content
string | pred_label
string | pred_score
float64 |
|---|---|---|
The Common Features in the Tones
Document Sample
The Common Features in the Tones Powered By Docstoc
The Musical Approach Concept in the
Study of Languages
Edward P.H. Woo1
Part 1
A Hexatave in Speech
as an equivalent of an Octave in Music
An Octave defines a range of musical notes. Between the high and the
low of the same Octave, there are six notes. When a composer composes
a song, he cannot expect an average person to sing beyond the high and
the low of the musical notes in the same Octave. When we listen to the
sounds produced by human beings when they speak, can we say that there
is also a boundary within which the tones are spread out? Not only do I
claim that there is such a boundary, I believe that like the limitation in the
number of notes a piano can produce within an Octave, there is also a
limitation in the number of tones which a human voice can produce
within this boundary.
There are eight notes including the highest and the lowest within an
Octave. How many notes (or tones) are there within the boundary of
speech? To my knowledge, linguistic experts have not so far focused
their research from this angle. I believe that they should do so. To identify
Mr. Woo, the author of the book “Cantonese for English Speakers ” (Novelty Publishers Ltd., Hong
Kong) is the Director of Cantonese Studies of the Asia International Open Un iversity (Macau).
all the tones we human beings use, we should start with analyzing the
most complicated language. What criteria should we use to determine the
complexity of a spoken language? The answer seems to depend on the
number of tones it uses.
To encompass all the tones used in speech, the first step is to look for the
most complicated language. Then we should ascertain the total number of
tones used by that language. Record them in a list. We should then
compare these tones with the tones of other languages, and see if we can
add anything on to the list.
With this in mind, we start with choosing Cantonese because it is known
to possess the greatest number of tones. There are six tones in Cantonese.
Because we need to be exhaustive, we must use our best endeavors to try
to find out if there is a 7th tone or an 8th tone from the other languages of
the world. So far, we have not been successful. As we have not found a
7th tone, we have to say that there are six tones in all. If we eventually
succeed in finding a 7th tone, we may have to alter our position; but until
then, we say that the human race uses six tones when they speak. I refer
to this range of tones as a “Hexatave” in speech.
In one respect, the Hexatave in speech is similar to an Octave in music:
Just as the musical notes within an Octave cover the musical notes of all
melodies irrespective of the musical background of the composer, the
Hexatave would cover all the tones of all languages spoken around the
world. The only exceptions, as we shall see, are the combinations
produced when two of these six tones are merged or combined to form a
new tone. I am not sure if these exceptions should be looked upon as a
flat or a sharp in music. At any rate, these are not new tones but a
combination or merger of two known tones. We shall continue to accept
the total number as six.
So, what are the six tones in the Hexatave? They are the six tones used in
Cantonese, but like learning musical notes within an Octave, we should
arrange these notes in a logical sequence so that we can easily commit
them into our memory.
Part 2
What are the Constituent Tones in the Hexatave
and What is the Best Way to Learn Them.
We have observed that (1) There is a common boundary to the tone used
in the speech of human beings. (2) Within this boundary, there are spoken
languages and dialects, which use more tones than others, and, (3) The
tones of Cantonese embrace the tones used around the world, and they
constitute the tones of the Hexatave. What are these tones? And how
should we learn them?
Like musical notes within an Octave, the tones in the Hexatave could be
better understood if we arrange them in a sequence either from high to
low or vice versa. We opt to arrange them in a sequence from high to low
giving the highest tone a numerical value of 1 and the lowest tone a value
of 6. Once we understand this order of the tones within the Hexatave (as
well as in Cantonese), we begin to realize how easy it is to learn the tones
of languages.
Arranging the tones from high to low is exactly what I did when I
developed a new system for foreigners to learn Cantonese. Since most
foreign students speak English, to enable a student to remember the tones,
I have chosen a sound familiar to the English ear to demonstrate each of
the tones. We should remember that the tones of Cantonese and the tones
in the Hexatave are identical. Knowledge of one is knowledge of the
other. The words I choose to learn these tones are:
1 Sea, as we say, the deep blue sea (this tone
being represented by the phonetic symbol si1),
2 See, as we say in exclamatory mood: „You see,
here he comes!‟ represented by the phonetic
symbol si2),
3 Mee, as we sing „do-re-mee‟ (represented by the
phonetic symbol mi3),
4 Far, as we sing „Far, a long, long way to run‟
taken from the Musical, the Sound of Music
(represented by the phonetic symbol fa4),
5 Ho, as in hotel (represented by the phonetic
symbol ho5), and
6 Ti, as in city (represented by the phonetic
symbol ti6).
I expect the students to commit into memory a sample of the six tones. A
student would first recite si1-si2-mi3-fa4-ho5-ti6 like a jingle. Then, to
practice what he has learnt, he should substitute the word he needs to say
into this jingle, like si1-si2-si3-si4-si5-si6 or mi1-mi2-mi3-mi4-mi5-mi6,
etc., etc. In no time, the pronunciation of any word in the correct tone in
Cantonese is found. This is called „the Musical Approach Concept‟.
Then I ask myself the following questions: If the tones of Cantonese
could be arranged like musical notes from high to low, can we also
arrange in a similar manner, i.e., from high to low, the tones used in other
languages and dialects? After these tones are so arranged, can we say that
there is a commonality (or a co-relationship) between the tones of
different languages? The very existence of the Hexatave implies that the
answers to both of these questions are in the affirmative. The only
observation is that many languages use only some and not all of the six
Then I asked myself another basic question: Apart from these six tones,
can we find out if there are tones used in other languages unrelated to
Cantonese? Strictly speaking, there isn‟t. Otherwise the term „Hexatave‟
will not be appropriate. However, we know for a fact that there are tones
used in some other languages and dialects different from the tones of
Cantonese. How do we explain the situation? If we cannot give a
satisfactory answer, we may have to concede that there is a 7th tone. We
notice that these other tones are produced by merging two of the tones of
Cantonese. For this reason, we cannot treat them as new. Two handy
illustrations are found in Mandarin (Putonghua) of China, and
Vietnamese as hereinafter explained.
Part 3
Co-relationship between the Tones
of Different Languages of the World
Now that the tones in the Hexatave are ascertained, and we know how to
learn them, we would now move on to find out how do they fit in with the
tones used in the various languages of the world. I have only conducted a
preliminary study and the following is a summary of my finding:
For English: The tones used in English are covered by tones 1, 5 and 6 of
Cantonese, which are also the same in the Hexatave. Take any word in
English; it would not normally go beyond these three tones. For example,
„momentum‟ is in tones 5-1-6. „Coffee‟ is in tone 1-6. „Mediterranean‟ is
in tone 5-5-5-1-6-6.
Many teachers use the application of „stress‟ to explain what we perceive
as a difference in tones. In my view, tones and stress are separate and
distinct. Any student learning English must of course appreciate the
importance of stress. Take the words (a) „Poland‟ (b) „potential‟ and (c)
„simple‟. The sound „po‟ is clearly said in three different tones, namely
Tones 1, 5 and 6 in the Hexatave. Yet, many people, including English
teachers, do not share the view that there are tones in English. They say
that English is a non-tonal language. I respectfully disagree. Indeed, any
sound a human being produces (whether such a sound stands alone or as
part of a sentence) with a view to conveying a message in conversation
has to be said in a certain tone. The tone is there whether or not we want
to acknowledge its presence. The only difference between a „tonal‟
language and a „non-tonal‟ one is that in a so-called non-tonal language,
when a wrong tone is used, the pronunciation may sound queer but not
unintelligible. In the case of the so-called tonal languages, failure to use
the correct tone would not work at all.
For German: In the context of tones, it does not appear as though there is
much difference between German (as well as other languages spoken in
Europe) and English. The only observation the author would like to make
is that Tone No.2 in the Hexatave seems to be more commonly used in
German, e.g. Deutscheland.
For Thai: The tones used in Thai are similar to those used in Cantonese.
For example, if we count from one to ten in Thai, we would say „ning6
song2 saam2 si5 ha1 hook5 jet5 baet3 gaau1 sip5‟. We have used Tones 1,
2, 3, 5 and 6 in the Hexatave. If I want to say I came from Hong Kong in
Thai, I would say „pom2 ma4 jaak5 hong1 gong3‟. I have also used Tone
No.4. So, in the given examples, all the six tones are used. I have not
come across any word in Thai not covered by the six tones in the
The tones of the Thai language are well known for its complexity; but
once we know the tones in the Hexatave, the entire process for learning
Thai is simplified to a point beyond recognition. We can almost read out
in perfect Thai a speech after one lesson through looking at phonetic
symbols without knowing the meaning of the words said.
For Mandarin: The four tones of Mandarin (Putonghua) are usually
demonstrated by the words 媽麻馬罵2. Tones 1 and 2 of Mandarin, herein
referred to as (M1) and (M2) are similar to Tones 1 and 2 of Cantonese.
The third Tone of Mandarin (M3) is a variation of Tones 6 and 4 of
Cantonese. We can say that it is the result of the two tones, namely tones
6 and 4 combined (pronounced as ma6+a4). For example, when we say
一匹馬 (a horse), the word “馬” is pronounced as ma6 +a4. Yet, there
are other ways to pronounce the same word. If we say 馬 上
(immediately), the word “馬” is in Tone 6 (pronounced as ma6) of
Cantonese only. Tone No. 4 in Mandarin (M4) is also similar to Tone 1 in
The author apologizes for not being able to give a textual description to demonstrate how these tones
sound like. Those who speak Putonghua will of course know. It is hoped that a comparison with the
tones of Cantonese (which are identical to the tones in the Hexatave) as hereinafter exp lained will be of
Cantonese. There is, however, a distinction between M1 and M4. Both
M1 and M4 are in the 1st Tone, but they are in two different Hexataves.
In this analysis, I only deal with the tone (or pitch distinction). I have not
taken into account the other aspects in producing a sound such as the
application of emphasis, or de-emphasis. Neither have I considered
aspiration, nasal characteristics, or a sound being lengthened or
For the other dialects in China: There exist a huge variety of dialects
spoken in China. Although I tried to analyze the speech of quite a few
people speaking these different dialects, I have not been able to find tones
not covered by the six tones or their variations as described above.
For Bahasa Malaysia: We can say that Malay use the tones of English
with some peculiarity, namely that unlike English as spoken in England,
Tone No.3 of the Hexatave is widely used. For example, we have „ti3
ga1‟ (meaning „three‟), „li3 ma1‟ (meaning „five‟), „peuh3 ja1 bat1‟
(meaning „office‟), „na3 si1 goh3 rang1‟ (meaning „fried rice‟) and many
other examples to demonstrate the use of Tone No. 3. So popular is Tone
No.3 that many people in South East Asia have become so accustomed to
it that they subconsciously speak English using the 3rd tone. We hear
people say „foh3 teen1‟ „fif3 teen1‟ instead of fourteen and fifteen. They
say „koh3 fi1‟ instead of coffee (koh1 fi6), and „haai3 est1‟ instead of
For Vietnamese: It is said that there are six tones in Vietnamese. Using
the conventional method, a teacher would find it difficult to explain to a
foreigner the minute difference between the Vietnamese tones. Using the
Musical Approach concept, we say that it is not as difficult as one would
have thought. To someone who understands the Musical Approach
Concept and the Hexatave, the tones in Vietnamese can be demonstrated
by reading out the phonetic symbols for „ba1 ba5 ba3-2 ba6 ba2 baag5‟
In our analysis of different languages and dialects spoken around the
world, it is important that we recognize the co-relationship between the
tones used. The Hexatave is the answer. When we appreciate such a
relationship, we can easily develop a phonetic system incorporating tones
for international use. Knowing the common features in the tones in
different languages, any one of us having our own mother tongue will
probably find it much easier to learn a new language.
|
__label__pos
| 0.918157 |
Director's Update
National Survey Data Released for Analysis:
How Americans Seek and Use Cancer Information
The continuing expansion and development of information delivery systems has given people access to cancer information from numerous sources, each varying substantially in quality and reliability. We know that people's prior knowledge, beliefs, and experiences influence the way they interpret and use health information and that America's increasing cultural diversity challenges health communication activities. Yet, until now, we've known little about how people seek cancer information or how to bridge the substantial gaps between the information they want and need, and what they receive.
Dr. Robert T. Croyle Today, NCI unveils the first dataset from our Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). The first survey of its kind, HINTS collects nationally representative data on the American public's need for, access to, and use of cancer information. The data identify changing communication trends and practices; provide updates on changing information patterns, needs, and opportunities; assess cancer information access and usage; and provide insight about how cancer risks are perceived. The survey began in 2001 and is conducted every two years.
Over the last several months, NCI behavioral and communication scientists have taken a first look at the HINTS dataset and are exploring several important questions that will better equip us to achieve NCI's goal of reducing the suffering and death due to cancer by 2015. They are investigating issues such as the perceived credibility of information sources, perceptions of cancer risks, information factors influencing screening practices, fatalism about cancer prevention, and factors that influence awareness of NCI's Cancer Information Service.
We invite members of our research community to delve into the data and help us learn how people seek and use cancer information. Visit http://cancer.gov/hints to register, download, and use the data.
While this message conveys our excitement about the HINTS data release, we understand that data analyses are only a first step in using the survey to its fullest potential. We look forward to helping communication practitioners learn more about what HINTS tells us about information-seeking behaviors and how together we can use that knowledge to inform our activities. In both research and practice, cancer communications remains a high priority at NCI.
This guest editorial was written by Dr. Robert T. Croyle, Director,
Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, NCI
|
__label__pos
| 0.915158 |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Aerosol of microscopic water droplets suspended in the air above a hot tea cup after that water vapor has sufficiently cooled and condensed. Water vapor is an invisible gas, but the clouds of condensed water droplets refract and disperse the sun light and so are visible.
On average, a fraction of the molecules in a glass of water have enough heat energy to escape from the liquid. Water molecules from the air enter the water in the glass, but as long as the relative humidity of the air in contact is less than 100% (saturation), the net transfer of water molecules will be to the air. The water in the glass will be cooled by the evaporation until an equilibrium is reached where the air supplies the amount of heat removed by the evaporating water. In an enclosed environment the water would evaporate until the air is saturated.
With sufficient temperature, the liquid would turn into vapor quickly (see boiling point). When the molecules collide, they transfer energy to each other in varying degrees, based on how they collide. Sometimes the transfer is so one-sided for a molecule near the surface that it ends up with enough energy to 'escape'.
See also: Kinetic theory
Evaporative equilibrium[edit]
\ln \left( \frac{ P_2 }{ P_1 } \right) = - \frac{ \Delta H_{ vap } }{ R } \left( \frac{ 1 }{ T_2 } - \frac{ 1 }{ T_1 } \right)
Factors influencing the rate of evaporation[edit]
Note: Air used here is a common example; however, the vapor phase can be other gasses.
Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air
Concentration of other substances in the air
If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity for the substance evaporating.[citation needed]
Flow rate of air
This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. This is the result of the boundary layer at the evaporation surface decreasing with flow velocity, decreasing the diffusion distance in the stagnant layer.
Inter-molecular forces
Surface area
A substance that has a larger surface area will evaporate faster, as there are more surface molecules that are able to escape.
Temperature of the substance
If the substance is hotter, then its molecules have a higher average kinetic energy, and evaporation will be faster.
The higher the density the slower a liquid evaporates.
In the US, the National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide. Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into an annual evaporation map.[2] The measurements range from under 30 to over 120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.
Evaporation is an endothermic process, in that heat is absorbed during evaporation.
Combustion vaporization[edit]
Pre-combustion vaporization[edit]
The catalytic cracking of long hydro-carbon chains into the shortest molecular chains possible, vastly improves gasoline mileage and provides reduced pollutant emissions once the fuel vapor is at its optimum ratio with air. The chemically correct air/fuel mixture for total burning of gasoline has been determined to be 15 parts air to one part gasoline or 15/1 by weight. Changing this to a volume ratio yields 8000 parts air to one part gasoline or 8,000/1 by volume.
Film deposition[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b Silberberg, Martin A. (2006). Chemistry (4th edition ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 431–434. ISBN 0-07-296439-1.
2. ^ Geotechnical, Rock and Water Resources Library – Grow Resource – Evaporation. grow.arizona.edu
Further reading[edit]
• Sze, Simon Min. Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology. ISBN 0-471-33372-7. Has an especially detailed discussion of film deposition by evaporation.
|
__label__pos
| 0.833951 |
Iroko Trees Fight Climate Change
About the Authors
Kristen Thiel is a former Worldwatch Food and Agriculture research intern.
Related Posts
Sustainable Farming Can Help Close Global Emissions Gap
Read More
West African Iroko trees can serve as long-term carbon sinks and help fight climate change
Iroko trees are native to the west coast of Africa. Sometimes called Nigerian teak, their wood is tough, dense, and very durable. Their hardwood is so sought after that the trees are often poached and are now endangered in many regions of Africa. But a new scientific discovery may aid in reforestation efforts.
Oliver de Schutter, the United Nations special rapporteur on the right to food, has found that Iroko trees can serve as long-term carbon sinks and can potentially play a role in the fight against climate change. Iroko trees and microbes can turn carbon dioxide emissions into soil-enriching limestone, a process that packs a one-two punch: carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere, and dry, acidic soil is made more fertile for agriculture.
When the West African Iroko tree is grown in dry, acidic soil and treated with microbes, it produces a very specific mineral. When the microbes are introduced, the tree combines the calcium already in the soil and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce a mineral limestone. This mineral limestone is then stored in the soil around the Iroko tree’s roots.
Iroko trees can serve as long-term carbon sinks. Source: Flickr user Erik Kleves Kristensen
Normally, biomass (such as trees) does not store carbon dioxide—the gas is used in the process of decomposition. But carbon in the form of limestone has a staying time that may span a million years. This makes a great case, according to Swiss researchers, for the preservation and sustainable management of tropical forests to fight against the greenhouse effect.
Iroko trees are just one of many species from Africa and the Amazon that can turn carbon in the atmosphere into mineral limestone. In this study, scientists looked at several microbe-tree combinations to identify which was best for locking up carbon dioxide as limestone, and the Iroko-microbe pathway showed the greatest results.
“By taking advantage of this natural limestone-producing process, we have a low-tech, safe, readily employed and easily maintained way to lock carbon out of the atmosphere, while enriching farming conditions in tropical countries,” said Dr Bryne Ngwenya of the University of Edinburgh’s School of GeoSciences.
There is also great potential for reforestation projects to help reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the developing world. Reforestation schemes that involve the use of microbes and Iroko trees together could improve the carbon sequestration balance of carbon trading initiatives, improve soil fertility, and even promote the implementation of agroforestry projects to benefit rural communities.
|
__label__pos
| 0.884892 |
Faculty & Research Scientists
James A AustinJames A Austin
Stratigraphic evolution of a wide range of marine and lacustrine environments around the world
Jaime D BarnesJaime D Barnes
Whitney BehrWhitney Behr
Mechanics and kinematics of deformation in continental lithosphere, rheology of the crust and upper mantle, mechanisms of strain localization, experimental rock mechanics, tectonic geomorphology and long term slip rates on large-scale strike-slip faults.
William D CarlsonWilliam D Carlson
Elizabeth J CatlosElizabeth J Catlos
The geological evolution of the Turkey (various regions), Himalayas (India and Nepal), south India (Tamil Nadu), and Slovakia (Carpathians); models for heat, mass, and fluid flow along tectonic structures; developing techniques for isotopic microanalysis; applying mineral equilibria to estimate environmental conditions during dynamic recrystallization; accessory mineral geochronology; stone decay and deformation mechanisms. Overall, I am interested in developing and applying petrochemical and geochemical techniques to the study of lithosphere dynamics.
