. It is important to remember the context in which these people have sought asylum; often they have been forced to flee their country to protect their lives, leaving their belongings and personal documentation behind. 194.Ecuador has made progress in guaranteeing the right to work, and persons recognized as having refugee status may now work on a self-employed basis or as employees. In the case of asylum-seekers, however, obstacles remain. 195.Looking to the future, the Government of Ecuador intends to issue work permits to persons holding refugee status under article 23 of Executive Decree No. 3301 of 1992, which establishes that “presentation of the identification document issued to a refugee by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall be regarded as a sufficient basis for the issuance by the Ministry of Labour and Human Resources of a work permit”. 196.These work permits will be required for any persons wishing to engage in a remunerated activity (the current US$ 60 fee is to be waived in the future). Until then, the Ministry of Labour will continue to issue renewable 90-day provisional work permits. However, because refugees must have a 12-IV refugee visa before they obtain a work permit, in practice asylum-seekers (whose asylum-seeker certificates are not equivalent to a refugee visa) are unable to obtain a permit. As a result, the exercise of their right to work is restricted. The provisional nature of asylum-seekers’ status means that the only forms of work open to them are temporary activities, such as working on a self-employed basis under an informal trading permit obtained from the municipal authorities. In order to engage in such activities, asylum-seekers must submit a duly completed application accompanied by their asylum-seekers’ certificate, a health certificate issued by the municipal health unit, two passport photographs and proof of payment of the respective fee. 197.An important development in 2009 was the introduction of a large-scale registration programme (the Registro Ampliado, or “enhanced registry”) for asylum-seekers of Colombian nationality present in Ecuadorian territory. This Government initiative has been launched with the aim of granting refugee status to all persons in need of asylum; it is estimated that approximately 35,000 people had been registered by the time that this report was submitted. Under this registration programme, refugee cards are issued to new asylum-seekers and to asylum-seekers who have already applied for refugee status on the same day that they present themselves at the registry. This undoubtedly makes it more feasible for them to become gainfully employed prior to obtaining authorization to work from the Ministry of Labour under the procedure described above. The Directorate-General for Refugees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has informed the Government of Ecuador that it issued 10,603 refugee visas between 23 March and 4 July 2009 during the first phase of the registration programme in the northern province of Esmeraldas, which borders on Colombia. I.Article 10: the right to marriage; social services funding for childcare; people with disabilities; maternity 198.Under article 64, paragraph 2, of the current Constitution, marriage is defined as a union between a man and a woman that is based on the free consent of the two parties and their equality of rights, obligations and legal capacity. 199.The Constitution of 1998 and the Constitution in force since 2008 both guarantee the right to found a family, whether on the basis of a legally constituted marriage or a “stable and monogamous” common-law union. The Constitution guarantees men and women the right to enter into marriage with their free and full consent. 200.The Civil Code defines marriage as a solemn contract whereby a man and a woman unite in order to live together, procreate and help each other. An essential part of that contract is consent, without which the marriage is null and void. 201.Under article 83 of the Civil Code, men and women who have reached the age of 18 years may enter into marriage. Men and women under the age of 18 may marry with the prior consent of their parents (father and/or mother) or, in their absence, of their closest adult relatives. 202.Article 35 of the Constitution stipulates that elderly persons, children and adolescents, pregnant women, persons with disabilities, persons deprived of their liberty and those with catastrophic or highly complex illnesses shall receive specialized services on a priority basis in the public and private sectors. Services will also be extended on a priority basis to persons at risk, victims of domestic and sexual violence, abused children and the victims of natural and man-made disasters. The State shall provide special protection to persons who are doubly vulnerable. 203.Moreover, the Code on Children and Adolescents (published under Act No. 100 in issue No. 737 of the Registro Oficial of 3 January 2003) is designed to ensure that children and adolescents living in Ecuador receive the full protection that the State, society and families should provide with a view to achieving their integral development and ensuring their full enjoyment of their rights in freedom and with dignity and equity. 204.This legislation governs children’s and adolescents’ rights obligations and responsibilities, as well as the means of giving them effect, guaranteeing them and protecting them in accordance with the principle of the best interests of children and adolescents and the doctrine of comprehensive protection. 205.Since 2007, the Social Agenda for Children and Adolescents (ASNA) (“Working together for equity from the very beginning”) has also been in place. It sets forth the following policy objectives: (a)No infant under 28 days of age should die of preventable causes; (b)No child or young person should go hungry or suffer from malnutrition; (c)No child or young person should go without an education; (d)No child or young person should suffer ill-treatment; (e)No child or young person should carry out dangerous work; (f)Active participation in society and a sense of civic duty should be promoted. 206.In the context of the challenges involved in the implementation of the ASNA social agenda, the National Council for Children and Adolescents (CNNA), which is the lead agency for policies relating to children and young people, and the cantonal councils that deal with issues having an impact on children and adolescents are responsible for ensuring that the funding required to accomplish the ASNA objectives is allocated in a timely manner. Policy analysis therefore needs to be broadened to include an assessment of the implications of resource allocations, since safeguarding the rights of children and adolescents requires well-coordinated procedures for the allotment of sufficient resources. 207.It is important to monitor Government allocations for social expenditure on an ongoing basis, particularly in the case of funding earmarked for the improvement of the living conditions of children and adolescents. Social investments of this sort are a key instrument of fiscal policy and are in keeping with Government initiatives and priorities. 208.Monitoring the central government’s actions and priorities by means of an analysis of its budget is a highly useful means of safeguarding people’s rights and ensuring their universality. The main tool of economic policy is the budget and, as such, it has an influence on people’s well-being and on social development. Budget decisions have the greatest impact on people’s daily lives because they determine — among other services required to promote integral development — the quality of public education to be provided to children and adolescents, the kind of health-care services that will be furnished, and the kinds of social programmes that will be used to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. 209.For that reason, no assessment or follow-up of the ASNA social agenda can omit an examination of trends in executed budget expenditures in the social sector and for specific social programmes. 210.A brief, comparative analysis of central-government budget execution in the social sector shows that social spending increased markedly between 2007 and 2008. From 2007, when outlays amounted to US$ 2.69 million, the figure rose by 44 per cent to US$ 3.892 million in 2008. Information on the funds actually spent by the Government on key ASNA social programmes is set out below. 1.Budget execution for ASNA social programmes 211.Information on the execution of the budget for social programmes designed to put ASNA policies into practice is set forth below, along with a parallel analysis of the social programmes as such. Budget execution of Ministry of Health social programmes under Policy 1 Allocated budget Executed budget Percentage executed Comprehensive Care Programme (Life-Cycle Model) Free Maternity and Child Health Care Programme 24 948 782.00 Source: Prepared by CNNA on the basis of the Government Information System. 212.The Comprehensive Care Programme (Life-Cycle Model) used 65 per cent, or US$ 1,258,558, of the budget allocated to it. 213.The Free Maternity and Child Health Care Programme used almost all of its available resources, registering a quite satisfactory budget execution rate of approximately 95 per cent. It is clear, however, that more resources are needed to provide the additional services and care that could not be covered. 214.In aggregate terms, the programme turned in a good performance and met the majority of its goals. Several important areas, however, require improvement. The success of the programme depends in large measure on the availability of resources and the work done on a local level. Budget execution of social programmes under Policy 2 Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion Ecuador Aliméntate food programme School Meals Programme Food and Nutrition Programme 215.The table shows that the average budget execution of these programmes was well above 80 per cent. 216.The Ecuador Aliméntate (“feed yourself”) food programme used 85 per cent of its total allocation of US$ 20 million, and US$ 54.3 million was spent on the School Meals Programme, which was equivalent to 99 per cent of its allocated funding. The Ministry of Health’s Food and Nutrition Programme used all of its budget of US$ 14 million. Budget execution of social programmes of the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion and the Ministry of Education under Policy 3 Children’s Development Fund Child Rescue Operation Directorate for Comprehensive Child and Youth Services Spinning for Development School Uniforms Programme Textbooks Programme 217.This policy is implemented through social programmes of the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion and the Ministry of Education. The Children’s Development Fund spent more than 150 per cent of the resources that had been allocated to it. The Child Rescue Operation and the Directorate for Comprehensive Child and Youth Services used 90 per cent and 100 per cent of their allocations, respectively. The Spinning for Development School Uniforms Programme and the Textbooks Programme used 85 per cent and 90 per cent of their respective budget allocations. Budget execution of social programmes of the Ministry of Labour and Employment under Policy 4 Ministry of Labour and Employment – Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Programme 218.The Ministry of Labour and Employment used 100 per cent of the resources allocated (US$ 461,990) to its Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Programme. 219.The analysis of social investment in 2008 has thus revealed: (a)Shortcomings and imbalances between budget execution and institutional management (a failure to match planning processes with budgets and over-budgeting); (b)A need to strengthen the ministries’ internal capacities and, above all, to review their institutional management models in order to foster the introduction of results-based budgeting; (c)Weaknesses in social planning processes that undermine attempts to achieve optimum budget performance; (d)A need to increase the efficiency of planning procedures by establishing clear goals, indicators and cost projections and of plans, programmes and/or social projects by introducing appropriate timetables for their implementation; (e)The need for internal and external follow-up and evaluation mechanisms; (f)A need to improve social programme management through greater transparency and the analysis of processes, results and impacts. 220.The Institute for Children and the Family (INFA) was created in accordance with Executive Decree No. 1170 of July 2008. INFA promotes social mobilization efforts and political initiatives based on equitable power-sharing by strengthening and promoting specific mechanisms for the participation of children and adolescents in civic affairs at a local level. These mechanisms will be linked in with specific regions and community development plans with the aim of progressively improving the quality of life and fostering the creation of close-knit communities. INFA provides children and adolescents with a forum in which to be heard, to participate and to voice their opinions on issues that affect them. 221.The Institute’s strategies for encouraging community involvement will be based on capacity-building for stakeholders (families, communities, children and adolescents). Child and youth service coverage Source: INFA. 222.The term “coverage” refers to the services provided to children and adolescents to promote their development, provide special protection and emergency care, and encourage participation. Programmes and services Child development centres “Growing with our Children” project Wawa Kamayuk Wasi Other alternative programmes Specific projects aimed at: •Elimination of child labour •Specialized medical care and social assistance for people with disabilities •Elimination of child begging •Emergency protection for children living in prisons •Services for displaced children and adolescents, those living in shelters and children of migrants •Elimination of delays in the registration of births and provision of identity cards for all •Elimination of violence •Human trafficking Risks and emergencies Specialized care for children and adolescents in case of natural and man-made disasters Participation of families and communities Participation of children and adolescents 223.Statistics are available only as far back as 2007, which was when the policy proposal for the consolidation of programmes for children and adolescents was made. That policy was made effective in July 2008 with the establishment of INFA through the amalgamation of the now discontinued Child Rescue Operation, Children’s Development Fund and Comprehensive Child and Youth Services programmes and the former National Institute for Children and the Family (INNFA). 2.“Ecuador without Barriers” programme 224.In the framework of the “Ecuador without Barriers” programme and with the backing of the Office of the Vice-President, the National Council for Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS) designed and is now implementing the following investment projects. Provision of technical aids, medicines and medical supplies to low-income persons with disabilities, stages I and II (2007 and 2008) 225.This project was planned in two stages, the first of which was completed successfully in 2007. The second, in 2008, is nearing completion. The aim has been to help low-income persons with disabilities to gain access to the technical aids, medicines and medical supplies they need to improve their quality of life. 226.The aids that have been delivered include: walkers, hearing aids, walking sticks, postural vehicles for sufferers of infantile cerebral palsy, bedsore cushions and mattresses, recorders for the blind, kits for the visually impaired, crutches, orthoses, prostheses, nappies for adults and children, talking clocks and wheelchairs. A total of 8,801 persons were beneficiaries of this project. Establishment and operation of early learning centres, 2007–2008 227.The main aim of this project is to establish and equip 80 early learning centres to service their respective communities. To achieve this goal, 80 professionals had to be trained to run the centres and provide early stimulation treatment for children at risk who exhibit developmental anomalies. By late 2008, 1,865 children had received a total of 29,889 treatment sessions. Defence of the rights of persons with disabilities, 2008 228.The Office of the Advocate for Persons with Disabilities was set up within the National Council for Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS) with a mandate to defend the rights of persons with disabilities, work out strategies to that end in cooperation with public and private bodies and provide technical assistance to provincial commissions. 229.In order to carry out its mandate, the Office has provided legal assistance, directly or indirectly, to complainants in the following areas: right of transit, labour issues, children’s rights, gender issues, civil and criminal cases, social security and health care, education, cases under administrative law, the importation of vehicles, the Internal Revenue Service and the certification of documents. 230.Outstanding achievements in 2008 include the training of 147 staff members of public- and private-sector institutions and the provision of 4,514 disabled persons with legal assistance, legal advice, assistance in reporting the loss of identity cards, and advice over the telephone. 231.In 2009, 531 persons with disabilities received legal advice and assistance or were helped to lodge complaints before the appropriate courts. 232.In addition, the Office of the Vice-President of Ecuador has carried out various projects, programmes and activities aimed at reinforcing the right to health. Achievements include the following: (a)The provision (purchase and delivery) of technical aids, medicines and medical supplies to low-income persons with disabilities around the country. By June 2009, 6,500 persons had benefitted from such assistance. The budget for this initiative amounted to US$ 1.8 million; (b)The establishment and implementation of a system for caring for persons whose physical disabilities and disabling pathologies lead to complications. This system includes a centre for the treatment of bedsores and other pathologies linked to disability and a network of decentralized treatment centres around the country. Postgraduate programmes in health and disability have been developed, 150 health professionals have been trained in the provision of comprehensive treatment to persons with physical disabilities and 25,000 manuals on the prevention of complications and the maintenance of independent living for persons with disabilities had been published by November 2008. The budget for this initiative amounted to US$ 282,775; (c)The installation of a cutting-edge centre for the treatment of bedsores and other pathologies linked to physical disability on the seventh floor of the Eugenio Espejo Hospital; (d)The establishment of a physiotherapy unit in the School of Medicine of the Universidad Central del Ecuador was set for completion by the end of 2009. The budget for this initiative amounted to US$ 400,000; (e)A pilot project for the integration and reintegration of disabled persons into a system of comprehensive care; the development of a nationwide system of comprehensive care for persons with cerebral palsy and severe intellectual disabilities; the purchase of equipment for 19 foundations around the country that treat persons with severe intellectual disabilities; and the development in November 2008 of a treatment model based on best practices for institutions that care for persons with severe intellectual disabilities and multiple disabilities. The budget for this initiative amounted to US$ 114,624; (f)The construction of a model treatment centre in Conocoto and two others (under way) in Pichincha and Loja; the Centre for the Protection of Disabled Persons in Cuenca; and a reception centre for persons with severe intellectual disabilities in Manabí. The 2009 budget for these initiatives amounted to US$ 1.5 million. 233.In the past three years, Ecuador has allocated the following amounts under the budget: US$ 4,464,000 (as at December 2007); US$ 5,578,048 (December 2008) and US$ 5,541,000 (December 2009). 234.In general terms, women employees are subject to the common standards set forth under legislation and regulations governing work contracts. There are some special legal provisions aimed at protecting women, especially in their role as mothers. 235.The Constitution stipulates that the State shall ensure that women have equal access to work, professional training and opportunities for promotion, fair remuneration and the right to work independently. All forms of discrimination, harassment and acts of violence of any kind, whether direct or indirect, directed against women in the workplace are inadmissible. Articles 43 and 332 establish the following: “Article 43. The State shall safeguard the rights of pregnant and breastfeeding women to: (1)Not be discriminated against in education, the social sector or the workplace because of their pregnancy; (2)Free maternity health-care services; (3)Protection of their lives as a matter of priority and comprehensive health care during pregnancy, as well as during and after childbirth; (4)Adequate facilities to assist in their recovery during the post-natal period and while they are breastfeeding. Article 332. The State shall ensure that the reproductive rights of all workers are respected by, inter alia: eliminating occupational reproductive-health risk; ensuring that the fact that a woman is pregnant or the number of children a person may have do not limit access to employment and job security; and safeguarding maternity and breastfeeding rights and the right to paternity leave. The dismissal of a working woman because of pregnancy or maternity, as well as discrimination connected with reproductive roles, shall be prohibited.” 236.In an effort to ensure the protection of reproductive rights, steps are being taken with a view to the elimination of any risks in the workplace that could adversely affect reproductive health, the provision of access to employment and job security regardless of whether a woman is pregnant or of the number of children that a person may have, and the protection of maternity and breastfeeding rights, as well as the right to paternity leave. The dismissal of female workers because of pregnancy or maternity is expressly prohibited, as is discrimination connected with reproductive roles. 237.Women who have paid their contributions under the general compulsory social security system for 12 consecutive months prior to giving birth are entitled to maternity insurance. This insurance covers prenatal obstetric, childbirth and post-natal care, as well as full medical care, including pharmaceutical and hospital benefits, for the infant during its first year of life. 238.Under the Social Security Act, the health-care coverage to be provided to children during their first year of life has been extended to children up to the age of six. Insured women also receive a subsidy amounting to 75 per cent of their most recent salary for 2 weeks prior to giving birth and 10 weeks thereafter. The remaining 25 per cent is paid by the employer, who must also pay the appropriate contributions to the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute, calculated on the basis of the full wages or salary paid to the insured prior to this period. 239.The Institute is obligated to provide maternity benefits to all those who have met the above-mentioned requirements, even if their employers are in arrears; payment of these benefits does not exempt such employers from liability. 240.In cases where the woman has not paid contributions for the minimum required period, the employer must pay the full amount. 241.The Constitution provides that the State shall guarantee workers’ reproductive rights. This includes the right to paternity leave as provided for under article 152 of the Labour Code, which states that: (a)The father shall be entitled to 10 days of paid leave when his child is born normally. In cases of multiple births or where the birth is carried out by Caesarean section, the leave shall be extended by five days; (b)Paid paternity leave shall be extended by a further eight days if the child is born prematurely or in a state that requires special care; (c)The father shall receive 25 days of paid leave if the child is born with a degenerative, terminal or irreversible illness, or with a severe disability; (d)Should the mother die during labour or during her period of maternity leave, the full or remaining entitlement of that leave shall be made available to the father. 242.Under the Social Security Act, regulations are in place to protect working mothers: (a)A female worker’s contract may not be rescinded because she is pregnant. In case of dismissal, she shall be entitled to compensation equivalent to one year’s salary, as set out in article 153 of the Labour Code; (b)A pregnant woman shall not work for 2 weeks prior to giving birth or 10 weeks thereafter. This interruption of employment shall not be considered to be a valid reason for terminating employment, and the woman shall be remunerated as set forth above; (c)Illness caused by pregnancy or childbirth shall not be deemed grounds for termination, unless the illness persists for more than one year (article 154 of the Labour Code); this regulation shall not apply to contract, casual or temporary workers, to workers in probationary periods or apprenticeships, or to those performing domestic service. In any event, no remuneration beyond the 12 weeks set forth in the previous subparagraph shall be payable; (d)During the nine months after a woman has given birth, her working day shall be of six hours in duration, with these hours being distributed in compliance with the relevant collective agreement or internal regulations or by mutual accord. In companies with 50 or more employees, the mother shall be entitled to the use of a day-care service furnished by her employer (article 155, paragraph 3, of the Labour Code). 243.With regard to the day-care service and facilities for mothers who wish to breastfeed, the above-mentioned regulation establishes that, in companies with 50 or more employees, the employer shall furnish a day-care service for employees’ children in or near the company or workplace premises. The employer is to provide the necessary space, personnel, meals and equipment and furnishings free of charge. 244.Article 152 of the Labour Code and article 29 of the Civil Service Organization Act establish that women shall have 12 weeks of paid maternity leave and provide for an extension of that period by a further 10 days in the case of multiple births. They also establish that the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute shall provide a subsidy during that period and that a pregnant woman shall receive obstetric care before, during and after giving birth. Female workers shall receive two hours of paid maternity leave per day until their child reaches the age of one year. 3.Child labour 245.Title V, chapter I, of the Code on Children and Adolescents regulates child labour in Ecuador and entitles children and adolescents to be protected by the State, society and their families against economic or labour exploitation, as well as against all forms of slavery, servitude, forced labour or work that is harmful to their health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development, or that could interfere with the exercise of their right to education. 246.The minimum working age is 15 years for all forms of work, including domestic service, apart from the exceptions set forth in the Code, other legislation and international instruments that have the force of law in Ecuador. 247.CNNA may, on its own initiative or at the request of any public or private entity, set higher minimum ages than that indicated in the preceding paragraph in accordance with the Code, the law and international instruments ratified by Ecuador. 248.The working day for adolescents may not exceed six hours per day for a period of more than five days per week and is to be organized in such a way that it does not interfere with the effective exercise of their right to education. The parents or guardians of adolescents who work, as well as their employers or other persons for whom they carry out production activities, are responsible for ensuring that they complete their basic education and meet their academic obligations. 249.The Ministry of Labour and Employment shall maintain a canton-by-canton register of adolescents who work and provide the information recorded therein on a regular basis to the corresponding cantonal councils for children and adolescents. How the register is to be maintained and what information is to be included are to be specified in the implementing regulations. 250.The Code on Children and Adolescents provides that adolescents shall not be permitted to work in the following cases: (a)In mines, rubbish dumps, abattoirs, quarries or any other kind of extractive industry; (b)In activities that involve handling explosives, drugs, toxic material, or other substances that could be dangerous or harmful to their lives, physical or mental development or health; (c)In brothels or areas where prostitution is tolerated, premises where gambling takes place and/or alcoholic beverages or other substances are sold that could be injurious to an adolescent’s moral and social development; (d)In activities that require the use of dangerous equipment or where noise levels exceed legal limits; (e)In activities that could exacerbate any disability that the adolescent in question may have; (f)In activities that are prohibited by other legislation, including the international instruments ratified by Ecuador; and (g)In households whose members have a criminal record as perpetrators of abuse or ill-treatment. 251.It is the responsibility of CNNA to determine which specific types of work are dangerous, harmful or hazardous and are to be prohibited for adolescents, taking into account the nature and conditions of the work and potential risks for adolescents’ lives, persons, health, education, security and full development. 252.The Code sets forth protection measures in the event of a violation of the provisions of title V. Judges and the appropriate administrative authorities may order one or more of the following protection measures in respect of children and adolescents, without prejudice to other measures provided for in the Code: (a)Termination of the child’s or adolescent’s employment; (b)Placement of the child or adolescent and/or his or her family in a protection programme; (c)Temporary removal of the child, adolescent or aggressor from the family environment, as appropriate. 253.The necessary precautions shall be taken in order to prevent the application of these measures from impinging on the rights and guarantees applying to children and adolescents, aside from the restrictions inherent in each such measure, and to ensure that they are cared for in a way that is compatible with their right to a life with dignity. 254.Violations of the provisions on child labour are subject to the following penalties: (a)An official warning to the parents or guardians and to persons who employ children or adolescents or profit directly from their labour; (b)A fine of between US$ 50 and US$ 300 if the offenders are the parents or guardians of the children or adolescents in question; (c)A fine of between US$ 200 and US$ 1,000 in the case of employers or any person who profits directly or indirectly from the work of a child or adolescent; (d)Closure of the establishment in which the work was carried out in the case of repeat offences. 255.According to figures from the National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC), 7 per cent of adolescents under the age of 18 were working in Ecuador in March 2009. 256.The Ministry of Labour and Employment plans to regulate the situation of working adolescents who are above 15 years of age and to achieve the gradual elimination of child labour. To that end, it is concentrating on the following three key points: (a)Defining technical guidelines for the application and development of programmes and projects on child labour by various local, international, public and private bodies; (b)Developing technical instruments for evaluating, monitoring and following up on the various programmes and projects dealing with child labour; (c)Raising awareness throughout society of the harmful effects of child labour with a view to its elimination. 257.The Ministry is also carrying out several projects, the most noteworthy of which are: (a)The Child Labour Monitoring and Inspection Unit; (b)The generation of participatory processes to engage public and private bodies in direct action initiatives for the prevention and gradual elimination of child labour in sectors in which the worst forms of child labour occur. 258.The Child Labour Monitoring and Inspection Unit was set up in order to meet the need for specialized inspectors to ensure that the laws on working conditions for adolescents over the age of 15 are enforced and that labour by children under the age of 15 is progressively eliminated. 259.The inspection system of the Ministry of Labour and Employment is the only nationwide mechanism for carrying out workplace inspections to ensure that employers and workers meet their obligations under the corresponding labour contract. Inspections thus are comprehensive, covering labour conditions, contractual arrangements, occupational health and safety, social work, disability and outsourcing, and do not concentrate on any particular issue, even though individual reports or complaints may refer to a specific matter. 260.Inspections are made on the basis of reports received, on the Unit’s own initiative or at the request of other parties and are also organized by economic sector in line with plans drawn up by the child labour inspectors. The inspectors coordinate their work with child protection agencies in order to ensure that the basic needs of children and adolescents who are located in the course of their inspections are met. 261.Through its implementation of this project, the Ministry of Labour and Employment fulfils its duty to uphold the rights of child and adolescent workers and to prevent violations of those rights within the framework of the Labour Code and the Code for Children and Adolescents. 262.This system functions on an ongoing basis; 1,423 inspections were carried out around the country between January and June 2007. Elimination of the worst forms of child labour 263.An initiative has been launched to eliminate child labour in the country’s rubbish dumps as part of a coordinated effort on the part of public and private agencies to take direct action to eliminate the worst forms of child labour. 264.Various direct intervention programmes, including initiatives by the International Labour Organization (ILO), Movistar, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), INFA, the Ministry of Social Welfare, and Desarrollo y Autogestión (“Development and self-management” (DYA)), are being implemented in rubbish dumps in Quito’s Zámbiza and La Bota districts, in Pichincha province, as well as in Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas; Manta and Portoviejo, in Manabí province; El Guabo and Pasaje, in El Oro province; and Esmeraldas and Súa, in Esmeraldas province. 265.The Ministry of Labour and Employment, which is responsible for implementing policies on the prevention and progressive elimination of child labour, has set the following objectives in coordination with INFA, the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, Movistar, UNICEF, DYA and ILO: (a)To assess the extent of child labour in rubbish dumps in Ecuador; (b)To identify the kind of work done by children in rubbish dumps; (c)To design a strategy and project for the elimination of child labour in rubbish dumps. 266.The main activities carried out between July and September 2007 include the following: (a)Design of research projects and instruments; (b)Recruitment of a technical team; (c)Coordination of survey preparations with decentralized territorial units of INNFA and the technical project team; (d)Data entry and data processing; (e)Analysis of information from 115 cities; (f)Design of a project for implementation in cities in which child labour in rubbish dumps is prevalent; (g)A project review workshop (attended by all institutional stakeholders): (i)Presentation and review of a report on the situation on the ground and action taken (30 September); (ii)Publication of the report (October). 267.Progress made: (a)Identification of children in the rubbish dumps of Manabí province (DYA team): (i)Santa Ana: six children; (ii)24 de Mayo: 10 children; (iii)El Carmen: 10 children; (iv)Jipijapa: 35 children; (v)Chone: 60 children; (vi)Flavio Alfaro: none; (vii)Bahía: 16 children. (b)Identification of children in the rubbish dumps of Esmeraldas province (Esmeraldas decentralized territorial unit team): (i)Súa-Atacames: 20 children; (ii)Muisne: 12 children; (iii)Quinindé: 15 children; (iv)Borbón: none; (v)San Lorenzo: none. (c)Identification of children in the rubbish dumps of Sangolquí, in Pichincha province, and Puebloviejo, in Los Ríos province (DYA team): (i)Four children found in Sangolquí rubbish dump were removed from the site; (ii)Twenty children were found working in the rubbish dumps of Puebloviejo. National Policy Institutions Programme, 2007Complementary, pivotal roles: the key to effectiveness in eliminating child labourAgencies involved in solid waste management:Municipalities Association of EcuadorBanco del EstadoMinistry of Urban Development and HousingMinistry of the EnvironmentOversight: Ministry of Labour and Employment (lead agency)Education:Ministry of EducationPrevention and progressiveelimination of child labourand dangerous workSpecial protection:Ministry of Social Welfare, Ministry of Health,INNFA, networks Source: Ministry of Labour and Employment. 4.Elderly persons 268.Article 36 of the current Constitution provides that elderly persons shall receive priority and specialized care in the public and private sectors, particularly with regard to social and economic inclusion and protection against violence. For these purposes, persons who have reached 65 years of age shall be considered elderly. 269.Article 37 stipulates that the State shall guarantee elderly persons the following rights: (a)Access to specialized health care and to medicines free of charge; (b)Paid work that is suited to their skills and their limitations; (c)Universal retirement coverage; (d)Discount rates for public utilities, reduced fares on private transport, and reduced admission fees for entertainment events; (e)Tax exemptions; (f)Exemption from payment of notary and registry fees under the terms established by law; (g)Provision of decent housing, with the selection of dwellings subject to the consent of the persons concerned and their views. 270.Article 38 stipulates that the State shall establish policies and service programmes for the elderly that take into account specific differences between urban and rural areas, gender inequities, ethnicity, culture and the inherent differences between individuals, communities, peoples and nations; the State shall also foster, to the greatest degree possible, personal independence and involvement in the definition and implementation of these policies. In particular, the State shall adopt measures to: (a)Ensure that elderly persons have access to adequate food, health care, education and daily assistance in specialized centres as part of the full protection of their rights. Centres shall be established to house those who cannot be looked after by their relatives or who do not have a permanent place of residence; (b)Provide special protection against any form of economic or labour exploitation. The State shall implement policies aimed at encouraging elderly persons to participate and work in public and private institutions where their experience can make a contribution and it shall develop job-training programmes tailored to their vocations and aspirations; (c)Develop programmes and policies aimed at increasing the personal autonomy of the elderly, reducing their dependence and achieving their full integration into society; (d)Protect elderly persons against all forms of violence, ill-treatment, sexual or any other kind of exploitation and the neglect that may lead to such situations; (e)Develop programmes aimed at promoting recreational and spiritual activities; (f)Ensure that preferential care is provided to elderly persons in times of disaster, armed conflict or any other emergency; (g)Establish a separate system for the application of custodial measures. If no alternative measures are applied, prison sentences shall be served in appropriate facilities. Elderly persons in pretrial detention shall be held under house arrest; (h)Provide protection, care and special assistance for elderly persons with chronic or degenerative illnesses; (i)Provide financial assistance and psychological care to ensure the physical and mental well-being of the elderly; (j)Make the abandonment of elderly persons by their relatives or institutions responsible for their protection a punishable offence. 271.The Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion is also building the country’s first geriatric research institute in Vilcabamba canton, in the province of Loja. 272.According to data compiled by the Ministry up to April 2009, 279,661 elderly persons were receiving Human Development Vouchers. 5.The rights of asylum-seekers and family reunification 273.Consideration of this issue has focused on three basic economic, social and cultural rights — the rights to health, education and work — whose fulfilment are at the core of the State’s obligation to ensure an adequate standard of living. 274.In 2004, Ecuador took a step forward in the protection of the right of refugees and asylum-seekers to health care with the issuance of Executive Decree No. 118, which was published in Registro Oficial No. 458 on 10 November 2004. The decree reiterates the legal obligation set forth in the Constitution of 1998 to provide guaranteed, permanent and uninterrupted access to health-care services in accordance with such principles as equity and universality. 275.The State has thereby ensured that persons with refugee status and asylum-seekers enjoy the same right to access to health care as Ecuadorian nationals and, in so doing, has reaffirmed the principles of equality and non-discrimination. 276.As mentioned above, the Free Maternity and Child Health Care Act was passed in 2006. This law provides the implementing regulations for the protection of women’s sexual and reproductive rights and the right to health care of children under 5 years of age as set forth in the current Constitution. “This law is designed to overcome economic barriers that impede access to health care by covering the cost of medicines, micronutrients (vitamins), medical and laboratory supplies, and blood and blood components used in the provision of sexual and reproductive health care and child health care.” These services are made available free of charge to all mothers and children under the age of 5, including refugees and asylum-seekers. 277.In 2007, the National Development Plan was approved. Under objective 1 of the Plan, goals 3.6, 3.8 and 3.11 are to expand women’s health services, slow the rate of HIV/AIDS infection, raise the quality of health care and improve the manner in which that care is delivered. The aim is to ensure that everyone in Ecuador, including refugees and asylum-seekers, benefits from these improvements. 278.According to a survey conducted by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), around 70 per cent of refugees, asylum-seekers and persons in need of international protection but not registered as asylum-seekers (also known as the “invisible ones”), have access to health services. The survey report goes on to note that, of that group, 30 per cent of families resident in the northern border area report that there are no health services available, compared with 15 per cent in the rest of the country. In the northern border area, only one quarter (24 per cent) of households report the availability of public and private health services, compared with 56 per cent in the rest of the country. 279.The current Constitution states that access to health care is a right guaranteed by the State, the fulfilment of which is linked to the exercise of other rights, whereby it is understood that there should be permanent and timely access, without exception, to health services in line with the principles of equity and universality. The right to health is understood as a fundamental human right and prerequisite for the exercise of other human rights that call for a proactive attitude, together with direct and compensatory negative intervention, on the part of the State. 280.The principle of family unity is upheld in article 17 of Executive Decree No. 3301, which establishes regulations with regard to relatives of refugees in Ecuador. On the basis of those regulations, family reunification procedures have been established by the Directorate-General for Refugees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration, whereby close relatives of persons with refugee status in Ecuador are entitled to the same status by association. 281.According to data provided by the Directorate-General, in the interest of maintaining family unity, 4 applications for family reunification were approved in 2003, 12 in 2004, 161 in 2005, and 200 in 2006. No applications were refused in those years. In 2007, 231 applications were approved and 5 were denied. 282.Instructions concerning family reunification provisions have been prepared in line with the general procedures of the Directorate-General for Refugees. In accordance with the guidelines provided by UNHCR and these instructions, a degree of financial and emotional dependency justifying family reunification must be demonstrated, except in the case of spouses or children. For spouses, it was decided that a short interview and a statement under oath of their civil status should suffice. 283.In the absence of a definition of the concept of family in any international instrument, it has been established that, for the purposes of reunification, the family will be defined as including, as a minimum, the nuclear family: spouses, minor children and other relatives judged to be eligible because of cultural considerations and factors of economic and emotional dependency. 284.Under the current Constitution, approved on 28 September 2008, the family, however constituted, is viewed as the basic unit of society, and the Constitution guarantees conditions that wholly support the fulfilment of its purpose. In order to safeguard the rights of family members, the State assists families that have become dispersed for whatever reason. In 2008, 295 applications for family reunification were approved and 8 were denied. 285.Ecuador is working actively to meet the new challenges posed by the issue of refugees, particularly with regard to the effective exercise of economic, social and cultural rights, and with special emphasis on expanding the scope of asylum-seekers’ rights. As this report makes clear, legislative measures have been adopted in order to protect the rights of asylum-seekers in accordance with article 2 of the Covenant. In this respect, considerable progress was made in 2009 with the enhanced registration project for asylum-seekers. 286.With the aim of meeting the general obligation incumbent upon the State to respect and safeguard human rights, regardless of any circumstance or consideration, including a person’s immigration status, Ecuador has established a policy on asylum and thereby has become the first country in Latin America to implement State guidelines on the matter. The new policy was officially made public on 16 September 2008 and provides for major programmes and projects to strengthen the protection of refugees in Ecuador. 287.Among other initiatives, the aforementioned project for the enhanced registration of Colombian asylum-seekers in Ecuador is designed to permit refugee status to be granted to more than 50,000 Colombians in need of international protection who, for economic reasons, or because they were unaware of the existence of the status of refugee, or out of fear or mistrust, had never reported to the appropriate Ecuadorian authorities in order to regularize their immigration status. The steps being taken to grant these persons refugee status are motivated by the desire to afford greater protection for their lives, personal well-being, security and freedom. 6.Domestic violence 288.Article 13 of the Violence against Women and the Family Act provides for measures to protect the victims of violence. It empowers the authorities to oblige the aggressor to leave the family home if cohabitation poses a risk to the physical or mental well-being of the woman. They can also allow the victim to return to the common home at the same time as the aggressor is obliged to leave, thereby ensuring the right to housing for women victims of domestic violence. 289.Among the improvements contained in the 2008 Constitution, article 66 stipulates the following: “Article 66, paragraph 3, on the right to personal well-being, which includes: (b)A life without violence in the public and private spheres. The State shall adopt the measures needed to prevent, eliminate and punish all forms of violence, especially violence against women, children and adolescents, the elderly, persons with disabilities and against any disadvantaged or vulnerable persons; the same measures shall be taken to combat violence, slavery and sexual exploitation.” 290.Article 77, paragraph 8, provides basic guarantees in criminal proceedings involving deprivation of liberty and states, for instance, that: “No one can be required to testify in a criminal trial against one’s spouse, life partner or relatives up to the fourth degree of consanguinity or second degree of affinity, except in cases of domestic, sexual and gender violence. Voluntary testimony by the victims of a crime or by the relatives of such victims, regardless of the degree of kinship, shall be admissible. Such persons may lodge complaints and pursue the corresponding criminal proceedings.” 291.Article 81 states that: “Special and expeditious procedures shall be established under the law to bring to trial and punish perpetrators of crimes of domestic violence, sexual offences, hate crimes and crimes committed against children, adolescents, young people, persons with disabilities, elderly persons and persons who, because of their specific characteristics, require greater protection. Specialized prosecutors and defence lawyers shall be appointed to deal with these cases, in accordance with the law.” 292.The Offices of Commissioners for Women and the Family will be replaced by specialized judges assigned to hear cases involving violence against women and family members (juezas y jueces de violencia contra la mujer y la familia), as provided for under article 232. Where there are no such judges, judges responsible for hearing ordinary criminal cases (juezas y jueces de contravenciones) shall take their place, in accordance with article 231. In the absence of either of those categories of judges, they shall be replaced by Family, Women’s and Juvenile Court judges. The National Directorate for Gender Issues of the Ministry of the Interior is working through the transition process with the concerned stakeholders. 293.In addition to these legislative developments, several acts, regulations and ordinances have been promulgated on domestic violence and violence directed against women and children. The main ones include: Violence against Women and the Family Act (Registro Oficial No. 839, 11 December 1995). Code on Children and Adolescents (Act No. 100, Registro Oficial No. 737, 3 January 2003). Criminal Code (Registro Oficial No. 45, 23 June 2005), amended to include the offences of human trafficking, sexual exploitation of children and adolescents, child pornography and sexual tourism. Penalties for the offence of rape have been toughened, and the aggravating circumstance of knowingly infecting another person with a disease has been introduced for sexual offences, along with an exemption from responsibility for persons who cause injury or death while defending themselves against sexual violence. 294.According to a baseline survey of the Equal Opportunities Plan, 53,510 cases of domestic violence have been reported by women to the Offices of Commissioners for Women and the Family. 295.In 2006, the Offices of Commissioners for Women and the Family ordered 172,156 protection measures in response to the complaints they received. The most commonly issued measures were protection orders for victims of violence, of which there were 47,812; 36,545 orders prohibiting acts of persecution or intimidation by aggressors or third parties were also issued. Table 13 Reported cases of domestic violence Source: National Directorate for Gender Issues of the Ministry of the Interior and the Police and the Analysis and Information Unit of the Ecuador Integrated System of Social Indicators, National Council for Women (CONAMU), Social Indicators System on Women and Gender Inequality (SIMUJERES) 2008. The figures given here refer to cases reported to the Offices of Commissioners for Women and the Family. 296.According to a demographic survey of maternal and child health, 31 per cent of women have been subjected to physical violence, 41 per cent to psychological violence and 12 per cent to sexual violence. The survey results also indicate that 86.1 per cent of women have at some time been forced to have sex or suffered sexual abuse by persons whom they knew. According to the Judicial Statistics Unit of the Public Prosecution Service, the Service had received 10,204 reports of sexual offences up to 2007. 297.In 2006, 92 offences of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents were reported to the National Directorate of Special Police for Children and Adolescents. In 2007, 58 cases of sexual exploitation were reported, along with 44 cases of prostitution, 6 of child pornography and 8 of sexual tourism. Reports of sexual offences (Public Prosecution Service. Sexual offences: rape and domestic violence. National summary) Source: Prepared by the CONAMU research team on the basis of figures from the Public Prosecution Service of Ecuador. 