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четверг, 25 июля 2019 г. NASA — Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) patch. July 24, 2019 NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Image Credit: NASA The Moon’s south pole region is home to some of the most extreme environments in the solar system: it’s unimaginably cold, massively cratered, and has areas that are either constantly bathed in sunlight or in darkness. This is precisely why NASA wants to send astronauts there in 2024 as part of its Artemis program. The most enticing feature of this southernmost region is the craters, some of which never see the light of day reach their floors. The reason for this is the low angle of sunlight striking the surface at the poles. To a person standing at the lunar south pole, the Sun would appear on the horizon, illuminating the surface sideways, and, thus, skimming primarily the rims of some craters while leaving their deep interiors in shadow. Animation above: Streams of meteoroids striking the Moon’s surface. AnimationCredits: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. As a result of the permanent darkness, NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has measured the coldest temperatures in the solar system inside these craters, which have become known as perfect environments for preserving material like water for eons. Or so we thought. It turns out that despite temperature that dips to -388 degrees Fahrenheit (-233 Celsius) and can presumably keep frost locked in soil virtually forever, water is slowly escaping the topmost, super thin layer (thinner than the width of a red blood cell) of the Moon’s surface. NASA scientists reported this finding recently in paper in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. “People think of some areas in these polar craters as trapping water and that’s it,” said William M. Farrell, a plasma physicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, who led the lunar frost research. “But there are solar wind particles and meteoroids hitting the surface, and they can drive reactions that typically occur at warmer surface temperatures. That’s something that’s not been emphasized.” Image above: A high-resolution free-air gravity map based on data returned from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission, overlaid on terrain based on NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter altimeter and camera data. The view is south-up, with the south pole near the horizon in the upper left. The terminator crosses the eastern rim of the Schrödinger basin. Gravity is painted onto the areas that are in or near the night side. Red corresponds to mass excesses and blue to mass deficits. Image Credits: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio. To confirm his team’s calculations, Farrell said, a future instrument capable of detecting water vapor should find, above the Moon’s surface, one to 10 water molecules per cubic centimeter that have been liberated by impacts. The Good News for Future Lunar Exploration For forthcoming science and exploration, the scattering of water particles could be great news. It means astronauts may need not to subject themselves and their instruments to the harsh environment of shadowed crater floors in order to find water-rich soil — they could just find it in sunny regions nearby. Image above: A permanently shadowed lunar crater. Image Credits: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. “This research is telling us that meteoroids are doing some of the work for us and transporting material from the coldest places to some of the boundary regions where astronauts can access it with a solar-powered rover,” Hurley said. “It’s also telling us that what we need to do is get on the surface of one of these regions and get some firsthand data about what’s happening.” Getting to the lunar surface would make it much easier to assess how much water is on the Moon. Because identifying water from afar, particularly in permanently shadowed craters, is tricky business. The primary way that scientists find water is through remote sensing instruments that can identify what chemical elements things are made of based on the light they reflect or absorb. “But for that, you need a light source,” Hurley said. “And by definition, these permanently shadowed regions don’t have a strong one.” Understanding the Water Environment on the Moon Until NASA astronauts get back to the Moon to dig up some soil, or the agency sends new instruments near the surface that can sniff out floating water molecules, the research team’s theory about the influence of meteoroids on the environment inside shadowed craters could help chip away at some of the mysteries surrounding the Moon’s water. It already has helped scientists understand if the uppermost surface water is new or ancient, or how it may migrate around the Moon. Another thing meteoroid impacts to the crater floors could help explain is why scientists are finding patches of wispy frost diluted in regolith, or Moon soil, rather than blocks of pure water ice. Animation above: This animation shows evidence of high concentrations of hydrogen at the south pole of the Moon. In 1998 NASA’s Lunar Prospector mission identified hydrogen on the Moon, which was early evidence of potential ice deposits. As you can see in this video, Prospector data showed significantly more hydrogen (shown in blue) at the Moon’s south pole. Animation Credits: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio. Even though water questions abound, it’s important to remember, Farrell said, that it was only in the last decade that scientists found evidence that the Moon is not a dry, dead rock, as many had long assumed. The LRO, with its thousands of orbits and 1 petabyte of returned science data (equivalent to about 200,000, high-definition, feature-length films streamed online), has been instrumental. So has the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), which revealed frozen water after purposely crashing into Cabeus crater in 2009 and releasing a plume of preserved material from the crater floor that included water. “We suspected there was water at the poles and learned for sure from LCROSS, but we now have evidence that there’s water at mid latitudes,” Farrell said. “We also have evidence that there’s water coming from micrometeoroid impacts, and we have measurements of frost. But the question is, how are all these water sources related?” That’s a question Farrell and his colleagues are closer to answering than ever before. Related links: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO): http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html Geophysical Research Letters: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL083158 Earth’s Moon: http://www.nasa.gov/moon Greetings, Orbiter.chArchive link Комментариев нет:	__label__pos	0.956983
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Individual differences in the relation between perception and production and mechanisms of phonetic imitation In this study, we aim to better understand whether and to what extent speech perception and production are related within individuals by examining 1) whether individual listeners’ perceptual cue weights are related to their patterns of phonetic imitation and 2) what mechanisms are at work when speakers imitate speech sounds. Twenty-three native speakers of English completed a two-alternative forced-choice identification task on the English /ɛ/-/æ/ contrast varying orthogonally in vowel formants and duration to determine their perceptual cue weights. They also completed a baseline production of word readings followed by an imitation task on a selective sampling of 9 stimuli from the cue weighting task and also stimuli of 3 extended and 3 reduced vowel durations. Results suggest an interplay between phonological influence and perceptual salience in phonetic imitation. That is, phonetic imitation is mediated by a low-level cognitive process involving a strong link between perception and production as evidenced in imitation of vowel duration. As indicated by imitation of spectral quality, however, this study also suggests that imitation can be modulated by a high-level linguistic component such as phonological contrasts, which is a selective rather than automatic process. Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea	__label__pos	0.798875
ObeliskArt History Projects Imagined Autobiography — an artist's most pivotal moment Imagined Autobiography, , Art History Projects NA-VA.9-12.4: Understand the visual arts in relation to history and cultures NA-VA.9-12.5: Reflect on & assess the characteristics & merits of an artist’s work NA-VA.9-12.1: Understand and apply media, techniques and processes 1. Choose and research an artist Choose an artist whose work is interesting to you. You're going to pretend to be that artist. Imagine that this artist is writing an autobiography, and you are going to document the most interesting chapter of their life. It’s important to do your research. Look into where they lived, who they knew, and what world events took place during their life. Imagine how this artist would have thought and written about their life. It’s ok to embellish or invent details—the idea is to get in your artist’s head. As you draft the autobiography, think about questions like these: Who did your artist relate to? Family, friends, enemies, governments? Where did your artist live? How did their location influence their work? When did your artist work? How did their time shape their perspective? What were the pivotal events in the life of this artist? What inspired them or changed the way they work? Was your artist rich, poor, successful, or unknown at the time? What was your artist afraid of, what were their ambitions? 2. Choose one of the projects below Write 2-3 page paper from the point of view of your artist describing the most critical chapter of their lives. How did this time change them as a person, and how did it impact their art? Describe the process of creating any artworks that were created during this time. Record a 10min video diary of yourself, speaking as the artist. Describe the pivotal point in their life to the viewers. Think about how the artist might have spoken, what they might have worn, and what their mannerisms might have been. Costumes are not required, but could be fun! Create a new, ‘undiscovered’ artwork by the artist, from this chapter in their life. Don't worry about technical skill—think about what themes your artwork contains and how it relates to the artist’s work before and after. Write a short letter by the artist, describing what the artwork means to them. Reed Enger, "Imagined Autobiography, an artist's most pivotal moment," in Obelisk Art History, Published February 01, 2020; last modified February 01, 2020, http://arthistoryproject.com/projects/imagined-autobiography/.	__label__pos	0.974955
All Shows Did you enjoy this show? Thank you for your feedback! How Things Work How Guitars Work - Ages 3-6 Soleil Kohl Guitars are very neat instruments, but how do they make the sounds they produce? Today, we are going to learn about the sound and science of guitars, and make our own at home! Materials Needed Cardboard box like a shoe/tissue/cereal box 5 large rubber bands Anything you want to decorate your guitar with	__label__pos	0.953146
Quick Answer: How Do You Calculate Vth? What are the advantages of Thevenin theorem? Thevenin’s theorem offers the following advantages,It reduce complex circuit to a simple circuit viz a single source of emf in series with a single resistance.It greatly simplifies the portion of the circuit of lesser importance and enable us to view the action of output part directly.More items…. What is VTH and RTH? Thevenin voltage VTH is defined as the voltage across the load terminals when the load resistor is open. … Thevenin resistance is defined as the resistance that an ohmmeter measures across the load terminals of the figure above when all sources are reduced to zero and the load resistor is open (RTH = ROC). How do you solve superposition theorem? Superposition Theorem ExamplesBasic DC Circuit. Disable the secondary voltage source i.e, V2, and calculating the flow of current I1 in the following circuit.Disable Voltage Source V2. We know that ohms law V= IR. … Disable Voltage Source V1. I2= -V2/R. … Simple DC Circuit. … One Voltage Source is Active. … Short Circuit. How do you solve Norton’s Theorem? The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Nortons Theorem is as follows:Remove the load resistor RL or component concerned.Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open circuiting all the current sources.Find IS by placing a shorting link on the output terminals A and B.More items… Is Thevenin theorem applicable to AC circuits? In circuit theory terms, the theorem allows any one-port network to be reduced to a single voltage source and a single impedance. The theorem also applies to frequency domain AC circuits consisting of reactive and resistive impedances. What are the limitations of Thevenin theorem? Limitations of Thevenin Theorem It is not applicable to the circuits having unilateral elements like diode etc. 3. Thevenin’s Theorem cannot be used for the circuits that contain magnetic coupling between load and any other circuit element. What is VTH? Noun. Vth (plural Vths) (physics) threshold voltage of a transistor. What is the difference between Thevenin and Norton Theorem? What is the difference between Thevenin and Norton theorems? – Norton’s theorem uses a current source, whereas Thevenin’s theorem uses a voltage source. – Thevenin’s theorem uses a resistor in series, while Norton’s theorem uses a resister set in parallel with the source. What is VTh in Thevenin Theorem? This Theorem says that any circuit with a voltage source and a network of resistors can be transformed into one voltage source and one resistor. Thévenin equivalent circuit represents a general circuit in a form of an independent voltage source Vth with a since resistance Rth. How do you calculate open circuit voltage? This is calculated by using ohm’s law, I=V/R. Since there is 9Ω in the circuit and the voltage source is 1.5V, the current going through the circuit is I= 1.5V/9Ω= 0.17A. We now use a revised version of ohm’s law, V=IR, to calculate the voltages across the battery and the resistor. How do you find Vth in Thevenin Theorem? Remember the three step process:Find the Thevenin Resistance by removing all voltage sources and load.Find the Thevenin Voltage by reconnecting the voltage sources.Use the Thevenin Resistance and Voltage to find the total current flowing through the load. What is superposition theorem statement? Superposition Theorem Statement: Any linear bilateral network containing more than one independent sources, the response in any of the branches ( Voltage or Current) is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each individual sources acting alone, where rest of the sources are replaced by their internal … How do you calculate RTh and VTh? Calculate RTh = VTh / IN. Alternate method (for circuits that consist only of independent sources and resistors). 1. Using whatever techniques are appropriate, calculate the open- circuit voltage at the port of the circuit: voc = VTh. How do you solve Thevenin’s theorem problem? Steps to Analyze an Electric Circuit using Thevenin’s TheoremOpen the load resistor.Calculate / measure the open circuit voltage. … Open current sources and short voltage sources.Calculate /measure the Open Circuit Resistance.More items… How does Thevenin theorem work? Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several voltages and resistances can be replaced by just one single voltage in series with a single resistance connected across the load“. Why we use Norton’s Theorem? The Norton equivalent circuit is used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton’s theorem and its dual, Thévenin’s theorem, are widely used for circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit’s initial-condition and steady-state response. Can V Thevenin be negative? Yes. It depends on how you define the direction of positive voltage in your equivalent voltage source. What is maximum power transfer formula? From the above table and graph we can see that the Maximum Power Transfer occurs in the load when the load resistance, RL is equal in value to the source resistance, RS that is: RS = RL = 25Ω.	__label__pos	0.999368
TheNevers1x06_0307.jpg TheNevers1x06_0306.jpg TheNevers1x06_0305.jpg TheNevers1x06_0304.jpg TheNevers1x06_0303.jpg Rate this file (No vote yet)	__label__pos	0.883539
Unit Converter Conversion formula The conversion factor from years to minutes is 525600, which means that 1 year is equal to 525600 minutes: 1 yr = 525600 min To convert 1.4 years into minutes we have to multiply 1.4 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from years to minutes. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result: 1 yr → 525600 min 1.4 yr → T(min) Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in minutes: T(min) = 1.4 yr × 525600 min T(min) = 735840 min The final result is: 1.4 yr → 735840 min We conclude that 1.4 years is equivalent to 735840 minutes: 1.4 years = 735840 minutes Alternative conversion We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 minute is equal to 1.3589910850185E-6 × 1.4 years. Another way is saying that 1.4 years is equal to 1 ÷ 1.3589910850185E-6 minutes. Approximate result For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that one point four years is approximately seven hundred thirty-five thousand eight hundred forty minutes: 1.4 yr ≅ 735840 min An alternative is also that one minute is approximately zero times one point four years. Conversion table years to minutes chart years (yr) minutes (min) 2.4 years 1261440 minutes 3.4 years 1787040 minutes 4.4 years 2312640 minutes 5.4 years 2838240 minutes 6.4 years 3363840 minutes 7.4 years 3889440 minutes 8.4 years 4415040 minutes 9.4 years 4940640 minutes 10.4 years 5466240 minutes 11.4 years 5991840 minutes	__label__pos	0.962238
Unit 3 Your browers can store cookies when you surf the net. These cookies can exposed us to targeted ads for certain products. Social media platforms also record and make intesive use of information from our posts and other activities by applying specific algorithms. They are able to suggest articles that we are likely to be interested in. This can lead to unwanted exposure to products and ideologies. + There are no comments Add yours	__label__pos	0.957115
Humidity is the concentration of water vapour present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye.[1] Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. Humidity depends on the temperature and pressure of the system of interest. The same amount of water vapor results in higher humidity in cool air than warm air. A related parameter is the dew point. The amount of water vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass. The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly. For example, a parcel of air near saturation may contain 28 g (0.99 oz) of water per cubic metre of air at 30 °C (86 °F), but only 8 g (0.28 oz) of water per cubic metre of air at 8 °C (46 °F). Three primary measurements of humidity are widely employed: absolute, relative, and specific. Absolute humidity is expressed as either mass of water vapor per volume of moist air (in grams per cubic metre)[2] or as mass of water vapor per mass of dry air (usually in grams per kilogram).[3] Relative humidity, often expressed as a percentage, indicates a present state of absolute humidity relative to a maximum humidity given the same temperature. Specific humidity is the ratio of water vapor mass to total moist air parcel mass. Humidity plays an important role for surface life. For animal life dependent on perspiration (sweating) to regulate internal body temperature, high humidity impairs heat exchange efficiency by reducing the rate of moisture evaporation from skin surfaces. This effect can be calculated using a heat index table, also known as a humidex. The notion of air "holding" water vapor or being "saturated" by it is often mentioned in connection with the concept of relative humidity. This, however, is misleading—the amount of water vapor that enters (or can enter) a given space at a given temperature is almost independent of the amount of air (nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) that is present. Indeed, a vacuum has approximately the same equilibrium capacity to hold water vapor as the same volume filled with air; both are given by the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at the given temperature.[4][5] There is a very small difference described under "Enhancement factor" below, which can be neglected in many calculations unless high accuracy is required. Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume or mass of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 g (1.1 oz) per cubic metre when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F).[7][8] The absolute humidity changes as air temperature or pressure changes, if the volume is not fixed. This makes it unsuitable for chemical engineering calculations, e.g. in drying, where temperature can vary considerably. As a result, absolute humidity in chemical engineering may refer to mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air, also known as the humidity ratio or mass mixing ratio (see "specific humidity" below), which is better suited for heat and mass balance calculations. Mass of water per unit volume as in the equation above is also defined as volumetric humidity. Because of the potential confusion, British Standard BS 1339 [9] suggests avoiding the term "absolute humidity". Units should always be carefully checked. Many humidity charts are given in g/kg or kg/kg, but any mass units may be used. In other words, relative humidity is the ratio of how much water vapour is in the air and how much water vapour the air could potentially contain at a given temperature. It varies with the temperature of the air: colder air can hold less vapour, so chilling some air can cause the water vapour to condense. Likewise, warming some air containing a fog may cause that fog to evaporate, as the air between the water droplets becomes more able to hold water vapour. So changing the temperature of air can change the relative humidity, even when the absolute humidity remains constant. Relative humidity only considers the invisible water vapour. Mists, clouds, fogs and aerosols of water do not count towards the measure of relative humidity of the air, although their presence is an indication that a body of air may be close to the dew point. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage; a higher percentage means that the air–water mixture is more humid. At 100% relative humidity, the air is saturated and is at its dew point. In the absence of a foreign body on which droplets or crystals can nucleate, the relative humidity can exceed 100%, in which case the air is said to be supersaturated. Introduction of some particles or a surface to a body of air above 100% relative humidity will allow condensation or ice to form on those nuclei, thereby removing some of the vapour and lowering the humidity. Relative humidity is an important metric used in weather forecasts and reports, as it is an indicator of the likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. In hot summer weather, a rise in relative humidity increases the apparent temperature to humans (and other animals) by hindering the evaporation of perspiration from the skin. For example, according to the Heat Index, a relative humidity of 75% at air temperature of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) would feel like 83.6 °F ±1.3 °F (28.7 °C ±0.7 °C).[13][14] Specific humidity (or moisture content) is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the air parcel.[17] Specific humidity is approximately equal to the mixing ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor in an air parcel to the mass of dry air for the same parcel. As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases. As the temperature of a parcel of air becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass. A device used to measure humidity of air is called a psychrometer or hygrometer. A humidistat is a humidity-triggered switch, often used to control a dehumidifier. There are several empirical formulas that can be used to estimate the equilibrium vapor pressure of water vapor as a function of temperature. The Antoine equation is among the least complex of these, having only three parameters (A, B, and C). Other formulas, such as the Goff–Gratch equation and the Magnus–Tetens approximation, are more complicated but yield better accuracy.[citation needed] The Arden Buck equation is commonly encountered in the literature regarding this topic:[19] There are various devices used to measure and regulate humidity. Calibration standards for the most accurate measurement include the gravimetric hygrometer, chilled mirror hygrometer, and electrolytic hygrometer. The gravimetric method, while the most accurate, is very cumbersome. For fast and very accurate measurement the chilled mirror method is effective.[20] For process on-line measurements, the most commonly used sensors nowadays are based on capacitance measurements to measure relative humidity,[21] frequently with internal conversions to display absolute humidity as well. These are cheap, simple, generally accurate and relatively robust. All humidity sensors face problems in measuring dust-laden gas, such as exhaust streams from dryers. Humidity is also measured on a global scale using remotely placed satellites. These satellites are able to detect the concentration of water in the troposphere at altitudes between 4 and 12 km (2.5 and 7.5 mi). Satellites that can measure water vapor have sensors that are sensitive to infrared radiation. Water vapor specifically absorbs and re-radiates radiation in this spectral band. Satellite water vapor imagery plays an important role in monitoring climate conditions (like the formation of thunderstorms) and in the development of weather forecasts. The relative humidity of an air–water system is dependent not only on the temperature but also on the absolute pressure of the system of interest. This dependence is demonstrated by considering the air–water system shown below. The system is closed (i.e., no matter enters or leaves the system). If the system at State A is isobarically heated (heating with no change in system pressure), then the relative humidity of the system decreases because the equilibrium vapor pressure of water increases with increasing temperature. This is shown in State B. If the system at State A is isothermally compressed (compressed with no change in system temperature), then the relative humidity of the system increases because the partial pressure of water in the system increases with the volume reduction. This is shown in State C. Above 202.64 kPa, the RH would exceed 100% and water may begin to condense. Climate control refers to the control of temperature and relative humidity in buildings, vehicles and other enclosed spaces for the purpose of providing for human comfort, health and safety, and of meeting environmental requirements of machines, sensitive materials (for example, historic) and technical processes. While humidity itself is a climate variable, it also affects other climate variables. Environmental humidity is affected by winds and by rainfall. The most humid cities on earth are generally located closer to the equator, near coastal regions. Cities in parts of Asia and Oceania are among the most humid. Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, Manila, Jakarta, Naha, Singapore, Kaohsiung and Taipei have very high humidity most or all year round because of their proximity to water bodies and the equator and often overcast weather. Some places experience extreme humidity during their rainy seasons combined with warmth giving the feel of a lukewarm sauna, such as Kolkata, Chennai and Cochin in India, and Lahore in Pakistan. Sukkur city located on the Indus River in Pakistan has some of the highest and most uncomfortable dew points in the country, frequently exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) in the Monsoon season.[23] High temperatures combine with the high dew point to create heat index in excess of 65 °C (149 °F). Darwin experiences an extremely humid wet season from December to April. Houston, Miami, San Diego, Osaka, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Tokyo also have an extreme humid period in their summer months. During the South-west and North-east Monsoon seasons (respectively, late May to September and November to March), expect heavy rains and a relatively high humidity post-rainfall. Outside the monsoon seasons, humidity is high (in comparison to countries further from the Equator), but completely sunny days abound. In cooler places such as Northern Tasmania, Australia, high humidity is experienced all year due to the ocean between mainland Australia and Tasmania. In the summer the hot dry air is absorbed by this ocean and the temperature rarely climbs above 35 °C (95 °F). Second, water vapor is the most abundant of all greenhouse gases. Water vapor, like a green lens that allows green light to pass through it but absorbs red light, is a "selective absorber". Like the other greenhouse gasses, water vapor is transparent to most solar energy. However, it absorbs the infrared energy emitted (radiated) upward by the earth's surface, which is the reason that humid areas experience very little nocturnal cooling but dry desert regions cool considerably at night. This selective absorption causes the greenhouse effect. It raises the surface temperature substantially above its theoretical radiative equilibrium temperature with the sun, and water vapor is the cause of more of this warming than any other greenhouse gas. Unlike most other greenhouse gases, however, water is not merely below its boiling point in all regions of the Earth, but below its freezing point at many altitudes. As a condensible greenhouse gas, it precipitates, with a much lower scale height and shorter atmospheric lifetime — weeks instead of decades. Without other greenhouse gases, Earth's blackbody temperature, below the freezing point of water, would cause water vapor to be removed from the atmosphere.[24][25][26] Water vapor is thus a "slave" to the non-condensible greenhouse gases.[27][28][29] Humidity is one of the fundamental abiotic factors that defines any habitat (the tundra, wetlands, and the desert are a few examples), and is a determinant of which animals and plants can thrive in a given environment.[30] Although humidity is an important factor for thermal comfort, humans are more sensitive to variations in temperature than they are to changes in relative humidity.[31] Humidity has a small effect on thermal comfort outdoors when air temperatures are low, a slightly more pronounced effect at moderate air temperatures, and a much stronger influence at higher air temperatures.[32] Humans can be comfortable within a wide range of humidities depending on the temperature—from 30 to 70%[33]—but ideally not above the Absolute (60°F Dew Point),[34] between 40%[35] and 60%. In general, higher temperatures will require lower humidities to achieve thermal comfort compared to lower temperatures, with all other factors held constant. For example, with clothing level = 1, metabolic rate = 1.1, and air speed 0.1 m/s, a change in air temperature and mean radiant temperature from 20 °C to 24 °C would lower the maximum acceptable relative humidity from 100% to 65% to maintain thermal comfort conditions. The CBE Thermal Comfort Tool can be used to demonstrate the effect of relative humidity for specific thermal comfort conditions and it can be used to demonstrate compliance with ASHRAE Standard 55-2017.[37] Very low humidity can create discomfort, respiratory problems, and aggravate allergies in some individuals. Low humidity causes tissue lining nasal passages to dry, crack and become more susceptible to penetration of rhinovirus cold viruses.[39] Extremely low (below 20%) relative humidities may also cause eye irritation.[40][41] The use of a humidifier in homes, especially bedrooms, can help with these symptoms.[42] Indoor relative humidities should be kept above 30% to reduce the likelihood of the occupant's nasal passages drying out, especially in winter.[40][43][44] Air conditioning reduces discomfort by reducing not just temperature but humidity as well. Heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoors to below 30%.[45] According to , indoor thermal comfort can be achieved through the PMV method with relative humidities ranging from 0% to 100%, depending on the levels of the other factors contributing to thermal comfort.[46] However, the recommended range of indoor relative humidity in air conditioned buildings is generally 30–60%.[47][48] Higher humidity reduces the infectivity of aerosolized influenza virus. A study concluded, "Maintaining indoor relative humidity >40% will significantly reduce the infectivity of aerosolized virus."[49] Mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract is also hindered by low humidity. One study in dogs found that mucus transport was lower at an absolute humidity of 9 g water/m3 than at 30 g water/m3.[50] Increased humidity can also lead to changes in total body water that usually leads to moderate weight gain, especially if one is acclimated to working or exercising in hot and humid weather.[51] Effects of high humidity level in a building structure (primary efflorescence) When the temperature is low and the relative humidity is high, evaporation of water is slow. When relative humidity approaches 100%, condensation can occur on surfaces, leading to problems with mold, corrosion, decay, and other moisture-related deterioration. Condensation can pose a safety risk as it can promote the growth of mold and wood rot as well as possibly freezing emergency exits shut. Cold, humid air can promote the formation of ice, which is a danger to aircraft as it affects the wing profile and increases weight. Carburetor engines have a further danger of ice forming inside the carburetor. Aviation weather reports (METARs) therefore include an indication of relative humidity, usually in the form of the dew point. Pilots must take humidity into account when calculating takeoff distances, because high humidity requires longer runways and will decrease climb performance. An increase in temperature, and, to a much lesser degree, humidity, will cause an increase in density altitude. Thus, in hot and humid conditions, the density altitude at a particular location may be significantly higher than the true altitude. High humidity can often have a negative effect on the capacity of chemical plants and refineries that use furnaces as part of a certain processes (e.g., steam reforming, wet sulfuric acid processes). For example, because humidity reduces ambient oxygen concentrations (dry air is typically 20.9% oxygen, but at 100% relative humidity the air is 20.4% oxygen), flue gas fans must intake air at a higher rate than would otherwise be required to maintain the same firing rate.[55] High humidity in the oven, represented by an elevated wet-bulb temperature, increases the thermal conductivity of the air around the baked item, leading to a quicker baking process or even burning. Conversely, low humidity slows the baking process down.[56] At 100% relative humidity, air is saturated and at its dew point: the water vapor pressure would permit neither evaporation of nearby liquid water nor condensation to grow the nearby water; neither sublimation of nearby ice nor deposition to grow the nearby ice. Relative humidity can exceed 100%, in which case the air is supersaturated. Cloud formation requires supersaturated air. Cloud condensation nuclei lower the level of supersaturation required to form fogs and clouds - in the absence of nuclei around which droplets or ice can form, a higher level of supersaturation is required for these droplets or ice crystals to form spontaneously. In the Wilson cloud chamber, which is used in nuclear physics experiments, a state of supersaturation is created within the chamber, and moving subatomic particles act as condensation nuclei so trails of fog show the paths of those particles. For a given dew point and its corresponding absolute humidity, the relative humidity will change inversely, albeit nonlinearly, with the temperature. This is because the partial pressure of water increases with temperature—the operative principle behind everything from hair dryers to dehumidifiers. A useful rule of thumb is that the maximum absolute humidity doubles for every 20 °F (11 °C) increase in temperature. Thus, the relative humidity will drop by a factor of 2 for each 20 °F (11 °C) increase in temperature, assuming conservation of absolute moisture. For example, in the range of normal temperatures, air at 68 °F (20 °C) and 50% relative humidity will become saturated if cooled to 50 °F (10 °C), its dew point, and 41 °F (5 °C) air at 80% relative humidity warmed to 68 °F (20 °C) will have a relative humidity of only 29% and feel dry. By comparison, thermal comfort standard ASHRAE 55 requires systems designed to control humidity to maintain a dew point of 16.8 °C (62.2 °F) though no lower humidity limit is established.[46]	__label__pos	0.985057
Alexander da R.Prista Essential Portuguese Grammar This is the first Portuguese grammar designed specifically for adults with limited learning time, who have as their objective simple, everyday communication. The author covers the most important points of Portuguese grammar in the clearest possible way, concentrating upon the expressions that you would be most likely to use. All grammatical rules are illustrated with phrases and sentences that you can incorporate directly into your working vocabulary, and hints are generously sprinkled throughout, showing you how to replace difficult constructions with simpler ones.Constantly drawing comparisons with English construction, it presents in logical order all the major aspects of Portuguese grammar: word order, forming questions, nouns and articles, adjectives and adverbs, possessives, demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, how to form negatives, personal pronouns, conjunctions and prepositions, how to conjugate verbs in the major tenses, prepositions and infinitives, and so on.This grammar does not assume prior knowledge of either Portuguese grammar or of grammatical terms: one section is devoted to the definition of all grammatical terms used in the book.This is not a simplified study, but rather a selected grammar for adult use that points out many time-saving short cuts. It can be used alone either as a beginner or as a refresher course in Portuguese grammar or it can be an ideal supplement to a phrase book or record course for home study or class use. Contains four appendices covering regular conjugations, orthographic-changing verbs, and irregular verbs. Glossary of grammatical terms. Index. 135 printed pages Original publication How did you like the book? Sign in or Register kostivolka3has quotedlast year Word order in Portuguese is frequently the same as in English. This, added to the similarities between many English and Portuguese words, often makes it easy to understand a Portuguese sentence even with a minimum knowledge of grammar. Compare the following sentences in Portuguese and in English: Lisboa é a capital de Portugal. Lisbon is the capital of Portugal. Os turistas geralmente visitam Mary Vincerohas quotedlast year In every language there are many ways to express the same thought. Some constructions are simple, others more difficult. Ernesto Argiróhas quoted5 years ago On the bookshelves • 15 • 4 Elena Semenova • 15 • 1 Lydia Pereira • 5	__label__pos	0.981902
Using both Arduino and and external IDE to control stepper motors We are going to create a Rubik's cube solver. We have approached the programming aspect of this problem by using the language we are most comfortable with, C. We are programming the algorithm to solve the cube in C using Notepad++. At this point, we are trying to figure out how we can use the Arduino Mega, with a some stepper motors and connect them to our C program or get the Arduino IDE to communicate and take commands from our program which is written in Notepad++. Could someone guide us on how we should be doing this? Thanks for your help! The technique in the 3rd example will be the most reliable. Serial.print('<'); // start marker Serial.print(','); // comma separator Serial.println('>'); // end marker If you need more help please explain what parts of the task will be done on your PC, what parts will be done by the Arduino and what data needs to pass between the two. Have a look at Processing for the PC program. Is the C program going to run on the computer, or the Arduino board?	__label__pos	0.949685
Long-distance interaction that traverse international borders bring Long-distance interaction that traverse international borders bring 1. How to Be an outstanding Long Distance Sweetheart 2. How to Make a Long Extended Distance Union Jobs 3. Romantic actions to take for a companion in a better State 4. Steps to making Repairing a wedding Process 5. How exactly to Ebook Start Passes along with them a particular set of issues. But due to the advancements in technology together with the cost of trips, there has never been a much easier time up to now some one from another country. In most cases, interactions that mix edges aren’t very much completely different from long-distance relations within the exact same region. Research has found out that people’s thinking about long-distance connections and their satisfaction using their own situation have fun with a crucial role in deciding the success of a long-distance connection. Successful in a Long-Distance Union Give full attention to interaction. One of the more crucial aspects of a long-distance romance is actually connections. Old-fashioned kinds of communications rely seriously on nonverbal tongue, particularly gestures, skin expression and modulation of voice. In a long-distance romance, these more kinds of conversation are commonly lost, which makes it essential to talk properly and certainly. Always make an effort to claim everything suggest, and indicate the thing you talk about. Step Two Use the development readily available for creating connection in long-distance connections easier. Utilizing training just like Skype or Facetime allows you to chat in person together with your lover, no matter where every one of you are located in the entire world. Knowing the popular fashions in technologies being capable of using these people will help quite a bit when making both of you believe easier. Step 3 Let the creativity flow in the way you spend time along. Although you tend to be split up by boundaries and maybe also ocean, this doesn’t mean you cannot however get involved in “old-fashioned” pair actions. You can easily continue to does tasks collectively, like trips to market while chatting to the telephone or watching alike movie while speaking via Skype or talk. Let the creativity flow in doing things you will ordinarily perform for ones spouse if you are jointly, such as gift supplying: depart a group of gifts behind with manual when ever to start them. Step 4 Coordinate in various time zones by getting a regular timetable for interaction. Should you set aside a certain period to chat or talk, this can help you feeling of your better half. Also, should you decide agree to certain times for communicating and place this period besides, without break, it contributes greatly ensure you have occasion for any various other. Planning for trips Research the actual immigration, charge and visitors laws and regulations of every of the nations. Depending on state issuing your passports, the principles and guidelines about entering the country and just how long you could potentially stay for just about any granted check out could vary. Some nations will require you apply advance for a tourist credit, while various countries reveal covenants which allow simple adventure backwards and forwards. One example is, Canadians and Americans can go to both’s nations for 6 months at once without trying to get special visas. Very carefully adhere to the rules, as a violation could result in getting struggle to pay a visit to friends’s nations. Step 2 Amass adventure guidelines. There are certain strategies to accumulate tour things to making traveling less expensive. Numerous credit cards promote adventure advantages, most notably tour information for certain air companies or guidelines which can be used as funds toward any type of trip. Along with credit card bills offering vacation payoff, you will also find multiple dedication software that can help you get areas for vacation. Like, flying on specific airlines shall help you obtain areas redeemable for aircraft for a passing fancy flight or list of air companies. Many times, these devotion applications will also enable you to earn extra how to use only lads guidelines by presenting the charge card when creating specific acquisitions, instance for gasoline, resort visits or items. Quickly learn how to discover the least expensive deals for flights. Various internet sites were specialized in providing cheaper tour. There’s also strategies for finding economical airfares. Case in point, as opposed to sticking to certain departure and return periods, when you are more versatile along with your trips dates you can easily help you save hundreds of dollars on airfares.	__label__pos	0.756007