Gail L ChristesonGail L Christeson
Marine seismology, mid-ocean ridge structure and emplacement processes, oceanic crustal structure, ocean-bottom seismology, seismic refraction
Brent Elliott
Peter B FlemingsPeter B Flemings
Stratigraphy, basin analysis, basin-scale fluid flow, pore pressures in seafloor sediments, submarine landslides, oil and gas migration, methane hydrates, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)
Cliff FrohlichCliff Frohlich
Patrick M Fulton
Fluid flow, heat transport, and tectonics; modeling thermal and hydrologic processes; earthquake physics; frictional heating on faults, fault strength, thermal geophysics, geomechanics, overpressure development.
Sean S GulickSean S Gulick
Eric W JamesEric W James
Isotope geochemistry, igneous petrology, analytical chemistry
John C LassiterJohn C Lassiter
Luc L LavierLuc L Lavier
Tectonics; the structural and geodynamical evolution of continental and oceanic rifts, as well as collisional environments; numerical techniques to model tectonic processes on crustal and lithospheric scales; deformation; subduction
Lawrence A LawverLawrence A Lawver
Marine geophysics, plate tectonics, magnetics, gravity, heat flow, seismic studies, paleogeographic reconstructions of Gondwana, the Polar Regions, East Asia, and the Western Pacific
Gang LuoGang Luo
Lithospheric Geodynamics; Fault Interaction; Fault, Earthquake and Seismicity; Finite Element Modeling; Salt Geomechanical Modeling; Pore Pressure in Salt Basins; Wellbore Stability
Randall MarrettRandall Marrett
Kirk D McIntoshKirk D McIntosh
Structure and development of continental margins along convergent and transpressive plate boundaries; sediment accretion, subduction, and erosion at convergent margins; forearc and backarc extension and compression; fluid dynamics in accretionary prisms; shallow-subduction seismicity
Sharon MosherSharon Mosher
Structural petrology, field-oriented structural geology, the evolution of complexly deformed terranes, strain analysis, deformation mechanisms, the interaction between chemical and physical processes during deformation
Ian O NortonIan O Norton
Plate tectonics, structural evolution of continental margins, reconciliation of observations from structural geology with regional tectonics
Thomas H ShipleyThomas H Shipley
Marine seismology; subduction processes occurring at converging plate margins; the role of fluids in accretionary trench margins and their influence on the distribution of low-shear-strength fault zones; 3D seismic techniques
Douglas SmithDouglas Smith
Research on mantle evolution using tools of mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry.
Daniel StockliDaniel Stockli
Frederick W TaylorFrederick W Taylor
Tectonic geomorphology and stratigraphy at convergent plate margins Paleoclimate, fossil corals as a proxy for past sea-surface temperatures.
Laura Wallace
Donggao ZhaoDonggao Zhao
Postdoctoral Researchers
Owen A Anfinson
Specializes in the use of heavy mineral geochronology and thermochronology to understand the geologic evolution of sedimentary basins and their source regions. Past Research Topics Include: Ph.D.- New Insights into Arctic Tectonics: U-Pb, (U-Th)/He, and Hf Isotopic data from the Franklinian Basin, Canadian Arctic Islands; M.S.- Sediment Sources for Catastrophic Glacial Outburst Flood Rhythmites and Quaternary Eolian Deposits at the Hanford Reach National Monument, Washington; B.A.- Stratigraphy and ...
Elizabeth J CasselElizabeth J Cassel
The interactions between tectonics, climate, and erosion; Earth surface processes; tectonic geomorphology; stable isotope geochemistry and its applications to paleo-elevation, -climate, and -hydrology; fluvial and alluvial depositional environments; sediment provenance and drainage evolution through detrital mineral geochronology; sedimentology and stratigraphy; major, trace element, rare earth element, and stable isotope compositions of volcanic glass; Laramide tectonics and drainage system responses.
Research Staff
|
__label__pos
| 0.845049 |
HOME - Our Mission - Overview
Online Shop
Our mission
Nippon Kodo’s devotion to making fine incense follows a long and honored tradition that started more than 400 years ago and can be traced back to Jyuemon Takai, better known as Koju, a skilled artisan in the art and the principal provider of precious rare and exquisite aromas to the Emperor of Japan and his Court.
Many of those pleasing and enduring high-quality incense fragrances, which the company continues to produce to this day, are based on the original formulas created by Koju and later by Yujiro Kito, who was hailed as the genius of fragrance during the Meiji restoration period in the 19th century - around the time that Japan opened its doors to the world and began to modernize itself.
Brought to Japan in the eighth century by Buddhist monks, who used the mystical aromas in their religious ceremonies, “Koh,” as incense is called in Japanese, passed into the realm of the aristocracy centuries later as a source of amusement and enlightenment as they “listened to the fragrance” in their parlor games.
It wasn’t until the 14th century in the Muromachi Era that incense reached the height of its popularity with the upper and middle classes of Japanese society, who used it as a mark of distinction and sophistication and to dispel unpleasant odors. It was around this time that samurai warriors began perfuming their helmets and armor with incense before going into battle as they prepared to meet their fate.
Now, incense promises to become even more acceptable and desirable as a new dimension in gracious living that opens up a whole new world of spiritual awareness and understanding.
|
__label__pos
| 0.894831 |
Return to the Purplemath home page The Purplemath Forums
Helping students gain understanding
and self-confidence in algebra
powered by FreeFind
Find a River Rouge Tutor
Subject: Zip:
Ashley G. ...I have a strong understanding of both French and English grammar. Because of this, I can help students see the connection between their native language and their acquired language. It's not just words on paper - there are rules and exceptions to every language, and knowing when, how, and why they work is the key to becoming fluent.
9 Subjects: including English, writing, French, ESL/ESOL
Southfield, MI
Jorge L. ...I had the opportunity to teach Spanish grammar and composition to high school students in my home country, Colombia, for 7 years. It became a truly wonderful and satisfying experience being able to share and see the progress of each of my students. I love the Spanish language and I want to teach and share the wonderful aspects of our language and culture with others.
1 Subject: Spanish
Farmington, MI
Ann C. ...As a tutor, I use drawings, models, and physical manipulation of objects as much as possible in order to stimulate development of abstract thinking and understanding of the abstract concepts. Chemistry is the study of matter--atoms, their structure, and the interactions between them. It include...
19 Subjects: including English, reading, chemistry, geometry
Warren, MI
Eileen D. ...I took a course in the Old Testament in college. I also taught Sunday School while I lived in Illinois. My target audience was seventh grade.
Dearborn, MI
Ray B. ...I have a long history in basketball, played since the age of 4. Playing in the collegiate setting, I learned necessary skills and realized that coaching is a true passion of mine. I currently coach for a local community college team, and recently for a local high school.
1 Subject: basketball
Detroit, MI
Feedback | Error?
|
__label__pos
| 0.730267 |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
i'm not sure of the term for this problem i'm having, or if it's even an issue to worry about at all. let's say i have a hypothetical situation like this:
it seems as though having the link from remix objects back to the the original objects makes for a somewhat complicated structure, especially if i start to add more objects into the structure.
if i remove the links from remix song and remix album to the original, i can use some sort of ID and traverse the structure to still figure out the original versions, but this would require me to write some code to ensure the integrity of the data, like the remix album is not pointing to an original album that no longer exist.
question: is having a structure like this something to worry about? if so, how to fix such a structure aside from the solution i proposed above which requires writing code to ensure the integrity of the data.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
I don't know what programming language you're working with, but it looks to me like you're describing a directed acyclic graph, which, in simple terms, is a collection of points with arrows connecting them, but there aren't any cycles.
This is a very common structure. For instance, it describes dependencies of software packages in operating systems with automated software installation (such as many Linux distributions). It describes citations in research papers, where a paper can cite many other papers and a paper can be cited by many other papers, but it doesn't make sense for two papers to cite each other.
The best way to represent this data structure depends on the programming language, and on what you need to do with it. The simplest way to do it in most programming languages is to simply have each object link to the other objects by reference, something like:
struct Song {
std::string name;
std::vector<struct Foo*> originals;
It's a simple matter to find every "original" of a given song, but it's more expensive to find every "remix". You could augment the structure with remix links and ensure consistency, but in both cases, you have to ensure there are no cycles.
In a SQL database, you could describe the relationship like so:
name TEXT
CREATE TABLE is_remix_of (
remix INT REFERENCES songs(id),
original INT REFERENCES songs(id)
CREATE INDEX remix_to_original ON is_remix_of(remix);
CREATE INDEX original_to_remix ON is_remix_of(original);
Again, you would have to find a way to guard against cycles.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
|
__label__pos
| 0.853992 |
News And Finally
Friday 29 August 2014
Shrinking 'aided dinosaur survival'
Published 06/05/2014 | 22:12
• Share
A depiction of dinosaur body size evolution and shape over 170 million years
One of evolution's greatest success stories is that of the Incredible Shrinking Dinosaur, scientists have revealed.
• Share
• Go To
The reptiles that ruled the world for almost 200 million years never went away. At least some of them just got smaller and turned into birds.
Now researchers have shown that shrinking was key to survival for this group, which became one of the most diverse and abundant families of animals alive today.
Only those dinosaurs destined to be birds broke the lower body weight limit of one kilogram seen in their relatives.
Lead scientist Dr Roger Benson, from the Department of Earth Sciences at Oxford University, said: "Dinosaurs aren't extinct; there are about 10,000 species alive today in the form of birds. We wanted to understand the evolutionary links between this exceptional living group, and their Mesozoic relatives, including well-known extinct species like T rex, Triceratops, and Stegosaurus.
"We found exceptional body mass variation in the dinosaur line leading to birds, especially in the feathered dinosaurs called maniraptorans. These include Jurassic Park's Velociraptor, birds, and a huge range of other forms, weighing anything from 15 grams to three tonnes, and eating meat, plants, and more omnivorous diets."
Small body size may have been a vital difference that helped the ancestors of modern birds remain on Earth after other dinosaurs were wiped out 65 million years ago, say the researchers.
A huge asteroid impact off the coast of Mexico is generally thought to have brought the dinosaurs' long reign to an end. However, many experts believe dinosaurs were already in decline when the meteor delivered the coup de grace that finished them off.
Together with Canadian colleagues from the Royal Ontario Museum, Dr Benson's team estimated the body mass of 426 dinosaur species by measuring the thickness of their leg bones.
The scientists found that dinosaurs underwent rapid changes in body size shortly after they first appeared around 220 million years ago.
Thereafter only the evolutionary line leading to birds continued to change size at such a fast rate, and did so for a further 170 million years.
The study, published in the online journal Public Library of Science Biology, revealed that dinosaurs ranged in size from the 90 tonne Argentinosaurus - the largest creature ever to walk on land - to the bird-like Qiliania, which weighed 15 grams and was the size of a sparrow.
The team worked on the basis that if members of a family of related animals are similar in size, their evolution is likely to have been slow. On the other hand having close relatives that are very different in size implies fast rate of evolution.
"What we found was striking," said co-author Dr David Evans, from the Royal Ontario Museum. "Dinosaur body size evolved very rapidly in early forms, likely associated with the invasion of new ecological niches. In general, rates slowed down as these lineages continued to diversify.
"But it's the sustained high rates of evolution in the feathered maniraptoran dinosaur lineage that led to birds - the second great evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs."
The bird ancestors kept experimenting with different and often radically smaller body sizes, allowing them to adopt new designs and adaptations more quickly than larger dinosaurs.
Other dinosaur groups became locked into narrow ecological niches from which they could not escape, say the researchers. This may have ultimately contributed to their extinction.
Commenting on the findings in the journal, doctors Daniel Moen and Helene Morlon from the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, France, wrote: "What explains why some groups of organisms, like birds, are so species rich? And what explains their extraordinary ecological diversity, ranging from large, flightless birds, to small migratory species that fly thousands of kilometers every year?
"(Benson and colleagues) find that body-size evolution did not slow down in the lineage leading to birds, hinting at why birds survived to the present day and diversified. This paper represents one of the most convincing attempts at understanding deep time adaptive radiations."
Press Association
Read More
Editors Choice
Also in World News
|
__label__pos
| 0.953514 |
1. Latest News
2. Submit Press Release
1. PR Home
2. Latest News
3. Feeds
4. Alerts
5. Submit Free Press Release
6. Journalist Account
7. PRNewswire Distribution
Are Some People Too Dumb To Run For Congress?
Mark Twain said, “Suppose you were an idiot, and suppose you were a Member of Congress; but I repeat myself”.
PRLog - Jun. 6, 2014 - SAN BERNARDINO, Calif. -- Twain’s ridicule of Congress is timeless and priceless, but it understates the mind-boggling ineptitute described in the following story.
KCAA Radio offered 79 California political candidates $1.00 radio ads to see if any of them had enough sense to accept the offer. We also wanted to see if we could stem the flow of expensive mail box stuffers which have become so prevalent in the Inland Empire region of Southern California. Only three candidates chose to accept our offer, and only one of these bought more than 100 spots.
No candidate in the race for California’s 31st District accepted KCAA’s offer, even though the district is located in the heart of KCAA’s radio signal as demonstrated by the blue area in the center of this coverage map. (copy this link into your browser to see map) http://theposthole.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/31st-di...
KCAA’s coverage map is published online at radio-locator.com. We overlayed the 31st congressional district ( https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/31 ) on it to prove that KCAA’s strongest city grade signal (the red circle) and its regional signal, (the purple circle) provide excellent coverage to the good citizens of California’s 31st.
The cost of mail box stuffers that flood Southern California mail boxes exceeds three for $1.00, so using this estimate, it takes approximately $15,000.00 to reach 45,000 potential voters.
Let’s compare the cost of KCAA’s $1.00 radio offer (which all congressional candidates declined) to the cost of mail box stuffers.
It’s very logical to assume that each radio spot on KCAA will reach a minimum of 500 people. This is a very low estimate for a radio station that covers a population of over four million. During IMUS In The Morning, Alex Jones and Dave Ramsey’s show, KCAA has thousands of local listeners and the station’s local online audience regularly exceeds 500.
Using the unrealistically low listener estimate of 500, let’s assume a candidate buys four spots an hour on KCAA during the week prior to the election. This purchase will reach at least 1/3 of KCAA’s average quarter hour listeners (persons who listen for at least 5 minutes).
So, under our offer, candidates could buy four ads per hour on KCAA for $4.00 per hour x 24 hours x 7 days = for a grand total of $672.00, reaching thousands of potential voters.
Now, let’s expand the KCAA radio buy to the absurd level of 3 ads in 15 minutes, or one ad every 5 minutes. This puts the total cost to reach 500 listeners at $3.00.
Quickly, save the women and children… because the total cost to reach 500 people by US mail is a whopping $165.00, so why in the name of 3rd grade math did these campaigns decline KCAA’s offer to reach at least 500 different people every 15 minutes for only $3.00? No person of sound judgement could ignore such a bargain. This speaks volumes about California political campaign managers and the candidates themselves. One word comes to mind…STUPIDITY.
These political candidates are trying to convince voters of their wisdom and frugality while spending $15,000.00 each time they try to reach 45,000 likely voters by mail, while ignoring KCAA’s offer to reach the same number of potential voters for a fraction of that amount.
Since KCAA is a news talk station and the exclusive NBC Radio News affiliate for the Riverside/San Bernardino Market, most of the station’s cumulative local audience is comprised of potential voters.
If congressional candidates had bought $1.00 ads on KCAA, their message would have aired during Joyce Riley’s Power Hour, IMUS in the Morning, Gary Garver’s “Controlled Chaos” (Gary was Howard Stern’s Hollywood reporter for over a decade), Alex Jones Info Wars, The Dave Ramsey Show and The KCAA Morning Show. Until last week, the list would have included Ed Schultz.
KCAA also produces and airs over 50 independent local and regional talk shows on subjects as diverse as the demographics of the region’s population and many of the these shows are political in nature.
There are about 700,000 people in each congressional district. It’s easy to understand why voter turnout is so low when every campaign blindly sends the same junk mail to the same limited number of people over and over, while ignoring a majority of the voting population.
It appears that a majority of candidates on the ballot in the Inland Empire region of Southern California and their campaign managers are incapable of understanding elementary school math, which speaks volumes about the financial mess that will follow their decisions as elected officials.
We must also ask ourselves… Why would anyone of sound judgement contribute money to candidates with such poor judgment?
The voters deserve better.
Fred Lundgren
--- End ---
Click to Share
Contact Email:
***@comcast.net Email Verified
Source:KCAA Radio
City/Town:San Bernardino - California - United States
Industry:Government, Media
Tags:radio, congress, commercial, KCAA
Last Updated:Jun 06, 2014
Latest Press Releases By “
Trending News...
1. SiteMap
2. Privacy Policy
3. Terms of Service
4. Copyright Notice
5. About
6. Advertise
Like PRLog?
Click to Share
|
__label__pos
| 0.734921 |
Which Slave Sailed Himself to Freedom?
100 Amazing Facts About the Negro: Life took him from a daring sea escape to a stint in Congress.
Harper's Weekly, 1862
(The Root) -- Amazing Fact About the Negro No. 32: Were there any successful slavery escapes by sea?
Two weeks ago, we saw how Henry Box Brown mailed himself to freedom by carriage, steamer and train. This week, we meet a man who took a more direct route through the very waters where the Civil War began, Charleston Harbor, S.C., from which, incredibly, he sailed himself, his family and the fellow slave members of his crew to freedom.
In fewer than four hours, Robert Smalls had done something unimaginable: In the midst of the Civil War, this black male slave had commandeered a heavily armed Confederate ship and delivered its 17 black passengers (nine men, five women and three children) from slavery to freedom.
Sailing From Slavery to Freedom
Our story begins in the second full year of the war. It is May 12, 1862, and the Union Navy has set up a blockade around much of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. Inside it, the Confederates are dug in defending Charleston, S.C., and its coastal waters, dense with island forts, including Sumter, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired exactly one year, one month, before. Attached to Brig. Gen. Roswell Ripley's command is the C.S.S. Planter, a "first-class coastwise steamer" hewn locally for the cotton trade out of "live oak and red cedar," according to testimony given in a U.S. House Naval Affairs Committee report 20 years later.
Pictured: Robert Smalls (Library of Congress, c. 1870).
After two weeks of supplying various island points, the Planter returns to the Charleston docks by nightfall. It is due to go out again the next morning and so is heavily armed, including approximately 200 rounds of ammunition, a 32-pound pivot gun, a 24-pound howitzer and four other guns, among them one that had been dented in the original attack on Sumter. In between drop-offs, the three white officers on board (Capt. C.J. Relyea, pilot Samuel H. Smith and engineer Zerich Pitcher) make the fateful decision to disembark for the night -- either for a party or to visit family -- leaving the crew's eight slave members behind. If caught, Capt. Relyea could face court-martial -- that's how much he trusts them.
|
__label__pos
| 0.781553 |
The Warmest Seas on Record August 4, 2009 : 2:37 PM
According to the Sydney Morning Herald: [Link]
"For as long as people have taken the temperature of the seas they have never been so warm."
"Global ocean surface temperatures for June were the highest since records began, in 1880, breaking the record set in 2005, the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration of the United States says."