298.The enactment of specific legislation on domestic violence was a major step forward for Ecuador at the time, but in recent decades it has become clear that more must be done to protect victims of domestic violence by, in particular, creating judicial and administrative mechanisms to ensure that female victims of violence have effective access to restitution, reparations or other just and effective remedies. 299.A further important development has been the introduction of the National Policy on the Eradication of Violence, established by Executive Decree No. 620 of 20 September 2007. The aim of this human rights-based policy is to eradicate gender violence against children, adolescents and adult women. This is to be achieved through the development of a plan for the design and implementation of actions and measures, including mechanisms of inter-agency coordination at all levels of the State. The broad strategic aims of the policy are: to bring about change in sociocultural patterns; to create a comprehensive system of protection; and to facilitate access to justice and registration systems. 300.In order to implement the decree, an inter-agency coordination committee was set up. Its members include the Ministry of the Interior and the Police, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, CONAMU, CNNA, INFA and the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. 301.In 2006, a protection programme for victims of gender violence, which is intended to assist victims of sexual exploitation as well, was established as part of the CONAMU Pro Mujeres Fund. The programme is directed by a technical commission and has its own body of regulations. 302.For several years now, CONAMU has worked to alert the general public to the criminal nature of acts of domestic violence by broadly disseminating the content of relevant international instruments such as conventions, declarations, action plans, observations of United Nations committees and their recommendations with regard to Ecuador, along with domestic legislation on the right of women to a life free of violence. 303.Measures are in place to improve the attitude of staff in the justice system by building their skills and technical capacity for dealing with cases of domestic violence. In 2007, CONAMU ran training workshops on sexual violence for workers in various areas of education, the health-care sector and civil society. Work has also been done with local governments on the dissemination of information on people’s rights, particularly in the context of gender, sexual and domestic violence. 304.Training programmes concerning gender issues were also run for justice officials between 2001 and 2004 under the auspices of the Public Prosecution Service’s training college and the Council of the Judiciary. 305.In order to enhance the training opportunities available to justice system staff in connection with issues of justice and gender, the Council of the Judiciary, the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights and CONAMU have joined the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) in the past year to develop a modular course of study focused on the development of practical and analytical skills that will help staff members to mainstream the gender perspective into the justice system. 306.Moreover, as set forth in goals 9.1 and 10.3 under objective 9 of the National Development Plan, the State is committed to reducing violence against women, children and adolescents and to encouraging public involvement and institutional innovation as means of fostering participatory governance. Through CONAMU, a management goal was set for 2009 of having at least eight ministries implement policies focusing on gender by 2013 and at least three coordinating ministries working to put gender-focused sectoral policies in place. In addition, the budget allocation for projects, plans and programmes with a gender focus has been increased by 0.6 per cent. 7.Trafficking in human beings 307.Title II, chapter six, article 66, paragraph 29, of the current Constitution stipulates that the State shall adopt measures to prevent and eliminate trafficking in persons, protect victims of trafficking and other violations of the right to liberty, and reintegrate them into society. Victims of human trafficking shall not be revictimized, particularly in the process of obtaining and assessing evidence, and they shall be protected from any threats or other forms of intimidation. 308.Additionally, article 78 establishes that victims shall receive full protection and reparation, which shall include being informed about the facts of the case, the restitution of rights, compensation, rehabilitation, the assurance of non-repetition, and satisfaction with respect to the infringed right. To this end, a system for the protection and assistance of victims, witnesses and participants in the proceedings shall be established under the auspices of the Prosecutor-General’s Office, in coordination with other concerned parties. Victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation are not barred from bringing criminal proceedings against their spouse, partner or relatives up to the fourth degree of consanguinity or second degree of affinity. 309.Under title II, chapter eight, article 79, of the Constitution, Ecuadorians accused of crimes of human trafficking outside the country and identified on Ecuadorian territory shall be tried in accordance with Ecuadorian criminal procedure. 310.Lastly, title VIII, on international relations, chapter one, on principles of international relations, article 416, of the Constitution establishes that the State shall take the necessary measures to protect the rights of foreign victims of human trafficking, even if they have an irregular migration status. 311.It was established under chapter III.1, article 190.3, of the Criminal Code Reform Act of 2005, which defines the offences of sexual exploitation of persons under 18 years of age, that human trafficking shall be punishable by a prison sentence of between 6 and 9 years when the offence does not constitute sexual exploitation and of between 9 and 12 years if the victim is under 18 years of age. 312.The greatest change brought about by this reform of the Criminal Code concerns the punishment of trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation, for which prison sentences of up to 25 years (maximum regime) may be imposed in the case of the victim’s death. In cases where the victim is aged under 14 years, the prison sentence shall be up to 16 years. 313.Ecuadorian law defines child pornography and sexual tourism as distinct crimes, but these offences are, nonetheless, related to trafficking. The same aggravating and extenuating circumstances apply as in cases of human trafficking. 314.Since 2004, Ecuador has made it a high-priority matter of policy to combat human trafficking, the smuggling of migrants, sexual and labour exploitation and other forms of exploitation and prostitution. 315.The National Plan to Combat Human Trafficking, Smuggling of Migrants, Sexual, Labour and Other Forms of Exploitation, and Prostitution of Women, Children and Adolescents, Child Pornography and the Corruption of Minors was approved and promulgated in 2006. It is now administered by the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, which was established in 2007, and comprises three thematic subcommittees: (a)Subcommittee on Prevention: Ministry of Education, which heads the Subcommittee Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration National Secretariat for Migration National Council for Women National Council for Children and Adolescents (b)Subcommittee on Investigation and Punishment: Ministry of the Interior, Police and Worship, which heads the Subcommittee Prosecutor-General’s Office Ombudsman’s Office (c)Subcommittee on Protection and the Restitution of Victims’ Rights: Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, which heads the Subcommittee 316.The plan is structured around themes, policies and strategic objectives: (a)Prevention: (i)Policy. The State will promote the formulation of programmes, projects and actions aimed at changing sociocultural attitudes, identifying potentially criminal behaviour, eliminating risk factors and encouraging the reporting, enforcement and prosecution of offences covered under the plan; (ii)Strategic objective 1. To compile qualitative and quantitative information on the nature and extent of the issues concerned, as well as on stakeholders, behaviour and offences, as a basis for promoting sociocultural change, decision-making and the implementation of appropriate policies, plans and programmes; (iii)Strategic objective 2. To design and carry out a communication strategy aimed at various levels of society and institutions in order to educate people and raise their awareness about the extent and seriousness of the problems addressed in the plan. The strategy will also focus on encouraging prevention, the reporting of offences and protective measures, all of which can help alter preconceived ideas and cultural practices; (iv)Strategic objective 3. To develop education, training and awareness-raising programmes for various stakeholders in society who currently or who may in the future play a part in detection, prevention, recovery and the reparation of rights in areas covered by the plan. (b)Investigation and punishment: (i)Policy 2. The State is committed to investigating and elucidating the facts surrounding offences covered by the plan and punishing those responsible, thereby protecting victims, witnesses and other persons involved in proceedings. It will also ensure that trial proceedings abide by the principles of universality, promptness, discretion to prosecute, efficiency, cost-free access to justice and immediacy; (ii)Strategic objective 1. To strengthen the institutional structure of the judiciary, Public Prosecution Service and specialized police units in order to equip the country with specialized judicial personnel and teams able to deal with the matters covered by the plan and to facilitate coordination between institutions; (iii)Strategic objective 2. To reinforce and upgrade the Public Prosecution Service’s victim and witness protection system by adapting existing legal provisions, setting up protective mechanisms and furnishing suitable human, technical and financial resources; (iv)Strategic objective 3. To carry out social and legal studies in order to better understand the approach and practices of justice officials and the shortcomings of the legal system as a basis for subsequently drafting modifications and reforms. (c)Protection and the restitution of victims’ rights: (i)Policy 3. The State will guarantee full protection for all victims inside the country and for all Ecuadorian victims outside the country and will strengthen the response capability of public and private institutions, families and the State to provide comprehensive, personalized support services. These services will include coordinated structures for communication, education, support and social rehabilitation with a view to promoting victims’ social integration and improving their standard of living, thereby facilitating reparation and restitution and full enjoyment of their rights; (ii)Strategic objective 1. To develop and implement comprehensive, personalized support services that forestall revictimization and ensure reparation, the restitution of rights and proper conditions for the full enjoyment of rights; (iii)Strategic objective 2. To ensure coordination between institutions in order to ensure comprehensive support, the restitution and enjoyment of rights and social rehabilitation; (iv)Strategic objective 3. To promote the implementation of international cooperation policies on the rescue and repatriation of victims, the prevention of revictimization and the protection of rights. 317.The member institutions of the National Plan to Combat Human Trafficking saw a need for a monitoring and assessment system for the plan in order to ensure that goals are met and planned activities are carried out. This system also makes it possible to identify problems that arise in the course of the implementation of projects and programmes to combat these crimes and to identify the appropriate preventive and corrective measures in a timely fashion. The system will also serve as a tool for assessing the impact, effectiveness and results of the plan, as well as fostering a culture of transparency and accountability in the way that such crimes are dealt with. 318.At the time of writing, the member institutions had developed an operational plan for 2009 which contains specific information on the plan’s goals and on the activities in each of the plan’s areas of action that are to be carried out by each institution during the year. Results and progress will be monitored periodically by the members. J.Article 11: the right to the continuous improvement of living conditions 1.The national poverty line 319.In Ecuador, the most frequently used system for monitoring the poverty rate is an indirect method whereby a household is considered to be poor if its level of income or consumption is lower than the cost of a basic basket of goods and services, which is used to set the poverty line. This method focuses on the level of deprivation to which low-income households may be exposed, given that income is the means by which basic needs are met rather than an end in itself. The following method is used for this calculation: National poverty line Calculation of povertyrate as measured by consumptionConsumption of foodstuffs: component of basket of 2,141 kcal per dayConsumption of non-foodstuffsValue of a basket of 2,141 kcal per dayValue of thenutritional risk thresholdFoodstuffs + non-food items = total consumptionDetermination of the poverty and extreme poverty linesPoverty and extreme poverty incidence, gaps and severityAnalysis of consumption distribution Source: Standard of Living Survey, fifth round, National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC), 2005. 320.The poverty and extreme poverty lines are used to frame social policies, as they provide insight into the socio-economic situation of Ecuadorian families. The extreme poverty line is the monetary value of a basic basket of foodstuffs that reflects the cost of meeting minimum nutritional requirements. Households in which consumption is not sufficient to meet even minimum nutritional requirements are considered to be “indigent”. The value assigned to a basket of 2,141 kcal per person per day is equivalent to the extreme poverty, or indigence, line. 321.The poverty line is calculated by dividing the extreme poverty line by the Engel coefficient. It is equivalent to the monetary value of a basic basket of goods and services for one person over a set period of time. Households where per capita consumption falls below this line are considered “poor”. 322.The unsatisfied basic needs method, also known as the direct or social indicator method, classifies households as either poor or not poor depending on whether their basic needs (access to education, health, nutrition, housing, urban services and employment opportunities) are met or not. Households with unsatisfied needs are considered poor (structural poverty). 323.Employment, together with the two main methods for measuring poverty (the direct method (whether basic needs are met) and the indirect method (based on income and consumption)), have been used to develop a third method, known as the integrated poverty measure. Katzman’s typology (1989) is based on a cross-classification of the two categories used in each of the two main methods. Katzman’s typology Not poor Poverty line Socially integrated 47.2 per cent (6 229 820 persons) Inertial poverty 14.6 per cent (1 925 502 persons) Recently impoverished 7 per cent (926 628 persons) Chronic poverty 31.3 per cent (4 131 915 persons) 324.According to data provided by the Social Programme Beneficiary Selection System (SELBEN), 89.9 per cent of the indigenous population live in poverty, as measured by the unsatisfied basic needs method (20 points above the national average of 61.3 per cent), of which 69.84 per cent live in extreme poverty (approximately 40 points above the national average of 31.9 per cent). These telling figures show indigenous persons to be the poorest of the poor, with a two-point gap between men and women. The Development and Cultural Diversity Programme seeks to reduce poverty, to promote social integration and intercultural dialogue, and to curb the ethnically and culturally motivated discrimination and exclusion that prevents members of the population from fully exercising their rights. The Ministry for Natural and Cultural Heritage, in cooperation with the United Nations system, is responsible for implementing the programme and has been allocated resources from the fund for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals set up by the Government of Spain. 325.The State’s main initiative for combating poverty is the Human Development Voucher, which had been approved by executive decree in September 1998 and was hitherto known as a “solidarity” or “poverty” voucher. By Executive Decree No. 347 of May 2003, the solidarity voucher initiative was replaced by the Human Development Voucher, which is intended for families and individuals located in the bottom two quintiles in the SELBEN welfare index of the Technical Secretariat of the Social Front. In 2003, the value of the Human Development Voucher was increased to US$ 11.50. This increase was not accompanied by any further requirement for households in the first or second quintile whose head, or the latter’s spouse, were over 65 years of age or had a disability card issued by the National Council for Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS). The value of the voucher for families in the second-poorest quintile was the same (US$ 11.50) and was subject to the requirements set out by the Social Protection Programme. 326.By Executive Decree No. 12 of January 2007, the value of the Human Development Voucher was increased to US$ 30 for households in the first and second quintiles. The same decree also approved a secondary assistance scheme for older persons who were among the poorest 40 per cent of the elderly population and persons with disabilities rated at 40 per cent or greater, as attested to by a card issued by the National Council for Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS), in the first or second quintile of the SELBEN welfare index. Unlike the Human Development Voucher, which is a household allowance, the subsidiary welfare scheme provides financial assistance to each member of the household who meets the requirements. Human Development Voucher Voucher recipients Total investment * Total number of beneficiaries 2009** Source: Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion. * Based on the total number of persons who actually cashed the vouchers. ** Number of beneficiaries as of March 2009. The figures for previous years are as of December. 327.An analysis of the central government’s budgetary transfers to social sectors in 2007 undertaken by the Ministry of Economics and Finance and the Ministry for the Coordination of Social Development, with the support of UNICEF and the Faro Group, highlights the following achievements: (a)The year 2007 bore witness to an increase in fiscal resources and an improvement in the management of transfers. The central government paid out US$ 4.218 billion and managed to increase the proportion of the budget devoted to transfers from 88 per cent in 2006 to 98 per cent in 2007. This indicates that more resources were placed at the disposal of the various governmental agencies on a more timely basis for the implementation of their activities; (b)In 2007, the social sector, comprising the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, the Ministry of Labour and Employment and the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, received a total of US$ 2.313 billion in fiscal resources. This sum was 45 per cent more than the sector’s budgetary allocations in 2006 and amounted to 55 per cent of sectoral resource transfers registered up to December 2007. This means that the social sector received a larger share of budgetary resources than other areas such as the defence, production and administrative sectors. This sectoral order of priority in budgetary allocations attests to the importance attached to human development and the fight against poverty under the country’s current fiscal policy. 328.The progress achieved in terms of improved fiscal management and greater emphasis on the social sector is indicative of the Government’s progressive budgetary management reform efforts. Both the Government and civil society institutions hope to build upon that progress in the fiscal years ahead by furthering an approach based on shared responsibility for fiscal expenditure to benefit the most vulnerable population groups; to improve the corresponding mechanisms in order to make them more equitable and ensure that they provide a basis for a results-based evaluation of the quality and impact of public spending; to refine mechanisms for ensuring accountability and transparency in public finances; and to improve the budgetary management of social investment. 329.In an effort to ensure that the Human Development Voucher benefits those who have real need of it, the Ministry for the Coordination of Social Development and the National Statistics and Census Institute have rolled out a social registration programme in 995 parishes in 220 cantons of the country’s 24 provinces. Between December 2007 and June 2009, 2,400,000 households had been visited. During this period, data was collected from areas where no census had previously been carried out. In order to reach these areas, it was necessary to hire light aircraft, motorboats and other complicated modes of transport. This ambitious project reached thousands of homes that had not been registered by previous initiatives. 330.Several variables were taken into account when registering the members of these households: basic services, housing conditions, the members’ employment status, waste disposal methods used by the household, overcrowding and their water-supply sources, among others. Information was not recorded on such matters as whether the family was registered with the social security system or whether the children attended a school that charged a monthly fee. The project cost US$ 13,400,000, and the value of the Human Development Voucher is set to rise from US$ 30 to US$ 35 in August 2009. 2.The right to adequate food 331.Article 13 of the Constitution states that: “Individuals and communities have the right to secure, permanent access to an adequate supply of healthy, nutritious food, which should preferably be produced locally and in keeping with their various identities and cultural traditions. The Ecuadorian State shall undertake to promote food sovereignty.” 332.On the subject of food and nutrition, chapter II, article 16, of the Health Act states that: “The State shall develop an intersectoral policy on food and nutrition security aimed at eradicating bad eating habits and upholding and promoting traditional knowledge and practices, as well as encouraging the use and consumption of regional produce. The policy shall guarantee permanent access to an adequate supply of healthy, varied, nutritious, safe food.” 333.On the subject of consumption and nutrition, in title IV of the Food Sovereignty Act, article 27, which deals specifically with incentives for healthy eating, provides that: “In order to reduce and eradicate undernourishment and malnutrition, the State shall undertake to encourage the consumption of nutritious food, which should preferably be agroecological and organic in origin, by supporting the marketing of such foods, advertising campaigns and nutritional education activities to promote healthy eating, the identification of their nutritional values and nutrition labelling, and the coordination of public policies.” 334.When measured using the new World Health Organization (WHO) reference standards on undernourishment, the 2004 rate of undernourishment stood at 29 per cent, while the Standard of Living Survey showed that, in 2006, the rate of chronic undernourishment in children aged 5 years and under amounted to 26 per cent. Furthermore, 14 per cent of schoolchildren and 22 per cent of adolescents were either obese or overweight. 335.The Ministry of Public Health has launched various programmes to safeguard the right to adequate food. The main programmes include the National Food Supplement Programme (formerly the Food and Nutrition Programme, 2000), which provides free nutritional supplements called Mi papilla to children aged 2 years and under, as well as the Mi bebida supplement to pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers. Distribution of the Mi papilla supplement was found to have reduced anaemia by 48 per cent. 336.Furthermore, the National Micronutrient Programme provides iron and vitamin A supplements to children countrywide. Under this programme, the iron intake of children under 1 year of age has increased from 20 per cent to 40 per cent, while the iron intake of pregnant women has increased from 40 per cent to 71 per cent. The vitamin A intake of children aged between 6 and 11 months has risen from 12 per cent to 15 per cent while the vitamin A intake of children aged between 1 and 3 years has climbed from 12 per cent to 149 per cent. 337.The Food and Nutrition Education Programme has developed a series of pedagogic materials, such as a manual for health workers on healthy eating that includes 17 modules on food and nutrition, and guidance is also offered to health workers and mothers through the programme’s operational units. The year 2006 saw the establishment of food and nutrition networks and the launch of the campaign entitled Un Ecuador sin malnutrición sí es posible (“We can free Ecuador from malnutrition”). Supplementary materials such as healthy-eating guides for schoolchildren and adolescents, procedural manuals for hospitals staff and guides for school cafeterias have also been produced. 338.Ecuador guarantees equal access to food, land, credit and natural resources through its governmental institutions. These institutions endeavour to ensure equal access in accordance with article 2 of the Food Sovereignty Act, which states: “Article 2: The provisions set forth herein are comprehensive, intersectoral and concern the public domain and social interest. They regulate the exercise of the right to live well (sumak kawsay) as it relates to food sovereignty. The scope of its provisions extends to agricultural food production, agricultural diversity and seeds; research and the exchange of information; food production, processing, conservation, storage, trade, marketing and consumption; the healthfulness of food and food quality, safety and nutrition; social participation; regional planning; the agricultural frontier; water resources; rural and agrifood development, agro-industry, and rural and agricultural employment; associations and communities of microentrepreneurs, microenterprises and micro-small and medium-sized producers and funding arrangements; and all mechanisms pertaining to food sovereignty. The standards and policies deriving from this Act shall ensure unconditional respect for the rights of nature and the management of natural resources, in keeping with the principles of environmental sustainability and good production practices.” 339.Ecuador has taken a number of practical steps through the Independent Agricultural Research Institute to consolidate policies on research, technology transfer and the provision of services, all of which have been approved for the period 2006–2016. These measures are centred on the implementation of strategies based on the principle of complementarity with a view to boosting agricultural trade by working towards that objective together with producers’ trade unions, NGOs, public bodies, regional development organizations, municipal bodies, provincial councils, suppliers, polytechnic colleges, universities, international centres for agricultural research, financial bodies, international cooperation agencies, and horizontal cooperation and development programmes. This institutional focus has paved the way for the entry into force of 138 agreements in 2009 (89 of them domestic and 49 of them international) and has been instrumental in ensuring continuous quality improvement and responsible partnering. 340.The Independent Agricultural Research Unit meets the objectives set out in its policy through technology transfer, which is the transfer of knowledge deriving from basic and applied scientific research through teaching, outreach and information activities. These activities are undertaken as part of the programmes implemented by the Directorate of Innovation Transfer, a national establishment that liaises with seven experimental stations located in the highlands, the coastal region and eastern Ecuador. The number of skilled agricultural workers has grown steadily since 2005, as illustrated in the table below, which shows figures up to and including the first quarter of 2009. Skilled agricultural workers Number of skilled agricultural workers Amazon region Source: Independent Agricultural Research Institute, 2009. 341.The Independent Agricultural Research Institute has mainstreamed the gender perspective into its training programmes in recognition of the fact that the women of indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities have acquired valuable knowledge concerning the development and preservation of traditional crops and seeds. 342.The departments of the Independent Agricultural Research Institute responsible for soil and water, plant protection, biotechnology and plant genetics have developed natural-resource management strategies aimed at supporting clean agriculture. The use of red-label agricultural chemicals is strictly prohibited, while the use of biological disease control technologies and of individual germplasm banks as a basis for the genetic improvement of crops are encouraged. 343.The country’s national development bank, the Banco Nacional de Fomento, has introduced a special microcredit facility for small producers. In 2007, the Banco Nacional de Fomento extended credit amounting to US$ 9 million (51 per cent of the total credit granted to male borrowers) to 5,955 men (49 per cent of the total number of male borrowers) via this facility US$ 8.4 million (49 per cent of the total) to 6,118 women (51 per cent). In 2009, 7,011 rural producers received loans amounting to US$ 10 million (61 per cent) while 4,638 urban clients received a total of US$ 6.5 million (39 per cent). 344.When disaggregated by region, 4,760 clients in the coastal region received US$ 7 million, which accounted for 41 per cent of the total, while, in the highlands, 5,818 clients received US$ 8 million (49 per cent). In eastern Ecuador, 900 clients received US$ 1 million (8 per cent). In the Galapagos Islands, there were 171 beneficiaries, accounting for 1 per cent of the total, who received US$ 0.3 million (2 per cent). 345.The Banco Nacional de Fomento granted US$ 3 million (15 per cent) in loans to 2,074 clients in the agricultural sector (8 per cent); US$ 4 million (22 per cent) in loans to 2,186 clients in traditional cottage industries (19 per cent); and US$ 10.5 million to 7,389 clients in other sectors (63 per cent). These and other actions aimed at guaranteeing the people’s access to their economic rights are provided for, first and foremost, in chapter four of the Ecuadorian Constitution. 346.Ecuador has not yet adopted the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security, adopted by the Council of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations during its 127th session, which took place in November 2004. 3.The right to water 347.The Ecuadorian Constitution attaches the greatest possible importance to guaranteeing adequate access to water. Article 3 of the Constitution establishes that access to water is a fundamental human right, while articles 12, 313 and 318 state that the country’s water resources are part of the national heritage, that their public use is an inalienable and imprescriptible right and these resources are immune from seizure. Articles 397 and 411 guarantee the right of individuals and communities to live in an environment that is healthy and ecologically balanced and establish an obligation to ensure environmental conservation and management and the restoration of river basins and water resources. Articles 313 and 318 identify water as a strategic resource, while articles 85, 95 and 395 prohibit the monopolization of the water supply and encourage citizen participation in matters concerning this vital resource. 348.According to the results of the fourth round of the Standard of Living Survey, which was conducted in 1998, 54 per cent of households had a water connection in the home; 73 per cent of urban dwellings had such a connection, as opposed to only 46 per cent of households in rural settlements and 18 per cent of isolated rural dwellings. Furthermore, upon assessing the standard of living in each area, it became clear that the prevalence of access to drinking water is correlated with income level and that, for any given income level, the proportion of households with access to drinking water is greater in urban areas than in rural settlements and greater in the latter than it is for isolated rural dwellings. In general, the percentage of households that do not have to treat their water decreases as the economic standard enjoyed by those households increases. 349.The relevant indicator used in the fifth round of the Standard of Living Survey, conducted in 2005, identified households whose members had a high risk of contracting an infectious disease for the following reasons: no access to drinking water via a public network; no access to a lavatory or waste disposal system; and failure to treat water prior to consumption. The following data were compiled: Households whose members are at risk of contracting diseases 350.According to the National Secretariat for Water Resources, the water supply in almost half of all urban centres is subject to interruptions, leading to water losses of up to 65 per cent. Thirty per cent of the country’s urban centres do not treat the surface water that they collect for consumption properly, with the result that, at the national level, 92 per cent of the water goes untreated. This situation is exacerbated by the practice of dumping waste into rivers and gullies. 351.In all, 70 per cent of the country’s watercourses are polluted by untreated wastewater from towns and cities and by fertilizers, which cause eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs. Cuenca is the only city that treats its sewage. In addition, little attention has been paid to the pollution of surface water or groundwater by the mining and oil drilling industries. 352.The National Water Resources Plan, which is being implemented by the National Secretariat for Water Resources, provides for a participatory, community-based approach to the comprehensive management of water resources. The plan focuses on the conservation and protection of water resources and vulnerable areas such as the high plains, forests and mountainsides; reforestation with appropriate native species; the protection of river basins and sub-basins; and the regulation and monitoring of activities affecting water sources. 353.The National Plan provides for actions aimed at monitoring and controlling water quality. As part of this effort, a series of physical, chemical and biological water-quality indices will be developed for the primary and secondary rivers of a pilot hydrographic basin as a basis for the zoning of sectors vital to water quality. It is hoped that the pilot project will succeed in developing water-quality indices for at least 30 per cent of the primary and secondary rivers in the basin; these indices will then serve as a baseline for further work. 354.The National Water Resources Plan is designed to promote a new approach to water resources through training, education and awareness-raising. Both ancestral methods adapted to the contemporary situation and eco-friendly practices that are applied in other countries will be used. The Plan provides for the use of social participation mechanisms for water resource management and for the formulation of guidelines and the development of capacity-building initiatives to encourage citizens to participate in seven river basin councils (40 per cent of the total number of river basin councils in the country). 4.The right to adequate housing Findings of the National Standard of Living Survey 355.The housing section of the fifth round of the Standard of Living Survey compiled information on the physical characteristics of dwellings; the ways in which the various rooms were used; the availability and cost of basic services; property ownership; the improvement, structural additions and improvements; and the energy sources used. 356.The indicators used to measure aspects of the standard of living relating to dwellings were the following: (a)Main access routes; (b)Amount of living space; (c)Deficiencies in housing quality; (d)Use of domestic gas; (e)Electrical appliances; (f)High risk of contracting infectious diseases; (g)Households headed by women who own the dwelling. 357.The following tables offer a summary of the findings for each indicator. Main access routes 358.Three types of access routes were taken into consideration: (a)Type A: paved access routes; (b)Type B: access routes that are cobbled or composed of gravel or earth; (c)Type C: access routes that are paths, waterways, trails accessible only in summer, steps or ramps and bridges. Types of dwellings, by area Types of dwellings, by region Amount of living space 359.A dwelling is considered to have sufficient living space when it has more than two rooms for up to five family members without counting the kitchen. Dwellings with sufficient living space, by area Dwellings with sufficient living space Dwellings with sufficient living space, by region Deficiencies in housing quality 360.As a rule, deficiencies in housing quality are not indicative of a need to construct more dwellings but rather to improve their quality. Deficiencies of this sort are defined in terms of three aspects: materials, living space and amenities. If any one of these aspects is found to be lacking, the dwelling is considered to be deficient. Deficient housing quality, by area Deficient housing quality Overcrowding Basic amenities Deficient housing quality, by region Use of domestic gas 361.Only households that had purchased and used domestic gas during the previous month (the time frame used in the survey) were taken into consideration when evaluating the ways in which this energy source was used. Use of domestic gas, by area For cooking For cooking and/or other purposes Use of domestic gas, by region 362.Information was collected on households that have televisions; DVD, VHS and VCD players; a computer; an Internet connection; a fixed-line telephone; a tape recorder or a hi-fi system. Households with a computer Provinces with the highest percentages of households with a computer Pichincha Imbabura Households headed by women who own the dwelling 363.Information was compiled on dwellings that have been paid for in full and for which a property deed or certificate of ownership is held by a female head of household. Owned dwellings, by region Property deed held by a female head of household Female head of family Owned dwellings, by area Female head of household Measures to guarantee access to adequate and affordable housing 364.In Ecuador, the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing has developed an incentive system whereby families living in or in the outskirts of urban areas or in rural areas receive a one-off, non-refundable voucher enabling them to construct a dwelling on land legally owned by them or, should they not own land, to purchase a dwelling. 365.Between 2003 and 2006, a loan from the Inter-American Development Bank was used to issue vouchers worth US$ 1,800 and US$ 750 for new urban dwellings and improvements, respectively. As of January 2007, the value of the vouchers was raised to US$ 3,600 and US$ 1,500, respectively. If a family does not own any land, housing or real estate development plans must be submitted to the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing by the potential seller. After the plans have received municipal approval, the family may reserve a dwelling by entering into a purchase agreement and may then apply to the Ministry, through the seller, for the voucher. 366.Under Act No. 3, which deals with cross-subsidies from urban property tax proceeds for rural dwellings, vouchers worth US$ 500 for the construction of new dwellings and vouchers worth US$ 250 for housing improvements were issued between 2003 and 2006. In 2005, this law was repealed by the Municipalities Act, which provided that rural dwellings would be financed out of the national budget. As of January 2007, the value of the vouchers was raised to US$ 3,600 for the construction of new dwellings and to US$ 1,500 for housing improvements. Currently, the value of the voucher for the construction of new dwellings is differentiated by income level: US$ 5,000 for families in the first and second SELBEN income quintiles, and US$ 3,960 for families in the third quintile. 367.Until 2006, the vouchers issued by the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing were used to purchase materials, and the Ministry provided technical assistance to the communities, which were responsible for the construction and improvement of dwellings. When the value of the voucher was raised in January 2007, the Ministry began to outsource the construction and improvement of dwellings to professionals in the private sector, who have to pre-qualify as contractors, under the terms of the Public Procurement Act. 368.Between 2003 and 2009, 32,289 vouchers were issued for the construction of new dwellings in the urban sector while 29,812 vouchers were issued for housing improvements, amounting to a total investment of US$ 129,293,100. During the same period, 131,524 vouchers were issued for the construction of new dwellings in rural and peripheral urban areas, while 16,571 vouchers were issued for improvements, amounting to a total investment of US$ 436,407,540. 369.In 2007, the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing approved regulations on incentives for the acquisition or construction on legally owned land of dwellings and for housing improvements in rural or peripheral urban areas. These regulations intended are to ensure that dwellings are not constructed in polluted areas or in areas that are in close proximity to sources of pollution that could pose a risk to the health of their inhabitants. Article 9 provides that: “Article 9: Those responsible for developing housing projects must give consideration to the following aspects when selecting development sites: [...] (d)The land shall not be located in areas designated as an ecological reserve or in areas where there is a high level of pollution; the construction or improvement of dwellings should not be harmful to the environment, nor should dwellings be located on land subject to expropriation (for roadworks, electricity grids, etc.). Buildings should not be located in high-risk zones where there is a danger of landslides, flooding or volcanic eruptions; building sites shall not have an incline of more than 40 per cent. All technical regulations of the corresponding municipality shall be observed.” 370.In 2009, the aforementioned regulations were amended. Article 36 reads as follows: “Article 36: Land or buildings where there is no prospect of installing basic infrastructure or utility hook-ups or that are located in areas that the municipality has not approved for residential construction, shanty towns, illegal settlements, ecological reserves and high-risk zones shall not be eligible for the housing incentives system. These include: Land prone to flooding; Land prone to landslides; Land in gullies or with an incline of more than 40 per cent; Land where the water table is less than 50 cm from the land surface; Land located on or next to toxic waste or landfill sites; Land that is subject to expropriation.” 371.In its 2007 study entitled Diagnóstico de la situación del derecho de las mujeres a la vivienda adecuada desde una perspectiva de género en Ecuador (Analysis of the situation concerning the right of women to adequate housing in Ecuador from a gender perspective), the Latin American and Caribbean Committee for the Defence of Women’s Rights (CLADEM) states that the country does not possess official records on persons living in illegal settlements or for those who have been evicted. The Ecumenical Human Rights Commission has stated that it received 446 complaints regarding evictions (370 in rural areas and 76 in urban zones) between 1980 and 2006. It also reports that, between 1992 and 2006, 96 of these complaints regarded evictions from land while 61 regarded evictions from dwellings; these evictions involved a total of 3,731 families. The organization does not possess data disaggregated by gender, as its records were compiled solely on the basis of the number of individuals or families affected. 372.Under Ecuadorian law, evictions may be ordered as a means of carrying out a legal decision taken by the competent authority when the State elects to appropriate private property. The State may acquire private property by issuing a statement declaring that the property is to be put to public use and by instituting expropriation proceedings, as is the standard procedure prior to ordering an eviction. It should be noted that: (a)The Constitution confers upon all State institutions, without distinguishing between municipalities and other bodies, the power to declare that private property is to be put to public use; (b)The parties concerned are given a period of 90 days to reach an agreement; (c)The law allows the agency carrying out the expropriation to pay up to 10 per cent more than the appraised value of the property; (d)Provisions empowering such agencies to issue a statement declaring that a property is to be put to public use as a matter of urgency and is subject to immediate expropriation have been removed from the relevant Act and regulations. 373.In accordance with the Committee’s general comment No. 7, the time frame established by the relevant Act and regulations for the conclusion of an agreement between the affected party and the expropriating institution is a positive step towards minimizing the risk of an eviction. 374.In addition to the aforementioned legal framework, the following laws also make provision for the issuance of a declaration that private property is to be put to public use and the attendant eviction of its occupants: (a)Cultural Heritage Act, article 35; (b)Hydrocarbons Act, article 91; (c)Ecuadorian Atomic Energy Commission Act, article 18; (d)Reserves and National Parks Preservation Act, article 1; (e)Puerto de Guayaquil Creation Act, article 13; (f)Transport, Transit and Road Security Act, article 20; (g)Special Telecommunications Act; (h)Power Sector Act, article 13; (i)Mining Act, article 64; (j)Agricultural Development Act, article 90; (k)Municipalities Act, article 236; (l)Road Concession Regulations, article 18; (m)Regulations of the Superintendency of Telecommunications on Concessions Contracts. 375.In addition to evictions initiated by declarations that private property is to be put to public use, evictions may be conducted in order to reclaim public spaces or to safeguard ownership rights over rural land. In cities, the municipal police may order an eviction in order to reclaim public spaces, as provided for in the Municipalities Act and local statutes, as in the municipality of Quito. 376.Furthermore, the Agrarian Development Act endows the National Institute for Agrarian Development with the power to order evictions to safeguard tenure rights to any land that it has allocated in the event of its encroachment by shanty towns. 377.The laws regulating such evictions do not specify the exact nature of the procedure to be followed prior to, during or following the eviction. 378.The law distinguishes between rental contracts within and beyond city limits. Rentals within city limits are regulated by the Tenants Act, which was published in Registro Oficial No. 196 of 1 November 2000. Rentals outside city limits are regulated by the Civil Code (codified in 1970). 379.The Tenants Act does not set out rights of possession or guarantees to protect against eviction. However, it does prescribe certain other measures, such as setting the minimum length of a contract at two years. The landlord cannot make use of the property for the duration of the contract. 380.The contract may be brought to an end prematurely if the tenant commits any of the following acts: failure to make rental payments for two consecutive months; risk of destruction of the property; excessive noise or physical confrontation; damage to the property; unauthorized subletting; the performance of unauthorized alterations or work on the property. Alternatively, the landlord may decide to demolish or reoccupy the property. Evidence of these acts must be provided in court, in which case the judge may declare the contract to be terminated. 381.Should the rented property be sold, the new owner has up to 30 days to give the tenant notice; failing that, the contract will be understood to still be binding. The landlord must also give the tenant notice 30 days before the contract is due to expire; otherwise the contract will be understood to be extended for another year. 382.Title XXV of book IV of the Civil Code regulates rentals. The guarantees in place for tenants include the duty of the landlord to remove all obstacles to the tenant’s full enjoyment of the rented property. Should such obstacles arise, the tenant has the right to claim damages. The rental contract ends upon its expiration, except in the case of prior eviction. 383.The legislation regulating rentals is derived from the principles of civil law but does not incorporate the human right to decent housing. An amendment is therefore needed to harmonize secondary legislation with article 375 of the current Constitution, which stipulates that: “the State, at all levels of government, shall guarantee the right to decent housing”. K.Article 12: right to health 384.Article 358 of the Constitution stipulates that: “The national health system shall be designed to ensure the development, protection and restoration of people’s abilities and potential to live a healthy and complete life, both individually and collectively, and shall recognize social and cultural diversity. The system shall be governed by the general principles of the national system of social equity and inclusion and by the principles of bioethics, sufficiency and interculturalism and shall reflect sensitivity to gender and generational issues.” 385.The Constitution also establishes that the institutions making up the health-care system shall promote health, prevention and comprehensive care for families and communities, with an emphasis on primary health care. It further provides that the system shall coordinate the various levels of care and promote complementarity with ancestral and alternative medicines. All diagnostic procedures, treatments, medicines and rehabilitation support provided by public health services are to be provided to all free of charge. 386.The Constitution also provides that the comprehensive public health-care network shall be part of the overall national health system and shall be composed of all relevant State institutions, the social security system and other public health-care providers; legal and operational mechanisms will ensure their coordination and complementarity. The national health system shall be governed by the principles of equity, quality, efficiency, participation, plurality, solidarity, universality, decentralization and autonomy. 387.Objective 3 of the National Development Plan is to increase life expectancy and the quality of life by means of policies for promoting sectoral development and the organization and operation of the national health system. Measures adopted to guarantee the right to access to health care 388.The Government will finance State health institutions. It may also provide financial support to independent private health-care facilities, provided that they are non-profit, do not charge for their services, comply with public policies and ensure quality, safety and respect for the rights of individuals. These institutions shall be subject to Government monitoring and regulation. In accordance with the established procedures for implementing the regulations on private health-care services, the directors of health services at the provincial level are responsible for conducting inspections of all health-care facilities, which are required to have an operating licence, and of private health-care services, in particular. 389.The Health Act requires health-care facilities to post the rates that they charge for their services in an area visible to the public. These rates must be approved by the national health authority. The country’s health commissioners are responsible for implementing this provision and applying the corresponding penalties, as appropriate. 390.There are regulations on safety signage in health-care establishments in Ecuador that specify how services and areas are to be identified and what types of safety symbols, signs and colours are to be used in order to prevent accidents and warn people about hazardous materials or sites. Signs providing information about each health-care establishment’s emergency plan are also required. 391.In addition, the Government, in fulfilment of its obligations under the international human rights system, will develop a special training module on human rights and patients’ rights for all staff working in the public health-care system. The Government will also be working on curricular development in coordination with the National Institute of Higher Education with a view to incorporating the issue of human rights into the training provided for all persons working in the public sector. 