{"title": "Correlations strike back (again): the case of associative memory retrieval", "book": "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems", "page_first": 288, "page_last": 296, "abstract": "It has long been recognised that statistical dependencies in neuronal activity need to be taken into account when decoding stimuli encoded in a neural population. Less studied, though equally pernicious, is the need to take account of dependencies between synaptic weights when decoding patterns previously encoded in an auto-associative memory. We show that activity-dependent learning generically produces such correlations, and failing to take them into account in the dynamics of memory retrieval leads to catastrophically poor recall. We derive optimal network dynamics for recall in the face of synaptic correlations caused by a range of synaptic plasticity rules. These dynamics involve well-studied circuit motifs, such as forms of feedback inhibition and experimentally observed dendritic nonlinearities. We therefore show how addressing the problem of synaptic correlations leads to a novel functional account of key biophysical features of the neural substrate.", "full_text": "Correlations strike back (again): the case of\n\nassociative memory retrieval\n\nCristina Savin1\n\[email protected]\n\nPeter Dayan2\n\[email protected]\n\nM\u00b4at\u00b4e Lengyel1\n\[email protected]\n\n1Computational & Biological Learning Lab, Dept. Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK\n\n2Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, UK\n\nAbstract\n\nIt has long been recognised that statistical dependencies in neuronal activity need\nto be taken into account when decoding stimuli encoded in a neural population.\nLess studied, though equally pernicious, is the need to take account of dependen-\ncies between synaptic weights when decoding patterns previously encoded in an\nauto-associative memory. We show that activity-dependent learning generically\nproduces such correlations, and failing to take them into account in the dynamics\nof memory retrieval leads to catastrophically poor recall. We derive optimal net-\nwork dynamics for recall in the face of synaptic correlations caused by a range of\nsynaptic plasticity rules. These dynamics involve well-studied circuit motifs, such\nas forms of feedback inhibition and experimentally observed dendritic nonlineari-\nties. We therefore show how addressing the problem of synaptic correlations leads\nto a novel functional account of key biophysical features of the neural substrate.\n\n1\n\nIntroduction\n\nAuto-associative memories have a venerable history in computational neuroscience. However, it is\nonly rather recently that the statistical revolution in the wider \ufb01eld has provided theoretical traction\nfor this problem [1]. The idea is to see memory storage as a form of lossy compression \u2013 information\non the item being stored is mapped into a set of synaptic changes \u2013 with the neural dynamics during\nretrieval representing a biological analog of a corresponding decompression algorithm. This implies\nthere should be a tight, and indeed testable, link between the learning rule used for encoding and the\nneural dynamics used for retrieval [2].\nOne issue that has been either ignored or trivialized in these treatments of recall is correlations\namong the synapses [1\u20134] \u2013 beyond the perfect (anti-)correlations emerging between reciprocal\nsynapses with precisely (anti-)symmetric learning rules [5]. There is ample experimental data for\nthe existence of such correlations: for example, in rat visual cortex, synaptic connections tend to\ncluster together in the form of overrepresented patterns, or motifs, with reciprocal connections being\nmuch more common than expected by chance, and the strengths of the connections to and from\neach neuron being correlated [6]. The study of neural coding has indicated that it is essential to\ntreat correlations in neural activity appropriately in order to extract stimulus information well [7\u2013\n9]. Similarly, it becomes pressing to examine the nature of correlations among synaptic weights in\nauto-associative memories, the consequences for retrieval of ignoring them, and methods by which\nthey might be accommodated.\n\n1\n\n\fHere, we consider several well-known learning rules, from simple additive ones to bounded synapses\nwith metaplasticity, and show that, with a few signi\ufb01cant exceptions, they induce correlations be-\ntween synapses that share a pre- or a post-synaptic partner. To assess the importance of these de-\npendencies for recall, we adopt the strategy of comparing the performance of decoders which either\ndo or do not take them into account [10], showing that they do indeed have an important effect on\nef\ufb01cient retrieval. Finally, we show that approximately optimal retrieval involves particular forms\nof nonlinear interactions between different neuronal inputs, as observed experimentally [11].\n\n2 General problem formulation\n\nWe consider a network of N binary neurons that enjoy all-to-all connectivity.1 As is conventional,\nand indeed plausibly underpinned by neuromodulatory interactions [12], we assume that network\ndynamics do not play a role during storage (with stimuli being imposed as patterns of activity on the\nneurons), and that learning does not occur during retrieval.\nTo isolate the effects of different plasticity rules on synaptic correlations from other sources of\ncorrelations, we assume that the patterns of activity inducing the synaptic changes have no particular\nstructure, i.e. their distribution factorizes. For further simplicity, we take these activity patterns to\nbe binary with pattern density f, i.e. a prior over patterns de\ufb01ned as:\n\n(cid:89)\n\ni\n\nPstore(x) =\n\nPstore(xi)\n\nPstore(xi) = f xi \u00b7 (1 \u2212 f )1\u2212xi\n\n(1)\n\nDuring recall, the network is presented with a cue, \u02dcx, which is a noisy or partial version of one\nof the originally stored patterns. Network dynamics should complete this partial pattern, using the\ninformation in the weights W (and the cue). We start by considering arbitrary dynamics; later we\nimpose the critical constraint for biological realisability that they be strictly local, i.e. the activity of\nneuron i should depend exclusively on inputs through incoming synapses Wi,\u00b7.\nSince information storage by synaptic plasticity is lossy, recall is inherently a probabilistic inference\nproblem [1, 13] (Fig. 1a), requiring estimation of the posterior over patterns, given the information\nin the weights and the recall cue:\n\nP (x\|W, \u02dcx) \u221d Pstore(x) \u00b7 Pnoise(\u02dcx\|x) \u00b7 P(W\|x)\n\n(2)\nThis formulation has formed the foundation of recent work on constructing ef\ufb01cient autoassociative\nrecall dynamics for a range of different learning rules [2\u20134]. In this paper, we focus on the last term\nP(W\|x), which expresses the probability of obtaining W as the synaptic weight matrix when x is\nstored along with T \u2212 1 random patterns (sampled from the prior, Eq. 1). Critically, this is where\nwe diverge from previous analyses that assumed this distribution was factorised, or only trivially\ncorrelated due to reciprocal synapses being precisely (anti-)symmetric [1, 2, 4]. In contrast, we\nexplicitly study the emergence and effects of non-trivial correlations in the synaptic weight matrix-\ndistribtion, because almost all synaptic plasticity rules induce statistical dependencies between the\nsynaptic weights of each neuron (Fig. 1a, d).\nThe inference problem expressed by Eq. 2 can be translated into neural dynamics in several ways\n\u2013 dynamics could be deterministic, attractor-like, converging to the most likely pattern (a MAP\nestimate) of the distribution of x [2], or to a mean-\ufb01eld approximate solution [3]; alternatively, the\ndynamics could be stochastic, with the activity over time representing samples from the posterior,\nand hence implicitly capturing the uncertainty associated with the answer [4]. We consider the latter.\nSince we estimate performance by average errors, the optimal response is the mean of the posterior,\nwhich can be estimated by integrating the activity of the network during retrieval.\nWe start by analysing the class of additive learning rules, to get a sense for the effect of correla-\ntions on retrieval. Later, we focus on multi-state synapses, for which learning rules are described\nby transition probabilities between the states [14]. These have been used to capture a variety of\nimportant biological constraints such as bounds on synaptic strengths and metaplasticity, i.e. the\nfact that synaptic changes induced by a certain activity pattern depend on the history of activity at\nthe synapse [15]. The two classes of learning rule are radically different; so if synaptic correlations\nmatter during retrieval in both cases, then the conclusion likely applies in general.\n\n1Complete connectivity simpli\ufb01es the computation of the parameters for the optimal dynamics for cascade-\n\nlike learning rules considered in the following, but is not necessary for the theory.\n\n2\n\n\fFigure 1: Memory recall as inference and additive learning rules. a. Top: Synaptic weights,\nW, arise by storing the target pattern x together with T \u22121 other patterns, {x(t)}t=1...T\u22121. During\nrecall, the cue, \u02dcx, is a noisy version of the target pattern. The task of recall is to infer x given W\nand \u02dcx (by marginalising out {x(t)}). Bottom: The activity of neuron i across the stored patterns is\na source of shared variability between synapses connecting it to neurons j and k. b-c. Covariance\nrule: patterns of synaptic correlations and recall performance for retrieval dynamics ignoring or\nconsidering synaptic correlations; T = 5. d-e. Same for the simple Hebbian learning rule. The\ncontrol is an optimal decoder that ignores W.\n3 Additive learning rules\n\ni\n\nWij =(cid:80)\n\n, x(t)\n\nt \u2126(x(t)\n\nLocal additive learning rules assume that synaptic changes induced by different activity patterns\ncombine additively; such that storing a sequence of T patterns from Pstore(x), results in weights\nj ), with function \u2126(xi, xj) describing the change in synaptic strength induced\nby presynaptic activity xj and postsynaptic activity xi. We consider a generalized Hebbian form for\nthis function, with \u2126 (xi, xj) = (xi \u2212 \u03b1)(xj \u2212 \u03b2). This class includes, for example, the covariance\nrule (\u03b1 = \u03b2 = f), classically used in Hop\ufb01eld networks, or simple Hebbian learning (\u03b1 = \u03b2 = 0).\nAs synaptic changes are deterministic, the only source of uncertainty in the distribution P(W\|x)\nis the identity of the other stored patterns. To estimate this, let us \ufb01rst consider the distribution of\nthe weights after storing one random pattern from Pstore(x). The mean \u00b5 and covariance C of the\nweight change induced by this event can be computed as:2\n\nPstore(x)(cid:0)\u2126\|(x) \u00b7 \u2126\|(x)T(cid:1) dx \u2212 \u00b5 \u00b7 \u00b5T\n\n\u00b5 =\n\nPstore(x)\u2126\|(x)dx,\n\nC =\n\n(cid:90)\n\n(cid:90)\n\nSince the rule is additive and the patterns are independent, the mean and covariance scale linearly\nwith the number of intervening patterns. Hence, the distribution over possible weight values at\nrecall, given that pattern x is stored along with T \u2212 1 other, random, patterns has mean \u00b5W =\n\u2126(x) + (T \u2212 1) \u00b7 \u00b5, and covariance CW = (T \u2212 1) \u00b7 C. Most importantly, because the rule is\nadditive, in the limit of many stored patterns (and in practice even for modest values of T ), the\ndistribution P(W\|x) approaches a multivariate Gaussian that is characterized completely by these\ntwo quantities; moreover, its covariance is independent of x.\nFor retrieval dynamics based on Gibbs sampling, the key quantity is the log-odds ratio\n\n(3)\n\n(4)\n\n(cid:18) P(xi = 1\|x\u00aci, W, \u02dcx)\n\nP(xi = 0\|x\u00aci, W, \u02dcx)\n\n(cid:19)\n\nIi = log\n\nfor neuron i, which could be represented by the total current entering the unit. This would translate\ninto a probability of \ufb01ring given by the sigmoid activation function f (Ii) = 1/(1 + e\u2212Ii ).\nThe total current entering a neuron is a sum of two terms: one term from the external input of the\nform c1 \u00b7 \u02dcxi + c2 (with constants c1 and c2 determined by parameters f and r [16]), and one term\nfrom the recurrent input, of the form:\n\n(cid:17)\u2212(cid:16)\n\n(cid:17)T\n\nC\u22121(cid:16)\n\nW\| \u2212 \u00b5(0)\n\nW\n\nW\| \u2212 \u00b5(1)\n\nW\n\nW\| \u2212 \u00b5(1)\n\nW\n\n(5)\n\n(cid:17)(cid:19)\n\n(cid:18)(cid:16)\n\n(cid:17)T\n\nC\u22121(cid:16)\n\nI rec\ni =\n\n1\n\n2(T \u22121)\n\nW\| \u2212 \u00b5(0)\n\nW\n\n2For notational convenience, we use a column-vector form of the matrix of weight changes \u2126, and the\n\nweight matrix W, marked by subscript \|.\n\n3\n\n00.51cortical data (Song 2005)simple Hebb rulecorrcovariance ruleabde25501000102030error (%)controlN25501000510simple (ignoring correlations)exact (considering correlations)error (%)controlN00.51corrc\fW = \u2126\|(x(0/1))+(T\u22121)\u00b5 and x(0/1) is the vector of activities obtained from x in which\nwhere \u00b5(0/1)\nthe activity of neuron i is set to 0, or 1, respectively.\nIt is easy to see that for the covariance rule, \u2126 (xi, xj) = (xi \u2212 f )(xj \u2212 f ), synapses sharing\na single pre- or post-synaptic partner happen to be uncorrelated (Fig. 1b). Moreover, as for any\n(anti-)symmetric additive learning rule, reciprocal connections are perfectly correlated (Wij = Wji).\nThe (non-degenerate part of the) covariance matrix in this case becomes diagonal, and the total\ncurrent in optimal retrieval reduces to simple linear dynamics :\n\n(cid:88)\n\nj\n\n(cid:88)\n(cid:123)(cid:122)\n\nj\n\nWij\n\n(cid:125)\n\nxj\n\n(cid:125)\n\n\u2212 f\n\n(cid:124)\n\n\u2212 f 2 1 \u2212 2f\n(cid:124)\n(cid:123)(cid:122)\n(cid:125)\n\n2\n\nconstant\n\n(cid:19)\n\n(6)\n\nIi =\n\n1\n\n(T \u2212 1) \u03c32\n\nW\n\n(cid:18)(cid:88)\n(cid:124)\n\nj\n\n\u2212 (1 \u2212 2f )2\n(cid:123)(cid:122)\n(cid:124)\n\n2\n\n(cid:125)\n\nWijxj\n\n(cid:123)(cid:122)\n\nrecurrent input\n\nfeedback inhibition\n\nhomeostatic term\n\nwhere \u03c32\nW is the variance of a synaptic weight resulting from storing a single pattern. This term\nincludes a contribution from recurrent excitatory input, dynamic feedback inhibition (proportional\nto the total population activity) and a homeostatic term that reduces neuronal excitability as function\nof the net strength of its synapses (a proxy for average current the neuron expects to receive) [17].\nReassuringly, the optimal decoder for the covariance rule recovers a form for the input current that is\nclosely related to classic Hop\ufb01eld-like [5] dynamics (with external \ufb01eld [1, 18]): feedback inhibition\nis needed only when the stored patterns are not balanced (f (cid:54)= 0.5); for the balanced case, the\nhomeostatic term can be integrated in the recurrent current, by rewriting neural activities as spins.\nIn sum, for the covariance rule, synapses are fortuitously uncorrelated (except for symmetric pairs\nwhich are perfectly correlated), and thus simple, classical linear recall dynamics suf\ufb01ce (Fig. 1c).\nThe covariance rule is, however, the exception rather than the rule. For example, for simple Hebbian\nlearning, \u2126 (xi, xj) = xi\u00b7xj, synapses sharing a pre- or post-synaptic partner are correlated (Fig. 1d)\nInterestingly, the \ufb01nal expression of the\nand so the covariance matrix C is no longer diagonal.\nrecurrent current to a neuron remains strictly local (because of additivity and symmetry), and very\nsimilar to Eq. 6, but feedback inhibition becomes a non-linear function of the total activity in the\nnetwork [16]. In this case, synaptic correlations have a dramatic effect: using the optimal non-linear\ndynamics ensures high performance, but trying to retrieve information using a decoder that assumes\nsynaptic independence (and thus uses linear dynamics) yields extremely poor performance, which\nis even worse than the obvious control of relying only on the information in the recall cue and the\nprior over patterns (Fig. 1e).\nFor the generalized Hebbian case, \u2126 (xi, xj) = (xi\u2212\u03b1)(xj\u2212\u03b2) with \u03b1(cid:54)= \u03b2, the optimal decoder be-\ncomes even more complex, with the total current including additional terms accounting for pairwise\ncorrelations between any two synapses that have neuron i as a pre- or post-synaptic partner [16].\nHence, retrieval is no longer strictly local3 and a biological implementation will require approximat-\ning the contribution of non-local terms as a function of locally available information, as we discuss\nin detail for palimpsest learning below.\n\n4 Palimpsest learning rules\n\nThough additive learning rules are attractive for their analytical tractability, they ignore several im-\nportant aspects of synaptic plasticity, e.g. they assume that synapses can grow without bound. We\ninvestigate the effects of bounded weights by considering another class of learning rules, which as-\nsumes synaptic ef\ufb01cacies can only take binary values, with stochastic transitions between the two\nunderpinned by paired cascades of latent internal states [14] (Fig. 2). These learning rules, though\nvery simple, capture an important aspect of memory \u2013 the fact that memory is leaky, and information\nabout the past is overwritten by newly stored items (usually referred to as the palimpsest property).\nAdditionally, such rules can account for experimentally observed synaptic metaplasticity [15].\n\n3For additive learning rules, the current to neuron i always depends only on synapses local to a neuron, but\nthese can also include outgoing synapses of which the weight, W\u00b7i, should not in\ufb02uence its dynamics. We refer\nto such dynamics as \u2018semi-local\u2019. For other learning rules, the optimal current to neuron i may depend on all\nconnections in the network, including Wjk with j, k(cid:54)= i (\u2018non-local\u2019 dynamics).\n\n4\n\n\fFigure 2: Palimpsest learning. a. The cascade model. Colored circles are latent states (V ) that\nbelong to two different synaptic weights (W ), arrows are state transitions (blue: depression, red:\npotentiation) b. Different variants of mapping pre- and post-synaptic activations to depression (D)\nand potentiation (P): R1\u2013postsynaptically gated, R2\u2013presynaptically gated, R3\u2013XOR rule. c. Cor-\nrelation structure induced by these learning rules. c. Retrieval performance for each rule.\nLearning rule\n\nLearning is stochastic and local, with changes in the state of a synapse Vij being determined only by\nthe activation of the pre- and post-synaptic neurons, xj and xi. In general, one could de\ufb01ne separate\ntransition matrices for each activity pattern, M(xi, xj), describing the probability of a synaptic state\ntransitioning between any two states Vij to V (cid:48)\nij following an activity pattern, (xi, xj). For simplicity,\nwe de\ufb01ne only two such matrices, for potentiation, M+, and depression, M\u2212, respectively, and then\nmap different activity patterns to these events. In particular, we assume Fusi\u2019s cascade model [14]4\nand three possible mappings (Fig. 2b [16]): 1) a postsynaptically gated learning rule, where changes\noccur only when the postsynaptic neuron is active, with co-activation of pre- and post- neuron lead-\ning to potentiation, and to depression otherwise5; 2) a presynaptically gated learning rule, typically\nassumed when analysing cascades[20, 21]; and 3) an XOR-like learning rule which assumes po-\ntentiation occurs whenever the pre- and post- synaptic activity levels are the same, with depression\notherwise. The last rule, proposed by Ref. 22, was speci\ufb01cally designed to eliminate correlations\nbetween synapses, and can be viewed as a version of the classic covariance rule fashioned for binary\nsynapses.\n\nEstimating the mean and covariance of synaptic weights\n\nages over possible neural activity patterns: M = (cid:80)\n\nAt the level of a single synapse, the presentation of a sequence of uncorrelated patterns from\nPstore(x) corresponds to a Markov random walk, de\ufb01ned by a transition matrix M, which aver-\nPstore(xi) \u00b7 Pstore(xj) \u00b7 M(xi, xj). The\ndistribution over synaptic states t steps after the initial encoding can be calculated by starting from\nthe stationary distribution of the weights \u03c0V 0 (assuming a large number of other patterns have pre-\nviously been stored; formally, this is the eigenvector of M corresponding to eigenvalue \u03bb = 1), then\nstoring the pattern (xi, xj), and \ufb01nally t \u2212 1 other patterns from the prior:\n\nxi,xj\n\nt\u22121 \u00b7 M(xi, xj) \u00b7 \u03c0V 0,\n\n\u03c0V (xi, xj, t) = M\n\n(7)\nl = P(Vij = l\|xi, xj), l \u2208 {1 . . . 2n},\nwith the distribution over states given as a column vector, \u03c0V\nwhere n is the depth of the cascade. Lastly, the distribution over weights, P(Wij\|xi, xj), can be\nderived as \u03c0W = MV \u2192W \u00b7 \u03c0V , where MV \u2192W is a deterministic map from states to observed\nweights (Fig. 2a).\nAs in the additive case, the states of synapses sharing a pre- or post- synaptic partner will be corre-\nlated (Figs. 1a, 2c). The degree of correlations for different synaptic con\ufb01gurations can be estimated\nby generalising the above procedure to computing the joint distribution of the states of pairs of\nsynapses, which we represent as a matrix \u03c1. E.g. for a pair of synapses sharing a postsynaptic\npartner (Figs. 1b, d, and 2c), element (u, v) is \u03c1uv = P(Vpost,pre1 = u, Vpost,pre2 = v). Hence, the\npresentation of an activity pattern (xpre1, xpre2, xpost) induces changes in the corresponding pair of\n\n4Other models, e.g. serial [19], could be used as well without qualitatively affecting the results.\n5One could argue that this is the most biologically relevant as plasticity is often NMDA-receptor dependent,\n\nand hence it requires postsynaptic depolarisation for any effect to occur.\n\n5\n\nacorrelation coefficientcortex data (Song 2005)PDPD--PDprepost0011R1R3--PDR2bsimpledynamicscorr-dependentdynamicsd00.20.4c010200102001020error (%) correlated synapsesexactapprox**pseudo-storage00.30.600.20.4\fwhere \u02c6M(xi) = (cid:80)\n\nincoming synapses to neuron post as \u03c1(1) = M(xpost, xpre1) \u00b7 \u03c1(0) \u00b7 M(xpost, xpre2)T, where \u03c1(0)\nis the stationary distribution corresponding to storing an in\ufb01nite number of triplets from the pattern\ndistribution [16].\nReplacing \u03c0V with \u03c1 (which is now a function of the triplet (xpre1, xpre2, xpost)), and the multipli-\ncation by M with the slightly more complicated operator above, we can estimate the evolution of\nthe joint distribution over synaptic states in a manner very similar to Eq. 7:\nPstore(xi) \u00b7 \u02c6M(xi) \u00b7 \u03c1(t\u22121) \u00b7 \u02c6M(xi)T,\n\n(cid:88)\n\n\u03c1(t) =\n\n(8)\n\nxi\n\nxj\n\nPstore(xj)M(xi, xj). Also as above, the \ufb01nal joint distribution over states\nV \u2192W . This\n\ncan be mapped into a joint distribution over synaptic weights as MV \u2192W \u00b7 \u03c1(t) \u00b7 MT\napproach can be naturally extended to all other correlated pairs of synapses [16].\nThe structure of correlations for different synaptic pairs varies signi\ufb01cantly as a function of the\nlearning rule (Fig. 2c), with the overall degree of correlations depending on a range of factors.\nCorrelations tend to decrease with cascade depth and pattern sparsity. The \ufb01rst two variants of the\nlearning rule considered are not symmetric, and so induce different patterns of correlations than the\nadditive rules above. The XOR rule is similar to the covariance rule, but the reciprocal connections\nare no longer perfectly correlated (due to metaplasticity), which means that it is no longer possible\nto factorize P(W\|x). Hence, assuming independence at decoding seems bound to introduce errors.\n\nApproximately optimal retrieval when synapses are independent\n\n(cid:81)\nthe evidence from the weights factorizes, P(W\|x) =\nIf we ignore synaptic correlations,\ni,j P(Wij\|xi, xj), and so the exact dynamics would be semi-local3. We can further approximate\nthe contribution of the outgoing weights by its mean, which recovers the same simple dynamics\nderived for the additive case:\n\n(cid:18) P(xi = 1\|x\u00aci, W, \u02dcx)\n\nP(xi = 0\|x\u00aci, W, \u02dcx)\n\n(cid:19)\n\n(cid:88)\n\nj\n\nIi = log\n\n= c1\n\nWijxj + c2\n\nWij + c3\n\nj\n\nj\n\nxj + c4 \u02dcxi + c5 (9)\n\n(cid:88)\n\n(cid:88)\n\nThe parameters c. depend on the prior over x, the noise model, the parameters of the learning rule\nand t. Again, the optimal decoder is similar to previously derived attractor dynamics; in particular,\nfor stochastic binary synapses with presynaptically gated learning the optimal dynamics require\ndynamic inhibition only for sparse patterns, and no homeostatic term, as used in [21] .\nTo validate these dynamics, we remove synaptic correlations by a pseudo-storage procedure in which\nsynapses are allowed to evolve independently according to transition matrix M, rather than changing\nas actual intermediate patterns are stored. The dynamics work well in this case, as expected (Fig. 2d,\nblue bars). However, when storing actual patterns drawn from the prior, performance becomes ex-\ntremely poor, and often worse than the control (Fig. 2d, gray bars). Moreover, performance worsens\nas the network size increases (not shown). Hence, ignoring correlations is highly detrimental for this\nclass of learning rules too.\n\n(cid:88)\n\n(cid:18)(cid:88)\n\nApproximately optimal retrieval when synapses are correlated\nTo accommodate synaptic correlations, we approximate P(W\|x) with a maximum entropy dis-\ntribution with the same marginals and covariance structure, ignoring the higher order moments.6\nSpeci\ufb01cally, we assume the evidence from the weights has the functional form:\n\nP(W\|x, t) =\n\n1\n\nZ(x, t)\n\nexp\n\nkij(x, t) \u00b7 Wij +\n\n1\n2\n\nij\n\nJ(ij)(kl)(x, t) \u00b7 WijWkl\n\nijkl\n\n(10)\n\nWe use the TAP mean-\ufb01eld method [23] to \ufb01nd parameters k and J and the partition function, Z,\nfor each possible activity pattern x, given the mean and covariance for the synaptic weights matrix,\ncomputed above7 [16].\n\n6This is just a generalisation of the simple dynamics which assume a \ufb01rst order max entropy model; more-\nover, the resulting weight distribution is a binary analog of the multivariate normal used in the additive case,\nallowing the two to be directly compared.\n\n7Here, we ask whether it is possible to accommodate correlations in appropriate neural dynamics at all,\n\nignoring the issue of how the optimal values for the parameters of the network dynamics would come about.\n\n6\n\n(cid:19)\n\n\fi\n\nnumber of coactivated inputs,(cid:80)\n\nj Wijxj; lines: different levels of neural excitability(cid:80)\n\nFigure 3: Implications for neural dynamics. a. R1: parameters for I rec\n; linear modulation by\nnetwork activity, nb. b. R2: nonlinear modulation of pairwise term by network activity (cf. middle\npanel in a); other parameters have linear dependences on nb. c. R1: Total current as function of\nj Wij, line\nwidths scale with frequency of occurrence in a sample run. d. Same for R2. e. Nonlinear integration\nin dendrites, reproduced from [11], cf. curves in c.\nExact retrieval dynamics based on Eq. 10, but not respecting locality constraints, work substantially\nbetter in the presence of synaptic correlations, for all rules (Fig. 2d, yellow bars). It is important to\nnote that for the XOR rule, which was supposed to be the closest analog to the covariance rule and\nhence afford simple recall dynamics [22], error rates stay above control, suggesting that it is actually\na case in which even dependencies beyond 2nd-order correlation would need to be considered.\nAs in the additive case, exact recall dynamics are biologically implausible, as the total current to\nthe neuron depends on the full weight matrix. It is possible to approximate the dynamics using\nstrictly local information by replacing the nonlocal term by its mean, which, however, is no longer a\nj(cid:54)=i xj [16]. Under\nthis approximation, the current from recurrent connections corresponding to the evidence from the\nweights becomes:\n\nconstant, but rather a linear function of the total activity in the network, nb =(cid:80)\n\n(cid:52)\n(ij)(ik)(x)WijWik \u2212 Z(cid:52)\n\nJ\n\n(11)\n\n(cid:18) P(W\|x(1))\n\nP(W\|x(0))\n\n(cid:19)\n\n(cid:88)\n\n=\n\nI rec\ni = log\n\n(cid:88)\n\n1\n2\n\njk\n\n(cid:52)\nk\nij (x)Wij +\n\nj\n\nwhere i is the index of the neuron to be updated, and x(0/1) activity vector has the to-be-updated\nneuron\u2019s activity set to 1 or 0, respectively, and all other components given by the current network\nstate. The functions k\n\n(cid:0)x(0)(cid:1),\nand Z(cid:52) = log(cid:0)Z(cid:0)x(1)(cid:1)(cid:1) \u2212 log(cid:0)Z(cid:0)x(0)(cid:1)(cid:1) depend on the local activity at the indexed synapses,\n\n(cid:0)x(1)(cid:1)\u2212J(ij)(kl)\n\n(cid:52)\nij (x) = kij(x(1))\u2212kij(x(0)), J\n\n(cid:52)\n(ij)(kl)(x) = J(ij)(kl)\n\n(formally, quadratically) on the number of co-active inputs, nW 1 = (cid:80)\n\nmodulated by the number of active neurons in the network, nb. This approximation is again consis-\ntent with our previous analysis, i.e. in the absence of synaptic correlations, the complex dynamics\nrecover the simple case presented before. Importantly, this approximation also does about as well as\nexact dynamics (Fig. 2d, red bars).\nFor post-synaptically gated learning, comparing the parameters of the dynamics in the case of inde-\npendent versus correlated synapses (Fig. 3a) reveals a modest modulation of the recurrent input by\nthe total activity. More importantly, the net current to the postsynaptic neuron depends non-linearly\nj xjWij, (Fig. 3c), which\nis reminiscent of experimentally observed dendritic non-linearities [11] (Fig. 3e). Conversely, for\nthe presynaptically gated learning rule, approximately optimal dynamics predict a non-monotonic\nmodulation of activity by lateral inhibition (Fig. 3b), but linear neural integration (Fig. 3d).8 Lastly,\nretrieval based on the XOR rule has the same form as the simple dynamics derived for the factorized\ncase [16]. However, the total current has to be rescaled to compensate for the correlations introduced\nby reciprocal connections.\n\n8The difference between the two rules emerges exclusively because of the constraint of strict locality of the\n\napproximation, since the exact form of the dynamics is essentially the same for the two.\n\n7\n\n01020\u22120.500.501020\u221210\u221250501020\u22120.0500.05024681012\u221220612number of coactive inputspostsynaptic currentacdno corrcorrnumber of coactive inputspostsynaptic current024681012\u221210\u22125051001020\u22120.0100.01beTIPMIDDLEBASEnumber of inputsnormalized EPSP0.\fadditive\n\ncascade\n\nRULE\ncovariance\nsimple Hebbian\ngeneralized Hebbian\npresyn. gated\npostsyn. gated\nXOR\n\nEXACT DYNAMICS\nstrictly local, linear\nstrictly local, nonlinear\nsemi-local, nonlinear\nnonlocal, nonlinear\nnonlocal, nonlinear\nbeyond correlations\n\nNEURAL IMPLEMENTATION\n\nlinear feedback inh., homeostasis\nnonlinear feedback inh.\nnonlinear feedback inh.\nnonlinear feedback inh., linear dendritic integr.\nlinear feedback inh., non-linear dendritic integr.\n?\n\nTable 1: Results summary: circuit adaptations against correlations for different learning rules.\n\n5 Discussion\n\nStatistical dependencies between synaptic ef\ufb01cacies are a natural consequence of activity dependent\nsynaptic plasticity, and yet their implications for network function have been unexplored. Here, in\nthe context of an auto-associative memory network, we investigated the patterns of synaptic corre-\nlations induced by several well-known learning rules and their consequent effects on retrieval. We\nshowed that most rules considered do indeed induce synaptic correlations and that failing to take\nthem into account greatly damages recall. One fortuitous exception is the covariance rule, for which\nthere are no synaptic correlations. This might explain why the bulk of classical treatments of auto-\nassociative memories, using the covariance rule, could achieve satisfying capacity levels despite\noverlooking the issue of synaptic correlations [5, 24, 25].\n\nIn general, taking correlations into account optimally during recall requires dynamics in which there\nare non-local interactions between neurons. However, we derived approximations that perform well\nand are biologically realisable without such non-locality (Table 1). Examples include the modula-\ntion of neural responses by the total activity of the population, which could be mediated by feedback\ninhibition, and speci\ufb01c dendritic nonlinearities. In particular, for the post-synaptically gated learn-\ning rule, which may be viewed as an abstract model of hippocampal NMDA receptor-dependent\nplasticity, our model predicts a form of non-linear mapping of recurrent inputs into postsynaptic\ncurrents which is similar to experimentally observed dendritic integration in cortical pyramidal cells\n[11]. In general, the tight coupling between the synaptic plasticity used for encoding (manifested\nin patterns of synaptic correlations) and circuit dynamics offers an important route for experimental\nvalidation [2].\nNone of the rules governing synaptic plasticity that we considered perfectly reproduced the pattern\nof correlations in [6]; and indeed, exactly which rule applies in what region of the brain under which\nneuromodulatory in\ufb02uences is unclear. Furthermore, results in [6] concern the neocortex rather\nthan the hippocampus, which is a more common target for models of auto-associative memory.\nNonetheless, our analysis has shown that synaptic correlations matter for a range of very different\nlearning rules that span the spectrum of empirical observations.\nAnother strategy to handle the negative effects of synaptic correlations is to weaken or eliminate\nthem. For instance, in the palimpsest synaptic model [14], the deeper the cascade, the weaker the\ncorrelations, and so metaplasticity may have the bene\ufb01cial effect of making recall easier. Another,\npopular, idea is to use very sparse patterns [21], although this reduces the information content of\neach one. More speculatively, one might imagine a process of off-line synaptic pruning or recoding,\nin which strong correlations are removed or the weights adjusted so that simple recall methods will\nwork.\nHere, we focused on second-order correlations. However, for plasticity rules such as XOR, we\nshowed that this does not suf\ufb01ce. Rather, higher-order correlations would need to be considered,\nand thus, presumably higher-order interactions between neurons approximated. Finally, we know\nfrom work on neural coding of sensory stimuli that there are regimes in which correlations either\nhelp or hurt the informational quality of the code, assuming that decoding takes them into account.\nGiven our results, it becomes important to look at the relative quality of different plasticity rules,\nassuming realizable decoding \u2013 it is not clear whether rules that strive to eliminate correlations will\nbe bested by ones that do not.\nAcknowledgments This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (CS, ML), the Gatsby Chari-\ntable Foundation (PD), and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007\u20132013)\nunder grant agreement no. 269921 (BrainScaleS) (ML).\n\n8\n\n\fReferences\n1. Sommer, F.T. & Dayan, P. Bayesian retrieval in associative memories with storage errors. IEEE transac-\n\ntions on neural networks 9, 705\u2013713 (1998).\n\n2. Lengyel, M., Kwag, J., Paulsen, O. & Dayan, P. Matching storage and recall: hippocampal spike timing-\n\ndependent plasticity and phase response curves. Nature Neuroscience 8, 1677\u20131683 (2005).\n\n3. Lengyel, M. & Dayan, P. Uncertainty, phase and oscillatory hippocampal recall. Advances in Neural\n\nInformation Processing (2007).\n\n4. Savin, C., Dayan, P. & Lengyel, M. Two is better than one: distinct roles for familiarity and recollection in\nretrieving palimpsest memories. in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 24 (MIT Press,\nCambridge, MA, 2011).\n\n5. Hop\ufb01eld, J.J. Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities.\n\nProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 2554\u20132558 (1982).\n\n6. Song, S., Sj\u00a8ostr\u00a8om, P.J., Reigl, M., Nelson, S. & Chklovskii, D.B. Highly nonrandom features of synaptic\n\nconnectivity in local cortical circuits. PLoS biology 3, e68 (2005).\n\n7. Dayan, P. & Abbott, L. Theoretical Neuroscience (MIT Press, 2001).\n8. Averbeck, B.B., Latham, P.E. & Pouget, A. Neural correlations, population coding and computation.\n\nNature Reviews Neuroscience 7, 358\u2013366 (2006).\n\n9. Pillow, J.W. et al. Spatio-temporal correlations and visual signalling in a complete neuronal population.\n\nNature 454, 995\u2013999 (2008).\n\n10. Latham, P.E. & Nirenberg, S. Synergy, redundancy, and independence in population codes, revisited.\n\nJournal of Neuroscience 25, 5195\u20135206 (2005).\n\n11. Branco, T. & H\u00a8ausser, M. Synaptic integration gradients in single cortical pyramidal cell dendrites. Neuron\n\n69, 885\u2013892 (2011).\n\n12. Hasselmo, M.E. & Bower, J.M. Acetylcholine and memory. Trends Neurosci. 16, 218\u2013222 (1993).\n13. MacKay, D.J.C. Maximum entropy connections: neural networks.\n\nin Maximum Entropy and Bayesian\nMethods, Laramie, 1990 (eds. Grandy, Jr, W.T. & Schick, L.H.) 237\u2013244 (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Nether-\nlands, 1991).\n\n14. Fusi, S., Drew, P.J. & Abbott, L.F. Cascade models of synaptically stored memories. Neuron 45, 599\u2013611\n\n(2005).\n\n15. Abraham, W.C. Metaplasticity: tuning synapses and networks for plasticity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience\n\n9, 387 (2008).\n\n16. For details, see Supplementary Information.\n17. Zhang, W. & Linden, D. The other side of the engram: experience-driven changes in neuronal intrinsic\n\nexcitability. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2003).\n\n18. Engel, A., Englisch, H. & Sch\u00a8utte, A. Improved retrieval in neural networks with external \ufb01elds. Euro-\n\nphysics Letters (EPL) 8, 393\u2013397 (1989).\n\n19. Leibold, C. & Kempter, R. Sparseness constrains the prolongation of memory lifetime via synaptic meta-\n\nplasticity. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 18, 67\u201377 (2008).\n\n20. Amit, Y. & Huang, Y. Precise capacity analysis in binary networks with multiple coding level inputs.\n\nNeural computation 22, 660\u2013688 (2010).\n\n21. Huang, Y. & Amit, Y. Capacity analysis in multi-state synaptic models: a retrieval probability perspective.\n\nJournal of computational neuroscience (2011).\n\n22. Dayan Rubin, B. & Fusi, S. Long memory lifetimes require complex synapses and limited sparseness.\n\nFrontiers in Computational Neuroscience (2007).\n\n23. Thouless, D.J., Anderson, P.W. & Palmer, R.G. Solution of \u2019Solvable model of a spin glass\u2019. Philosophical\n\nMagazine 35, 593\u2013601 (1977).\n\n24. Amit, D., Gutfreund, H. & Sompolinsky, H. Storing in\ufb01nite numbers of patterns in a spin-glass model of\n\nneural networks. Phys Rev Lett 55, 1530\u20131533 (1985).\n\n25. Treves, A. & Rolls, E.T. What determines the capacity of autoassociative memories in the brain? Network\n\n2, 371\u2013397 (1991).\n\n9\n\n\f", "award": [], "sourceid": 227, "authors": [{"given_name": "Cristina", "family_name": "Savin", "institution": "University of Cambridge"}, {"given_name": "Peter", "family_name": "Dayan", "institution": "Gatsby Unit, UCL"}, {"given_name": "Mate", "family_name": "Lengyel", "institution": "University of Cambridge"}]}	__label__pos	0.756027
How many men can fit in the T-34 85 turret? i designed this question btw sa tingin ko ayh amerika dahil sa america malaki ang halaga ng pera nila pag naipunta dto sa ating bansa A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cold to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents, generally between latitudes 25° and 35° and are located poleward from adjacent tropical climates. While many subtropical climates tend to be located at or near coastal locations, in some cases they extend inland, most notably in China and the United States, where they exhibit more pronounced seasonal variations and sharper contrasts between summer and winter, as part of a gradient between the more tropical climates of the southern coasts of these countries and the more continental climates of China and the United States’ northern and central regions (localities around the Ohio and Yangtze rivers exhibiting continental influence from the north, compared to climates around the Gulf of Mexico and the South China Sea, which exhibit tropical influence due to their southern coastal positions). In the original design the T-34 carried a 76mm gun in a two-man turret and it is a measure of the quality of the design that when the tank was up-gunned to 85mm in 1943 the Russians were able to fit a larger turret to accommodate three men. Do you know the answer? Other questions on the subject: History History, 28.10.2019, cleik answer:pagkamatay ng maraming tao at pagkasira ng mga gusali...Read More 1 more answers One of the known revolutionary societies in the Philippines against the Spaniards colonization that revolted was the KKK or the Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galang Katipunan...Read More 1 more answers History, 15.11.2019, cleik answer:The Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the United States...Read More 1 more answers History, 15.11.2019, Jelanny Ang kasaysayan ay mga pangyayari sa nakalipas na panahon. ang kasaysayan ay istorya ng isang bayan, bansa o nasyon kasama dito ang lahat ng kuwento ng lipunan tulad ng kabuhayan, p...Read More 1 more answers	__label__pos	0.925094