"The average sea surface temperature for June, measured by satellites and buoys, was 0.59 degrees above the 20th-century average of 16.4 degrees."
|
__label__pos
| 0.99056 |
A broad spectrum of particle and field measurements was taken near local noon by the Dynamics Explorer satellites during the magnetic storm of September 6, 1982. While at apogee, DE 1 sampled the magnetospheric boundary layer at mid southern latitudes and, due to the passage of an intense solar wind burst, briefly penetrated into the magnetosheath. In the boundary layer and the adjacent magnetosheath the plasma flow was directed toward dawn. Variance and de Hoffmann-Teller analyses of electric and magnetic field data during the magnetopause crossing showed the magnetopause structure to be that of a rotational discontinuity or an intermediate shock with a substantial normal magnetic field component. This is consistent with an open magnetosphere model in which significant magnetic merging occurs at the local time of the spacecraft. The orbit of DE 2 carried it through the morning sector of the low-altitude, southern cusp. The measurements show a well-defined, cusp current system occurring on open magnetic field lines. At both cusp and subcusp latitudes the electric field was equatorward indicating a strongly eastward plasma flow. The boundary between these two regions was marked by the onset of magnetosheath precipitation and an electric field structure containing both poleward and equatorward spikes. The poleward spike has associated field-aligned currents which are closed by Pedersen currents and, from force balance considerations, is interpreted as the signature of a magnetic merging event at the magnetopause. The equatorward spike has the characteristics of a down-coming and reflected Alfven wave packet of finite dimensions. The high-altitude measurements suggest that the dayside boundary layer is made up of closed magnetic flux tubes, a large fraction of which drift to the magnetopause where merging with the IMF occurs. The merging line maps to the ionosphere as a “gap” across which the polar cap potential is applied to the magnetosphere. The potential is applied from a magnetosheath generator to the polar ionosphere by means of the cusp, field-aligned current system. The electric fields provide an ionospheric indicator of the mapping of the merging line location.
|
__label__pos
| 0.851973 |
The Adult Swim Simulcast is on now
Childrens Hospital
Joke Overload
When an elderly soulful Black man (Ernie Hudson from Ghostbusters) and a racist white boy are impaled by the same flagpole, the staff learns a lesson about racial tolerance. Lola learns a different lesson from two Star Trek fans (Adam Scott, Clark Duke); Roastmaster General Jeffrey Ross pays a visit and levels his signature insults with reckless abandon.
Facebook Twitter
All Episodes
= Requires a cable provider login
Season 5
EP 1
A New Hope
When a termite infestation temporarily closes the hospital, the staff must relocate to an American Army base in Japan.
EP 2
When Nurse Dori's son witnesses a murder, Detective Chance Briggs arrives to solve the crime...but he doesn't count on falling in love.
EP 3
The C-Word
A night of entertainment on the base is threatened by a plane crash -- until a survivor offers help. Also, Owen doesn't get stuck in a time loop.
The doctors fight to save the hospital ward that houses ailing imaginary friends and also has great cell reception.
Lola is recruited by an elite, secret government task force, but a ghost from her past threatens to compromise her mission.
Sy's plan for a costumed "theme day" on the base becomes more complicated than expected.
The doctors teach Owen a hard lesson about hair choices; Glenn reveals the secret source of his surgical abilities.
A famous Army hospital critic visits the base on the same day as a scheduled wine tasting.
|
__label__pos
| 0.786624 |
How would you measure this?
Grades 2,3 | Math
This math worksheet helps your child gain familiarity with different units of measurement, including inches, feet, yards, and miles and ounces, pounds, and gallons.
Skills: understanding length and weight, learning about measurement
Print Full Size
CCSS.Math.Content.2.MD.A.3, CCSS.Math.Content.3.MD.A.2
Don't have Acrobat Reader? Get it now.
Facebook Digg
|
__label__pos
| 1 |
Huffpost Green
Flamboyant Cuttlefish, A Rare Color-Changing Creature (VIDEO)
Posted: Updated:
Nature is awesome, isn't it?
Metasepia pfefferi, better known as the Flamboyant Cuttlefish, is truly a unique sea creature. Not only does it change colors, but it creates a moving pattern of color which is mesmerizing to watch.
The video below, which has again begun to go viral after first being posted back in 2007, shows two stunning examples of the cuttlefish in action.
How the fish achieves its spectacular color change is relatively complex, but is intended to ward off predators. gives a simple explanation of the mechanism used in achieving this spectacular sight:
This variety of cuttlefish, in all its oddity, is typically found off the coast of northern Australia or in the waters around the Philippines and Indonesia. While it might seem like the perfect potential pet (it can't be eaten since it is one of just three toxic cephalopods), it reportedly doesn't exist in strong enough numbers to be domesticated.
Color change is often a specialty for cephalopods. A new study recently revealed two incredible species, a squid and an octopus, that quickly switch between transparency and pigment, creating a virtual invisibility cloak, depending on their surroundings.
WATCH (The Flamboyant Cuttlefish):
Around the Web
Metasepia pfefferi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Flamboyant Cuttlefish - YouTube
Flamboyant Cuttlefish Underwater Studios - YouTube
Flamboyant Cuttlefish Flashing lembeh Sulewasi. - YouTube
Pfeffer's Flamboyant Cuttlefish, Metasepia pfefferi at
Introducing The Flamboyant Cuttlefish
BBC - Science & Nature - Sea Life - Fact files: Flamboyant cuttlefish
TGIF – The Flamboyant Cuttlefish | Deep Sea News
From Our Partners
|
__label__pos
| 0.990582 |
Cover Image
View/Hide Left Panel
increased dissatisfaction with their bodies, have lower self-esteem, have school difficulties, and engage in problem behaviors such as drinking, smoking, and early sexual behavior as compared to late-maturing girls. In contrast, late-maturing boys express more dissatisfaction with their body image, tend to be less popular and less athletic, and perform less well academically than early maturing boys. The psychological and behavioral difficulties resulting from early or late pubertal onset can be ameliorated through parental involvement, communication, and support.
Cognitive and Psychosocial Development
During adolescence, thinking becomes more abstract and less concrete, and adolescents become more future oriented, allowing them to consider multiple aspects of any decision at one time, assess potential consequences of a decision, consider possible outcomes associated with various choices, and plan for the future. These cognitive changes are coupled with psychosocial development, including social perspective taking, susceptibility to peer pressure, and increased need for autonomy (e.g., Steinberg and Cauffman, 1996). Social perspective taking refers to the ability to recognize how the thoughts and actions of one person can influence those of another. Social perspective taking has been shown to gradually increase until about age 16 (Steinberg and Cauffman, 1996). Applied to underage drinking, it is expected that individuals who are more capable of social perspective taking will be more able to understand why underage alcohol use is not condoned and understand that not all people have the same views concerning alcohol use. Although generally an indicator of greater maturity, a downside of this new ability to understand different perspectives is that adolescents become highly concerned with peer conformity, which may make them more susceptible to peer pressure, including pressure to drink alcohol. A more detailed discussion of peer influences and social norms is presented later in this chapter.
These cognitive and psychosocial changes are also accompanied by adolescents’ questioning of parental control and rules and their desire to be more autonomous, which often translates into their desire to participate in, and eventually dictate, their own decision making. The desire to be autonomous and make one’s own decisions is considered an important hallmark of adolescence. The literature clearly indicates that the need to be more autonomous and be granted more decision making opportunities increases with age. Several other simultaneous changes during adolescence serve to increase adolescents’ desire for autonomy. First, as indicated earlier, physical changes of puberty result in the adolescent seeing himself or herself as more deserving of privileges, and others tend to have similar expectations for youth. Second, increased time spent with peers leads to more experi-
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Terms of Use and Privacy Statement
|
__label__pos
| 0.958351 |
Warming doubles glacier melt
Glaciers in Argentina and Chile are melting at double the rate of 1975 because of global warming scientists said yesterday, after calculating that the ice lost between 1995 and 2000 was equivalent to a rise in sea level of about 0.105mm a year.
Scientists combined space observation and survey data of the 63 largest Patagonian ice fields. Comparing ice loss rates from 1968-1975 and 1975-2000 they found it had more than doubled.
The researchers, led by Eric Rignot, from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, wrote in the journal Science that the Patagonian glaciers accounted for 9% of the glacial contribution to sea level rises, while those in Alaska were behind sea level rises of 30%. Yet in Patagonian the area covered by glaciers was five times smaller than that in Alaska.
The greater "vulnerability" of Patagonia to climate change was due to the glaciers' higher turnover rates and a "dominance of calving glaciers".
Today's best video
• Toilets and phones animation
Toilets: 2.5bn people go without
• Hake in San Sebastian
Let them eat hake
• Passengers push tram to free schoolgirl’s leg
Passengers push tram to free schoolgirl's leg
• Royal Blood
Royal Blood perform Loose Change
Today in pictures
|
__label__pos
| 0.829983 |
William O'Brien's Twins Houses Use the Math Principle of Dissection
By: Meghan Young - Published: • References: and fastcodesign
The Twins Houses were inspired by the twin brothers that it was built for. They use the mathematical principle of dissection in which any two regular polygons with equal areas can be divided into sets of similar shapes. By specifically using minimal dissection, the Twins Houses are an arrangement of five identical parts that make up two different shapes.
Cleverly and creatively designed by Cambridge-based architect William O'Brien Jr., the Twins Houses are located in Upstate New York. Since volumes within each building are the same, simply pieced together distinctively, the Twins Houses have the exact same square footage and the same geometric composition. This can be likened to the genetic makeup of the Twins they were built for.
|
__label__pos
| 0.997597 |
DNA Replication Notes Outline
Document Sample
DNA Replication Notes Outline Powered By Docstoc
[DNA SYNTHESIS] Biology I Notes Outline
1. What was the next challenge after DNA was identified as the genetic material of life?
2. What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to take a picture of DNA?
3. Based on these pictures, what shape does a DNA molecule have?
4. What is the backbone of the DNA molecule made of?
5. What joins the backbones together?
6. Describe the two types of nitrogenous bases:
a. Purines:
b. Pyrimidines:
7. What is the correct combination of bases that forms DNA?
a. Purine + Purine
b. Pyrimidine + Pyrimidine
c. Purine + Pyrimidine
8. Adenine only pairs with _________________.
9. Guanine only pairs with _________________.
10. What does it mean that the DNA strands are complimentary?
11. What happens during DNA replication?
Biology Teaching Resources 1
[DNA SYNTHESIS] Biology I Notes Outline
12. Practice writing complimentary strands below:
13. What does DNA Polymerase do?
14. How fast does DNA elongation occur in bacteria and human cells?
a. How fast can you elongate DNA? Try the simulation at
15. What else does DNA polymerase do?
16. Describe the two types of repair:
a. Mismatch repair:
b. Nucleotide excision repair:
17. What is the biggest limitation of the DNA replication process?
a. How does the DNA molecule change every time that it is replicated?
18. What are telomeres?
a. Do telomeres actually code for any traits?
b. Do telomeres prevent the DNA from being shortened?
c. How do telomeres relate to aging?
Biology Teaching Resources 2
[DNA SYNTHESIS] Biology I Notes Outline
19. What does telomerase do?
a. Why can’t this enzyme be used to prevent aging? What are its side effects?
Biology Teaching Resources 3
Description: A fillable student notes outline to accompany the Powerpoint lecture on DNA replication.
|
__label__pos
| 0.979968 |
Document Sample
OBJECTIVES Powered By Docstoc
Reverse Engineering of a 4-Stroke Engine
You will be learning about the following items:
The process of reverse engineering in general,
How a 4-stroke internal combustion engine works,
The function of various parts of an internal combustion engine,
The material and manufacturing processes used for various parts as well as the design
reasoning behind these choices, and
Descriptive writing of mechanic devices.
What is Reverse Engineering?
Reverse engineering is the practice of taking something apart to 1) understand how it works, 2) to
understand how it is made or assembled, and/or 3) figure out how to improve it. For example, when
General Motors launched their Saturn division, they bought several hundred Honda Accords, Toyota
Camrys, and Nissan Stanzas. Naturally, GM engineers stripped many of these cars to pieces in an
attempt to figure out how they were put together, how various things worked, and above all, what lessons
could be learned to help GM engineer their new line of Saturn vehicles. We will be conducting a similar
exercise today, disassembling, inspecting, and then reassembling the a 4-stroke internal combustion
While this is a fairly simple lab, even for those of you who have never done this sort of work
before, it is important that you follow some guidelines:
1. Follow the directions of your instructor. The disassembly steps are intentionally coordinated by
the instructor to aid the discussion throughout the session and to keep the whole class
2. Take turns with the tools. Those of you that are “old hands” at such work might consider
letting the others do the work with you there to help them. Feel free to ask the others in your
group if they have had any previous experience with these things and take the opportunity to
help them if they haven’t.
3. Don’t force anything . Several of these parts are rather particular about correct location
relative to other parts, so pay attention to things as you remove and replace items. When in
doubt, ask someone. By the way, these are brand new engines; the last ones were pretty bad
off because a few individuals in the past were outright destructive—please police yourselves.
4. Print a copy of the table on the following page. You will use this to take notes during the
reverse engineering process.
One of the objectives of ME 221 is to develop your understanding of technical writing for
engineering. This assignment is practice in technical writing skills that will be needed when you start
writing lab reports.
You will be asked to use two figures supplied to you as “supporting material” in your discussion of
the old and new cam designs on these motors. In addition to reinforcing the proper citation of figures and
giving some practical skill in putting the graphics in the text, the objective of assignment is to give you
practice in writing to communicate using both words and graphical material—photographs in this case.
Your text must be 300 words or less.
Pictures and further instructions will be posted. You will turn in the 1 page result and attach the
table on the next page—filled in, of course, to show you paid attention in lab.
This directive includes no prying with screw drivers, hammering with wrenches, and other “irregular” practices with
tools. The truth be told, you can at times do a lot with limited tools in desperate circumstances, but that is not the
case in this lab.
1 of 2
Table 1: Observations of parts of a 4-stroke internal combustion engine.
Part Functions Material How can you tell? How can you tell?
2 of 2
|
__label__pos
| 0.88837 |
Stop Order
Definition of 'Stop Order'
An order to buy or sell a security when its price surpasses a particular point, thus ensuring a greater probability of achieving a predetermined entry or exit price, limiting the investor's loss or locking in his or her profit. Once the price surpasses the predefined entry/exit point, the stop order becomes a market order.
Also referred to as a "stop" and/or "stop-loss order."
Investopedia explains 'Stop Order'
Investors commonly use a stop order before leaving for holidays or entering a situation where they are unable to monitor their portfolio for an extended period.
Stops are not a 100% guarantee of getting the desired entry/exit points. For instance, if a stock gaps down, the trader's stop order will be triggered (or filled) at a price significantly lower than expected.
Traders who use technical analysis will place stop orders below major moving averages, trendlines, swing highs, swing lows or other key support or resistance levels.
Related Video for 'Stop Order'
comments powered by Disqus
Hot Definitions
1. Leased Bank Guarantee
2. Degree Of Financial Leverage - DFL
3. Jeff Bezos
4. Re-fracking
5. TIMP (acronym)
6. Pension Risk Transfer
Trading Center
|
__label__pos
| 0.904382 |
1. Evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude the efficacy of X in the treatment of PTSD. (The committee may note inconsistencies in the data.)
2. Evidence is inadequate to determine the efficacy of X in the treatment of PTSD.
3. Evidence is suggestive that X treatment is ineffective in treating PTSD.
4. Evidence is suggestive that X treatment is harmful in the treatment of PTSD.
1. For each of the conclusions above, the restriction of the conclusion regarding the population, provider, setting [of] intervention, or comparator intervention will be noted.
1. As part of its assessment, the IOM committee shall note limitations in the evidence base and make suggestions for further research that could strengthen the evidence or address research gaps in the treatment of PTSD.
2. In conducting its work, the committee shall consider the following questions in relation to treatment modalities (including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy) and treatment goals for individuals diagnosed with PTSD.
1. What are the goals of PTSD treatment?
• What is the definition of recovery?
• For what proportion of patients is recovery possible?
• Besides recovery, what other outcomes would benefit patients?
1. Does evidence support the value of early intervention?
2. How long should treatment continue?
• What is the impact of a hiatus in treatment?
• What is the impact of periodic reexamination for asymptomatic patients?
1. The committee shall note when the evidence base does not allow for responding to these questions due to insufficient research attention or poorly conducted studies.
The committee held five meetings over a period of approximately nine months. The first meeting on January 16–17, 2007, part of which was an information-gathering session open to the public, included presentations from the sponsor, several subject experts, and veterans organizations (this meeting agenda can be found in Appendix F). The following four meetings were held in closed session (the fifth meeting took place via conference call). Additionally, the committee held weekly conference calls to plan the literature search, discuss findings, and formulate conclusions and recommendations.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Terms of Use and Privacy Statement
|
__label__pos
| 0.722052 |
Architectural style
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. For instance, the Renaissance began in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of Europe over the next 200 years, with the French, Belgian, German, English, and Spanish Renaissance being recognisably the same style, but with unique characteristics. A style may also spread through colonialism, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. One example is the Spanish missions in California, brought by Spanish priests in the late 18th century and built in a unique style.
After a style has gone out of fashion, there are often revivals and re-interpretations. For instance, classicism has been revived many times and found new life as neoclassicism. Each time it is revived, it is different. The Spanish mission style was revived 100 years later as the Mission Revival, and that soon evolved into the Spanish Colonial Revival.
Examples of styles[edit]
Chronology of styles[edit]
|
__label__pos
| 0.949129 |
Question Types
Start With
Question Limit
of 20 available terms
Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads
5 Written Questions
5 Matching Questions
1. perspective
2. retributive
3. ambling
4. oracle
5. evaluate
1. a person believed to be in communication with a deity
2. b to determine the meaning of; to assess
3. c art of representing objects or a scene in such a way as to show them as they appear to the eye with reference to relative distance or depth
4. d punishing for evil done or rewarding for good done
5. e walking at a relaxed, leisurely pace
5 Multiple Choice Questions
1. bazaar, usually outdoors, dealing mainly in cheap, secondhand goods
2. clearly stated and leaving nothing implied
3. to think over carefully
4. State or Federal prison
5. person guided or helped by another, more influential person
5 True/False Questions
1. circulationmovement of blood out of and back to the heart through the arteries and veins
2. hypothesisunproved explanation made as a basis for an argument
3. reluctantlyunwillingly
4. psychicto think over carefully
5. anticipationfeeling of excited expectation
Create Set
|
__label__pos
| 0.998785 |
In a first, black voter turnout rate passes whites
April 29, 2013 10:03:30 AM
Had people voted last November at the same rates they did in 2004, when black turnout was below its current historic levels, Republican Mitt Romney would have won narrowly, according to an analysis conducted for The Associated Press.
Census data and exit polling show that whites and blacks will remain the two largest racial groups of eligible voters for the next decade. Last year's heavy black turnout came despite concerns about the effect of new voter-identification laws on minority voting, outweighed by the desire to re-elect the first black president.
Overall, the findings represent a tipping point for blacks, who for much of America's history were disenfranchised and then effectively barred from voting until passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965.
But the numbers also offer a cautionary note to both Democrats and Republicans after Obama won in November with a historically low percentage of white supporters. While Latinos are now the biggest driver of U.S. population growth, they still trail whites and blacks in turnout and electoral share, because many of the Hispanics in the country are children or noncitizens.
In recent weeks, Republican leaders have urged a "year-round effort" to engage black and other minority voters, describing a grim future if their party does not expand its core support beyond white males.
The 2012 data suggest Romney was a particularly weak GOP candidate, unable to motivate white voters let alone attract significant black or Latino support. Obama's personal appeal and the slowly improving economy helped overcome doubts and spur record levels of minority voters in a way that may not be easily replicated for Democrats soon.
Romney would have erased Obama's nearly 5 million-vote victory margin and narrowly won the popular vote if voters had turned out as they did in 2004, according to Frey's analysis. Then, white turnout was slightly higher and black voting lower.
"The 2012 turnout is a milestone for blacks and a huge potential turning point," said Andra Gillespie, a political science professor at Emory University who has written extensively on black politicians. "What it suggests is that there is an 'Obama effect' where people were motivated to support Barack Obama. But it also means that black turnout may not always be higher, if future races aren't as salient."
|
__label__pos
| 0.816233 |
Voting Quotes
James Bovard
Although that's not surprising, given that voters were accompanied into the booths by Saddam's Ba'ath party officials, and given a choice between voting for Saddam or voting for their wives and children to be killed, and their houses to be burnt down.