392.In an effort to improve maternal and child health-care services and sexual and reproductive health services, in 2005 the Ministry of Health implemented a national policy on health and sexual and reproductive rights with the aim of offering a variety of services to help lower the maternal mortality rate. 393.Implementation of a plan aimed at rapidly reducing maternal and neonatal mortality began in 2008 as part of the Government’s policy in this respect. The plan’s objective is to reduce maternal mortality by at least 30 per cent and neonatal mortality by at least 35 per cent by the year 2010. 394.In 2007, a collaborative project was launched to improve the way in which obstetric complications are handled in five provincial hospitals in Esmeraldas, Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, Chimborazo and El Oro. Special teams were set up to lead this effort. Work to further improve the quality of services has thus far been carried out in 10 provinces in the country under the plan for the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality. 395.Intercultural models are also being developed which include strategies and proposals for implementation of the Intercultural Health Model. These efforts will serve as a foundation for intercultural health policies and are being overseen by the Coordinating Body on Intercultural Medicine of the Ministry of Health. 396.The Ministry of Health provides comprehensive, community-based health-care services at each stage of the life cycle. The institution’s network of 1,864 health-care facilities provide developmental services, health promotion, disease prevention and recovery support services and are distributed as follows: (a)First-level health care: 1,737 (health centres, urban clinics, rural clinics, mobile health units, a floating (river-borne) clinic and health posts; (b)Second-level health care: 112 (general hospitals and basic hospitals); (c)Third-level health care: 15 (specialized hospitals). Each of the operational units has an established response capacity. 397.The objectives of the Safe Water Programme are to prevent, treat and monitor water-borne diseases and to ensure proper sanitation. As part of this programme, water-resource boards, schools and communities in rural areas of the country are monitoring water quality and disinfecting water for domestic use. Machines for the production of hypochlorite for use in disinfecting water have also been acquired and distributed to health districts, water-resource boards and schools in rural areas. There are currently 20 sets of the equipment needed to analyse and monitor water quality in different health districts around the country, 60 sodium hypochlorite production centres and 20 mobile laboratories. 398.In recent years, vaccination programmes have been carried out throughout the country, as outlined in the following table. Vaccination programmes Seasonal influenza vaccinations for the elderly and children from 6 to 23 months old Rotavirus vaccinations for children from 2 to 6 months old Pneumococcal 23-valent vaccine for the elderly and adults with chronic illnesses Hepatitis B vaccinations for schoolchildren from 12 to 14 years old Pneumococcal 23-valent vaccine for children over 2 years old Pneumococcal 7-valent vaccine for children less than 1 year old or with a chronic illness or a weakened immune system Injectable polio vaccinations for children with a chronic illness, cancer or a weakened immune system Source: Ministry of Health, 2009. 399.In addition to the vaccination programme, epidemiological monitoring of vaccine-preventable diseases is also conducted. 400.The country’s warning, emergency-response and monitoring system is its most important tool for handling public health emergencies. Mitigating the effects of disasters and stemming the transmission of disease are core objectives. This system is designed to identify emergency situations, mount a rapid response and conduct epidemiological research to identify modes of transmission and sources of infection. The ways in which it operates is illustrated in the following graph. Components of the warning, emergency-response and monitoring system 401.Outbreaks and epidemics can be tracked by monitoring symptoms and signs (suspected cases) or through aetiological diagnosis of probable or confirmed cases. The sources of information used for this purpose are daily reports on outpatient care, the registry of discharges from hospital and the registry of deaths maintained by the teams located in the 169 health districts located throughout the 22 provinces of the country. 402.In the case of outbreaks, epidemics, disasters or other emergencies, notification is sent out via the quickest available means of communication (telephone, fax, e-mail, etc.). 403.The work of the persons responsible for inputting information into the system at its various levels is coordinated through the system. Responsibilities during outbreaks and epidemics Persons responsible Formal and informal community level Health promoters or volunteers Local operational level Health team of the local operational unit:doctor, nurse or nursing assistant Health team of the hospital District office level District coordinator and/or district epidemiologist Provincial level Provincial epidemiologist Central level Department of Epidemiological Monitoring Source: Ministry of Health. 404.In an effort to prevent alcohol and tobacco abuse and the use of illegal drugs and other harmful substances, particularly among children and adolescents, and to ensure adequate treatment and rehabilitation for drug addicts and support for their families, in 2006 Ecuador ratified the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and in 2008 it established a national anti-smoking campaign. The Government also runs a prevention programme under which smoke-free areas are being established in secondary schools, universities and other institutions in the country. 405.A project was launched in 2009 to remedy the shortcomings of support centres for drug addicts. Services are contracted under this project to assist these patients in accredited private or municipal centres. Patients are chosen to participate in this project on the understanding that their families must agree to cooperate in their treatment. 406.HIV/AIDS prevention work has been carried out in various areas in Ecuador in recent years. In 2006, a campaign launched to prevent vertical transmission enjoyed widespread intersectoral and inter-agency participation. The objective of the campaign was to inform, educate and raise awareness among pregnant women and their partners to encourage them to undergo HIV screening. This makes it possible to begin HIV management procedures early on, reduce stigmatization and discrimination, and implement a vertical transmission prevention strategy, which consists of the administration of antiretroviral drugs, the scheduling of a Caesarean section and the discontinuation of breastfeeding. These measures can reduce the probability of transmission to between 0 and 2 per cent. Audio-visual materials, promotional posters, educational posters, leaflets and other materials were created and distributed to all health districts in the country as part of this campaign, which proved to be a success, raising the number of screenings per month among the target group by 63 per cent in relation to the first half of 2006. 407.The same campaign was relaunched in 2007 and was once again as successful as hoped. Records show that approximately 95 per cent of AIDS cases in Ecuador are due to sexual transmission (World Health Organization, 2006). In the case of sexually transmitted diseases, the earlier that the chain of transmission is broken, the less harm is done to the health of the population. 408.Primary prevention activities target persons who have a higher risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. In an effort to break the epidemiological chain for sexually transmitted diseases, which have been shown to serve as a gateway for HIV, training in management of the virus, counselling and the prevention of vertical transmission has been provided to 5,221 professionals from all over the country, including doctors, midwives, nurses, medical technicians, social workers and psychologists. This training is also intended to reduce stigmatization and discrimination among health-care providers. In 2008, a total of 241,791 patients benefited from the syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases, which represents 96 per cent of the target figure, while 218,183 counselling sessions were held for pregnant women; in addition, the information system has been expanded by 60 per cent since 2005. 409.Secondary prevention activities are focused on early diagnosis and care to avoid complications and, in the case of pregnant women, to ensure that the child is born healthy. In 2005, a total of 295 of the pregnant women who were screened were HIV-positive and, of those, 76 per cent (223) received antiretroviral drugs. In 2006, 259 women tested HIV-positive, and 88 per cent of them (229) received antiretroviral drugs. The current prevalence rate is 0.22 per cent among pregnant women. In 2008, HIV-positive mothers gave birth to 374 children, 100 per cent of whom were administered antiretroviral drugs. Also, paediatric versions of these drugs were acquired, which has been a dream for many years. Information on the prevalence of HIV among these children has not yet been compiled. 410.Tertiary prevention activities are focused on preventing HIV/AIDS complications in the long term. In 2006, the importation of generic antiretroviral drugs made it possible to lower the annual treatment cost for persons living with HIV/AIDS from US$ 1,053 in 2005 to US$ 343 in 2006, which represented a 32 per cent savings for the country, and to protect 3,811 persons living with HIV/AIDS. Owing to this measure, there are currently no patients on the waiting list for treatment. 411.To date, 28 AIDS clinics have been set up throughout the country, while in 2005 there were only 9. These clinics offer comprehensive support to 3,811 persons living with HIV/AIDS are staffed by trained professionals and have sufficient supplies of antiretroviral drugs and artificial milk at their disposal. Tests to monitor CD4 and viral load are also available in the laboratories of the National Health Institute in Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca. 412.In order to ensure adequate treatment and care in psychiatric centres for persons with mental illnesses, the Ministry of Health has 2 psychiatric hospitals and 23 general and specialized hospitals with mental health wards, as well as various community mental health services, to meet the demand for care for these patients. 413.In 2008, care was provided to a total of 110,000 patients throughout the country. A system for the periodic review and effective monitoring by the courts of hospitalizations of patients in psychiatric facilities has not yet been established. The new policies on mental health provide for the deinstitutionalization of chronically ill patients and their reintegration into their families. Such patients are to be monitored and treated by general and community hospitals. L.Article 13: right to education 414.Title II, chapter two, section 5, of the Constitution, on the rights of “good living”, includes several articles related to the right to education. Articles 26 and 27 establish this right at the national level in the following terms: “Article 26. Education is a lifelong human right and an absolute and unconditional obligation of the State. As a guarantee of equality and social inclusions and an indispensable prerequisite for good living, it shall therefore constitute a priority area for public policymaking and State investment. Individuals, families and society have the right and responsibility to participate in the educational process. Article 27. Education shall be human-centred and shall guarantee holistic human development in the framework of respect for human rights, a sustainable environment and democracy. It shall be participatory, compulsory, intercultural, democratic, inclusive and diverse, of high quality and convivial; it shall promote gender equity, justice, solidarity and peace; it shall encourage critical thinking, art and sports, individual and community initiatives, and the development of creative and occupational skills and abilities. Education is essential for acquiring knowledge, exercising rights and building a sovereign country and is a key component of national development strategy.” 415.Implementing regulations for the Education for Democracy Act were adopted through Executive Decree No. 711 of 5 November 2007, while Ministerial Decision No. 140 of the Ministry of Education officially established the National Education for Democracy Programme and set out guidelines for its implementation throughout the country’s education system. The main objective of this programme is to encourage citizens to be aware, thoughtful and committed to the positive transformation of Ecuadorian society and to internalize and engage in democratic practices on a regular basis. Students are to serve as the principal agents of change and to spearhead this effort in their educational communities and society in general. 416.The mission of the National Education for Democracy Programme is to ensure that the education system, in general, and school curricula, textbooks and teaching practices, in particular, address the following topics: rights and responsibilities in a democracy; principles and values; citizen participation; a culture of peace (codes of conduct; domestic, school and social violence; peaceful resolution of conflicts; crisis management); social inclusion (with regard to ethnicity, age, gender, disability, displaced persons, refugees and migration); interculturalism; gender equity; youth cultures; social responsibility; alcohol and drug use; education about sexuality and love; environmental education; road safety education (mobility and transit); fiscal citizenship (tax culture); and transparency in governance and access to information. 417.The Programme also seeks to impact the country’s education system by promoting projects and initiatives, both inside and outside the Ministry of Education, relating to the aforementioned fields of action. 418.The programme’s target group includes all Ecuadorian children and young people, as well as the teaching and administrative staff of schools in Ecuador and the educational community as a whole. Its different areas of action are as follows: (a)Evaluating student welfare and guidance departments with a view to amending their regulations and procedures, providing them with the equipment they need and strengthening their human resources; (b)Providing compulsory training for these departments’ staff nationwide on subjects that incorporate a new way of thinking about democratic practices, tools, outputs and communication channels; (c)Phasing in the subjects addressed by the programme in school curricula, textbooks and teaching practices within the formal education system; (d)Promoting student organizations by providing support for student councils, journalism clubs and other activities and initiatives involving a high level of student participation and leadership; (e)Promoting educational communication through publications, graphics and audio-visual materials; (f)Encouraging transparency in governance by organizing citizen oversight groups, virtual channels for the receipt of information, mechanisms for direct contact and appropriate follow-up on complaints. 419.The present Constitution also establishes the following: “Article 28. Education shall promote the general welfare of the public and shall not serve individual or corporate interests. Universal access, continued attendance, mobility and the right to complete one’s education shall be guaranteed to all persons, without discrimination. Attendance at the preschool, primary and secondary or equivalent levels of education is compulsory. It is the right of every person and community to interact with different cultures and to participate in a learning society. The State shall promote intercultural dialogue in its many dimensions. Education shall take place in both school and non-school settings. Public education shall be universal and secular at all levels and shall be free of charge up to and including the third level of higher education.” 420.In order to give effect to the right to free education, the Ministry of Education has waived the US$ 25 voluntary contribution that families used to pay to public schools. The objective of this step is to lower access barriers to education and move towards free public education. 421.In 2006, about US$ 9 million was transferred to the different school systems and provincial directorates to cover the cost of utilities such as water and electricity, minor repairs in public schools, and teachers’ salaries that had previously been paid by parents. 422.During this period, for the first time in the history of the education system, textbooks were distributed free of charge to children enrolled in public Spanish-language and bilingual schools in the coastal, highland and Amazonian regions. Since then, the Government has invested US$ 23 million so that it can continue to waive the US$ 25 voluntary contribution. It has also expanded the distribution of free textbooks to include the first to tenth levels of basic general education through the Vitrina Pedagógica (“educational showcase”) Programme, with an investment of US$ 15 million by the Ministry of Education and one of US$ 3,909,175 by the provincial prefectures. Enrolment in the first year of basic general education has also been expanded, with an additional 40,000 children enrolled. Children enrolled in school nationwide Highland and Amazonian region Source: Ministry of Education. 423.The Government is committed to carrying out the following actions: ensuring funding of US$ 1 million for the preparation of textbooks in indigenous languages; hiring 3,000 new teachers in order to provide universal access to the first level of basic general education; establishing regulatory standards for teaching materials, furnishings and equipment in schools; ensuring that an intercultural dimension is part of the reform of basic general education; coordinating the curriculum for basic general education with those for initial and secondary education; promoting a new pedagogical model; and establishing guidelines for the distribution of school uniforms while ensuring that the identities of the various peoples of Ecuador are respected. 424.One of the policies included in the Education Plan for 2006–2015 calls for an increase in enrolment in secondary education to at least 75 per cent of the population in the corresponding age group. The objective of this policy is to train able young people with a focus on interculturalism, inclusiveness and equity, enabling them to go on to higher education and live productive lives, conscious of their national identity, with a pluricultural and multi-ethnic focus, and with respect for collective and human rights, nature and life. 425.The main activities provided for under the plan include: (a)Designing, implementing and incorporating an intercultural dimension into the new education model for general and technical secondary education, in coordination with basic and higher education under the Spanish-speaking and bilingual systems; (b)Designing education models for the development of entrepreneurial skills based on a combination of schooling and work experience. 1.Access to higher education 426.Article 1, subparagraph (b), of the Higher Education Act establishes that: “it is the mission of the institutions of the Ecuadorian national system of higher education to seek the truth and to promote universal and Ecuadorian ancestral culture and science and technology through teaching, research and links with the community”. Article 2 further establishes that: “the institutions of the Ecuadorian national system of higher education are fundamentally pluralistic and are open to all forms and trends of universal thought presented in a scientific manner. They focus their activities on providing a comprehensive education that will enable people to contribute to the development of the country, the attainment of social justice, the strengthening of national identity in the pluricultural context of the country, the consolidation of democracy, peace, human rights and Latin American integration, and the defence and protection of the environment.” This approach is reflected in the internal regulatory framework of each institution of higher education. 427.The incorporation of technical and technological institutes into the Ecuadorian system of higher learning has created more opportunities for access to higher education, especially in rural areas. Higher education institutions, including universities and polytechnics (71), as well as technical and technological institutes (292), can be found in more than 88 urban and rural locations throughout the country. 428.The use of information and communications technologies and new modes of study (such as blended and distance-learning models) over the past six years has been one of the most influential factors behind improved access to education. 429.The available statistics show that the age of students in institutions of higher education ranges from 17 to 83 years. There are four universities for every 100,000 persons between the ages of 18 and 24. The sex distribution of the student population that has enrolled in the past five years has changed significantly, with an increase in the percentage of women compared to men. On average, 54.4 per cent of all currently enrolled students are women, while 45.6 per cent are men. 430.An upward trend can also be seen in the number of graduates from universities and polytechnics and in the percentage of women graduates. In the period from 2003 to 2009, women represented 59.3 per cent of graduates, on average, while men represented 40.7 per cent. 431.The Government employs 9 per cent of the economically active population and 31 per cent of professionals who hold a higher education diploma. 432.The student population in public and partially State-funded universities and polytechnics in 2007 had increased by a total of 51.88 per cent in comparison with 2001. 433.Ecuadorians have made up 99.3 per cent of the entire student population in the past five years, while 0.7 per cent of students were of other nationalities. 2.Measures to combat illiteracy 434.Another policy included in the Education Plan for 2006–2015 calls for the eradication of illiteracy and the strengthening of continuing education for adults. The objective of this policy is to ensure access to the national basic education system for adults who have not finished school and to enable them to continue and successfully complete their education. This is carried out through national basic education programmes geared to adults, with literacy skills being the starting point for the provision of an inclusive education. 435.The National Basic Education Programme for Young People and Adults has been designed to eradicate illiteracy in Ecuador. It comprises the Manuela Sáenz Project (Spanish language); the Dolores Cacuango Project (indigenous languages); the Cordón Fronterizo Project (Colombia/Ecuador/Peru border area); the Voluntad Project (for prisoners); and the Discapacidades Diversas Project (for people with disabilities). The programme and its five projects are implemented by the National Directorate for Continuing Education of the Ministry of Education with the support of the National Directorate for Bilingual Intercultural Education. 436.By August 2009, Ecuador is to be declared free of illiteracy. With this in view, the Government has launched a literacy campaign that is broadcast over radio and television. In addition, the National Basic Education Programme for Young People and Adults has been established in order to help adults complete their basic education. Under this programme, 60,000 second-year high-school students provide literacy tutoring to young people and adults from marginal urban areas, create teaching materials to reinforce the process, and carry out social development work. 437.There are currently 27,000 community educators in the country who provide literacy training, primarily in rural areas. Literacy and post-literacy modules have been developed, as well as supplementary reading materials, school supply kits, assessment forms for student placement and evaluation forms for use in determining when students can go on to the next grade and for the award of credit for coursework. Workshops have also been held, and 43 vehicles and 43 computers have been distributed to the Spanish-language and bilingual intercultural education systems for follow-up and evaluation activities in the 24 provinces and among the 19 indigenous nationalities. 438.In order to guarantee the right to freedom of education and to ensure the active participation of the community and the family in this right, article 29 of the Constitution establishes that: “The State shall guarantee the right to freedom of education, academic freedom in higher education, and the right of persons to learn in their own language and cultural environment. Mothers and fathers or their representatives shall have the freedom to choose an education for their daughters and sons that is in keeping with their principles, beliefs and approaches to learning.” 439.The Government’s Education Plan for 2006–2015 focuses on promoting interculturalism, inclusiveness and diversity and includes policies for improving both the coverage and the quality of initial, basic and secondary education. These comprehensive policies are being implemented nationwide in Spanish-language and bilingual intercultural education programmes. 440.In order to encourage the participation of indigenous peoples and communities in education, the bilingual intercultural education system is working actively to implement policies for the promotion of the rights of indigenous peoples and nationalities, as set forth in article 57, paragraph 14, and article 347, paragraph 9, of the new Constitution. 441.The Government is fulfilling its obligations before the international community in this respect, including those established under article 27, paragraph 3, of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (No. 169) and under article 14 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 442.The bilingual intercultural education system, through the National Directorate for Bilingual Intercultural Education, designs the educational programme for indigenous nationalities and peoples. This system therefore plays a primary role in bringing about social change, as it places human beings at the centre of efforts to renew the learning process while galvanizing people’s involvement in analysing and reaching decisions about problems arising from their sociocultural and economic situation. The approach taken is one that fosters personal valuation and self-esteem and seeks to strengthen people’s cultural identity. This system allows students, within the context of their families and communities, to share in humankind’s knowledge of the cosmos, to adopt forms of social and personal behaviour that are expressed in linguistic codes and to value and foster material, symbolic and spiritual forms of expression and communication. 443.As part of the effort to incorporate a gender perspective in education, during this reporting period the National Council for Women signed an inter-agency cooperation agreement with the Directorate for Professional Development of the Ministry of Education on gender mainstreaming in teacher training policies. Technical skills relating to gender issues are being strengthened through teacher training modules offered nationwide by the Directorate for Professional Development entitled “Towards Gender Equity in Education”. These modules are included in the advanced training package designed by the National Council for Women for teachers seeking promotion. In coordination with the Directorate for Professional Development, a handbook for teachers has been drafted on gender issues and the eradication of sexual offences in the educational environment. 444.In addition to this programme, the National Council for Women, together with the National Directorate for Parent Involvement of the Ministry of Education, is working to mainstream a gender perspective and an awareness of the human rights of women. As part of this effort, it has drafted a concept paper on gender and the eradication of sexual offences in the educational environment for use in outreach work with parents. 445.The National Council for Women has also actively supported literacy programmes as part of a gender-awareness approach to teacher training. Additionally, through the offices of the regional under-secretaries of the Ministry of Education, strategic alliances have been formed with local and provincial governments to promote literacy and post-literacy education for women, contributing to the literacy of more than 680 women in the year 2005. As a result of that effort, the town of Cotacachi in the province of Imbabura was declared illiteracy-free. There are 580 women currently participating in post-literacy educational activities, and 380 women in Quito have participated in literacy training. 3.Support for the education of children and the importance of educating girls 446.As stated above, article 27 of the Constitution states that education shall be human-centred and shall promote gender equity, justice, solidarity and peace. Some 90 per cent of all children in Ecuador attend school, with girls tending to outnumber boys. Children in school in Ecuador, 2004 Children in school (percentages) Source: Integrated System of Social Indicators of Ecuador, 2004. 447.The figures for 2004 show that the percentage of girls between 5 and 17 years of age who attend school is 2 points higher than the enrolment rate for boys and is thus 1 percentage point higher than the national average for all school-age children. These data illustrate the results of Government action to promote gender mainstreaming in its main education policies, as described in preceding paragraphs. School dropout rates and remedial measures First-grade school dropout rate 448.The Government has decided to increase allocations for the education system by an amount equal to 0.5 per cent of GDP annually up to 2012 or until they reach at least 6 per cent of GDP. This measure will permit the implementation of inclusive Government policies designed to eliminate access barriers to education, as described in previous paragraphs. 449.The recent reform of regulations governing the education system that relate to migrants, which was approved by the Ministry of Education in Ministerial Decision No. 337 of 26 September 2008, is in accordance with the new Constitution and with article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 450.This new decision strengthens respect for human rights and an inclusive education without discrimination, which will undoubtedly “promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace”. 451.Ministerial Decision No. 337 stipulates that a valid visa or residence permit shall not be required for enrolment in school; all foreigners who do not have school records are to be given placement exams in all levels and subjects, regardless of their migration status. This decision is in accordance with the role played by Ecuador as both a country of origin and host country for migrants and exemplifies a policy based on mutual respect. 452.As set forth in Ministry of Education Decision No. 482 of 10 December 2008, the State guarantees the right to education for children, adolescents, men and women who are victims of trafficking in persons. Such persons have the right to have access to an education, to remain in attendance in school and to move up through the different grades. They are to be provided with special services within the education system. M.Article 14: no-fee education 453.As stated above, primary education in Ecuador is free and compulsory. N.Article 15: right to take part in cultural life 454.The Ministry of Culture was created under the terms set out in Executive Decree No. 5 of 15 January 2007. It took over the duties that had previously been performed by the Office of the Under-Secretary for Culture and is charged with promoting cultural affairs, creative activity, artistic development and scientific research. 455.The Ministry of Culture of Ecuador is creating a national cultural system that will encompass the cultural institutions specified in article 378 of the Constitution. 456.The Ministry has set up a participatory mechanism for drafting legislation on the structure of that system. This bill is to be submitted to the National Assembly as soon as possible after 10 August 2009 and will contain specific provisions designed to protect each cultural right in accordance with the Constitution. 457.Institutional cultural policies will be implemented by means of the projects included in the annual and multi-annual investment plans. These projects will cover the following areas: Cultural legislation: 100 days for culture A conference on the arts Cultural policy workshops Consolidating the network for the promotion and dissemination of information on cultural rights A national cultural system: cultural mapping National festivals Audience development Orchestras and bands Competitive fund for cultural research, 2008 Promotion of Ecuadorian film and audio-visuals Sensitization and artistic expression in social rehabilitation centres Strengthening borders Preserving and appreciating living cultures and languages Design and establishment of a heritage protection system A planning system for the protection of the nation’s heritage Conference on Andean cuisine Conference on the nation’s history Intercultural community centres Dialogue on ancestral knowledge and sciences Networks of local councils for intercultural affairs National celebrations 458.A national cultural system has been created whose main components are as follows: (a) legacy and heritage; (b) promotion of independent creative works; (c) interculturalism; and (d) dissemination of cultural works, goods and services. Emphasis is placed on citizen participation and on the creation, implementation and consolidation of public services and networks. 459.Article 21 of the Constitution states that: “People have the right to build and maintain their own cultural identity, to decide whether they belong to one or more cultural communities and to express those choices; the right to aesthetic freedom; the right to gain access to the historical memory of their cultures and to their cultural heritage; and the right to disseminate their own forms of cultural expression and to have access to a range of forms of cultural expression. Cultural considerations may not be invoked as a justification for undermining rights recognized in the Constitution.” 460.Article 22 of the Constitution states that: “People have the right to develop their creativity, to engage in cultural and artistic activities on an ongoing basis and with dignity, and to the protection of their intellectual property rights over their scientific, literary and artistic creations.” 461.Articles 57, 58, 59 and 60 of chapter four of the Constitution, which deals with the rights of communities, peoples and nations, establish that: “Article 57. The following collective rights of indigenous communes, communities, peoples and nations are recognized and guaranteed in accordance with this Constitution and with the covenants, agreements, declarations and other international human rights instruments in force: 1.To freely maintain, develop and strengthen their identity, sense of belonging, ancestral traditions and forms of social organization. 2.To not be subject to racism or any form of discrimination based on their origin or ethnic or cultural identity. 5.To maintain their ownership of ancestral lands and territories and to be awarded such lands and territories free of charge. 6.To participate in the use, usufruct, management and conservation of the renewable natural resources located in or on their lands. 8.To preserve and promote their methods for managing their natural environment and its biodiversity. The State shall establish and execute programmes, with the participation of the community, to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of the biodiversity of that environment. 9.To preserve and develop their own forms of social coexistence and organization and methods for establishing and exercising authority in their legally recognized territories and ancestral community lands. 10.To establish, develop, apply and practise their own or customary legal system, which shall not violate any constitutional rights, particularly in the case of women, children and adolescents. 12.To maintain, safeguard and develop collective knowledge; their ancestral sciences, technologies and wisdoms; the genetic resources contained in the biological and agricultural biodiversity of their environment; their traditional medicines and medical practices, which include the right to recover, promote and protect their sacred ritual sites, as well as the flora, fauna, mineral resources and ecosystems within their territories; and their knowledge about their resources and the properties of those fauna and flora. Any form of appropriation of their knowledge, innovations or practices is prohibited. 13.To maintain, recover, protect, develop and preserve their cultural and historical heritage as an indivisible part of the heritage of Ecuador. The State shall provide the resources needed for that purpose. 15.To create and maintain organizations that represent them within a framework of respect for pluralism and for cultural, political and organizational pluralism. The State shall recognize and promote all their forms of expression and organization. 19.To encourage the use of the clothing, symbols and emblems that identify them. 21.To ensure that the dignity and diversity of their cultures, traditions, histories and aspirations are reflected in public education and in the media; to create their own media in their languages and to have discrimination-free access to all other media. The right of peoples in voluntary isolation to their territories is irrevocable and sacrosanct. Any type of extractive activity whatsoever on those lands is prohibited. The State shall take action in order to guarantee their lives, enforce their right to self-determination and to choose to remain in isolation, and ensure that their rights are respected. The violation of those rights shall be deemed to constitute the offence of ethnocide, which shall be defined by law. The State shall enforce these collective rights without any form of discrimination whatsoever under conditions of equality and equity between women and men. Article 58. In order to strengthen their identity, culture, traditions and rights, the Afro-Ecuadorian peoples are recognized as possessing the collective rights set forth in the Constitution, other laws and covenants, conventions, declarations and other international instruments pertaining to human rights. Article 59. The collective rights of the Montubio peoples are hereby recognized in order to ensure their integral, sustainable human development process, as are the policies and strategies designed to support their progress and associative forms of administration based on an understanding of their view of reality and on respect for their culture, identity and own world vision, in accordance with the law. Article 60. The ancestral, indigenous, Afro-Ecuadorian and Montubio peoples may establish territorial districts in support of the preservation of their culture. The establishment of such districts shall be regulated by law. Communes that own land collectively are hereby recognized as an ancestral form of territorial organization.” 462.As part of this same legal framework, article 23 recognizes people’s right to “... have access to and participate in public spheres of action and forums for deliberations, cultural exchange, the development of social cohesion and the promotion of equality in diversity. The right to disseminate one’s own cultural forms of expression in public shall be subject to no other limitations save those established by law in accordance with constitutional principles.” 463.The Ecuadorian Intellectual Property Institute, which is responsible for promoting creativity and innovation and for protecting intellectual property rights, has developed a number of projects and other activities in order to foster ancestral knowledge and wisdom: (a)Bill for the protection of collective knowledge and ancestral wisdom of indigenous peoples and nations, the Montubio peoples, the Afro-Ecuadorian population, and the ancestral communities and communes of Ecuador; (b)Access to genetic resources and the protection of related forms of traditional knowledge in Latin America. A Latin American conference was recently held in Quito with a view to preparing and publishing a book on the existing situation in this regard in the region; (c)Common Andean Regime for the Protection of Collective Knowledge and Ancestral Wisdom, within the framework of the Andean Community of Nations. The aim of this system is to build the capacity of indigenous peoples and nations, along with other stakeholders, to ensure access to genetic resources and to protect related ancestral knowledge. 464.The Education and Culture Unit of the National Council for Culture and the Arts is working to improve the quality of general and specialized instruction within the formal education system through education in culture and the arts. To this end, programmes are offered that upgrade and expand the range of practical art education courses, especially in municipal schools. 465.General art education programmes include a pilot project that forms part of a full-length school day initiative, regional and national exhibitions of student artwork, the provision of curricular support materials for artistic modes of expression to preschool teachers, and the analysis of courses of study in the arts with a view to the establishment of quality standards for university studies and courses at other levels. Specialized art education programmes include the annual competition of the National Fund for Art Schools and technical advisory services concerning the development of specialized art education in the country and, more specifically, its curricular, legal and budgetary aspects. 1.Access to scientific advances and their applications 466.The National Secretariat of Science and Technology (SENACYT) of Ecuador has increased its project funding. In 2008, such funding totalled approximately US$ 67 million. Scientific research projects, INAP, 2007 Number of projects Source: National Secretariat of Science and Technology (SENACYT), 2009. 467.SENACYT financed 60 per cent of the user licences for international scientific databases needed by students, teachers and researchers in order to gain access to reliable data in various scientific fields. Virtual libraries programme July 2007/June 2008 July 2008/December 2009 468.This programme is being implemented in 41 university and polytechnic schools in the country. Between 2007 and May 2009, about 350,000 students, teachers and researchers have benefited from this programme. 469.SENACYT is also implementing a programme under which postgraduate grants are given to Ecuadorian professionals attending masters’, doctoral and post-doctoral studies at universities outside of Ecuador, as shown here. Scholarship programmes, 2003–2009 Programme total Inter-American Development Bank and Government of Ecuador, 2003–2004 France, 2008 – 1 Fulbright, 2007–2009 2008 – 2 470.SENACYT has also funded short-term activities such as courses, internships, and national and international seminars relating to science and technology, as shown in the following table. Short-term events Number of beneficiaries Short-term events 2007 2.Legal protection for freedom of scientific research 471.In the 2008 Constitution, title VII, on the plan for “good living”, chapter one, on inclusion and equity, section 8, on science, technology, innovation and ancestral knowledge, states: “Article 385. Within a framework of respect for the environment, nature, life, cultures and sovereignty, the purpose of the national system for science, technology, innovation and ancestral knowledge shall be: 1.To generate, adapt and disseminate scientific and technological knowledge; 2.To recover, strengthen and reinforce ancestral knowledge; 3.To develop technologies and innovations that promote national production, increase efficiency and productivity, improve the quality of life and contribute to the achievement of ‘good living’. Article 386. This system shall comprise programmes, policies, resources and actions and shall encompass State institutions, universities and polytechnic schools, public and private research institutes, public and private firms, non-governmental organizations and natural and legal persons that carry out activities involving research, the development of technology, innovation or those related to ancestral knowledge. The corresponding State agency shall coordinate the system and set its objectives and policies in accordance with the National Development Plan and in coordination with the relevant stakeholders. Article 387. The State shall: Facilitate and promote the country’s incorporation into the knowledge society as a means of achieving development objectives; Promote the creation and generation of knowledge, foster scientific and technological research and reinforce ancestral knowledge as a means of contributing to the achievement of sumak kawsay (‘good living’); Ensure the diffusion of scientific and technological knowledge, access to that knowledge and the ability to make use of scientific and technological discoveries and findings within the framework established by the Constitution and other laws of the land; Guarantee freedom of creation and research with an ethical framework of respect for nature, the environment and ancestral knowledge; Extend recognition to the research profession as provided for by law. Article 388. The State shall allocate the necessary resources for scientific research, the development of technology, innovation, scientific training, the recovery and enhancement of ancestral wisdom and the dissemination of knowledge. A portion of these resources will be used to set up a competitive project fund. Organizations that receive public funds will be subject to State oversight and accountability requirements.” 472.In addition, title II, on rights, chapter two, on the rights of “good living”, section 4, on culture and science, article 22, states that: “Article 22. People have the right to develop their creativity, to engage in cultural and artistic activities on an ongoing basis and with dignity, and to the protection of their intellectual property rights over their scientific, literary and artistic creations.” 473.Article 25 guarantees the right to the enjoyment of the benefits and applications of scientific progress and ancestral wisdom. 3.Cooperation in the fields of science and culture 474.The Foundation for Science and Culture (FUNDACYT) of Ecuador and SENACYT have provided support for various scientific events, research projects, courses and internships during the reporting period, as shown below. Sponsorship of scientific events Support for speakers in international forums Short courses and internships Science fairs 475.In order to build up international funding management capacity, strengthen relations with institutions working in the field of science and technology, and seek out new opportunities for international scientific cooperation, SENACYT-FUNDACYT have reactivated existing arrangements and signed new cooperation agreements, as shown below. International scientific cooperation Partner countries/agencies Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba and Mexico Bilateral agreements were reactivated and updated. Pan American Health Organization, Ministry of Health An inter-agency cooperation agreement was signed for the implementation of the Virtual Library Programme in el Ecuador. A cooperation agreement covering the fields of science, technology and innovation provides for postgraduate training for researchers and scientists, internships and short-term events. A framework inter-agency cooperation agreement provides for the preparation of a cooperation plan covering the fields of science, technology and innovation. Network for the Popularization of Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean/UNESCO A project is under way to develop a manual on indicators for use in measuring the social impact of activities designed to promote the dissemination and popularization of science and technology in Ecuador, Venezuela and Peru. Ibero-American Programme for Science, Technology and Development Participation in various international meetings. Andrés Bello Agreement Ecuador was represented in the Forum for the Popularization of Science and Science Teaching and Learning and in the Permanent Forum for Prospective Scientific and Technological Inquiry of the member countries of the Andrés Bello Agreement. Co-financing of postgraduate scholarships for researchers. Portal of the Science and Development Network (www.scidev.net) Participation in the meeting of the Latin America Committee of the portal of the Science and Development Network and in a seminar on scientific journalism held at the Universidad Javeriana de Colombia. International scientific cooperation agreements Cuba, Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology A bilateral cooperation agreement for the establishment of a plant for the manufacture of pentavalent vaccines. Italy, Università della Calabria Under an institutional agreement on scholarships for students in the field of science and technology, the university furnishes room and board. Australia, James Cook University A coordination agreement covers the assignment and management of financial, human and technical resources for Ecuadorian scientists. A multilateral agreement provides for the participation of Ecuadorian scientists on six panels dealing with agrifood; health; industrial development and promotion; sustainable development, global change and ecosystems; energy, science and society, and information and telecommunications technologies. I.Participants in the meeting held by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration (Office of the Regional Under-Secretary, Cuenca, 29 July 2009) Banco Nacional de Fomento (national development bank) Econ. Edgardo Mármol Council of the Judiciary Gonzalo Urgiles León Provincial Director of Azuay of the Council of the Judiciary National Council for Persons with Disabilities Julio Hinojosa Executive Director (Provincial Director) National Council for Higher Education Gustavo Vega President (Provincial Director) National Council for Women (CONAMU) – Transitional Committee Ximena Abarca National Council for Children and Adolescents (CNNA) Dra. Catalina Mendoza Executive Secretary of the Council for Children and Adolescents of Cuenca Canton National Court of Justice Pablo Efraín Vintimilla Gonzalez Chief Justice of the Azuay Provincial Court Vinicio Jiménez Provincial Commissioner Office of the Prosecutor-General Amelio Ordóñez Azuay District Prosecutor National Agricultural Research Institute Julio César Delgado National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC) Rodrigo Segarra National Institute for Children and the Family Manuel Martínez Ministry of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries Walter Poveda Minister (Provincial Director) Ramiro Noriega Ministry of Urban Development and Housing Arq. María de los Angeles Duarte Lcdo. Raúl Vallejo Ministry of the Interior, Police and Worship Gustavo Jalkh Silvana Regalado Àlvarez Regional Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion Graciela Espinoza Regional Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Emb. Augusto Sáa C. Director General for Human Rights and Social Affairs Lorena Sánchez Official of the Directorate-General for Human Rights and Social Affairs Verónica Oquendo Ministry of Justice and Human Rights Patricia Salazar Under-Secretary for Human Rights Alexandra Almeida Director for Human Rights Antr. Yaneth Yépez Team Member, Office of the Under-Secretary for Human Rights Ab. María Ojeda Antonio Gagliardo Secretariat for Peoples, Social Movements and Citizen Participation Santiago Sánchez National Secretariat of Planning and Development (SENPLADES) René Ramírez National Secretary (Provincial Director) Office of the Vice-President of Ecuador Vice-President (Provincial Director) II.Cooperating institutions and institutions that provided information relating to the Covenant Minister of Labour and Employment Minister of Culture Caroline Chang Minister of Public Health María de los Ángeles Duarte Minister of Economic and Social Inclusion Soc. Ana Lucía Herrera Director of the Transitional Committee of the National Council for Women (CONAMU) Transitional Committee of the National Council for Women (CONAMU) Washington Pesantez Prosecutor-General Sara Oviedo Fernando Gutiérrez Doris Solís Secretary for Peoples, Social Movements and Citizen Participation Mónica Dávila Agency for International Cooperation Byron Antonio Villacís Vice-President of Ecuador Ramón Espinel Minister of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries Pedro Montalvo National Science and Technology Secretariat Jorge Jurado National Secretary for Water Resources National Secretariat for Water Resources José Vicente Troya Alexis Rivas Minister of Natural and Cultural Heritage Ministry of Natural and Cultural Heritage Julio César Hinojosa National Council for Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS) Ramiro González Chairperson of the Governing Board of the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute Ecuadorian Social Security Institute Walter Solís Minister of Urban Development and Housing Andrés Icaza Chairperson of the Governing Board of the Ecuadorian Intellectual Property Institute Ecuadorian Intellectual Property Institute Minister of the Interior, Police and Worship National Secretary of Planning and Development Lorena Escudero National Secretary for Migration