3. Learning the Gujarati Nouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. Examples of Subject pronouns: I like you. See examples of Pronoun in English. 3:14:00 AM Angel English Grammar, Personal Pronouns. You can use multibhashi to learn Gujarati from English with just little efforts and Concentration. These are used on a daily basis, so don't skip this lesson. Relative Pronouns. This series of Chapters is only for those who know Gujarati and want to learn English through the medium of Gujarati. Before you sign up for anything, Click Here to find out if this blog is right for you. 2. Consider examples and observe pronouns. For example instead of saying my teacher speaks 3 languages , you can use the pronoun he , and say he speaks 3 languages . 'he' is singular and masculine form.) We are going on vacation. Here in this article, I am going to mention the Examples of Pronoun … It means that if you refer to me using a pronoun instead of my name that you can use "she", "he", or "they." Weare eating our breakfast in nice manner. Gujarati Nouns. .flashcard_slider_fouc .flashcard_slider_set{display:none;}jQuery("html").addClass("flashcard_slider_fouc");jQuery(document).ready(function() { jQuery(".flashcard_slider_fouc .flashcard_slider_set").show(); }); I hate to be the first but I will give it a crack. Theo Mr Shah che It is important to pay attention to this sentence so that the sentence is complete and perfect in terms of gram… If you add suffix ઉં (uM) it become આવું (AvuM). Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech, but some modern theorists would not consider them to form a single class, in view of the variety of functions they perform cross-linguistically. Pronouns Gujarati Audio; Me: હું huṁ: You: તમે tamē: Him: તેમને tēmanē: Her: તેમને tēmanē: Us: અમને amanē: You (plural) તમે tamē: Them: તેમના tēmanā: Can you call us? In the following examples, the pronouns are italicized. 3. Learn about the nine types of pronouns and how to use them. I’m Dilshan and this is my Gujarati blog. In English, the 2nd-person singular pronoun is “you”. (The crowd breathes a sigh of relief and applauds loudly as they looked at the examples Dilshan was about to reveal to them)…. The laundry isn’t going to do itself. Youneed some help. Real sentences showing how to use Pronouns correctly. Furthermore, in English, we use the same word “you” when we’re speaking to both a male and female (i.e. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Gujarati language. 4 Similarly, by “informal” I mean that this is what you’d use when speaking to someone familiar and/or of a similar age as you. It must be (her / she). Gujarati Nouns. !” Dilshan, dressed in his flowing white robe, raises his hand towards them in a reassuring manner). Don’t tell me that you can’t go with us. We are not as good as (them/they) Is it true that (he/him) was absent? See examples of Pronouns in English. These pronouns do not refer to a particular individual or thing. ('you' is personal pronoun and used here as second person. Thu Nita che The Sanket che, Still had to look up the page once and still a little confused. relative meaning in gujarati: ... denoting a pronoun, determiner, ... For example, since the supply of natural scenery is fixed it is 'relative' rather than absolute wealth and income that counts. ; She is a girl whose puppy was missing for the past few days. 2 ‘chᴴuᴺ’ = “am” in this context. ; This is the place I talked about you on that day. But do not get daunted by the details. What is a relative pronoun? We ran into each other at the mall. In this example, “Susan” is the subject and “Sarah and Stephanie/them” is the object/object pronoun of each sentence. 7 In these 4 sentences, ‘chᴴé’ = “is”, when referring to a FORMAL and INFORMAL male or female. Relative pronouns are not a sentence alone, they are side sentences that characterize a nounin the sentence. 'we' is plural and neuter form.) Can You Wish Someone a MERRY CHRISTMAS in Gujarati? 6. ('we' is personal pronoun and used here as first person. Tame Mr. Shah Cho Many words can function as multiple different types of pronouns, depending on how they're used. It is one of the nicest Italian restaurants in town. For example: If Dana goes by "she" pronouns, you could say "Dana went to the store" or "She went to the store. શું તમે મને કોલ કરી શકો śuṁ tamē manē kōla karī śakō Give me your phone number The real flaw in his policy was its confusion of 'relative' power with absolute power. It is her bedroom not mine. An example of a pronoun is "you", which is both plural and singular. Mike is a good boy. Pronoun Examples in Worksheets Q1) Choose the correct pronoun examples to complete the pronoun worksheets. Theo Mrs Jyotsna che This is the reason why English is the second language learned by most of the people. 6 In these 2 sentences, ‘chᴴé’ = “are”, when speaking to an INFORMAL male or female. 1 You already saw this in Gujarati Quick Learner 01. We’re going to see SINGULAR personal pronouns in Gujarati…, (Loud murmurs erupt as the gathered crowd of Tribesters look around confused and ask “What the hell are personal pronouns?! A Pronoun is a word that replaces a noun or equivalent in a sentence. In India, it is the official language in the state of Gujarat, as well as an official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Aashni March 22, 2018 at 9:08 am # Hey Dilshan, Loving the new posts! Ihave joined this group. The Nita che 3. We live in your compound. (Yes yes, soon I will introduce ‘chᴴé’ to you in a separate post.). A pronoun helps us avoid unnecessary repetition in our writing and speech.In other words, words that can be used instead of a noun are called pronouns. They are going to mall tomorrow. 6 Responses to Gujarati Quick Learner – 04: Plural Personal Pronouns in Gujarati. These are terribly steep stairs. pronoun = સર્વનામ Pronunciation = pronoun Pronunciation in Gujarati = પ્રોનાઉન pronoun in Gujarati: સર્વનામ Part of speech: Noun Definition in English: a function … This course with help you understand, learn and use Gujarati sentences in your daily life. ('I' is personal pronoun and used here as first person. For example, for the first person “I” the Gujarati suffix is ઉં (uM). en For example, it can be understood as a relative pronoun, such as “who” or “whom.” jw2019 gu દાખલા તરીકે, એનો ઉપયોગ “કોણ” કે “કોને ” કે “જે” જેવા સંબોધકો માટે પણ થઈ શકે છે. As I would always say, go through the list once. Susan is thankful for Scott and Samuel.Susan appreciates them immensely.Susan is going to buy a gifts for them.. 7. I didn’t either, until recently. Examples of relative pronouns are in Sentences. In Gujarati, for the 3rd-person singular pronoun, we ONLY use 1 word for both “he” or “she”…. English Pronouns Gujarati Pronouns; I speak: hum vāt - હું વાત you speak: teme vāt - તમે વાત he speaks: temeṇe bolī - તેમણે બોલી she speaks: temeṇe bolī - તેમણે બોલી we speak: ame vāt - અમે વાત they speak: to bol - તેઓ બોલે give me Chapter-10 English Grammar In Gujarati-PERSONAL PRONOUNS Angel. So, the phrase literally reads “I Dilshan am” (in that order). Anybody who says it won’t be fun has no clue what they are talking about. Richard stared at himself in the mirror. While this remains true, notice in the sample phrases below how certain. The word \"pronoun\" means \"for a noun\".Let's understand pronouns with the help of a these example sentences: 1. Copyright © 2016 Jay Online (Private) Limited, Learning to speak "good enough" Gujarati with the minimum needed effort, Learn Gujarati \| Lazy But Smart Gujarati Blog. Flashcard Slider WordPress Slideshow Plugin. 2. Relative pronouns is the phrase that makes an additional explanation about a word in the sentence. 10. 4. 5 In these 2 sentences, ‘chᴴo’ = “are”, when speaking to a FORMAL male or female. Theo Mr. Shah che, Tame Mrs. Jyotsana Cho (Again, rest assured, I will introduce ‘chᴴo’ & ‘chᴴé’ to you in an upcoming post soon.). Let us go to the shop together. The pronoun refers to its antecedent. Aavjo, Maari boss( don’t know how to use possessive)naam Mr. Shah che Pages in category "Gujarati pronouns" The following 37 pages are in this category, out of 37 total. The grammar of the Gujarati language is the study of the word order, case marking, verb conjugation, and other morphological and syntactic structures of the Gujarati language, an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken by the Gujarati people.This page overviews the grammar of standard Gujarati, and is written in a romanization (see Gujarati script#Romanization). Partha is heavier than (me /I). Heis running in the ground. Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive pronouns are preceded by the adverb, adjective, noun or pronoun, to which they refer. So let's see the examples of Pronouns in a sentence. ('he' is personal pronoun and used here as third person. 9. Thu Sanket che Theo Mrs. Jyotsana Che. This time we will learn the pronouns in Gujarati. Gujarati Quick Learner – 03: Singular Personal Pronouns in Gujarati By Dilshan Jayasinha on January 28, 2018 in Gujarati Quick Learner , Learn Gujarati Words So far, we’ve learned how to say “yes”, “no”, & “okay” in Gujarati as well as learn some polite Gujarati words . Indefinite pronouns may be used as antecedents in sentences. 5. In general, a pronoun can be used instead of a noun. It is part of the greater Indo-European language family. I’m not sure which is worse: rain or snow. So for the verb આવવું (AvavuM) by removing the ending વું (vuM) the stem of verb is આવ(Av). Different “relative pronouns” are used when describing the subject, object, or word of ownership of the sentence. Earlier, I told you that in Gujarati, we don’t make a distinction based on gender for the personal pronoun “you”. This is a list of pronouns in Gujarati.This includes subject, object, and the possessive. Below chart has the list. ; The starter which we ate in the restaurant yesterday was so delicious. (Don’t worry, one of my upcoming posts will introduce ‘chᴴuᴺ’ to you.). A man who is standing near the bus stop is my uncle. 4. Following are the examples of personal pronouns: 1. : a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase, : એક વિધેય શબ્દ કે જે સંજ્ઞા અથવા સંજ્ઞા શબ્દસમૂહની જગ્યાએ વપરાય છે, The pronoun “I” is used to refer to oneself, આ સર્વનામ “હું” નો ઉલ્લેખ પોતાને માટે થાય છે. Tame Mrs Jyotsna cho 3 By “formal” I mean that this is what you’d use when speaking to someone unfamiliar or older than you. But first we need to know what the role of Nouns is in the structure of the grammar in Gujarati. 'I' is singular and … In some instances, like the example above, it’s simple to select the proper pronoun that will replace the antecedent. So far, we’ve learned how to say “yes”, “no”, & “okay” in Gujarati as well as learn some polite Gujarati words. So, the phrases literally read “You Dilshan are” and “You Shwetal are” (in that order). The current version has audio-visual courses and quizzes to learn English from almost all Indian languages and vice versa. Also see the translation in Gujarati or translation in English, synonyms, antonyms, related words, image and pronunciation for helping spoken English improvement or spoken Gujarati improvement. Real sentences showing how to use Pronoun correctly. The easiest method is to change that pronoun. Allow (he/him) to speak first. Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. In this unit, we will discuss What is Pronoun With Examples, pronoun definition, 8 kinds of pronouns, Personal pronoun, reflexive pronoun, emphatic pronoun, reciprocal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, relative pronoun, distributive pronoun and exclamatory pronoun. English is one of the most widely spoken languages across the globe and a common language of choice for people from different backgrounds trying to communicate with each other. Generally, a pronoun takes the place of a particular noun. What is a pronoun?A pronoun is a word which is used in place of a proper noun or a common noun. Welcome to the third Gujarati lesson about nouns.This time we will first learn about fruits and vegetables, followed by grammar rules, then food items, finally a conversation in Gujarati to help you practice your daily phrases. Let us learn pronouns today. Multibhashi’s Gujarati-English Dictionary will help you find the meaning of different words from Gujarati to English like meaning of Bhayānaka and from English to Gujarati like meaning of Awesome, The meaning of stunning, etc. When trying to talk to my Gujarati speaking staff che, cho and chu really hurt my head , Tame Mr Shah cho Multibhashi is an app to learn languages most effectively and effortlessly. Example without Subject Pronoun. ; She is complaining to whoever she comes across nowadays. Pronouns and Articles in Gujarati. We don’t make a distinction based on gender). 1. "If Bill goes by "he" pronouns, you could say "Bill drove to his parents' house" or "He drove to his parents' house. Look at Mike. When we will start preparing sentence, come back to chart and get the required pronoun. 2. Remember, the form of હોવું (hovuM) in simple present tense is છું (ChuM). I promise you that you know what personal pronouns are, you just may not know it’s called that. ; A person called him for an interview to whom he mailed for a job. Dec 2, 2019 - Explore Relyya's board "Pronoun examples" on Pinterest. Gujarati Quick Learner – 04: Plural Personal Pronouns in Gujarati, Gujarati Quick Learner – 05: Am, Are, and Is in Gujarati (with Singular Pronouns), Gujarati Quick Learner – 03: Singular Personal Pronouns in Gujarati. So, these phrases also literally read “You Dilshan are” and “You Shwetal are” (in that order). Examples of Object pronouns: I want him to buy me a shirt. See more ideas about english pronouns, learn english, personal pronouns. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat. so, in gujarati the possessive pronouns (and adjectives) can change their ending (-uṁ) depends on the number and gender of the subject; and there are three genders in Gujarati: masculine, feminine and neuter and every noun has a gender; Let’s see how the ending “-uṁ” can change with the example of the word “cat” cat in Gujarati means: However, in Gujarati we do use 2 distinct versions of “you” based on if we’re speaking to someone formal or informal. So, the phrases literally read “He Dilshan is” or “She Shwetal is”. 'you' is plural and neuter form.) 8. Relative Pronouns are used to join or relate two different clauses together by referring to the noun in the previous clause using the pronouns – Who, Whom, Whose, Which and That.. Pronoun examples: She will choose the colour which looks good on everyone. Gujarati Pronouns. In English, for the 3rd-person singular pronoun, we use 2 different words depending on gender. Aharsi and (I/me) were present there. Use this free dictionary to get the definition of friend in Gujarati and also the definition of friend in English. I’m picking up my Gujarati again now as I have a spare half an hour in the mornings before work. However, once again in Gujarati we use 2 distinct versions for “he/she”, depending if we’re speaking to someone formal or informal. To hear the pronunciation, just click on the sound icon. 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Here's What A Gibbs Pass Means For NCIS Writers In general, writers like to go long. Shakespeare's most famous pieces of dialogue come from extended soliloquies, and they're famous in part because of the beautiful, flowery language that they use. Often, it can be harder for writers to pare down the number of words they use to convey a certain idea. That's true in all forms of writing, but it's especially true in dialogue. Some characters are meant to be wordy and verbose, but there are characters in every piece of fiction that convey a lot of what they think and feel without saying much at all. That's especially true of Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon), the main character on "NCIS." Through almost 20 seasons now, fans have come to know Gibbs as the strong, silent type. He doesn't say any more than he has to, and he communicates as much as possible using only gestures and head nods. Thanks to Harmon's performance, these gestures succeed in communicating what Gibbs is thinking, but it can make writing for the character especially difficult. Here's what it means when "NCIS" writers need to introduce a "Gibbs Pass" to the script. Writers often take a Gibbs Pass after scripts are complete Because the process of writing for Gibbs can be so challenging, the show's writers will sometimes take a "Gibbs Pass" at a script even after it's been completed. This process allows the writing staff to determine if any of Gibbs' dialogue can be edited down or removed completely. When dialogue is edited out completely, it's often replaced by some sort of nonverbal action. Gibbs is a man who never says more than he needs to, but writers like to write dialogue. The writing staff has to strike a balance between writing what the character needs to say and finding other ways for him to communicate that don't involve speaking at all. "On other shows, the lead actor is always counting his lines," "NCIS" writer Christopher Silbert told TV Guide. "But I remember when I first got to 'NCIS', figuring out how to write that character was so complicated. You would type what you think is very little, and then you'd get your script back and be told, 'He can say that with a look, that with a look, and that with a look.' You get programmed to remember that and always think, 'As few words as possible.' Or no words, if possible. The best version of a scene would be no words at all for him! Or one word."	__label__pos	0.773375
All That Followed Gabriel Urza. Holt, $25 (272p) ISBN 978-1-62779-243-1 Set in the foothills of the Pyrenees, Urza’s debut novel is as subtle and enveloping as the txirimiri, a Basque word for “rain so fine that an umbrella is useless against it.” The village of Muriga, a Basque stronghold dominated by a “looming fortress” that was once the site of a massacre during the Spanish Civil War, is picturesque and sinister in equal measure. It is a town proud of its antifascist past but bedeviled by a strain of separatist extremism that leads several teenagers to murder a local politician. The novel is narrated by three townspeople, each providing a first-person account that cautiously circles the political crime in increasingly tight orbits: Joni, a transplanted American teacher of English, who, despite having lived in Muriga for half a century, is still considered a stranger; Mariana, the widow of the slain politician who is convinced that the ghost of her kidney donor, a young terrorist killed by the police, is haunting her; and Iker, a student of Joni’s and one of the perpetrators of the attack. Deceptions and past tragedies come to light, but most remarkable is how Urza thematically handles the violence lurking in an insular community. Be it a Basque town with its own language and history, a transplanted organ, or a nonnative inhabitant, everything in this tense novel revolves around the notion of an ineradicable foreignness that inexorably leads to bad blood. Agent: Katherine Fausset, Curtis Brown. (Aug.) Reviewed on: 04/20/2015 Release date: 08/04/2015 Genre: Fiction Ebook - 272 pages - 978-1-62779-244-8 Compact Disc - 978-1-5046-5539-2 MP3 CD - 978-1-5046-5538-5 Compact Disc - 978-1-5046-5537-8 Show other formats Discover what to read next	__label__pos	0.777738
The presence of ice is now confirmed at the lunar poles This result comes from data collected by India’s Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which was launched in 2008 This discovery could have precious implications on future space exploration missions. Image credit: NASA A team of scientists, led by Shuai Li of the University of Hawaii and Brown University, Rhode Island, United States and including Richard Elphic from NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley, also in the United States, used data from NASA’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument to identify three specific signatures that definitively prove there is water ice at the surface of the Moon. Most of the newfound water ice lies in the shadows of craters near the poles, where the warmest temperatures never reach above minus 157 degrees Celsius (minus 250 degrees Fahrenheit). Because of the very small tilt of the Moon’s rotation axis, sunlight never reaches these regions. With enough ice sitting at the surface – within the top few millimetres – water would possibly be accessible as a resource for future expeditions to explore and even stay on the Moon, and potentially easier to access than the water detected beneath the Moon’s surface. Tags: , , , , , , ,	__label__pos	0.994703
Correct-Answer to Question #16: Did humans originate in Africa? Q. Did humans originate in Africa? A. No. All humans have genomes selected from a vast pool, and it's misleading to think of any one person's selection as coming from a specific area. Q. But don't genetic analyses of most modern humans show their genomes are mostly shared with those of modern Africans? A. Just the opposite. The majority of modern Africans fall in genome groups rather different to those of most modern Europeans, Asians, and native Americans. Q. So the "Out-Of-Africa" hypothesis is wrong? A. Pretty much. It's unrealistic to imagine that a migration of people out of Africa could lead to populations with quite different skin colours, hair types, and gene sets to the majority of Africans. Q. Where can I find more detail on this?	__label__pos	0.783899
Which Is More Accurate Globe Or Map? What are the problems with using Globes? The problems with globes are as follows: 1- Only 1/2 of the world can be seen at any given moment. 2-Only the spot at the center of the spherical surface area of the earth globe is seen without distortion. 3- One has to rotate the globe or move to be able to observe any desired spot on the earth.. When would you use a globe? A globe is better when you want to see what the world looks like from space because a map is flat and doesn’t look real. A globe is better when you want to see the North Pole and the South Pole in the correct places, because a flat map can’t show them the way they really look from space. Why do we use a globe? A terrestrial globe shows landmasses and water bodies. It might show nations and major cities and the network of latitude and longitude lines. Some have raised relief to show mountains and other large landforms. A celestial globe shows notable stars, and may also show positions of other prominent astronomical objects. Why do maps have distortion? Flattening the Earth Likewise with the Earth—if we want to make a map, we need to distort the Earth’s surface to flatten it. … We have many different map projections because each has different patterns of distortion—there is more than one way to flatten an orange peel. Why is a globe more accurate than a map quizlet? a model of the earth that is spherical. Why is a globe more accurate than a map? Because it is the same shape as the earth. How accurate the globe is? Accuracy, Decoration, Interaction Continents on a world globe are accurately sized and proportional to one another. Their relative size and distance are correct, whereas maps inevitably contain some level of distortion. When it comes to geography, the world globe is superior to maps. What is the most accurate globe? AuthaGraph Globe – The World’s Most Accurate Globe. This AuthaGraph Globe is a paper craft globe kit showing the process making a 2D AuthaGraph world map.The Winner of 2016 GOOD DESIGN GRAND AWARD in Japan! … This AuthaGraph Globe is a papercraft globe kit showing the process making a 2D AuthaGraph world map.More items… When would you want to use a globe as opposed to a map? Maps let you see all the places in the world at the same time. Globes give you a better picture of what our round planet looks like from space. Maps and globes help you see the world in different ways! Name: Date: Directions: For questions 1-4, circle the correct answer. What might cause someone’s mental map to change? What might cause someone’s mental map of a place to change? Mental maps can change according to someone’s experience and perception of people, places, regions, and environments. What are four tools that mapmakers use? They commonly use maps, globes, atlases, aerial photographs, satellite photographs, information graphics, and a computer program called GIS. Read below to learn about different tools. A map is a flat representation of a part of Earth. Geographers use many different types of maps. How a Globe is more accurate than a map? Answer and Explanation: Globes are more accurate than maps for measuring the Earth because globes are a three-dimensional representation of the world, which itself is… Why globe is more important than map? Answer: A globe can be useful when- we want to study the earth as a whole. … Map is the representation or a drawing of the earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface. It gives more information than a globe. What does a map have that a globe doesn t? A globe is a three-dimensional sphere while a map is two-dimensional. The globe represents the whole earth, whereas a map may represent the whole earth or just a part of it. … A globe, being spherical in shape, spins around an axis. However, maps, are a representation on a piece of paper, does not spin. Why is the world map wrong? Locations aren’t the only way our mental maps can be wrong; we also have misconceptions about the relative size of things. This may be due in part to the nature of two-dimensional maps. Flattening a three-dimensional globe onto a flat surface isn’t possible without some distortion. Why is the Globe not to scale? Whenever you glance at a flat world map, you should take what you see with a grain of salt. One in particular, known as the Mercator projection, distorts the actual sizes of landmasses like Alaska and Greenland and makes them appear larger in comparison to Africa or North America than they are. What company makes the best Globes? Top 10 Best Globemakers & Manufacturers#1 Zoffoli Globes.#2 Bellerby & Co.#3 Replogle Globes.#4 MOVA International Globes.#5 Waypoint Geographic Globes.#6 Columbus Globes.#7 Greaves & Thomas.#8 The Clare Hall Company.More items…• Is a globe the most accurate map? View the world in correct proportions with this map. Areas like Greenland, Antarctica, and Africa are all distorted on traditional Mercator maps because it’s difficult, if not impossible, to replicate the globe in two dimensions. … Why is the Globe a more accurate representation of the earth? Earth is best represented by a globe like the one seen in Figure below because Earth is a sphere. Sizes and shapes of features are not distorted and distances are true to scale. A globe is the most accurate way to represent Earth’s curved surface. Globes usually have a geographic coordinate system and a scale.	__label__pos	0.747326
Why we need to understand culture through social institutions Why we need to understand culture through social institutions August 5, 2021 Comments Off on Why we need to understand culture through social institutions By admin We’ve all heard the term “culture”, and it conjures images of a culture-focused social service. It’s a great term, because it evokes a sense of connectedness and community that we can all feel in our daily lives. But it’s also a term that could be interpreted in a wide variety of ways. When it comes to understanding cultural identity, there are so many different ways we can think about it. The word “cultural” can have many meanings, and its meanings can vary. If we’re not careful, this ambiguity can lead us to believe that we’re somehow missing out on cultural experiences, even if we are. That’s why we need cultural institutions. When we start talking about cultural institutions, we’re starting to understand the broader meaning of the term. As it turns out, the term can also have very specific meanings, as we’ll see below. We’ll use the term, “cultural institution”, to refer to any social service that offers an environment for people to share their experiences, experiences that are unique to them and that can’t be found in other social services. We’re going to look at a few of these institutions, and how they can be used to help people create their own cultural identities and experiences. Cultural institutions in the UK As far as we can tell, cultural institutions in Britain aren’t that different from other social service providers in the country. We’ve already discussed how we can use our social media profiles to identify a social service in the U.K., but there’s a bit more to understand when it comes time to build a more comprehensive profile. This is why we’ve chosen to focus on the culture of the culture service in our research. There are some similarities between the two services. Both are based in the same city and both provide services that can be accessed from anywhere in the world. And yet, there’s one key difference. The culture service doesn’t have to be located in the United Kingdom. You can also use it anywhere in Canada, the European Union, and Australia. The biggest difference between the services is the location of the institution. As we mentioned earlier, there is one thing that separates the two cultural services, though: the service itself. In the U 개발 지원 대상	__label__pos	0.945764
“La Gozadera” Song Activity (los países, las nacionalidades, las banderas) la gozadera dancing flagThis activity is so fun! Students learn/practice Latin American country names, flags, and nationality terms while enjoying the upbeat song “La Gozadera.” You may choose to use only one part of this activity in your class, or all of them! 1. Hand out this activity sheet with the lyrics. (Click here for a free PDF). Instruct students to choose a country mentioned in the lyrics and draw the flag for that country. (Click here for an answer key for the handout.) 2.Watch “La Gozadera” music video. As students watch the video, they should be listening out for their country to be mentioned. Each time their country is mentioned, they raise their flag. 3. Students complete the activity sheet by writing the nationality terms next to each country name. 4. Review answers and discuss lyrics and video. 5. Conversation: Students walk around the classroom with their flags to practice the following dialogue: A: “¿De dónde eres?” B: “Soy de (país) .” -o- “Soy (nacionalidad) .” Let me know if you try out this activity in your classroom! I´d love to know how it goes! Also, we did this activity in my classroom to review nationality terms. I already introduced them using the song “Humano” by Lida Pimienta. Click here for my post about that including the lyrics video I made! Logo de WordPress.com Estás comentando usando tu cuenta de WordPress.com. Salir / Cambiar ) Google photo Estás comentando usando tu cuenta de Google. Salir / Cambiar ) Imagen de Twitter Estás comentando usando tu cuenta de Twitter. Salir / Cambiar ) Foto de Facebook Estás comentando usando tu cuenta de Facebook. Salir / Cambiar ) Conectando a %s	__label__pos	0.727939
STOP AND THINK – Ah, but a man’s reach should exceed his grasp, Or what’s a heaven for? (Robert Browning, 19th century English poet) Ambition is sometimes thought of as an unworthy attribute, especially when one seeks to achieve more for his own pride of accomplishment. However, Browning seems to suggest that we should strive to achieve more and more, trying to go beyond what we think we can do. When we succeed, we will likely have a sense of worth and value.	__label__pos	0.793454
Statistics: Probability United flight 15 from New York’s JFK to San Francisco uses a Boeing 757-200 with 182 seats. Because some people with reservations don’t show up, United can overbook by accepting more than 182 reservations. If the flight is not overbooked, the airline will lose revenue due to empty seats, but if too many seats are sold and some passengers are denied seats, the airline loses money from the compensation that must be given to bumped passengers. Assume that there is a 0.0995 probability that a passenger with a reservation will not show up for the flight. Also assume that airline accepts 200 reservations for the 182 seats that are available. Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on Statistics: Probability Just from $13/Page Order Essay 9. Find the probability that when 200 reservations are accepted for United flight 15, there are more passengers than seats available. Show your calculation. 10. Is the probability of overbooking small enough that it does not happen very often (ie, unusual), or is it high enough to consider making changes to lower the probability of overbooking? Justify your answer using a complete sentence and proper grammar. 11. Use trial and error (and your calculator) to find the maximum number of reservations that could be accepted so that the probability of having more passengers than seats is 0.05 or less. Make a table like the one below: Number of reservationsP(more passengers than seats available) Calculate your paper price Pages (550 words) Approximate price: - Why Work with Us Top Quality and Well-Researched Papers Professional and Experienced Academic Writers Free Unlimited Revisions Prompt Delivery and 100% Money-Back-Guarantee Original & Confidential 24/7 Customer Support Try it now! Calculate the price of your order Total price: How it works? Follow these simple steps to get your paper done Place your order Proceed with the payment Choose the payment system that suits you most. Receive the final file Our Services Essay Writing Service Admission Essays & Business Writing Help Editing Support Revision Support	__label__pos	0.977001
Dogs know when people are being deceitful, study suggests There’s no fooling man’s best friend! Dogs ignore suggestions from people who are LYING – suggesting pups can recognise when a person is being deceptive • Experts in Vienna think dogs can understand when someone is being deceitful • They tested pooches with two buckets – one of which concealed a tasty morsel • Dogs could follow their own intuition when given false instructions by humans Unlike children and primates, dogs generally know when people are being deceitful, a new study suggests. Researchers at the University of Vienna performed experiments on a variety of pure breed dogs involving food obscured by buckets. According to the experts, the dogs could follow their own intuition when given misleading instructions by humans about where the food was. In experiments, dogs could retrieve food from one of two opaque buckets after witnessing a misleading suggestion by a human informant (the ‘communicator’) ‘We thought dogs would behave like children under age five and apes, but now we speculate that perhaps dogs can understand when someone is being deceitful,’ study author Ludwig Huber at the University of Vienna told New Scientist ‘Maybe they think, “This person has the same knowledge as me, and is nevertheless giving me the wrong [information]”. ‘It’s possible they could see that as intentionally misleading, which is lying.’ Dogs have more intelligence than they're sometimes given credit for, the new study suggests (stock image of a golden retriever) Dogs have more intelligence than they’re sometimes given credit for, the new study suggests (stock image of a golden retriever) For their study, the researchers used 260 dogs including border collies, terriers, schnauzers, retrievers and other pure breeds. The dogs were presented with two opaque buckets, one of which contained dog food that the dogs could access by knocking off a paper lid with their snout or paw. Puppies adopted by Americans working from home throughout the pandemic are suffering from stress and anxiety as their owners return to work, a study says. A team from Auburn University found these ‘pandemic puppies’ are fearful during encounters with other dogs and humans because they spent so much of their early lives cooped up inside. They were also found to sometimes panic when exposed to an unfamiliar environment, and are struggling to cope with being alone as their owners return to the office. Read more: ‘Pandemic puppies’ experiencing behaviour challenges The dogs were initially trained to trust a person they had never met, called the ‘communicator’, to help them find the food from the correct bucket. The communicator would point to the food-filled bucket, look at the dog and then say ‘Look, this is good, this is very good!’ to nudge the dog towards the food. After establishing this trust between the communicator and the dogs, the researchers added the all-important element of deception into the mix. The dogs witnessed another stranger, known as ‘the hider’, move the dog food from one bucket (bucket A) to another (bucket B). This was done both with and without the communicator in the room – so the communicator was either witness to the crafty switch or they weren’t. In both of these conditions, the communicator would recommend bucket A to the dog, which was now empty. Across the two conditions, more dogs followed their own visual experience of where the food had been hidden rather than the communicator’s suggestion. About two-thirds of dogs ignored communicators who had witnessed the food switch and went on to recommend empty bucket A. According to Huber, dogs did not rely on the communicator anymore, which contrasts with previous studies involving apes and children under five years. In these previous studies, if a communicator had witnessed a switch but recommended an empty bowl of food, young children and non-human primates would follow their misleading advice. Terriers were the only breed in this new study that behaved like human infants and apes tested in previous studies, the experts add. ‘Dogs do not follow human misleading pointing gestures blindly (although sometimes they find them difficult to ignore,’ they conclude. ‘Instead, they can adjust their behaviour flexibly depending on the trustworthiness of the informant and can discriminate between helpful and uncooperative experimenters.’ They are scared of vacuum cleaners and chase their own tails, but it seems dogs may be smarter than you think. Man’s best friend can sense whether a person is lying to them or telling the truth, according to a new study. Dogs remember if a person is trustworthy and decide whether to follow their orders based on their opinion of the human, scientists believe. The latest research, published in Animal Cognition, suggests that canines learn which people they can rely on, especially when it concerns food. It is common knowledge that if a person points at something, a dog will usually follow the instruction and run and sniff out what they are being directed towards. A team at Kyoto University, in Japan, tested this theory on 34 dogs. Firstly, a researcher pointed each of the animals towards a container which had food hidden inside, which they ran over to before eating the treat. In the second test, the same researcher pointed each of the dogs towards an empty container, which they dutifully ran towards. When the scientist tried to direct them towards a third tub, which had food inside, most of the dogs ignored the instruction. However, when a new researcher pointed them towards the container, they keenly did as they were told and found the treat. Akiko Takaoka, who led the study, said this means that dogs can use their experience of the human to judge whether they can be trusted. She told the BBC that she was surprised that the dogs ‘devalued the reliability of a human’ so quickly. ‘Dogs have more sophisticated social intelligence than we thought. This social intelligence evolved selectively in their long life history with humans,’ she added. John Bradshaw, a veterinary scientist who specialises in human-animal interactions at the University of Bristol, said that dogs like their lives to be predictable. He said: ‘Dogs whose owners are inconsistent to them often have behavioural disorders.’ Most Related Links : todayuknews Governmental News Finance Newsnews Source link Back to top button	__label__pos	0.796518
Bluebird Pharmacy Acetyl-L Canitine 500mg Acetyl-L-carnitine plays a key role in maintaining normal brain and nerve function during aging, as many welldesigned human and animal studies have shown consistently. Acetyl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring metabolite of L carnitine, and both are present in the diet, particularly in foods of animal origin. In most tissues of the body, both L-carnitine and acetyl-L carnitine are involved in fatty acid oxidation. They are part of the so-called carnitine shuttle. L-carnitine shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol (the cell fluid) into the mitochondria (the cell’s powerhouses) for oxidation and energy production. The main end products of fatty acid oxidation are energy (in the form of NADH), and acetyl groups. Most of these acetyl groups are further oxidized in the mitochondria’s Krebs cycle, but some are needed in the cytosol for producing other important metabolites. Acetyl-L-carnitine provides a way to carry these acetyl groups through the mitochondrial membranes back out into the cytosol. In brain and other nerve tissues, this acetyl group export by acetyl-L-carnitine out of the mitochondria into the cytosol is important in maintaining normal levels of acetyl groups for the production of acetylcholine and other acetylated neurotransmitters that are so crucial for normal brain and nerve function. The enzyme that makes acetylcholine from acetyl groups and choline is the choline acetyl transferase. The activity of this important enzyme has a tendency to decline with age, causing low acetylcholine levels which in turn are thought to contribute to the impairment of brain function that is associated with aging. You may also like Recently viewed	__label__pos	0.80108
Quick Answer: How To Type Math Symbols In Word? What font is used for math symbols? Use the Windows Character Map to insert mathematical symbols. Switch to a large Unicode font like Arial Unicode MS then scroll down to the appropriate script block. How do you insert a 1/3 symbol in Word? Place the cursor on the document where you would like to insert a fraction. Select ” Insert ” from the menu. But others do not ( 1/3, 2/3, 1/5, etc.). 3. Click Insert > Close. How do you insert all symbols in Word? Step 1: Click Insert Menu > Symbol in symbols group. Step 2: Select More Symbols. Step 3: Select “normal text” from Font drop-down and “Mathematical Operators” from the Subset drop-down. Step 4: Locate the “for all ” symbol (∀) and Double click it to insert it and click cancel/close to close dialogue box. What does R mean in math? In maths, the letter R denotes the set of all real numbers. In other words, real numbers are defined as the points on an infinitely extended line. This line is called the number line or the real line, on which the points of integers are evenly ranged. You might be interested: Question: How To Get Mean Math? What is the best font for math? • Cambria. This serif font is another Microsoft Word staple. • Garamond. • Didot. • Georgia. • Helvetica. • Arial. • Book Antiqua. Who put letter in math? At the end of the 16th century, François Viète introduced the idea of representing known and unknown numbers by letters, nowadays called variables, and the idea of computing with them as if they were numbers—in order to obtain the result by a simple replacement. How do you insert the percentage symbol in Word? On Windows based computers, you can insert % symbol using alt key and numbers 3 and 7 keys from numeric keyboard. On Microsoft Word documents, press 0025 and then alt and x keys to type % sign. How do you make all fractions look the same in Word? Autoformatting Common Fractions in Microsoft Word How do you type to the power of 2 on a keyboard? How do you type special characters on a laptop? 1. Ensure that the Num Lock key has been pressed, to activate the numeric key section of the keyboard. 2. Press the Alt key, and hold it down. 4. Release the Alt key, and the character will appear. You might be interested: Question: What Is A Perfect Square In Math? How do you show special characters in Word? 1. Keyboard, hit Control+Shift+8. 2. Mouse, simply click the Show /Hide button on the Home tab. Written by Leave a Reply	__label__pos	0.973754