Rory Bremner
Majority rule only works if you're also considering individual rights. Because you can't have five wolves and one sheep voting on what to have for supper
Larry Flynt
Virgil Goode
It's not the voting that's democracy; it's the counting
Tom Stoppard
Every citizen of this country should be guaranteed that their vote matters, that their vote is counted, and that in the voting booth, their vote has a much weight as that of any CEO, any member of Congress, or any President.
Barbara Levy Boxer
I am sure that every one of my colleagues - Democrat, Republican, and Independent - agrees with that statement. That in the voting booth, every one is equal.
Barbara Levy Boxer
The idea of an election is much more interesting to me than the election itself...The act of voting is in itself the defining moment.
Jeff Melvoin
Democracy is two wolves and a lamb voting on what to have for lunch.Liberty is a well-armed lamb contesting the vote!
Benjamin Franklin
Voting is a civic sacrament.
Theodore Hesburgh
Henry Louis Mencken
If voting changed anything, they'd abolish it.
Ken Livingstone
Marshall McLuhan
Henry David Thoreau
Ayaan Hirsi Ali
When I have to choose between voting for the people or the special interests, I always stick with the special interests. They remember. The people forget.
Henry Fountain Ashurst
Related Quotes
Quote of the Day
Social Media
Our Partners
|
__label__pos
| 0.843359 |
Building Activity Indicators
Definition of 'Building Activity Indicators'
Economic reports that tell investors about the current and projected level of demand for residential, commercial and/or industrial construction. Building activity indicators are an important sign of the strength of weakness of the broader economy, due to construction's important role in the economic sector. If businesses are willing to invest in new construction, it is a sign that the economy is doing well or poised to recover. If they aren't, the economy may be weak or headed for trouble.
Investopedia explains 'Building Activity Indicators'
One popular indicator of building activity is the Architecture Billings Index. This leading economic indicator asks architecture firms whether their billing activity grew, declined or remained flat in the previous month. Changes in architecture billings tell us what is likely to happen with construction spending nine to 12 months in the future. Other popular indicators of building activity include the U.S. Census Bureau's New Residential Construction Index and its New Residential Sales Index.
comments powered by Disqus
Hot Definitions
1. Leased Bank Guarantee
2. Degree Of Financial Leverage - DFL
3. Jeff Bezos
4. Re-fracking
5. TIMP (acronym)
6. Pension Risk Transfer
Trading Center
|
__label__pos
| 0.729441 |
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Periodic Table of Elements: LANL
How to use the Periodic Table
When you open any file of an element in the periodic table, you will find a small table with some basic information about that element. Here's how you use that table.
– Atomic Number
H – Atomic Symbol
1.008 – Atomic Weight
• Atomic Number
• Atomic Symbol
The atomic symbol is one or two letters chosen to represent an element ("H" for "hydrogen," etc.). These symbols are used internationally. Typically, a symbol is the truncated name of the element or the truncated Latin name of the element. Click here for a list of the elements and their symbols.
• Standard Atomic Weight
The standard atomic weight is the average mass of an element in atomic mass units ("amu"). Though individual atoms always have an integer number of atomic mass units, the atomic mass on the periodic table is stated as a decimal number because it is an average of the various isotopes of an element. The average number of neutrons for an element can be found by subtracting the number of protons (atomic number) from the atomic mass.
Atomic weight for elements 93-118. For naturally-occurring elements, the atomic weight is calculated from averaging the weights of the natural abundances of the isotopes of that element. However, for man-made trans-uranium elements there is no "natural" abundance. The IUPAC convention is to list the atomic weight of the longest-lived isotope in the periodic table. These atomic weights should be considered provisional since a new isotope with a longer half-life could be produced in the future.
• Electron Configuration
The electron configuration is the orbital description of the locations of the electrons in an unexcited atom. Using principles of physics, chemists can predict how atoms will react based upon the electron configuration. They can predict properties such as stability, boiling point, and conductivity. Typically, only the outermost electron shells matter in chemistry, so we truncate the inner electron shell notation by replacing the long-hand orbital description with the symbol for a noble gas in brackets. This method of notation vastly simplifies the description for large molecules.
Example: The electron configuration for Be is 1s22s2, but we write [He]2s2 where [He] is equivalent to all the electron orbital's in the helium atom. The Letters, s, p, d, and f designate the shape of the orbital's and the superscript gives the number of electrons in that orbital.
• Atomic Radius
There are a number of different ways to measure atomic radius. Two common ones are covalent radius (measures in pirometers) and Van der Waals radius. The Van der Walls radius is used for this periodic table. For a more in depth discussion of atomic radius, see the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, "Atomic Radii of the Elements" and Wikipedia.
Further explanation of the atom may be found here.
|
__label__pos
| 0.999509 |
Open Chords And Associated Exercises
rating: 5.8 / votes: 11
Today's article is about open chords and associated exercises. Open chords are typically the first chords that most guitar students learn. This is because they are typically easier to play than other chords. Once you learn these chords you will be able to pick up several music books and learn your favorite songs. They are called open chords because one or more strings are played in an 'open' fashion, which means that there are no frets pressed on those strings and they are allowed to ring out. Two examples of open chords are shown in the figures below. The first figure shows an open G major chord, the second figure shows an open D major chord. The view of the chord shows the front of the fretboard, so the string to the far left is the low E string, the string to the far right is the high E string. The number to the left of the chord diagram is a fret number indicator. The location of the squares and circles on the fretboard show the fret on which to place your fingers. The numbers inside the squares and circles show the finger to use, where index finger is 1, middle finger is 2, etc. A square indicates a root note, for example the square for the G chord is actually a G note. An 'x' above a string means that you do not play that string. You can view examples at the bottom of this lesson. It is important that you learn all of the open chords and learn to switch between them with ease and speed. Later in this e-mail I will talk about some exercises to help you in this area. Today's tip also includes exercises that you can do to help strengthen your fingers and hands and also help you switch faster between chords. They will also help build up calluses on your finger tips. These exercises are repitious, painful, boring... generally not a positive experience but the outcome will be positive because as a result of doing them you will be able to play longer and faster. Here is what you need to do. Start by playing your easiest chord, say for example G major. Strum it for a minute straight without stopping. Next, switch to a D major chord. Strum it for a minute straight without stopping. You are building up endurance, strength and calluses. You are also teaching your fingers how to place themselves on the fretboard. Switch between all of the chords that you know so far. Go without stopping between chords. Just keep playing until your hand and fingers can't take it anymore. Yes, you also need to play the dreaded F major chord. Play that one a long time. Take a rest after you have gone through all of the chords. Next work on speed of changing chords. Start with G major, play a couple of strums, then switch to D major, play 2 strums, then switch to F major, etc. Again, keep doing this through all of the chords that you know. Do it until you can't do it anymore. Tedious? Yes. Painful? Yes. Worth it? Yes. You will see a marked improvement if you concentrate and do these exercises dilligently.
- Domenick Ginex
More zappp lessons:
+ Bar Chords and Associated Exercises Chords 09/17/2003
Your captcha is incorrect
|
__label__pos
| 0.724124 |
Blog Archive
Friday, December 30, 2011
James Hansen: Limiting human-caused warming to 2 degrees is not sufficient. It would be a prescription for disaster
Paleoclimate Record Points Toward Potential Rapid Climate Changes
ScienceDaily (Dec. 8, 2011) — New research into Earth's paleoclimate history by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies director James E. Hansen suggests the potential for rapid climate changes this century, including multiple meters of sea level rise, if global warming is not abated.
Based on Hansen's temperature analysis work at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Earth's average global surface temperature has already risen 0.8 degrees Celsius since 1880, and is now warming at a rate of more than 0.1 degree Celsius every decade. This warming is largely driven by increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide, emitted by the burning of fossil fuels at power plants, in cars and in industry. At the current rate of fossil fuel burning, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will have doubled from pre-industrial times by the middle of this century. A doubling of carbon dioxide would cause an eventual warming of several degrees, Hansen said.
Ice and ocean sediment cores from the polar regions indicate that temperatures at the poles during previous epochs -- when sea level was tens of meters higher -- is not too far removed from the temperatures Earth could reach this century on a "business as usual" trajectory.
The human-caused release of increased carbon dioxide into the atmosphere also presents climate scientists with something they've never seen in the 65 million year record of carbon dioxide levels -- a drastic rate of increase that makes it difficult to predict how rapidly Earth will respond. In periods when carbon dioxide has increased due to natural causes, the rate of increase averaged about .0001 parts per million per year -- in other words, one hundred parts per million every million years. Fossil fuel burning is now causing carbon dioxide concentrations to increase at two parts per million per year.
No comments:
|
__label__pos
| 0.989236 |
Student Worksheet
Arctic Sea Ice and the Food Web
Arctic sea ice seen from above.
PDF version (524 Kb)
Download Adobe Reader 5.0 or greater in order to access this PDF-format file.
The Arctic is an exotic ecosystem, as fascinating and varied as any place on Earth. In some regions the land is drier than the Sahara, while the ocean's life forms can be as colourful as those in a tropical reef.
The influence of ice and its freezing and thawing is everywhere and affects everything. It is a region of extreme temperatures, nutrients and colours. In the height of summer there is sun 24 hours a day, and in the middle of winter, no sun at all. Towns and roads dot the map in some places, and open wilderness stretches for hundreds and thousands of kilometres.
Resolute Bay, Nunavut.
Resolute Bay, Nunavut.
The summer is boom time—the oceans teem with life, and whales and birds travel from all over the globe to reap the Arctic's riches while the air temperatures are as low as 0 °C. However, the winter is a solemn test of survival, one without sunlight and with temperatures as low as minus 50 °C. In the ocean, the temperature is much less variable; it changes by only a few degrees, and species don't need to go into an over-wintering survival stage or emigrate in order to survive.
The plants and animals that make the Arctic home—and there are many—are all highly adapted to the extreme environment and they are often unique. In the oceans, many species live only in the Arctic, but others have broad ranges throughout the deeper waters of the Atlantic and Pacific. True, there are not nearly as many different species here as there are in a tropical rainforest, but there are more kinds of plants and animals here than you might think—in fact, thousands of them. The species that have adapted to survive in the Arctic have relatively little competition, and can often be found in abundance.
People living in the Arctic are, in some areas, hearing thunder for the very first time in their lives, and encountering new "southern animals" such as robins, for which they have no names in their language. This is because the Arctic climate is warming. In fact, the Arctic is changing faster than any other place on Earth.
The circumpolar region is experiencing its warmest air temperatures in four centuries, and temperatures are increasing at approximately double the global rate. A recent report notes that there has been a 7% reduction in ice cover in just 25 years, and a 40% loss of ice thickness. Scientists predict that the Arctic summer will be mostly ice-free within 30 years if trends continue.
With increased warming, many of the organisms that have adapted so well to the Arctic will be under threat. No-one knows exactly what will happen, but for animals such as polar bears and seals, their habitat—the sea ice—is in grave danger. With the ice gone, the algal community that lives on the undersurface will also disappear, affecting everything else in the food web that depends on it. Scientists don't fully understand the diversity of life of the Arctic Ocean; and it is quite possible that because of climate change, they never will.
Activity 1: Seasonal Arctic Ice Coverage
Review the following reference materials and then answer the questions below.
Animation: Normal Ice Season in Canadian Waters
Map: Minimum and Maximum Sea Ice in Canadian Waters.
1.1 Where is sea ice found in Canada?
1.2 During which months do the maximum and minimum sea-ice extents occur?
1.3 What seasons do these times represent?
1.4 Is there an east–west, ice-free route (passage) through the Canadian Arctic Ocean at any time of the year?
Activity 2: A Unique Ecosystem
Algae in sea ice channels.
Algae in sea ice channels.
Review the following 3D animation, which shows how a unique ecosystem forms underneath Arctic sea ice, and then answer the questions below. Consult the glossary if necessary for an explanation of the terms used.
3D Animation: Sea Ice Ecosystem
Glossary: Sea Ice Ecosystem
2.1 How do drainage channels form in sea ice?
2.2 What enters the tiny holes created by sea water draining out of the ice?
2.3 What feeds on these organisms?
Activity 3: A Phycologist at Work
Crew of the CCGS Amundsen deploying a rosette.
Crew of the CCGS Amundsen deploying a rosette.
Watch the following video, in which Canadian Museum of Nature scientist Michel Poulin talks about his research on diatoms in the Canadian Arctic, and then answer the questions below.
Video: Arctic Marine Research (3 min. 4 sec.)
3.1 What is a phycologist?
3.2 What are diatoms?
3.3 What is the name of the instrument lowered into the water from a ship to collect phytoplankton samples?
Activity 4: Arctic Food Web
View the PowerPoint on Arctic marine life and then read the background information for the Arctic food web provided below.
PowerPoint: Arctic Marine Life
You may also look at the photos of example organisms (listed below) in our photo gallery.
Photo gallery
4.1 Using the information provided and other material that you can find, draw a diagram of an Arctic Ocean food web. You should include:
• at least four trophic levels
• 10 groups of organisms
• labels for all organisms
• some indication of relative abundance of organisms
• representation of the relationships between organisms.
Background Information for the Arctic Food Web
Sea ice plays an important role in the food web of the Arctic marine ecosystem. The following are some examples of organisms that are part of this ecosystem.
Diatoms on underside of sea ice core.
Diatoms on underside of sea ice core.
The basis of the food web in oceans depends primarily on microscopic plants called phytoplankton. They usually live in the water, but in the Arctic they are also found in and on the sea ice. One group of phytoplankton includes diatoms. Diatoms are found in almost every aquatic environment. There are so many different types of diatoms that they have not yet been counted; a best guess is more than 100 000 species. Diatoms are microscopic, but they sometimes stick to each other, thus forming clusters or colonies that grow so big that they can be seen floating on top of the water.
Through photosynthesis, these microscopic plants consume carbon dioxide while releasing oxygen and producing carbohydrates. Elements in the water such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur attach to these carbohydrates and convert them into organic compounds that provide food for tiny plant-eating creatures called zooplankton, as well as other marine invertebrates.
See some diatoms.
Isopods are a very diverse group of animals. They include sowbugs, which can often be seen in basements or gardens. The isopods that live in the Arctic Ocean are mostly carnivorous and feed on dead whales, fish and squids; they may also be active predators of slow-moving prey such as sea cucumbers, sponges and other animals that live on the ocean floor.
See an isopod.
Amphipods are small, shrimp-like animals. The majority of amphipods in the Arctic live in holes in the sea ice and on the underside of pack ice. Amphipods are eaten by fish such as Capelin and Arctic Cod, which are very important in the diet of other fish, marine mammals and seabirds. Some seabirds, such as the Arctic Tern, also feed on amphipods, as do young seals.
See an amphipod.
The cockle is a bivalve, which is a group of animals that have two halves to their shell, joined together by a ligament. Other examples of bivalves include clams, scallops, mussels and oysters. Arctic cockles are preyed upon by fish, walruses, bearded seals and several duck species. About 140 Arctic bivalve species are currently known.
See a cockle.
Nudibranchs are commonly referred to as sea slugs. They are carnivores that live on the sea floor. Depending on the group, they feed on sea anemones, sponges, bryozoans and other animals.
See a nudibranch.
Sea Cucumbers
Sea cucumbers are animals that generally use their special tube feet to trap food particles, such as dead and decaying matter, from the sea-floor sediment. Many also use their branchial tree to trap particles suspended in the water. They are related to sea stars and sea urchins, which have the same radial symmetry in which their bodies are divided into five segments: their body has five lines running down it, sea stars usually have five arms, and urchins have five rows of tube feet.
See a sea cucumber.
Sea Anemones
Sea anemones are animals that are sometimes mistaken for plants. They usually remain attached to hard surfaces such as shells or rocks, but some of them burrow into the sea floor. Anemones are most diverse in the tropics, but are found in the Arctic Ocean as well, in particular on the continental-shelf sea floor.
See a sea anemone.
Sea Urchins
Eleven sea urchin species are known to live in the Arctic Ocean. They usually live on hard surfaces, and feed by scraping off algae and encrusting animals with their five teeth. The teeth are located in a complex organ called an Aristotle's lantern that is on the underside of their shell.
See a sea urchin.
Sea Stars
Most sea stars are carnivores whose favourite food is bivalves. They have a unique feeding method: they use their tube feet to pry open the two halves of a bivalve and then they insert their stomach inside it! Their stomach then releases enzymes that slowly digest the animal within its own shell.
See a sea star.
Arctic Cod
Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida) are fish that eat mainly shrimp, amphipods and copepods. They are eaten by a variety of other large fish, as well as many seabirds and most Arctic marine mammals. They spend much of their time associated with sea ice and remain in Arctic waters throughout their life cycle. This fish is a key component of the Arctic food web because it is the link in the food chain between small amphipods and higher vertebrates such as seabirds and marine mammals.
See an Arctic Cod.
Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) overwinter in areas of pack ice where the ice is thin enough (less than 20 cm thick) to allow them to break through and maintain breathing holes, but thick enough to support the weight of groups of these large animals. Walruses prefer to eat bivalves such as clams, mussels and cockles, which they suck from the shells. They also consume many other kinds of invertebrates, including nudibranchs, sea cucumbers and other soft-bodied animals.
See some walruses.
Ringed Seal
Ringed seals (Pusa hispida) are the most abundant seal species in the Arctic. They use the ice for breeding, moulting and resting, and rarely, if ever, move onto land. They maintain their cone-shaped breathing holes by clawing the forming ice with their front claws. These seals can be found under ice up to 7 m thick. Before surfacing, a seal may blow bubbles into the hole to test for predators. As snow drifts over the hole, a space is hollowed out to provide some protection from cold and predators, and to give birth to pups. Ringed seals have a varied diet composed primarily of shrimp-like crustaceans and small fish such as Arctic Cod.
See a ringed seal.
Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) are commonly found in ice-covered waters where they use open water at ice-edges, leads and polynyas to surface for breathing. These whales feed on crustaceans and small fish such as Arctic Cod. Like those of narwhals and bowheads, Arctic beluga populations stay in the Arctic year-round.
See a beluga.
Polar Bear
The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is dependent on sea ice for most of its needs, and as a result, is often regarded as a marine mammal. Factors that influence the distribution, movement, duration and structure of sea ice have a major impact on the population ecology of polar bears, whose diet consists mainly of ringed and bearded seals. They will catch and consume, on average, about one seal every six and a half days. Polar bears also occasionally feed on whales and young walruses.
See a polar bear.
|
__label__pos
| 0.98416 |
Well... How about this... If the Government forces it upon us, we'll exercise our constitutional rights and start some local militias and kick the politicians out of office and ship them to Israel where they belong. Then we will start Democracy over again and elect Harry Brown president and everything will be good... You guys with me on this?
|
__label__pos
| 0.981825 |
The First Day of Class
In your first class meeting:
1. Introduce yourself to the students and the students to each other.
2. Answer students' questions and calm their anxieties about the course.
3. Provide a sample of the course content.
Use the entire class period to accomplish these things. Begin on time and don't dismiss early—your class is important. Be prepared and be enthusiastic!
You get only one chance to make a first impression.
7 Common Concerns of Beginning Teachers
1. How do I begin?
The best way is also the easiest. Cheerfully greet your students as they enter the room and engage them in friendly conversation. If possible, be prepared (projector on, notes set) at least 10 minutes early so you can focus on your students.
Introductions are also good way to set the tone of the classroom for the rest of the semester.
• Introduce yourself at the beginning of class. Include not only your academic background and interests, but also personal interests or hobbied that students can identify with.
• It's more effective to have students form small groups and have them introduce themselves to each other. Going around the room holds very little interest for students.
Use this time to check the accuracy of enrollment rosters.