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Just a lot I yelled at Lee this morning. I had Evie on my hip, a spare change of clothes for Lee’s cubby in one hand, a cup of coffee in the other and my purse and work bag on my shoulder. Evie and I were standing in front of the door, waiting on Lee so that we…

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13882

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Ridges Sanctuary Natural Features The Ridges Sanctuary, a National Natural Landmark, named for its distinctive topography, is a series of 30 narrow, crescent-shaped sandy ridges and swales where 500 different types of plants, 60 types of birds and 12 endangered species flourish. Explore this natural treasure by hiking on its trail system. One trail goes by the historic Baileys Harbor Range Lights built in 1869. They are the only lighthouses of this design still functioning as navigational aids.

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13883

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“One last time,” urged Robbie. “We’ve been at least twelve, and I’m starting to get dizzy,” answered Marc. “I’ve changed the track a little, it won’t be as bad.” “Okay, one last time,” said Marc. The train was pulled slowly to the peak of the first hill. With every slow tick of the gears, Marc’s heart raced faster. Just as they reached the very top, Robbie clapped his hands and the hill doubled in length, so that they were now only in the middle of the first hill. “I thought you said you made it nicer?” asked Marc. “I did. I lied,” Robbie chuckled. Marc stared wildly into Robbie’s eyes, but Robbie’s face was delighted. Marc began to regain his composure because Robbie’s confidence was reassuring. At the top of the hill, Marc could see that this was going to be a short ride, because the track ended at the bottom of that hill. Robbie’s plan had been to plunge down the hill and be shot football-like through the air. When Marc finished his first scream, they were already airborne. Robbie pulled on a lever that was between his invisible legs. “Oh good, an air break,” shouted Marc. The rest of the buggies, detached from their car. “Oh is that all?” asked Marc. Their car split down the middle leaving Robbie in his own car and Marc in his. Robbie pulled a second lever, and his car grew wings and he flew away. “Thanks a lot Marc. See you later,” Robbie yelled. Marc looked, over the edge of his car, at the ground racing by. “Yeah, sure thing. Anytime kid.” He looked between his legs where he hoped there would be a lever. There was not one. He looked up from the floor of his buggy and saw a large crenate tree just before he hit it. “Ahhh!” he yelled. “Marc wake up, you’re dreaming.” Lily shook him. “Oh.” Marc looked around. Everyone was looking at him in return. “Just you’re normal roller coaster off the track dream,” he explained. “Oh, okay,” said Petal. Everyone looked from Marc to her. “What, doesn’t everyone have that one?” They walked slowly, as the humid and muggy atmosphere seemed to way them down. Petal was strapped to Marc’s torso, but facing forward so she could where they were going. They had left the forest by early afternoon, and began travelling in more settled areas. They arrived at and walked along a large body of water. They had stopped to talk to several people, and to Penny’s growing unease several animals. A dog, three birds, a dolphin, and a zebra had stopped them and upon learning their names, asked them to mention to the Lord not to forget their kind in the new day. “Why have they all heard of you?” asked Penny. “We don’t know,” replied Lily. “But for a few days now, people have known who we are before we can tell them. For some reason we’ve been turned into heroes overnight.” “Yeah, Like we’re the angels bringing forth the message that The Seventh Day is over,” said Meribah. “What did you say?” snapped Joel. “I said, Like…” “I know what you said,” interrupted Joel. “But do you believe it?” “I, I didn’t really think of it until just now.” “You don’t really think that?” asked Marc. “It is possible isn’t it?” Joel scratched his scalp. “This is really heavy. If we are doing just that. Maybe we should just stop here and go back. Life can continue here and on earth. Just let God sleep a little longer, who’s it gonna hurt.” “That’s not for us to decide,” said Lily. “You’ve been sent on a quest. Whether or not you see God will not decide whether The Seventh Day is over, will it? God decides when The Seventh Day is over. He won’t be influenced by two earth-angels. Will he?” “But what if we do wake him up? And he decides it’s time to call his sheep. Is it bad or is it good?” Marc licked his lips. “Only God can decide whether it’s truly good or bad. I’m not turning back.” “I wonder…” thought Joel aloud. A sack of grain fell from a tree, and exploded on the ground next to Joel. “You wonder!?” yelled a boy, with an English accent, from the tree. He jumped down on top of the grain. “That’s good, never stop wondering. That’s how things are discovered, by people wondering.” The boy held out his hand. “Name’s Isaac, mathematician and scientist.” “I’m Joel.” He shook his hand. “This is Marc, Lily, Petal, Meribah, and this our newest companion is Penny.” Isaac stopped and shook each hand in turn, but when he got to Penny’s hand he froze. He and Penny looked deep into each other’s eyes. Everyone watched them with growing curiosity, then suddenly Marc and Lily knew what was happening. “They’re soulmelding, they’re eternal-mates,” whispered Marc. They continued, their intense stare until Lily interrupted, “Are you two okay?” “Uhm, I’d say reasonably okay.” Isaac kept looking into Penny’s eyes. “Wouldn’t you dear.” “Yes,” Penny blushed, “reasonably okay.” “Please come with me. Penny tells me you haven’t eaten in a bit.” Isaac led the way holding Penny’s hand. “I’ve plenty of food, and it usually goes bad before I find time to eat it. Maybe you’ll stay the night?” “So what is it?” asked Marc. “It’s a timer. It holds the coin at the top. When you press this lever, it lets go of the coin and starts keeping time. When the coin lands on the bottom plate it stops,” Isaac explained. “Try it.” Marc did. “Okay, it gave me a fraction of a second. So what’s the deal?” “Try it again,” said Isaac. Marc did, and it gave him another answer, and another, and again, and again. “So what’s the trick? Shouldn’t I get the same answer every time?” “Yes you should, if you were on earth. But here,” Isaac waved his hands, “here, nothing is constant, not even the pull of gravity. There are thousands of theories that need to be rebuilt from the beginning.” “So what’s your theory on the gravity thing?” asked Meribah. “I don’t know. I’m not that advanced yet,” he confessed. “But I do have an inkling. Do you know what an inkling is?” he asked Meribah. Marc answered, “An inkling is one one-thousandth of a clue.” “Pretty smart,” Isaac shrugged, “and he’s French too. Heaven will never cease to amaze me. Now back to my inkling. It could be that for some reason, someone designed heaven’s gravity in a wave like motion. The gravity pulls stronger and stronger till it reaches its peak, then it falls to a minimum then it starts getting stronger again.” “Why not a random and more erratic pattern like rain?” asked Lily. “Yes, that could be too. But I won’t find out until I build a better timer. You see if I drop a coin, I have to take time to record the speed, and reset and reload the timer. You can understand why this makes it difficult to prove the wave. Or disprove it.” “It would seem, you’ll be having something new to study,” said Joel. “What do you mean?” asked Isaac. “Well the soulmeld of course.” “There’s nothing unknown there Joel. Everything is where it should be. I know why everything is as it is, and it’s not all that complex. You’ll learn it too, you’re a smart Dorom. My new apprentice and I will be building a new timer and next time you see us, hopefully, we’ll be able to explain the difference in the pull of gravity.” “So you’re leaving us then, Penny?” asked Meribah, although she already knew the answer. “Yup, duty calls.” She hugged Isaac tightly. “Well, tomorrow then friends,” said Isaac. “I hope this room will be good enough for you.” “I wouldn’t worry,” Meribah assured him. “Your fire will keep us warm, and you’re too modest. These sofas are very comfortable.” “Sleep well!” Isaac left. Penny smiled and whispered, “Gnight!” as she followed Isaac.

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20110827Saigon-232.JPG A shoeshine man is at work early on Bui Vien Street in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Aug. 27, 2011.

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13885

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Chevrolet SUVs in San Diego, CA

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13886

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Department of Civil Aviation Cyprus Home » DCAC According to the Ministerial Decree 402-2015, the authority designated with the necessary powers and allocated responsibilities for the authorisation and compliance of organisations and persons involved in Unmanned Aircraft operations and related training in the airspace of the Republic of Cyprus is the Department of Civil Aviation of Cyprus (DCAC). Owners and operators of Drones, from the small consumer devices used for recreation to large unmanned aircraft used for other purposes, are required to comply with the provisions of the applicable European Regulations. for drones. Violation of the law constitutes an offence and offenders will be liable to penalties. This online system has been developed according to the guidelines and requirements of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947 and will be updated according to changes in the regulations. Statutory Instrument 402/2015 (27.11.2015) Civil Aviation Decree (Conditions for the Operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the Republic of Cyprus) 2015 as amended. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947 on rules and procedures for the operation of Unmanned Aircraft Airspace Reservation Request Form (NOTAM) NOTAM request form to be submitted for authorisation when conducting UAS operations in restricted airspace in Cyprus

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13887

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Author: SR Not Seeing Eye to Eye Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a condition in which the centre of the retina (the macula) gradually deteriorates, and the detailed vision needed for reading, driving and recognizing faces is lost. There are two types of AMD, a dry form and a wet form: the dry form is more common, but less severe, than the wet form. In the dry form, the cells don’t take in enough vital nutrients and fail to clear cellular by-products so that eventually photoreceptors are lost from the central part of the eye. The wet form is characterised by the growth of new blood vessels which can bleed and leak fluid, leading to scarring and more rapid loss of vision. There is currently no specific treatment for dry AMD, whilst treatment for the wet form involves laser treatment to seal the leaking blood vessels or injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs directly into the eye. A report in the New England Journal of Medicine now warns that a new treatment being developed for the treatment of wet AMD may actually cause harm in patients with the dry form of the disease. The new treatment, which is currently undergoing clinical trials, uses interfering RNA (RNAi) technology to downregulate production of VEGF or VEGF receptors. The new study identifies a link between toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), which helps the immune system to recognize viral infections, and dry AMD. A mutation associated with low activity of TLR3 appears to offer protection against dry AMD, possibly by suppressing death of retinal cells. The use of RNAi induces TLR3 activation, and so could worsen the prognosis in patients with dry AMD. The discovery also suggests that TLR3 inhibitors may offer a potential new treatment for the more common, dry, form of AMD. Posted on 4 September, 2008 Author SRCategories NewsTags AMD, toll-like receptor 3, VEGFLeave a comment on Not Seeing Eye to Eye Non-peptide GLP-1 Agonist Shows Efficacy in Mouse Model of Diabetes Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. A 39-residue synthetic peptide, Exenatide, which is approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, acts by mimicking the action of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a regulator of glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. Researchers have now shown that chronic administration of a non-peptide molecule, Boc5, can induce weight loss and increase insulin sensitivity in a mouse model of diabetes and obesity by binding to the receptor for GLP-1. Boc5 is the only non-peptide molecule reported so far that behaves as a full GLP-1 mimetic in vitro and in vivo. Although Boc5 itself does not have the properties of a ‘drug-like’ molecule, it may represent a starting point for the discovery of orally bioavailable agents with the potential to treat metabolic disorders. Posted on 3 September, 2008 Author SRCategories NewsTags diabetes, GLP-1, metabolic diseasesLeave a comment on Non-peptide GLP-1 Agonist Shows Efficacy in Mouse Model of Diabetes Inhibiting Bacterial Signalling Reduces Virulence Quorum sensing is used by bacteria to coordinate gene expression according to local population densities. The bacteria secrete signalling molecules and have receptors that can specifically recognize signalling molecules released by other bacteria of the same or different species. When the concentration of the signalling molecule reaches a certain concentration (i.e. many bacteria in the location), a response is triggered. In 2006, researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center described how blocking a newly discovered receptor in a strain of E. Coli could prevent infection. When contaminated food containing a virulent strain of E. Coli is eaten, the bacteria cause no damage until they encounter signalling molecules produced by native gut flora together with the human hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline. These molecular signals prompt the virulent E.Coli bacteria to release enterotoxins which, in extreme cases, can be fatal. In a recent report in the journal Science, Dr Sperandio’s group now describe the activity of a small molecule, LED209, which doesn’t inhibit bacterial growth but which markedly inhibits the virulence of several bacterial strains, both in vitro and in infected animals. Many bacterial pathogens rely on signalling pathways using the same “adrenergic-type” receptor to promote the expression of virulence factors, so inhibition of this pathway may offer a strategy for the development of new broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs. It is also possible that antagonists of this signalling pathway may not give rise to the widespread resistance seen with traditional antimicrobial agents. Posted on 2 September, 2008 Author SRCategories NewsTags antibacterial, quorum sensing, virulence1 Comment on Inhibiting Bacterial Signalling Reduces Virulence New Brain Delivery Strategy for Parkinson’s Disease The blood-brain barrier (BBB) fulfills an essential role by restricting the entry of potentially neurotoxic chemicals into brain tissue. The downside of this protective function is that entry of therapeutic molecules into the brain may also be severely restricted; delivering adequate amounts of drugs is one of the biggest challenges in treating many brain diseases. L-Dopa, used to treat Parkinson’s Disease, is transported into the brain using a carrier system (LAT 1) which normally transports large neutral amino acids. L-Dopa is close enough in structure to one of the endogenous substrates, phenylalanine, to gain entry using this transporter, but the constraints in terms of size and shape on the transported molecule mean that opportunities for such carrier-mediated transport are very limited. Now Armagen Technologies has announced funding by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research to develop a receptor-mediated system to deliver a neurotrophin into the brain. Receptor-mediated transport mechanisms involve attaching the drug molecule to a protein recognized by cell surface receptors and triggering an energy-dependant transcytosis. In this case, the neurotrophin, which protects the part of the brain that degenerates in Parkinson’s Disease, is fused to a monoclonal antibody which is able to cross the blood brain barrier and so deliver the neurotrophin into the brain tissue. Receptor-mediated transport mechanisms offer greater flexibility in terms of the size and shape of drug molecules that can be transported, and are likely to be more widely applicable than carrier-mediated systems. Posted on 1 September, 2008 Author SRCategories NewsTags Parkinson's, transporterLeave a comment on New Brain Delivery Strategy for Parkinson’s Disease PAI-1 inhibitors Help to Clear Amyloid Peptides Amyloid peptide oligomers are believed to contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease and much effort has gone into developing inhibitors of the β- and γ-secretases which are key to production of these peptides. An alternative approach to reducing amyloid peptide levels would be to increase their degradation. A number of proteases, including neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme and plasmin have been shown to degrade amyloid peptides. A recent report now describes how increasing plasmin levels by inhibiting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) can lead to lowered brain amyloid levels. The PAI-1 inhibitor, PAZ-417, was found to lower brain and plasma amyloid levels and reverse cognitive deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer’s Disease. PAZ-417 is currently undergoing Phase I clinical studies to investigate safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in young and elderly volunteers. Posted on 29 August, 2008 Author SRCategories NewsTags alzheimer's, PAI-1Leave a comment on PAI-1 inhibitors Help to Clear Amyloid Peptides mTORC1 and MAPK Inhibitors for Treatment of Cancer Rapamycin is a macrolide antibiotic used as an immunosuppressant to prevent organ rejection in transplant patients. Rapamycin and analogues have also been found to have anti-proliferative properties and their effects have been studied in a variety of cancers. Despite early promise, however, clinical tests have proved less successful than had been hoped. A report in the Journal of Clinical Investigation now suggests a reason for this lack of success. The anti-tumour effects of rapamycin are brought about by inhibition of the mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) pathway which is activated in many cancers, but the new study shows that this inhibition leads to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) cascade which stimulates the growth of cancer cells. The authors showed that the MAPK inhibitor, PD0325901, enhanced the effect of rapamycin or an analogue, RAD001 in cancer cell lines, and a xenograft mouse model of cancer. The results suggest that patient stratification based on molecular pathways and combined use of these drug families, both of which are currently used as single agents in the clinic, will provide more effective treatments for cancer. Posted on 28 August, 2008 Author SRCategories NewsTags kinase, mTor, oncologyLeave a comment on mTORC1 and MAPK Inhibitors for Treatment of Cancer

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13888

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How Much Should a Healthy Pitbull Weight? (Answered 2023) Posted on Last updated: August 23, 2022 How much does the average pitbull weight? This is a question that many people ask, and there is no easy answer. A healthy pitbull should ideally weigh between 35 and 60 pounds, but some can be larger or smaller. It really depends on the individual dog’s build and proportions. Some dogs may be larger because they have more muscle mass, while others may be smaller because they have less fat. Ultimately, as long as your pitbull is healthy and happy, their weight is probably just right. How much should a full grown Pitbull weigh? How much should a pitbull eat daily? At what age do pitbulls become aggressive? How can you tell how big a pitbull will get? How can I tell what kind of pitbull I have? How big is a 4 month old pitbull? What is a good diet for a pitbull? Should I Feed My pitbull once or twice a day? What is the best food to feed a pitbull to gain weight? How do pit bulls show love? How do you discipline a pitbull? Are pitbulls smart? A full-grown Pitbull should weigh between 35 and 60 pounds. Pitbulls weigh anywhere from 30 to 60 pounds, with the average weight falling somewhere in the middle. Interestingly, though, weight can vary quite a bit from one pitbull to another, and even within the same litter. Some pitbulls may be on the smaller side, while others may be closer to the upper end of the weight range. Pitbulls are muscular dogs that need a lot of protein to maintain their energy levels and stay in shape. As a general rule, a pitbull should consume about 2.5 cups of food per day. However, this amount can vary depending on the dog’s activity level, age, and health condition. It’s always best to consult with a veterinarian to determine the ideal diet for your pitbull. Pitbulls are often considered to be aggressive dogs, but this isn’t necessarily true. While they may be more likely to show aggression than some other breeds, it’s important to remember that all dogs have the potential to be aggressive. Pitbulls typically become aggressive around the age of two, but this can vary depending on the individual dog. If you’re concerned about your pitbull’s aggression, it’s best to consult with a professional trainer or behaviorist. You can’t always tell how big a pitbull will get by looking at its parents. There are a number of factors that can affect a pitbull’s final size, including genetics, diet, and exercise. However, on average, a full-grown pitbull will weigh between 35 and 60 pounds. Well, there are a few things that you can look at to help determine what kind of pitbull you have. First, look at the build of your dog. Pitbulls come in two different types – American and English. American pitbulls are usually stockier and have a more muscular build, while English pitbulls are taller and leaner. You can also look at the color of your dog’s coat. Pitbulls can be any color, but the most common are brindled (a mix of brown and black), fawn (a light brown), or black. Finally, look at your dog’s temperament. Pitbulls are typically very friendly and outgoing, so if your dog is shy or aggressive, he is probably not a pitbull. A 4 month old pitbull is medium sized. The average weight for a 4 month old pitbull is 30-40 pounds. Male pitbulls are usually bigger than females. A pit bull is a popular type of dog that is often used in dog fighting. Thebred was originally bred for bull-baiting, which is a sport in which a dog is placed in a ring with a bull and encouraged to fight. This practice was outlawed in the 1800s, but the breed was still used for dog fighting. Today, pit bulls are still used in dog fighting, but they are also popular pets. Pit bulls are strong, muscular dogs with short, thick fur. They come in a variety of colors, including black, white, brindle, and brown. Pit bulls are intelligent and affectionate dogs, but they can also be aggressive. Pit bulls need a lot of exercise, and they do best with an active owner. A good diet for a pit bull includes high-quality dry food, canned food, or raw food. Pit bulls also need plenty of fresh water. Dogs are individuals, just like people, and they don’t all have the same nutritional needs. Some dogs do best when fed once a day, while others do better when fed twice a day. The best way to determine how often to feed your dog is to ask your veterinarian. Pitbulls are active dogs, so they need a diet that provides them with plenty of energy. A good rule of thumb is to feed your pitbull twice a day. If you’re not sure how much to feed your dog, talk to your vet. They can help you figure out the right amount of food for your pet. Pit bulls are a breed of dog that is often considered to be aggressive and dangerous. However, they can make great pets if they are well-trained and socialized. If you are looking to add a bit more weight to your pit bull, there are some specific foods that can help. One option is to feed your pit bull a high-quality dry food that is designed for dogs that need to gain weight. These foods will often have a higher calorie content than standard dry foods, and they can help your dog to put on the pounds without filling him up too much. Another option is to add some wet food to your dog’s diet. Wet food generally has a higher fat content than dry food, so it can help your dog to gain weight without eating too much. However, wet food can also be more expensive than dry food, so you may want to combine it with a dry food to help keep your costs down. Finally, you can also supplement your dog’s diet with some healthy snacks. Pit bulls love to chew, so you can give them rawhide bones or bully sticks to help them put on weight. Just be sure to supervise your dog while he is chewing, as he could choke on pieces of rawhide or bully sticks if they are left unsupervised. The tone of this section is informative, witty, very friendly, and clever. Pit bulls are one of the most affectionate and loyal dog breeds. They are known for their strong bonds with their owners and their willingness to please. Pit bulls show love by being attentive and responsive to their owner’s needs and commands. They also enjoy cuddling and playing with their owners. Pitbulls are one of the most popular dog breeds in America, but they are also one of the most misunderstood. Often considered “dangerous”, pitbulls are actually gentle, loving, and intelligent dogs. But like any other breed, they require proper training and socialization. So, how do you discipline a pitbull? First and foremost, remember that pitbulls are people-oriented dogs. They want nothing more than to please their owners. This means that they are highly responsive to positive reinforcement, such as treats or verbal praise. When it comes to training, be consistent and clear with your commands. Pitbulls are smart dogs, but they can also be stubborn. If you are not consistent with your commands, they will quickly become confused. And finally, have patience. Pitbulls may not be the easiest dogs to train, but they are definitely worth the effort. With patience, love, and consistency, you will soon have a well-behaved pitbull that is the joy of your life. A lot of people seem to think that pitbulls are not smart. But, the truth is, they can be very intelligent dogs. Pitbulls were originally bred for fighting. They were bred to be aggressive and to have a strong bite. However, over time, they have been bred to be more gentle and loving dogs. While they may not be the smartest breed of dog, they can still be very intelligent. They are often very loyal and loving dogs. midogguide.com Explain How Specificity Plays a Role in High Performance Sports? (Answered 2023) Can Dogs Eat Rye Bread? (Benefits/risks) (Answered 2023) What is E Infinity? (Answered 2023) Are Joint Screen Tv Real? (Answered 2023) Why Do Mugs Have Handles? (Answered 2023) Which Summer Fruit is 92 Water? (Answered 2023) Is Hair Dye the Same as Bleach? (Answered 2023) What Are the Three Examples of Dual Sports? (Answered 2023)

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If you are unable to find the answer to your question using the links on the left, please visit the Contact Us page to contact the appropriate team. Alternatively, have you tried using our Candidate Support Chatbot? It can be found on the bottom right-hand corner of this page. It is available 24/7 and can solve the majority of requests immediately.