Week of August 2 August 2: Mark 6 1) Why was John the Baptizer beheaded (see v. 14-29)? 1. He called out Herod for taking his brother's wife, Herodias 2. Herodias held it against him and wanted to kill him 3. Herod followed through with a foolish promise to Herodias' daughter 4. All of the above 2) After the disciples demonstrated such a lack of faith in God's ability to provide, what might be the significance of the number of baskets full of leftovers they picked up after the miraculous feeding of the 5,000 (see v. 30-44)? August 3: Mark 7-8 1) What did Jesus say that the religious leaders valued above God's commandments (see 7:1-13)? 2) Why did Jesus then rebuke Peter so sternly after he had made the inspired confession that Jesus is the Christ (see 8:27-33)? 1. Peter denied Jesus three times 2. Peter rebuked Jesus for saying He would suffer and be killed 3. Neither of the above August 4: Mark 9 1) What did the voice from heaven command the disciples who witnessed the transfiguration of Jesus (see v. 1-9)? 1. Build three tents or tabernacles 2. Honor Moses and Elijah 3. Listen to Him 4. None of the above 2) When the disciples asked Jesus why they could not deliver the demon possessed boy (see v. 14-27), what did He say they lacked (see v. 28-29)? August 5: Mark 10 1) When asked a potential "gotcha" question by the religious leaders about divorce, what did Jesus communicate was God's original intention for human sexuality and marriage (v. 1-9)? 1. God made us either male or female, so sex is fixed, not fluid 2. God intends for marriage to be only between one man and one woman, so same-sex or polygamous "marriages" are prohibited 3. God intends for marriage to last for life 4. All of the above 2) According to Peter's recollections recorded by Mark, what was Jesus' statement about His mission as the messianic "Son of Man" (see v. 42-45)? August 6: Mark 11-12 1) When Jesus cleared the Temple of merchants and money changers, what Old Testament Scriptures did He quote as a rationale for His actions (see 11:15-18)? 1. "My house shall be called a house of prayer for all the nations" (Isa. 56:7) 2. "But you have made it a "den of robbers" (Jer. 7:11) 3. Both of the above 2) What did Jesus say are the greatest of all the commandments (see 12:28-34)? August 7: Mark 13 1) What did Jesus describe as some of the "birth pains" before the Great Tribulation commences with the appearance of the "abomination of desolation" -- the Anti-Christ (see v. 5-13)? 1. Deception from false teachers 2. Divisions among the nations 3. Disasters in the natural world 4. Discrimination against Christ-followers 5. All of the above 2) Will the Second Coming of Christ be secret and invisible or open and visible (see v. 24-27)? August 8: Discussion Questions 1) What passage uniquely spoke to you this week? 2) What insights did you gain about God? 3) What application might this have to what is happening in the world today? 4) How would God have you apply this truth to your life?	__label__pos	0.70872
Seal Journey rulerA king is the - of a country. BugleI play the - in the band. whoseShe knows - books those are. raccoonThe - sat on the branch. continueIf I - to practice, I will make the team. communityThe people who live in my - are very nice. loosePut a leash on the dog, or he will get -. commuteSome people - to work by train. unitThe nursery is just one - in the hospital. cubeHe put an ice - in his coffee. humorA joke with good - can make you life. stoolThe child stepped on the - to reach the sink. gloomydark or sad arguedisagree or fight improvemake better jaggedrough, uneven and sharp horizonan imaginary line that divides earth and sky squealedcried in fear or surprise nurseryplace set aside for babies maturefully grown assuredmade someone feel sure 4th Grade Mt. Yonah Elementary This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. Learn more about Quia Create your own activities	__label__pos	0.951876
Mrs. Fritch is the four year old lead teacher M-W-F. She has a gentle and loving approach to teaching. Her heart is big when it comes to these little ones. Ms. Fritch understands the importance of social and emotional competence in young children. Her goal is to provide a safe environment for children to learn and explore. Phone Number: (586)731-4490 ext 150 Email: [email protected]	__label__pos	0.852652
Wave front set From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Formally, in Euclidean space, the wave front set of ƒ is defined as the complement of the set of all pairs (x0,v) such that there exists a test function \phi\in C_0^\infty with φ(x0) ≠ 0 and an open cone Γ containing v such that the estimate \|(\phi f)^\wedge(\xi)\| \le C_N(1+\|\xi\|)^{-N}\quad\mbox{for all }\ \xi\in\Gamma {\rm WF}(f) = \{ (x,\xi)\in \mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}^n \mid \xi\in\Sigma_x(f)\} where \Sigma_x(f) is the singular fibre of ƒ at x. The singular fibre is defined to be the complement of all directions \xi such that the Fourier transform of f, localized at x, is sufficiently regular when restricted to an open cone containing \xi. More precisely, a direction v is in the complement of \Sigma_x(f) if there is a compactly supported smooth function φ with φ(x) ≠ 0 and an open cone Γ containing v such that the following estimate holds for each positive integer N: (\phi f)^\wedge(\xi) < c_N(1+\|\xi\|)^{-N}\quad{\rm for all}\ \xi\in\Gamma. On a differentiable manifold M, using local coordinates x,\xi on the cotangent bundle, the wave front set WF(f) of a distribution ƒ can be defined in the following general way: {\rm WF}(f) = \{ (x,\xi)\in T^*(X) \mid \xi\in\Sigma_x(f) \} where the singular fibre \Sigma_x(f) is again the complement of all directions \xi such that the Fourier transform of f, localized at x, is sufficiently regular when restricted to a conical neighbourhood of \xi. The problem of regularity is local, and so it can be checked in the local coordinate system, using the Fourier transform on the x variables. The required regularity estimate transforms well under diffeomorphism, and so the notion of regularity is independent of the choice of local coordinates. More concretely, this can be expressed as \xi\notin\Sigma_x(f) \iff \exists\phi\in\mathcal D_x,\ \exists V\in\mathcal V_\xi: \widehat{\phi f}\|_V\in O(V) (or \xi=o, never in \Sigma_x(f)) Typically, sections of O are characterized by some growth (or decrease) condition at infinity, e.g. such that (1+\|\xi\|)^s v(\xi) belong to some Lp space. This definition makes sense, because the Fourier transform becomes more regular (in terms of growth at infinity) when f is truncated with the smooth cutoff \phi. If we take G = D′ the space of Schwartz distributions and want to characterize distributions which are locally C^\infty functions, we must take for O(Ω) the classical function spaces called OM(Ω) in the literature. See also[edit] • Lars Hörmander, Fourier integral operators I, Acta Math. 127 (1971), pp. 79-183. • Hörmander, Lars (1990), The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Equations I: Distribution Theory and Fourier Analysis, Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften 256 (2nd ed.), Springer, pp. 251–279, ISBN 0-387-52345-6 Chapter VIII, Spectral Analysis of Singularities	__label__pos	0.711301
Why did the BBC's tribute to books ignore genre fiction? Britain's BBC 2 had a whole evening of book-related programming in celebration of World Book Night, including the promisingly titled The Books We Really Read: A Culture Show Special. So why did the featured books not include genre fiction? That's what a host of writers, including genre authors like Michael Moorock and Iain M. Banks, are demanding to know. They signed onto a protest letter, authored by fantasy author Stephen Hunt, who wrote: [More details at SFX]	__label__pos	0.855348
Rate this paper • Currently rating • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 3.67 / 3 Paper Topic: The role of gods in The Ramayana The Role of Gods in Ramayana I . Introduction Discussion that serves as preface for the entire content and discussion of the II . Gods as providers Laid out the proofs wherein the god-characters in the story Ramayana acted as providers for the human beings , particularly blessing King Dasaratha with a gift from the gods III . Gods and their role in political intervention This part discusses the role of the gods in the story as central characters that exercised political intervention in the realm of the human beings IV . Gods as the guide towards truth , light and what is right This part discusses the role of the gods as the guide of the human beings towards finding the right path towards righteousness and salvation V . Gods as central characters This part of the is focused in the significance of having the central human characters as the incarnation of gods themselves therefore improving the role of the gods in the story even more VI . Conclusion VI . References The important and significant major religions of the modern times are always with epic stories that narrate the adventures of lead heroes and heroines and how they are blessed by the gods , and sometimes how gods in some occassion directly interfere through incarnation or by revealing themselves to a person or to a group of individuals . These stories are always with moral lessons . The role of the gods in the story is always essential because the stability of the faith of the people who believe in religion as much as it venerated these texts rely on the presence of a god to help make their faith work . Ramayana , a Hindu epic tale , tells of the story of a young man destined to become king who battles demons to save the woman he loves and restore the in his kingdom upon his return . While at the onset of the story it may seem that the story is hinged largely on the efforts of the mortal character , a deeper and further reading of Ramayana will reveal to the reader the extent of the role of the gods in this particular literary piece and the significance of the roles that the gods played here God as providers One of the roles of the gods in the story Ramayana is the role of the provider . Like the role of the other different gods , either found in the literary or as central personalities in real-life religion , the king Dasaratha raised to the gods his concern about the need to produce offspring so that his lineage will continue and someone from his bloodline will inherit the throne . The gods ' action of granting the wish of King Dasaratha by providing the king with a bowl of nectar which the queens consumed and resulted to their pregnancy and the birth of four heirs to the throne showed the role of the gods as the provider for the human beings , particularly the provider of a future...	__label__pos	0.799075
The 'Ban'-ned Quiz Random Language or letter Quiz Can you name the words that begin with the letters 'ban-' by the hint given? Quiz not verified by Sporcle How to Play Score 0/20 Timer 05:00 Cloth used for headgear or neck wear A copycat jumps on the ___ Country formerly known as East Pakistan Exiled; Shakespeare's Romeo was ___ after slaying Tybalt A handrail on a staircase Frito Chips bandit mascot Small, market town and school in the UK Brand that protects cuts and scrapes A large fig tree mainly found in Southern Asia Where money or soil is deposited Surname of the Hulk Stringed instrument traditionally used in bluegrass The capital and largest city of Thailand The main villain in the newest Batman film Ceremony or celebration A small feisty creature, usually a chicken Possessing rings around the body; procedes water snake or honeyeater Common recipes with this food include ___ split and ___ bread Meaning 'ten thousand years' in Japanese; a charging attack India's fifth most populated city Friend Scores Player Best Score Plays Last Played You You haven't played this game yet. You Might Also Like... Created Jul 29, 2012ReportNominate Tags:letter, ban, banned, Starts With, three	__label__pos	0.723113
Is Mars dead, or is it only sleeping? Oct 17, 2007 Is Mars dead, or is it only sleeping? The surface of Mars is completely hostile to life as we know it. Martian deserts are blasted by radiation from the sun and space. The air is so thin, cold, and dry, if liquid water were present on the surface, it would freeze and boil at the same time. But there is evidence, like vast, dried up riverbeds, that Mars once was a warm and wet world that could have supported life. Are the best times over, at least for life, on Mars? New research raises the possibility that Mars could awaken from within -- three large Martian volcanoes may only be dormant, not extinct. Volcanic eruptions release lots of greenhouse gasses, like carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere. If the eruptions are not complete, and future eruptions are large enough, they could warm the Martian climate from its present extremely cold and dry state. NASA-funded researchers traced the flow of molten rock (magma) beneath the three large Martian volcanoes by comparing their surface features to those found on Hawaiian volcanoes. "On Earth, the Hawaiian islands were built from volcanoes that erupted as the Earth's crust slid over a hot spot -- a plume of rising magma," said Dr. Jacob Bleacher of Arizona State University and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "Our research raises the possibility that the opposite happens on Mars - a plume might move beneath stationary crust." The observations could also indicate that the three Martian volcanoes might not be extinct. Bleacher is lead author of a paper on these results that appeared in the Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets, September 19. The three volcanoes are in the Tharsis region of Mars. They are huge compared to terrestrial volcanoes, with each about 300 kilometers (186 miles) across. They form a chain heading northeast called the Tharsis Montes, from Arsia Mons just south of the Martian equator, to Pavonis Mons at the equator, to Ascraeus Mons slightly more then ten degrees north of the equator. No volcanic activity has been observed at the Tharsis Montes, but the scarcity of large impact craters in the region indicates that they erupted relatively recently in Martian history. Features in lava flows around the Tharsis Montes reveal that later eruptions from large cracks, or rift zones, on the sides of these volcanoes might have started at Arsia Mons and moved northeast up the chain, according to the new research. The researchers first studied lava flow features that are related to the eruptive history of Hawaiian volcanoes. On Hawaii (the Big Island), the youngest volcanoes are on the southeastern end, directly over the hot spot. As the Pacific crustal plate slowly moves to the northwest, the volcanoes are carried away from the hotspot. Over time, the movement has created a chain of islands made from extinct volcanoes. Volcanoes over the hot spot have the hottest lava. Its high temperature allows it to flow freely. A steady supply of magma from the hot spot means the eruptions last longer. Lengthy eruptions form lava tubes as the surface of the lava flow cools and crusts over, while lava continues to flow beneath. After the eruption, the tube empties and the surface collapses, revealing the hidden tube. As the volcano is carried away from the hot spot, magma has to travel farther to reach it, and the magma cools. Cooler magma makes the lava flow more slowly compared to lava at the younger volcanoes, like the way molasses flows more slowly than water. The supply of magma is not as steady, and the eruptions are shorter. Brief eruptions of slowly flowing lava form channels instead of tubes. Flows with channels partially or completely cover the earlier flows with tubes. As the volcano moves even further from the hot spot, only isolated pockets of rising magma remain. As the magma cools, it releases trapped gas. This creates short, explosive eruptions of cinders (gas bubbles out of the lava, forming sponge-like cinder stones). Earlier flows become covered with piles of cinders, called cinder cones, which form around these eruptions. "We thought we could take what we learned about lava flow features on Hawaiian volcanoes and apply it to Martian volcanoes to reveal their history," said Bleacher. "The problem was that until recently, there were no photos with sufficient detail over large surface areas to reveal these features on Martian volcanoes. We finally have pictures with enough detail from the latest missions to Mars, including NASA's Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor, and the European Space Agency's Mars Express missions." Using images and data from these missions, the team discovered that the main flanks of the Tharsis Montes volcanoes were all alike, with lava channels covering the few visible lava tubes. However, each volcano experienced a later eruption that behaved differently. Lava issued from cracks (rifts) on the sides of the volcanoes, forming large lava aprons, called rift aprons by the team. The new observations show that the rift apron on the northernmost volcano, Ascraeus Mons, has the most tubes, many of which are not buried by lava channels. Since tube flows are the first to form over a hot spot, this indicates that Ascraeus was likely active more recently. The flow on the southernmost volcano, Arsia Mons, has the least tubes, indicating that its rift aprons are older. Also, the team saw more channel flows partially burying tube flows at Arsia. These trends across the volcanic chain indicate that the rift aprons might have shared a common source like the Hawaiian volcanoes, and that apron eruptions started at Arsia, then moved northward, burying the earlier tube flows at Arsia with channel flows. Since there is no evidence for widespread crustal plate movement on Mars, one explanation is that the magma plume could have moved beneath the Tharsis Montes volcanoes, according to the team. This is opposite to the situation at Hawaii, where volcanoes move over a plume that is either stationary or moving much more slowly. Another scenario that could explain the features is a stationary plume that spreads out as it nears the surface, like smoke hitting a ceiling. The plume could have remained under Arsia and spread northward toward Ascraeus. "Our evidence doesn't favor either scenario, but one way to explain the trends we see is for a plume to move under the stationary Martian crust," said Bleacher. The team also did not see any cinder cone features on any of the Tharsis Montes rift apron flows. Since cinder cone eruptions are the final stage of hot spot volcanoes, the rift apron eruptions might only be dormant, not extinct, according to the team. If the eruptions are not complete, and future eruptions are large enough, they could contribute significant amounts of water and carbon dioxide to the Martian atmosphere. Source: by Bill Steigerwald, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Explore further: NASA sees massive Marie close enough to affect southern California coast add to favorites email to friend print save as pdf Related Stories A hellacious two weeks on Jupiter's moon Io Aug 04, 2014 Jeju Island is a live volcano, study reveals Jul 22, 2014 Recommended for you User comments : 5 Adjust slider to filter visible comments by rank Display comments: newest first 4 / 5 (2) Oct 17, 2007 Fascinating to think about. The common thought is that Mars may once have been inhabited by living organisms. It is quite interesting to speculate that it may once again be capable of producing an enviromnent suitable for life to exist. 2.3 / 5 (3) Oct 17, 2007 Regarding past viability of life on Mars, and the prospects for conditions suitable for life in the future, check out the many articles on Mars at: www.thunderbolts....e.htm /> For a different view. 3 / 5 (2) Oct 17, 2007 Mars is ready for the taking as soon as we're ready. It's trivial, really. Problem is we have to stop our childish squabbles here on earth first. 2.5 / 5 (2) Oct 18, 2007 This article claims mars could be warmed by co2 released through volcanic activity, but does not qualify this claim. ON earth, volcanoes also release a lot of co2, but the net effect is a cooling, not a warming. little ice age anyone? 4 / 5 (1) Oct 18, 2007 Well, I suppose you have to start somewhere by first establishing a viable atmosphere, then worry about ideal temperatures. After all, many extremophiles (very resistant and resiliant forms of life) thrive in the extreme temperature, and pressure range. The important point is that the creation of a viable atmosphere on Mars may be possible, if their speculations about the ability of these volcanos to release said gases is correct.	__label__pos	0.918665
Yeasted pastry Yeasted pastries are light flaky pastries that are crisp on the outside, but soft and tender on the inside. The dough, which has yeast added, is layered with fat, so this pastry is a cross between bread and pastry. Examples of yeasted pastries include croissants and Danish pastries. Croissants are made in a horseshoe shape, and are traditionally eaten warm filled with butter and jam for breakfast. However, in New Zealand we eat them any time of the day with all sorts of fillings. Danish pastries are found in all sorts of shapes, such as swirls and figures of eight. They are always sweet and can have a filling, such as custard, and icing on top, making a delicious snack or dessert. Yeasted pastries Yeasted pastries are a delicious product that originated in Europe, where they are traditionally eaten in the morning freshly baked and still warm. They are a cross between bread and puff pastry and so they should be crisp on the outside, like puff pastry, and soft and tender inside, like bread, and should melt in your mouth, leaving no aftertaste. Two types of yeasted pastries are commonly eaten in New Zealand: Danish pastries and croissants. Croissants are thought to have originated in Austria. In 1683 when the Turks were secretly digging tunnels under Vienna to make a surprise attack on the city they were heard by the bakers working early in the morning. The bakers who raised the alarm and saving Vienna from being defeated by the Turks, then baked a special commemorative roll in the shape of the crescent on the Turkish flag. Marie Antoinette, a French princess, introduced the roll to France where it became known as the croissant, the French word for crescent. Over the years the croissant developed into the product we know today. Because croissants are time-consuming and expensive to produce by hand, they were not widely eaten. Recently new technologies have been developed that allow less expensive, efficient, mass production of this delicious cereal product. Croissants are made from a sweet yeasted paste (unbaked pastry) layered with fat. Nowadays they are eaten at any time of the day and can be filled with all sorts of delicious savoury or sweet fillings. They may also be pre-filled with delicious fillings such as chocolate, fruit or almond paste. Danish pastries Little is known about the history of Danish pastries. They are popular throughout Europe and the USA. In different countries they have different names: the Danish call them Wienerbrod (Vienna bread, after the Austrian capital) and the Austrians call them Kopenhagener (Copenhagen, after the Danish capital). They were introduced to America by bakers from Denmark. Like croissants, Danish pastries are made from yeast-leavened sweet doughs layered with butter or margarine. They are not kneaded for as long as croissants so they will have a softer mouthfeel and will be more tender. They can have all sorts of fillings and/or toppings, such as nuts and fruits Making yeasted pastries Figure 1: Steps in the production of danish pastries Yeasted pastries are a cross between puff pastry and bread so a combination of techniques used for both bread and pastry making are involved in their production. To make high quality yeasted pastries it is important to understand the effects of ingredients on the quality of the final products. Information about the functions of ingredients can be found in the bread and puff pastry information sheets. First, a dough is made with yeast in the same way as bread dough is prepared. This contains flour suitable for breadmaking, some sugar, dough fat, salt, yeast and cold liquid, which is usually water or milk. Some recipes include eggs, giving the baked pastry a beautiful golden colour. The flour needs to have a fairly high protein content. When the ingredients are mixed into a dough the protein changes to gluten. The gluten is strong and elastic, producing layers that hold up the pastry after it is baked. After the dough has been kneaded it is covered and left in a cool place to relax. This helps prevent distortion and shrinking in the final product. After relaxing, the dough must cool for the lamination stage. Lamination is a way of adding the 'roll-in' fat to the dough to produce a paste (unbaked pastry). This paste is made up of many very thin layers of dough and fat, which are made by rolling and re-rolling the dough in a similar way to making puff paste. The tastiest fat is butter and it leaves no aftertaste. The butter must be cool, but pliable. If it is too soft it soaks into the dough and layers will not form. One way to add the roll in fat is to use the English method. The dough is then given four half turns. This is done by placing the paste on the bench so that the unfolded sides of the dough are parallel to the edge of the bench. The paste is then carefully rolled away from the edge of the bench into another rectangle and then folded into three, as in figure 2b. It is then covered and placed in a fridge for 10-15 minutes. Repeat this twice more. Finally the dough is rolled out ready for cutting. The lamination process in yeasted pastries Figure 2a: Adding the roll-in fat Figure 2b: Making a half-turn croissant make-up Croissants are made by rolling out the paste into a square about 3.5mm thick. This is cut into triangles that are rolled up, bent into the traditional crescent, put on a baking sheet and left to rise until they have doubled in size. This takes about 40 minutes at 32°C. Before being baked, croissants are brushed with a beaten egg so the baked croissant looks golden. During baking the dough rises a little more, as bread does during breadmaking. This is called ovenspring. The moisture in the dough puffs up the pastry when it converts to steam. The steam is trapped between the layers of fat, turning the fat and dough laminations into flaky layers so the croissant looks like a cross between bread and puff pastry. Danish pastry make-up To make Danish pastries the paste is rolled out to about 4mm thick, cut and folded into various shapes - from 'snails' and 'elephant ears' to 'swirls' and 'knots'. All sorts of fillings can be added; popular ones include almond paste, fruit, nuts or custard. Like croissants, danish pastries are then put on a baking tray and left to rise until about double in size. Toppings such as chopped nuts may be added and a beaten egg may be brushed on the surface just before baking. Danish pastries rise up and form flaky layers like croissants. After baking, the pastries are usually glazed to make them look attractive and to add flavour. Usually the glaze is diluted apricot jam, which is brushed on while the pastry is still hot. When cool the pastries may also be iced. Lemon icing is a delicious and popular icing.	__label__pos	0.712327
DAWN - Bild des Tages - November 2011 07.11.2011 - Topography of Vesta’s equatorial region I PASADENA, Calif. -- These Dawn FC (framing camera) images show part of Vesta’s equatorial region, which contains a prominent, deep impact crater (lower center of image) and large troughs (linear depressions). The left image is an albedo image, which is taken directly through the clear filter of the FC. Such an image shows the albedo (eg. brightness/ darkness) of the surface. The right image uses the same albedo image as its base but then a color-coded height representation of the topography is overlain onto it. The topography is calculated from a set of images that were observed from different viewing directions, called stereo images. The various colors correspond to the height of the area that they color. For example, the white areas in the bottom corners of the image are the highest areas and the blue areas along the top of the image are the lowest. The prominent impact crater is set into a topographically high area defined by the red and white color-coding. Above this area there are a number of deep troughs represented by green and blue color-coding. A conspicuous trough on the left, which looks like it could be quite deep in the albedo image, is shown by the color-coding in the topography image to be only a little shallower than the area surrounding it. DAWN-0092 07.11.2011 zum Bild DAWN-0092 07.11.2011 URL for this article	__label__pos	0.968121
Phillip Gavriel Collection Phillip Gavriel, based in New York City, brings to you a contemporary collection of jewellery influenced by ancient traditions of craftmanship. Developed in Italy, in the heart of the Mediterranean, these wearable pieces of art are crafted in solid 18 Carat gold and .925 sterling silver, epitomising the fusion between the modern and ancient worlds. Phillip Gavriel descends from a family of jewellery artisans. He draws upon his global travels as muse for his designs. Most significant to him were the months he spent studying art and history in Florence - the centre of the Italian Renaissance. Melding his heritage, studies, and unique interest in the jewellery craft, Phillip began developing his line with help from many renowned Italian designers in nearby towns like Arezzo and Vicenza.	__label__pos	0.861335
Festivals Teacher Resources Find Festivals educational ideas and activities Showing 101 - 120 of 2,174 resources Students consider the various ways that maps help people in everyday life by analyzing and discussing maps on National Geographic's MapMachine website. They write paragraphs explaining how maps are helpful in planning a fictitious international festival. Students examine what their diets would be like without the inclusion of staple crops such as corn, wheat and sugar, and discover the value that chocolate had for the Mayan people. They create display boards for a food festival. Students examine the importance of celebrations in life. In this celebrations activity, students determine what type of celebrations people participate in especially those that focus on corn. They read about different celebrations including Native American harvest festivities and Kwanzaa. They graph the information they collect. Sixth graders research Ancient Greek culture by acting in a play for the festival of Dionysus. In this Greek culture lesson, 6th graders study an ancient Greek map and the Sarcophagus Dionysus from the Walters Art Museum website. Students perform a shape movement using Greek deity symbols and study a Greek theater fact sheet. Students learn the Greek Gerenos Dance and act out a performance for the festival of Dionysus. Fifth graders explore cultural rituals. In this cultural rituals lesson, 5th graders discover different cultures way of celebrating rice. Students gain information about festivals in the US, Indonesia, Thailand, and Japan. Students create calendars listing the dates of different rice festivals around the world. Students identify foods that they associate with different cultural groups in which they are members and speculate possible connections between specific foods and the cultures in which they are popular. They also explore the importance of the omul in the Siberian culture by reading and discussing "Fish With an Indelicate Smell." Finally they create informational handouts based on research of selected "cultural" food and participate in a class-wide Cultural Food Festival. Students examine, critique and study a newspaper article on a famous ice festival in China that is being affected by rising global temperatures. They complete three worksheets on the article that deals with comprehension questions, a vocabulary matching task and one on a grammar/language focus. Sixth graders explore technology by researching World History. In this Middle Age weaponry lesson plan, 6th graders discuss the battles of 14th century England and how men and women defended themselves with bows, arrows and other weapons. Students participate in a class Medieval festival and must create or demonstrate different activities performed in the era. Young scholars use the Internet to research the festival of Janmashtami. As a class, they discover the importance of Krishna in the Hindu religion and read poems commemorating her on the Internet. To end the lesson, they use colored pencils to draw the different forms Vishnu can take. Tenth graders investigate the historical and cultural ties that influence the ethnic character of communities and the local economics throughout the state of Nebraska. They collect data on cities and towns that hold ethnic festivals and examine the historical roots of the festivals and the impact on the local economy and present their findings to the class. Students recognize that people in South American cultures celebrate many festivals. They conduct, contribute to, and write up a cross-cultural survey of festivals celebrated by people in the class, the school, or the larger community. Students discover festivals and traditions of South Africa. Students discuss the meaning of Diwali and why it is celebrated. They devise an assembly about the religious festival of lights. Students explain why Hindus, Jans and Sikus celebrate Diwai. In this listening and speaking worksheet, students will engage in a short discussion about live music and King Arthur. Then students will listen to a short history of Glastonbury, England and fill in the text gaps with words in a word bank. Next, students will complete 25 short answer questions about their listening activity. Finally, students will participate in a discussion about a music festival. Students research the traditions of harvest celebrations and festivities. They choose one country and explore what fruits and vegetables grow there. Afterward, students paint coffee filters in fall leaf colors and then design paintings of harvest fruits and vegetables grown in that country. Using their coffee filters and painted fruits, students create a festive wreath. Students discuss their experiences at festivals and carnivals. They practice using new vocabulary words and match them with their definitions. They read an article about a carnival in London and answer questions. Fifth graders view skeleton images used in the Dia de los Muertos festival and hear the Mexican tale "Sister Death and the Healer." They identify the view of death held by the Mexican people. Students study phenology, or the study of climate change. They research the Japanese springtime festival of Hanami and plot and interpret average cherry blossom bloom date data from the past 1100 years. Students explore new sports and activities which lead them to a healthy lifestyle. Fifth graders describe the characteristics of a piece of "papel picado", or Mexican cut paper, which is seen in the Dia de los Muertos festival. They predict what medium was used in the papel picado art. They explain how the scene in the papel picado made them feel. Young scholars explore various Italian websites on the city of Marostica. They complete a worksheet, list the cultural events they would like to see, create a poster of an imagined cultural festivity in Italy, or write a radio announcement. Browse by Subject	__label__pos	0.9995
Gas Flow Conversions. Equations and Calculator Mass flow, flow at standard (base, normal) conditions, and flow at actual (flowing) conditions Register to enable "Calculate" button. Gas flow conversions calculation is mobile-device-friendly as of July 19, 2014 © 2014 LMNO Engineering, Make selections: Research, and Software, Ltd. Specific Gravity, S: Molecular Weight, M: gram/mole Compressibility Factor, Z: Standard Temperature, Ts Standard Pressure (abs), Ps Actual Temperature, Ta Actual Pressure (abs), Pa Standard Flow, Qs Actual Flow, Qa Mass Flow, W: Actual Density, ρa Standard Density, ρs lb/ft3 Units: abs=absolute, acfd=actual cfd, acfh=actual cfh, acfm=actual cfm, cfd=cubic foot per day, cfh=cubic foot per hour, cfm=cubic foot per minute, cfs=cubic foot per second, cm=centimeter, g=gram, hr=hour, kg=kilogram, km=kilometer, kPa=kiloPascal, lb=pound, m=meter, mbar=millibar, mm=millimeter, Mcfh=thousand cfh, MMcfd=million cfd, N/m2=Newton per square meter (same as Pascal), psi=pound per square inch, psia=psi (absolute), psig=psi (gage), s=second, scfd=std cfd, scfh=std cfh, scfm=std cfm, std=standard conditions. In the gas flow discipline, flowrates are often expressed as "flow at standard conditions". Standard conditions are synonymous with the term "base conditions" or "normal conditions". The calculation on this page converts between mass flow (W), flow at standard conditions (Qs), and flow at actual (flowing) conditions (Qa). The equations use SI units, but our calculation allows a variety of units with all of the unit conversions handled internally by the program. Flow, Density, Specific gravity Standard (Base) Conditions For the natural gas industry in North America and OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), standard conditions are typically Ps=14.73 psia and Ts=60oF. IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) uses Ts=0oC and Ps=1 bar. Some gas flows related to environmental engineering are based on standard conditions of Ts=15oC or 20oC and Ps=101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere). Standard conditions vary from industry to industry and have varied over the years within the same field, so it is important to know the standard temperature and pressure that a stated "standard flow" is based upon. Wikipedia (2006) has a good discussion of standard conditions. Notes about some confusions in the gas industry: In English units, the abbrevation "M" means thousand and "MM" means million. In metric units, "M" means mega which means million. You may see the notation "Nm3/s" which is a metric (SI) unit for "Normal m3/s". Normal is the same as standard or base, which can be confused with Newton (unit of force) since both have the same abbreviation. We don't use the unit "Nm3/s" on this page; instead, we call it "std m3/s". The units refer to the units that must be used in the equations shown above. However, a variety of units may be used in our calculation. M = Molecular weight of the actual (flowing) gas (kg/mol). For example, methane (CH4) has a molecular weight of 0.016042 kg/mol. Compute molecular weight using our calculator. Mair = Molecular weight of standard air = 0.02896443 kg/mol (CRC, 1983). Pa = Absolute pressure at actual (flowing) conditions (N/m2 absolute). Ps = Absolute pressure at standard (base) conditions (N/m2 absolute). Qa = Flowrate at actual (flowing) conditions (m3/s). Qs = Flowrate at standard (base) conditions (m3/s). Ru = Universal gas constant = 8.3144126 N-m/mol-K (CRC, 1983, p. F-192). S = Specific gravity of flowing gas (note that Sair=1). For example CH4 has S=MCH4/Mair= 0.016042 / 0.2896443 = 0.554 Ta = Absolute temperature at actual (flowing) conditions (K). Ts = Absolute temperature at standard (base) conditions (K). W = Mass flowate (kg/s). Z = Gas compressibility factor which represents the gas's deviation from ideal gas behavior. Typically 1.0 at standard conditions. Typically decreases as pressure increases then increases at high pressure. Can be as low as 0.4 or so and up to 2 or so. Exact computation depends on make-up of the gas, gas critical pressure and temperature, and actual temperature and pressure. Additional information and calculators can be found at Univ. Florida (2006) and Process (2003). ρa = Greek letter rho. Density at actual (flowing) conditions, kg/m3. ρs = Greek letter rho. Density at standard (base) conditions, kg/m3. Error Messages given by calculation The following are error messages shown if input values are improper: "Need Z > 0", "Need Pa , Ps > 0", "Need Ta , Ts > 0.0 K", "Need S > 0", "Need M > 0", "Need Qa > 0", "Need Qs > 0", "Need W > 0". Process Associates of America (2003). Gas compressibility factor (calculator uses Redlich Kwong equation). University of Florida. 2006 (retrieved). Real gases: Deviation from ideal behavior. Wikipedia. 2006. Standard conditions for temperature and pressure. © 2006-2014 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. All rights reserved. LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. LMNO Engineering home page (more calculations) Molecular weight Weymouth, Panhandle A, Panhandle B flowrate, pressure Choked gas flow Darcy-Weisbach incompressible flow Unit Conversions Other information: Trouble printing? Discussion and References	__label__pos	0.851189
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article Jump to: navigation, search For the Spanish municipality, see Xert. Chert (/ˈɜrt/) is a fine-grained silica-rich microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or microfibrous sedimentary rock that may contain small fossils. It varies greatly in color (from white to black), but most often manifests as gray, brown, grayish brown and light green to rusty red; its color is an expression of trace elements present in the rock, and both red and green are most often related to traces of iron (in its oxidized and reduced forms respectively). A chert nodule from the Onondaga limestone layer, Buffalo, New York. (3.8 cm wide) Chert occurs as oval to irregular nodules in greensand, limestone, chalk, and dolostone formations as a replacement mineral, where it is formed as a result of some type of diagenesis. Where it occurs in chalk or marl, it is usually called flint. It also occurs in thin beds, when it is a primary deposit (such as with many jaspers and radiolarites). Thick beds of chert occur in deep geosynclinal deposits. These thickly bedded cherts include the novaculite of the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and similar occurrences in Texas in the United States. The banded iron formations of Precambrian age are composed of alternating layers of chert and iron oxides. Chert also occurs in diatomaceous deposits and is known as diatomaceous chert. Diatomaceous chert consists of beds and lenses of diatomite which were converted during diagenesis into dense, hard chert. Beds of marine diatomaceous chert comprising strata several hundred meters thick have been reported from sedimentary sequences such as the Miocene Monterey Formation of California and occur in rocks as old as the Cretaceous.[1] In petrology the term "chert" is used to refer generally to all rocks composed primarily of microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline and microfibrous quartz. The term does not include quartzite. Chalcedony is a microfibrous (microcrystaline with a fibrous structure) variety of quartz. Strictly speaking, the term "flint" is reserved for varieties of chert which occur in chalk and marly limestone formations.[2][3] Among non-geologists, the distinction between "flint" and "chert" is often one of quality - chert being lower quality than flint. This usage of the terminology is prevalent in America and is likely caused by early immigrants who imported the terms from England where most true flint (that found in chalk formations) was indeed of better quality than "common chert" (from limestone formations). Among petrologists, chalcedony is sometimes considered separately from chert due to its fibrous structure. Since many cherts contain both microcrystaline and microfibrous quartz, it is sometimes difficult to classify a rock as completely chalcedony, thus its general inclusion as a variety of chert. Precambrian fossils[edit] Precambrian Banded Iron Formation specimen from Upper Michigan showing red chert layers. For example: Prehistoric and historic uses[edit] In some areas, chert is ubiquitous as stream gravel and fieldstone and is currently used as construction material and road surfacing. Part of chert's popularity in road surfacing or driveway construction is that rain tends to firm and compact chert while other fill often gets muddy when wet. Chert has been used in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century headstones or grave markers in Tennessee and other regions. There are numerous varieties of chert, classified based on their visible, microscopic and physical characteristics.[10][11] Some of the more common varieties are: See also[edit] 1. ^ *Sam Boggs, Jr., "Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy", Prentice Hall, 2006, 4th Ed., ISBN 0-13-154728-3 4. ^ The Earliest Life: Annotated listing 5. ^ Fig Tree Formation of South Africa 6. ^ Gunflint chert 7. ^ Biogenicity of Microfossils in the Apex Chert 8. ^ Cyanobacertial fossils of the Bitter Springs Chert, UMCP Berkeley 11. ^ R.S. Mitchell, "Dictionary of Rocks", 1985. ISBN 0-442-26328-7 External links[edit]	__label__pos	0.802591