2. How can I learn my students' names?
There is some evidence that students are more motivated by teachers who know their students' names. Begin learning names on the first day, even if you have a poor memory for names. Here are some strategies that work for some teachers:
• Ask students to bring in photos (with names clearly inscribed).
• Take photos of groups of students on the first day. Make a key from the class roster and quiz yourself.
• Ask students to choose a permanent seat so you can make a seating chart. If they object, explain it's to help you learn their names.
• Divide and conquer. Learn names of students in small groups.
3. How can I get to know my students?
The more you learn about your students—their strengths and weaknesses, their skills and interests—the better you can teach them.
• If your class is small, you can make appointments with each student during the first week or two of class to interview them about their skills, interests and needs.
• Give the class a non-graded pre-test on prerequisite topics and include some questions about topics you don't expect them to know now, but that you'll cover in the course. You'll be able to see how much remediation is needed, and how familiar they are with course content.
• Ask students to write a non-graded essay on some aspect of the course about which you assume they know something. Their essays will provide a quick measure of their knowledge and of their writing skills.
4. How do I communicate my expectations to students?
Come to class prepared with a well-developed syllabus and a plan to present it to your students. You should anticipate common student concerns, such as:
• How will the final grade be determined?
• How much weight will be given to assignments and exams?
• What will the exams be like?
• What are the required readings? Where are they available?
• What are your policies on attendance, missed or late work, academic integrity, extra credit, etc.?
• How will you communicate with students outside of class?
• What are your office hours?
Show students copies of the textbook, manuals, and other materials. After students obtain books, take time to orient them to the kind of information you expect them to glean.
5. How do I present a course overview?
Provide a brief outline of the material to be presented in the course. Explain how this course complements the rest of the curriculum. Highlight those topics that are most interesting to you, and ask your students what topics pique their interests. Plan an activity by which students learn about the nature and scope of questions the course is intended to answer. For example:
• A short presentation or a discussion on a course topic that students should know something about
• Show a short film related to course content followed by a discussion
6. How do I deal with registration problems?
Don't take class time to resolve registration problems. Talk to those students after class. If applicable, invite affected students to attend classes until registration problems
If your section is closed, decide ahead of time whether you want to sign Permission to Enter Closed Course forms.
7. How do I motivate students?
If you want students to work to their full potential, you need to think of ways to enhance their motivation for learning, which depends on three interrelated factors:
• Appreciation of the value of the learning experience— ("What's in it for me?" or "How can I use this information?")
• Expectation of success—("Will I be able to learn the skills in this course?" or "Will I be able to make the grade I want in this course?")
• Belief that performance is related to rewards—("How much work will I have to do to get what I want from this course?")
For example, illustrate the ways students will directly benefit from mastering the course material: how the course material will be useful for different majors, how the concepts will enhance their general education, or how the learning will help them in their future careers.
By drawing attention to your reasonable criteria and fair procedures for earning course grades, you can show students they can succeed with a reasonable amount of work on their part—that rewards will be meaningfully related to performance.
If you address these issues in the first class meeting, both you and your students will benefit.
|
__label__pos
| 0.899838 |
• Shuffle
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Alphabetize
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Front First
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Both Sides
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Read
Toggle On
Toggle Off
How to study your flashcards.
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
A key: Read text to speech.a key
Play button
Play button
Click to flip
86 Cards in this Set
• Front
• Back
Law of Multiple Proportions
Whenever two elements from more than one compound. the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ration of small whole numbers.
Avogadro's Number
The number of representative particles contained in one mole of a substance to 6.022 x10^23 atoms.
Molar Mass
A general expression used to refer to mass of a mole of any substance unless a more scientific term is needed to avoid confusion.
The amount of a substance that contains 6.022x10^23 representative particles of that substance.
Occurring or formed with the absorption of heat.
Occurring or formed with the liberation of heat.
Atomic Mass Unit
Unit of mass for expressing masses of atoms or molecules
Atomic Structure
The way in which atoms are arranged in a molecule
Average Atomic Mass
An atomic weight of an element from a specified source is the ratio of the average mass per atom of elements to 1/12 of the mass of C.
Subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge.
Lanthanide Series
First row of rare-earth elements in the periodic table.
Actinide Series
Second row of rare earth elements in the periodic table.
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
The idea that the exact position and momentum of a particle cannot be precisely determined at the same time.
Bohr Model of Atom
Depicts atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around nucleus.
The study of the composition and behavior of substances in living organisms.
The amount of matter that an object contains; the SI base unit is the kilogram
Anything that takes up space.
The smallest componenent of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
Any part of a system with uniform composition and properties.
Force that measures the pull of gravity on a given mass.
Aufbau Principle
Electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.
Hund's Rule
When electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbital until all orbitals contain one electron with their spins parallel.
Alkali Metals
Any metals in group 1A of the periodic table. Have one electron in the outermost energy level. Tend to form ionic bonds with halogens. Extremely reactive, silver, and softy metals. Not found as elements in nature.
Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 2A: Have 2 electrons in the outermost energy level. Harder, denser, and stronger than the alkali metals. Extremely reactive. Are not found as elements in nature.
Dense central portion of atom, composed of protons and neutrons
Group 7A: Most reactive of all the non-metals. React vigorously to form salts. Have 7 electrons in the outermost energy level. Non-conductors of electricity.
Atomic Mass
The weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element.
Atomic Number
Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass Number
Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of an atom.
Transition Metals
Gradual filling of the d-orbital, which includes groups 3-12. Good conductors of electricity and have a high luster. Less reactive than groups 1A and 2A
Law of Definite Proportions
In any sample of a chemical compound, the different elements are always combined in the same proportion by mass.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Formation of a solid in a solution during a chemical reaction.
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
Analytical Chemistry
Science of chemical characterization and measurement
Subatomic particle with positive charge equal to negative charge of electron.
( ) = subscript
( ) = subscript
( ) = subscript
( ) = subscript
To transfer solid chemicals in weighing.
Pneumatic Trough
To hold water, gas collecting bottles, and delivery tube from gas generator.
Double Buret Clamp
To hold burets when titrating
To pick up and hold apparatus
Test Tube
Many Uses
Can be heated
Erlenmeyer Flask
May be heated.
Florence Flask
Used for heating substances in Organic Chemistry
Buret Clamp / Test Tube Clamp
To hold apparatus
May be fastened to the ring stand
Triangular File
To scratch glass
To file
Mortar and Pestle
To grind chemicals to a powder
Ring Stand
A support with many uses.
Stirring Rod
To stir combinations of materials
To use in pouring liquids
Gas Measuring Tube
Used to collect and measure the volumes of gases
10cm Ruler
To measure length
Test Tube Holder
To hold a test tube
Graduated Cylinder
To measure volume
Microtitration Plate
Used t hold liquids in micro experiments
Crucible and Cover
To heat small amounts of solid material at high temperature
Plastic Wash Bottle
To dispense distilled water
Pinch Clamp
To clamp a rubber connector
Test Tube Brush
To scrub glass apparatus
Evaporating Dish
Used as a container for small amounts of liquid being evaporated.
Wire Gauze
To spread the heat of a flame
Watch Glass
May be used as a beaker cover
May be used in evaporating very small amounts of liquid
As a container, like a cup
May be heated
Laboratory (Bunsen) Burner
To heat chemicals in beakers or test tubes
Iron Ring
To fasten to the ring stand as a support for apparatus
Test Tube Rack
To hold test tubes in an upright position
Rubber Connector
To connect parts of apparatus
Volumetric Flask
Used in the preparation of solutions
Used to withdraw and measure volumes of solutions in titrations
To hold a filter paper
May be used in pouring
Medicine Dropper
To transfer small amounts of liquid
To pick up or hold small objects
Funnel Support
To support funnels
Thin Stem Pipette
Used in micro experiment to transfer small amounts of liquid
|
__label__pos
| 0.951383 |
Return to the Purplemath home page The Purplemath Forums
Helping students gain understanding
and self-confidence in algebra
powered by FreeFind
Find a Bapchule Geometry Tutor
Subject: Zip:
Daniel S. ...The math sections of the SAT measure a student’s ability to reason quantitatively, solve mathematical problems, and interpret data presented in graphical form. These sections focus on four areas of mathematics that are typically covered in the first three years of American high school education:...
Gilbert, AZ
25 Subjects: including geometry, calculus, physics, algebra 2
Queen Creek, AZ
8 Subjects: including geometry, calculus, Chinese, algebra 1
Chandler, AZ
43 Subjects: including geometry, reading, calculus, accounting
Chandler, AZ
Abhijit R. - Being an Engineer, I have indepth knowledge of Maths & Science.- Can explain things in simple, lucid manner.- Use lot of examples and analogies.- Can read the minds of student where he/she is lacking in thinking.- I am an successful Integrated IC design Engineer at ON Semiconductor. Love ...
20 Subjects: including geometry, calculus, statistics, physics
Chandler, AZ
Feedback | Error?
|
__label__pos
| 0.970122 |
Spanish French German
Frequency Distribution Statistics Calculator
Determine the frequency of the successive numerical data items either in individually or in groups of equal size. Enter the name of the distribution and the data series in the text boxes below.
Frequency Distribution Statistics Calculation
Frequency Distribution Name
Data Set (Eg., 3,5,3,4)
Frequency distribution statistics calculator is mostly used in many applications in statistics.
Related Calculators
english Calculators and Converters
Charts and Graphs
|
__label__pos
| 0.943796 |
Skip to main content
1. Life
2. Religion & Spirituality
3. Non-traditional Religions
Researchers find a women’s hip width influences sex and one-night stands
See also
Hip width may play a role in a woman’s decision to have sex.
On April 23, 2014, the University of Leeds in the UK announced a new study, “Evidence to Suggest That Women’s Sexual Behavior Is Influenced by Hip Width Rather than Waist-to-Hip Ratio” published in Springer’s journal Archives of Sexual Behavior, that examined how a woman’s build influences her sexual behavior.
Waist-to-hip ratio is such an important beauty factor and indicator of women’s health and fertility.
Apparently, as we evolved from walking on two legs and not four, Nature demanded changes to our hips and muscles so we could both walk and reproduce.
In order for a woman to do both walking and child-bearing; her hips are only so wide – just enough for the passage of a baby.
Lead author, Colin A Hendrie and colleagues began their study by exploring why how the threat of injury and or mortality during birthing from too small hips had an influence on women’s sexual choices.
148 women between 18 and 26 years old who had at least one sexual partner previously participated in the study. Their hip width (defined as the distance between the upper outer edges of the iliac crest bones of the pelvis) was measured, as well as their hip circumference at the widest point and their waist circumference at its narrowest point.
The results showed that the number of sexual partners was driven by one-night stands. The results determined it had nothing to do with waist-to-hip ratio but rather hip width.
Overall, women in this study with hips wider than 36 centimeters (14.2 inches)* had more sexual partners and more one-night stands than women with hips under 31 centimeters (12.2 inches)* wide.
The researchers, Hendrie and co-authors Victoria J. Simpson and Gayle Brewer, concluded that women with wider hips are more likely to engage in sex because the birth process is generally easier and less traumatic for them than for smaller-hipped women (below 31cm).
*Please note: Hip width is not defined by circumference in this study but by the distance between the upper outer edges of the iliac crest bones of the pelvis.
|
__label__pos
| 0.796052 |
cari istilah yang lo mau, kaya' swag:
A word describing a varying quantity in every item it pertains to.
"I think you have a molme of CDs."
After checking: "Yeah, you have 52, sure enough."
"Looks like there is about a molme of people at this concert."
After checking: "Wow, 5082 people? That's about a molme and a half."
dari ItalianChia Selasa, 24 April 2007
Words related to molme
number numbers quantities quantity vary varying
|
__label__pos
| 0.995997 |
How the World Works - How it Works 1 (Hardback)
by Christiane Dorion, Beverley Young
Format: Hardback 9 pages
In stock
Usually despatched within 24 hours
Price check
RRP £14.99
You save: £3.00
Delivered FREE
in the UK
Add to basket
How did life begin? Is the earth moving beneath our feet? Why does it rain? Encompassing all of these questions and many more, this fun, engaging, interactive book introduces the Earth's important cycles and encourages children to think about the impact of human actions on our world, inspiring respect for the natural world and all its harmonies.
Book details
Templar Publishing
Other books by this author See all titles
Customers who bought this title, also bought...
This book can be found in...
|
__label__pos
| 0.950761 |
Welcome to The Hirsch Academy
The school began with one child. One child who longed for successful connections with peers and adults. One child who needed academic and therapeutic support. One child who needed understanding.
All Children Want to Belong
At Hirsch, we know that all children want to belong, they want to be accepted and to have friends. We also know that every child wants to learn and can learn. What we want to know is why a child isn’t learning. So we find out. Then we do the most important thing—-support the student right now. We meet the child, where they are. We know that they want to succeed but that something is in the way.
We Ask Why
All of the students at Hirsch struggle with regulation whether it is sensory or social-emotional in nature. Yet instead of simply responding to behavior, we ask why. Why is this child having a hard time? What are the obstacles? When a student begins at Hirsch, time and great care is given to understand why the child is having such difficulty. We discover what we can do to help, and take the time to do it each day as we support our students and encourage their developing abilities.
DIR Floortime Model
Hirsch’s approach is based on the DIR Floortime model interwoven with OT and sensory integration principles. The DIR Floortime model provides a developmental framework of six stages which all children must master for social and emotional success. The model also offers an understanding of individual processing differences that affect a child’s ability to manage and master these six developmental levels. Always though, the approach is rooted in the relationship between the child and the supporting adult.
Though all of our children have some basic academic skills when they come to us, they do not have a solid foundation in these crucial developmental levels or in individual processing capacities. And because of that, for many of them, the emphasis in previous schools on just learning academic skills has left them frustrated and discouraged.
How Do We Measure Success?
So how do we measure success at the Hirsch Academy? Certainly by the mastery of the developmental levels which give a student a basis for learning and relating. Success is also made obvious by a student’s confidence in and happiness with themselves, an excitement to learn and the ability to create and sustain positive relationships.
Want to know more about our approach?
|
__label__pos
| 0.884041 |
20110402 evolution rgb Evolution RGB v0.93
EvolutionRGB is a senseless and beautiful iPhone game of fire, plants and water.
It allows the player to draw on the touch screen using different elements, like fire, water and plants. These elements interact with each other, so that the screen evolves over time. The iPhone’s builtin accelerometer is used for the gravity direction so that water always falls down and fire burns upwards.
|
__label__pos
| 0.999606 |
Antarctica Sees Expanding Ice In Odd Twist Of Climate Change
October 10th, 2012 BY VeganVerve | No Comments
antarctic sea ice
Scientists are certain that a massive melting of Antarctica would spell disaster globally. If all of the ice in Antarctica were to melt, the sea levels would increase by an estimated 200 feet. Needless to say this level would destroy life as we know on this planet. Despite the potential impacts of glacial melting in Antarctica, the impact of global warming can vary in the Antarctic.
While many studies have shown that melting in the Antarctic has increased due largely to warming oceans, other observations have noted expanding ice. While the two sound at odds, they have both been found by scientists to be the result of climate change impacts in the region. The ozone layer is also playing a role in expanding sea ice in the region as well, a factor that further shows the great differences between the two poles of the planet.
The Antarctic has an ozone hole that occurs each year. CFCs, formerly prolifically used but still present in the atmosphere, have caused the destruction of ozone molecules. Ozone acts as a shield and absorber of the sun’s rays and the subsequent loss of ozone has caused the region be to be cooler. In addition to the ozone loss, scientists have also pointed to changing wind patterns, including stronger winds at ground level, a consequence of changing weather patterns due to climate change, to allowing for the expansion of Antarctic sea ice.
The Antarctic sea ice is said to be expanding to the north due to the aforementioned winds and cool factor (not, however, in the water). Sea ice in the region is said to have increased each decade by one percent in the winter months. While the Arctic has seen record decreases in sea ice coverage during the summer months, the coinciding winter months of the Antarctic recently saw a record spread of ice. On September 16th of this year, the Arctic sea ice record low was 1.32 million square miles. During that time, the Antarctic recorded a record 7.51 million square miles.
The slowly expanding winter sea ice in the Antarctic has been noted since 1979, however, more recent studies have allowed for concrete understanding on why the phenomenon has been occurring. Further studies in the region will unlock further mysteries of the region, a region said to hold many keys to understanding the full extent of climate change.
1. What do you have to say?
|
__label__pos
| 0.98735 |
Sort by:
Other brewing equipment
• BonaVita 1L Gooseneck Variable Electric Kettle
It's here! The Variable Temperature 1 litre gooseneck electric kettle from BonaVita. Why is variable temperature so important? Consider the following temperatures at which these items are ideally prepared: Coffee:...
Price $119.00
• Kone Coffee Filter for Chemex
Price $73.00
|
__label__pos
| 0.999392 |
Studying Cells
Studying Cells
Recall the things you saw on the way coming back home? There were trees, grass, people, and perhaps squirrels and birds. Although all of these things are composed of cells, you hardly recall seeing a cell. That's because cells are very tiny entities. An average animal cell is about 10 to 20 µm in diameter (about five times smaller than the smallest visible particle).
The small size has made the study of cells difficult until the invention of light microscope. However, animal cells are not only tiny but also translucent and colorless. Techniques for understanding the finer structure of cells weren't developed until the latter part of the19th century, when stains that can provide sufficient contrast became available. However, the magnification provided by light microscopes still couldn't resolve the finest details of the cell. It wasn't until the 1940s, when the electron microscope was developed, that scientists were able to visualize the inside of a cell with sufficient detail to understand the internal complexity of the cell. To elucidate even smaller structures inside of the cell such as proteins, X-ray crystallography is used.
Light Microscope
The light microscope can provide enough magnification to visualize the cell. However, because it uses light to resolve objects, the light microscope cannot be used to probe structural details below 500nm. For the most part, scientists using light microscope can see the major organelles of cells such as the mitochondria and nucleus. To help visualize the internal structure of the cell, different organelles could also be selectively stained with different organic dyes such as Malachite green, Sudan black, and Commassie blue.
Different variations of the light microscope have also been created. Currently, the fluorescent light microscope has been widely used to visualize cells stained with different fluorescent dyes. Proteins could also be tagged with fluorescent proteins and visualized under a fluorescent microscope.
Electron Microscope
To increase the resolution of images, the electron microscope is developed to use electrons instead of light as the resolving agent. Electrons have a much shorter wavelength than light and can be used to resolve objects on the scale of 0.1nm. However, in order to use the transmission electron microscope, specimens must undergo special preparation. Because electron doesn't have very high penetrating power, all samples must be sliced into 50 to 100nm thin sections.
Besides having high resolution than the light microscope, scanning electron microscopes (SEM) can be used to construct three-dimensional images. Here the electron beam is reflected from the surface of the specimen and an object is scanned as a series of layers. The data from the layers are then overlaid on top of each other to create a 3D image. The resolution of most SEM is about 10nm, so they are mostly used for intact cells and small organisms.
Schematic diagram demonstrating the principal features of a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning electron microscope.
X-Ray Crystallography
X-ray Crystallography is developed to reveal the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Using x-ray beams with 0.1nm wavelength, a diffraction pattern can be generated by shooting X-ray beams through crystals. The diffraction data can then be used to construct a 3D model of the object. This technique is widely used today to elucidate protein structures.
Reconstructing the image from the X-ray diffraction data is a tedious and difficult task. Oftentimes, resolution of the structure of one protein requires months of automated data collection and numerous hours of data processing. Sometimes, the slowest step in X-ray crystallography is generation of crystals suitable for producing diffraction patterns.
Human cells expressing a fluorescent protein
A Fluorescent Microscope
Rosalind Franklin's X-ray Diffraction Photograph of DNA, 1953
[ Top ] [ Discuss this topic ]
|
__label__pos
| 0.970321 |
([identity profile] wrote in [community profile] scans_daily2009-07-01 14:55
GL Corps #38
4 pages from today's GLC #38.