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Build and Fly Program is off to a Great Start Build and Fly Update So far we have two nights of our chapter’s Young Eagles Build and Fly program in the books. 12 young people have signed up to learn how to build (and fly) a radio controlled model airplane with us. So far they have had lessons in the history of model aircraft and the parts of an airplane. Build progress is going well as these young aviators have already framed up the vertical and horizontal stabilizers and made good progress on the right wing. Our next session will be this Thursday, December 2nd, and the group should be completing the first wing and stating the second wing along with starting the fuselage. The EAA Young Eagles Build and Fly Program provides kids with the opportunity to be involved in a program where they can physically build a model airplane that they can fly. The goals for 2021-22 are to enroll 10 interested youths into the program by October 2021 with students “graduating” within 3 months having completed the construction of a remote-controlled airplane and to offer students two separate sessions over the Fall/Winter and Spring/Summer. The chapter has established a partnered relationship with a local club of the Academy of Model Aeronautics (AMA) to offer additional support to these young aviators. Kids will learn about how airplanes are built, what makes an airplane fly, and how to control an airplane. All of this is accomplished by fun activities at the airport. EAA 932 is a grassroots organization that fosters aviation interest and participation through community outreach. With the help of volunteers, the EAA Young Eagles (YEs) Program is one that inspires and introduces young people to career paths such as aviation, engineering, aircraft mechanic, air traffic control, and aerospace. One objective of Chapter 932 is to expand the current YEs program by implementing a year-round Build and Fly program which provides hands-on build projects and year-round science/aviation education for engaged youth free of charge. This type of educational program addresses the need for accessible opportunities for young people to explore their curiosities and interests in aviation at a young age that can eventually lead to a worthwhile career path, many with opportunities outside of a traditional 4-year college. Deena Schwartz2023-02-24T13:37:40-06:00December 1st, 2021|Tags: Build and Fly, Young Eagles|

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5 Things Schools Should Have Taught You by earthmattersmusic | Jun 25, 2019 | Better Education | 2 comments Do you feel like schools could be doing a better job at preparing our children for the future?? Today, I wanted to write about five things that I feel are crucial but yet missing in our children’s every day education. I know some of us feel like we were short changed when it comes to school, like it was more of an obstacle than a motivator to fulfill our dreams and desires. First things first…How did our educational system come about? How did we reach a point where in the U.S., some high schools have a dropout of over 60%, clearly showing students are just not interested in learning anymore? At least not the traditional way that is. We have built an educational system where schools compete against each other and then groups compete against each other and finally, students compete against each other. This system of competition, which is also based on a very specific hierarchy of subjects, where math is given top priority and then you have writing, reading and then at the end of that pyramid you have arts and humanities and other subjects like that. It’s also a very standardized way of teaching. The end result, there’s a lot of Education going on and children spend hours upon hours upon hours at school. In other words, they’re being educated but they’re just not learning anything like Sir Ken Robinson says. Now, teachers in the US are also seriously underpaid and the job is not like the best job that you could have in the planet, but actually quite the opposite comparing to other countries that actually treat their teachers with high respect and they give them a lot more authority like Finland. I’ll come back to Finland at the end, but for now, how did we get here? Well, it comes from a background of compliance and a background of trying to diminish children’s potential like John Taylor Gatto says. He was a famous teacher in New York and he was given many awards and he basically wrote that children were being trained to become good Egyptians as he within the pyramid. He also mentions in his books that children only have about nine hours at most of free time to do whatever they want and they have very little privacy so in the end you get a very standard obedient class of individuals who doesn’t question too much, etc. THE PRUSSIAN EMPIRE AND EDUCATION This whole concept is not a recent concept and it came primarily from times when the Prussian Empire was at its peak and they needed an obedient class of soldiers and that would go and fight against invaders and other countries. Carry this concept into the industrial revolution where you get bells, straight rows and a very specific system in place with the purpose of diminishing, rather than enhancing, human potential. This specific system was focused on obedience and focused on specific mechanical jobs and this is why you have that hierarchy of subjects and this is why some subjects are not even taught at school level. 5 SUBJECTS YOU SHOULD HAVE LEARNED TO MAXIMIZE YOUR POTENTIAL 1. CREATIVITY What are those five things that I feel are missing? Well, the first one is definitively creativity. Of course I’d say that because I’m a musician and I love creative people, but I don’t think that that’s a trait that is particular to one individual or group of individuals. I actually believe like Sir Ken Robinson does that all children are naturally artists that love learning and exploring. They simply come with that chip right out of the box! I feel this natural creativity is educated out of us through the learning process that happens at schools so instead of enhancing and allowing them to to explore and create, and to do things outside the box the system actually pushes you into a “standard and correct” way to do things. 2. MISTAKES ARE OK! This brings me to my next point, which is that we’re being taught that mistakes are terrible and you should avoid them at all cost. But isn’t this how we have evolved for so many years? Aristotle was wrong about a great deal of things and so we’re all the natural philosophers in our history. We learn about things as more information becomes available and this is what makes progress possible. Eventually, as a species we have learned from those mistakes and we have corrected and perfected the concepts and perfected the theories that we have and we need to keep pushing forward in that direction so mistakes are a necessary step towards learning. You’re gonna be wrong and the same way you write a song that’s no good and keep perfecting your craft until you write a good one, you also need to approach mistakes in anything you do as part of your learning curve. This is the same for anything from physics to math or everything in between. The school system is all about grades and this is why they grade us like vegetables or meat. This grading system pushes you into the concept of “I can’t be wrong”, or “I’ll be right at any cost”…and it carries on to the to the workplace even because you can’t be wrong because companies will fire you right? Fortunately, grades do not determine a person’s success, so it’s time to stop giving it so much weight. This whole concept is not necessarily pushing Humanity in the right direction. 3. FINANCIAL FREEDOM The third area I believe is missing in our schools is financial freedom. Children are simply not being taught on life changing financial habits like living within your means, spending less than you earn, budgeting, saving for big expenses, saving for emergencies, etc. And going even further than that, how to invest in real estate, financial instruments like bonds, stocks, etc. This lack of knowledge delivers people that are in debt probably forever and have no savings and just end up being average consumers. There’s a very big difference in mentality between being a consumer and being an investor or entrepreneur. For example, if you buy an iPhone you are simply a consumer and money is just going out of your pocket and into the corporation. But if instead, you buy Apple’s stock you’re now an investor, which gives you tax benefits and in the long run dividends. You could also invest in some real estate and rent it or remodel it to resell it. These are just some ideas of how to create more money than you’re spending and retire financially free of debt. I really wish the children received more of this knowledge early on in their lives. 4. SUPER LEARNING AND CRITICAL THINKING The fourth point that I wish children were taught was super learning and critical thinking. By super learning, what I mean is, schools are a place where you learn a bunch of stuff but you never learn HOW to learn that stuff, so that you remember better, can read faster and recall the information at will. There is no such thing as bad memory. There is only untrained memory and trained memory and most of us come out of school untrained. Wouldn’t this give you an amazing advantage regardless of what you chose in your profession? Sadly, what happens most of the time and that happened to me when I was younger is I used to study for the test and then after I did the test I had no idea what I just answered. Sound familiar? This is why, early on they should teach us how to learn and how to research so you can make better decisions. If you missed out on this knowledge I encourage you to check out udemy with some inexpensive courses, or if budget is not an objection, Jim Kwik also has trainings on this subject. As far as critical thinking, it is just the ability to analyze what you’re reading or absorbing and being able to reach your own unbiased conclusions based on your own research. Coming up with your own decisions and conclusions is not very common as in schools you are taught that you are supposed to answer either A, B or C, and you shouldn’t really question outside that knowledge. When circus elephants were young, they used to tie their leg to one pole. There comes a point when of course the elephant is strong enough to break free, but it does not do so because it believes it can’t. The same way, if you put it inside people’s head for a long enough period of time that the truth is being taught and they shouldn’t question it as it will be discouraged, they will just stop questioning and take the institution’s word for it, which is not a good thing. Mankind has advanced thanks to questioning, analyzing information and coming up with different solutions to the problems we face. This is truly one of our biggest gifts. 5. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND COMMUNICATION The fifth and definitely not the least important point that I really wish children were being prepared on today was emotional intelligence and communication. Isn’t that a necessary training for all of us? What I mean by emotional intelligence, is basically the ability to understand other people’s feelings, needs, etc., and to be able to communicate with them in a way that benefits both of you, both or all parties involved. When you learn how to train your brain to stop being overwhelmed, observe and reflect instead of react, you are truly geared for success! Children are not being trained on crucial trainings involving consciousness, mindfulness and meditation. I think early on, it’s important to train children and help them develop more of their prefrontal cortex activity and less of the amygdala activity or lizard brain which really does not make good decisions for us. Very few schools that i’ve found use meditation instead of detention, and mindfulness training to complement their education. Instead, schools remain focused on children learning to add and subtract as well as read and write, despite the fact that, like John Taylor Gatto said, you could teach in a few hundred hours. These are the five things that we’ve covered and are missing on education today and the question remains, what can we do about it? These are some of the tips that I can give you and that I feel will eventually turn the tide in our favor as parents. 1. FIND FUN ACTIVITIES AND LEARN TOGETHER There’s so much fun games that you can play from financial games, mindfulness games, etc. There are so many things that you can find now on amazon, ebay and on the internet. You can learn about this topics with them and become wiser together! 2. GET INVOLVED IN THEIR EDUCATION Regardless of whether you’re homeschooling, taking them to private school or public school, just take a few minutes every day to see what they’re learning and how you can help wake up the learning Giants so they can help us design a better tomorrow. 3. STOP OBSESSING OVER GRADES Grades have never determined someone’s success. In fact children who seem overly obsessed about grades actually have more “average” lives. In other words, they don’t invent anything, they don’t do remarkable things, etc. So it’s time to ask more often, is this child learning? And, how can I help him or her learn the concepts he/she needs to succeed in life. 4. REDUCE OR ELIMINATE SCREEN TIME Of course i’m not a fan of TV, video games, etc. Your brain simply goes into alpha wave activity, which means that you are absorbing what you’re watching, all the violence, and bad habits, which means that you’re more likely to engage in similar behavior. So I feel it’s crucial to limit children’s exposure to these devices. 5. LEARN FROM FINLAND Look into Finland. This very small country in Scandinavia seems to have a brilliant plan to keep children engaged and learning. In fact, they have for many years now outperformed pretty much the rest of the world when it comes to education. And this is for the subjects that we have tested. So we don’t even know on the other subjects how they do because it’s not being tested. It’s common for Finland to come ahead in everything from math to science. How do they do this? In general they promote collaboration instead of competition so the schools don’t really compete with each other the students don’t really compete with each other they actually collaborate in the education of their young. Formal training doesn’t really start until children are more developed and before that they actually allow them to play a lot. They also have a lot bigger breaks so that children are able to socialize and play for a while and then go back to learning. That is working really well for them of course as being a teacher in Finland is really a privilege the way that it should be around the rest of the world because children are responsible for our future. What better job is there to do than nurture them from an early age? Of course, they have more focus on creativity and in general their curriculums are actually designed by the teachers not by politicians or the school. That makes a lot of sense to me. Children will obviously be more interested in topics they want to learn, so teachers provide learning experiences around that. I hope this has been helpful and I would like you to share this with a parent, a teacher, a grandparent or anyone who’s involved in children’s education today and remember to Like share comment below. And, if it is within your heart I also have a patreon page and if you’d like to see more posts like this one you can contribute starting as low as one dollar. Thank you so much and I’ll catch you on the next one. Share with someone you love! Do schools kill creativity? by Sir Ken Robinson https://youtu.be/iG9CE55wbtY John Taylor Gatto’s Books Alton Portman on May 3, 2020 at 7:36 pm Awesome blog.Really thank you! earthmattersmusic on May 4, 2020 at 9:09 pm Thanks so much!!! I appreciate your feedback!!! Join and get FREE MP3s + PDF The Most Important Organ In Your Body Are You Living The Life…Of Conformity? Is Your Life Your Prison? The Two Roads In Life…Which Will You Choose? Kids Driving You Crazy? Fun and Education For Kids At Home

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Seismograms Magnitude 3.4 - 170 miles SE of Kodiak November 12, 2022 10:14:10 AKST (November 12, 2022 19:14:10 UTC) 56.4501°N 148.5926°W Depth 6.2 miles (10 km) This event has been reviewed by a seismologist View in ANSS comprehensive catalog. 178 miles (288 km) SE of Ouzinkie 185 miles (299 km) E of Old Harbor 188 miles (304 km) SE of Port Lions 215 miles (348 km) E of Akhiok 216 miles (350 km) E of Larsen Bay 223 miles (361 km) S of Middleton Island 233 miles (377 km) SE of Port Graham 234 miles (379 km) E of Karluk 235 miles (381 km) SE of English Bay 235 miles (381 km) SE of Nanwalek 236 miles (382 km) SE of Seldovia Magnitude type: Ml2 Event type: earthquake Tectonic Setting of the Alaska Peninsula Seismicity in the Alaska Peninsula region is produced by different tectonic features: (1) The Aleutian megathrust is the source of the strongest earthquakes in the region, such as the 1938 M8.3 earthquake southwest of Kodiak Island. These earthquakes are capable of producing damaging tsunamis, as was documented in historical records of Russian settlers and in recently discovered paleo-tsunami deposits. (2) Intermediate depth seismicity (below 20 miles) occurs in the so-called Wadati-Benioff Zone, where the subducting Pacific Plate descends towards the mantle beneath the North American Plate. This zone extends along Aleutian Arc, Alaska Peninsula and Cook Inlet. In the Alaska Peninsula region, the seismicity abates at approximately 150 miles depth, reflecting the down-dip extension of the Pacific Plate. The Aleutian-Alaska Benioff zone produces thousands of earthquakes each year, most of which are too deep and too small to be felt. The most notable examples of such earthquakes are the 1999 M7.0 and 2001 M6.9 Kodiak Island events. Both events caused damage and disruption to the City of Kodiak and other communities on the island. (3) Crustal seismicity in this region can be attributed to the Kodiak Shelf Fault Zone and to the volcanic arc. In 1912, a series of M7+ earthquakes was associated with the Novarupta eruption, which was the largest eruption of the 20th Century worldwide.

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13893

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Orthotics are sometimes used in the treatment of plantar fasciitis, achilles tendon pain, and heel spurs, metatarsalgia (ball of foot pain), ankles giving way, and bunions, to name a few. They change or support the alignment of your foot to give you the control that you need while running or walking. Wearing insoles or orthotics is not necessarily permanent – we often use them as a means to an end to speed up recovery from an injury. If you are having symptoms related to your foot biomechanics that cannot be controlled by exercise and the appropriate choice of footwear, orthotics may be an option. There are 2 main types of orthotics: Off the shelf and semi-customised insoles, which we stock in the clinic, can be adapted to suit your foot. Both of them can be moved from shoe to shoe. These are generally less expensive than a customised orthotic, and this is usually what we start with. These would be for the more minor complaints, or as a less expensive version of the customised orthotics. We can also fit for customised orthotics. These are more durable than the less expensive softer insoles, and usually last about 3-4 years. We use these for people who are wearing their softer insole down too quickly, or whose foot needs a mould taken to customise the orthotic completely to their foot. This involves us making a mould of your foot, and sending this mould to a lab that then customises an orthotic to suit your foot and it’s needs. These are custom-made inserts that you can put into all of your footwear. We sometimes recommend soft insoles for children or teenagers who are having “growing pains” such as knee pain, tendonitis, or heel pain, that can occur due to the body changing. Generally for this we use a gentle off the shelf insole to support the foot, which we adapt to suit your foot. These are usually quite comfortable. This does not mean that they will need to wear them forever, usually it is just temporary to get them through a period of injury or through a growth spurt. Usually an orthotic is not the only “fix”. Generally they are used as part of a treatment plan, which may also include strengthening or stretching certain muscles, “hands on” treatment if needed, and possibly tweaking certain things that you are doing that may be adding to the pain. CAN ORTHOTICS IMPROVE SPORTS PERFORMANCE? Despite the popularity of orthotics and of various types of running shoes, there is actually very little evidence (so far!) to say that orthotics improve sports performance or reduce the risk of getting injured while running or walking. However! Some studies have been done looking at COMFORT of running shoes and orthotics, and they have found that if they feel comfortable they can reduce the injury risk. Sounds odd, but it’s not really – the better or nicer they feel on your feet, the more likely they are to give you the natural support that you need. This then allows you to move “naturally” or in a more ideal way. This can also improve sports performance as the better they feel and they more they support your natural foot shape, the less muscle activity required to keep you moving forward. So this will improve energy efficiency and reduce fatigue. So in summary, not enough research has been done on this, but having what feels good around your feet, be it footwear, being barefoot, or having orthotics (and which it is will vary person to person), can reduce injury risk and improve sports performance.

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Tag: wix review Wix Ecommerce Review – A Platform That May Help You Start Your Business Michelle July 19, 2019 July 19, 2019 Leave a comment Wix has become more and more well known over the last few years for its easy-to-use platform which brings many...

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13895

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TMKKK removes 1.5% commission on operations with debit and credit cards The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has removed the 1.5% mandatory minimum fee that banks charge merchants for financial transactions through debit and credit cards and allowed financial institutions to charge less than 1.5% to promote digital technologies. banking. The central bank left the maximum fee at 2.5%, according to a statement released on Friday. Additionally, SBP has made it mandatory for all e-commerce players and online payment acceptors in Pakistan to start accepting card payments by June 30, 2023. Earlier, gas stations stopped accepting payments by debit and credit cards and demanded the removal of the 1.5 percent fee. Also, petroleum product dealers and oil marketing companies (OMCs) such as Pakistan State Oil (PSO) have sought permission from concerned authorities to collect additional amount from cardholders so as not to harm their profit margins. However, the authorities did not accept this demand. In order to facilitate the acceptance of card payments, the lower range of the merchant discount rate (MDR) (minimum commission), i.e. 1.5%, has been removed. “All e-commerce/online payment acquirers operating in Pakistan will be allowed to accept Domestic Payment Scheme (DPS) card for card not present (CNP) transactions at their respective payment gateways till June 30, 2023.” In addition, an Interchange Fee (IRF) for cards issued in Pakistan used at domestic POS (Points of Sale) terminals is charged at a maximum of 0.2% for payment made using debit and prepaid cards and a maximum of 0.7% for credit cards. The IRF is not an additional charge but remains part of the MDR, which is a maximum of 2.5%. Prominent digital banker Sohail Malik, who spoke to The Express Tribune, said MDR has been a thorny issue since the beginning, but removing the minimum charge is “the right step towards promoting digital banking”. He noted that merchants prefer to accept payments in cash rather than cards and online, as transaction fees are paid by them and not by debit and credit card holders. “This (elimination of minimum payment) is a good thing for digital transactions. This is part of the State Bank’s strategy to increase the use of digital cards.” He noted that this decision will help reduce cash-based transactions and simplify economic documentation. There are about 45 million debit and credit cards in the country. However, most cardholders use the cards to withdraw cash from ATMs. “Hardly 5-10% use cards at POS.” Prominent oil dealer Malik Huda Bakhsh said dealers pay banks Rs 1.75 per liter for transactions made through debit and credit cards. This undermined their limited and regulated profit margins. Abolishing the minimum wage has been a long-standing demand. “We raised this issue in a meeting with the Minister of State Oil Musadik Malik on Sunday last week,” he said. According to Bakhsh, the minister assured them that he would talk to the central bank and other authorities to remove the fee. In its Payment System Review for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, TMKKC said the number of POS machines reached 96,975, while the number of payment cards fell slightly to 47.2 million from 48.7 million in the previous quarter. In the quarter ended March 2022, 38.3 million POS transactions worth Rs 189.7 billion were processed, a quarter-on-quarter growth of 21.9% in volume and 6.5% in value. A total of 9.1 million e-commerce transactions worth Rs 27 billion were processed digitally, a quarter-on-quarter decline of 32.7 percent in volume but a 1.3 percent increase in value. In addition, the number of ATMs increased by 1.1% compared to the previous quarter. The value of ATM transactions was Rs 2,437 billion. Published in The Express Tribune on March 19th2023. He likes it Business on Facebook, do it @TribuneBiz on Twitter to stay informed and join the conversation. Previous: King Charles has warned of a “catastrophic” situation ahead of his coronation Next: Rbi: Impact of European banking crisis on US, India limited, ‘our financial system is safe’: Ex-RBI governor Subbarao

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Anantha Chandrakasan wins 2022 IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal EECS alumnus Anantha Chandrakasan (B.S. '89/M.S. '90/Ph.D. '94, advisor: C. V. Ramamoorthy), has been awarded the 2022 IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal. The award recognizes "outstanding technical contributions in science and engineering, of great impact to IEEE fields of interest." Chandrakasan, who is currently an EECS professor at MIT and the dean of the MIT School of Engineering, was cited for his “contributions to ultralow-power circuits and systems, and leadership in academia and advancing diversity in the profession.” He spearheaded a number of initiatives that opened opportunities for students, postdocs, and faculty to conduct research, explore entrepreneurial projects, and engage with EECS. These programs include “SuperUROP,” a year-long independent research program that provides tools for students to do publication-quality research; the Rising Stars program, an annual event that convenes graduate and postdoc women for the purpose of sharing advice about the early stages of an academic career; and StartMIT, an independent activities period class that provides students and postdocs the opportunity to learn from and interact with industrial innovation leaders. Chandrakasan is also known for his leadership of the MIT Energy-Efficient Circuits and Systems Group, whose research projects have addressed security hardware, energy harvesting, and wireless charging for the internet of things; energy-efficient circuits and systems for multimedia processing; and platforms for ultra-low-power biomedical electronics. He also serves as co-chair of the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab, the MIT-Takeda Program, and the MIT and Accenture Convergence Initiative for Industry and Technology, and chairs the MIT Climate and Sustainability Consortium. MIT News: Anantha Chandrakasan awarded 2022 IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal Stuart Russell to lead new Kavli Center for Ethics, Science, and the Public EECS Prof. Stuart Russell is slated to direct the future Kavli Center for Ethics, Science, and the Public, which aims to make ethics and social equity more central to scientific decision-making, and which will try to ensure that the public has a greater say in future scientific advances. The new center will combine forces with a sister center at the University of Cambridge, UK, to connect scientists, ethicists, and the public, in necessary and intentional discussions about the potential impacts of scientific discoveries. “In addition to answering fundamental questions about the ethics of science, the Kavli Center is going to create a generation of scientific leaders who have seen how other scientific disciplines grapple with ethical problems and who have real training in the philosophical analysis of these questions,” said Russell. “It’s not just about changing public policy, it’s about changing what it means to be a good scientist in every discipline that can have an impact on the public.” Berkeley News: New Kavli Center at UC Berkeley to foster ethics, engagement in science Christopher Hunn and Antoine Davis win 2020/2021 Advising and Student Services Awards The EECS Director of Undergraduate Student Instruction, Christopher Hunn, and the EECS Director of Undergraduate Affairs, Antoine Davis, have won 2020 and 2021 Advising and Student Services Awards. These awards are presented by the UC Berkeley Council of Advising and Student Support to "recognize the positive and innovative impact our recipients have on student learning, engagement, and belonging on the Berkeley campus." Hunn won an Equity Champion Award for coaching TAs, undergraduates (especially CS Scholars and CS Mentors), graduates, staff (including student services personnel), and faculty "with evidence-based practices that have increased student engagement, success, self-efficacy, and belonging." Davis won an Outstanding Advising or Student Services Administrator, Director, or Manager Award for supporting and strengthening his staff team and the EECS and CS undergraduate populations, particularly during the pandemic, with his unique blend of humor and calm positivity. "His relaxed approach fosters an environment where we are able to engage in self-reflection and open-mindedness toward each other and our students." The winners will be celebrated at a virtual ceremony on December 15th. Berkeley Advising Matters: Excellence in Advising & Student Services 2020 & 2021 Recipients Tsu-Jae King Liu says the U.S. must revitalize semiconductor education and training EECS Prof. and dean of Engineering Tsu-Jae King Liu has written an opinion piece for the Mercury News in which she explains why "the country urgently needs to reinvest in semiconductor design and manufacturing, including the development of a highly trained workforce." She argues that America's lack of a skilled semiconductor manufacturing workforce, in the face of a global semiconductor chip shortage, is a matter of national security because it leaves the country vulnerable to geopolitical instability. "Systems that we rely upon for communications, commerce, defense and more are in jeopardy because the United States has lost its leadership in semiconductor manufacturing over the past three decades." She appeals to Congress to address the issue and says "we need to double the number of students trained in microelectronics graduating today from all U.S. colleges and universities." This will require "universities across the nation to collaborate with each other and to partner with industry" to create a geographically-distributed American Semiconductor Academy "with participating schools sharing curricula, facilitating access to industry-leading software tools and coordinating hands-on training for students." The Mercury News: Opinion: Facing chip shortage, U.S. must train semiconductor workforce CDSS and Cal Performances present: "Place and Displacement: Bias in Our Algorithms and Society" The Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society (CDSS) is excited to announce an upcoming event in collaboration with Cal Performances. On October 28, "Place and Displacement: Bias in Our Algorithms and Society" will feature Cal Artist-in-Residence Angélique Kidjo in conversation with CDSS Associate Provost Jennifer Chayes, EECS Assistant Professor Nika Haghtalab and Computer Science PhD Student Devin Guillory (advisor: Trevor Darrell). The group will discuss the intersection of artificial intelligence and art, computing tools' reflection of the biases of the people and data used to train them, and promising interventions that could make algorithms more just. The event, which is free and open to the public, will be held in person at Zellerbach Hall from 4:00 to 5:30 pm PST on Thursday, October 28. It will also be live-streamed. Registration is required and now open! Cal Performances: Place and Displacement: Bias in Our Algorithms and Society Register to attend: Place and Displacement: Bias in Our Algorithms and Society Stewart Russell selected as 2021 BBC Reith Lecturer CS Prof. Stewart Russell has been selected as the 2021 BBC Reith Lecturer. Considered among the most prestigious lecture series across all fields, Reith Lectures are delivered annually by leading authorites invited by the BBC "to advance public understanding and debate about significant issues of contemporary interest." Russell will deliver four lectures this fall, held in four locations across the UK, on the subject of "Living With Artificial Intelligence." The series, which will be and broadcast on Radio 4 and the World Service as well as made available on BBC Sounds, will "explore the impact of AI on our lives and discuss how we can retain power over machines more powerful than ourselves." The first lecture, titled "The Biggest Event in Human History," will be held in London and will cover the birth of AI; the second lecture, in Manchester, will cover "AI in Warfare;" the third, in Ediburgh, will cover "AI in the Economy;" and the final lecture, in Newcastle, is titled "AI: A Future for Humans?" Russell, who is the Director of the Berkeley Center for Human-Compatible AI, has developed a new global seismic monitoring system for the nuclear-test-ban treaty and is currently working to ban lethal autonomous weapons. His book "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach" is the standard text in AI, used in 1500 universities in 135 countries. Reith Lectures 2021 - Living With Artificial Intelligence Anca Dragan, Raluca Popa, and Thomas Courtade win 2020 EECS Teaching Awards The 2019-20 EECS Teaching Awards recognize three members of our faculty whose extraordinary performances kept students focused and engaged during a particularly difficult year. The CS Diane McEntyre Award for Excellence in Teaching was presented to Anca Dragan in the spirit of McEntyre who was know for her "dedication to teaching and her innovative programs for women in mathematics and computer science." Students said Dragan was "passionate, dedicated, inclusive, and enthusiastic," and "literally the most entertaining and helpful professor I’ve ever had." The CS Jim and Donna Gray Faculty Award for excellence in undergraduate teaching went to Raluca Ada Popa. She was commended by students for her passion, clarity, care, and enthusiasm, and was described as an "AMAZING" and entertaining lecturer who "encourages a lot of class discussion and gets us involved, even over zoom." The EE Award for Outstanding Teaching, which recognizes innovation and excellence in curriculum and teaching methods, publication of quality textbooks, graduate and undergraduate advising, and personal inspiration of students, was presented to Thomas Courtade. He was described by students as "a brilliant instructor" whose "ability to teach the fundamental core concepts of this content is incredible." He was also said to be "amazing when it comes to interacting with students. It is hard to believe how many people are in the class, because he makes it feel very personal." EECS expands efforts to diversify professoriate by increasing retention of underrepresented undergraduates The Diversifying LEAdership in the Professoriate (LEAP) Alliance (formerly called the FLIP Alliance), is one of the benefactors of a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant to the Center for Minorities and People with Disabilities in Computing and Information Technology (CMD-IT) to support the Broadening Participation in Computing Alliance (BPC-A). UC Berkeley is a founding member of the LEAP Alliance, the goal of which is to increase diversity in the field of computing by expanding the number of professors from underrepresented communities at research Universities. Diversifying the computing professoriate is critical to providing influential role models, shaping departmental programs and policies, and bringing diverse perspectives into research projects and programs. As part of the first cohort, Berkeley has been partnering with 10 other institutions to focus on increasing the diversity of graduate student populations. Thanks to their success, the new grant expands the Alliance to 4 cohorts, and Berkeley is now also part of Cohort 4, which is aimed at diversifying undergraduate student populations. EECS representatives Prof. Armando Fox and Director of Diversity Audrey Sillers have started a mentoring program across institutions, participate in monthly cohort conference calls, attend many professional development events including two All Hands Meetings per year where cohort universities share best practices, and present what they have learned at the annual CMD-IT/ACM Richard Tapia Celebration of Diversity in Computing Conference. CMD-IT Receives NSF Broadening Participation in Computing Alliance Grant Tsu-Jae King Liu wins 2021 IEEE EDS Education Award EECS Prof. Tsu-Jae King Liu has been selected to receive the 2021 IEEE Electron Devices Society (EDS) Education Award. This award is presented annually by EDS to honor "an individual who has made distinguished contributions to education within the field of interest of the Electron Devices Society." Liu, who is currently the dean of Berkeley Engineering, was cited “For outstanding contributions to education in the field of electron devices and achievements on diversity and inclusion.” She has been a strong advocate for fostering inclusion and respect for women and members of underrepresented minorities in engineering. She was the first woman to Chair the EECS department (2014), the second woman to join Intel's board of directors (2016), and the first woman elected dean of the Berkeley College of Engineering (2018). She won the Chang-Lin Tien Leadership in Education Award in 2020. Liu is also renowned for her research into novel semiconductor devices, non-volatile memory devices, and M/NEMS technology for ultra-low power circuits. She is probably best known for the development of polycrystalline silicon-germanium thin film technology for applications in integrated circuits and microsystems; and as the co-inventor of the three-dimensional FinFET transistor which is the design that is used in all leading microprocessor chips today. Electron Devices Society Education Award

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2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13898

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2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13899

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Why DIY Social Isn’t Right for Every Agency by Becky Jolly | Jul 13, 2022 | Business why DIY social isn’t right for every agency Organic social media is kind of polarizing for many agencies. For some, it’s a great part of your work, and your team loves it. For others, it’s the bane of your existence, and it’s the thing that gets pushed to the...