What About Food? What About Food? What About Food? By Ellen Coleman Whatever Happened to FOOD? Nutrition research generally focuses on the effect of individual nutrients or food components on health and disease. To understand mechanisms, it?s necessary to use single nutrients or dietary constituents so that complex interactions don?t make the interpretation of experimental results impossible. However, foods contain a large number of biologically active ingredients and athletes eat foods, not nutrients or dietary components. Trying to understand the full impact of diet on health when considering only isolated food components is comparable to missing the forest for the trees. The influence of diet on health occurs not only from the subtle effects of numerous individual food components, but from whole foods and the associated interactions that occur among these components. Mark Messina PhD and colleagues refer to this concept as ?food synergy? and recommend emphasizing dietary patterns, rather than individual foods or nutrients (see Messina and colleagues, 2001). There are three basic principles athletes can follow to obtain a healthy diet (see ADA, 2002). Moderation refers to eating a wide selection of foods within and among the five major food groups daily. No one major food group is more or less important than any other food group. Moderation should also include appropriate portion size. Balance refers to eating relatively more servings from the larger food groups at the bottom of the Food Guide Pyramid and fewer servings from the smaller food groups at the top of the pyramid. Dietary adequacy can be obtained by including a variety of nutrient-dense foods such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Nutrients in food are also often ?packaged? more effectively than they are in supplements. Milk contains both calcium and lactose and lactose increases the absorption of calcium. Most calcium supplements do not contain lactose. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial illustrated the importance of food synergy and the complex relationship between diet and disease. The DASH trial established that: 1) a dietary pattern rich in fruits and vegetables reduced blood pressure; 2) a dietary pattern also rich in low-fat dairy products and reduced in fat further lowered blood pressure; and 3) a reduced sodium intake produced even greater reductions in blood pressure (see Appel et al, 1997; Sacks et al, 2001). Miles of smiles, Ellen Coleman, RD, MA, MPH	__label__pos	0.945631
Take the 2-minute tour × I would like to know the most efficient way of storing days of the week in a mysql database. I have a list of events that occur every week and want to return them in a list format as a schedule on the matching day. I'm not sure which is the best way to go about this as it's not a specific date just rather a day? share\|improve this question 4 Answers 4 up vote 2 down vote accepted For your particular scenario I would go with ENUM type, it is both readable and efficient. -- other fields The nice thing about ENUMs is that you can write queries that are easy to read (e.g., WHERE EVENT_DAY = 'FRIDAY') without giving up on performance, since internally MySQL stores data efficiently using a numeric representation. Just to play the Devil's Advocate, Chris Komlenic wrote a very interesting post recommending Reference Tables instead of enums. Anyway, I think that your problem fits his article "Criteria for when it might be okay to use enum". And a reference table to model days of the week sounds a little bit overkill (I would go with TINYINT as a second option). share\|improve this answer You can store the weekdays and their standard ODBC index numbers in a table. (Use the INNODB engine throughout.) create table weekdays ( weekday_num integer primary key, day_of_week char(3) not null, unique (day_of_week) -- Values correspond to return values from the dayofweek() function. insert into weekdays values (1, 'Sun'); insert into weekdays values (2, 'Mon'); insert into weekdays values (3, 'Tue'); insert into weekdays values (4, 'Wed'); insert into weekdays values (5, 'Thu'); insert into weekdays values (6, 'Fri'); insert into weekdays values (7, 'Sat'); If application programs need to present these days and their indexes in a list, they can just query the database for the right values. (Or generate code by querying the database during make <your_program_name>.) Then create a table of recurring events. create table recurring_events ( event_name varchar(20) primary key, day_of_week char(3) not null, foreign key (day_of_week) references weekdays (day_of_week) insert into recurring_events values ('Trash pickup', 'Mon'), ('Bookmobile', 'Mon'), ('Grocery store', 'Wed'), ('Tutoring', 'Fri'); Using a join means the dbms should be able to avoid evaluating dayofweek() for every row in your table. select e.* from recurring_events e inner join weekdays w on e.day_of_week = w.day_of_week and dayofweek(current_date) = w.weekday_num; share\|improve this answer Another option can be to use the ENUM field to store days of week in either integer or string form. Depends on your particular implementation. share\|improve this answer Store it as a normal datetime, and use the function DAYOFWEEK() to determine which day of the week it is. For example, let's say you want to run a query that will return all rows that are supposed to occur on Monday: SELECT event FROM scheduled_events WHERE DAYOFWEEK(event_datetime) = 2; share\|improve this answer Your Answer	__label__pos	0.727073
Fractions of a Cycle Help By — McGraw-Hill Professional Updated on Sep 6, 2011 Scientists and engineers break the ac cycle down into small parts for analysis and reference. One complete cycle can be likened to a single revolution around a circle. Sine Waves As Circular Motion Suppose that you swing a glowing ball around and around at the end of a string at a rate of one revolution per second. The ball thus describes a circle in space (Fig. 13-6a). Imagine that you swing the ball around so that it is always at the same level; it takes a path that lies in a horizontal plane. Imagine that you do this in a pitch-dark gymnasium. If a friend stands some distance away with his or her eyes in the plane of the ball’s path, what does your friend see? Only the glowing ball, oscillating back and forth. The ball seems to move toward the right, slow down, and then reverse its direction, going back toward the left (see Fig. 13-6b). Then it moves faster and faster and then slower again, reaching its left-most point, at which it turns around again. This goes on and on, with a frequency of 1 Hz, or a complete cycle per second, because you are swinging the ball around at one revolution per second. Alternating Current Fractions of a Cycle Sine Waves As Circular Motion Fig. 13-6 . Swinging ball and string, (a) as seen from above; (b) as seen from some distance away in the plane of the ball’s circular path. If you graph the position of the ball as seen by your friend with respect to time, the result will be a sine wave (Fig. 13-7). This wave has the same characteristic shape as all sine waves. The standard, or basic, sine wave is described by the mathematical function y = sin x in the (x, y) coordinate plane. The general form is y = a sin bx , where a and b are real-number constants. Alternating Current Fractions of a Cycle Sine Waves As Circular Motion Fig. 13-7 . Position of ball as seen edge-on as a function of time. One method of specifying fractions of an ac cycle is to divide it into 360 equal increments called degrees , symbolized ° or deg (but it’s okay to write out the whole word). The value 0° is assigned to the point in the cycle where the magnitude is zero and positive-going. The same point on the next cycle is given the value 360°. Halfway through the cycle is 180°; a quarter cycle is 90°; an eighth cycle is 45°. This is illustrated in Fig. 13-8. Alternating Current Fractions of a Cycle Degrees Fig. 13-8 . A wave cycle can be divided into 360 degrees. The other method of specifying fractions of an ac cycle is to divide it into exactly 2 π , or approximately 6.2832, equal parts. This is the number of radii of a circle that can be laid end to end around the circumference. One radian , symbolized rad (although you can write out the whole word), is equal to about 57.296°. Physicists use the radian more often than the degree when talking about fractional parts of an ac cycle. Sometimes the frequency of an ac wave is measured in radians per second (rad/s) rather than in hertz (cycles per second). Because there are 2 π radians in a complete cycle of 360°, the angular frequency of a wave, in radians per second, is equal to 2 π times the frequency in hertz. Angular frequency is symbolized by the lowercase italicized Greek letter omega (ω) . Fractions of a Cycle Practice Problems Problem 1 What is the angular frequency of household ac? Assume that the frequency of utility ac is 60.0 Hz. Solution 1 Multiply the frequency in hertz by 2 π . If this value is taken as 6.2832, then the angular frequency is ω = 6.2832 × 60.0 = 376.992 rad/s This should be rounded off to 377 rad/s because our input data are given only to three significant figures. Problem 2 A certain wave has an angular frequency of 3.8865 × 10 5 rad/s. What is the frequency in kilohertz? Express the answer to three significant figures. Solution 2 To solve this, first find the frequency in hertz. This requires that the angular frequency, in radians per second, be divided by 2π, which is approximately 6.2832. The frequency f Hz is therefore f Hz = (3.8865 × 10 5 )/6.2832 = 6.1855 × 10 4 Hz To obtain the frequency in kilohertz, divide by 10 3 , and then round off to three significant figures: f kHz = 6.1855 × 10 4 /10 3 = 61.855 kHz ≈ 61.9 kHz Practice problems of these concepts can be found at: Alternating Current Practice Test Add your own comment Ask a Question Have questions about this article or topic? Ask 150 Characters allowed	__label__pos	0.999676
Artist Details Montgomery Gentry Country duo Montgomery Gentry evokes the sound and spirit of Southern rockers like Lynyrd Skynyrd, the Marshall Tucker Band, and Charlie Daniels, painting themselves as rowdy redneck rebels who still hold small-town values. Eddie Montgomery and Troy Gentry first played together in Early Tymz, a Lexington, Kentucky, band led by Montgomery's brother, future country star John Michael Montgomery. Both Eddie and Troy had been performing on the local club scene since their teenage years, the former as a drummer in his father's band. After Early Tymz broke up, a new group called Young Country formed from its ashes, with John Michael billed out front. He eventually went solo, of course, and Montgomery Gentry first formed not long after, initially calling themselves Deuce. More Montgomery Gentry Recently Played 1. 8/28/2014 1:57:10 AMHell Yeah 2. 8/27/2014 10:29:00 PMBack When I Knew It All 3. 8/27/2014 6:57:22 PMMy Town 4. 8/26/2014 2:03:48 PMSomething to Be Proud Of 5. 8/26/2014 9:18:07 AMHell Yeah 6. 8/26/2014 6:26:59 AMMy Town 7. 8/25/2014 6:06:08 AMWhere I Come From 8. 8/25/2014 2:42:57 AMHell Yeah	__label__pos	0.95653
Setting up prefabs for animation and batching From: Unity 4.3 Essential Training Video: Setting up prefabs for animation and batching Animation is what we use to bring life to a game. Now, I'll borrow that Specular color right from the painting, and just crank I'll make sure I"m in the scene view. Setting up prefabs for animation and batching Animation is what we use to bring life to a game. We've had a glimpse of it using physics to make art we can knock over, and now we're going to make components that are ready to animate. I want to look at the nature of prefabs and batching here in unity first and what that means, and how we should set up to animate a lot of objects. I'll go over to my game window. And, here in the game, I've turned on maximize on play and statistics. What this shows for us is the number of draw calls. The number of times, we're asking the graphics card to display something. And then, the number saved by batching, or defining an object once. And then, referencing it again. When I hit play, we can see that draw call number change depending on where we're looking. If we're looking in a gallery and we can't really see out too many windows the draw calls are low. We're saving 61 or 59 by batching and then as we turn around we can see the draw calls shoot up because we're looking at more objects but we're batching a greater number. This means that there are more things that are defined once and then reused. We'd like the art to follow this. Where we define a limited number of pieces, swap out the material and have it batch as much as possible. What I've done then is to bring in a selection of FPX files. Each one being one size of art. There's art painting rectangle large frame for example and rectangle large unframed. There's medium and then also medium odd size we'll call it, or medium tall, and even a small with 3 panels. These then correlate to the materials for those paintings. I've gone through the materials folder in the meshes and made sure all the names work. We've got in here Art P, Art 4 Painting, and here's all the different paintings available. There's a few that have imported doubly and also a wood blackened which is the frame. We'll use the dark wood material on those frames and swap them in and out easily. This way we can define a frame size once and have three or four paintings that use it. I'll take the art piece circles for example, and tune up the material, and then get it on a frame. In the main color, I'll go into select, and I'll pick circles, color and shine. This tells me it should be a BumpedSpecular shader. And then I'll go into the normal map and pick the Circles normal that matches. Now, I'll borrow that Specular color right from the painting, and just crank up the shine a little bit so it's got a little metalness to it. ArtP_Circles is ready. And I'll look at a table I created to tell me which art goes on which frame. This is a PDF included in the modernista design folder in the exercise files. This table shows the name of the piece of art and the frame size it goes on, along with the dimension and framed or unframed. I've also included the word document, so if you'd like to add to this another column. Say maybe the building it's in or the wall it's on, you can add that in. It's very common to have lists of what the assets are and what kind of prefab they fit on. Especially as we get into many, many assets, keeping things straight requires some kind of list or table. I can see that circles goes on a rectangle large unframed. And so I'll put that material on that prefab. Back her in Unity, I've got my circles material ready. And I'll go into meshes and pick art > rectangle > large > unframed. I'll drag into the scene and press F to focus in. I'll make sure I"m in the scene view. And there's that painting. If you notice here, I was in the game and it wouldn't let me drag it in. You can't pull things into the game view. This is where you view what's going on. Back here in the scene view, there's my painting, and I'm going to attach a box collider to it. It looks like this material came in as a transparent bump. So I'll make sure I get that on so we don't see through the painting. Here's my art piece circles, and finally. Component. Physics. Box collider. Now this painting is ready to instant surround. I've made a prefab. And it's called Art P Rectangle Large Unframed. And so swapping in another material is easy. And it'll reference the same file over and over. I'll duplicate it. Slide the duplicate to the side. And get another painting on there. The next one I'll use is my desert. I'll pick the desert material .Make sure its a bunk specular shader and get the right maps in. Here's desert1993 color and shine and I'll get the normal map in as well. I'll eye dropper the specular color and now I'm ready to put this on. I'll drag it right on and now that has switched, and I'll turn off the lightings so you can see it a little bit better. This is now using one prefab twice. And I'll get batching, or saving, of draw calls out of it. It's important to do this before we get into animation, because we are going to clone these objects all over. And any components that are on those objects will clone as well. So by putting the collider on once, I save myself that work making sure the art is on the walls and the walls are cloned as prefabs as well, will save me the work of dragging it in over and over, and in this case I can simply swap out the art, clone the wall and get it ready to animate. Show transcript This video is part of Image for Unity 4.3 Essential Training Unity 4.3 Essential Training 78 video lessons · 9286 viewers Adam Crespi Expand all \| Collapse all 1. 2m 57s 1. Welcome 2. What you should know before watching this course 3. Using the exercise files 1m 24s 2. 21m 21s 1. Designing the game 4m 39s 2. Setting the project 4m 9s 3. Exploring the Hierarchy, Scene, and Inspector windows 5m 45s 4. Creating and transforming objects 6m 48s 3. 21m 34s 1. Organizing the Assets window 2m 55s 2. Exporting objects from 3D modeling programs 8m 33s 3. Importing and configuring models and textures 4m 54s 4. Setting properties for models and textures in the Inspector 5m 12s 4. 29m 8s 1. Introducing the game environment 4m 27s 2. Placing the player controller 4m 29s 3. Publishing project settings 5m 32s 4. Adding sky and fog 8m 17s 5. Fine-tuning the First Person Controller 6m 23s 5. 57m 25s 1. Creating the terrain geometry 3m 29s 2. Forming the topography 9m 54s 3. Painting the terrain textures 7m 9s 4. Painting trees and forests 10m 55s 5. Painting grass, shrubs, and 3D geometry 9m 38s 6. Painting detail meshes 8m 46s 7. Adjusting terrain settings 7m 34s 6. 39m 45s 1. Creating materials and assigning shaders 8m 56s 2. Handling multiple materials 7m 13s 3. Adding textures to a material 3m 57s 4. Manipulating textures 5m 20s 5. Adding reflections to materials 8m 1s 6. Creating lit materials 6m 18s 7. 47m 12s 1. Creating GameObjects 5m 2s 2. Understanding components 6m 15s 3. Using colliders for barriers 6m 22s 4. Using colliders for triggers 8m 1s 5. Exploring physics 8m 22s 6. Working with Physic materials 5m 3s 7. Adding joints to rigid bodies 8m 7s 8. 20m 33s 1. Setting up prefabs for animation and batching 5m 8s 2. Animating an object 6m 32s 3. Adjusting timing in an animation 3m 50s 4. Animating transparency and lights 5m 3s 9. 11m 58s 1. Importing skinned meshes 4m 51s 2. Separating animations into clips and states 3m 14s 3. Creating transitions between states 3m 53s 10. 30m 22s 1. Customizing ambient light 2m 59s 2. Creating the sun using a directional light 5m 49s 3. Using layers and tags for lighting 3m 32s 4. Adding spot and point lights 4m 25s 5. Using point lights for fill 4m 30s 6. Adding and fine-tuning shadows 5m 10s 7. Creating lighting effects with cookies 3m 57s 11. 9m 15s 1. Adding scripts to GameObjects 2m 42s 2. Using correct script syntax 6m 33s 12. 23m 7s 1. Setting up a 2D project 3m 13s 2. Importing sprites 2m 30s 3. Slicing in the Sprite Editor 3m 6s 4. Layering sprites and setting the sorting order 5m 12s 5. Creating 2D colliders 3m 12s 6. Adding 2D physics 2m 25s 7. Animating 2D elements 3m 29s 13. 30m 25s 1. Creating light shafts and sunbeams 5m 20s 2. Using ambient occlusion to add gravity 4m 37s 3. Adding depth of field 8m 40s 4. Applying motion blur 5m 46s 5. Tuning color for mood 6m 2s 14. 38m 16s 1. Exploring water effects 7m 36s 2. Working with wind zones 2m 8s 3. Using an audio source 4m 3s 4. Creating a sound zone 5m 59s 5. Triggering audio 3m 37s 6. Adding audio effects 3m 13s 7. Creating particle systems 2m 26s 8. Adjusting particle systems 9m 14s 15. 25m 23s 1. Setting up occlusion culling 5m 52s 2. Enabling batching to reduce draw calls 3m 28s 3. Testing in the game window using statistics 4m 27s 4. Building a development build and debugging 6m 0s 5. Building the executable 5m 36s 16. 49s 1. Next steps Start learning today Become a member Share a link to this course What are exercise files? Can I take this course without the exercise files? Become a member Download sample files See plans and pricing Please wait... please wait ... Upgrade to get access to exercise files. Exercise files video How to use exercise files. Exercise files Exercise files video How to use exercise files. Join now "Already a member? Log in Mark all as unwatched Cancel You have completed Unity 4.3 Essential Training. Become a member to add this course to a playlist Get started Already a member? Become a member to like this course. Get started Already a member? Exercise files Get started Already a Premium member? Exercise files video How to use exercise files. Ask a question Thanks for contacting us. You’ll hear from our Customer Service team within 24 hours. Please enter the text shown below: The classic layout automatically defaults to the latest Flash Player. Continue to classic layout Stay on new layout Exercise files Access exercise files from a button right under the course name. Mark videos as unwatched Control your viewing experience Interactive transcripts Are you sure you want to delete this note? Your file was successfully uploaded. Thanks for signing up. We’ll send you a confirmation email shortly. submit Lightbox submit clicked Terms and conditions of use Review and accept our updated terms of service.	__label__pos	0.702984
1. Driving World's Costliest Fender Bender? Getty Images Nearly $4 million in cars piled up Sunday in Japan when eight Ferraris, three Mercedes, and a Lamborghini crashed on a wet highway. A pack of 20 supercars were traveling when the lead Ferrari hit the median guardrail; the cars behind it were then unable to brake in time. Fourteen cars ended up crashing, including two Toyotas. The cars were speeding, according to police, and 10 people sustained minor injuries. Read it at The Telegraph	__label__pos	0.758094
moving target definition, moving target meaning \| English dictionary 1 arousing or touching the emotions 2 changing or capable of changing position 3 causing motion movingly adv moving average n (Statistics) (of a sequence of values) a derived sequence of the averages of successive subsequences of a given number of members, often used in time series to even out short-term fluctuations and make a trend clearer the 3-term moving average of 4, 6, 8, 7, 9, 8 is 6, 7, 8 moving coil adj denoting an electromechanical device in which a suspended coil is free to move in a magnetic field. A current passing through the coil causes it to move, as in loudspeakers and electrical measuring instruments, or movement of the coil gives rise to induced currents, as in microphones and some record-player pick-ups moving picture n a U.S. and Canadian name for film 1 moving staircase , stairway n less common terms for escalator 1 English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus Collaborative Dictionary English Definition sigle of "Air Launched Cruise Missile" that can find his target electronically by his own means at a long distance according to a memorized map of the landscape he has to pass over can also be launched from the soil or the sea. they can be reprogrammed or destroyed during the fly by the "sender" Reverso Community • Create your own vocabulary list • Contribute to the Collaborative Dictionary • Improve and share your linguistic knowledge	__label__pos	0.719919
Combative Body Language Will Lead to Arrest EditEdit InfoInfo TalkTalk Reason for the revert: Clear message After viewing dozens of OWS protest videos, I've managed to uncover a 'triggering' mechanism that seems to set the NYPD personnel into an arrest frenzy. There are two protest behaviors that get drastically different responses from the NYPD: Protest Behavior Usually Leading to Arrest: Non Threatening Body Language - No arrest is made. Law enforcement is trained to interpret non compliant as combative. Combative behavior is usually, from the perspective of the NYPD, interpreted as threatening. Yes, I know this sounds too simple minded, but the NYPD have a narrow window between combative and compliant.	__label__pos	0.779583
Red Lion Concepts Red Lion is a anime/manga thing Edit this Page Add to this list of concepts Galaxy Alliance The representatives of various worlds in the Voltron franchise, consisting of Military, Political Figures, and Civilians who have banded together. Generally refers to a large, usually humanoid weapon-type robot, usually piloted from within. An electro-mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic programming, and is thus able to do tasks on its own. Voltron Force The pilots of the five Voltron Lions. Top Editors Mandatory Network Submissions can take several hours to be approved. Save ChangesCancel	__label__pos	0.79815
Autocomplete Tips By Jake on October 6, 2011 We recently released of handful of improvements to Flow's autocomplete feature, which suggests contacts, lists, and tags as you create and edit tasks. They're relatively small changes, but they might save you some time next time you create a task. First, the list field in the task form now shows you the names of the folders that contain each list. This is really helpful when you have lists with similar names in different folders—now you'll know at a glance which is which. Folder names in list autocomplete The second change is a hidden shortcut that lets you tap the down arrow in an autocomplete field to see all your lists, contacts or tags. You can use it to jog your memory when you momentarily forget the name of the list or person you're looking for. Finally, we've added a new "Everyone in this list" option to the invite field. You'll see it as the first option each time you create a task in a list. Plus, you can use it with the down-arrow shortcut to invite everyone in the list with only two key presses! Autocomplete option to invite everyone in the list We hope these tips make creating tasks even easier!	__label__pos	0.701764
1000 Goodyear Boulevard Picayune, Mississippi 39466 St. Anne Born: unknown Died: unknown Canonized: pre-Congregation Feast Day: May 4 Patron Saint of: Christian mothers, Canada, housewives, women in labor Also known as Hannah & Ann. What we know of Saint Anne is a matter of legend and dispute. The biography that follows was derived from the Protoevangelium, as summarized in The Catholic Encyclopedia. anne anne anne	__label__pos	0.984282
Solaris Naming Administration Guide Table Entry Names To identify an entry in an NIS+ table, you need to identify the table object and the entry within it. This type of name is called an indexed name. It has the following syntax: Column is the name of the table column. Value is the actual value of that column. Tablename is the fully qualified name of the table object. Here are a few examples of entries in the hosts table: You can use as few column-value pairs inside the brackets as required to uniquely identify the table entry. Some NIS+ administrative commands accept variations on this syntax. For details, see the nistbladm, nismatch, and nisgrep commands in Part 2.	__label__pos	0.983742
Accession Number DE2012-1045225 Title Methods for Detector Placement and Analysis of Criticality Accident Alarm Systems. Publication Date Jan 2012 Media Count 4p Personal Author D. E. Peplow L. Wetzel Abstract Determining the optimum placement to minimize the number of detectors for a criticality accident alarm system (CAAS) in a large manufacturing facility is a complex problem. There is typically a target for the number of detectors that can be used over a given zone of the facility. A study to optimize detector placement typically begins with some initial guess at the placement of the detectors and is followed by either predictive calculations of accidents at specific locations or adjoint calculations based on preferred detector locations. Within an area of a facility, there may be a large number of potential criticality accident sites. For any given placement of the detectors, the list of accident sites can be reduced to a smaller number of locations at which accidents may be difficult for detectors to detect. Developing the initial detector placement and determining the list of difficult accident locations are both based on the practitioner's experience. Simulations following fission particles released from an accident location are called 'forward calculations.' These calculations can be used to answer the question 'where would an alarm be triggered' by an accident at a specified location. Conversely, 'adjoint calculations' start at a detector site using the detector response function as a source and essentially run in reverse. These calculations can be used to answer the question 'where would an accident be detected' by a specified detector location. If the number of accidents, P, is much less than the number of detectors, Q, then forward simulations may be more convenient and less time-consuming. If Q is large or the detectors are not placed yet, then a mesh tally of dose observed by a detector at any location must be computed over the entire zone. If Q is much less than P, then adjoint calculations may be more efficient. Adjoint calculations employing a mesh tally can be even more advantageous because they do not rely on a list of specific difficult-to-detect accident sites, which may not have included every possible accident location. Analog calculations (no biasing) simply follow particles naturally. For sparse buildings and line-of-sight calculations, analog Monte Carlo (MC) may be adequate. Keywords Alarm systems Discrete ordinate method Monte Carlo method Nuclear power facilities Radiation accidents Source Agency Technical Information Center Oak Ridge Tennessee NTIS Subject Category 77H - Reactor Engineering & Nuclear Power Plants Corporate Author Oak Ridge National Lab., TN. Document Type Technical report Title Note N/A NTIS Issue Number 1302 Contract Number DE-AC05-00OR22725 Science and Technology Highlights Acrobat Reader Mobile Acrobat Reader	__label__pos	0.820231
Bad Girls of the Bible Test \| Lesson Plans Mid-Book Test - Hard Liz Curtis Higgs Buy the Bad Girls of the Bible Lesson Plans Mid-Book Test - Hard Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ Short Answer Questions 1. When did the author's introduction to the Bad Girls begin? 2. Who is Evelyn's best friend? 3. What does Lottie convince the rescuers she will do? 4. When the woman questions Jesus, what is his response? 5. When does Crystal prefer to work? Short Essay Questions 1. Who is Sam Nazar? What does he do every week? 2. How does Rae get the officers to leave? 3. What do Sofia and Aidan decide to do about their donation? Why? 4. What precedes Mitzi's seduction of Joe? 5. What does Higgs wonder about the reader? How does Higgs feel about the Bad Girls? 6. Why are the men here? 7. Describe Sofia and Aidan's life since their move to Pittsburgh. 8. What does Jasmine arrange? 9. How has Rae become a Christian? 10. How does Michele feel about Dave a dozen years later? Essay Topics Essay Topic 1 Jezebel is the baddest Bad Girl in the Bible. Part 1) Who is Jezebel? Why is she the worst? How is her behavior worse than the others? Part 2) How might the author be able to relate to Jezebel? How can you relate to her? What does this say about humanity? Part 3) What can be learned from Jezebel's story? Essay Topic 2 Lessons can be learned from Delilah's story. Part 1) What can one learn from her story? Might she have learned from her own experiences? Why or why not? Part 2) How can someone avoid behavior like Delilah's? Part 3) What might have been Delilah's fate? What message does this send to those who act like Delilah? Essay Topic 3 Samson is a formidable man. Part 1) How is he formidable? What is his weakness? Why might this be a weakness? Part 2) How does Sam's story help explain Samson's story? Part 3) What does Delilah do to this man? Why does she do this? Part 4) Why would someone go any length to improve his or her life? Is one's life still improved if it requires hurting others? (see the answer keys) This section contains 937 words (approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page) Buy the Bad Girls of the Bible Lesson Plans Bad Girls of the Bible from BookRags. (c)2014 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.	__label__pos	0.917765
Bizzie Boys, Will-Ski Bizzie Boyz was a rap group active from 1987 to 1991. They released a series of singles and one LP, Droppin' It. Will-Ski (aka Ski Beatz) was the group’s leading MC, hoever later he focused on making beats only and worked with Jay-Z, AZ, Camp Lo, Funkdoobiest, Fat Joe, Murs and Talib Kweli.	__label__pos	0.871548
Codemasters serves touchscreen tennis DSNew dual-screen, touch-controlled tennis action coming to DS - screens inside We can't imagine exactly how the control system will perform, but it certainly sounds intriguing. We've not got long to wait, though - it's due out in December. Check out the first screens.	__label__pos	0.968905
Explore - Canada 1. 20 Years: 20 Hours 2. LineBox Studio 3. Take Note Take Note 4. LGA Architectural Partners LGA is an award-winning architecture firm with a diversified portfolio. They have been providing architectural services since 1989 and have a current team of 29 architects, including five partners... 5. Global Citizen: The Architecture of Moshe Safdie Global Citizen: The Architecture of Moshe Safdie This exhibition explores Moshe Safdie’s structures and the philosophy that shapes them through approximately 175 drawings, sketches, videos, photographs and scale models. Discover how the... 6. Wastelands: Photos by Dan Dubowitz Wastelands: Photos by Dan Dubowitz 7. BattersbyHowat Architecture 8. Twenty + Change 03 Exhibition Twenty + Change 03 Exhibition 9. superkül 10. Bohlin Grauman Miller Bohlin Grauman Miller	__label__pos	0.85735
Sleep Studies Sleep studies measure how much and how well you sleep as well as how alert you are during the daytime. A sleep test helps physicians diagnose potential sleep disorders, assess their severity and develop a treatment plan for you. After asking questions about your sleep habits and daytime alertness, your physician may refer you to a Riverside Sleep Medicine Center for a sleep study. Types of studies Monitors used during a sleep study • EEG or Electroencephalogram measures brain wave activity. • EMG or Electromyogram records the muscle activity such as facial twitches, teeth grinding, and leg movement to determine the presence of REM. • EOGor Electro-oculogram records eye movement to help determine the different stages of sleep. • EKG or electrocardiogram measures heart activities. • Nasal airflow sensors placed around the mouth and nose, record breath temperature, airflow and helps in determining if you have sleep apnea. Bookmark and Share E-Mail Page Printer Friendly Version	__label__pos	0.842349
Page:Canadian Alpine Journal I, 2.djvu/81 From Wikisource Jump to: navigation, search This page has been proofread, but needs to be validated. Mt. Stephen Rocks and Fossils shale and its contained Middle Cambrian fauna may be found on page . In a siliceous shale about one-half mile east of the great fossil bed the following species were found: Obolus mcconnelli (Walcott) Nisusia (Jamesella) cf. nautes Walcott. Hyolithes carinatus Matthew. Orthotheca, species undetermined. Scenella varians Walcott. Ptychoparia, species undetermined. 2. Thin bedded, bluish-black limestone forming dark broken cliff in many sections 325 ft. Fauna—Middle Cambrian. In the upper portion of this formation just beneath the Ogygopsis shale in a bluish-black shaly limestone in the amphitheatre between Mount Stephen and Mount Dennis the following species of fossils were found: Obolus mcconnelli (Walcott) Acrotreta depressa Walcott. Hyolithellus annulata (Matthew) Ptychoparia, species undetermined. Neolenus serratus (Rominger) Ogygopsis klotzi (Rominger) At another locality just east of the great "fossil bed" there were found in the limestone beneath the Ogygopsis shale the following species of fossils: Micromitra, species undetermined. Nisusia alberta Walcott. Hyolithes, species undetermined. Bathyuriscus rotundatus (Rominger) Neolenus serratus (Rominger)	__label__pos	0.949734
Sample conflict resolution plan Use these guidelines to create your own step-by-step plan that outlines who team members should approach and how to report a problem with a co-worker if team members can't resolve the issue by themselves. Jul 01, 2008 1. Employees should direct their concerns to their immediate supervisor within five working days of the incident. 2. The immediate supervisor should respond in writing to the complainant within five days 3. If the problem remains unresolved, the complainant should submit a written complaint to the practice manager or owner. 4. The practice manager or owner should meet with the complainant to discuss the complaint. 5. Then the practice manager or owner should issue a decision verbally and in writing to the complainant. 6. If the complainant is dissatisfied with this decision, he or she should appeal this decision in writing to the practice owner (if not already involved) or the human resources manager (in larger practices) to investigate the complaint. 7. The person handling the final level of the complaint will meet with the employees directly involved to resolve the issue.	__label__pos	0.737964