First Soranik and Iolande talk about Sinestro's parental revelation:
And the Blackest Night begins:
Brainsss Day Proposal
[identity profile] 2009-07-02 04:52 (UTC)(link)
Brainsss is the surprisingly right answer to any question. Try it for one whole day and see.
|
__label__pos
| 0.800268 |
Scientists propose test that could predict menopause
Currently, there are few clues for doctors to tell
Posted: 06/28/2010
LONDON - Doctors could one day use a blood test to predict decades in advance when women will go into menopause, scientists say. In research to be presented on Monday at a European fertility conference in Rome, Iranian experts say their preliminary study could be a first step toward developing a tool to help women decide when they want to have children.
The test does not predict when women will lose their fertility -- which typically occurs about a decade before menopause -- but if doctors know when women will go into menopause, they can calculate roughly when they will run out of eggs. Scientists say the test could be especially helpful in identifying women who might go into menopause early -- in their late 40s or earlier instead of their mid-50s.
Based on the amount of AMH women had, scientists used a mathematical model to estimate when women would go into menopause. Of the 63 women in the study who have hit menopause, the researchers' prediction of the event was accurate to within four months. The study began in 1998 and is ongoing.
Associated Press
Top Stories
1. USF Health looking for heart patients
USF Health looking for heart patients
2. Keys to conquering Turkey Day
3. 10 everyday things that age your skin
4. Super foods to fight belly fat
5. Breast cancer vaccine a possibility?
6. Can sitting too much hurt your health?
• Stay Connected
|
__label__pos
| 0.883568 |
What is Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics is a study of language and a method of linguistic analysis which uses a collection of natural or “real word” texts known as corpus. Corpus linguistics is used to analyse and research a number of linguistic questions and offers a unique insight into the dynamic of language which has made it one of the most widely used linguistic methodologies.
Since corpus linguistics involves the use of large corpora that consist of millions or sometimes even billion words, it relies heavily on the use of computers to determine what rules govern the language and what patters (grammatical or lexical for instance) occur. Thus it is not surprising that corpus linguistics emerged in its modern form only after the computer revolution in the 1980s. The Brown Corpus, the first modern and electronically readable corpus, however, was created by Henry Kucera and W. Nelson Francis as early as the 1960s.
What Corpus Linguistics Does
What Corpus Linguistics Does Not
|
__label__pos
| 0.984567 |
Report abuse
JANET STREET PORTER: How about an exam in cooking mince Mr Gove?
Author of reported comment:
kwepthefurontheanimalsitbelongstoo, Southampton uk
11/2/2013 20:15
Comment ID:
In the 80's my school had a domestic science room with 15 individual cooking stations at which we were taught to 'cook' - cook real food - our Christmas cake took half a term to complete from start to finished decoration! We had to weigh and measure ,didn't use processed foods and at the end of the year had to cook and present a three course meal to the teachers. We learnt how to cook. Nowadays if they ae even given the oportunity, the kids take pre chopped/measured ingredients, to mix together in a short session, to create a sandwich or wrap! Hardly rocket science! Cooking covers a wide range of learning oportunities from maths to understanding of the world - why it has been sidelined over the years is a mystery but hopefully it will be properly and appropriately reintroduced to the curriculum.
You have 550 characters left.
Security code
Femail Today
|
__label__pos
| 0.790094 |
1. Mediaite
2. Gossip Cop
3. Geekosystem
4. Styleite
5. SportsGrid
6. The Mary Sue
7. The Jane Dough
8. The Braiser
★ What is Gossip Cop? Find out!
Cassandra Estevez
Charlie Sheen: I’m Gonna Be A Grandpa!
(Worldwide Pants)
Charlie Sheen is going to be a grandfather!
The “Anger Management” star’s oldest daughter, Cassandra Estevez, is pregnant with her first child, Sheen confirmed during his Monday appearance on “The Late Show with David Letterman.”
CloseSubscribe to Gossip Cop's newsletter:
|
__label__pos
| 0.89484 |
bookspacePhoto of readerbook club kits
home > bookspace > book club kits
by Eugenides, Jeffrey
Print this list Print this page
Email this list
1. What is the meaning of the title of the book?
2. How is Cal's experience living within two genders similar to the immigrant experience of living within two cultures? How is it different?
3. Is Cal's condition a result of chance or of fate? Which of these forces governs the world as Cal sees it? Do the other characters see this the way Cal does?
4. Why does Cal decide to live as a man rather than as a woman? Can you understand the choice Cal made?
5. How does Cal's experience reflect on the "nature vs. nurture" debate about gender identity? Which do you think plays a more important role? Did reading this book change any of your opinions about this?
6. What is the role of the house, Middlesex, in the story? What does it mean to the characters?
7. "Middlesex" is set against the backdrop of several historical events: the war between Greece and Turkey, the rise of the Nation of Islam, World War II, and the Detroit riots. How does history shape the lives of the characters in the novel?
Additional discussion questions from: Reading Group Guides
hcl mobile app
Facebook Twitter Tumblr YouTube Vimeo Flickr Federal Depository Library Federal
Hennepin County Government Hennepin
|
__label__pos
| 0.870688 |
Subscribe Feedback English
look up any word, like based:
1. softbag
A word used to describe a man's testical sack. Used as a put-down for a real douche bag.
Peter told my mom about the time we Abe Lincolned, what a softbag!!!
by Tammy J. June 21, 2005 add a video add an image
rss and gcal
|
__label__pos
| 0.762016 |
• n. A soft, brown, amorphous or crystalline nonmetallic element, extracted chiefly from kernite and borax and used in flares, propellant mixtures, nuclear reactor control elements, abrasives, and hard metallic alloys. Atomic number 5; atomic weight 10.811; melting point 2,300°C; sublimation point 2,550°C; specific gravity (crystal) 2.34; valence 3. See Table at element.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
• n. The chemical element (symbol B) with an atomic number of 5; a metalloid
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
• n. A nonmetallic element occurring abundantly in borax. It is reduced with difficulty to the free state, when it can be obtained in several different forms; viz., as a substance of a deep olive color, in a semimetallic form, and in colorless quadratic crystals similar to the diamond in hardness and other properties. It occurs in nature also in boracite, datolite, tourmaline, and some other minerals. Atomic number 5. Atomic weight 10.81. Symbol B.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
• n. Chemical symbol, B; atomic weight, 11. A chemical element belonging to the group of non-metals.
• n. a trivalent metalloid element; occurs both in a hard black crystal and in the form of a yellow or brown powder
bor(ax)1 + (carb)on.
From stem of borax + -on ("ending used to form names of substances") (Wiktionary)
|
__label__pos
| 0.834555 |
PIA12169: Trigger-Happy Cloud
Target Name: Cepheus B
Mission: Chandra X-ray Observatory
Spitzer Space Telescope
Instrument: Chandra X-ray Telescope
Product Size: 2749 x 3600 pixels (width x height)
Produced By: Chandra X-ray Observatory
Full-Res TIFF: PIA12169.tif (29.69 MB)
Full-Res JPEG: PIA12169.jpg (402.1 kB)
Original Caption Released with Image:
This composite image, combining data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and Spitzer Space Telescope shows the star-forming cloud Cepheus B, located in our Milky Way galaxy about 2,400 light years from Earth. A molecular cloud is a region containing cool interstellar gas and dust left over from the formation of the galaxy and mostly contains molecular hydrogen. The Spitzer data, in red, green and blue shows the molecular cloud (in the bottom part of the image) plus young stars in and around Cepheus B, and the Chandra data in violet shows the young stars in the field.
Different types of triggered star formation have been observed in other environments. For example, the formation of our solar system was thought to have been triggered by a supernova explosion. In the star-forming region W5, a "collect-and-collapse" mechanism is thought to apply, where shock fronts generated by massive stars sweep up material as they progress outwards. Eventually the accumulated gas becomes dense enough to collapse and form hundreds of stars. The radiation-driven implosion model mechanism is also thought to be responsible for the formation of dozens of stars in W5. The main cause of star formation that does not involve triggering is where a cloud of gas cools, gravity gets the upper hand, and the cloud falls in on itself.
Image Credit:
Image Addition Date:
|
__label__pos
| 0.915157 |
Physics Ch 26
Created by MGH7
20 terms
description of our subjective impression about the frequency of sound
the property of sound that varies directly with variation in the frequency of vibration
Sound intensity
Amount of energy that a sound wave brings to a unit area every second.
objective - measured by instruments
when there is a force to pull it back to its starting position and enough energy to keep it vibrating
Shock wave
The cone-shaped disturbance created by an object moving at supersonic speed through a fluid.
sound waves with frequencies below 20 hertz
physiological sensation sensed in the brain - more mental
when two tones of slightly different frequency are sounded together - it is that fluctuation in the loudness of the combined soudns
Bow wave
The V-shaped wave produced by an object moving on a liquid surface faster than the wave speed.
Destructive interference
the interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude
sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 hertz
unit of intensity for sound
faster than the speed of sound
Natural frequency
A frequency at which an elastic object naturally tends to vibrate, so that minimum energy is required to produce a forced vibration or continue vibration at that frequency.
the part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together
an instrument that can be used to record voice vibrations and show voice patterns
the height of a wave's crest
can be dramatically increased by resonance
a part in a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart
Forced vibration
the vibration of an object that is made to vibrate by another vibrating object
|
__label__pos
| 0.99848 |
Bran Stories and Tips
The Castle
bran castle Photo, Bran, Romania
Bran's Castle is also called the Castle of Dracula, though both the count of history and legend may not have had much to do with it. The historic count may have lived there for a short while, but no one knows for certain. The Castle was built for controlling a trade route from Brasov to Cimpulung Muscel.
The Castle is incredible. Small corridors end up in large rooms. You haven't got a clue where you are and some stairs give you the idea that they lead to nowhere. It really is a must-see.
Been to this destination?
Share Your Story or Tip
|
__label__pos
| 0.757828 |
Simple Ways to Prevent Fireworks Injuries
Health Tip: If You're Inline Skating
Health Tip: When Taking a Decongestant
(HealthDay News) -- A decongestant can help you feel better when you're stuffed up, but you should always follow the package instructions carefully.
Women With Lupus Seem at Higher Risk for Hip Fractures
Celiac Disease Shouldn't Keep Family From BBQ Fun: Experts
Birth Defect Risk Doubles in Children Born to Cousins: Study
WEDNESDAY, July 3 (HealthDay News) -- Children born to first cousins or older mothers have a twofold higher risk of birth defects such as Down syndrome and heart and lung problems, but the absolute risk to any one child remains low, researchers say.
|
__label__pos
| 0.984828 |
Ever wondered how the world looks like from an eagle's point of view? One eagle, strapped with a GoPro camera by a YouTube user Srachi, captured the scenic surroundings of the Chamonix hillsides of eastern France to give us a glimpse of the soaring glide of these majestic predators.
The video, which at the time of writing had been viewed more than 1.5 million times since being uploaded on September 16, is a one-minute clip of the eagle flying through the mountainsides with a GoPro camera attached to its back. The surrounding terrain shows a steep drop into a ravine, while luscious green space covers the expansive valley.
While some may wonder how the owner of the GoPro camera managed to retrieve the footage of the eagle's point of view, the eagle is presumably trained so as to return to a specific location for the clip to eventually be uploaded.
|
__label__pos
| 0.715148 |
Product Description
It's leapin' laughin' fun for everyone!
You'll catch more than butterflies in this energetic game. Giggles also spread like wildfire as kids scurry and scoop as many butterflies as they can. With one deep breath, Elefun blows his 4-foot trunk straight up sending colorful butterflies into the air. How many can you catch?
SKU #: OTH-1030-05294
Write Your Own Review
Log In
|
__label__pos
| 0.971704 |
Subscribe Feedback English
look up any word, like cenosillicaphobia:
1. spacker taxi
A non emergency ambulance. Used to transport people of disbility to various engagements. Including but not confined to: hospital appointments and, back home again
Nurse: Will you be able to make it to your appointment on the 19th?
Patient: Yeah, don't worry. I'll take the spacker taxi.
rss and gcal
|
__label__pos
| 0.782735 |
Supernova nucleosynthesis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Supernova nucleosynthesis is the production of new chemical elements inside supernovae. It occurs primarily due to explosive nucleosynthesis during explosive oxygen burning and silicon burning.[1] Those fusion reactions create the elements silicon, sulfur, chlorine, argon, sodium, potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium and iron peak elements: vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. As a result of their ejection from supernovae, their abundances increase within the interstellar medium. Elements heavier than nickel are created primarily by a rapid capture of neutrons in a process called the r-process. However, there are other processes thought to be responsible for some of the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements, notably a proton capture process known as the rp-process and a photodisintegration process known as the gamma (or p) process. The latter synthesizes the lightest, most neutron-poor, isotopes of the heavy elements.
A supernova is a massive explosion of a star that occurs under two principal scenarios. The first is that a white dwarf star undergoes a nuclear based explosion after it reaches its Chandrasekhar limit after absorbing mass from a neighboring star (usually a red giant). The second, and more common, cause is when a massive star, usually a red giant, reaches nickel-56 in its nuclear fusion (or burning) processes. This isotope undergoes radioactive decay into iron-56, which has one of the highest binding energies of all of the isotopes, and is the last element that produces a net release of energy by nuclear fusion, exothermically. All nuclear fusion reactions that produce heavier elements cause the star to lose energy or are said to be endothermic reactions. The pressure that supports the star's outer layers drops sharply. As the outer envelope is no longer sufficiently supported by the radiation pressure, the star's gravity pulls its outer layers rapidly inward. The star collapses very quickly, and strikes the incompressible core causing a shockwave that progresses outward through the unfused material of the outer shell. The pressures and densities in the shockwave are sufficient to induce fusion in that material and the star explodes.
Elements fused[edit]
In nuclear fusion processes during stellar nucleosynthesis, the maximum weight for an element fused is that of iron, reaching an isotope with an atomic mass of 56. Prior to a supernova, fusion of elements between silicon and iron occurs only in the largest of stars, in the silicon burning process. A slow neutron capture process, known as the s-process which also occurs during normal stellar nucleosynthesis can create elements up to bismuth with an atomic mass of approximately 209. However, the s-process occurs primarily in low-mass stars that evolve more slowly. Once the core fails to produce enough energy to support the outer envelope of gasses the star explodes as a supernova producing the bulk of elements beyond iron. Production of elements from iron to uranium occurs within seconds in a supernova explosion. Due to the large amounts of energy released, much higher temperatures and densities are reached than at normal stellar temperatures. These conditions allow for an environment where transuranium elements might be formed.
The r-process[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Woosley, S.E., W. D. Arnett and D. D. Clayton (1973). "Explosive burning of oxygen and silicon". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement 26: 231–312. Bibcode:1973ApJS...26..231W. doi:10.1086/190282.
2. ^ P. A. Seeger, W.A. Fowler, D. D. Clayton (1965). "Nucleosynthesis of heavy elements by neutron capture". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement 11: 121–166. Bibcode:1965ApJS...11..121S. doi:10.1086/190111.
Other reading[edit]
External links[edit]
|
__label__pos
| 0.99759 |
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
دولت عالیه عثمانیه
Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye
Sublime Ottoman State
1299 – 1922
Enlarge picture
FlagCoat of arms
دولت ابد مدت
Devlet-i Ebed-müddet
("The Eternal State")
Ottoman imperial anthem
Enlarge picture
Location of Ottoman Empire
Borders in 1680, see: list of territories
CapitalSöğüt (1299–1326)
Bursa (1326–65)
Edirne (1365–1453)
Constantinople (İstanbul, 1453–1922)
Language(s)Ottoman Turkish
GovernmentMonarchy Ottoman Empire, 1299]]|Empire }}
- 1281–1326Osman I
- 1918–22Mehmed VI
Grand Viziers
- 1320–31Alaeddin Pasha
- 1920–22Ahmed Tevfik Pasha
- Foundation1299
- Interregnum1402–1413
- 1. Constitutional1886-1888
- 2. Constitutional1908-1918
- PartitionNovember 17, 1922
- 16805,500,000 km² (0 sq mi)
- 1856 est.35,350,000
- 1906 est.20,884,000
- 1914 est.18,520,000
- 1919 est.14,629,000
CurrencyAkçe, Kuruş, Lira
The Ottoman Empire or Ottoman Caliphate (1299 to 1922) (Old Ottoman Turkish: دولت عالیه عثمانیه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, also known as the Turkish Empire or Turkey by its contemporaries, see the other names of the Ottoman State), was a multi-ethnic and multi-religious Turkish-ruled state which, at the height of its power (16th – 17th centuries), spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar (and, in 1553, the Atlantic coast of Morocco beyond Gibraltar) in the west to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the east, from the edge of Austria, Slovakia and parts of Ukraine in the north to Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia and Yemen in the south.
The empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. At the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire contained 29 provinces, in addition to the tributary principalities of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia. With Constantinople (today known as Istanbul) as its capital, the Ottoman Empire was in many respects an Islamic successor to earlier Mediterranean empires — namely the Roman and Byzantine empires. As such, the Ottomans regarded themselves as the heirs to both Roman and Islamic traditions, and hence rulers of a "Universal Empire" through this "unification of cultures".[1]
Rise (1299–1453)
Further information: Timeline of Turkish history, Ottoman Archives
With the demise of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rūm, Turkish Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent states, the so-called Ghazi emirates.
By 1300, a weakened Byzantium had seen most of its Anatolian provinces lost among some ten Ghazi principalities. One of the Ghazi emirates was led by Osman I (from which the name Ottoman is derived), son of Ertuğrul in the region of Eskişehir in western Anatolia. According to tradition, as Ertuğrul migrated across Asia Minor leading approximately four hundred horsemen, he chanced upon a battle between two armies. Having decided to intervene, he chose the side of the losing army and turned the battle in their favour to secure victory. The troops he supported happened to be those of a Seljuk Sultan who rewarded him with territory in Eskişehir.[2] Following Ertuğrul's death in 1281, Osman became chief, or Bey, and by 1299 declared himself a sovereign ruler from the Seljuk empire.
Enlarge picture
Mehmed II conquered Constantinople and made it the new Ottoman capital in 1453
This period saw the creation of a formal Ottoman government whose institutions would remain largely unchanged for almost four centuries. The government utilized the legal entity known as the millet, under which religious and ethnic minorities were able to manage their own affairs with substantial independence from central control.
In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. After defeat in Battle of Plocnik, the Turkish victory at the Battle of Kosovo effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, and paved the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire controlled nearly all of the former Byzantine lands, the Greeks gained a temporary reprieve when Timur Lenk invaded Anatolia in 1402, taking Sultan Bayezid I prisoner.
Following the death of Timur Lenk in 1405, Mehmed I restored the Ottoman power, after the Interregnum. His grandson, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the structure of both the state and military, and demonstrated his martial prowess by capturing Constantinople (see: Istanbul (Etymology)) on 29 May 1453, at the age of 21. The city became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire, and Mehmed II assumed the title of Kayser-i Rûm (Roman Emperor). To consolidate this claim, Mehmed II aspired to gain control over the Western capital, Rome, as well; and Ottoman forces occupied parts of the Italian peninsula, starting from Otranto and Apulia on July 28, 1480. But after Mehmed II's death on May 3, 1481, the campaign on Italy was cancelled and the Ottoman forces retreated.
Growth (1453–1683)
Expansion and apogee (1453–1566)
Enlarge picture
The Battle of Zonchio in 1499 was the first naval battle in history where cannons were used on ships, and signaled the rise of Ottoman naval power
The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 cemented the status of the empire as the preeminent power in southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. During this time the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of conquest and expansion, extending its borders deep into Europe and North Africa. Conquests on land were driven by the discipline and innovation of the Ottoman military; and on the sea, the Ottoman navy established the empire as a great trading power. The state also flourished economically thanks to its control of the major overland trade routes between Europe and Asia.