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13900

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Worried about the problems our children are facing? Don’t panic! I have read a lot of articles recently which have the apparent aim of putting the fear of God into parents everywhere. If they are to be believed, our children are in for a terrible time. They are growing up too quickly. They spend all their time in front of a screen of some sort or another. They are inactive and overweight. Once they hit their teenage years (or even before that), they will inevitably be drinking too much, watching porn online, having sex with each other (a lot), and being pressurised into doing things they don’t want to do. They will have no respect for themselves or other people. Depressed yet?! I was starting to feel somewhat helpless and despondent when reading the latest diatribe on this subject from some journalist or another. That same morning I walked to work as usual along the footpath that runs along the side of our local secondary school. As usual, I shared the path with a gaggle of teenagers on their way to school. As usual, I nearly passed out from the heady fumes of Lynx, testosterone, perfume and hairspray as they passed me. But then I was struck by a thought. These teenagers looked pretty happy. Most of them were smartly dressed and talking amicably to one another. Some of them even smiled at me and stood aside to let me past. Granted, a few dropped litter on the ground and I’m fairly sure that a group of girls were laughing at my animal-print rucksack, but then I probably would have done if I was them. Carry on reading… Free to Fly- The importance of loving our children unconditionally Pretty much all parents would agree that they’d like their children to be happy. Many would say they would like them to be successful, too. But how do we define success? I think we need to be careful about over-emphasising the achievements of our children. Let me explain what I mean by that. If we focus too much on their achievements, be they academic ones or in the field of music, drama, sport or anything else, they can start to believe that that is what defines them. We so often pigeon-hole them- ‘She’s my brainy one’, ‘he’s my little budding footballer’, ‘she got all the looks in our family’, ‘he’s the funny one’. If we’re not careful they start to adopt these titles for themselves and thus place limitations on their expectations of what they are capable of. Carry on reading…

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The Roseland Ballroom was a multipurpose hall, in a converted ice skating rink, with a colorful ballroom dancing pedigree, in New York City's theater district, on West 52nd Street in Manhattan. Roseland Ballroom in July 2007 Manhattan, New York City 40°45′49″N 73°59′03″W / 40.763627°N 73.984122°W / 40.763627; -73.984122Coordinates: 40°45′49″N 73°59′03″W / 40.763627°N 73.984122°W / 40.763627; -73.984122 Ginsberg family (concerts promoted by Live Nation)[1] The venue, according to its website, accommodated 3,200 standing (with an additional 300 upstairs), 2,500 for a dance party, between 1,300 and 1,500 in theatre style, 800–1,000 for a sit-down dinner, and 1,500 for a buffet and dancing.[2] The venue hosted a wide range of events, from a Hillary Clinton birthday party, to annual gay circuit parties, to movie premieres, to musical performances of all genres, including Beyoncé's Elements of 4 show and internet stars Team StarKid's Apocalyptour National Concert Tour. It was also known as the place American singer Fiona Apple broke down during a concert in 2000.[3][4] The rear of the venue faced West 53rd Street and the Ed Sullivan Theater.[5] On October 18, 2013, it was announced that the venue would close on April 7, 2014. Lady Gaga completed a short residency as the last performer before the Roseland Ballroom closed.[6] 1.1 Broadway at 51st Street location 1.2 52nd Street location 2 Closure 3 Live recordings at the venue 3.1 Movies 3.2 Music 3.3 Theatre Broadway at 51st Street locationEdit Roseland was founded initially in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1917 by Louis Brecker with financing by Frank Yuengling of the D. G. Yuengling & Son beer family. In 1919, to escape Philadelphia's blue laws,[7] Brecker and Yuengling moved the venue to 1658 Broadway at 51st Street in Manhattan,[8] on the second floor of that five-story building, opening on December 31, 1919.[7] Guests lined up to rub elbows with celebrities like Will Rogers and Florenz Ziegfeld.[9] It was a segregated dance club called the "home of refined dancing," famed for the "society orchestra" groups that played there, starting with Sam Lanin and his Ipana Troubadours.[8] Postcard promoting the club's "Fall Opening" of October 9, 1945 The all-white, ballroom-dancing atmosphere of the club gradually changed with the ascendance in popularity of hot jazz, as played by African American bands on the New York nightclub scene. Piron's New Orleans Jazz Orchestra played the ballroom in 1924. Often, two or more orchestras alternated with one another in order to have continuous dance music.[10] The Fletcher Henderson band played at Roseland in the 1920s and 1930s. Louis Armstrong, Count Basie (with his "Roseland Shuffle"), and Chick Webb followed with their orchestras. Other major-name bandleaders who played the venue included Vincent Lopez, Harry James, Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller and Sonny Burke.[11] Many big-band performances were broadcast live from Roseland by radio networks; recordings survive of several NBC broadcasts of 1940, featuring the young Ella Fitzgerald fronting the Chick Webb band. Brecker popularized such stunts as marathon dancing (until it was banned), staged female prizefights, yo-yo exhibitions, sneezing contests, and dozens of highly publicized jazz weddings with couples who met at the club.[12] As the club grew older, Brecker attempted to formalize the dancing more by having hostesses dance for a fee, with tuxedoed bouncers (politely known as "housemen") keeping order.[13][8] It was to work its way into stories by Ring Lardner, Sherwood Anderson, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and John O'Hara,[citation needed] as well as a Doonesbury (by Garry Trudeau) storyline featuring Alice Schwarzman and Phil Slackmeyer.[14] 52nd Street locationEdit The original New York Roseland was torn down in 1956 and it moved to its new venue on West 52nd, a building that Brecker earlier had converted from an ice-skating rink to a roller-skating rink. It had been built in 1922 at a cost of $800,000 by the Iceland ice-skating franchise. A thousand skaters showed up on opening night at the 80-by-200-foot rink on November 29, 1922. Iceland went bankrupt in 1932 and the rink opened as the Gay Blades Ice Rink. Brecker took it over in the 1950s and converted it to roller-skating. Time magazine described the new Roseland's opening interior as a "purple-and-cerise tentlike décor that creates a definite harem effect."[12] Brecker attempted to maintain its ballroom dancing style, banning rock and roll and disco. In 1974 Brecker told The New York Times, "Cheek-to-cheek dancing, that's what this place is all about."[15] Brecker sold the building in 1981 to Albert Ginsberg.[16] Under the new owners the Roseland began regularly scheduled "disco nights", which gave rise to a period when it was considered a dangerous venue and neighborhood menace. In 1984, a teenager was shot to death on the dance floor.[17] In 1987, a 34 year old Harlem man was fatally shot in the lobby.[18] In 1990, after Utah tourist Brian Watkins was killed in the subway, four of the eight suspects (members of the FTS gang) were found partying at Roseland. As a result, Roseland discontinued the "disco nights".[19] ARO building In 1993, Kurt Cobain of Nirvana recovered from a near overdose to play a show with the band there, and it was where Fiona Apple in 2000 had a meltdown and left the stage in the middle of a show.[20] Roseland's low-rise three-story structure on top of the quarter-acre dance floor in the middle of midtown Manhattan stirred concerns over its being torn down for redevelopment. In 1996, a new owner, Laurence Ginsberg, filed plans to tear down the venue and replace it with a 42-story, 459-unit apartment building. A spokesman for Ginsberg said the filing was to "beat a deadline for new, more stringent earthquake codes, which went into effect earlier" in 1996. The interior space has been subsequently renovated.[21] The site was redeveloped into Aro, a 62-story apartment tower.[22] ClosureEdit Main article: Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Final Roseland Ballroom marquee In November 2013, it was announced that Lady Gaga would headline seven shows (March 28, 30, 31 and April 2, 4, and 6 of 2014), which would be the final performances at the venue.[23] It was her first time performing there.[24] A seventh show was added, held on April 7, 2014, which officially closed the venue. "G.U.Y." was the final song performed at Roseland Ballroom. Live recordings at the venueEdit This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) MoviesEdit Malcolm X directed by Spike Lee has a dance scene at the ballroom. Roseland, directed by James Ivory and starring Christopher Walken. MusicEdit Ella Fitzgerald and her Orchestra on February 26, 1940 Meltdown, a bootleg of the Nirvana performance at the New Music Seminar on July 23, 1993. Live footage used in the No Doubt video "Don't Speak" was from an August 21, 1996, performance at the Roseland Ballroom Live at Roseland Ballroom, a 1996 live album from Gov't Mule Roseland NYC Live, a 1998 live album by Portishead Phish performed at the Roseland on May 23, 2000, for taping of VH1's Hard Rock Live that first aired July 1, 2000. Madonna performed her new album, Music in November 2000. Shakira performed at the Roseland Ballroom in 2001. Live Scenes from New York and Metropolis 2000: Scenes from New York, live album and DVD by Dream Theater (2001) Roseland Ballroom 2003, a bootleg recording of a 2003 AC/DC concert. Evil or Divine, a 2005 live album and DVD by Heavy Metal artist Dio "Abrasions Mount The Timpani", "Take The Veil Cerpin Taxt", "A: Gust Of Mutts" and "B: And Ghosted Pouts" from the live album Scabdates by The Mars Volta (2005) Honda Civic Tour presents: Panic! At The Disco on May 8, 2008. Madonna: Hard Candy Promo Tour - filmed for MSN online broadcast on April 30, 2008. Phil Collins: Going Back - Live at Roseland Ballroom, NYC (2010)[25] Beyoncé held a revue show titled 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé on August 14, 16, 18 and 19, 2011. The first show sold out in 22 seconds, and the remaining three performances in the following minute. A DVD of the show titled, Live at Roseland: Elements of 4, was released on November 21, 2011. Steve Aoki: Deadmeat Live at Roseland Ballroom was recorded in 2012.[26] Nicki Minaj held a free concert for her last U.S. date from her Pink Friday Tour August 14, 2012, which was streamed by Pepsi at Roseland. Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom - filmed for Verizon Wireless online broadcast on April 7, 2014, the last day of Lady Gaga's residency concert and also the closing date of Roseland. TheatreEdit In A Chorus Line, the character of Al DeLuca sings about how his father would take his mother to the Roseland Ballroom in the song Montage 3: Mother. ^ "Live Nation Ticketing In Deal With Roseland". Billboard. October 14, 2008. Retrieved 2014-04-13. ^ "Roseland Ballroom: Floor Plans". Roselandballroom.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2013-05-11. ^ "Fiona Apple Breaks Down At NYC Concert". Billboard. March 1, 2000. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. ^ Rahman, Ray (June 19, 2012). "Fiona Apple tells Jimmy Fallon about famous meltdown". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2013-05-11. ^ Monde, Chiderah. "Lady Gaga treats Bill Murray, 'Late Show with David Letterman' audience to Roseland Ballroom show". nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2020-09-10. ^ "Lady Gaga To Close NYC's Roseland Ballroom". Live For Live Music. November 20, 2013. Retrieved 2014-05-20. ^ a b "The History of Roseland". RoselandBallroom.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 1999. ^ a b c Pareles, Jon; Holcomb-Holland, Lori (2014-03-27). "Taxi Dancers to Gaga: Roseland's Life and Death". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-10. ^ Goldman, Jonathan. "How New Yorkers Celebrated New Year's Eve 100 Years Ago". Gothamist. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ Brothers, Thomas (2014). Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-393-06582-4. ^ Lee, William F. (February 1, 2006). American Big Bands. Hal Leonard. p. 220. ISBN 0634080547. Retrieved 4 January 2023. ^ a b "Romp at the Met". Time. January 7, 1957. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-21. When a public dance hall named Roseland opened on Broadway in 1919, smart young people had recently deserted the waltz for the foxtrot, were just beginning to master the delicate nuances of the shimmy. Sam Lanin and his Ipana Troubadours were on the bandstand, thumping out such Ziegfeld Follies hits as "Mandy" and "You Cannot Make Your Shimmy Shake on Tea". Since that distant New Year's Eve, generations of stag-line Romeos and their girls have bunny-hugged, Lindy-hopped, Charlestoned, big-appled, black-bottomed and jitterbugged under Roseland's star-studded ceiling. At 1 o'clock one morning last week the stars winked out for the last time; the following night Roseland reopened in glittering new quarters, billed as 'a magnificent metropolis of melody and merriment.' ^ "Roseland (Sans Liquor, Taxi Girls, Rows) Will Mark Its 30th Anniversary Tonight". The New York Times. 1949-01-27. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-10. ^ "Doonesbury Comic Strips by Garry Trudeau - November 22, 2021". Doonesbury. Retrieved 2021-11-22. ^ Severo, Richard (1977-07-09). "Louis J. Brecker, Who Fostered Romance at Roseland, Dies at 79". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-10. ^ Krebs, Albin; Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. (October 27, 1981). "Notes on People; It's On With the Dance". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-03-23. ^ "18-Year-Old Is Killed In Roseland Ballroom". The New York Times. November 11, 1984. Retrieved 2014-04-13. A Staten Island teen-ager was fatally shot yesterday morning at the Roseland ballroom in midtown Manhattan, the police said. The victim - Robert Dudley, 18 years old, of 62 Roxbury Street - was shot once in the chest at 3:26 A.M. and was pronounced dead on arrival at St. Clare's Hospital and Medical Center. The police said they had not established a motive for the slaying. ^ "Man, 34, Is Shot and Killed After Argument at Roseland". The New York Times. October 27, 1987. Retrieved 2019-07-25. A Manhattan man was shot and killed in the crowded lobby of the Roseland dance hall early yesterday after an argument that began when another man stepped on the feet of the victim's companion, the police said. ^ "Discoterror". Scientitian.com. Retrieved 2013-05-11. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYer was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ Gray, Christopher (October 13, 1996). "An Old-Fashioned Dance to the Music of Time". New York Times. Retrieved 2014-04-13. ^ "239 West 52nd Street". New York YIMBY. Retrieved 2017-02-18. ^ McManus, Brian (November 19, 2013). "Lady Gaga Concerts to Close New York's Famed Roseland Ballroom". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved 2013-11-19. ^ Seabrook, John, "Final Engagement: In the Room," The New Yorker, April 7, 2014 ^ "Phil Collins: Going Back - Live at Roseland Ballroom, NYC". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2020-09-10. ^ "Steve Aoki: Deadmeat Live at Roseland Ballroom". Amazon. Retrieved 2014-04-13. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roseland Ballroom. Official website Archived from the original on January 25, 1999. Additional archive on January 17, 2008. Hayes, Dade (March 21, 2014). "IFC's 'Up! Up! Upfront!' Rolls Curtain Down on Roseland Ballroom". Broadcasting & Cable. NewBay Media. Retrieved 2014-03-23. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roseland_Ballroom&oldid=1142643869"

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Turks of South Carolina The Turks of South Carolina also known as Sumter Turks,[1] or Turks of Sumter County,[1] are a group of people who have lived in the general area of Sumter County, South Carolina, since the late 18th century. According to Professor Glen Browder "they have always been a tight-knit and isolated community of people who identified as being of Turkish descent".[2] As of 2018, they number approximately 400 in the town of Dalzell.[3] 1 Misrepresentations of the community 2 Assimilation 4 Marriages in the community 5 Genetic studies 6 Discrimination 10 Further reading Misrepresentations of the communityEdit Dr. Terri Ann Ognibene, a "Sumter Turk" herself, has discussed the misrepresentations of the community: We are the Turkish people of Sumter County, in the state of South Carolina. Our story has never been told fully and accurately. We have roots that extend all the way back to the Revolutionary War. We fought in the Civil War and in the World Wars I and II. But for centuries our rich history has been overlooked and misrepresented, our cultural identity questioned, and we were denied equal access to education because of the tones of our skin. We persevered, and we prevailed. Now, though our spirit endures, the Turkish community faces new and different challenges as a fading ethnicity in the twenty-first century.[4] Early examples of their misrepresentation date to at least the 19th century. The tax collector of Sumter sent an inquiry dated December 7, 1858, to the South Carolina Committee on the Colored Population, inquiring as to whether the "descendants of Egyptians and Indians" who resided in Sumter should be taxed under the bracket of "Free Blacks, mulattoes and mestizos, or as whites."[5][better source needed] In the early 20th century some believed that they were of primarily Native American background with some admixture of Turkish.[6] They have been mistakenly connected to a family of "Free Moors" who resided in Charleston (see Free Moors of South Carolina). AssimilationEdit In their study on the Sumter Turks, Dr. Terri Ann Ognibene and Professor Glen Browder said the following regarding identity and assimilation: Our investigation has documented that the community of mainly dark-skinned people was founded by the Ottoman Turk, and it was nurtured by a nexus of patriarchy, blood, marriage, color, isolation, discrimination, and identity. The Benenhaleys began their secluded existence at the beginning of the 1800s and others joined them over the years. These huddled families—mainly the Benenhaleys, Oxendines, Rays, Hoods, Buckners, and Lowreys—assumed a common identity as an outcast group, and they kept to themselves for many generations in rural South Carolina. The Turkish people neither blended openly and prominently into mainstream society nor dissipated in the shadows as scattered refugees. They sustained themselves as the single clear case of an ethnic community that went its own separate way toward cultural isolation for almost two centuries. The community numbered about five hundred at its peak in the mid-twentieth century; and only in the past few decades have they begun assimilating into broader society.[7] The "Turk" community traces its history back to an early settler, Joseph Benenhaley, from the Ottoman Empire who reputedly served the colonial cause in the American Revolutionary War.[8] He made his way to South Carolina, where he served as a scout for General Thomas Sumter during the American Revolution. The general then gave Benenhaley some land on his plantation to farm and raise a family. A few outsiders married into the family, but most who identified with the ostracized community, and their progeny considered themselves people of Turkish descent. By the mid-20th century, they numbered several hundred.[8] The Turks of South Carolina today include surnames such as Benenhaley, Oxendine, Scott, Hood, Buckner, Lowery, Chavis, and Ray.[9] Marriages in the communityEdit The community has generally been "cautious about outside society." Consequently, "few outsiders were accepted in the community, and Turkish people mainly married within their own crowd for generations". Hence, the repetition of family surnames throughout the generations. It is very likely that while there were no forced marriages "there were unwritten societal customs in each group regarding the acceptable parameters of marriage".[10] Genetic studiesEdit DNA reports on living members of the Turkish community who descend from Joseph Benenhaley showed that the genetic profile indicates significant connections to the Mediterranean/Middle Eastern/North African regions, along with substantial west European admixture and some potential evidence of Native American linkages. Notably, the DNA results showed no discernable contributions from Sub-Saharan Africa, contradicting criticism that the community had claimed Turkish ancestry to cover African roots.[11] DiscriminationEdit The community's heritage has reflected their long experience of isolation and discrimination in rural South Carolina.[12] Due to segregation policies in the past, there were "Turkish schools, Turkish school buses, and Turkish cinemas in this period."[3] Turkish Americans Ibrahim Ben Ali, early Ottoman Turkish settler in the US Marie Tepe, 19th-century settler to the US of Turkish origin who fought for the Union army during the American Civil War ^ a b Browder, Glen; Ognibene, Terri Ann (2017), "Who Was Joseph Benenhaley? Exploring the 200-Year Old Mystery of Sumter County's Turkish Patriarch and His People", Carologue, 33 (2–3): 20 ^ Alani, Hannah (2018), Hidden for centuries, SC descendants of Ottoman Turks come forward with stories of racism, The Post and Courier, retrieved 23 December 2020 ^ a b Housand, Tim (2018), The Turkish people of Sumter County, Charleston City Paper, retrieved 23 December 2020, ... the Turkish people of Sumter County represent a complete enigma. Sumter County is a relatively poor, rural county and there aren't a whole lot of Turkish residents, comprising only at most 400 people around the town of Dalzell. A slight majority have born with the same last name: Benenhaley. ^ Browder & Ognibene 2017, 23. ^ Hill, S. Pony (2012). Strangers in Their Own Land: South Carolina's State Tribes. Columbia: BackInTyme Press. ^ Taylor, Rosser H. (1942). Ante-Bellum South Carolina: A Social and Cultural History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ^ Ognibene & Browder 2018, 103. ^ a b Ognibene, Terri Ann; Browder, Glen (2018), South Carolina's Turkish People: A History and Ethnology, University of South Carolina, p. 64, ISBN 9781611178593 ^ Gregorie, Anne King (2018). History of Sumter County, South Carolina. Sumter, SC: Sumter County Genealogical Society. p. 468. ISBN 978-0893088576. ^ Ognibene & Browder 2018, 20. Terri Ann Ognibene; Glen Browder (2018). South Carolina's Turkish People: A History and Ethnology. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611178593. Ray, Celeste; Thomas, Jr., James G. (2007). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press. Trillin, Calvin (March 8, 1969). "U.S. Journal: Sumter County, S.C. Turks". The New Yorker. p. 104. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turks_of_South_Carolina&oldid=1145594458"

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Author:Jim Clark Author Index: Cl Search Wikidata. American film director, possibly a pseudonym 3992649Jim ClarkJimClarkClark,_Jim Films directedEdit Debbie Does Dallas (1978) Some or all works by this author are in the public domain in the United States because they were legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) between 1978 and March 1, 1989 (inclusive) without a copyright notice, and without subsequent copyright registration with the U.S. Copyright Office within 5 years. These works may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works. Retrieved from "https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Author:Jim_Clark&oldid=12552158"

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PM greets people of all languages, cultures marking Int’l Mother Language Day Lead NewsNational Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina today extended her sincere greetings to the people of all languages and cultures of the world including Bangla on the occasion of the Shaheed Day and International Mother Language Day 2021. “The UNESCO has been celebrating this day with due dignity since 2000 along with Bangladesh. Like every year, they have set a theme for this day- ‘Fostering multilingualism for inclusion in education and society’, which I think is very timely,” the premier said in her message on the eve of the day. Noting that the importance of the language movement in the history of the Bangali liberation struggle is immense, Sheikh Hasina said, “Through this movement, the foundation for the inception of a non-communal, democratic, language-based nation/state system was laid”. On this day in 1952, Abul Barkat, Abdul Jabbar, Abdus Salam, Rafiquddin Ahmad, Shafiur Rahman and many others sacrificed their lives to protect the dignity of “our mother language Bangla”, she said, adding, “Today, I pay my deep tributes to the memory of the martyrs of all languages, including Bangla”. The premier remembered with the utmost respect all the language hero, including the greatest Bangali of all time Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who led the struggle for the dignity of the Bangla language, whose visionary historical decisions and supreme sacrifices have saved the existence of our mother land and people. The turbulent days of the language movement in the glorious historical records of the Bangali from 1947 to 1952 have been serving as a source of inspiration in “our national life” from time and again, the head of the government observed. Behind every achievement in the protection of the interests of the peace-loving people of this region lies the history of blood-shedding struggle and the sacrifices of countless lives, the Prime Minister said. Pointing out that the Father of the Nation has been repeatedly imprisoned for leading the language movement, Sheikh Hasina said, at the Education Conference held in Karachi on 27 November 1947, a recommendation was accepted to make Urdu the state language of Pakistan. When the news reached Dhaka, the students of Dhaka University immediately protested in front of Khawaja Nazimuddin’s residence, she added. Shortly afterward, Sheikh Mujib, a law student of Dhaka University, used his organizational experience to play a very key role in the establishment of the Chhatra League in Dhaka on 4 January 1948, the premier continued. In the first session of the Constituent Assembly on 23 February, Dhirendra Nath Datta of Comilla moved an amendment proposal demanding the inclusion of Bangla as a language of the Assembly, she said, adding that rejecting the proposal, Khawaja Nazimuddin declared in the Legislative Assembly that the people of East Bengal would accept Urdu as the state language. But to counter the reckless decision of Nazimuddin, an all-party Chhatra Sangram Parishad was formed on March 2 at Fazlul Haque Hall of Dhaka University comprising Chhatra League, Tamaddun Majlish and other parties, the premier said.

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6 secrets of happy Eaters :tehrantimes.com Diets? Who needs 'em? Not these women. Happy eaters relish food, stress less about their bodies and still stay slim. Here are 6 secrets you can steal from them. 1. Happy Eaters Go on Fewer Diets According to a survey of 4,000 women that SELF conducted with Cynthia M. Bulik, Ph.D., director of the eating disorders program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, happy eaters are much less likely to have started dieting before age 20. "If you start early, dieting can become a lifestyle," says Bulik. Julie Waldrop, 40, the owner of an eBay store in Crestwood, Kentucky, is 5 feet 6 inches and makes choices daily to maintain her 130 pounds. "I plan to have protein, veggies and fruit at meals. I avoid anything fried; I have irritable bowel syndrome, and junk food makes it worse," she says. "I don't know if it's a diet, or just healthy living." 2. Happy Eaters have breakfast, lunch and dinner Lisa Dolan, a 44-year-old mother of five from Cazenovia, New York, organizes three moderate meals a day for her entire brood. "I take a few extra steps: TV off, music on, the table set," says Dolan, who is 5 feet 2 inches and weighs 114 pounds. "We sit down instead of standing at the kitchen counter. I take my time—I've actually gone on yoga retreats where I wasn't allowed to talk while I was eating." The rest of the day, Dolan says, "I don't focus on food too much. I enjoy it, but I don't ritualize it." 3. Happy Eaters use a scale, but not daily "Patients tell me, 'Getting on the scale how my day will go,'" says Ellen Astrachan-Fletcher, Ph.D., director of the eating disorders clinic at the University of Illinois in Chicago. "That's a lot of power for one little number." Happy Eaters, she says, know that weight fluctuates daily and that weighing each morning doesn't give you an accurate measure. 4. Happy Eaters splurge with no regrets When happy eaters do treat themselves, they don't beat themselves up. "If I want a bag of chips, I'll have it. I don't deny myself," Dolan says. "Everyone needs Dairy Queen once in a while, right?" Waldrop reasons. Eve Metlis, a 33-year-old real estate agent from Orlando, Florida, builds splurges into her regular meal plans. Metlis is 5 foot 4 and weighs 140 pounds—a number she's proud of, as she lost 70 pounds to get there. "I might take a forkful of icing," she says. And she knows when going whole hog is the happy choice. "On holidays like Thanksgiving, I indulge. I can enjoy it because it's about being with my family," she says. 5. Happy Eaters know women come in all sizes Danielle Trentacosti, 32, is 5 foot 7 and a size 0 and freely admits she has a blessed metabolism. "I thank my mother for that," says the stay-at-home mom in Toms River, New Jersey. Food and body image are not her issues—except to the extent that other women single her out. "I was at the beach with my friends, and someone hopped up to take a photo," Trentacosti recalls. "All the women scrambled to move away from me, saying they didn't want to be next to the 'skinny mom.' I was embarrassed and uncomfortable. I would never comment on what other women weigh or eat." 6. Happy Eaters exercise without anxiety For happy eaters, "exercise is a means to have a healthy body and cope with stress. It doesn't define them," says Graham Thomas, Ph.D., assistant professor of behavioral medicine at Brown University Medical School in Providence, Rhode Island, and coinvestigator for the National Weight Control Registry. Happy eaters "listen to their body and rest when they need to," says Gregory Florez, CEO of FitAdvisor.com, a corporate health-coaching service in Salt Lake City and spokesman for the American Council on Exercise. "Give your body time to recover and your next workout will be of a higher quality." Prev: Success long in coming for eylea, a vision treatment Next: Tired of feeling the burn? Low-acid diet may help

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Study: German Industry 4.0 Index 2016 The German Industry 4.0 Index grew for the second year in a row. In the meantime, four in ten companies have had direct experience with smart industry. The index, which was generated for the third time, was commissioned by Staufen and surveyed 277 businesses in Germany. filelinkDownload

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Brown Banarasi Dupatta Dam December 30, 2022 No Comments For those of you who don’t know, Banarasi silk is a type of silk that comes from the Banaras region in India. It’s known for its beautiful colors and patterns, as well as its ability to withstand the elements. The longer you wear a Banarasi dupatta, the more it will develop its own unique patina—a coloring that comes from exposure to sunlight or water over time. It’s a beautiful process! The brown banarasi dupatta is a must-have accessory for any Indian woman. This elegant piece can be worn with a traditional salwar kameez or a modern dress to give your look an extra special touch. The brown banarasi dupatta comes in various patterns and designs, so you are sure to find something that suits your tastes. Meesho Banarasi dupatta, Banarasi silk dupatta. The fabric of the brown banarasi dupatta is made from silk, which makes it soft and comfortable to wear. The dupatta also features a border around the edges that adds to its overall appeal. This item is ideal for those who want to look chic but do not want to spend too much money on their clothing. The elegance and beauty of this dupatta is beyond words. The golden brown color makes it look even more attractive. It is made up of silk fabric, which gives it a beautiful texture and feel. This dupatta can be worn with any kind of attire and will look perfect! Are you looking for a dupatta that can make you stand out? Then look no further! The Brown Banarasi Dupatta is the perfect choice for you. This dupatta is made using high-quality material and is available in four different colors: brown, red, black and white. The Brown Banarasi Dupatta is perfect for any occasion as it comes with a long length and an elegant design. You can wear this dupatta with a sari or salwar kameez to complete your look and make heads turn wherever you go! Banarasi silk dupatta Banarasi silk dupatta, made from Banaras or Varanasi, is a traditional hand-woven silk textile. It is the most popular handicraft of Varanasi and has been exported to other countries for centuries. Banarasi silk dupatta are typically worn by Hindu women in India as part of their sari ensemble. Banaras silk dupattas are typically worn by women in Western India, especially Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. In Banaras, a city in Uttar Pradesh, India, Banarasi silks are often referred to as “Kashi Kunta” meaning “silk of Kashi”. They were previously produced exclusively by weavers in Varanasi but now they are available throughout India in many other cities such as Delhi, Jaipur and Mumbai. Banarasi silk dupatta, is a beautiful piece of fabric that can be used in many ways. It is one of the finest fabrics that is available in India. This fabric has been used for centuries to make clothes, bed sheets and many other items. Banarasi silk dupatta, is made from the cocoons of the silkworms which are indigenous to India. The cocoons are boiled in water and then dyed with natural dyes like indigo or madder. The fabric is then woven into dupattas with the help of wooden looms which were invented by Akbar, an emperor of Mughal dynasty. The Banarasi silk dupatta, has been used by women for centuries to cover their heads when they go out into the sun or when they visit religious shrines and temples. Nowadays, it is also being used as a scarf or shawl by women all over the world who are looking for something unique yet elegant to wear on their heads during special occasions or festivals like Diwali and Holi etc. Meesho Banarasi dupatta Meesho Banarasi Silk Dupatta is a fine piece of art that can be worn with any dress to look elegant and graceful. Meesho Banarasi Silk Dupatta is a beautiful piece of art that is made up of pure silk. The dupattas are famous for their unique design, color and texture. Meesho Banarasi Silk Dupatta comes in different sizes and colors to meet the demands of our customers. The dupattas are made using pure silk and hence it does not cause any harm to our skin and also does not get damaged easily. You can wear these dupattas with any dress to look gorgeous and elegant. We offer these dupattas at reasonable prices so that everyone can buy them without any hesitation. meesho is a retailer of Banarasi silk dupattas online. The company offers a wide range of dupattas, sarees, lehengas and other stuff on its website. Meesho has been in this business for more than two decades and has been catering to customers across the country. Meesho Banarasi Silk Dupatta Online Store is one of the largest online sellers of Banarasi dupattas in India. The company has over 3000 designs available on its website with each design being unique from the other. The company also provides customisation services to its customers at an additional cost which includes stitching any design as per their choice and size of dupatta or sari.. No need to fret anymore for all of you needs on banarasi dupatta we have made your search for fabrics and their varieties a seamless experience. You know what we mean when we say elegance and style? It is the unique combination of fabric and design. This brown banarasi dupatta with zarito will set the tone in any room by giving off just enough color and interest because of its beige base and golden accents. We ensure that all of the products are 100% original, which gives you a guarantee of quality. Wear them with the laces in varying lengths and styles to give yourself a dapper look. The dupatta has intricate designs, which can be noticed with the naked eye. It’s made from banarasi fabric and is available in colors like black, pink and others that make it look fabulous when paired with dresses and sarees. Why buy from our collection of Indian fabrics? We are the leading e-commerce store for cool and fashionable handloom, we also have some authentic silk, cotton and linen products. The item looks nice, it can be worn for parties, work and casual outings. The dupatta was well wrapped up by the seller so that it does not lose any of its sheen. When I first opened it, I found that it has kept its sheen after washing too. Our Brown Banarasi Dupatta is made from pure materials and a blend of premium quality fabrics. It is perfectly crafted, durable and handpicked fabrics for its exotic look. And yet, it is light in weight so that you can wear this comfortably. We ensure that you get the best of all with our amazing collection of dupattas online. Our Banarsi Dupatta is an effortless way to redefine the look of your attire. This Dupatta can be worn with any kind of kurta outfit, whether it belongs to casual or a formal occasion. The Banarsi motifs and colors add a visual appeal to this product while ensuring its durability. Now that you are here, we would like to let you know that our website contains a lot of variety and quality in fabrics available online. In addition to fast search results, we also offer professional counselling on how and where to buy banarasi dupatta multicolor, help you with the correct measurements and assist you with the buying process by providing information on various payment methods and delivery time frames. The dupattas are the most wanted among all fabrics in the Indian sarees. Choose from a variety of colors, shades, designs and patterns that you would like to buy from us. We offer the best products at a reasonable price. Increase your fabric collection by buying this wonderful product. Previous Previous post: Black Crew Neck Cashmere Sweater Next Next post: Lisa Yang Cashmere

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How to build a small wooden shed Can you build a shed? Why, I bet there’s not a single one of ya out there who couldn’t! Isn’t it just like putting together a giant jigsaw puzzle? The only tool you’ll need is a hammer, and what do you know? They’re free! Well sure, sorta. The comparison to the modularity of puzzle pieces isn’t entirely accurate in most cases with how to build a small shed – but it gets the point across that it’s not that difficult. Shed building plans usually give you a list of materials, a sketch of the shed’s footprint and photos that illustrate the build process. The actual plan for how to build a shed by yourself is typically left out of shed blueprints. Building a small shed by yourself can be a fun project that saves you money. You’ll need basic carpentry skills and the right tools for the job. Here’s how to build a shed: Step 1: Choose the location of your shed Step 2: Prepare the site Step 3: Lay out the foundation Step 4: Frame the walls Step 5: Install roof rafters and trusses Step 6: Install joists and subflooring Step 7: Install siding, roofing materials and doors The first thing you’ll want to do is clear the area where you plan to build your shed. If you’re building on concrete, measure out the area and make sure it’s level. If not, dig a hole that’s at least 12 inches deep and wide enough for your foundation. Make sure there are no rocks or roots in the way of where you’re digging or they could interfere with construction later on. Step 2: Build Your Foundation To construct a wooden shed foundation, first place your boards over the hole and nail them together with 16d nails every 3 feet along each board. The boards should be spaced about 6 inches apart from each other so water drains through easily. Step 3: Frame Your Shed Walls Next comes framing up your shed walls with 2×4 lumber. Cut boards to length using a circular saw or reciprocating saw then lay them out on top of your foundation in a rectangle shape. Make sure they’re flush with each other at corners so they fit tightly together when nailed down later on—this will help prevent leaks in your roof if any water gets inside your shed! Once all walls are securely attached together, place one more 2×4 board vertically against each side of your rectangle The first thing you need to do is measure the area where you want to build your shed. This will help you determine the size of the shed that you’ll need. If you have an existing structure, it would be wise to take measurements of both the interior and exterior of that structure. This way, you’ll know exactly how much space is available for the new shed. Next, decide on which type of wooden shed will work best for your needs. There are several different types of sheds available including barns, garages, and storage sheds. These may or may not come with their own plans and instructions for building them yourself. If they don’t come with their own set of instructions, then be sure to purchase one from a local hardware store or online at Amazon or eBay so that you know exactly what tools and materials are required for building your new shed before getting started on construction. If you want to build a shed, but don’t want to spend much money, here are some ideas for building your own small wooden shed. Sheds come in all shapes and sizes. They can be built from wood or metal and may be used for storage or as a playroom for kids. You can even find sheds that are designed specifically for gardening tools or bicycles. If you have an area of your yard that needs a bit of organization, you might consider building a shed yourself. The cost of building a shed is usually quite low, especially when compared to some other home improvement projects such as landscaping or adding on to your house. How to Build a Shed. Building a shed is a great way to add extra storage space, a workshop or even an extra room to your home. A shed is also a great way to get rid of clutter and keep things out of sight. There are several different styles of sheds and many materials that can be used to construct one. Build the Foundation You will need to build a foundation for your shed before you start building it. You should dig down at least 12 inches below ground level and fill the area with gravel before laying your baseboards in place. The baseboards are placed on top of the gravel and they will serve as a path for water to drain away from the shed so that it doesn’t get soaked when it rains or snows. You can buy pre-made concrete blocks or use bricks if you want a more attractive look for your shed’s foundation. Constructing Your Roof The next step is to build your roof frame and secure it into place using nails or screws depending on what type of material you are using. If you have any metal roofs then you may need some extra support in order for them not to sag over time as this type of material tends to warp after being exposed to heat from the sun for too long without any protection from shade Sheds are great for adding extra storage space and creating an outdoor workspace. They’re also quick and easy to build, even if you have no experience with carpentry. This guide will show you how to build a shed by yourself, whether it’s a simple lean-to shed or a larger, more complex structure. Step 1: Choose Your Site The first step in building a shed is deciding where to place it. You’ll want to choose an area that gets full sun all day, so the wood can dry properly after being cut and treated. If possible, place your shed along an existing fence or wall so that it doesn’t take up too much space in your yard. You’ll also want to make sure there’s enough room for your car between the shed and any obstacles like trees or shrubs. Step 2: Mark Out the Footprint of Your Shed Use stakes and string to mark out the footprint of your shed on the ground. Measure from corner to corner diagonally at each end of the footprint; this will help ensure that all sides are of equal length when building your shed later on. Once you have determined where these corners will be located, trace around them with chalk or spray paint so that There are many ways to build a shed. The easiest way is to buy a pre-made kit from your local home improvement store, but if you want something that’s more customized, you’ll have to do it yourself. This article will show you how to build a small lean-to shed by yourself. 1) Mark the outline of your shed on the ground with stakes and string. The exact dimensions aren’t important when building a small lean-to shed, but make sure your measurements are as accurate as possible so you don’t waste money on materials. If you’re using concrete blocks as siding, make sure they’re level too! 2) Dig out the ground where your shed will be located (see picture). This will provide drainage and make it easier to lay down concrete blocks or bricks for siding later on. Don’t forget to leave enough room at the front so that people can get in and out of their cars without hitting the door or roof! 3) Lay down gravel at least 2 inches thick over the entire surface you’ll be working on (including around any trees or bushes surrounding your house). Cover up any exposed dirt with tar paper or plastic sheeting so nothing gets muddy while you’re Adding a small lean-to shed to your property can be a great way to store tools, gardening supplies or other items. The shed is easy to build and the shed kit comes with all the materials you need. If you have some basic carpentry skills, you can build this small lean-to shed in one day. The steps for building a small lean-to shed include: Cutting the wood for the floor joists and rafters Installing the floor joists Nailing together the side walls Nailing together the front and back walls of the shed Installing the roof rafters Installing the roofing material How to build a small shed A lean-to shed is easy to build, takes little time and can be done by the average homeowner or DIYer. It’s a great project for those who want a quick, simple solution that provides extra storage space. The lean-to shed can be built on any flat surface, but keep in mind that you’ll need at least 10 feet of vertical clearance above the structure. You may also want to consider whether it will block sunlight from reaching plants in your yard. You’ll need basic carpentry tools, such as a hammer and saws, as well as some safety gear like work gloves and safety glasses. Building a garden shed is a project that can be completed by almost any homeowner. When it comes to designing and building your shed, there are many options available. The most common type of garden shed is the lean-to style, which is built against or attached to a wall of some kind. Lean-tos are usually small structures made from wood, metal or plastic and have one or two sides that are open. They can be used for storing tools, gardening equipment and other items. Building a lean-to shed is an excellent way of adding extra storage space without taking up too much space in your yard. Previous Previous post: How to make a pond hold water naturally Next Next post: Interior design for whole house [url=https://3dhsng.com/]Shining 3D[/url] [url=https://www.3dhsng.com/]https://3dhsng.com/[/url] [url=http://meaningandbeauty.com/__media__/js/netsoltrademark.php?d=site.ru]http://jessicahertz.com/__media__/js/netsoltrademark.php?d=site.ru[/url] ThomasSwoff

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Economy, Energy Suppliers spared of €10/MWh cost on electricity producers Top energy sector officials taking part at Power & Gas Forum, March 22-23 Post-lignite plan to Boston Consulting, Grant Thorton Boston Consulting and Grant Thorton have been awarded contracts by Greece’s privatization fund to prepare a master plan for Greece’s post-lignite era, due at the end of 2020, energypress sources have informed. The two professional services companies, awarded deals totaling 200,000 euros plus VAT, will need to deliver a draft of their master plan to a coordinating committee heading the task around early autumn, three months after contracts have been signed. Their finalized version must be completed and delivered six months from now, or roughly at the end of the year. The master plan will include policies to tackle job losses as a result of Greece’s decarbonization policy, as well as policies for the establishment of new businesses and jobs in Greece’s west Macedonia and Megalopoli areas, both lignite-dependent local economies that will be severely impacted by the decarbonization plan. Boston Consulting and Grant Thorton will need to analyze all related data, including demographics and infrastructure-related data, and identify competitive advantages offered by the two aforementioned regions. Industrial infrastructure, farming, research and innovation, tourism, logistics, energy and the environment, as well as social policies will all be examined for sustainable growth not requiring state support following the post-lignite transition. Most of power utility PPC’s lignite units are expected to be phased out by the end of 2023.