Chemical Properties last modified: Sunday, 08-Nov-2009 04:44:32 CET Document status: complete Quartz is a compound of one part silicon and two parts of oxygen, silicon dioxide, SiO2. Its chemical composition (and the element silicon, Si) was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1823. Silicon dioxide is commonly called silica. According to IUPAC, the following two names are correct: silicon dioxide, and dioxosilane[1]. 1040x800 193kb - 2080x1600 684kb This is a small piece of industrially produced pure silicon. It is a light (density 2.328 g/cm3), gray crystalline substance with strong metallic luster. It is very hard (about as hard as quartz and much harder than most metals), but brittle and not malleable like metals. Silicon is the basis of the semiconductor industry: pure silicon is only a weak conductor of electricity, but when trace amounts of appropriate elements are added (the silicon is doped), its conductivity approaches that of a metal, and by choosing the type and amount of trace elements, the electrical properties of the doped silicon can be controlled. At room temperature, SiO2 in all modifications is almost inert and does not react with most other substances. Even at moderately high temperatures silica is chemically very stable. For that reason fused quartz (silica glass) is widely used for chemical apparatus, especially when catalytic reactions of the metal cations in ordinary glass need to be avoided. The reason for the low reactivity of silica is the very strong Si-O bond, but also its macromolecular structure. Being the anhydrite of an acid itself (orthosilicic acid, H4SiO4), quartz will in general not be attacked by acids. The prominent exception is hydrofluoric acid[2], HF, which will decompose quartz to form first silicon fluoride SiF4, then hydrofluorosilicic acid: SiO2 + 6 HF → H2SiF6 + 2 H2O [1] SiO2 is also attacked by alkaline substances (like potassium hydroxide, KOH). The speed of the reaction depends on the modification and crystal size: Crystalline quartz will dissolve only very slowly in hot watery alkaline solutions, while amorphous SiO2, will be readily dissolved at room temperatures: SiO2 + 2 KOH → K2SiO3 + H2O [2] The reaction is of relevance for the collector, as alkaline solutions and detergents are sometimes used to remove moss and lichens from mineral specimen. Quartz crystals are usually not a problem, but I would be very careful when cleaning cryptocrystalline varieties. A similar reaction leads to the formation of silica gels in concrete, when the alkaline compounds of the concrete, typically Ca(OH)2, react with amorphous silica and cryptocrystalline quartz (that is, opal and chalcedony). The silica gel attracts water, swells and cracks the concrete within a few decades. All forms of silica dissolve in molten natron (Na2CO3) or potash (K2CO3) to form silicates: SiO2 + K2CO3 → K2SiO3 + CO2 [3] At the high temperatures of many geological environments quartz acts as an acid and reacts with many alkaline minerals. A well known example is the formation of the mineral wollastonite Ca3Si3O9 from quartz and calcite in contact metamorphic processes at temperatures from about 600°C upwards: 3 SiO2 + 3 CaCO3 → Ca3Si3O9 + 3 CO2 [4] The opposite reaction takes place at the weathering of silicate rocks, here the carbonic acid H2CO3 present, for example, in meteoric waters[3] releases silicic acid and forms carbonates[4]. Quartz is the "ore" of silicon. Silicon is retrieved at a temperature of about 2000°C in the following endothermic (energy-consuming) reaction: SiO2 + 2 C → Si + 2 CO [5] The Si-O bond is much stronger than the C-O bond, and the reaction only works because carbon monoxide CO escapes from the system as a gas, so the system's equilibrium is pushed to the right side. The formation of carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide CO2 is typical for reductive reactions with carbon at high temperatures. The silicon formed in this process is not pure enough for chip production and needs to be purified in a rather complex procedure. So despite the abundance of its ore, pure silicon is relatively expensive. Solubility in Water The solubility of silicon dioxide in water is dependent on the temperature, the pressure, its surface structure, and on its structural modification[5]. The following table gives an overview of the solubility at room temperature and normal pressure. Substance Solubility in Water at 25°C Macrocrystalline Quartz 2.9 mg/l [1] / 6-11 mg/l [2] Chalcedony 22-34mg/l [2] Cristobalite 6 mg/l [1] Tridymite 4.5 mg/l [1] Stishovite 11 mg/l [1] Quartz Glass (amorphous) 39 mg/l [1] / 120 mg/l [2] Data from: [1] - ➛Hollemann & Wiberg, 1985 [2] - ➛Rykart, 1995 At room temperatures quartz is practically insoluble in water. Tap water is usually almost saturated with dissolved silica (with respect to quartz), and the dissolution process is very slow, so there is no need to worry about quartz crystals being damaged by repeated cleaning. Nevertheless the dissolution of silica in bedrock and soils plays an important role in hot humid climates. The formation of laterite soils is linked to silica being gradually washed out of the surface layers and an enrichment of compounds that - at least under those climate conditions - are less soluble in water, like iron and aluminum oxides. At temperatures above 100°C and high pressures the solubility of quartz increases quickly. At 300°C it is between 700 and 1200 mg/l, depending on the pressure. SiO2 dissolves in water by forming orthosilicic acid, H4SiO4: SiO2 + 2 H2O → H4SiO4 [6] Orthosilicic acid is a very weak acid, weaker than carbonic acid, for example. It dissociates with a pK1 of 9.51 according to H4SiO4 + H2O ↔ H3SiO4- + H3O+ [7] There are no SiO2 molecules or aggregates of SiO4 tetrahedra present in a watery solution. The reversed reaction is the way quartz crystals grow, but a H4SiO4 molecule cannot simply dispose of 2 molecules of water, it needs another H4SiO4 molecule or an already present silica molecule with a hydroxyl (-OH) ending: H4SiO4 → 2 H2O + SiO2 (does not happen directly) [8] H4SiO4 + H4SiO4 → H2O + H6Si2O7 [9] [SinOm]-OH + H4SiO4 → [Sin+1Om+2]-OH + 2 H2O [10] Orthosilicic acid is only stable in a diluted watery solution, one cannot extract the pure acid. The most interesting property of orthosilicic acid is its tendency to polymerize in watery solutions to form first a sol and later a gel of polysilicic acids: orthosilicic acid molecules condensate to large molecules according to reactions [9] and [10]. As soon as you start to concentrate a H4SiO4 solution, the molecules will polymerize. At room temperature under laboratory conditions, the endpoint of this process is the formation of amorphous silica. Gels of polymerized silicic acid are probably also the predecessors of opal and cryptocrystalline quartz varieties (chalcedony in a wider sense) in nature. Basic Structure of Silica SiO2 occurs in no less than 13 different structural modifications. Their crystal structures (if present) might differ, but they all share some basic properties. The following applies to all silica modification except where noted. The molecular structure specific to quartz is covered in the chapter Structure. The chemical bonds in silica are covalent: they are based on molecular orbitals in which 2 electrons are shared between the atoms (as opposed to ionic bonds that are found in salts as fluorite or table salt; here electrons are transferred from one element to another to form ions of opposite electric charge, and in a crystal these ions are held together by electrostatic attraction). Fig.1: SiO4-Tetrahedron Fig.3: SiO4 - Ionic Bond Model The basic building block in almost all modifications of silica (the exceptions are very high pressure modifications) is the SiO4 unit, in which a central silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms. - \| - - \| - The geometry of this unit is shown in a ball-and-stick rendering in Fig.1, with silicon symbolized by an ivory colored, oxygen by a red sphere, and chemical bonds by gray pipes between them. The sizes of the atoms are not to scale. The oxygen atoms occupy positions around the silicon atom that keep them at the greatest possible distance from each other, so they form the four corners of a tetrahedron, symbolized by the translucent gray pyramid. Note that the oxygen atoms are not connected to each other, the gray lines between them have only been drawn to visualize the tetrahedral geometry. The angle of the central O-Si-O bonds is very close to the value in an ideal tetrahedron (109.5°, gray-blue arc in Fig.1), with a silicon oxygen distance of approximately 0.161 nm for all oxygen atoms, so the individual tetrahedron has an almost cubic symmetry[6]. The Si-O bond is highly polar, with electrons being more attracted by the oxygen, leading to an uneven distribution of electrical charges in the tetrahedron: the corners are more negatively, the center is more positively charged. Individual molecules built like O=Si=O (with a linear structure like that of carbon dioxide CO2) can only be found in a SiO2 gas at temperatures above 2500°C. Many textbooks explain the geometry of the SiO4-tetrahedron and other mineral structures as determined by the relative sizes of the different ions, as shown in Fig.2: The greater the relative size of the central ion, the more ions of opposite charge are necessary to enclose it. Accordingly, the SiO4-tetrahedron is often drawn as a small Si4+ cation enclosed by four large O2- anions (Fig.3). One can argue that this is inaccurate: Silicon and oxygen are connected by polar covalent bonds of joined electron orbitals, so they form a unit, and are not in the same way separated and freely movable as the ions in a salt. Compounds with Si4+ ions do in fact not exist[7]. There is some variation in the interpretation of the experimental findings, and while some authors view the Si-O bond as primarily covalent, others stress the ionic characteristics of the bond. For a review, see Gibbs et al., 1994 and Cohen, 1994., \| \| O O \| \| \| \| \| \| O O O O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O O O O \| \| \| \| Fig.4: Silica Network Oxygen is bivalent, and the oxygen atoms in the corners of the tetrahedron are each linked to another silicon atom in a neighboring tetrahedron. So quartz, and silica in general, can be described as a three-dimensional network of interconnected SiO4 tetrahedra. A schematic view of its structure in chemical symbols is shown in Fig.4. More elaborate figures of quartz molecular structure can be found in the chapter Structure. Fig.5 480x640 29kb The Si-O-Si bond linking two tetrahedra is not straight (180°), but forms an angle of 144° in quartz (Fig.5). As a result, the overall crystal structure of quartz is quite complex. In other silica modifications this angle is different, while the angles inside the SiO4 tetrahedra (defined by the O-Si-O bond) remain basically the same. The following table lists angles and distances for a few silica modifications. Modification Si-O-Si Angle Si-O Distance / nm α-Quartz[8] 144° [1] 0.16145 [2] β-Quartz[8] 153° [1] 0.162 [1] 0.1609 [2] α-Cristobalite 147° [1] 0.160-0.161 [1] β-Cristobalite 151° [1] 0.158-0.169 [1] α-Tridymite ca.140° [1] 0.154-0.171 [1] β-Tridymite 180° [1] 0.153-0.155 [1] Data from: [1] ➛Hollemann & Wiberg, 1985 [2] ➛Rykart, 1995 [3] Measurement with JMol based on unit cell coordinates. Oxygen has an inherent tendency to form an angular X-O-X bond, as do its neighbors in the periodic system of elements. Figure 6 shows models of four hydrogen compounds, water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),and silane (SiH4). The inter-atomic distances and the relative sizes of C, N, O, and Si are to scale, but the hydrogen atoms are oversized for readability. The CH4 and SiH4 molecules are obviously tetrahedral. NH3 and H2O are almost shaped like a methane molecule with 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms removed, with an H-O-H angle of 104.5° and an H-N-H angle of 106.8°. The reason for this similarity is the geometry of the binding electron orbitals, the four so called sp3 hybrid orbitals, which form a tetrahedron. A tetrahedral arrangement of four sp3 hybrid orbitals is also found in silicon and is the main reason for the tetrahedral shape and the rigidity of the SiO4 unit in silica and silicates. From this one would expect the Si-O-Si angle to be smaller, so why is it more open? For one, because the Si-O bond is highly polar and the oxygen atoms are negatively polarized, there are repulsive forces between the SiO4 groups, and a straight Si-O-Si would keep the oxygen atoms at greater distance. In addition, the length of the Si-O bond is shorter than calculated for a single bond: the value should be 0.181 nm but is in fact around 0.161 nm in quartz and has similar values in other silica modifications. This is an indication for a partial double binding character of this bond (Hollemann & Wiberg, 1985), which would also explain its great strength . This double bond is in accordance with the greater than expected Si-O-Si angle (144° instead of 109.5°). Note that the Si-O distance is shortest in β-tridymite, and this modification has a Si-O-Si angle of 180°. The theory behind the partial double binding character is fairly complex and I will not go further into it. Silica and Silicates Although chemically spoken silica is an oxide, in Angloamerican mineralogical literature quartz and all other silica modifications are usually classified as silicates (based on a classification scheme established by Dana). The reasoning behind calling quartz a silicate is that it is built up by a network of SiO4 tetrahedra. Silicates are classified according to the way SiO4 tetrahedra are integrated into the crystal structure and if and how the tetrahedra are linked to each other, and according to that quartz is called a tectosilicate ("network silicate" or "framework silicate"). A silicate is a salt of silicic acids and one or several metals. Orthosilicic acid, H4SiO4, is just the simplest form, other silicic acids are made of several linked SiO4 units with attached hydrogen. One could think that silicates form when a metal hydroxide and orthosilicic acid react, like H4SiO4 + 2 Mg(OH)2 → 2 H2O + Mg2SiO4 [11] but this is not the way silicates usually form in nature. Silicates can be formed when a metal oxide or carbonate reacts with silica, like SiO2 + 2 FeO → Fe2SiO4 [12] Similar reactions do in fact occur in nature, the formation of wollastonite during metamorphic processes has already been mentioned (reaction [4]). But the normal way of silicate formation is that of a transformation: silicates react with each other to form new silicates. Once the SiO4 tetrahedron has formed, it is not easily broken apart, and can only be used in reactions to form new rings, chains, sheets, or networks of tetrahedra. Only very rarely and in very special environments can one find silicon in non-silicate minerals. Purity of Quartz Crystals Unlike most minerals, a clear quartz crystal is always chemically pure, with a SiO2-content approaching 99.5%, often more. There are basically two reasons for this. First, quartz has a macromolecular structure. It does not contain isolated ions of some element that could easily be replaced by another element. If, for example, a salt (a compound made of isolated ions held together by electrostatic forces) grows in a watery solution, its ions could be almost arbitrarily replaced as long as the size and charge of the replacing ions have an identical value. When quartz grows from a watery solution, there is literally nothing "attractive" on the growing surface to other ions in the solution. Only if, for example, an [AlO4]- group unit is built in instead of a SiO4 unit, the structure gets electrically imbalanced and allows an additional small monovalent cation (mostly H+, but also Na+ or Li+) to be included. Only a few elements fulfill the criteria to act as a replacement of silicon in the SiO4 unit, like aluminum in [AlO4]-, phosphorus in [PO4]+, or iron in [FeO4]- and trigger the inclusion of further ions. Interestingly, the mineral berlinite, AlPO4, which could be interpreted as the formula [Al,P]O2 is a structural isomorph of quartz, showing almost identical structural and symmetry properties, and very similar physical properties: Formula Crystal System Density Hardness Refractive Indices Berlinite AlPO4 trigonal 2.64 g/cm3 7 1.524-1.530 α-Quartz SiO2 trigonal 2.65 g/cm3 7 1.544-1.553 Second, the three-dimensional network of SiO4 tetrahedra is quite rigid. Many minerals can tolerate relatively large amounts of certain other atoms and/or ions in their crystal lattice without showing great deviations in their physical properties[9]. The color might change completely, but the crystals appear clear and uniform, as the crystal lattice is somewhat flexible or spacious and maintains its original structure as a whole. The crystal lattice of quartz, however, is tight and very inflexible (making it hard but brittle), and only very small amounts of a number of other elements with small cations (usually Li, Na, H) can be built in during growth without distorting the structure of the lattice. And in fact the amount of monovalent cations found in quartz is roughly proportional to the amount of aluminum. Quartz that contains larger amounts of other substances is translucent to opaque, and often dull, because the crystal "grows around" the enclosed minerals, and light is scattered at the borders of the different materials. This is not generally true for the other modifications of silica, and it seems that for some of them the presence of trace elements has in fact a stabilizing effect on their structure. But while the overall composition of clear quartz crystals is remarkably pure (at least when compared to most other minerals), the impurities are typically not evenly distributed within the crystal. The concentrations of individual elements can vary by an order of magnitude within a few micrometers distance. For instance, the concentration of aluminum can vary between less than 5 ppma (parts per million atoms) to 10000 ppma within a single crystal (➛Perny et al. 1992). The pattern of the trace element distribution can be made visible with a technique called cathodoluminescence: high-energy electron beams ("cathode rays") induce short-lived luminescence effects that can be captured on ordinary film. The resulting photographs of thin slices of crystals show a fine laminar pattern. The layers all lie parallel to the crystal faces, similar to phantoms, so this pattern of trace element distribution is caused by rapid changes in the growth environment. Chemically pure is still often not pure enough for technical purposes. A perfect, homogeneous crystal is as transparent as a vacuum, but trace elements cause distortions and defects in the crystal lattice, and this in turn effects the optical properties. Most of the elements built into quartz (H, Li, Al, Na, Ti, Fe) are ubiquitous and so further purification of silica is complicated and expensive. For that reason deposits of quartz with a low trace element content are still much sought after (see, for example, ➛Larsen et al. 2000). Further Information, Literature, Links A table of quartz properties can be found at Another table at 1 The IUPAC is an organization that aims at eliminating ambiguities and funny, but familiar names like Knallsäure (German for "banging acid", fulminic acid) from chemical nomenclature. Old names are still valid as long as they are unambiguous. 3 The term "meteoric water" refers to its origin from the atmosphere, not from meteorites. The Greeks thought shooting stars came from the same sphere as the clouds: Stars and planets were considered eternal beings, something clouds and shooting stars are obviously not. Think of "meteorology". 4 That is why quartz in volcanic rocks is often accompanied by calcite. 5 This is somewhat counter-intuitive, but a saturated solution is in a thermodynamical equilibrium with the crystal. When a molecule is incorporated into a crystal structure, new bonds will be formed, and depending upon the geometry of the crystal structure, more or less energy is released or consumed. To dissolve a substance, energy is needed to break up the bonds, but energy is also released when water molecules orient themselves towards the dissolved molecule and form new electrostatic bonds (hydratisation energy). A more stable modification of a compound is generally less soluble, as more energy is required to break the bonds. This has nothing to do with the speed of the reaction. Under certain conditions a more unstable modification will form first from a solution and only later it will be replaced by the stable modification: Cryptocrystalline quartz typically forms from a watery solution but with cristobalite and opal being intermediate steps, because the kinetics of the reactions are in favor of opal formation. And when you put a quartz crystal into 1 liter of pure water at room temperature, you can be pretty sure that when you take it out the next day it will not weigh 2.9 mg less. Probably it will be very hard to measure the difference. Maybe after a month, or after a year. 6 The tetrahedra in quartz are in fact not perfectly isometric like an ideal tetrahedron, but slightly distorted, because the distance to the central silicon atom is 0.16101 nm for 2 oxygen atoms, and 0.16145 nm for the 2 other oxygen atoms. This deviation from the ideal form is negligible for most practical purposes, however, as it is less than 0.3%. 7 The oxidation numbers of Si and O are indeed +4 and -2, respectively. The energy needed to actually remove 4 electrons from Si is too high to allow for a stable purely ionic bond. Even SiF4 is a compound with polar, but covalent bonds, despite the high electronegativity of fluorine. But Si4- anion compounds do exist (like Ca2Si). 8 Rykart (1995) gives the values 152.8° and 143.5° for α- and β-quartz, respectively. This seems to be a typographical error, the values should be switched. 9 But it′s not true that "anything goes". When a mineral forms, elements and ions are built into its crystal lattice when they meet certain criteria, like a specific charge, size, or electronegativity, and thus are similar to the ones that already form the lattice. Printer Friendly Version Impressum - Source:	__label__pos	0.86265
This 'Exceptional Expressions of Espresso' Guide Displays Coffee Types By: Tana Makmanee - Published: • References: laughingsquid and thatsnerdalicious Anyone who enjoys their morning coffee fix knows that espresso is something you often drink when you need that extra kick of caffeine, but if you're unaware of all the different types of espresso available, then this 'Exceptional Expressions of Espresso' guide will showcase all the wonderful brews you can have. While coffee patrons may simply ask for one espresso shot or two in their Macchiato drink, there are actually a whole list of expresso-based drinks out there that most people are unaware of. This insightful guide displays all the types of espresso drinks available, and visually showcases the amount of espresso used in that particular beverage. This chart compares how such drinks as an Americano has only 60ml of espresso, while a double latte has a whopping 120ml of espresso. If you're looking to figure out just how much caffeine is in your favorite drinks, then this espresso guide will certainly help you out.	__label__pos	0.78187
Job Details Position Title:Electric Resource Analyst I/II (Regulatory) Reference Number:12.066 Division:General Staffing Contact Name:Human Resources Contact Phone:916-774-5475 Contact Fax:916-774-5350 Position Description:SALARY: Electric Resource Analyst I: $6,632 to $8,888 MONTHLY (26 PAY PERIODS ANNUALLY) Electric Resource Analyst II: $7,454 to $9,990 MONTHLY (26 PAY PERIODS ANNUALLY) FINAL FILING DATE: Accepting the first 50 qualified applications or closing at 5:00 pm on Monday, March 4, 2013, WHICHEVER OCCURS FIRST. TENTATIVE TEST DATE: Oral Interview Exam: March 28, 2013 Education: Equivalent to a Bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university with major course work in engineering, mathematics, economics, business or another analytical field. In addition to the qualifications for Electric Resources Analyst I; This position is focused on managing the increased regulatory responsibilities the Electric Department Power Supply Section faces. The power supply section is responsible for procuring resources to meet customer electricity demand in the city. This position will focus on issues of regulation and compliance from the period just after a law is passed through the actual compliance activities, such as participating in the California Air Resources Board Cap and Trade auction. The following questions probe capabilities in this area: 1. Please provide an example of your participating in regulatory proceedings and both summarizing and communicating relevant details for use by utility staff and governing bodies. 2. Please describe what you would consider the key regulatory challenges faced by Roseville’s Electric Department, particularly to the Power Supply Section. 3. Please describe what you would consider the key features and challenges to Roseville encompassed in California’s Renewable Portfolio Standards law (Also known as SBx1-2.). 4. Please provide an example of a time where you have managed multiple varied activities and responsibilities. What strategies do you use to manage multiple responsibilities? 5. A key skill of this position is the ability to convert often vague regulatory direction into appropriate compliance actions. Please describe an example where you have been able to translate instructions, particularly vague instructions, into actions. Please explain the challenges you encountered and how you overcame them. Job Status:Regular / Benefitted, Salary Click Here to Apply	__label__pos	0.971745
Search Our Site Page Navigation Section Banner Taking It Home, Session 4: Flexibility (Duct Tape) In "Toolbox of Faith," a Tapestry of Faith program Duct tape was explored as a symbol for flexibility, a tool we find in our Unitarian Universalist faith. The children manipulated duct tape to discover how its flexibility makes it a useful tool. The group explored the Unitarian Universalist expectation of change and flexibility in one's understanding and beliefs. We reflected on the value of developing an open mind, a flexible faith, and an ability to live with changeable answers. We emphasized the importance of being informed and flexible decision-makers. We learn about flexibility to illustrate that: • Unitarian Universalism is a faith that will grow and adapt with you as your life changes As a family, share examples of times when flexibility has appeared or has been needed in each of your lives. Talk about how flexibility can be a tool of one's faith. You may like to use these questions: • How have you changed this year? • Describe a time when you felt you changed the most? • When was a time when it might have been helpful to be flexible, but you were not able to be? Why were you not able to be flexible? Ask everyone to think of ways in which your family is flexible. For example: • Do different people take on different roles and responsibilities at different times of day, on different days, or during different months of the year? • How do shifting needs and priorities determine how you allocate family resources (such as a car, a computer, or a parent's attention)? • When does flexibility come into play in family decision-making? What happens when all family members are affected by a choice, such as what to do in free time or what to eat at a shared meal (as in the story, "Answer Mountain," which children heard in this session)? • How may the balance of freedoms and responsibilities shift among individuals, or for each individual, as children in the family mature? For a hands-on exploration of how flexibility makes duct tape versatile, try some Duck Tape Club projects such as a picture frame, a rose, a bookmark, and a bracelet. Two books with more duct tape crafts are: Find a flexibility message in "The Oak Tree and the Reeds," in the book, Once Upon A Time: Storytelling to Teach Character and Prevent Bullying; Lessons from 99 Multicultural Folk Tales for Grades K-8 by Elisa Davy Pearmain (Greensboro, NC: Character Development Group, 2006). The author provides guidance on how to tell a story, along with activities for a group of children — or a family — to do together. See if your congregational library has or wishes to order the book A Lamp in Every Corner, A Unitarian Universalist Storybook by Janeen K. Grohsmeyer (Boston: Unitarian Universalist Association, 2004). This is a collection of twenty-one short stories that amplify and explore the seven Principles through Unitarian Universalist history and traditions, including stories about famous Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist men and women. It includes helpful suggestions for the novice storyteller and a list of further storytelling resources. Take turns reading or performing the stories in your family. For more information contact web @ Last updated on Friday, June 22, 2012. Sidebar Content, Page Navigation Updated and Popular Recently Updated For Newcomers Page Navigation	__label__pos	0.91333
Printer Frendly Version Rule of Law: Study Questions Suggested Review Questions and Activities Essential Principles Why is the rule of law essential to democracy? What aspect of the rule of law as defined by Rachel Kleinfeld Belton in the Essential Principles section is the most important in your view? Should the rule of law be defined by its ends or its means? Explain your answer with historical examples. Identify examples of democracies where the rule of law has broken down. Identify dictatorships where the rule of law has been used to promote democratic change. Identify similarities and differences in each of these two broad categories of countries. What do the differences and similarities tell you about the concept of rule of law? Why did the reunified Germany keep West Germany's Basic Law as its constitution rather than adopting a new common constitution? The Weimar Republic was the first democratic regime of unified Germany, but it is known in history as a failed state that created the conditions for Hitler's seizure of power. Study it further. What characteristics of the rule of law existed in the Weimar Republic? Did the Treaty of Versailles doom the Weimar Republic, or did its constitution enable the Nazis' rise to power? Singapore is known for having a low crime rate, a high per capita execution rate, and severe penalties for nearly every crime. Is there a connection between these traits? What in the theory of the rule of law would argue against the connection between a law-and-order society and a low crime rate? Lee Kuan Yew has argued that Asia has special "political values" that are incompatible with democracy. Find one of Yew's speeches defending this position. Debate the strengths and weaknesses of Yew's argument. Is Yew right or wrong? Are there such things as "right" and "wrong" political values? Discuss these questions with your classmates. Saudi Arabia What is the relationship between the rule of law and Wahhabism? Who controls the courts in Saudi Arabia? Does any aspect of rule of law as defined in the Essential Principles section exist in Saudi Arabia? Assess each of the five principles in relation to Saudi Arabia.	__label__pos	0.999253
Deductive Reasoning Teacher Resources Find Deductive Reasoning educational ideas and activities Showing 1 - 20 of 135 resources Students recognize problems that may be solved using deductive reasoning, and develop aids to help them in solving these problems. They produce their own deductive reasoning puzzles for other students to solve. Third graders apply deductive reasoning and make predictions. In this language arts lesson, 3rd graders discuss questions and use deductive reasoning to make a prediction. Students look for patterns and prior knowledge to make predictions. Young scholars develop a strategy list for problem solving by working with different types of problems. They recognize problems that may be solved using deductive reasoning and solve deductive reasoning problems. Rumours of illness, poisoning, and madness - a ship disappears without a trace! Read this interactive science story and use deductive reasoning skills to solve a mystery. This engaging resource gives science stars a chance to practice problem solving. Since the possible causes of death in the story are all diseases, this would be ideal as an enrichment activity for your biology course, particularly when studying infectious disease, bacteria, or viruses. High schoolers define direct, indirect and transitive reasoning, give examples of direct, indirect and transitive reasoning, and identify valid and invalid arguments. In this deductive reasoning instructional activity, students answer 5 questions about a Venn diagram. Students use deductive reasoning to answer each question. Sherlock Holmes had fantastic skills of observation. Your super sleuths will examine the pattern, rhythm, texture, and color of a painting to uncover the symbolism beneath. A great lesson, that incorporates observation, art analysis, critical and deductive reasoning. Students determine the story elements of typical mystery stories including characters and plot structure. They look at vocabulary that is common to mystery stories before reading and responding to mystery chapter books. Working in guided reading groups, they act as detectives to complete case files while paying attention to details in readings. In this logic puzzle, students examine clues from a mystery. They use logical reasoning to determine how to escape from a villian. This one-page worksheet contains 1 logic puzzle. In this deductive reasoning worksheet, students answer five multiple choice questions related to the law of syllogism. The solutions are available by clicking on the "check it" button found on the bottom of the page. For this bridge-crossing worksheet, students read a word problem. They use logic and deductive reasoning to determine the correct combination for two men to cross a bridge at the same time to get the anticipated results. This one-page worksheet contains 1 story problem. The answer is provided at the bottom of the page. Young scholars solve sentences using deductive reasoning. In this geometry lesson plan, students are asked to translate sentences using logic and deductive reasoning. Fifth graders research math basic skills assignments on various bookmarked websites. They work in teams to complete the project, print out the assignments, and place them in folders. They can also create their own math games utilizing ideas from math Web sites. Abby, Rosita, and Zoe help a camel find his proper habitat. A voice tells the girls to find the habitat. Then the girls use clues and deductive reasoning to figure out where a camel lives. Great for problem solving and building critical-Language Arts. Here is a game you can play with your preschoolers to help them identify sounds and build their deductive reasoning. Big Bird gives clues for each of three different items. Children need to guess what each item is. In this logic worksheet, students read an "invitation to a mystery ball" and then use math clues to determine the date of the ball, the 5-digit house number where the ball will be held, and who is hosting. Students show how to solve subtraction problems using manipulative materials and deductive reasoning. They construct subtraction sentences using information from the activity. Browse by Subject Deductive Reasoning	__label__pos	1
Return to the Purplemath home page The Purplemath Forums Helping students gain understanding and self-confidence in algebra powered by FreeFind Find a Garden Grove, CA Precalculus Tutor Subject: Zip: Jeff Z. ...I have gained a lot of experience from tutoring different types of people and many different types of age groups. Understanding each students difficulties in mathematics is important. Every student has their own challenges and these must be addressed accordingly. 14 Subjects: including precalculus, calculus, geometry, algebra 1 Garden Grove, CA Phillip P. ...There, I provided academic assistance to middle and high school students through helping students with their homework, preparing them for exams, and monitoring their overall learning in order to both ensure their success in their immediate school material and in future material so that they can g... 26 Subjects: including precalculus, reading, chemistry, calculus Garden Grove, CA Steven P. ...I am passionate about helping students improve in all academic subjects. I still remember my excitement when my calculus tutee received her first “A” on a test. I am confident that my passion and experience are the qualities you or your child look for in a tutor. 10 Subjects: including precalculus, chemistry, calculus, geometry Stanton, CA Brian K. ...I will teach you how to build a routine, stay organized, plan your studying efficiently, and get good grades. Also, I will set your goals and check your progress to ensure you reach your goals. Additionally, I will give you technological and web based aids that will help you complete your assig... 18 Subjects: including precalculus, calculus, geometry, GRE Irvine, CA Barbara S. ...I tell them that a music store should equal a candy store once they can read notes. Mastery of trigonometry is vital for pre-calculus and on. Most students combine it in Algebra 2 Trig but I also tutor college students who take this as a complete course. 41 Subjects: including precalculus, English, reading, writing Huntington Beach, CA Feedback \| Error?	__label__pos	0.971214
Lessons & Units :: Vocabulary in Context 4th Grade Unit Lesson 1: Choosing the Right Strategy Lesson Plan Learning Goal Use multiple strategies to determine the meaning of a word in context. Approximately 50 minutes Necessary Materials Provided: Direct Teaching Vocabulary Strategies Chart; Direct Teaching and Guided Practice Passage, “Free Speech at School;” Direct Teaching and Guided Practice Example Chart; Independent Practice Worksheet Not Provided: Chart paper, markers, articles, Independent Reading books • Teacher Modeling will explain that when I am reading a text, I can use multiple strategies to understand the meaning of a word that I don’t understand. I will share a chart of strategies previously learned. (Direct Teaching Teacher Example Chart is provided in Teacher and Student Materials.) (Note: Please refer to Vocabulary in Context 3rd Grade lessons if a further review is required.) I will read the first paragraph of “Free Speech at School” aloud (provided in Books and Passages) and use each strategy on my chart to illustrate how to learn the meaning of a word. (Direct Teaching and Guided Practice Teacher Example Chart is provided below.) For example, “primary” must mean original or first. The author defines the word in the sentence, so I used an appositive to figure out what primary means. Or “Just” must mean fair. I know this by identifying a contrasting statement in the sentence. If there are no clues in the text, I will use a dictionary to find the word’s meaning. • Think Check Ask: How did I find the meaning of unknown words in the passage? Students should respond that you used contrasting statements, appositives, prefixes, context clues, and dictionaries to find the meaning of unknown words. • Guided Practice will read the remaining paragraphs of “Free Speech at School” and use prefixes, contrasting statements, context clues, and appositives to determine the meaning of the words in bold. If we cannot figure out a word’s meaning from the text, we will look it up in the dictionary. We will chart the words, their meaning, and the strategy we used together. • Independent Practice will select an article from a magazine or newspaper, or use your book for Independent Reading to identify the meaning of difficult and unknown words. You will fill out the Word Journal (Student Independent Practice provided below) by recording difficult words in the text, what they mean, and which strategy you used to figure out their meaning. Build Student Vocabulary express Tier 2 Word: express Contextualize the word as it is used in the story "Freedom of Expression is an important right to express your opinions, religion, or beliefs without fear of punishment." Explain the meaning student-friendly definition) To express means that to share your inner thoughts, feelings, and opinions. Freedom of Expression guarantees your right to share your inner thoughts, feelings, and opinions. Students repeat the word Say the word express with me: express. Teacher gives examples of the word in other contexts I express my feelings in my diary. When I’m in a good mood, I express myself by giving everyone lots of hugs – that’s how I show how I feel. The president’s speech expressed his ideas on education. Students provide examples When you’re in a bad mood, how do you express yourself? Students should say, “I express myself by…” Students repeat the word again. What word are we talking about? express Additional Vocabulary Words represented, mission Build Student Background Knowledge After reading the passage, show students where Vietnam is on your world map. Explain that Vietnam is part of the continent of Asia. In the 1960s and 1970s (1957-1975), the United States was involved in a war between North and South Vietnam. The U.S. defended South Vietnam against North Vietnam. It was the longest war in which the United States took part. During this time, televisions were becoming popular in American homes, and for the first time in history, Americans could watch the war on TV. This influenced many young people to protest, or object to, the war in Vietnam. Tinker, the high school student we just read about, was one of these young protesters. Texts & Materials Standards Alignment User Comments I really like this web site. I am just learning about the Gradual Release format and the way lessons are laid out with the I do, We do, You do really help, plus everything is aligned to the standards!!! Way to go Read Works!!! Thank you!! Readworks is such a teacher friendly site that enables us to teach effectively. In an age of accountability where instruction often is compromised by mindless paperwork, Readworks places quality materials within our reach. Resources and materials that allow us to effectively do what we do best- instruct our students. Post new comment	__label__pos	0.999429
Moment magnitude scale From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Moment magnitude) Jump to: navigation, search The moment magnitude scale (abbreviated as MMS; denoted as MW or M) is used by seismologists to measure the size of earthquakes in terms of the energy released.[1] The magnitude is based on the seismic moment of the earthquake, which is equal to the rigidity of the Earth multiplied by the average amount of slip on the fault and the size of the area that slipped.[2] The scale was developed in the 1970s to succeed the 1930s-era Richter magnitude scale (ML). Even though the formulae are different, the new scale retains the familiar continuum of magnitude values defined by the older one. The MMS is now the scale used to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes by the United States Geological Survey.[3] Historical context[edit] The Richter scale; a former measure of earthquake magnitude[edit] The modified Richter scale[edit] Correcting weaknesses of the modified Richter scale[edit] The Richter Scale, as modified, was successfully applied to characterize localities. This enabled local building codes to establish standards for buildings which were earthquake resistant. However a series of quakes were poorly handled by the modified Richter scale. This series of "great earthquakes", which included faults that broke along a line of up to 1000 km. Examples include the 1952 Aleutian Fox Islands quake and the 1960 Chilean quake, both which broke faults approaching 1000 km. The MS scale was unable to characterize these "great earthquakes" accurately.[5] The difficulties with use of MS in characterizing the quake resulted from the size of these earthquakes. Great quakes produced 20 s waves such that MS was comparable to normal quakes, but also produced very long period waves (more than 200 s) which carried large amounts of energy. As a result, use of the modified Richter scale methodology, to estimate earthquake energy, was deficient at high energies.[5] In 1972, Aki introduced elastic dislocation theory to improve understanding of the earthquake mechanism. This theory proposed that the energy release from a quake is proportional to the surface area that breaks free, and the average distance that the fault is displaced, and the rigidity of the material adjacent to the fault. This is found to correlate well with the seismologic readings from long-period seismographs. Hence the moment magnitude scale (MW) represented a major step forward in characterizing earthquakes.[6] Current research[edit] Recent research related to the moment magnitude scale focuses on: • Timely earthquake magnitude estimates allow for early warnings of earthquakes and tsunamis. Such earthquake early warning systems are operating in Japan, Mexico, Romania, Taiwan, and Turkey and are being tested in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Such systems rely on a variety of analytic methods to attain an early estimate of the moment magnitude of a quake.[7] The symbol for the moment magnitude scale is M_\mathrm{w}, with the subscript \mathrm{w} meaning mechanical work accomplished. The moment magnitude M_\mathrm{w} is a dimensionless number defined by M_\mathrm{w} = {\frac{2}{3}}\log_{10}(M_0) - 6.0, where M_0 is the seismic moment in N⋅m (107 dyne⋅cm).[1] The constant values in the equation are chosen to achieve consistency with the magnitude values produced by earlier scales, the Local Magnitude and the Surface Wave magnitude, both referred to as the "Richter" scale by reporters. Comparative energy released by two earthquakes[edit] The following formula, obtained by solving the previous equation for M_0, allows one to assess the proportional difference f_{\Delta E} in energy release between earthquakes of two different moment magnitudes, say m_1 and m_2: f_{\Delta E} = \frac{10^{(\frac{3}{2}(m_1 + 10.7))}}{10^{(\frac{3}{2}(m_2 + 10.7))}} = 10^{\frac{3}{2}(m_1 - m_2)}. Radiated seismic energy[edit] • cracks and deformation in rocks • heat • radiated seismic energy E_s. The seismic moment M_0 is a measure of the total amount of energy that is transformed during an earthquake. Only a small fraction of the seismic moment M_0 is converted into radiated seismic energy E_\mathrm{s}, which is what seismographs register. Using the estimate E_\mathrm{s} = M_0\cdot10^{-4.8}=M_0\cdot1.6\times10^{-5}, Choy and Boatwright defined in 1995 the energy magnitude [9] M_\mathrm{e} = \textstyle{\frac{2}{3}}\log_{10}E_\mathrm{s}-2.9 where E_\mathrm{s} is in N.m. Nuclear explosions[edit] A rule of thumb equivalence from seismology used in the study of nuclear proliferation asserts that a one kiloton nuclear explosion creates a seismic signal with a magnitude of approximately 4.0.[10] This in turn leads to the equation[11] M_n = \textstyle\frac{2}{3}\displaystyle\log_{10} \frac{m_{\mathrm{TNT}}}{\mbox{Mt}} + 6, where m_{\mathrm{TNT}} is the mass of the explosive TNT that is quoted for comparison (relative to megatons Mt). Such comparison figures are not very meaningful. As with earthquakes, during an underground explosion of a nuclear weapon, only a small fraction of the total amount of energy transformed ends up being radiated as seismic waves. Therefore, a seismic efficiency has to be chosen for a bomb that is quoted as a comparison. Using the conventional specific energy of TNT (4.184 MJ/kg), the above formula implies the assumption that about 0.5% of the bomb's energy is converted into radiated seismic energy E_s.[12] For real underground nuclear tests, the actual seismic efficiency achieved varies significantly and depends on the site and design parameters of the test. Comparison with Richter scale[edit] The concept of seismic moment was introduced in 1966,[13] but it took 13 years before the M_\mathrm{w} scale was designed. The reason for the delay was that the necessary spectra of seismic signals had to be derived by hand at first, which required personal attention to every event. Faster computers than those available in the 1960s were necessary and seismologists had to develop methods to process earthquake signals automatically. In the mid-1970s Dziewonski[14] started the Harvard Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog.[15] After this advance, it was possible to introduce M_\mathrm{w} and estimate it for large numbers of earthquakes. Moment magnitude is now the most common measure for medium to large earthquake magnitudes,[16] but breaks down for smaller quakes. For example, the United States Geological Survey does not use this scale for earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 3.5, which is the great majority of quakes. Date Seismic moment M_0\times10^{25} (dyne-cm) Richter scale M_\mathrm{L} Moment magnitude M_\mathrm{w} 1933-03-11 2 6.3 6.2 1940-05-19 30 6.4 7.0 1941-07-01 0.9 5.9 6.0 1942-10-21 9 6.5 6.6 1946-03-15 1 6.3 6.0 1947-04-10 7 6.2 6.5 1948-12-04 1 6.5 6.0 1952-07-21 200 7.2 7.5 1954-03-19 4 6.2 6.4 See also[edit] 1. ^ a b c d Hanks, Thomas C.; Kanamori, Hiroo (May 1979). "Moment magnitude scale". Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (B5): 2348–50. Bibcode:1979JGR....84.2348H. doi:10.1029/JB084iB05p02348. 3. ^ a b USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy 4. ^ 9. ^ Choy, George L.; Boatwright, John L. (1995), "Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress", Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (B9): 18205–28, Bibcode:1995JGR...10018205C, doi:10.1029/95JB01969 11. ^ "What is Richter Magnitude?" 12. ^ Q: How much energy is released in an earthquake? 13. ^ Aki, Keiiti (1966). "4. Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum". Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute 44: 73–88. 16. ^ Boyle, Alan (May 12, 2008). "Quakes by the numbers". MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-05-12. "That original scale has been tweaked through the decades, and nowadays calling it the "Richter scale" is an anachronism. The most common measure is known simply as the moment magnitude scale." • Utsu, T (2002). "Relationships between magnitude scales". In Lee, W.H.K., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P.C., and Kisslinger, C. International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology. International Geophysics (Academic Press, a division of Elsevier) A (81): 733–46. External links[edit]	__label__pos	0.96775