The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective sultans. Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) dramatically expanded the empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating the young Safavid Shah of Persia, Ismail I, in the Battle of Chaldiran. Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt, and created a naval presence on the Red Sea.
Selim's successor, Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), further expanded upon Selim's conquests. After capturing Belgrade in 1521, Suleiman conquered the Kingdom of Hungary establishing Ottoman rule in the territory of present-day Hungary and other Central European territories, by winning the Battle of Mohács in 1526. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city after the onset of winter forced his retreat. During the reign of Suleiman, Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire, but never became parts of it. In the east, the Ottomans took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf.
Under Selim and Suleiman, the empire became a dominant naval force, controlling much of the Mediterranean Sea. The exploits of the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha, who commanded the Turkish navy during Suleiman's reign, included a number of impressive military victories. Among these were the conquest of Tunis and Algeria from Spain; the evacuation of Muslims and Jews from Spain to the safety of Ottoman lands (particularly Salonica, Cyprus, and Constantinople) during the Spanish Inquisition; and the capture of Nice from the Holy Roman Empire in 1543. This last conquest occurred on behalf of France as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and those of Barbarossa. France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule in southern and central Europe, became strong allies during this period. The alliance was economic as well as military, as the sultans granted France the right of trade within the empire without levy of taxation. In fact, the Ottoman Empire was by this time a significant and accepted part of the European political sphere, and entered into a military alliance with France, England and the Netherlands against Habsburg Spain, Italy and Habsburg Austria.
Enlarge picture
Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha defeated the Holy League of Charles V under the command of Andrea Doria at the Battle of Preveza in 1538
As the 16th century progressed, Ottoman naval superiority was challenged by the growing sea powers of western Europe, particularly Portugal, in the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean and the Spice Islands. With the Ottomans blockading sea-lanes to the East and South, the European powers were driven to find another way to the ancient silk and spice routes, now under Ottoman control. On land, the empire was preoccupied by military campaigns in the Austrian Empire and Persia, two widely-separated theaters of war. The strain of these conflicts on the empire's resources, and the logistics of maintaining lines of supply and communication across such vast distances, ultimately rendered its sea efforts unsustainable and unsuccessful. The overriding military need for defense on the western and eastern frontiers of the empire eventually made effective long-term engagement on a global scale impossible.
Revolts and revival (1566–1683)
Suleiman's death in 1566 marked the beginning of an era of diminishing territorial gains. The rise of western European nations as naval powers and the development of alternate sea routes from Europe to Asia and the New World damaged the Ottoman economy. The effective military and bureaucratic structures of the previous century also came under strain during a protracted period of misrule by weak Sultans. But in spite of these difficulties, the empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.
European states initiated efforts at this time to curb Ottoman control of overland trade routes. Western European states began to circumvent the Ottoman trade monopoly by establishing their own naval routes to Asia. Economically, the huge influx of Spanish silver from the New World caused a sharp devaluation of the Ottoman currency and rampant inflation. This had serious negative consequences at all levels of Ottoman society. Sokullu Mehmet Pasha, who was the grand vizier of Selim II, created the projects of Suez Channel and Don-Volga Channel to save the economy but these were cancelled as well. In southern Europe, a coalition of Catholic powers, led by Philip II of Spain, formed an alliance to diminish Ottoman naval strength in the Mediterranean Sea. Their victory over the Ottomans at the naval Battle of Lepanto (1571) hastened the end of the empire's primacy in the Mediterranean. In fact, Lepanto was considered by some earlier historians to signal the beginning of Ottoman decline. By the end of the 16th century, the golden era of sweeping conquest and territorial expansion was over. The Habsburg frontier in particular became a more or less permanent border until the 19th century, marked only by relatively minor battles concentrating on the possession of individual fortresses. This stalemate was partly a reflection of simple geographical limits: in the pre-mechanized age, Vienna marked the furthest point that an Ottoman army could march from Istanbul during the early-spring to late-autumn campaigning season. It also reflected the difficulties imposed on the empire by the need to maintain two separate fronts: one against the Austrians (see:Ottoman wars in Europe), and the other against a rival Islamic state, the Safavids of Persia (see: Ottoman wars in Near East).
On the battlefield, the Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation which fed the empire's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and intellectual conservatism. Changes in European military tactics caused the once-feared Sipahi cavalry to lose military relevance. Discipline and unit cohesion in the army also became a problem due to relaxations in recruitment policy and the growth of the Janissary corps at the expense of other military units.
Murad IV (1612–1640), who recaptured Yerevan (1635) and Baghdad (1639) from the Safavids, is the only example in this era of a sultan who exercised strong political and military control of the empire. Notably, Murad IV was the last Ottoman emperor who led his forces from the front.
The Jelali revolts (1519–1610) and Janissary revolts (1622) caused widespread lawlessness and rebellion in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and toppled several governments. However, the 17th century was not simply an era of stagnation and decline, but also a key period in which the Ottoman state and its structures began to adapt to new pressures and new realities, internal and external.
The Sultanate of women (1530s–1660s) was a period in which the political impact of the Imperial Harem was unchallenged, as the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons. Hürrem Sultan, who established herself in the early 1530s as the successor of Nurbanu, the first Valide Sultan, was described by the Venetian Baylo Andrea Giritti as 'a woman of the utmost goodness, courage and wisdom' despite the fact that she 'thwarted some while rewarding others'.[4] The last prominent women of this period were Kösem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice, whose political rivalry culminated in Kösem's murder in 1651. This period gave way to the Köprülü Era (1656–1703), during which the Empire was controlled first by the powerful members of the Imperial Harem, and later by a sequence of Grand Viziers. The relative ineffectiveness of the successive sultans and the diffusion of power to lower levels of the government have characterized the Köprülü Era.
Decline and reform (1699–1908)
The long period of Ottoman decline is typically broken by historians into an era of failed reforms and a subsequent era of modern times. The military and political details of this period are covered in three separate articles: the stagnation of the Ottoman Empire (1699–1827), when the empire began to lose territory along its western borders, but managed to maintain its stature as a great regional power; the decline of the Ottoman Empire (1828–1908), when the empire lost territory on all fronts, and there was administrative instability due to the breakdown of centralized government, despite efforts of reform and reorganization such as the Tanzimat; and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908-1922), when the Ottoman state finally met its demise under the government of the Committee of Union and Progress which administered the country during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, and the First World War of 1914–1918.
Reform (1699–1827)
Further wars were lost, and territories ceded, to Austria in the Balkans. Certain areas of the empire, such as Egypt and Algeria, became independent in all but name, and subsequently came under the influence of Britain and France. The 18th century saw centralized authority giving way to varying degrees of provincial autonomy enjoyed by local governors and leaders. A series of wars were fought between the Russian and Ottoman empires from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Ottoman science and technology had been highly regarded in medieval times, as a result of Ottoman scholars' synthesis of classical learning with Islamic philosophy and mathematics, and knowledge of such Chinese advances in technology as gunpowder and the magnetic compass. By this period though the influences had become regressive and conservative. The guilds of writers denounced the printing press as "the Devil's Invention", and were responsible for a 43-year lag between its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in Europe in 1450 and its introduction to the Ottoman society (the first Gutenberg press in Istanbul was established by the Sephardic Jews of Spain in 1493, who had escaped the Spanish Inquisition of 1492 and migrated to the Ottoman Empire).
The Tulip Era (or Lâle Devri in Turkish), named for Sultan Ahmed III's love of the tulip flower and its use to symbolize his peaceful reign, the empire's policy towards Europe underwent a shift. The region was peaceful between 1718–1730, after the Ottoman victory against Russia in the Pruth Campaign in 1712 and the subsequent Treaty of Passarowitz brought a period of pause in warfare. The empire began to improve the fortifications of cities bordering the Balkans to act as a defense against European expansionism. Other tentative reforms were also enacted: taxes were lowered; there were attempts to improve the image of the Ottoman state; and the first instances of private investment and entrepreneurship occurred.
Ottoman military reform efforts begin with Selim III (1789-1807) who made the first major attempts to modernize the army along European lines. These efforts, however, were hampered by reactionist movements, partly from the religious leadership, but primarily from the Janissary corps, who had become anarchic and ineffectual. Jealous of their privileges and firmly opposed to change created a Janissary revolt. Selim's efforts cost him his throne and his life, but were resolved in spectacular and bloody fashion by his successor, the dynamic Mahmud II, who massacred the Janissary corps in 1826. Later on in Ottoman history there were educational and technological reforms, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as Istanbul Technical University; but decline continued despite these measures.
Modernization (1828–1908)
The period of the Ottoman Empire's decline was characterized by the reorganization and transformation of most of the empire's structures in an attempt to bolster the empire against increasingly powerful rivals.
Enlarge picture
Mahmud II started the modernization of Turkey by preparing the Edict of Tanzimat in 1839 which had immediate effects such as European style clothing, European agricultural inovations, western weapons, architecture, legislation, institutional organization and land reform
A wide-ranging group of reformers known as the Young Ottomans, primarily educated in Western universities, believed that a constitutional monarchy would provide an answer to the empire's growing social unrest. Through a military coup in 1876, they forced Sultan Abdülaziz (1861-1876) to abdicate in favour of Murad V. However, Murad V was mentally ill, and was deposed within a few months. His heir-apparent Abdülhamid II (1876-1909) was invited to assume power on the condition that he would accept to declare a constitutional monarchy, which he did on 23 November 1876. However, the parliament survived for only two years. The sultan suspended, not abolished, the parliament until he was forced to reconvene it. The effectiveness of Kanûn-ı Esâsî was then largely minimized. The empire's First Constitutional era (or Birinci Meşrûtiyet Devri in Turkish), was short-lived; however, the idea behind it (Ottomanism), proved influential.
During this time, the Empire faced challenges in defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation. Egypt was occupied by the French in 1798. Following defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, Cyprus was loaned to the British in 1878 in exchange for Britain's favors at the Congress of Berlin. The empire ceased to enter conflicts on its own and began to forge alliances with European countries such as France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Russia. As an example, in the Crimean War the Ottomans united with the British, French, and others against Russia.
Economically, the empire had difficulty in repaying the Ottoman public debt to European banks, which caused the establishment of The Council of Administration of the Ottoman Public Dept. Despite the empire's label as the "Sick man of Europe", the empire's actual weakness did not reside in its developing economy, but the cultural gap which separated it from the European powers. The empire's troubled socioeconomics during the Ottoman reformation era were, in fact, the result of an inability to deal with the new problems created by the conflict between external imperialism and rising internal nationalism.
Dissolution (1908–1922)
Enlarge picture
Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, 1908
The Second Constitutional Era (or İkinci Meşrûtiyet Devri in Turkish) marks the period of the Ottoman Empire's final dissolution. This era is dominated by the politics of the Committee of Union and Progress (or İttihâd ve Terakkî Cemiyeti in Turkish), and the movement that would become known as the "Young Turks" (or Jön Türkler in Turkish). The Young Turk Revolution began on 3 July 1908 and quickly spread throughout the empire, resulting in the sultan's announcement of the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the reconvening of parliament. The constitutional era had a lapse between Countercoup (1909) and counter-revolution 31 March Incident that ended with the sultan Abdulhamid II deposed and sent to exile in Selanik, and replaced by his brother Mehmed V Reşad.
Profiting from the civil strife within the Ottoman Empire during the Young Turk Revolution, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, having occupied it following the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) and the Congress of Berlin (1878). Bosnia and Herzegovina was still de jure Ottoman territory until 1908. During the Italo-Turkish War, the Balkan League, which was composed of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria, declared war against the Ottoman Empire; which lost most of its Balkan territories during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913). The wars in Libya and the Balkan peninsula posed the first major tests for the Committee of Union and Progress. However, Libya was lost following the Italo-Turkish War, which was also the first war in history where airplanes were used on the battlefield.
The new Balkan states which were formed at the end of the 19th century sought additional territories from the Ottoman provinces of Albania, Macedonia, and Thrace, on the grounds of ethnic nationalism. Initially, with Russia acting as an intermediary, agreements were concluded between Serbia and Bulgaria in March 1912, and between Greece and Bulgaria in May 1912. Montenegro subsequently concluded agreements between Serbia and Bulgaria in October 1912.
The Serbian-Bulgarian agreement specifically called for the partition of Macedonia, which was the chief casus belli of the First Balkan War. The main causes of the Second Balkan War were the disputes between the former Balkan allies over their newly gained territories; this then gave the Ottomans an opportunity to regain lost territories in Thrace. The political repercussions of the Balkan Wars led to the coup of 1913, and the subsequent rule of the Three Pashas.
Enlarge picture
Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) at the trenches of Gallipoli (1915)
World War I
The Baghdad Railway under German control became a source of international tension and played a role in the origins of the First World War.[6] The Ottoman Empire took part in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, under the terms of the Ottoman-German Alliance. The Ottomans managed to win important victories in the early years of the war, particularly at the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut; but there were setbacks as well, such as the disastrous Caucasus Campaign against the Russians. The Russian Revolution of 1917 gave the Ottomans the opportunity to regain lost ground and Ottoman forces managed to take Azerbaijan in the final stages of the war, but the Empire was forced to cede these gains at the end of World War I. A significant event in this conflict was the creation of an Armenian resistance movement in the province of Van, in response to deportations and murders of hundreds of thousands Armenians by Turks and Kurds (Armenian Genocide)[7]. The core Armenian resistance group formed an independent provisional government in May 1915, prompting the Ottoman government to accuse the Armenians of being in collaboration with the invading Russian forces in eastern Anatolia against their native state due to the Armenian volunteer units in the Russian Army. At the end of 1917 the Armenian Revolutionary Federation formed the Democratic Republic of Armenia, consisting mostly of refugees of the Armenian Genocide (see below). The eventual Ottoman defeat came from a combination of coordinated attacks on strategic targets by British forces commanded by Edmund Allenby and the Arab Revolt of 1916–18. Given the fact that Turkish peasantry of Anatolia dropped to 40% of the pre-war levels, regardless of the method used in calculations, Ottoman Empire's casualties during this time are enormous.[8]
Arab Revolt was a major cause of Ottoman Empire's defeat. Campaigns of Arabian Revolt started with the Battle of Makkah by Sherif Hussain of Mecca with the help of Britain in June 1916 and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus. Fakhri Pasha the Ottoman commander of Medina showed stubborn resistance during more than two and half years long Siege of Medina.
During the First World War, the Ottoman government unleashed a wave of persecution on the Armenian minority. There were isolated instances of resistance in eastern Anatolia. In 1915 the Ottoman government passed the 24 April circular and then the Tehcir Law deportations between 1 June 1915 and 8 February 1916. The Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa or the Special Organization was created to deport (and in the case of adult males, outright kill) Armenians. The ACRNE gave relief support and also the court martials (local and international) covered the event extensively. In addition to any deliberate policy, fighting between Kurds and Armenians along with the Caucasus Campaign of the World War caused trouble for both the Armenian and Muslim populations of the region. An estimated 400,000 (according to Ottoman archives) to 600,000[9] (according to Arnold J. Toynbee, envoy of the British Foreign Office) and up to more than 1,000,000 (according to Armenian resources) ethnic Armenians, including women, children and the elderly, died during this period which some academics refer to as the Armenian Genocide. Some academics, including Turkish authorities, however, do not believe the term genocide applies.[10] Similar arguments swirl around the concurrent mass mortalities suffered by the Assyrian and later the Pontic Greek communities of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish rejection of the genocide definition is widely viewed by the Armenians as historical revisionism, who often compare it to Holocaust denial. See the main Armenian Genocide article for more information.
Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire happened in the aftermath of World War I. The empire was forced to submit to a complete partition. The process began with the signing of the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, followed 13 days later with the occupation of Istanbul; under the shadow of Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-20 and the Malta exiles followed by the subsequent Treaty of Sèvres. Partition of its Middle Eastern territories under the mandates of Britain and France, cede the Turkish Mediterranean coast to Italy, the Turkish Aegean coast to Greece, cede the Turkish Straits and Sea of Marmara to the Allied powers as an international zone, and recognize the Wilsonian Armenia, an extension of Democratic Republic of Armenia in eastern Anatolia (in an area which was mostly inhabited by Turks and Kurds). Britain obtained virtually everything it had sought under the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement it had made with France in 1916 for the partitioning of the Middle East. The other powers of the Triple Entente, however, soon became entangled in the Turkish War of Independence.
Occupation of Istanbul along with the occupation of İzmir mobilized the establishment of the Turkish national movement, and led to the Turkish War of Independence[11] and the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.
Enlarge picture
Departure of Mehmed VI, last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1922
The Turkish national movement, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) resulted in the creation of the Grand National Assembly (Büyük Millet Meclisi) in Ankara on 23 April 1920, which refused to recognize the Ottoman government in Istanbul and the invading forces in Turkey. Turkish revolutionaries raised a "people's army" and expelled the invading Greek, Italian and French forces. They took back the Turkish provinces which were given to the Republic of Armenia with the Treaty of Sèvres, and threatened the British forces controlling the Straits. Turkish revolutionaries eventually freed the Straits and Istanbul, and abolished the Ottoman sultanate on 1 November 1922. The last sultan, Mehmed VI Vahdettin (1918-1922), left the country on 17 November 1922, and the Republic of Turkey was officially declared with the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923. The Caliphate was constitutionally abolished several months later, on 3 March 1924. the Sultan and his family were declared persona non grata of Turkey and exiled. Fifty years later, in 1974, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey granted descendants of the former dynasty the right to acquire Turkish citizenship. See also: Ertuğrul Osman V.
The new countries created from the remnants of the empire currently number 40 (including the disputed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus).
The fall of the Ottoman Empire can be attributed to the failure of its economic structure; the size of the empire created difficulties in economically integrating its diverse regions. Also, the empire's communication technology was not developed enough to reach all territories. In many ways, the circumstances surrounding the Ottoman Empire's fall closely paralleled those surrounding the fall of the Roman Empire, particularly in terms of the ongoing tensions between the empire's different ethnic groups, and the various governments' inability to deal with these tensions. In the case of the Ottomans, the introduction of a parliamentary system during the Tanzimat proved too late to reverse the trends that had been set in place.
Economic history
Economic History
of Ottoman Empire
Enlargement Era
Reformation Era
Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne ( Adrianople) and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis.[12] To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of the Europe, who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica. Many places in Europe, Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts. The tolerance displayed by the Ottomans was welcome to the immigrants. The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous.[13] The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues as much as possible without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact.
The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all of their contemporaries.[14] This organization developed a new group of people (scribial "man of the pen"), partly highly trained ulema which developed a financial professional body.[14] The effectiveness of this financial professional body behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.[15] The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The empire controlled the spice route that Marco Polo once used. When Christopher Columbus first journeyed to America in 1492, the Ottoman Empire was at its zenith; an economic power which extended over three continents. Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottomans and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in significance of the land routes to the East (as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean) as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself.
By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were prevalent and the Ottoman administrators could not have realized, within the social and political system they were living in, the dynamics and principles of the capitalist economy of the Modern Age.[16]
State organisation
of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman DynastyHouse of Osman
Grand Vizier (13201922)
Dīvān (1586?–1908)
Imperial Government (19081920)
See also
Enlarge picture
Ambassadors at Topkapı Palace
Ottoman state organization was a very complex system that had two main dimensions: The military administration and the civic administration. Sultan had the highest position in the system. The civic system was based on local administrative units based on the regions characteristics. The incorporation of Greeks (and other Christians), Muslims, and Jews revolutionized its administrative system.[17] The rapidly expanding empire utilized loyal, skilled subjects to manage the empire, whether Albanians, Phanariot Greeks, Armenians, Serbs, Bosniaks, Hungarians or others. This eclectic administration was apparent even in the diplomatic correspondence of the empire, which was initially undertaken in the Greek language to the west.[18].