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27.12.18 Digit of the day: 3 new cars per 10 used ones As experts of the analytic agency AUTOSTAT have established, in Russia the ratio between sales of new and used cars is 1: 3.3. In other words, there are 10 used cars per 3 purchased new cars this year. How many new luxury cars did Russians buy in May? In May 2022, residents of the Russian Federation purchased 18 new luxury cars, which is 80% lower than in the same month of the previous year (91 units). Such data were obtained by the experts of the analytical agency "AUTOSTAT", having processed the relevant information of JSC "Electronic Passport". The specialists noted that in February this segment showed a sharp growth (by 3.5 times), in March the volumes fell by 3%, in April - by 74%. Obviously, the situation in this segment is affected by sanctions imposed by countries unfriendly to Russia, they stopped the supply of expensive cars. Rolls-Royce brand is in the first position of the brand rating, was bought in the amount of 6 units (a year ago in May 29 such cars were purchased). Judging by the state of affairs in other brands, Rolls-Roys in May accounted for every third car in the luxury segment. In addition, residents of Russia purchased 3 Ferraris and 3 Maserati, 2 Bentley and 2 Lamborghini, 1 Aston Martin and 1 Aurus each. In other words, the sale of luxury cars in the last month of spring was literally piece-by-piece. As for geography, 15 of 18 luxury cars were purchased in Moscow and the Moscow region, 1 each in St. Petersburg, Sverdlovsk and Tomsk regions. According to the results of five months of 2022, 224 new supercars were sold in the Russian market, which is 24% lower than a year ago. Tags: sales, passenger cars, russia

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The Decisive Test for Germany Is Still to Come Jochen Bittner After months of indecision, hand-wringing and uncertainty, Germany last week committed to send Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine. The delay was a measure of the decision’s significance. For a country long wary of active military involvement in conflicts, the release of its most advanced war machine for battle with Russian troops is momentous. A taboo has been shed. The decision has revealed something of an enigma. Who is the man leading Germany during the fiercest conflict in Europe since World War II: a strategic genius or a fainthearted dawdler? Over a year into his tenure, Chancellor Olaf Scholz remains hard to decipher. On the one hand, his agreement with the United States will bring Ukraine more military power than expected. On the other hand, it took him half a year of ever-mounting pressure from allies, coalition partners and large parts of the German press to move on the issue, robbing Ukraine of time it doesn’t have. So there’s something for both interpretations. Yet decoding Mr. Scholz is crucial, not so much for understanding his first year in office as for navigating the months that lie ahead. Because the decisive question for Mr. Scholz — as well as for NATO as a whole — is not whether to send battle tanks to Ukraine. Rather, it’s the question of what the West should do once Ukraine starts using those tanks, especially in a potential advance toward Crimea. For all the importance of the past week, that test is still to come. So far, the chancellor has been notably timid: He tends to look on until, well, push comes to Scholz. He intervened in a fight about extending nuclear power only after his Green and Liberal ministers had spent months scratching each other’s political eyes out. It took him an entire year to accept that his original appointment as defense minister was clearly ill suited for the job. Rather than sack her for a series of blunders, he waited until she resigned. Mr. Scholz’s tendency to wait until the last minute to act — a kind of strategic bystanderism — has been most damaging when it comes to Ukraine. In the months it took him to forge his tank deal, thousands of Ukrainians died from Russian bombs, rockets and artillery. Potentially even more Ukrainians and Russians are going to die in the months that it will now take to make the tanks, both American and German, operational. These deaths, of course, are not Mr. Scholz’s fault. But a quicker, bolder decision on tanks could have alleviated the situation, allowing the Ukrainians to make decisive breakthroughs and shift the battlefield dynamics in their favor. Instead, as the British historian Timothy Garton Ash has warned, the conflict is in danger of becoming an “escalating stalemate,” with both sides dug in for World War I-style trench warfare. Securing the United States’ support, in the form of 31 M1 Abrams tanks, is generally seen as a success. But there’s a drawback here, too. By insisting that the United States take an equal risk in opposing Vladimir Putin with battle tanks, Mr. Scholz has shown a lack of faith in a core principle of NATO itself. Article 5, after all, states that an attack on one member will be considered as an attack on all members. Forcing the issue, said Roderich Kiesewetter, a foreign policy expert in the opposition Christian Democratic Party, “undermines the credibility of the alliance.” Mr. Scholz proudly calls it “responsible” to have gained an extra layer of reassurance. He reportedly sees his move in the tradition of one of his predecessors as chancellor, Helmut Schmidt. Mr. Schmidt, also a Social Democrat, pressed the Americans to station medium-range Pershing II missiles in Germany in the 1980s. He wanted Washington to be able to retaliate in kind should the Soviets attack Europe with their new SS-20 missiles. But Mr. Schmidt’s main intention was to close a defense gap, while Mr. Scholz’s is seemingly to fill a courage gap. The German public is split on the Leopards decision, not least because Germany does not have a nuclear deterrent of its own. But was it wise to leverage this anxiety against a resolute alliance partner like the United States? Real leadership should have meant the opposite: to use the alliance with the United States, longstanding and of indisputable worth, to assuage German angst. The fact that Mr. Scholz didn’t chose this option will be remembered not only in Washington but also in Moscow. There is one last exhibit of Mr. Scholz’s slowness, one that allies in the East and West should heed. The chancellor steadfastly refuses to utter a sentence that most other Western leaders have said by now: that Ukraine must win this war. Mr. Scholz goes only so far as to say that Ukraine must not lose it. Why? The most probable reason is to signal to Ukrainian officials that a victory as they envision it — including the reclamation of Crimea — is not what Germany has in mind. Here, for a change, Mr. Scholz’s caution could be justified. As much as one can argue about Mr. Putin’s red lines, possession of Crimea is certainly one that the Russian president is determined to stick to. The peninsula is not only holy to Mr. Putin as the place of baptism of Vladimir the Great, the father of Russian Christianity, but also sacred to him personally. The fate of Crimea is very likely to determine his own. If Mr. Putin were to lose Crimea, he would fail the promise on which the entire war in Ukraine is founded: to restore national glory and greatness, in compensation for the humiliations that — as Mr. Putin sees it — the West has inflicted on Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union. A Ukrainian recapture of Crimea would not be just a territorial defeat. Psychologically, it would be dangerously more than that: a humiliation of the effort to undo humiliation. Nobody knows whether Mr. Putin, in a meltdown moment, might resort to a nuclear strike to avoid this ultimate degradation. In this setting, a push from Ukraine to win back the peninsula with Western tanks should worry more than just the faint of heart. Mr. Scholz likes to present his slowness as prudence that others recognize only in hindsight. Yet when it comes to Crimea, his strategy of caution surely won’t hold. He will have to stop playing the bystander, and act. Read More for

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Homechevron_rightKeralachevron_rightCong slams LDF govt... date_range 18 Jan 2017 8:29 PM GMT Cong slams LDF govt for 'disrespecting' national leaders Thiruvananthapuram: Congress in the State Wednesday accused the CPI(M)-led LDF government of showing 'disrespect' to Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and B R Ambedkar by not including their pictures in the invite to the programme being held to celebrate the Diamond jubilee of the state assembly. KPCC President V M Sudheeran shot off a letter to Speaker P Sreeramakrishanan, saying the programme notice does not have the images of Gandhi, Nehru and Ambedkar whose statues have a prominent place in front of the assembly, while that of E M S Namboodiripad, the state's first Chief Minister, has been given prominence. "The statue of Mahatma Gandhi is right in front of the main entrance of the assembly and it is flanked by the statues of Jawaharlal Nehru and B R Ambedkar, while the statue of Namboodiripad, who headed the first Communist government, is at a slight distance away. This is improper and a disrespect to the National leaders," Sudheeran said in the letter. Meanwhile, Dr Vincent P J, Press secretary to the Speaker, said the controversy was over a "misunderstanding" and was "unfortunate". At a time when the assembly is observing its 60th anniversary, it is unfortunate that a controversy has erupted over the prominence given to the picture of EMS, the first Chief Minister of the state and one of the architects of united Kerala, Vincent said in a statement. No attempt was made deliberately by the assembly secretariat to avoid the picture of the Father of the Nation or any others, he said. Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan will inaugurate the seminar series this evening as part of the 60th anniversary of the assembly. Congress yesterday attacked the Vijayan-led government and accused it of following the footsteps of Prime Minister Narendra Modi in omitting Mahatma Gandhi's name from a circular, urging its staff to observe martyrs day on January 30 and had said it was an 'insult' to the father of the nation.

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The Bastard Who Last Cut My Hair By Art Edwards Monday, August 24th, 2015 | 4,296 views It’s always been six or eight weeks since my last cut, and I always want the same thing, which is to get my hair back to the way it was when I last had it cut by DeWayne. DeWayne mans the chair next to the bastard in this three-chair barbershop in Oak Grove, Oregon, an unincorporated suburb of Portland that doesn’t boast a multitude of options, so I have to take what I can get. Of course, my solution should be to get my hair cut by DeWayne every time, but this is one of those antiquated places that doesn’t take appointments, which means my options are to come through the front door, declare “I’ll wait for DeWayne,” have a seat, and wait for DeWayne to finish his last charge. Or I can just get my hair cut by the always-available John.

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A website becomes an organism GARDP GARDP is an NGO active in the field of research and development of new treatments for combating antibiotic-resistant diseases and infections. In collaboration with private, public, and non-profit partners, this organization aims to accelerate the development and access to these treatments. After 3 years of collaboration, the visual universe has now been deployed across all marketing & communication tools and platforms. The last block was the European website (headquarters). New website: in the continuity of the rebranding strategy and the expression of the brand Enigma’s mission alongside GARDP In order to help our client achieve its visibility goal, we developed a high-performance website, the result of the new brand’s visual universe created 3 years ago. For even more clarity and improved UX/UI, the content of the old site was completely rethought and the design used to highlight this content. The mission was able to be completed before the beginning of their strategic phase (2023-2025), allowing the NGO to launch its fundraising campaign in the best possible conditions and with a high-performance tool at its disposal. The development of this website required major work in terms of restructuring the content, which necessarily resulted in the generation of a complex but flexible atomic design for managing and producing current and future content. While respecting the guidelines of the visual universe previously created for GARDP, we carried out custom work for a 100% customized site, adapted to the needs of the client. To best meet expectations, we also integrated several features such as an interactive map, online activity reports, and a donation module. In addition, as the NGO frequently publishes news, we added a blog section collecting their articles, reports, and other publications, all connected with the Mailchimp CRM. We went even further by adding specific effects and tools, including parallax effects and a backend connected to the website previously developed for GARDP USA, thus simplifying content management for a cross-functional team. A cutting-edge tool for the communication and fundraising campaign that the organization is preparing to launch in January 2023. A high-performance, custom-made website. A visual universe expressed in its entirety. The backend provides a high level of flexibility, enabling a wide range of design possibilities. Emilie Guido René Möllers Let us help you become greater at what you do Fill out the following form and we will get back to you in the next 24 hours

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Many years of working in an office, followed by commuting between two continents, and then the death of my mother on 5 May 2012 left me disconnected, detached, somehow apart from myself. I felt in a different place, on the edge of a shadow world. But life was going on round me, tempting me to participate. My initial ambitious plans have simplified: I explore London with Bradshaw’s Hand Book to London of 1862 (and travel as much as feasible); plants have always been a joy and now I have the time and good fortune to explore them in two wonderful gardens; I have baked all my life and would love to create a book for friends; and I have discovered the challenges of photography. I am not sure if I am on the ‘right’ path, but I continue to follow, wherever it may lead me. Lula Harp says: I think our “paths” lead us where ever we need to be as long as we are open to them. I’m enjoying your garden images. Steve Scott says: Hi, I was reading your article on Fordham Park, and specifically the demolished Vance Street and Snead Street. I lived in Snead Street from my birth in 1956 until demolition in 1975. The houses were most certainly not unsafe or unfit – they were the last part of an “improvement program”, started in the mid 1960s, which saw a whole swathe of the area demolished and replaced by shoddy prefabricated flats and maisonettes. Having said that, the houses were in need of updating, which was never done because of the impending demolition. For example, we had no hot running water, no bathroom and just an outside toilet. However, they were good size houses and, with refurbishment, would have been expensive today. For comparison, my aunt lived at 187 Edward Street just around the corner – one of the few houses spared and a “desirable property” today. My understanding is that, by the mid 1970s, it was clear that the rebuilding scheme was a mistake, so the decision to leave the area as a park was taken. Candy Blackham says: Thank you for your comments which are very interesting. In exploring Lewisham I have come across dubious ‘modernisation’ schemes before and find it very sad. So much of the character of these neighbourhoods is lost to dull and poor quality building, often because it is higher density. Most of ‘old’ Lewisham has been destroyed in this way. Liam Williams says: Hi Candy, Do you mind if i use some of your photos of Cranbrook Community Food Garden for my own blog (I am a member of the garden but am away from home at the moment and found them via google). Dear Liam Yes, I’d be happy to let you use some of the photographs of Cranbrook community Food Garden IF you credit me as the photographer and include a link to my blogsite. The photographs were taken three years ago in order to promote the London Gardens Trust OGSW – are you sure they are still relevant? Yes, sure thing. And yes, they’re good for what I need! Thank you.

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Quantities of TRI Chemicals in Waste (in pounds), Trend Report by Alfred Heller Heat Treating Co . (TRI ID 07011LFRDH5WELL) for Ammonia chemical, U.S. 1991-1993 1 1991 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 300 0 1 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 10 2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 0

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It’s on – Federal Government starts handing over its powers to the States The Federal Coalition appears to be moving full steam ahead with its promise to transfer federal approval powers to the States. The Federal and Queensland Environment Ministers announced a couple of weeks ago that QLD and the Commonwealth had entered into a memorandum of understanding to establish a ‘one-stop-shop’ for environmental approvals. While the governments are refusing to release the MOU, it no doubt includes an intention to enter into a ‘bilateral approval agreement’ under Federal environmental laws to allow QLD to both assess and approve QLD projects on behalf of the Commonwealth. The MOU itself does not transfer any powers – a bilateral agreement is needed first which must be made following the process in the EPBC Act, including public consultation – but it is clearly the intention of the parties to do so posthaste. The EDOs have been doing a lot of thinking about approval and assessment bilaterals over the last year or so since the previous Federal government announced it would hand over its environmental approval powers. We have have done research into how the current agreements operate, made numerous submissions to the Productivity Commission, given evidence to Parliamentary Inquiries, and worked with the Places You Love Alliance to remind people of the value of retaining the Commonwealth in this space. We are firmly of the view that handing over federal approval powers to the States via bilateral approval agreements is not only a bad outcome for the environment, it will not provide the efficiency gains that industry claims it will. We already have assessment bilateral agreements in place in every State which allow the State to do environmental assessments on behalf of the Commonwealth (the key being that Commonwealth retains the final approval power). These are designed to reduce duplication in assessment processes and are routinely used in each State. Industry groups are saying that assessment bilaterals are not good enough, that projects are still being delayed and that approval agreements that hand over the Commonwealth’s approval powers to the States are necessary to make EIA faster and cheaper. However, claims by industry that the Commonwealth approval stage is causing huge delays just don’t add up. Here’s some reasons why: Under an assessment bilateral, once the State has finished its assessment, the Commonwealth must make its decision within 30 days. Hardly a lengthy delay. In some cases the Commonwealth does take longer but it appears this is often because the assessment by the State wasn’t adequate and is sent back (unfortunately there is no publicly available data on how often this happens). When questioned in a Senate inquiry last year, the lead industry group making these claims, the Business Council of Australia, couldn’t come up with any evidence of duplication of the approval stage. The Senate Committee ultimately found there was no evidence to justify claims that the Commonwealth was causing delays and recommended the Commonwealth retain its powers. In many cases the State approval takes much longer than the Federal approval, especially for large projects. In the vast majority of cases, projects don’t even require Federal assessment. 72% of projects referred to the Commonwealth since 2000 have not needed assessment, and half of all projects that did need assessment only needed a short preliminary assessment. Industry groups claim that having two governments making approval conditions leads to inconsistent and unworkable conditions, but this is easily solved by including a clause in the assessment bilateral requiring decision-makers to consult each other on their conditions and not make inconsistent ones. So this begs the question, what is the real reason industry groups want the Commonwealth Government out of environmental approvals? Although the EDOs have long held that the assessment bilaterals in their current form do not maintain adequate environmental standards, they could be amended to do so. And they could be improved to make assessments more efficient and better meet the needs of all parties. There is then no need for approval agreements and no need for the Commonwealth to abdicate its vital role in protecting the environment in the national interest.

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Home Chevron down icon Poetry Chevron down icon A Tribute to the Lion City A Tribute to the Lion City By: Daiseku Ikeda Publisher: Editions Didier Millet A Tribute to the Lion City: The Jewel of Southeast Asia is a compilation of the writings of Daisaku Ikeda, President of Soka Gakkai International, on his thoughts and interactions with Singapore, her leaders and people over the course of his three visits to Singapore in 1988, 1995 and 2000. The author's writings reflect his genuine respect and deep admiration for Singapore and her people. Daisaku Ikeda is the President of Soka Gakkai International, a Buddhist network that actively promoted peace, culture and education whose members come from over 190 countries and territories throughout the world. He is the author of more than 100 books on Buddhist themes, and received the United Nations Peace Award in 1983. Cover Type: Hard cover

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Tag: eTail Nordic Three of the best eCommerce expos to visit this autumn Posted: May 12, 2020 at 4:58 pm / Blog eCommerce conferences and expos are an excellent way for people to keep up-to-date with the latest trends and innovations in the sector.

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Tag: Maid in the U.S.A. Maid in the U.S.A., the top-rated boutique cleaning service in Los Angeles Posted: July 9, 2013 at 9:14 pm / eLosAngeles, Enterprise Radio, EPN News, Exclusive Interviews, Sales / Marketing Mark Newman-Kuzel, President & CEO of Maid in the U.S.A., the top-rated boutique cleaning service in Los Angeles joins Enterprise Radio. Unable to find a job in advertising, Mark decided to start cleaning houses to help pay the bills where his incredible story begins.

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Tag: Qwilr Tools and Software to Help You Easily Manage and Create Proposals Posted: January 23, 2018 at 8:53 am / Blog Creating and managing proposals has never been a simple task. It is usually a tedious and uphill undertaking, irrespective of the area of interest. You spend a lot of time drafting one, and when done, another one awaits.

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'Through children's eyes': Childhood, place and the fear of crime This article seeks to bring young respondents more sharply into focus by considering fear of crime 'through children's eyes'. By incorporating children's perspectives it is argued that more inclusive and integrative community safety initiatives may arise. Inspired by the recent flowering of research undertaken in childhood studies by social and cultural geographers, the study seeks to make a theoretical, empirical and spatial contribution to debates in the field. Based on the findings of a large-scale school survey, the responses indicate that children have an acute place-based sensitivity to a range of highly relevant community safety issues. This includes detailed reflections concerning the place of policing, boredom, youth gangs, motorcars and drugs in their neighbourhoods. It is suggested that the inclusion of children's accounts into geographical debates not only enriches our knowledge of childhood studies, but also adds detail and texture to our understandings of fear of crime. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Journal: Geoforum URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(03)00003-4

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EPTIs Interim Report for Q1 2022 available in English EPTI AB (publ) published its’ Interim Report for Q1 2022 on May 24, 2022. As of today, an English version of the report is available at www.epti.com. The translated report is also attached to this press release. For further information, please contact:Adam Bäckström, CFO, EPTI ABE-mail: [email protected]: +46 73 026 68 26 About EPTIEPTI invests […] The Group – First quarter 2022(compared to the first quarter of 2021) NAV increased by 1% to kSEK 843,962 (836,178) NAV/share amounted to SEK 8.28 (8.79) The Group's operating income increased by 348% to kSEK 62,588 (13,977) EBITDA amounted to kSEK -12,013 (2,102) EPTI Core AB – First quarter 2022(compared to the first quarter of […] EPTI publishes Year-End Report 2021: NAV increased 22% in Q4 Fourth quarter 2021 (compared with fourth-quarter 2020) NAV increased by 22% to 836,178 kSEK (688,118) The number of full-time employees at the end of the period was 225 (80) The Group’s operating income increased by 313% to 48,663 kSEK (11,769) Adjusted EBITDA amounted to -7,478 kSEK (-1,568)* Full-year 2021 (compared with full-year 2020) NAV increased […]

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Browsing School of Public Health by Author

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13925

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The World Premiere: “Reenchantment. Małgorzata Mirga-Tas” directed by Anna Zakrzewska. ERIAC is proud to partner with producers of “Reenchantment Małgorzata Mirga-Tas”— Kijora Film and Zachęta — National Gallery of Art, and the Polish Institute in Rome, Adam Mickiewicz Institute. This is a film recording of the process of creating Małgorzata Mirga-Tas’s monumental work Re-enchanting the World for the Polish Pavilion at the Biennale Arte 2022 in Venice. The artist decided to let a camera into her studio to talk about the Roma culture and the close relationships between the women she works with. Recorded conversations conducted while embroidering complement the finished work. Like the works of Mirga-Tas, the film has a patchwork form – by mixing together intimate and private scenes, it tells the rich history of the Roma community, which has been marginalized for years. The documentary also celebrates an important moment when, for the first time in the 120-year history of the Venice Biennale, the most prestigious event in the art world, the Roma artist is presenting her works in the national pavilion. Film produced by Kijora Film and Zachęta — National Gallery of Art The project is co-financed by the Minister of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland within the framework of the Inspiring Culture Programme. Film partners: European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture (ERIAC), Polish Institute in Rome, Adam Mickiewicz Institute Film duration 29 min. Online premiere: 27 November 2022 [www.facebook.com/polishpavilion] More about Małgorzata Mirga-Tas’s Re-enchanting the World in the Polish Pavilion: https://labiennale.art.pl/en/ Małgorzata Mirga-Tas is a Polish-Roma artist and activist. In her works, sculptures, paintings, spatial objects and large-format textiles, she addresses anti-Romani stereotypes and engages in building an affirmative iconography of Roma communities. She graduated from the Faculty of Sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow (2004). She participated in several dozen individual and group exhibitions, including the 11th Berlin Biennale (2020), the Art Encounters Biennial in Timişoara (2019, 2021), 3rd Autostrada Biennale in Prizren (2021), while her works were displayed at the Moravian Gallery in Brno (2017), the Center of Polish Sculpture in Orońsko (2020), Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw (2020), or Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum in Cologne (2021), among others. She lives and works in Czarna Góra, Poland. Anna Zakrzewska, director, graduated from the College of Interdisciplinary Individual Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences and in art history from Warsaw University. Her films have been shown at festivals and in galleries of contemporary art in Poland and abroad. She is the co-author of a documentary about Alina Szapocznikow Every Touch Leaves a Trace and more than a dozen films and documentaries about the most important Polish artists. In 2011, together with Joanna Turowicz, she made a documentary about the legendary artistic duo KwieKulik, which was awarded at the Kraków Film Festival. The film Flight about the performer and sculptor Roman Stańczak, co-directed with Łukasz Ronduda, received a distinction at the Millennium Docs Against Gravity Festival. Still from the film Reenchantment. Małgorzata Mirga-Tas directed by Anna Zakrzewska.

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The Power of the Lord’s Supper by Eduard Serediuc, MTS | Aug 16, 2021 | 1 comment Introduction Let’s first read the famous passage on the Lord’s Supper from 1 Corinthians 11:17-34: 1 Corinthians 11:17–34 (NKJV) 17 Now in giving these instructions I don’t praise you, since you come together not for the better but for the worse. 18 For first of all, w… Confession of Sins and Eternal Security by Eduard Serediuc, MTS | Jun 20, 2021 | 1 comment Romans 8:1 says this: Romans 8:1 (NKJV) 1 There is therefore now no condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus, who don’t walk according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit. Many Christians read the above passage and again they add in their mind, without even… Do you have to confess your sins on a regular basis?

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In this guide, we make the case for investing in venture debt, a form of direct lending to growth-stage technology companies. Keep reading to learn about the structural features and resulting benefits of venture debt, as well as the differences between it and other investment and funding alternatives. You’ll also learn about the links between those differences and investment outcomes, and why you should consider investing in venture debt as you construct your portfolios. You can also download the full white paper in PDF form. Download the full white paper to learn about: The structural features and resulting benefits of venture debt How it differs from other investment and funding alternatives Why investors should consider investing in venture debt as they construct their portfolios 02 Advantages of investing in venture debt 03 Lower portfolio risk 04 Risk and returns aren’t precisely correlated 05 Low loan-to-value 06 Partnering with sponsors 07 Relatively short term 08 Why tech companies are attractive borrowers 09 They've built a better model 10 They're benefiting from secular growth 11 How venture debt benefits borrowers 12 Comparing debt and equity 13 Other reasons why venture debt makes sense 14 Investing in venture debt Investors have long enjoyed good yields by lending capital to companies. But because monetary policy has driven rates lower in recent years, those loans, along with many other types of traditional income-providing securities, no longer offer appealing returns. Looking for a solution, institutional investors have increasingly been deploying capital toward alternative forms of credit, such as private credit. Private credit encompasses an array of strategies, with widely differing characteristics and limited comparability. Importantly, evaluating those strategies can be challenging, leaving some investors exposed to unexpected and inappropriate levels of risk. Venture debt is a key part of the private credit universe. It’s a form of direct lending to growth-stage technology companies that differs from traditional lending in a number of important ways. In this white paper, we outline how venture debt can offer a solution to the problems yield-oriented investors face. We also explain the differences between venture debt and traditional lending, and show how those differences can have a positive impact on portfolio returns. Finally, we’ll look at the characteristics of technology companies that make them particularly attractive borrowers, and the unique ways in which venture debt can benefit them. Advantages of investing in venture debt Venture debt can generate high yields for investors, which is particularly important given today’s low interest rate environment. But its income potential is only part of the reason why investors should consider adding a venture debt component to their portfolios. As an asset class, it has five other attractive attributes that are worth noting: Lower portfolio risk One of venture debt’s greatest features is the diversification it brings to portfolios. Because returns from venture debt are relatively uncorrelated with those from other asset classes, investing in it can create value at the portfolio level. Although there’s a substantial body of academic literature around diversification, the intuition behind it is very straightforward. Simply put, the world is an uncertain place. If every investment in your portfolio responds to environmental changes in the same way, then anytime something bad happens, those investments will all go down in value together. What this means is that in an ideal world, your portfolio should be made up of an array of investments that don’t all move together. That simple fact helps make the case for investing in venture debt because there’s a body of evidence that suggests that the returns from private credit and venture debt aren’t particularly correlated with returns from other asset classes. In other words, the returns from venture debt don’t change in lockstep with many other investments. If venture debt returns aren’t correlated to other holdings in your portfolio, then adding that exposure can lower your portfolio’s overall risk. In that way, investing in venture debt has the potential to increase the value of your portfolio by increasing its diversification. Risk and returns aren’t precisely correlated Of course, venture debt isn’t just about diversification. It’s an attractive investment in its own right given that it generates higher yields than many other income-producing assets. While for the most part, yields and risk move together — investors demand higher returns to compensate them for holding riskier assets — there are structural reasons why that isn’t completely true of venture debt. Although there aren’t many specialist venture debt providers, there are a lot of companies in need of their capital. This imbalance between supply and demand means that the yield on loans isn’t just a linear function of the borrowers’ risk, thus creating an opportunity for lenders. In most cases, the antidote to that sort of imbalance between supply and demand is having more lenders enter the market. However, venture debt lending requires specialist knowledge and processes that aren’t easily acquired. Among mature, stable companies, for example, the price of both equity and debt is relatively transparent, especially if the company is public. CFOs can optimize their debt and equity weightings to achieve the lowest possible weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Those companies can easily be compared to one another, meaning that their risks — and therefore the cost of their capital — are also very comparable. That similarity lends itself to a very transparent pricing model. That isn’t true with venture debt. A tech borrower’s financial statements don’t look much like the financial statements for a mature enterprise. In fact, they might not look like the financial statements for other tech companies, for that matter, and the company’s products might not look like anything else on the market at all. These sorts of issues make it hard to casually compare one company to another and decide which is less risky. While it’s hard to compare businesses, it’s not impossible. Specialist venture debt lenders can do so because they use different tools and processes than traditional lenders. The models that drive venture debt underwriting processes are also quite different than the ones that traditional lenders rely on in terms of their construction and uses. So too are the skills and experience needed to interpret those models. Of course, spreadsheet-based financial analysis is only part of the story. In addition to the quantitative analysis needed for venture debt, specialist lenders incorporate a lot of qualitative work into their assessments. They might rely on their knowledge of what’s happening in a particular vertical to gauge the likelihood of a company’s success, for example. Alternatively, they might look at the personal qualities of a management team or the degree to which a company’s equity sponsors are committed to its future success. In each case, their specialist knowledge and focus enable them to better understand the value of these enterprises and affords them greater visibility into loan to value. The fact that those insights aren’t generally visible decouples the risk-reward relationship to some extent. Ultimately, risk and return may not be as precisely correlated in venture debt as they are in other asset classes. The fact that dedicated capital and specialist underwriting knowledge are in relatively short supply, while lots of companies need funding, creates an imbalance. The way to resolve that imbalance — generally in the lenders’ favor — is through terms and pricing. Low loan-to-value How do those advantages in terms and pricing benefit venture debt investors? As noted above, venture debt lenders’ specialized focus allows them to better understand prospective borrowers’ enterprise values. Knowing that enables them to assess loans at appropriate ratios to value, thereby protecting their investors in downside scenarios. Interest rates on tech loans look closer to distressed debt financings than most other credit instruments. But while debt might comprise a high percentage of the enterprise value of a distressed entity, venture debt can be structured to represent just 10 to 15 percent of the value of a rapidly growing business. That low loan-to-value (LTV) represents a margin of safety for venture debt investors that you won’t find in many other structures paying out comparable yields. Moreover, it can be augmented with support from other stakeholders, such as equity sponsors. The combination of low LTVs and motivated investor bases leads to lower default and loss rates than you’ll find in similar asset classes and cumulative credit events and provisions that don’t correspond to the headline interest rates charged. Specifically, while an estimated 17.4 percent of small business administration loans awarded between 2006 and 2015 went into default, the venture debt industry realizes just 2.0 percent in lost capital each year. Specialist venture debt lenders are able to more accurately discern the value of their borrowers’ business than other lenders might be able to. That means that if the business deteriorates unexpectedly, a good venture debt lender can take whatever steps are necessary to monetize the asset. Even if the deterioration has been steep or dramatic, the relatively low initial LTV ratio that many venture debt loans are underwritten at provides investors with a margin of safety that you won’t find in more leveraged strategies. Partnering with sponsors Low LTV ratios are one way in which venture debt lenders protect their investors, but there are other ways in which specialists can increase the margin of safety on investments. We’ve already talked about familiarity with the people involved in tech companies, which might be very different to those seen in mature businesses. But it’s also important to know and understand a young company’s backers. In fact, understanding the scale, quality, and depth of an equity sponsor’s commitment to a company is an explicit consideration when underwriting a venture loan. And it’s one that leads to better outcomes for lenders. Venture debt lenders get comfortable with the amount and kind of equity support that a prospective borrower can tap through having their own relationships within the venture capital universe. The more times that people deal with one another, the more valuable those relationships become. Again, this isn’t an analytical tool that’s available to non-specialists, even though it is incredibly important. Beyond the value that sponsor relationships can afford a lender in terms of underwriting, they’re also important sources of deal flow. Sponsors want to partner with firms that have the capacity to help their portfolio companies. They also want to partner with people they like and trust. That trust is earned over multiple iterations of a process and can’t be replicated. Relatively short term Venture debt lenders aren’t generally trying to guess what the world will look like in a decade’s time, and they’re certainly not investing on the basis of those views. Instead, they’re trying to gauge what’s most likely to happen in the next two or three years, and lend on terms that will see them paid back in that timeframe. There’s a chronological tipping point after which debt is a less appealing choice than equity. Where that point lies hinges on many factors, but it’s a valid consideration for managers and equity holders, and often serves to motivate them to refinance a company’s debt. The impact on a lender is that the duration of any asset is likely lower than the stated terms would make it appear. Unlike corporate loans, venture debt isn’t priced as a spread off a yield curve to begin with. The short duration of a typical loan further differentiates the return profile of a venture debt portfolio from that of a traditional fixed-income asset. Why tech companies are attractive borrowers Tech companies might not screen well on traditional credit metrics, but they do have a number of attributes that make them better borrowers than they first appear. Those attributes include the nature of tech companies’ business models and the secular trends that drive the sector. Both of those dynamics have the potential to create an excellent scenario for lending. They've built a better model Despite the fact that they don’t look like the sort of business banks like lending money to, many tech companies’ business models are more robust than they may first appear based on their financial metrics. They’re also better borrowers than they might look. Software as a service (SaaS) companies, for example, can grow with their existing clients without incurring any meaningful costs to do so. Increased sales to existing customers therefore carry very high contribution margins and create tremendous operating leverage. While there will always be a range, in our experience, SaaS companies typically have to spend $1 on sales and marketing to acquire $1 of annual recurring revenue. The return on that investment is significant, however, since contribution margins on that incremental revenue can be between 70 and 80 percent, with customer lifetimes typically ranging from 8 to 10 years. In addition, many of the best SaaS businesses have a negative net dollar churn. That means that the revenue growth from upselling existing customers is greater than any lost revenue from customer cancellations. In contrast, if sales aren’t increasing, the cost of servicing an installed base is often relatively modest. Each historic sale is effectively a form of annuity. SaaS companies also have the flexibility to cut sales-related expenses in ways that aren’t available to other businesses. That’s because the installed base will keep generating revenues regardless of how many new sales a SaaS business closes. A SaaS company’s sales engine is a growth vehicle, not a maintenance effort. If a software business can’t generate economic returns from new sales, it can cut out that investment and still earn a return from its existing customers. That nuance provides additional security for lenders. If a company is genuinely trading off short-term profitability for rapid growth, it implies that it can toggle toward profitability by cutting back on its growth spending. A business model that can become more profitable even as its growth efforts become a lower priority has an obvious appeal to lenders. They're benefiting from secular growth The tech companies described above have very appealing business models. On top of that, many are operating with the benefit of powerful tailwinds with respect to changes in how businesses and consumers use their products. Those tailwinds also benefit venture debt lenders and investors. For example, SaaS lending is one of the biggest segments of venture debt lending and one of the most attractive. Many SaaS companies sell mission-critical software and related services or devices to a wide range of customers. As a result, they’re very resilient to economic turbulence. Not only that, the waterfall nature of SaaS models can lead to bigger, longer-term revenue streams than traditional software revenue models. In fact, SaaS revenues tend to grow by an average of 25 to 30 percent, while on-premises solutions are only growing at 8 to 9 percent. For investors, those growth rates suggest that each dollar of funding can create $3 to $5 of enterprise value. That value creation can result in swift deleveraging of a company’s balance sheet, which has a positive effect on a loan’s safety. Simply put, today’s tech companies aren’t just younger versions of companies that have been around for decades. They operate under an entirely different model. Their marginal costs can be negligible, implying the potential for tremendous operating leverage, while a number of trends provide considerable tailwinds for them. How venture debt benefits borrowers Venture debt can afford investors tremendous advantages relative to other investment choices, but the benefits flow both in both directions. Tech companies can also benefit from utilizing debt in a number of different ways. Comparing debt and equity As we noted above, large companies often use debt to lower their WACC, in part through the tax treatment of interest versus dividends. But since young companies are typically unprofitable, and therefore don’t pay tax, they don’t see any benefits from that tax shield. As such, how can they benefit from borrowing instead of selling equity? The answer is less about the cost of the debt than it is about the cost of the equity. A $20 million company that raises $5 million in equity can invest that money to grow. Let’s say that it doubles in size over the next two years and then gets acquired for $50 million. If so, the original investors own 75 percent of that, making their stake worth around $37.5 million. While that’s a great outcome, if they’d borrowed the $5 million they needed to grow, they might have paid 15 percent ($750,000) per year, incurring $1.5 million in interest charges over two years. The loan would be included in the enterprise value calculation at the time of the sale, leaving an equity value of $45 million before the financing costs (or $43.5 million, net). The original equity investors would still own 100 percent of that, yielding a measurably better outcome for them compared to the equity scenario. Not only that, the delta is actually understated relative to real-world dynamics. Beyond the dilution that the share sale might bring about, later investors often obtain a liquidity preference, heightening the risk to earlier investors. Moreover, later stage investors might have different time horizons and investment parameters than those who invested earlier. A shareholder who’s owned stock in a venture for seven years might well feel differently about the right time to go public or sell the business than one who invested six months ago. That tension is rarely constructive for the business or its managers. There are other, softer costs to issuing equity. While an investor who takes a board seat can add tremendous value, the long-term vision of a founder can differ radically from the needs of an investor whose fund has a seven-year investment horizon. Those differences might not become apparent until after the actual investment has been made. A CEO might have to spend her valuable time aligning her shareholder base in the event that she has stockholders with competing priorities, or deal with inefficient governance structures created to give every equity investor a voice. Venture debt allows companies to avoid some of the problems associated with equity raises, while giving investors significant benefits compared to other yield instruments and vehicles. The increasing availability and use of venture debt facilities reflects a clear recognition of its value among both borrowers and investors. In fact, according to some estimates, venture debt now makes up approximately 10 to 15 percent of the total venture capital invested in any given year. That’s the equivalent of between $8 billion and $12 billion in venture debt annually since 2014. Other reasons why venture debt makes sense While the hypothetical example given above features a company on a fantastic trajectory, venture debt can also work for businesses whose path to success is less straightforward. Not meeting financial targets in the context of an early stage financing can force a company to seek new capital on less favorable terms, i.e., a down round, in which the implied value for later investors is lower than for earlier ones. That scenario not only entails significant dilution, but can also force investors to cede liquidation preferences or control mechanisms. In this example, venture debt can give companies more runway to bridge the gap between equity rounds, offering a chance to sell stock on better terms. Importantly, however, debt isn’t a panacea for genuinely troubled companies. If the reason a company is failing to meet its targets is because it has a flawed business model, it’s unlikely to be able to borrow its way out of those problems. Nevertheless, in cases where a company just needs a bit more time, or can execute a course correction to change its growth profile, venture debt can provide significant optionality at relatively low cost. There are myriad other use cases for venture debt, many of which are a function of the flexibility that can be built into a debt agreement. Companies might borrow to fund working capital or an acquisition. They might want to buy out a partner whose priorities have changed. Or the time and effort involved in raising debt might be less than that required for an equity deal. The reasons why young, unprofitable companies should borrow money might not be intuitive or obvious. However, debt can solve a range of problems that equity sales often creates, including dilution, shareholder dynamics, and the need for flexibility. Meanwhile its use can create tremendous value for stakeholders under the appropriate circumstances. Investing in venture debt One of the ways in which venture debt helps investors to diversify their portfolios is that tech companies’ customers are so diversified themselves. Investments in software companies represent investments in their customer bases, which in turn span the whole economy. Those companies have embraced the possibilities that software and other advances in technology offer in terms of cost reduction, scalability, and growth potential, and that trend isn’t going to reverse. Even if one part of the economy falters, the tech sector will likely continue to succeed overall. Investing in venture debt offers exposure to that success. Venture debt allows nontraditional borrowers to fund their growth initiatives efficiently, and solves for a number of issues that can arise by relying solely on equity financing. Although it entails risks, when used properly, venture debt can increase the returns to other stakeholders and afford management teams and founders more flexibility than they might otherwise retain. Finally, investing in venture debt can generate higher returns than are available in other parts of the credit universe, without forcing investors to take on unacceptable levels of risk. Fast-growing tech companies might lack the cash flows and assets that lenders traditionally look for. However, that creates an opportunity for other investors, allowing them to optimize the risk-reward trade-off in their portfolios.