@article {Plancque:2005-04-01T00:00:00:0003-7028:432, author = "Plancque, Gabriel and Maurice, Yoann and Moulin, Valérie and Toulhoat, Pierre and Moulin, Christophe", title = "On the Use of Spectroscopic Techniques for Interaction Studies, Part I: Complexation Between Europium and Small Organic Ligands", journal = "Applied Spectroscopy", volume = "59", number = "4", year = "2005-04-01T00:00:00", abstract = "In the framework of environmental studies, it is important to understand the interaction of humic substances with cations (heavy metals, radionuclides) and to determine their complexation constants in order to evaluate their potential impact on their fate. For this purpose, two techniques have been used: electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, a newly used technique in speciation studies, and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry, a well-known technique for such studies. As a first step, for simplification purposes and to compare both techniques, simple molecules having functional groups present in humic substances have been selected, such as acetic, glycolic, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids. Both techniques have been used to obtain stoichiometries and complexation constants between these simple molecules and europium (III).", pages = "432-441", url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/2005/00000059/00000004/art00010", doi = "doi:10.1366/0003702053641540", keyword = "ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, COMPLEXATION CONSTANTS, EUROPIUM, TIME-RESOLVED LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS" }	__label__pos	0.973655
NEWTON, Ask A Scientist! Name: ian Status: educator Age: 40s Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: 2000 Could you please explain the basics of valences. Thanks. Chemical valence, also referred to as oxidation number, is an empirical assignment of one [or sometimes several] positive or negative numbers to a chemical element. The most likely formula for a chemical compound is when the number of atoms X the valence number [assume it to be positive] of that element, equals the number of atoms X the valence number [assume it to be negative] sum to zero, or the net charge on the compound, for example, (SO4)^ -2. Although the concept of valence is firmly based on the quantum mechanics of atoms, in practice it is an empirical counting game that a student basically has to memorize the common valences associated with an element. So Ca++ has a valence of +2, Cl- has a valence of -1, and they combine to form CaCl2, in which one positive valence of +2 and one negative valence of -1 sum to give a net charge of zero. The problem is that this is only a rough guideline and it has many exceptions and hand-waving qualifications. Here are a few examples: What is the valence of oxygen in ozone, O3? Sulfur, being below oxygen would be expected to have a valence of -2, which it often does, but SF6 is a perfectly good stable chemical. The inert gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe are assigned a valence of zero because the don't react to form any chemical compounds -- well almost none. Under the proper conditions Kr and Xe will form a variety of compounds with fluorine and/or oxygen. The list of exceptions and qulaifications is very long. If you search the website search engine http://www.about.com for the topic "valence" you will find discussions of varying degrees of sophistication, so you can learn as much, or as little, as you choose. Vince Calder Click here to return to the Chemistry Archives Educational Programs Building 360 9700 S. Cass Ave. Argonne, Illinois 60439-4845, USA Update: June 2012 Weclome To Newton Argonne National Laboratory	__label__pos	0.947047
look up any word, like smh: A canadian wave is an act where two males participate in a 69 position but standing up and holding each others ankles. Then proceed to pleasure each other with oral sex whilst gyrating there bodies in a wave like motion. Me and dave got so wasted last night we had a canadian wave it got toooo messy but certainly was thrilling. by McBeast.com November 21, 2009 Words related to Canadian Wave 69 bj gay knackers oral	__label__pos	0.862545
Children's Advocacy NetworkGrowing up I often thought about equality and what that means to me. To me it meant that all kids, no matter their age, race, gender, socioeconomic status, religious beliefs or whatever box people may check off, deserved to have the same chances to succeed in life. As an adult I now realize that equality means much more. It means that a kid’s voice needs to be heard by the policymakers in local, state and federal governments. Equality means that schools should have the same resources for kids to thrive whether they live in the Amani neighborhood of Milwaukee or in Mequon, Wis. Equality means …Continue reading → Project Ujima teens bring awareness of crime victims and their rights	__label__pos	0.733887
IT 3132 – Web Software Course Description This course provides a survey of advanced web software tools used in the development and deployment of web-based systems. The course includes the use of web authoring, animation, and graphical tools. A ‘C’ or better in IT 1230 Web Technologies or IT 1430 Web Page Development and junior standing Course Outcomes On completion of the course, students will be able to: 1. Identify, describe, select and use web software tools for developing a website with multimedia content. 2. Identify challenges in the design, implementation, delivery, and support of major web-based applications. 3. Assess and recommend solutions that meet an organization’s web-based information requirements. 4. Identify and explain issues that affect international use of information technology. 5. Recognize and describe the challenges (technical, managerial and organizational) of change management. 6. Demonstrate an understanding of new technologies and evaluate their use for an organization’s information delivery strategy. 7. Contribute appropriately to collaborative project assignments and case analysis. 8. Recognize the importance of effective oral and written communication skills. Rationale for Inclusion The course contributes to the following student outcomes and attributes: (2) Analyze user requirements to design IT-based solutions (4) Work in project teams to develop and/or implement IT-based solutions (5) Use current computing techniques, skills, and/or technologies.	__label__pos	0.713497
Quantum dots make for more pleasing LED lamps Many who grew up beneath a warm, inefficient incandescent or halogen glow are having a hard time coming to grips with the stale, stiff, efficient illumination provided by CFL or LED bulbs. Two companies, Nexxus Lighting and QD Vision, have paired up to change that, with the former providing an 8 watt (75 watt equivalent) LED bulb, and the latter providing a thin film of quantum dots that can precisely control its color. The dots are microscopic particles that filter light into different colors depending on their size, from red to blue as the dots get smaller -- some only 10 atoms in diameter. The first bulbs are due later this year, and while no word on price is given, Nexxus's current LED bulb costs $100 on its own and surely that layer of dots won't come cheap. Also, no word on whether you'll need to use a Handlink to turn the thing on and off. [Via Physorg] Analyst sees Wii HD in 2010	__label__pos	0.869731
look up any word, like sex: The act of compulsivley moving ones face every 20 to 40 seconds.The person has no control over this form of facial seizure and it often strikes at the most awkward times.Most common for young indian students aged 11 to 18 but in some rare cases elderly woman have been know to suffer from Arshjiting Person 1: hey jim, crowley is Arshjiting again Person 2: what? again he's such a spaz lool by Fabio Nig March 06, 2013	__label__pos	0.766934
Sun Java System Web Server 7.0 NSAPI Developer's Guide Appendix A Hypertext Transfer Protocol The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol (a set of rules that describes how information is exchanged) that allows a client (such as a web browser) and a web server to communicate with each other. HTTP is based on a request-response model. The browser opens a connection to the server and sends a request to the server. The server processes the request and generates a response, which it sends to the browser. The server then closes the connection. This chapter provides a short introduction to a few HTTP basics. For more information on HTTP, see the IETF home page at: This chapter has the following sections: Sun Java System Web Server supports HTTP/1.1. The server is conditionally compliant with the HTTP/1.1 proposed standard, as approved by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) HTTP working group. For more information on the criteria for being conditionally compliant, see the Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1 specification (RFC 2616) at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt A request from a browser to a server includes the following information: Request Method, URI, and Protocol Version A browser can request information using a number of methods. The commonly used methods are: Request Headers The browser can send headers to the server. Most of these request headers are optional. The following table lists some of the commonly used request headers. Table A–1 Common Request Headers Request Header File types the browser can accept. Used if the browser wants to authenticate itself with a server; information such as the user name and password are included. Name and version of the browser software. URL of the document. Internet host and port number of the resource being requested. Request Data If the browser has made a POST or PUT request, it sends data after the blank line following the request headers. If the browser sends a GET or HEAD request, there is no data to send. The server’s response includes the following: HTTP Protocol Version, Status Code, and Reason Phrase The server sends back a status code, which is a three-digit numeric code. The five categories of status codes are: Table A–2 Common HTTP Status Codes Status Code OK; request has succeeded for the method used (GET, POST, HEAD). The server has sent a response to byte range requests. Found. Redirection to a new URL. The original URL has moved. This is not an error; most browsers will get the new page. Unauthorized. The user requested a document but did not provide a valid user name or password. Forbidden. Access to this URL is forbidden. Not found. The document requested is not on the server. This code can also be sent if the server is configured to protect the document for unauthorized personnel. Some applications (e.g., certain NSAPI plug-ins) cannot handle very large amounts of data, so returns this error code. Data was requested outside the range of a file. Server error. A server-related error occurred. The server administrator must check the error log in the server. Sent if the quality of service mechanism was enabled and bandwidth or connection limits were attained. The server then serves requests with that code. Response Headers The response headers contain information about the server and the response data. The following table lists some common response headers. Table A–3 Common Response Headers Response Header Name and version of the web server. Current date (in Greenwich Mean Time). Date when the document was last modified. Date when the document expires. Length of the data that follows (in bytes). MIME type of the data that follows. Used during authentication and includes information that tells the browser software what is necessary for authentication (such as user name and password). Response Data The server sends a blank line after the last header. It then sends the response data such as an image or an HTML page.	__label__pos	0.827165
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the United States Navy ship, see USS Celeritas (SP-665). Celeritas /kɛ'lɛritas/ or /tʃɛ'lɛritas/ is a Latin word, translated as "swiftness" or "speed". It is often given as the origin of the symbol c, the universal notation for the speed of light in a vacuum, as popularized in Albert Einstein's famous equation E = mc². In SI units, the speed of light in a vacuum is defined as 299 792 458 meters per second (1 079 252 848.8 km/h). In the 19th century, V was commonly used to denote the speed of light. Einstein used this notation in his famous 1905 papers.[1] Thus, Einstein originally wrote his most famous equation as m = L / V2 (he used E elsewhere for a different energy).[2] The first use of the letter c as a symbol for the speed of light was in an 1856 paper by Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch.[3] Weber used the notation to stand for constant, and it later became known as Weber's constant. At the turn of the 20th century, c was popularised by influential physicists such as Max Planck and Hendrik Lorentz. In 1907, Einstein switched to this notation in his papers. A 1959 essay by science fiction and popular science author Isaac Asimov[4] is the first reference to c standing for celeritas, though he cited no evidence to support this. It is now standard to see "c is for celeritas". David Bodanis, in his popular science book E=mc²: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation, states that "the speed of light has this unsuspected letter for its name probably out of homage for the period before the mid 1600s when science was centered around Italy, and Latin was the language of choice, Celeritas is the Latin word for swiftness."[5] 1. ^ Einstein, A. (1905). "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper". Annalen der Physik 322 (10): 891–921. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..891E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053221004. edit 2. ^ Einstein, A. (1905). "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?". Annalen der Physik 323 (13): 639–641. Bibcode:1905AnP...323..639E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053231314. edit 3. ^ Weber, W.; Kohlrausch, R. (1856). "Ueber die Elektricitätsmenge, welche bei galvanischen Strömen durch den Querschnitt der Kette fliesst". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 175 (9): 10–25. Bibcode:1856AnP...175...10W. doi:10.1002/andp.18561750903. edit 4. ^ Isaac Asimov "C for Celeritas" in "The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction", Nov-59 (1959), reprinted in "Of Time, Space, and Other Things", Discus (1975), and "Asimov On Physics", Doubleday (1976) 5. ^ David Bodanis, "E=mc²: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation", pg. 37, Macmillan (2000) External links[edit]	__label__pos	0.958681
Robert English in the US 1. #16,649 Maria Zapata 2. #16,650 Michelle Coleman 3. #16,651 Miriam Martinez 4. #16,652 Paul Jenkins 5. #16,653 Robert English 6. #16,654 Robert Garrison 7. #16,655 Sarah Bell 8. #16,656 Willie Coleman 9. #16,657 David Shepherd people in the U.S. have this name View Robert English on WhitePages Raquote Meaning & Origins 3rd in the U.S. English: from Old English Englisc. The word had originally distinguished Angles (see Engel) from Saxons and other Germanic peoples in the British Isles, but by the time surnames were being acquired it no longer had this meaning. Its frequency as an English surname is somewhat surprising. It may have been commonly used in the early Middle Ages as a distinguishing epithet for an Anglo-Saxon in areas where the culture was not predominantly English—for example the Danelaw area, Scotland, and parts of Wales—or as a distinguishing name after 1066 for a non-Norman in the regions of most intensive Norman settlement. However, explicit evidence for these assumptions is lacking, and at the present day the surname is fairly evenly distributed throughout the country. 691st in the U.S. Nicknames & variations Top state populations	__label__pos	0.887007
The Winter's Tale Test \| Lesson Plans Mid-Book Test - Hard Buy The Winter's Tale Lesson Plans Mid-Book Test - Hard Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ Short Answer Questions 1. How does the Oracle characterize Leontes? 2. What does Antigonus tell the king he does to save the life of the infant? 3. If Hermione is adulterous, what does Antigonus want to do to his daughters? 4. What does Leontes call for at the beginning of the trial? 5. Who tells the king that Mamillius dies? Short Essay Questions 1. What does Paulina do when the guard tells her that no one sees the queen? 2. What is the king waiting for before killing the queen? 3. What does Time say about Perdita? 4. What does Camillo advise Polixenes to do regarding Leontes and the charge of adultery? 5. Who is Florizel, and where does he spend his time? 6. Why do Leontes and Perdita not want Paulina to close the curtain on the statue of Hermione? 7. Why does Antigonus want his daughters sterilized? 8. When Archidamus invites Camillo to Bohemia, how does Archidamus describe Bohemia? 9. What is a soliloquy? 10. What are some of the indications that the statue of Hermione is actually Hermione? Essay Topics Essay Topic 1 Using examples from the play, answer the following question: What genre of play is "The Winter's Tale"? Essay Topic 2 What is the symbolism of Perdita's flowers? Use examples from the play to support your answer. Essay Topic 3 Is Hermione's action, pretending to be dead for so many years, a justifiable reaction to Leontes treatment of her? Why or why not? Cite specific examples from the play to support your answer. (see the answer keys) This section contains 595 words (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page) Buy The Winter's Tale Lesson Plans The Winter's Tale from BookRags. (c)2014 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.	__label__pos	0.985092
Latest Felidae Stories New Species Of Big Cat Discovered In Tibet Fills Evolutionary Gap 2013-11-13 08:21:19 [ Watch the Video: Fossil Skull Of Ancient Big Cat Unearthed In Tibet ] Lawrence LeBlond for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online The evolution of big cats has been nearly as mysterious as the cats themselves, but a new discovery will likely lead anthropologists to a better understanding of when and where big cats originated. During a 2010 paleontological dig in Tibet, a husband-and-wife team who were part of a larger expedition discovered the fossilized partial remains of what... British Isles Was Home To Exotic Big Cat Over A Century Ago 2013-04-25 14:36:40 Lee Rannals for redOrbit.com — Your Universe Online Scientists writing in the journal Historical Biology say they have proved that a big cat once prowled the British countryside. A mysterious animal in a museum's underground storeroom helped the team prove that a non-native "big cat" roamed around the British countryside a century ago. The scientists analyzed the animal's skeleton and mounted skin and found that it was a Canadian lynx, which is a carnivorous predator more than... Cheetah's Unique Coat Linked To Genetic Mutation 2012-09-21 05:17:40 April Flowers for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online Cat enthusiasts can tell you all about the myriad of coat patterns that can be found on domestic cats and their larger, wild cousins. From cheetahs to tigers to snow leopards, wild cats have distinctive patterns of light and dark fur, forming spots, stripes, swirls, blotches, marbles and rosettes. A research team led by Stanford University has unlocked the biological secret behind a rare, striped cheetah found only in sub-Saharan... Prehistoric Toothy Predators Had Beefier Arm Bones 2012-01-04 10:51:55 [ Watch the Video ] The combination of colossal canines and forceful forelimbs arose repeatedly over time, says a new study The toothiest prehistoric predators also had beefier arm bones, finds a new fossil study. Sabertooth tigers may come to mind, but these extinct cats weren't the only animals with fearsome fangs. Take the false sabertooth cats – also known as nimravids – and their catlike cousins, a family of carnivores called the Barbourofelidae. Both of these... 2010-10-20 09:50:00 Inspired by Rudyard Kipling's short story "How the Leopard Got His Spots," researchers from the University of Bristol investigated the markings of a vast array of wild cats in an attempt to determine exactly what caused the felines to develop their patterns. According to a university press release dated October 19, Dr. Will Allen of the university's School of Experimental Psychology and his colleagues "investigated the flank markings of 35 species of wild cats to understand what drives the... 2010-07-05 06:20:00 X-ray analysis reveals that saber-tooth forelimbs were exceptionally strong compared to their feline cousins Saber-toothed cats may be best known for their supersized canines, but they also had exceptionally strong forelimbs for pinning prey before delivering the fatal bite, says a new study in the journal PLoS ONE. Commonly called the "saber-toothed tiger," the extinct cat Smilodon fatalis roamed North and South America until 10,000 years ago, preying on large mammals such as bison, camels,... 2008-11-19 15:03:13 Researchers have discovered the fossilized leg bone of a saber-toothed cat that lived near the UK coast between one and two million years ago. Paleontologist Dick Mol said the fossil belonged to a type of saber-tooth called a scimitar cat that weighted about 881lbs. The recent discovery marks the first time a fossil of this species has been uncovered in the North Sea. Researchers regularly come across fossils from common extinct beasts such as the mammoth from the sea. Beam trawlers use... 2008-08-18 09:20:00 Images of a clouded leopard spotted in Borneo's Sebangua National Park have researchers scratching their heads, since cats have not been caught there before. Researchers say motion-activated cameras have captured amazing images of the leopards' presence, which they say proves the need to protect the region's habitat. The National Park is one of the world's largest deep peat-swap forests. However, it's at risk from illegal logging and forest fires. The recorded images are helping a team of... 2008-07-31 10:35:00 In a new study published in the online-open access journal PLoS ONE, Per Christiansen at the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, Denmark, reports the finding that the evolution of skull and mandible shape in sabercats and modern cats were governed by different selective forces, and the two groups evolved very different adaptations to killing. The cat family comprises some of the most specialized carnivores in the history of mammals, all exclusively eating flesh. The cat family consists of two... 2007-06-28 15:00:00 By RANDOLPH E. SCHMID WASHINGTON - Garfield, Morris and the Aristocats get the fame, but look to the origins of today's furry felines and you find "lybica," a Middle Eastern wildcat. Domestic cats can be traced to wild progenitors that interbred well over 100,000 years ago, new research indicates. "House cats - which includes fancy breeds and feral cats - those cats all form a genetic group that is virtually indistinguishable from ones in the Middle East," said Stephen J. O'Brien of the... Latest Felidae Reference Libraries Asiatic Linsang, Prionodon 2013-05-17 11:20:07 The Asiatic linsang (Prionodon) is a genus that contains two species of linsangs, and it is the only genus in the Prionodontidae family. The two species, the banded linsang and the spotted linsang, were previously classified in the Viverrinae subfamily, but studies have shown that they differed enough to warrant their own distinct classification. Despite their extreme resemblance to members of the Felidae family, they are not as closely related to genets as African linsangs. The term linsang... Sunda Clouded Leopard 2013-04-29 15:05:58 The Sunda clouded leopard or the Sundaland clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) is wildcat that can be found in Sumatra and Borneo. Its preferred habitat in Borneo occurs in lowland rainforests and possibly logged forests at an elevation below 4,900 feet. In Sumatra, it occurs in montane forests with abundant hills. There is not much information recorded about the Sunda leopard, because it is too elusive to study, but it is thought to be a solitary creature that hunts on the ground and uses... Andean Mountain Cat, Leopardus jacobita 2012-11-16 14:59:32 The Andean mountain cat (Leopardus jacobita) is a rarely seen wild cat that can be found in Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina. This cat shares a range with the Pampas cat, and it is thought to be thinly spread, with low genetic diversity. It prefers a habitat in montane forests with plenty of water, at elevations between 11,500 and 15,700 feet. The Andean mountain cat is small, reaching an average body length between twenty-two and twenty-five inches, with a tail length of up to nineteen... Acinonyx Kurteni 2012-10-27 17:20:10 Acinonyx kurteni is an extinct, carnivorous species classified in the Felidae family. This cat was native to Asia in the Late Pliocene, around 2.5 million years ago. It was first described in 2008, and is the most primitive species of cheetah known. Its discovery defends the modern cheetah’s Old World origin. There are some differences between the two species, but these are mainly in the mouth area. Since its classification and formal description, some have asserted that the Acinonyx... American Lion, Panthera leo atrox or P. atrox 2012-04-26 06:05:05 The American lion (Panthera leo atrox or P. atrox) is also known as the North American lion, American cave lion, or Naegele’s giant jaguar. It is an extinct species that was native to North America and the northwestern parts of South America during the Pleistocene era. It lived up to eleven thousand years ago. During the last interglacial period in North America (the Sangamonian Stage), the American lion’s range included the Americas south of Alaska. The earliest fossils of these big cats... More Articles (16 articles) » Word of the Day • A social bee.	__label__pos	0.906465
Space Race The Space Race exhibition chronicles the history of the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union. From launching secret satellites to exploring the first missions to the Moon, the Space Race is a compelling footnote to the separate histories of the one-time global rivals. Seated - 400 \| Standing - 700	__label__pos	0.995678
Class RailsERD::Diagram 1. lib/rails_erd/diagram/graphviz.rb 2. lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb 3. show all Parent: Object This class is an abstract class that will process a domain model and allows easy creation of diagrams. To implement a new diagram type, derive from this class and override process_entity, process_relationship, and (optionally) save. As an example, a diagram class that generates code that can be used with yUML ( can be as simple as: require "rails_erd/diagram" class YumlDiagram < RailsERD::Diagram setup { @edges = [] } each_relationship do \|relationship\| return if relationship.indirect? arrow = case when relationship.one_to_one? then "1-1>" when relationship.one_to_many? then "1->" when relationship.many_to_many? then "->" @edges << "[#{relationship.source}] #{arrow} [#{relationship.destination}]" save { @edges "\n" } Then, to generate the diagram (example based on the domain model of Gemcutter): #=> "[Rubygem] 1-> [Ownership] # [Rubygem] 1-> [Subscription] # [Rubygem] 1-> [Version] # [Rubygem] 1-1> [Linkset] # [Rubygem] 1-> [Dependency] # [Version] 1-> [Dependency] # [User] 1-> [Ownership] # [User] 1-> [Subscription] # [User] 1-> [WebHook]" For another example implementation, see Diagram::Graphviz, which is the default (and currently only) diagram type that is used by Rails ERD. The following options are available and will by automatically used by any diagram generator inheriting from this class. attributes:Selects which attributes to display. Can be any combination of :content, :primary_keys, :foreign_keys, :timestamps, or :inheritance. disconnected:Set to false to exclude entities that are not connected to other entities. Defaults to false. indirect:Set to false to exclude relationships that are indirect. Indirect relationships are defined in Active Record with has_many :through associations. inheritance:Set to true to include specializations, which correspond to Rails single table inheritance. polymorphism:Set to true to include generalizations, which correspond to Rails polymorphic associations. warn:When set to false, no warnings are printed to the command line while processing the domain model. Defaults to true. public class 1. create 2. new protected class 1. each_entity 2. each_relationship 3. each_specialization 4. save 5. setup public instance 1. create 2. generate 3. save Classes and Modules Class RailsERD::Diagram::Graphviz domain [R] The domain that this diagram represents. options [R] The options that are used to create this diagram. Public class methods create (options = {}) Generates a new domain model based on all ActiveRecord::Base subclasses, and creates a new diagram. Use the given options for both the domain generation and the diagram generation. [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 73 def create(options = {}) new(Domain.generate(options), options).create new (domain, options = {}) Create a new diagram based on the given domain. [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 113 def initialize(domain, options = {}) @domain, @options = domain, RailsERD.options.merge(options) Protected class methods each_entity (&block) [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 83 def each_entity(&block) callbacks[:each_entity] = block each_relationship (&block) [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 87 def each_relationship(&block) callbacks[:each_relationship] = block each_specialization (&block) [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 91 def each_specialization(&block) callbacks[:each_specialization] = block save (&block) [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 95 def save(&block) callbacks[:save] = block setup (&block) [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 79 def setup(&block) callbacks[:setup] = block Public instance methods create () Generates and saves the diagram, returning the result of save. [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 118 def create generate () Generates the diagram, but does not save the output. It is called internally by Diagram#create. [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 125 def generate instance_eval &callbacks[:setup] filtered_entities.each do \|entity\| instance_exec entity, filtered_attributes(entity), &callbacks[:each_entity] filtered_specializations.each do \|specialization\| instance_exec specialization, &callbacks[:each_specialization] filtered_relationships.each do \|relationship\| instance_exec relationship, &callbacks[:each_relationship] save () [show source] # File lib/rails_erd/diagram.rb, line 141 def save instance_eval &callbacks[:save]	__label__pos	0.959536
Tell me more × I am running my delphi application using 'run as admin..' by right clicking on the exe. This application has following code to insert into HKLM registry. kValue := 'testing'; Reg := TRegistry.Create(KEY_READ OR KEY_WOW64_64KEY); Reg.RootKey := HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE; Reg.OpenKey('SOFTWARE\explorev2', True); Reg.WriteString('test', kValue); Result := Reg.ReadString('test'); I am getting exception 'failed to set data for 'test''; though the application is running with admin privileges. Can anybody help me out..? share\|improve this question add comment 1 Answer up vote 6 down vote accepted You are creating the TRegistry object with read access only: Reg := TRegistry.Create(KEY_READ OR KEY_WOW64_64KEY); Create it with write access instead: Reg := TRegistry.Create(KEY_WRITE or KEY_WOW64_64KEY); share\|improve this answer Thank you Chris, that worked like a charm.. – jimsweb Feb 4 '12 at 19:23 add comment Your Answer	__label__pos	0.74656
Search 400,000+ Teacher-Reviewed Online Lesson Plans and Worksheets Featured Testimonial Alma G. Lesson Planet helped me find many great resources for my classes. • Alma G., Teacher • Charlotte, NC Test tubes and periodic table Work Teacher Resources Find Work educational ideas and activities Showing 1 - 20 of 204 resources Resource Type 9th - 12th Students experiment to show work and power while observing that entropy is a process that occurs when work occurs. They determine that entropy is equal to the disorder in a system and always increases when work is done. 9th - 12th Students experience work and power and observe the process of entropy. In this physics lesson, students conduct an experiment that shows work (force & distance), power (work/time), and exemplifies the process of entropy. Get your young physicists' brains working with this PowerPoint about work. Work is defined and the equation for solving problems introduced. Power is also explained along with its problem-solving equation. Sample questions are worked through using clear explanations and diagrams. This is a practical presentation for your physics class. A total of 29 word problems furnish practice in solving for work, energy, and force. A few of the questions display diagrams to help learners visualize the systems, and all of them list five choices from which they select the correct answer. This makes a pertinent review that you can administer as a homework assignment. 4th - 9th You will need to prepare either a class set or a single demonstration catapult in order to teach this powerful lesson on kinetic and potential energy. Activity sheets are provided to walk learners through the construction of a catapult. If you choose to teach via demonstration, you can jump straight to Activity Sheet 3, on which is a data table for recording distances. Different features of the catapult are varied for comparison. A vocabulary list and challenge questions are provided. In the world of chemistry, efficiency is defined as: the work a system does, divided by the energy given to that system to complete the work. Sal illustrates this important chemistry concept by drawing a PV graph that shows a Carnot Cycle taking place and calculating the efficiency of the Carnot Engine. 10th - Higher Ed In this physics 210 worksheet, students calculate the frequency of oscillation of several word problems provided. Students find the lowest 5 modes of oscillation in each system presented. Students explain the four stroke process in internal combustion engines. In this physics lesson, students role play this process and present their reenactment in class. They draw and label the diagram of an internal combustion engine. In this power worksheet, students answer four questions about balls being lifted. They determine their mass, height, work done, time and power involved in lifting the balls. They draw conclusions about power given the problems they completed. 5th - 8th Attractive and logical instructions are provided for constructing a balloon-powered car. Young physical scientists measure the distance their car travels and record it on a pre-printed data sheet. The make alterations to improve the performance. By participating in this activity, learners explore Newton's Third Law of Motion. The plan is cohesive, including objectives, background, procedures, and extension ideas. It is an engaging activity to use in a physical science unit for middle schoolers. How much work is done when a force moves a block? How far will power lift a block? And how much work can be done by a motor? These are the kinds of questions you will find on this physics problem solving sheet. With 19 problems to solve, there is not enough space on this single sheet assignment. Computations can be performed on a separate sheet of paper to be turned in. 4th - 8th Students participate in various experiments and record findings about actions and reactions, inertia and motion. In this physics instructional activity, students create and observe the motion of a pendulum. Students adjust a variable and test again. After drawing and labelling a microscope, forensic science explorers use one to solve a simulated murder mystery. They examine each piece of evidence and draw what they observe at each magnification. Working in groups of four, your scientists produce a forensic report. The objective of this lesson plan is for learners to gain competence in handling a microscope. Sal goes back to a look at the Adiabatic process in this chemistry video. He sets up a Carnot Cycle that occurs within an adiabatic process; meaning there is no transfer of heat. From that problem, Sal constructs Volume Ratios which is a mathematical way of proving that no heat was transferred. In this harmonic waves worksheet, students review the characteristics of harmonic waves and use this information to complete 5 problems. In this harmonic waves worksheet, students review the characteristics of harmonic traveling waves by solving 5 different problems. 10th - 12th Student explore the relationship between Hooke's Law and catapults. After exploring the four types of catapults, students use Hooke's law to determine the spring constant in a torsion powered catapult. They answer questions based upon their research. This worksheet would make a nifty quiz on the laws of thermodynamics. Nine multiple choice questions assess high schoolers' understanding of energy transfer, specific heat capacity, phase change, fusion, and vaporization. It is short but saavy. For this physics worksheet, students design and build a power inverter given a schematic diagram. They answer 3 short answer questions about the circuit they created. Now, this lesson would be a blast! When your engineering or physics class is examining the reduction of friction or fluid dynamics, you can have them make these hovercraft racers. Using a balloon, a bottle cap, and a compact disc, middle schoolers make simplistic vehicles that appear to defy gravity! Resource links and a video of a real hovercraft in action are provided to support the background information needed.	__label__pos	0.999932