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Essay Paper > Uncategorized > Intellectual Property Posted onFebruary 2, 2023 One of the domains that have been deeply impacted by digital technologies is the domain of intellectual property. Digital technologies have driven a rise in new intellectual property claims and made it much more difficult to defend intellectual property. Intellectual property is defined as “property (as an idea, invention, or process) that derives from the work of the mind or intellect.”3 This could include creations such as song lyrics, a computer program, a new type of toaster, or even a sculpture. Practically speaking, it is very difficult to protect an idea. Instead, intellectual property laws are written to protect the tangible results of an idea. In other words, just coming up with a song in your head is not protected, but if you write it down it can be protected. Protection of intellectual property is important because it gives people an incentive to be creative. Innovators with great ideas will be more likely to pursue those ideas if they have a clear understanding of how they will benefit. In the US Constitution, Article 8, Section 8, the authors saw fit to recognize the importance of protecting creative works: Congress shall have the power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries. An important point to note here is the “limited time” qualification. While protecting intellectual property is important because of the incentives it provides, it is also necessary to limit the amount of benefit that can be received and allow the results of ideas to become part of the public domain.

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13929

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October 3, 2010 / Elizabeth Gaucher / 2 Comments Everyone knows the film Children of a Lesser god. Maybe what we don’t know is how badly we need this movie to be remade, and soon. When it is, I suggest the filmmaker branch out and replace the beautiful, intelligent, heterosexual and yes, deaf, white woman with a new character. There are many lessers from which to choose. I didn’t understand the title of this movie in 1986. (Only just now as I write this post am I aware of the intentional little-g god in the title) I had not even entered college, much less struck out into the world. I still didn’t appreciate that, if not in acknowledged polite conversation, in real practice there are categories of human value. I’ve since come to understand that these very real categories permeate organized society, and they are not just gentle whispers of harmless bias. These categorizations are deeply rooted, and deep enough to nurture a mindset that separates some people from others as the flawed offspring of a higher power that is — well — not the higher power than made people who are made “the right way.” In the broadest brush strokes, the Greater God says that men are better than women; whites are better than blacks; strong bodies are better than weak; young is better than old; and so on. This week we were reminded that this “God” of categorization says that being heterosexual is better than being homosexual. When one is in the “right” category, he or she enjoys a pre-paid subscription to a life of privilege. In this life, a protective force field surrounds the person in a cocoon of social safety and opportunity. The cocoon protects so naturally and so well, the person in it rarely even knows it’s there. This oblivion partially explains why someone who fits the profile of a Child of a Greater God becomes confused and even angry when the lessers cry out in pain. What’s the issue, ask the greaters? Why do you need special attention? We’re all children of God……….. When you are a child of a lesser god, you know it. No reassurances from the cocoon people can help you, because you know they don’t understand, not even a little bit. Even the well-intentioned greaters are clueless about the realities of your life, about the death by a thousand cuts that threaten you every day. The lessers are always on the edge, always. A young man from Rutgers is dead. He is dead because he had no place to be safe, no refuge, no shelter. When you are not a child of a Greater God, no one rides in on a chariot of fire to save you. Your god is tired, and discouraged, and sometimes even hopeless. On the battlefield of life, you are lucky if your god even shows up. It is imperative that as a society we do more to understand the subtle and powerful ways we isolate and devalue one another. My movie remake will star a homosexual girl with autism living below the federal poverty level in Appalachia. Who will yours star? Photo credit: Backyard Butterfly Garden When the Cavalry Doesn’t Come August 31, 2010 August 31, 2010 / Elizabeth Gaucher / 7 Comments Five years ago this week, as I watched Michael Brown stand shiny and clean on camera and receive one of the worst alleged atta-boys of all time, I knew in my gut he was being set up. Life in the reality canyon. I remember the physical discomfort between “Brownie” and the President. I remember the way those words, “Brownie, you’re doing a heck of a job” came out of the mouth of the FEMA chief’s ultimate boss and the look on Brown’s face. You can see in that instant he knows a hell of a lot more than he can share. It was painful. The words were condescending, and artificial and inappropriate and awful on every level; and they highlighted a yawning reality canyon between those two men as well as between the federal government and the states. Much has been written and expressed in other — often artistic — forms about how the nightmare of Hurricane Katrina removed any mask we might be wanting to put on our fundamental lack of progress around racial disparities. I can’t disagree. The literal black and white disgrace that was FEMA’s total disconnect with the very kind of situation it exists to manage is burned on our nation’s history. No one can say the authorities on every level “didn’t know” it was going to be a disaster. Extensive records exist that verify the proper people knew exactly what was poised to go down. I still have no accounting for what exactly fell apart. Michael Brown’s continued efforts to explain it only seem to make things worse by ripping off what frail bandage we had on the memories and yet leaving no more healing in its place. Mike Hale of the New York Times said it well when he described Spike Lee’s portrayal of the aftermath (emphasis added is mine): Released just a year after Hurricane Katrina swamped New Orleans, “When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts” was a thrilling achievement: both intimate and magisterial, angry and eloquent, an indictment and a testament, it represented a high point in the career of its director, Spike Lee. It was definitively racial. But as a West Virginian, I saw more. I do believe it was racial in New Orleans, but I feel some of the same kinds of nausea at home, where the U.S. Census measures our population at over 94% white. I think the most powerful common denominator is a profound disregard for human life when that life is uneducated and living in poverty. I want to believe that if some natural disaster befell West Virginia, that the cavalry would come. That the nation would turn on the television and see our plight and send every resource to save us. What I saw 5 years ago in New Orleans scared the hell out of me, because I no longer have that belief. I think some populations are considered disposable and not worth the effort and expense, and as much as I don’t want to believe it, Katrina took away my suspension of disbelief. The Sago mine disaster was a perversion of this grinding fear. Every day in West Virginia (and around the world) human beings go deep underground and risk their health and their lives so I can use my laptop (see The Short Ladders for some stats on our state’s educational attainment, or lack thereof). There is a lot of drama around rescues once people are in trouble, but very little evidence that the nation is serious about reducing dependence on coal or that most coal companies themselves see these human beings as something more than replaceable commodities. I’ll conclude where I began, with the “heck of a job” video clip and Michael Brown. I don’t know anything about Mr. Brown. He may be a negligent incompetent monster, but that seems less likely than he was one man at the helm of a critically important federal agency that the powers that be had no real interest in leveraging during Katrina. The question remains why, and if it would have been the same story in the Hamptons.

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Dead Island 3 is a Free-to-Play MOBA Wait. What? No, that’s not a typo or a joke, I think. Third installment in the Dead Island franchise, to be called Dead Island: Epidemic, will not be a co-op first-person shooter but will instead be Deep Silver’s entry into the Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) genre. Tags: Dead Island, Dead Island: Epidemic, Deep Silver, MOBA, PC

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Oregon’s Governor Spares 17 Murderers Who Deserve To Die December 14, 2022 / Jack Marshall / 28 Comments It is clear the the 2022 Ethics Alarms Award for the Most Incompetent Elected Official of the Year is going to come down to the wire. Oregon Governor Kate Brown, already a strong contender (as she was in 2021 and 2020), just delivered a pure grandstanding exhibition that insulted multiple juries, undermined the rule of law, and in effect lowered the penalty for vicious murder to that of far less heinous crimes. Her decision to commute the death sentences of 17 convicted killers who have forfeited the right to live in civilized society is legal, and the power she has to make it is necessary. There has to be some safety valve for the justice system, which is bound to fail as all systems do, and making the executive the final arbiter of extreme and unusual cases is the best of several flawed options. However, many governors abuse this power, and, like Brown, use it to pander to a political base. Here, from Oregon Live, is the list of the seventeen men on Death Row that Brown feels deserve to continue to live at taxpayers’ expense: Continue reading → In This Law Vs. Ethics Clash, Choosing Law Over Ethics Is The Ethical Course [Link Added] November 26, 2022 December 1, 2022 / Jack Marshall / 27 Comments Clear? Probably not. Let me explain. On July 5, 2005 in Kirkwood, Missouri, police were executing a search warrant. While they were in his home, twelve-year old Joseph Long suffered a seizure and collapsed. Police, maybe thinking he was faking, maybe worrying about being distracted from their jobs, maybe because they were just cold-hearted bastards, did nothing to help him, and wouldn’t let his mother intervene either. The child died. Two hours later, the same officers responded to the same neighborhood after getting reports of illegal fireworks being set off. Kevin Johnson, the dead child’s older brother, spotted officer William McEntee, one of the police who had been at his home earlier that evening. “You killed my brother,” he said, and fired a gun at the officer multiple times, killing him. Johnson was tried, sentenced to death, and now, 17 years later, has run out of appeals. He’s going to be executed. His daughter, Korry, just two when he murdered the police officer, is now 19 and wants to be among the limited number of attendees at her father’s death. Missouri has a statute, Revised Code Section 546.740 that determines who is eligible to watch an execution: Continue reading → Observations On Another Capital Punishment Fiasco September 24, 2022 / Jack Marshall / 6 Comments That’s Alan Eugene Miller, who was convicted of murdering three men in 1999. Nobody disputes that he is guilty. The only question is how and when he will be executed, as he received the death penalty and deserved to. The fact that he is still breathing 23 years after his crimes speaks for itself, and is self-evidently absurd, a direct consequence of the moral and ethical confusion over capitol punishment. People like Miller—that is, people who have forfeited their right to continue living in a civilized society—cost law abiding citizens millions by the time they finally get their just desserts. This story is especially infuriating as well as ridiculous. Alabama passed a law in 2018 that gave death row prisoners a choice between being killed by a lethal injection and dying by a nitrogen hypoxia, which is death by being deprived of oxygen. [Observation: Why a condemned prisoner should be given any choice at all is beyond me. As Alabama Governor Kay Ivey, said, Miller’s three victims didn’t get to choose whether they would be shot in the chest.] Miller is, we are told, afraid of needles, so he chose suffocation. [Observation: This already sounds like a Monty Python skit. Again, who cares what he’s afraid of? Presumably he’s also a bit afraid to die. So what? Why should the state, or the society he betrayed, have any ethical obligation to yield to his delicate sensitivities?] Continue reading → Law vs Ethics: A SCOTUS Decision Rings Ethics Alarms May 29, 2022 / Jack Marshall / 14 Comments It’s not surprising that last week’s decision in the Arizona case of Shinn v. Ramirez and Jones didn’t get much coverage outside of the legal media. The decision is procedural rather than substantive, and the majority opinion by Justice Thomas in the 6-3 holding is hard sledding. Nonetheless, it is a classic example of law trumping ethics. The Justice Sotomayor dissent, joined by the other two liberal justices, argues that it trumps law as well. I would not argue that law must never trump ethics, for law requires consistency and systemic application over the long term to have credibility and integrity. However, Shinn involves a man facing the death penalty, and the decision by the conservative justices chose the virtues of finality over the possibility that the government might be executing an innocent man. Capital Punishment Ethics Dunce: Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Stephen Hopkins April 25, 2022 April 25, 2022 / Jack Marshall / 5 Comments Bad decision, bad opinion, bad judge. As regular readers here know, I strongly favor capital punishment, but only when there is no doubt whatsoever about the facts and the guilt of the convicted defendant, when the crime is so cruel, horrific and premeditated that normal murders seem tame in comparison, and when the procedural due process is followed to the letter. Comment Of The Day: “The Supreme Court Reinstated The Death Sentence Of Boston Marathon Bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Good.” March 5, 2022 March 5, 2022 / Jack Marshall / 4 Comments Certain themes and issues are certain to recur on an ethics blog and never be resolved. Among them are abortion, “hate speech,” illegal immigration, reparations for slavery, drug legalization, gun control, war (HUH! What is is good for?], climate change and capital punishment. From the captain’s chair at Ethics Alarms, some of these seem more difficult than others. Capital punishment is not among them. [Above is the sensational and illegal photo in 1925 of the first woman ever sent to the electric chair as the switch was pulled. Ruth Snyder, a housewife from Queens, New York, took a lover and recruited him in a plot that ended with her husband’s brutal death; a reporter had a secret camera device strapped to his leg. Her story was the basis of many fictionalized versions, including the classic film noirs “Double Indemnity” and “The Postman Always Rings Twice” and the brilliant expressionist stage drama “Machinal” by Sophy Treadwell.] The recent SCOTUS decision restoring the death penalty sentence to Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (where it belongs) once again raised this issue, which has been taken up hear often. In Steve-O-in-NJ’s Comment of the Day on that post, he provides fodder for debate within the debate: as he delicately puts it, “how high should the bar be set before someone fries?” Steve offers his top 20. I’ll play: I believe non-lethal crimes that ruin lives to the magnitude that Bernie Madoff did with his Ponzi scheme ethically support a death sentence. Last week the late investing whiz’s sister and her husband were found dead in an apparent murder-suicide that was probably another consequence of his crime. Here is Steve-O’s Comment of the Day on “The Supreme Court Reinstated The Death Sentence Of Boston Marathon Bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Good.” I read the Bucklew case, where the SCOTUS decided, quite sensibly, that there is no right to a painless execution. What stuck out to me is the penultimate paragraph in Breyer’s dissent, in which he states that as we move forward there may be no constitutional way to implement the death penalty. That, I submit, is one more reason we needed to either get that sixth conservative justice on the Court or get Breyer out of there. Continue reading → The Supreme Court Reinstated The Death Sentence Of Boston Marathon Bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Good. March 4, 2022 / Jack Marshall / 8 Comments Good, and also legal, ethical, just, fair and necessary. Justice Thomas wrote the majority opinion in United States v. Tsarnaev. It is, like most Thomas opinions, long, careful, thorough, and persuasive. The dissent by Justice Breyer, in contrast, is uncharacteristically weak, and the other two “liberal” justices did themselves no favors by joining it. Essentially, it is an example of exactly the judicial legislating that conservatives rightly complain about. Breyer grasps at a dubious legal straw to do indirectly what he cannot do directly: ban capital punishment, which is both legal and constitutional. His whole argument in his own nutshell: During the sentencing phase of his murder trial, Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev argued that he should not receive the death penalty primarily on the ground that his older brother Tamerlan took the leading role and induced Dzhokhar’s participation in the bombings. Dzhokhar argued that Tamerlan was a highly violent man, that Tamerlan radicalized him, and that Dzhokhar participated in the bombings because of Tamerlan’s violent influ-ence and leadership. In support of this argument, Dzho-khar sought to introduce evidence that Tamerlan previously committed three brutal, ideologically inspired murders in Waltham, Massachusetts. The District Court prohibited Dzhokhar from introducing this evidence. The Court of Appeals held that the District Court abused its discretion by doing so…. This Court now reverses the Court of Appeals. In my view, the Court of Appeals acted lawfully in holding that the District Court should have allowed Dzhokhar to introduce this evidence. Dusky Ethics, 1/5/2022: Of Capitol Punishment And Other Things January 5, 2022 January 5, 2022 / Jack Marshall / 14 Comments Yesterday was the anniversary of one of The Boston Strangler’s more audacious murders: Albert DeSalvo (right, above) raped and strangled Mary Sullivan in her Boston apartment, then left a card reading “Happy New Year” leaning against her foot. She was the 13th and last victim of the maniac who terrified the Boston area between 1962 and 1964. I had a near meeting with DeSalvo: in 1964, he knocked on the door of my family’s neighbors, the Morelands, one afternoon. I saw him; of course, I didn’t know who he was or why he was there. It turned out that he had the wrong address, and went to the street parallel to ours in Arlington, Mass. and murdered the woman who lived at the same house number. DeSalvo was a serial maniac. In the late 1950s, he knocked on the doors of young women’s apartments, claiming to represent a modeling agency and telling them he needed to take their measurements. Then he fondled the women as he used his tape measure. Police called him “Measuring Man.” Next he broke into hundreds of apartments in New England, tying up the women and sexually assaulting them. He always wore green handyman clothes and became known as the “Green Man.” But “The Boston Strangler” was the name that stuck. DeSalvo avoided execution or even the full life sentence F. Lee Bailey negotiated for him. He was stabbed to death by an inmate at Walpole State Prison after less than a decade behind bars. Richard Ramirez, aka.”The Night Stalker,” was, amazingly, worse than DeSalvo; last night I watched a documentary about his reign of terror in the ’80s. A Satanist, Ramirez murdered at least 15 people, committed burglaries and rapes, and sexually molested children. He remained defiant throughout his trial, and though he was sentenced to death, California’s endless appeals system kept him alive, at great taxpayer expense, long enough to perish of cancer after less than twenty years in prison. Both DeSalvo and Ramirez are excellent examples of the kind of anti-social predators who warrant society having and using a death penalty to establish the ultimate punishment for those who have unequivocally forfeited their right to exist in civilized society. For people like them, capitol punishment is ethical. Allowing them to live on society’s dime is unethical, as well as unjust. 1. To lighten the mood, consider this public service spot by Hawaii’s Department of Health. “Keiki” is Hawaiian for “child.” Yes, this is the level of awareness so many of our state bureaucracies exhibit. The thing was actually greenlighted. After it had been viewed many times, the video was pulled. “As soon as I saw it this morning, I thought, ‘Hey guys, let’s pull this,’ ” Brooks Baehr of Hawaii’s DOH told reporters. “The intentions were noble, but it was clearly not our best work.” Boy, I hope it wasn’t their best work. With thinking like this going on in our health departments, no wonder the pandemic is still with us. Continue reading → Tales Of The Slippery Slope: Paroling Sirhan Sirhan August 26, 2021 / Jack Marshall / 5 Comments Newly elected Los Angeles County District Attorney George Gascón issued a directive that his office’s “default policy” would be not to attend parole hearings and to submit letters supporting the release of some inmates who had served their mandatory minimums. Now Sirhan B. Sirhan, the convicted assassin of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, will be a beneficiary of the policy as he faces a California parole board for the 16th time tomorrow. in a prison outside San Diego. Unlike the first 15 times, no prosecutor will oppose his release. Sirhan is now 77. He escaped execution when California, being California, abolished the death penalty and his sentence was reduced to life with the possibility of parole. Instead of death, then, his punishment for murdering a possibly transformational U.S. political leader might be only 53 years behind bars. It could have been fewer: under the California law in effect when the assassin struck in 1968, a life sentence with parole would have made Sirhan eligible for release after only seven years. Now the parole board will evaluate him as an inmate who has had no disciplinary violations since 1972, and has expressed remorse, sort of: at one, “I have feelings of shame and inward guilt … I honestly feel the pain that [the Kennedys] may have gone through.” On the other hand, he has never expressly admitted his guilt and now claims not to remember shooting Bobby. Funny, you’d think he would recall something like that. A “I Must Be Missing Something” Ethics Quiz: Arizona’s Execution Option [Corrected] June 7, 2021 June 7, 2021 / Jack Marshall / 24 Comments Usually ethics quizzes on Ethics Alarms involve borderline ethics conflicts or dilemmas that I can’t make up my own mind about. Not this one: on this one: my mind is virtually made up. The arguments that the Arizona plan to use cyanide gas in future executions is an ethics outrage because of previous uses of cyanide gas seem contrived, emotional, and, frankly, weird, with no ethical validity whatsoever. But the intensity of these arguments make me wonder if I’m missing something, and Voilà! An Ethics Quiz! The state of Arizona allows condemned inmates to choose the gas chamber, rather than lethal injection, if they committed a capital offense before November 23, 1992. Arizona’s attorney general, Mark Brnovich, is seeking to complete the execution of two men who committed murders before that date, and Arizona officials are reconditioning the state’s mothballed gas chamber in case they pick gas over a shot. Arizona authorities plan to use, if it comes to that, hydrogen cyanide to concoct the fatal agent of death. Cyanide gas is a particular gruesome way to die. It takes almost 20 minutes, in some cases, and this is a problem for some people. Not for me: I find the obsession with making sure executions of the upper tier monsters who earn capitol punishment as pleasant as a spring day to be incomprehensible, and always have. We’re killing someone. It might hurt a little, and it won’t be pretty. An 18 minute judicially sanctioned death isn’t “cruel and unusual,” especially if the subject chose it. What I find cruel and unusual is the way our endless system of appeals dangles executions over the heads of Death Row inmates like a Sword of Damocles from Hell.

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Life and Living in Finland Finnish citizens enjoy living in a Nordic country. They lead a healthy life, living in one of the happiest countries of the world, where the health facilities are the least expensive, corruption levels are too low, the education system is the best, the literacy rate is very high and people enjoy the fruits of a handsome income at their disposal. The country has a very safe and peaceful environment with an almost negligible number of criminal activities. If students are book lovers, they can enjoy reading books in the beautiful public libraries of Finland. The people of Finland are extremely generous and honest, they warmly welcome students from abroad and their favorite pastime is having a coffee! "The land of the thousands of lakes", Finland has many tourist attraction spots depicting the local art and culture. Finland is also famous for homeware, furniture, ceramics, and glassware. It has gained popularity in the field of design as well. The Sami jewelry, handwoven Ryijy rugs, and hunting and fishing knives are among the famous traditional handicrafts of Finland. Languages in Finland Finland has many different languages spoken in different parts of the country. Most local places have multiple names in different languages and have instructions written in multiple languages. Finnish and Swedish are the two official and widely spoken languages of Finland. The Finnish language is spoken by almost 90% of the population of Finland. Swedish is largely spoken in Porvoo, Vaasa, Espoo, and Helsinki. It is a primary language of only 5% of the Finland population but a second language to many. The third popular language is Russian. While it is not very popular amongst the youth, older generations are more likely to take it as their third or fourth language. Other minority languages of Finland are: English is understood in almost the entire country with 0.5% of the population being fluent in the language. Sami language is a common name for a few languages that are closely related. They are understood by less than 0.05% of Finland's population. Estonian is another popular language that is spoken and understood by roughly 1% of Finland's population. An interesting fact is that it is written in Latin script. Students may also find people speaking a bunch of other languages like Chinese, Somali, Arabic, etc. Cost of Things in Finland The cost of things depends on the lifestyle of the person, the standard of living one maintains, and the purchasing power based on disposable income. The same thing might be available at the local grocery store, but if one wants to pay extra for that thing, supermarkets or specialty stores are always there. It also depends on the place where the person lives. Accommodation and Utility Expenses Searching for comfortable and safe student accommodation is the first and foremost task of a nonnative student who wishes to live in Finland for higher education purposes. Student accommodation can be of several types depending on the rental amount one wants to spend monthly. Students can live in university-owned accommodation or flats managed by local student housing foundations, student unions, or Finnish Student Housing Ltd. There are also dormitories managed by local regional authorities. This is a cheaper and affordable option wherein students can get accommodation for under 300 EUR/month. Another option available to students is to look for shared houses themselves where the living area can be shared by 2-4 students at a time or studio apartments. They can also choose to live as a Paying Guest. House rent may vary from place to place but an acceptable range can be between 250-700 EUR/month. Students should rent an apartment nearest to their universities to save money and time moving to and fro. Utility expenses including electricity, water, and gas can require students to make a budget of around 150 EUR/month. Grocery Expenses Grocery items when purchased from a local shop cost less than when purchased from a big marketplace. Here's a list of some of the items with their respective prices. Milk- € 0.9-1.30/liter Potatoes- € 1.5-2/kg Tomatoes- € 3-4/kg Apples- € 2-3/kg Cheese- € 5.5-6/500gm Bread- € 2-2.5/500gm Eggs- € 3/dozen For basic food expenses, students can make a budget of 150-400 EUR/month. Euro with the currency code being EUR and currency symbol being € comes second after US dollars, in terms of the most traded currencies of the world. Out of the 27 member states of the EU, 19 states use this as their official currency. This group of 19 states is collectively called as Euro Area and Finland is one among them. The paper money or banknotes come in 7 denominations - €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, €5 and the coins are in denominations of €2, €1, 50c, 20c, 10c, 5c, 2c, and 1c. Traveling within these 19 states becomes easier because one can travel freely without the tension of exchanging currencies as one moves from one state to another. Things to do in Finland The international work environment, the top-notch institutions, the rich cultural diversity, and the strong local culture makes Finland an ideal place to live in. The people of this country strongly believe in freedom for all and are progressive by nature. Starting from sleeping under the northern lights, wandering around historic wooden towns, enjoying the local delicacies and getting a taste of Finnish cuisine, visiting a lighthouse island, celebrating under the midnight sun, and hiking in the national parks, tourists have many things to do during their stay in Finland. Places to Visit in Finland Finland, the land of great experiences is an unspoiled paradise on earth. Even the smallest of towns have their scenic beauty and the unspoiled nature of Finland has a story to tell. This place is like a hidden treasure box, having a list full of extraordinary tourist attractions. Here are some of the best places to visit in Finland. Aland- A collection of islands, having the Pommern Museum that was primarily a ship, The Aland Maritime Museum, The Kastelholm Castle, and other attractions, this place is one of the peaceful destinations of Finland. One can also enjoy hiking here. Levi- No doubt this place is a top pick for nature lovers. From skiing to snowboarding, ice fishing, reindeer safaris, clubbing, and enjoying the nightlife in Central Levi, this place has everything to offer. Helsinki- The country’s capital is one of the amazing destinations of Finland that nobody should miss. It is home to many churches, museums, and beautiful modern buildings. One can go to the Kauppatori market for local art and craft and traditional food, enjoy the Linnanmaki Amusement Park, The Kemppi Chapel, The Temppeliaukio Kirkko Church, etc. There is no end. Turku- This place is home to many historic sites and cultural landmarks. An old town where one can visit the Turku Castle, The Twin Museums namely Aboa Vetus and Ars Nova, The Turku Cathedral Church, The Sibelius Museum, and The Auto Island. Porvoo- The uniquely designed city of Porvoo is comparable to Venice. The Porvoo Museum and Porvoo Cathedral are some of the oldest buildings standing in the place. Lapland- The northern border area of Finland is the most magical that can be compared to the beautiful icy spectacles of Frozen movie. The beautiful northern lights are visible almost year-round, save for a couple of months. Many small cities are located in this region. One of them is Kemi which is widely known for the beautiful, fully-functional, and residential ice towers that are constructed each year. The Santa Claus village is the town of mythical Santa. Cuisines to Relish While in Finland Local cuisines in Finland are unique to the country. Most of the local dishes have been adapted to suit the global population, but nothing can beat the authentic dish. Some popular must-try dishes are Karjalanpiirakka or rice pastry, Makaronilaatikko, Korvapuusti or Cinnamon Buns, Ruisleipa or Rye Bread, Mustikkapiirakka or blueberry pie, and Poronkaristys Or Sauteed Reindeer. The Leipajuusto is another popular dessert with local cheese and jam. Festivals to Attend While in Finland There is an endless list of Finnish festivals students can attend while their stay in Finland. Some of them are: Midnight Sun Film Festival- This is the festival where many national and international films are being played for 5 consecutive days in the second week of June. This is the time when the sun never sets and there is no darkness. Juhannus Or Midsummer Festival- This festival usually takes place at the end of June month. Along with enjoying music festivals, celebrating Finnish flag day, etc. citizens usually spend quality time with family or friends enjoying bathing in saunas, lighting bonfires, barbecuing, and dancing. There are many Finnish folklores attached to this festival and it is said that this is the longest day of the year. Christmas and New Year- This is that time of the year when people are most excited. They prepare traditional food items and desserts, plan a trip to church to sing Christmas songs, do lots and lots of shopping and engage themselves in winter activities. Visiting Santa is the main attraction at this 13-day long celebration. Commuting to Places in Finland Finland is well connected by roads and rail network. One will not find any difficulty while commuting from one place to another. Residents can have a good experience while driving because of the excellent quality of roads leading to the interconnection between all the urban and suburban areas of Finland. In addition, the trains and public transports are always accessible and they are highly affordable and convenient at the same time. For occasional journeys, students can buy single tickets valid for 80-110 minutes. They can also purchase day tickets for many journeys in a single day or the coming days. This is valid for not more than 2 weeks. For more regular journeys, students can buy season tickets at a 45% discount. However, students can have their own vehicles or rent one if they don't want to travel by public busses for short distances. Cycling along the pathways can also be a good option when one wants to explore the city. Students can use the metro for traveling while they are in Helsinki city. They can also use the facility of trams over there. Another feasible alternative can be taxis. Entertainment Options for Students in Finland Students who love to explore new things and places and love adventures have many options to entertain themselves. They can do activities like hiking, water skiing, or kitesurfing. They can go for a safari ride in the national parks, visit the Suomenlinna island, etc. Finish citizens have a great sense of music and food, so students can try out some of the music events or attend the food exhibitions. Visiting historical sites and monuments, watching movies and theatrical artworks, taking part in cultural events, socializing with the local people, trying new food outlets and cafes with friends, attending various Finnish festivals that are held throughout the year are some of the other entertainment options. Safety Concerns for International Students in Finland There cannot be a place where crimes don’t happen. Every country will have some major safety concerns. But when it comes to Finland it’s like a home away from home scoring a higher rank in the list of best countries to live in. One of the safest places to study, Finland offers a peaceful and cordial environment for everyone. People believe in equality and freedom for all and there are almost no signs of gender discrimination or any sort of gender superiority. It is a place that warmly welcomes students from all over the world and guarantees the quality of life and education. A technology-driven country, Finland also tops the list of happiest countries in the world. As far as women's safety is considered there are fewer cases of sexual violence and other crimes. Streets are relatively safe and female students can feel free to roam about. Studying in Finland Why study in Finland? Living in Finland as an international student Universities in Finland Helsinki for international students Turku for international students Top 10 MBA programs in Finland

2023-14/0037/en_head.json.gz/13933

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