na nelson Monday 9th of December 2013 Loading feeds... New African \| Friday, 10 February 2012 11:09 100 years of the ANC South Africa's ruling African National Congress (ANC) turned 100 on 8 January 2012 and organised a lavish celebration in the city of Mangaung (formally Bloemfontein) where it all began in the Welsleyan Church on 8 January 1912. As the continent's oldest liberation party, it is a significant milestone in the history of the fight against colonialism and physical and economic oppression on the continent. But as the champagne glasses clicked, one message was clear above the din: the black man, like all others, cannot live by political freedom alone. Pusch Commey reports On 8 January 1912, a group of African intellectuals founded the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), two years after Britain and the descendants of Dutch settlers had formed the Union of South Africa in which only the rights of whites were protected. A few months before the founding of SANNC, Pixley ka Isaka Seme, a black lawyer, had made a clarion call in October 1911 for the unity of all Africans, following the Anglo-Boer War over territory and resources. Even though Africans, the true owners of the land played a significant role in this food fight of the two white factions, the Union of South Africa Act of 1910 excluded the blacks from the peace dividend. The two adversaries – the British and the Boers – working together as Europeans, colluded to oppress and exploit the blacks for their own economic gain, regarding the blacks as somewhat inferior human beings. Present at the 1912 meeting were esteemed traditional leaders such as Solomon ka Dinizulu, Montsioa of the Barolong, Lewanika of the Lozi of Zambia, Letsie II of Lesotho, Labotsibeni of Swaziland, Dalindyebo of the abaThembu, Sekhukhuni of the baPedi and Khama of Botswana. The fault lines deepened in 1913 when the white races passed the Native Land Act which limited black land ownership to 7% of the territory, later to be increased to 13% of the most unproductive and resource-poor portions. The SANNC reacted with petitions and sent an unsuccessful delegation to London, believing in the goodwill of the British. All they got were promises and doublespeak. The human rights of the African would always be trumped by British economic interests, best served by a unity of Europeans in Africa. The black and white battle lines were drawn then, and have been festering until today in the unresolved question of the land and the economy. The SANNC changed its name to the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923, broadening its appeal. It however remained largely inactive and was sidelined by the white regimes until it was revived by its new head, Alfred Xuma in 1943. A youthful and more radical Anton Lembede, Oliver Tambo, Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu then started the ANC Youth League (ANCYL) and brought life into the ANC. Mandela later wrote that they felt the old leadership was “a tired, unmilitant, privileged African elite more concerned with protecting their own rights than those of the masses.” The cause of the ANC became urgent when in 1948 the Dutch right wing of the white races, called Afrikaners, won an election under the banner of the National Party. Taking a leaf from Nazi ideology and reflective of the discrimination against blacks that was happening elsewhere in places like the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand, they introduced apartheid or separate development. The obnoxious idea was not simply to say “we cannot live together with blacks”. They hogged all the natural resources of African land and capital and furthermore made terrible laws to exploit their human resources as well. Even more diabolical was the Bantu Education Act, which was designed by the spiteful President Hendrik Verwoerd to mentally enslave blacks. It created an inferior and badly- resourced education system with a curriculum that taught blacks to be servants destined to minister to the needs of the white master. The ANCYL would not take this lying down. They advocated strikes, boycotts and civil disobedience. In 1952 it organised its first large “defiance campaign”. Tens of thousands broke curfews, burnt internal passports, and entered whites-only areas, risking jail. It was within the context of independence movements across the continent and a struggle for black dignity in America. The response of the white race was more brutal oppression. In 1955, the Congress of the People, a summit uniting the ANC and other groups, adopted the Freedom Charter, which insisted that “the rights of the people shall be the same, regardless of race, colour or sex.” They envisioned a just nation of equal citizens regardless of race. The powerful ideas of the Freedom Charter have survived until today, but there is plenty of unfinished business. An offshoot of the ANC, the Pan African Congress (PAC), impatient with the slow pace of liberation, organised a march on 12 March 1960. The apartheid police responded with lethal force, mowing down 69 unarmed blacks in what has become known as the Sharpeville Massacre. On 31 March 1960, the ANC and all the liberation movements in the country were banned in a state of emergency. In December 1961, Chief Albert Luthuli, the then president of the ANC, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for advocating non-violent struggle against apartheid. This did not wash with the restive youth. Non-violence in the face of a brutal trigger-happy regime was not going to work and the ANC was taken underground. Nelson Mandela started the ANC military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), and waged attacks against the murderous regime in 1962-63. Mandela, Sisulu and other ANC leaders were arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in the famous Rivonia Trial during which Mandela declared his readiness to die for what he believed in. It is significant that Mandela was defended by George Bizos, a human rights lawyer of Greek origin, while Dennis Goldberg, of Jewish origin, and Ahmed Kathrada, an Indian were among those put on trial and sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben Island. It is also significant that there were a good number of whites and activists from various races who acted according to their conscience and risked life, privilege and limb to fight against injustice. President Jacob Zuma in his anniversary speech mentioned white and Indian heroes like Billy Nair, Mac Maharaj, Joe Slovo, Barbara Hogan, Ruth First, Denis Hurley, Archbishop Trevor Huddlestone, and Marion Sparg. The movement continued the struggle in exile from London, Dar es Salaam, and Lusaka, and allied itself with the Soviet bloc during the Cold War era, when Anglo-Saxon interests would not permit a speedy resolution of the conflict. Too much had been invested in South Africa, epitomised by the behemoth Anglo-American Corporation, which literally controlled a good chunk of the economy with its white shareholders locally, and abroad. It was the economy! When the defeat of apartheid is mentioned, names like Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of Britain and President Ronald Reagan of America draw ire, in their staunch opposition to economic sanctions against the racist regime. Thatcher has never been welcome in South Africa. After Mandela’s incarceration, there was an intensification of repressive methods including the legitimisation of death squads and cross-border raids to root out the ANC in neighboring countries. The struggle was kept alive by individuals such as Winnie Mandela and groups such as Steve Biko’s Black Consciousness Movement, operating from university campuses. Biko was murdered by the apartheid regime on 12 September 1977, leading to international condemnation. The ANC, for the most part, became dormant. Then came the Soweto Uprising, organised by pupils protesting against the forced imposition of the Afrikaans language on them as a medium of instruction. The police opened fire and left 43 children dead. This was followed by two more states of emergency. It was the catalyst for the intense mobilisation of opposition to apartheid. Young people skipped the border to join the ANC’s military wing to fight apartheid. Anti-apartheid movements across the globe intensified their efforts. The regime led by P.W. Botha tinkered with reform that would retain white power. They instituted a sham tricameral parliament that included Indians and Coloureds with no real power. As expected, Blacks, the real owners of the land, were missing in the equation. The regime went on to beef up the army and the police. They tried to divide the country and take the jewels, creating silly Bantustan states for blacks along tribal lines that purported to be self-governing, but which reported to Pretoria. All that was in vain. Ideologically, apart from race, the apartheid regime had sought to play the Cold War politics of the time, presenting the ANC in exile as a bunch of communists who threatened Western economic interests in the country. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, this argument was no longer tenable. When the myth of the all-powerful apartheid military machine was shattered in defeat at Cuito Cuanavale, by the selfless Fidel Castro’s Cuba and Angolan MPLA forces, the writing was on the wall, it was time to negotiate. Zimbabwe had obtained independence in 1980, followed by Namibia in 1990 and the apartheid game was up. Somebody had to find a way out of the situation that could only get worse with time. President F.W. de Klerk grabbed the opportunity when P.W. Botha suffered a stroke. He embarked on a journey of no return, freeing Mandela, unbanning the liberation movements and embarking on reform that resulted in the first multi-racial elections on 27 April 1993. Mandela was crowned the first democratic president of the country on 11 May 1994. A new constitutional democracy was enacted, with property rights guaranteed. It had been a long time coming for Africa’s oldest liberation party since Kwame Nkrumah had accelerated independence for Ghana in 1957 and sparked a domino effect that led to the independence of many other sub-Saharan African countries thereafter. In other African countries, the fundamental objective of the colonisers was predation, a follow-up to the Slave Trade, which when abolished, had to mutate to sustain the resource-poor economies of Europe. It continues until today by way of a capitalist world order in which large companies whose majority shareholders are not African control vast land, labour, capital and resources in Africa. Kwame Nkrumah called this new mutant neo-colonialism, where essentially Africans do not own Africa. It has also mutated into the creation of dependencies through aid, often administered by quasi-government organisations, now fashionably called NGOs and “civil society”. Such dependencies create powerlessness, in which the quid pro quo is a literal handing over of African economies, where in return there is the exploitation of resources many times in excess of the aid or Greek gifts doled out. It is instructive to note that the partition of Africa and its resources at the Berlin Conference was triggered by the collapse of European economies. Hunger leads to predation. Recent economic trouble in Europe should serve as a warning. It is a warning to those who subscribe to being weak. Looking at the guest list of the ANC at the centenary celebration, some European countries have been exceptional, mainly the Nordic ones (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland) who have come out smelling of roses, as opposed to their Anglo-Saxon brothers. Their moral approach lent support to the liberation movements. Credit also has gone to the people of Britain and America, not their governments, in the anti-apartheid movement who pressured their governments into doing right by man. Eastern Europe gets kudos, but the biggest applause was won by the small island nation of Cuba – a small nation with a big heart. The long walk South Africa’s long walk was because the white population vainly decided to turn an African country and its resources into a European country, with psychological roots in the Slave Trade, colonialism and a supremacist master/servant mentality. It was to be a pecking order where the white minority would be at the top of the food chain, by whatever means necessary. To recap, Britain, with its “Gattling guns”, waged war on the Dutch when diamonds and gold flowed aplenty in South Africa. The Dutch descendants fought back. The end of the Anglo-Boer War and its fall-out led to a consolidation of white kinship to the exclusion of Africans. When the Dutch descendants came into power, they took a page from the British and perfected the art of discrimination, leading to the obnoxious apartheid system. Anglo-Saxon South Africa and its links were not far behind as long as nobody touched the money. Their corporations still held sway over the economy. Then the Dutch descendants used the muscle of government to empower their offspring. White populations were boosted through immigration from various parts of Western and Eastern Europe to counter black population growth. After 100 years, the fundamental economic paradigm has not changed much, it has only mutated. One of the first acts of the Anglo American Corporation after the Blacks took political power was to move its headquarters to London. Why this was permitted by the ANC government, nobody is sure. Like in the rest of Africa, the European interest in Africa is resource-driven. They think of cheap resources when they think of Africa, be it by way of a slave trade, a human resource or a natural resource. This comes from the days when resource-less Britain was only interested in resource-rich areas in Africa and elsewhere, while the French were busy with territorial gain. The next fundamental phase of the next 100 years of struggle will undoubtedly be economic. Various actors have tried to seize the space with little success, mostly as a result of white networks that promise damnation if the status quo is disturbed. There is Anglo-Saxon insurance in a system tailored to trigger a collapse in the form of capital flight if there is any threat to white capital and interests (see Zimbabwe). Black governments have had to tread carefully because there could be a political fall-out from economic collapse. Thus black economic oppression is perpetuated till kingdom come. The economics of the struggleA good one hundred years after the ANC’s founding, South Africa is still grappling with African poverty and massive inequalities. A huge educational deficit, fostered by the discriminatory Bantu education system, during which the regime spent 13 times more money on the education of white children than blacks, means that South African blacks will continue to struggle to make significant headway in the economic arena, because of a lack of skills. On the economy, the blueprint for the ANC Freedom Charter in 1955 called for the nationalisation of mines, banks, and monopoly interests because the ownership was along racial lines. But today, nationalisation has become a dirty word in South Africa. Blacks without capital to leverage cannot participate in a capitalist South Africa. On the issue of land, the ANC Charter of 1955 called for redistribution, and not nationalisation, but even that has become an intractable problem. Again, with the Zimbabwe example as a guide, where land reform was severely punished by Western power, the ANC is afraid to take radical steps on land reform. Perhaps future success on the issue in Zimbabwe might be what frees a fear-stricken ANC from its self-imposed strictures. In effect, after 17 years of liberation, little has changed with respect to ownership of the economy and land. Whites with the power to leverage capital have prospered even better under liberation, as opportunities have opened up locally and internationally, where South Africa is no longer a pariah. So 95% of the economy remains in white hands, together with 83% of the land. Enter Julius Malema, the suspended president of the ANC Youth League, modeling himself as an economic freedom fighter. It has been an attempt to mirror the youthful militancy of the days of Mandela, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu. In effect he has seen himself as the economic mirror image of the political side of the great man. He is a young man as impatient with the pace of economic liberation as Mandela was with the political. Needless to say Mandela ended up in jail for 27 years. Malema has dug up the Freedom Charter and called for the promised nationalisation. However, times have changed; the quality of his uneducated leadership has been called into question. Mandela and his lieutenants were sophisticated university graduates and lawyers. Malema and his lieutenants lack gravitas and have often resorted to rabble-rousing and invectives inconsistent with a new civil society. Malema’s diatribes have not translated into organised and focused youthful initiatives or credible programmes, supported by the government, that would inspire and empower the youth to shape their future. More often he has made noise without programmes. The ANC has done a great job in bringing political and economic stability. South Africa is now a democratically respected member of the international community. However the greatest threat to the country is the inherited inequalities that are drawn along racial lines. It is a problem that can spark social upheavals. The solution of the economic issue may take another 100 years or even more. But a restless African population will not wait that long. Part of the problem is the generosity of spirit that is often lacking in the previously advantaged – the spirit of giving that will go a long way to managing a potentially explosive situation. This has prompted Archbishop Desmond Tutu to call for a wealth tax on whites. Has this been embraced? No. It has rather met with the intransigence of the P. W. Botha era. It is a troubling situation that calls for an economic Codesa (Congress for a Democratic South Africa) as soon as possible, to avert a conflagration. The political Codesa saved South Africa from implosion in the early 1990s. As the saying goes, a hungry man is an angry man. And the black man, like all others, cannot live by political freedom alone. Search Features Nelson Mandela, 1918 - 2013. Magazine Subscriptions Join our community ABSquare 275x300px	__label__pos	0.762598
South Australian redistribution: draft maps released Late last week the Electoral District Boundaries Commission of South Australia released draft boundaries for the next South Australian state election in March 2014. Antony Green has covered the changes and their significance in more depth, including margins for every seat and a description of each seat’s change. You can also see the maps at the ECSA website. South Australian electoral law requires a redistribution following every election. In addition, SA electoral law requires that electoral boundaries be ‘fair’, which in the past has been interpreted as drawing electoral boundaries that would result in the party that wins a majority of the two-party-preferred vote winning a majority of seats. Despite this law, the last election saw the ALP win a majority of seats while the Liberal Party won a solid majority of the vote (51.6% of the 2PP vote). This was largely achieved due to the ALP suffering massive swings in their safest seats while largely holding their ground in their marginal seats. It was expected that this would require a significant redrawing of the electoral map to give the Liberal Party a notional majority of seats. However, the Commission instead decided to make relatively minor changes. Not a single seat held by the major parties has changed hands on the boundaries. As Antony Green has said: The Commission’s justification is that it has decided the boundaries at the 2010 election were fundamentally fair. However, the differential nature of the swing denied the Liberal Party a majority. The Commission has decided the differential swing was a campaign factor, not one caused by an unfairness in the boundaries drawn in 2007. It is yet to be seen if the final boundaries will produce a more significant change. Even with boundaries that preserve the ALP’s majority, it is likely the ALP government will suffer a significant swing in 2014, making this redistribution largely irrelevant. You can download my Google Earth map of the draft 2014 boundaries along with the previous four seats of maps at the maps page. You can also download a time series map that shows the changes in SA electoral boundaries since 1997. 2010 South Australian electoral boundaries, showing the Adelaide area. Draft 2014 South Australian electoral boundaries, showing the Adelaide area.	__label__pos	0.718656
A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Dephoure N. Zhou C. Villen J. Beausoleil S.A. Bakalarski C.E. Elledge S.J. Gygi S.P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805139105 2008 The eukaryotic cell division cycle is characterized by a sequence of orderly and highly regulated events resulting in the duplication and separation of all cellular material into two newly formed daughter cells. Protein phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) drives this cycle. To gain further insight into how phosphorylation regulates the cell cycle, we sought to identify proteins whose phosphorylation is cell cycle regulated. Using stable isotope labeling along with a two-step strategy for phosphopeptide enrichment and high mass accuracy mass spectrometry, we examined protein phosphorylation in a human cell line arrested in the G(1) and mitotic phases of the cell cycle. We report the identification of >14,000 different phosphorylation events, more than half of which, to our knowledge, have not been described in the literature, along with relative quantitative data for the majority of these sites. We observed >1,000 proteins with increased phosphorylation in mitosis including many known cell cycle regulators. The majority of sites on regulated phosphopeptides lie in [S/T]P motifs, the minimum required sequence for CDKs, suggesting that many of the proteins may be CDK substrates. Analysis of non-proline site-containing phosphopeptides identified two unique motifs that suggest there are at least two undiscovered mitotic kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 10762-10767	__label__pos	0.833456
Subscribe Feedback English look up any word, like bae: 1. wig handler The female analog of a weed carrier. A lesser and often disposable assistant to a female or member of her entourage. Nicole Richie made a decent living as Paris Hilton's wig handler on the Simple Life. Destiny's Child are glorified wig handlers for Beyonce. rss and gcal	__label__pos	0.711806
2 of 4 space between questions and "(". Why isn't Meta funny anymore? I remember when I first began to frequent Meta there were jokes galore. And the moderators seemed pretty lax with humorous questions (and sometimes answers). Then, something changed and Jeff began to lock and delete joke questions, and even joke tags. Why exactly did such a change occur? Is it because at the time the change occurred, Area51 was just starting up and they needed to create a more serious environment for area51 questions? Or is it just that Jeff is becoming a grumpy old man? Or maybe Stack Overflow itself is becoming more mature and serious?	__label__pos	0.874026
NAME: ________________________ Plant Unit Test Test Question Types Start With Question Limit of 73 available terms 5 Written Questions 5 Matching Questions 1. Genetically modified plants 2. sapwood 3. Zone of cell division 4. Guard cells 5. capillary action 1. a A specialized epidermal cell in plants that regulates the size of a stoma, allowing gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells in the leaf 2. b An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means. If the gene is from another species, the organism is also known as a transgenic organism; little genetic variability; monocultures; wiped out by one disease. 3. c - the tendency of liquid to rise inside a narrow tube; xylemnarrow, capillary-type tubes, strong attraction between water and the cell walls; several centimeters. 4. d Light-colored, water-conducting secondary xylem in a tree 5. e includes the apical meristem and cells that derive from it; new root cells are produced in this region, including the cells of the root cap. 5 Multiple Choice Questions 1. water is pulled up the xylem as water evaporates from leaves due to adhesion and cohesion. 2. - A flowering plant whose embryos have a single seed leaf, or cotyledon; parallel veins; vascular bundles are scattered; petals in multiples of 3; fibrous root system. 3. The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus 4. A study of how animals medicate themselves with plants 5. - threadlike filaments that make up the body of a fungus 5 True/False Questions 1. Benefits of soycontains all the essential amino acids, rich in antioxidants and fiber, low in fat, lowers LDLs and triglycerides while maintaining HDLs. 2. Bryophyte groupsnonvascular; mosses; apical meristems; embryophytes; lack true roots/ stems; no lignified cell walls lack support; grow close to the ground; need water for fertilization 3. heartwood- In the center of trees, the darkened, older layers of secondary xylem made up of cells that no longer transport water and are clogged with resins. 4. Zone of elongationroot cells elongate, sometimes to more than ten times their original length; it is cell elongation that pushes the root tip farther into the soil; the cells lengthen, rather than expand equally in all directions, because of the circular arrangement of cellulose fibers in parallel bands in their cell walls. The cells elongate by taking up water and the cellulose fibers separate 5. First emerging structure of a dicot seedthe root	__label__pos	0.889524
Trending in Health Browse all Topics » Administration of Medication The administration of medication is often a chief responsibility of the nurse. The practice of administering medication involves providing the patient with a substance prescribed and intended for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a medical illness or condition. The central action of medication administration involves actual and complete conveyance of a medication to the patient. However, there is a wider set of practices required to achieve safe, effective patient outcomes and to prepare for and evaluate the outcome of medication administration. Laws regarding medication administration vary from state to state. Doctors,... At the same... White Blood Cell Count and Differential Eating/Health Disorders project Quiz: Public Health Basics This quiz focuses on entry level questions regarding Public Health. Fecal Impaction Removal • medications, including antacids... How to find inner peace and happiness Boils are skin lesions most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a common skin bacterium. A boil begins as a hard red nodule at an opening of the skin, the base of a hair follicle, or plugged sweat gland. During the next three to four days, inflammatory white cells invade the skin tissue, changing the hard nodule into a small pustular lesion often called a furuncle. On occasion, a large furuncle develops multiple pustules and forms a carbuncle. Other lesions formed by this same process are cystic acne, and boils in the glandular tissue under the arms and in the groin are called hidradenitis suppurativa. Anyone can develop a boil, but people with an impaired immune system or a chronic illness such as diabetes or... Dental Abscess A dental abscess is a localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissues from a bacterial infection. Dental abscesses occur when a small area of tissue becomes infected and the body is able to "wall off" the infection and keep it from spreading. White blood cells, the body's defense against some types of infection, migrate through the walls of the blood vessels in the area of the infection and collect within the damaged tissue. During this process pus forms, which is an accumulation of fluid, living and dead white blood cells, dead (necrotic) tissue and bacteria, or any other... Power Practice Human Body Cell Membranes: How do cell membranes form spontaneously? Z-Track Injection That being said, I've found that when an... Lay Concepts of Health and Illness Lay concepts (or folk concepts) of health and illness are conceptual models used by individuals, communities, or cultures in attempting to explain how to maintain health and to provide an explanation for illness. Lay concepts of health and illness often have theoretical underpinnings that arise from the wider theories of illness (e.g., humoral, Ayurvedic, biomedical), but also include locally developed concepts about the body in health and illness that may not directly relate to the major theories of illness. Lay concepts of health and illness include particular ideas about the way the body functions, and they also highlight particular symptoms as being of special significance. For example,... Browse all Topics »	__label__pos	0.94119
Eugenics and the German Medical Establishment The Eugenics movement, which aimed to improve the genetic quality of the human race through selective breeding, was the forerunner of the Holocaust. This scientific movement first began in England during the 1880's, but it was in the United States that it first gained widespread scientific and political support. By 1925, twenty-five states had passed laws providing for the compulsory sterilization of the criminally insane and others considered genetically inferior. Most states prohibited the marriages of persons suffering from certain conditions, such as epilepsy or mental retardation, and almost all states prohibited the marriage of people of different races. In a 1932 study of the eugenics movement in the United States, its author wrote that American eugenicists regarded "socially inadequate persons, i.e., the feeble-minded, the epileptics, the mentally diseased, the blind, the deformed, and the criminals as inimical to the human race. It should be our aim to exterminate the undesirables, they contend, since a nation must defend itself against national degeneration as much as against the external foreign enemy." Many German scientists were greatly intrigued by what was happening in the United States and began their own study of eugenics. The movement quickly gained the support of Germany most eminent and distinguished doctors and university professors, who openly called for a national euthanasia program. The definitive German examination of euthanasia, The Permission to Destroy Life Unworthy of Life, was jointly written in 1920 by a professor of law and a professor of psychiatry. The authors reasoned that a society has an accepted right to protect itself against a foreign invader, which results in the deaths of young soldiers, the healthiest members of society -- therefore, a society should have an even greater right to protect itself against human parasites who weaken it from within. With the rise of National Socialism, the advocates of sterilization and euthanasia found ever-increasing support. More than half of Germany's doctors joined the Nazi party. In 1935, Adolf Hitler gave his approval for the elimination of the "incurably ill." In October 1939, Germany began its euthanasia program. This program involved virtually the entire psychiatric community and a large part of the general medical community. In August 1941, when Hitler officially stopped the euthanasia program because of outspoken criticism by church leaders and increasing public concern, German doctors and nurses had already killed at least 70,000 mentally or physically disabled people. Other than their disabilities, most of the victims were ordinary Germans citizens and non-Jews. It was not until after April 1940 that doctors began specifically targeting institutionalized German Jews . Though the euthanasia program had been officially halted, it was secretly continued by a number of doctors committed to the cause of what was called "racial hygiene," which would soon become the rationalization for genocide against the Jews, the Slavs and the Gypsies. The "Final Solution," put in motion in 1942, was but a small step away. It was largely because of the technology and methodology developed during the course of Germany's euthanasia program that the Nazis were able to murder nearly six million Jews in such a relatively short period of time. The same doctors who had developed and carried out the euthanasia program were in most cases the same "experts" who developed and supervised the killing operations at each of the six "extermination" centers later built in Poland. See "Doctors Trial" Documents Home Page	__label__pos	0.738124
This is a preview of the full article Home \| News Chaos rules Pictures of spreads from New Scientist magazine THE background chatter between brain cells isn't just random noise but structured chaos, says a team of scientists who have modelled brain activity. They say this could explain how subtle changes in our surroundings rapidly trigger complex mental images. Chaotic activity may be unpredictable, but it is orderly and follows rules, unlike random noise. Its hallmark is the butterfly effect: a tiny change in the initial conditions of a chaotic system will have a dramatic impact on the outcome. The existence of chaos in the brain could explain how we make sense of an ever changing world. A popular alternative theory is that the brain acts like a computer, with individual neurons signalling to each other in a stepwise fashion. But this may not explain how we form an impression of, say, a familiar smell without having to think about it first. But researchers have had trouble finding clear evidence ... 30 day web pass © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.	__label__pos	0.993742
all 2 comments [–]Gara3987 0 points1 point ago Try Alt + Print Screen + k (which should restart cinnamon) It might still be Alt+Ctrl+backspace As for backing up files, you are better off using a very light weight distro such as Puppy Linux. [–]justbrowsingcd 0 points1 point ago Can you open a Virtual Terminal (VT)? Each F# key corresponds to a VT (if available) example: <CTRL>+<ALT>+<F1> You can use the "Magic Sysreq key" a common sequence is while holding <ALT>+<Sysreq> and <R>, <E>, <I>, <S>, <U>, <B> to safely reboot. On a laptop you may need to hold <Fn>, other laptops don't have the SysReq key (though some can using a special sequence)	__label__pos	0.962918
Roll in My Sweet Baby’s Arms, Guitar Lesson 3/3 Bluegrass Guitar Solo: Lesson on Alternate Picking Practice Tips and Focus Areas: Click here for printer friendly tabs. First Solo Celtic Harpist Anne Roos AnneA Conversation with Anne Roos, Celtic Harpist We were fortunate enough to speak with Anne about her experiences with learning to play the harp, some of her musical inspirations and tips for beginning to play a musical instrument: How old where you when you began playing the harp? I had just graduated college, in my early 20s. Anne: No, fortunately my harp teacher found me! I was lucky. That’s great! Often times it is difficult for students to find music teachers in their area for even the most common instruments such as piano and guitar, I would think this could be even more difficult with the harp. Anne: Yes, there certainly are fewer harp teachers when compared to many other instruments. I do teach online and have found many students this way. What is your favorite genre to play? Anne: I love playing all kinds of music, especially music that my audience requests, simply because I like the challenge. But I always come back to my original love of playing the kinds of music that was originally written for the Celtic Harp: Renaissance music, Early Music, and Celtic music. What other musicians, harp players or not, inspire your music? Anne: My pleasure. Find Jason on Google+ Roll in My Sweet Baby’s Arms, Guitar Lesson 2/3 Intermediate Rhythm Practice Tips: Here are some simple practice tips that go a long way: * Memorize four measures at a time Click here for printable version of the tabs for this lesson Roll in My Sweet baby's Arms lesson 2 Find Jason on Google+ Embed This Image On Your Site (copy code below): blue grass guitarThe Bluegrass Guitar Lessons Series Easy to follow and fun to play Appealing to players of all skill levels Clearly written True to the bluegrass genre Introduction: Roll in My Sweet Baby’s Arms Things to Watch For: * Make sure your pick direction is perfect. Make sure you have fun! Click here for printer friendly PDF Find Jason on Google+ Embed This Image On Your Site (copy code below): The Landfill Harmonic Cateura, Paraguay’s Very Own Recycled Orchestra Find Jason on Google+ Michael Jackson Infographic musika michael jackson infographic Michael Jackson Infographic from What are Clefs in Music? How to Read Treble, Bass, Alto, and Tenor Clef by Emiko Hayashi What are clefs in Music? How do I read the notes? Music is usually notated using the Staff - five horizontal lines on which musical notes lie. The lines and the spaces between the lines represent different pitches (ie. notes) We use Clefs to tell us which notes correspond to which lines. The most common clefs are the Treble Clef and Bass Clef but we also use Alto Clef and Tenor Clef. The Treble Clef, also called the G Clef curls around the 2nd line of the staff, showing the pitch G to be the note on the second line. treble-clef This simply means that starting from G, we can figure out the other notes on the staff using the sequence of G, A, B, C, D, E, F, and G as shown below. treble clef note names The Bass Clef is also called an F-clef, wraps around the highest F note on the bass staff. bass clef Starting from F, we can figure out the other notes on the staff using the sequence of F, G, A, B, C, D, E, and F as shown below. The note names in Bass Clef are: bass clef note names The most common instruments that uses bass clef are: Cello, Euphonium, Double Bass, Bass Guitar, Bassoon, Contrabassoon, Trombone, Baritone Horn, Tuba, and Timpani. The Alto Clef has two curves that meet in the center. The line on the staff where these curves meet is the note C. Thus the clef is also known as C Clef for this reason. Starting from C, we can figure out the other notes on the staff using the sequence of C, D, E, F, G, A, and B as shown below: alto clef The note names in Alto Clef are: alto clef note names The most common instrument that uses Alto Clef is Viola. Tenor Clef is very similar to Alto Clef. It also has two curves that meet in the center, but it is positioned on the 2nd line from the top and that becomes the note C. tenor clef The note names in Tenor Clef are: tenor clef note names The most common instruments that uses Tenor Clef are: Bassoon, Trombone, Cello, and Tuba (sometimes). The Best Age to Start Piano Lessons boy at a piano lessonI started piano lessons when I was 3 years old, when I was still talking gibberish. In retrospect, I think I could have waited a year or two to start piano lessons. I wasn’t ready emotionally, but my mother, being an eager parent, felt the earlier the better. As a piano teacher today, I am often asked the question: what is the best age to start piano lessons? Generally speaking, I would recommend ages 4 or 5 and older—but since every child is unique in his development and abilities, I would advise you to review the following. Emotional readiness: Emotional maturity is necessarily because learning to play the piano requires patience, concentration and repetition. The student should be able to sit still and focus for at least 30 minutes. It is best if your child has indicated some desire to learn piano. If the interest is generated by the parent, younger students have been known to lose interest more quickly than if they expressed desire to try the instrument themselves. Mental readiness: All music is made up of notes and every note has a letter name. In order to properly grasp the concepts of music, younger children will need to be able to read and comprehend the alphabet. In addition to understanding the alphabet, numbers and counting are a concept that students will also need to understand. Counting is necessary to learn the concept of rhythm and beat. Understanding the difference between different numbers will help them to understand the difference between different note values and rhythmic patterns. The student should be able to process more than one concept at a time. Learning to read written music is a fairly sophisticated process. A student will be learning to read the notes, figure out the rhythm and translate that to the finger movements. Focus is an integral part of learning any instrument, as is being able to listen and follow directions that the teacher gives and complete the tasks given. Physical readiness: Young children will need to have fine motor skills, such as the ability to use small muscles, specifically their hands and fingers to play a piano effectively and learn the proper techniques. The student should also have some basic hand-eye coordination, meaning they are able to coordinate the information received through the eyes to control and direct the hands. Parental readiness: The Best Age to Start Drum Lessons young boy playing the drumsWhat is the best age to start drum lessons for my child? There really isn’t a magic number where we would say a child could or could not play the drums. We generally recommend starting around the age of seven, but there are a number of factors that determine whether or not a child is ready to start. The biggest one is their physical development – do they have the strength in their hands to use drumsticks? Extended periods of playing can wear out the wrists and fingers, even for older players who are out of practice. There can be a six year old who is big for his or her age who will have no problems gripping drumsticks, while at the same time an eight year old who is small for their age could still have issues. Another issue is that of the maturity of the student – again, a mature six year old may be perfectly suited to start drum lessons. The other factor to consider is the student’s academic skills. There is a lot of work that goes into learning the drums beyond the physical end of things. The student should be able to learn how to read sheet music while also developing all of the techniques of rhythm and counting. Musical notation for drums and percussion is different than that for tonal instruments, so for some younger students, this can prove to be slightly difficult. Setup of the Five Piece Drum Set five piece drumset Snare Drum, Hi-hat, Bass Drum, Floor Tom, Hi-Tom When starting out, most drummers (and parents) don’t know what is included in the setup of the five piece drum set. The most common configuration for a drum kit used in rock and pop music is the five-piece drum set, the number five referring to the number of drums in the kit (snare drum, bass drum, two high toms, and a floor tom). Along with the five drums, there are usually two cymbals and a hi-hat stand. There are many different set-ups for drum kits, but the standard is the five-piece. In addition to the five piece drum kit, most drummers require other drum and percussion accessories. The drum that is most used is the snare drum. It is the most prominent and loudest of the drums. This is because metal wires (called snares) are stretched across the bottom drum-head, rattling when the top drum-head is struck. A snare drum used in a drum kit usually measures 13 or 14 inches in diameter. Besides striking the drum-head, many players will click the rim with their sticks. This is called a rim-shot. Snare drums are also widely used in marching bands. The second most used drum is the bass drum, or kick drum. The bass drum sits on the floor and is struck with a foot-operated pedal. Its primary function is to keep time; unlike the other drums, it does not have a set pitch. Bass drums vary in size, but the general measurement is 20 inches in diameter. In most cases, the bass drum also has brackets on top of it used for mounting tom-toms. Bass drums are used in marching bands, mounted on the player’s back and struck with mallets. Unlike the bass drum used in a drum kit, marching bass drums are usually tuned to a specific pitch. The other three drums are called tom-toms, with two different varieties found on a standard five-piece kit. The first are called rack toms, and they are usually mounted on top of the bass drum using brackets. Sometimes, rack toms are mounted on their own stand separate from the bass drum, although this is rare. Rack toms generally measure 10, 12, or 13 inches in diameter, although there are both smaller and larger measurements available. The second variety is the floor tom, mounted upright on the floor, often measuring between 14 and 18 inches in diameter. Another standard component of all drum kits is the hi-hat, a pair of cymbals (usually 14 inches in diameter) that can be clicked together using a foot pedal. Much like the bass drum, hi-hats are used for timekeeping. Opening the cymbals produces a rattling effect that is used a lot in rock and punk music. Similarly, the ride cymbal (usually around 20 inches) is also used to keep time; sometimes the bell of the cymbal is struck to create a distinct and pitched tone. Another popular type of cymbal is the crash cymbal, which is frequently used for accents rather than timekeeping. Newsletter Signup Subscribe to our music education newsletter! Connect With Us Follow us on Facebook	__label__pos	0.857399
French Near Future and Reflexive Verbs Created by frenchetc 10 terms · "Tu vas t'habiller - You're going to get dressed" Match the English with the French. This is Anne's native take on learning French verbs, one topic at a time. Much more including AUDIOS on I'm going to wake up je vais me réveiller I'm going to take a stroll je vais me promener you (sing) are going to get angry tu vas te fâcher she's going to sit down elle va s'asseoir he's going to shave il va se raser we (fam) are going to get dressed on va s'habiller we're going to take a shower nous allons nous doucher you (plur) are going to use vous allez vous servir de they (m) are going to be bored ils vont s'ennuyer they (f) are going get worried elles vont s'inquiéter	__label__pos	0.997196
You are here: HomeSci/Tech The solar flares erupting from a giant sunspot group during the first week of July were certainly on a much larger scale than America's fireworks displays celebrating the Fourth of July. The solar fireworks hurled charged particles through millions of miles of space, with one blast so intense that it temporarily disrupted radio communications in Europe. Though the charged particles from the sunspot group, labeled by NASA AR1515, did not head directly toward Earth, the solar fireworks were nevertheless sufficient to have an effect. The velocity of the particles was 700 miles per second, and the temperature on the surface of the sun where the activity was generated is estimated to be a mind-numbing 100 million degrees Celsius. It now appears that yet another solar energy company heavily underwritten by federal loans, Abound Solar in Colorado, will declare bankruptcy and leave the taxpayers holding $70 million in loans. Sign up for The New American daily highlights	__label__pos	0.844719

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