House of Osman
Further information: Ottoman Dynasty, House of Osman
The "Ottoman dynasty" (c. 1290–1922) or as an institution "House of Osman" was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration.[19] The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Ottoman family was ethnically Turkish in its origins, as were some of its supporters and subjects, however the dynasty immediately lost this "Turkic" identification through intermarriage with many different ethnicities[18].
After the dissolution of the empire, the new republic abolished the Caliphate and Sultanate and declared the Ottoman Dynasty as persona non grata of Turkey. Fifty years later, in 1974, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey granted descendants of the former dynasty the right to acquire Turkish citizenship. The current head of the House of Osman is Ertuğrul Osman V living in New York City.
Imperial Harem
Main article: Imperial Harem
Palace schools
Main article: Palace school
Palace schools were not a single track, but two. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese) for the Muslims, which educated the scholars and the state officials in accordance with Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income.[20] The Second track was a free-boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between 8 and 20 years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia and/or the Balkans; a process known as Devshirmeh (Devşirme).[21] Orphans, single children, married boys, Jews, Russians, and shepherd's sons were exempted.
Palace Schools were fairly successful in this trans-culturation of students, and many statesmen were products of this process. The system functioned strictly for bureaucratic purposes, and (ideally) the graduates were permanently devoted to government service and had no interest in forming relations with lower social groups.[22]
The incoming students were called the inner boys (Ottoman Turkish:iç oglanlar). It took seven years of professional development to graduate. The apprenticeship began in the Sultan's services; progressing to mastering natural and Islamic sciences (formal education); and finally to developing physical fitnesses, and vocational or artistic skills. It is reported by Madeline Zilfi[23] that European visitors of the time commented "In making appointments, Sultan pays no regard to any pretensions on the score of wealth or rank. It is by merits that man rise..Among the Turks, honours, high posts and Judgeships are rewards of great ability and good service"[24]
See also: Madrasa
The Divan (Council)
Main articles: Porte, Grand Vizier, and Vizier
Enlarge picture
Bâb-ı Âlî, the Sublime Porte
Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the Sultans' political and executive authority was delegated to (Viziers). The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around the council known as Divan. The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still a Beylik, was composed of the elders of the tribe. Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites (such as religious and political advisors). Later still, beginning in the year 1320, a Grand Vizier (or Sadrazam) was appointed in order to assume certain of the sultan's responsibilities.
After the 17th century the specific name Porte was used, in reference to the residence/administrative center for the Grand Vizier (Paşakapısı, later Babiali). Viziers were headed by the Grand Vizier. It was the Grand Vizier's duty to inform the sultan of the opinion of the Porte. The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the Sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal and supervision. Beginning with the late 16th century, Sultans became withdrawn from politics and Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state.[14] The Porte consisted of three viziers in the 14th century; by the 17th century, the number had grown to eleven, four of whom served as "Viziers of the Dome" (the most important ministers after the Grand Vizier).
Young Turk period
After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy. Sultan did not have executive powers. A parliament was formed, with representatives chosen from the provinces.
Further information: Tughra, Ottoman Flag
Enlarge picture
The tughra of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire. It reads Mahmud Khan son of Abdülhamid is forever victorious. Written out:
- محمود خان بن عبدالحميد مظفر دائماً
One of the successes of the Ottoman Empire was the unity that it brought about among its highly varied populations. While the main reason for this was the Empire's military strength, it may also be ascribed in part to the laws of Islam, which stated that Muslims, Christians and Jews — who constituted the vast majority of the Ottoman population — were all related in that they were "People of the Book" (Ahl al-Kitâb). Plurality was the key to the longevity of the Empire. As early as the reign of Mehmed II, extensive rights were granted to Phanariot Greeks, and many Jews were invited to settle in Ottoman territory.
Under Ottoman rule the major religious groups were allowed to establish their own communities, called millets, each retaining its own religious laws, traditions, and language under the general protection of the sultan. Millets were led by religious chiefs, who served as secular as well as religious leaders and thus had a substantial interest in the continuation of Ottoman rule. After conquering Constantinople, Mehmed II used his army to restore its physical structure. Old buildings were repaired, streets, aqueducts, and bridges were constructed, sanitary facilities were modernised, and a vast supply system was established to provide for the city's inhabitants.
Ultimately, the Ottoman Empire's relatively high degree of tolerance for ethnic differences proved to be one of its greatest strengths in integrating the new regions until the rise of nationalism (this non-assimilative policy became a weakness during the dissolution of the empire that neither the first or second parliaments could successfully address).
See also: Nationalism
Further information: Devshirmeh
Slavery was an important part of Ottoman society. In Istanbul, about 1/5 of the population consisted of slaves.[25] It was Arab traders who started the trans-Saharan slave trade, exporting black slaves from Ghana and other West African countries as far back as AD 1100 and the practice carried over into Ottoman reign. The Ottoman slave could achieve high status. Harem guards and janissaries are some of the better known positions a slave could hold, but slaves actually were at the forefront of Ottoman politics. The majority of officials of the Ottoman government were bought slaves, obviously they were raised free, but they were integral to the success of the Ottomans from the fourteenth century to the nineteenth. By raising and specially training slaves as officials, not only did they get administrators with intricate knowledge of government and fanatic loyalty, but they cut back corruption as an administrator would have no ties in the region, thus he would not favor one person over another when granting contracts.
The Devşirme system could be considered a form of slavery, in that the Sultans had absolute power over its members. However, the 'slave' or kul (subject) of the Sultan had high status within Ottoman society, and this group included the highest officers of state and the military elite, all well remunerated. In the devşirme (translated "blood tax" or "child collection"), many young Christian boys from the Balkans were taken away from their homes and families and enlisted into special soldier classes of the army of the Ottoman Empire. These soldier classes were named Janissaries. The Janissaries eventually became a decisive factor in the intrigues of the Istanbul court of the Ottoman sultans.
Rural slavery was largely a Caucasian phenomenon, carried to Anatolia and Rumelia after the Circassian migration in 1864. Conflicts emerged within the immigrant community and the Ottoman Establishment, at times, intervened on the side of the slaves.[26]
For a long time, until the early 18th century Crimean Khanate maintained massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. In a process called "harvesting of the steppe" Crimean Tatars enslaved many Slavic peasants. The Crimean Khanate was undoubtedly one of the strongest powers in Eastern Europe; the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia suffered a series of Tatar invasions, the goal of which was to loot, pillage and capture slaves into jasyr. The borderland area to the south-east was in a state of semi-permanent warfare until the 18th century. It is estimatad that up to 75% of the Crimean population consisted of slaves or freedmen.[27]
Hundreds of thousands of Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves to North Africa and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries.[28]
During the 19th century the Empire came under pressure from Western European countries to outlaw the practice - which had been generally considered valid under Islamic law effectively since the beginning. Policies developed by various Sultans throughout the 19th century attempted to curtail the slave trade but, since slavery did have centuries of religious backing and sanction, could never directly abolish the institution outright - as had gradually happened in Western Europe and the Americas. Eventually, trafficking in slaves was expressively forbidden by utilizing what were effectively clever loopholes in the application of sharia, or Islamic law. For example, by the terms of the sharia, any slaves who were taken could not be kept as slaves if they had been Muslim prior to their capture. They could also not be captured legitimately without a formal declaration of war, which could only be issued by the Sultan. As late Ottoman Sultans, who wished to halt slavery, obviously did not authorize raids for the purpose of capturing slaves, it effectively became illegal to procure any slaves at all, although those already in Slavery would remain slaves, allowing slavery to die a slow and quiet death in the Ottoman lands. [29] [30]
The court and lifestyle
The Ottoman court life in many aspects assembled ancient traditions of the Persian Shahs, but had many Greek and European influences.
The culture that evolved around the court was known as the Ottoman Way. To get a high position in the empire, one had to be skilled in the Way. This included knowing the languages Persian, Arabic and Ottoman Turkish, and how to behave in different settings: in court, in front of the sultan, and on formal and religious occasions. The Ottoman Way also separated the nobles from the lower classes. Peasants and villagers were called Turks, while nobles were called Ottomans.
Further information: Harem (household), Seraglio and Topkapı Palace
The provincial capitals
of the Ottoman Empire
Architecture - Ottoman Turkish - Music - Cuisine
Poetry - Prose - Miniature -
oil wrestling -
The Ottoman Empire had filled the centuries-old power vacuum left behind by the Roman and Byzantine empires in roughly the same territories around the Mediterranean Sea, while adopting their traditions, art and institutions; and adding new dimensions to them. The Turkish Bath, which has its origins in the Roman Bath; Ottoman classical music, which was largely inspired by the Byzantine church hymns; and Ottoman mosques, which were greatly influenced by the design of the Hagia Sophia, a Byzantine cathedral, are only a few examples.
In the course of its lifespan, the Ottoman Empire undertook, more than once, programmes of both Islamisation and modernisation (reform), blurring the difference between the West and the East.[31] It developed its own distinctive culture, from a diverse system of Millets to a multi-ethnic state (see Ottomanism); which was influential in both Europe and the Muslim lands.[31]
Main article: Ottoman architecture
Enlarge picture
Selimiye Mosque was the masterpiece of Mimar Sinan, chief architect of Sultans Selim I, Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II and Murad III
Ottoman architecture was influenced by Seljuk, Persian, Byzantine Greek, and Islamic architecture, but came to develop a style all of its own. The years 1300–1453 (Rise period) constitute the early or first Ottoman period, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. The years 1453–1600, known as the classical period, coinciding with the Empire's expansion, is the period when Ottoman art was at its most confident. During the years of the Stagnation period, Ottoman architecture moved away from this style however. During the Tulip Era, it was under the influence of the highly ornamented styles of Western Europe; Baroque, Rococo, Empire and other styles intermingled.
See also: Turkish language
As music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are still frequently performed today. Due to a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music, and folk music.
In the provinces, several different kinds of Folk music were created. The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are: Balkan-Thracian Türküs, North-Eastern (Laz) Türküs, Aegean Türküs, Central Anatolian Türküs, Eastern Anatolian Türküs, and Caucasian Türküs. There is no separate style for Istanbul, because Turkish Classical Music was preferred there.
Further information: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music
Main article: Ottoman cuisine
Today, the Ottoman cuisine lives in the Balkans, Anatolia and the Middle East; i.e. in regions that are common heirs to what was once the Ottoman life-style, and their cuisines offer treacherous circumstantial evidence of this fact[32]. Besides, one should not forget that it is typical of any great cuisine in the world to be based on local varieties and on mutual exchange and enrichment among them, but at the same time to be homogenized and harmonized by a metropolitan tradition of refined taste[32].
Further information: State and Religion (Ottoman Empire), Ottoman Caliphate, History of the Jews in Turkey, History of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was, in principle, tolerant towards Christians and Jews (the "Ehl-i Kitab", or "People of the Book", according to the Qu'ran but not towards the polytheists, in accordance with the Sharia law.
Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects (or zimmi) of the Islamic Ottoman state, the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce, in addition to having to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects.[33],[34]
Further information: Mecelle
Ottoman legal system accepted the Religious law over its subjects. The Ottoman Empire was organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority.[35] Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority develop the needs of the local millet.[35] The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups.[35] The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the "trade court". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Kanun, i.e. laws. Kanun system based upon the Turkic Yasa and Töre which were developed in the pre-Islamic era. The kanun law system, on the other hand, was the secular law of the sultan, and dealt with issues not clearly addressed by the sharia'' system.
of the Ottoman Empire
Sipahi - Akinci - Timariot - Janissary
- Nizam-ı Cedid
Navy - Air Force
Conflicts:Europe - Russian - Near East - Sieges and Landings
See also:Reform - Naval treaties - Kaptan Pashas
Ottoman Army
Enlarge picture
A Janissary sketched by the renowned Venetian artist Gentile Bellini (1429-1507) who also painted the famous portrait of Sultan Mehmed II
Enlarge picture
Sipahis were the elite cavalry knights of the Ottoman Empire
• Janissary: Infantry units recruited at a very young age from the non-Muslim ethnic groups of the empire and raised as Muslim Turkish warriors; also forming the Sultan's household troops and bodyguard.
• Sipahi: Elite cavalry knights who were granted tımars (fiefs) throughout the empire's lands. Their alternative name was Tîmârlı Sipahi (Enfiefed Knight).
The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to employ muskets. The Ottoman cavalry used bows and short swords and often applied nomad tactics similar to those of the Mongol Empire; such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent-shaped formation and then making the real attack.
Ottoman Navy
Main article: Ottoman Navy
The conquest of İmralı Island in the Sea of Marmara in 1308 marked the first Ottoman naval victory (for a timeline of the naval actions of the Ottoman fleet, see the History of the Turkish Navy.) In 1321 the Ottoman fleet made its first landings on Thrace in southeastern Europe, and vastly contributed to the expansion of the empire's territories on the European continent. The Ottoman navy was one of the first to use cannons, and the Battle of Zonchio in 1499 went down to history as the first naval battle where cannons were used on ships. It was also the Ottoman navy which initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. The Battle of Preveza in 1538 and the Battle of Djerba in 1560 marked the apex of Ottoman naval domination in the Mediterranean Sea. The Ottomans also confronted the Portuguese forces based in Goa at the Indian Ocean in numerous battles between 1538 and 1566. In 1553, the Ottoman admiral Salih Reis conquered Morocco and the lands of North Africa beyond the Strait of Gibraltar, extending Ottoman territory into the Atlantic Ocean. In 1566 the Sultan of Aceh asked for support against the Portuguese and declared allegiance to the Ottoman Empire, which sent its Indian Ocean fleet under Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis to Sumatra. The fleet landed at Aceh in 1569, and the event marked the easternmost Ottoman territorial expansion. In 1585 the Ottoman admiral Murat Reis captured Lanzarote[35] of the Canary Islands. In 1617 the Ottoman fleet captured Madeira[35] in the Atlantic Ocean, before raiding Sussex, Plymouth, Devon, Hartland Point, Cornwall and the other counties of western England in August 1625.[35] In 1627 Ottoman naval ships, accompanied by corsairs from the Barbary Coast, raided the Shetland Islands, Faroe Islands, Denmark, Norway and Iceland.[35] Between 1627 and 1631 the same Ottoman force also raided the coasts of Ireland and Sweden.[35] In 1655 a force of 40 Ottoman ships captured the Isle of Lundy in the Bristol Channel, which served as the main base for Ottoman naval and privateering operations in the North Atlantic until 1660, when Ottoman ships appeared off the eastern coasts of North America, particularly being sighted at the British colonies like Newfoundland and Virginia.[35]The overseas territorial acquisitions of the Ottoman Navy further expanded the extent of the Ottoman sphere of influence on distant lands in both the Indian and Atlantic oceans, such as the addition of Aceh (1569) as a vassal state to the Ottoman Empire, and temporary occupations like those of Lanzarote (1585)[35], Madeira (1617)[35], Vestmannaeyjar (1627)[35] and Lundy (1655-1660)[35].
Following defeat against the combined British-French-Russian navies at the Battle of Navarino in 1827, and the subsequent loss of Algeria (1830) and Greece (1832), Ottoman naval power, and control over the empire's distant overseas territories declined. Sultan Abdülaziz (reigned 1861-1876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the third largest fleet after that of Britain and France with 21 battleships and 173 other types of warships. But the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet strength. Sultan Abdülhamid II (reigned 1876-1908) distrusted the navy, when the admirals supported the reformist Midhat Pasha and the First Ottoman Parliament of 1876. Claiming that the large and expensive navy was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), he locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years.
Ottoman Air Force
Main article: Ottoman Air Force
Enlarge picture
Turkish pilots in early 1912
The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Hava Okulu (Air Academy) in Istanbul on July 3, 1912, the empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of the Air Academy quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Armed Forces. In May 1913 the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was activated by the Air Academy and the first separate Reconnaissance division was established by the Air Force.
Because of the lack of experience of the Turkish pilots, the first stage (1912) of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) ended with the loss of several aircraft. However, the second stage (1913) was marked with great success since the pilots had become more battle-hardened. Many recruits joined the Air Academy following a surge of Turkish nationalism during the war.
With the end of the Balkan Wars a modernization process started and new planes were purchased. In June 1914 a new military academy, Deniz Hava Okulu (Naval Aviation Academy) was founded, also in Istanbul. With the outbreak of the First World War, the modernization process stopped aprubtly, but in 1915 some German officers came to the Ottoman Empire and some Turkish officers went to Germany for flight education.
The Ottoman Air Force fought on many fronts during the First World War, from Galicia in the west to the Caucasus in the east and Yemen in the south. Efforts were made to reorganize the Ottoman Air Force, but this ended in 1918 with the end of the First World War and the occupation of Istanbul.
1. ^ H. İnalcık: "The rise of the Ottoman Empire" in P.M. Holt, A.K. S. Lambstone, and B. Lewis (eds), The Cambridge History of Islam, (Cambridge University). pages 295-200
2. ^ Kinross, 23
3. ^
Sultan Osman I, Turkish Ministry of Culture website
4. ^ Leslie Peirce "The Imperial Harem: Women and sovereignty in the Ottoman empire and Morality Tales: Law and gender in the Ottoman court of Aintab"
6. ^ Jastrow, Morris, The War and the Bagdad Railroad (1917) ASIN B0006D8OSQ
8. ^ Erik Jan Zürcher, Between death and desertion: The experience of the Ottoman soldier in World War I, p241
9. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Death toll of the Armenian Massacres
10. ^ Armenian-Turkish Conflict
12. ^ Halil İnalcık, Studies in the economic history of the Middle East : from the rise of Islam to the present day / edited by M. A. Cook. London University Press, Oxford U.P. 1970, p. 209 ISBN 0197135617
14. ^ Antony Black, "The state of the House of Osman (devlet-i al-i Osman)" in The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present, p199
15. ^ Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert, (1971) An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914, p120
17. ^ The History of Turkish-Jewish Relations
18. ^ Donald Quataert, 2
19. ^ Antony Black, ibid, page 197
20. ^ Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the civilization of the Ottoman Empire, p151
21. ^ Kemal H Karpat, Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis, p204
24. ^ Antony Black, inid, p198
25. ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History
26. ^ Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Kölelik
27. ^ [ Historical survey > Slave societies]
28. ^ British Slaves on the Barbary Coast
29. ^ "Slavery in the Ottoman Empire".
33. ^ "The Divinely-Protected, Well-Flourishing Domain: The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula", Sean Krummerich, Loyola University New Orleans, The Student Historical Journal, volume 30 (1998–99
34. ^ Turkish Toleration, The American Forum for Global Education
35. ^ Lauren A. Benton, Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900", pp109–110
36. ^ Turkish Navy Official Website: History of the Turkish Navy - Operations in the Atlantic Ocean
47 Constantelos, D (1978) "The neomartyrs as evidence for methods and motives leading to conversion and martyrdom in the Ottoman Empire" published in The Greek Orthodox Theological Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, pp. 216-234
Further reading
• Leiner, Frederick C.The end of Barbary terror : America's 1815 war against the pirates of North Africa / by Frederick C. Leiner. New York : Oxford University Press, 2006.
See also
External links
In English
In Turkish
RashidunThe Umayyads of DamascusThe Abbasids of BaghdadThe Abbasid branch of CairoThe Ottoman Caliphs
Fatimids of Cairo
The term Ottoman (from Arabic Uthmani, deriving from the name of the Turkic ruler Osman I) may refer to:
• the Ottoman Empire, a state in existence from 1299 to 1922;
• Ottoman Turks, the Turkic ethnic group which originally comprised the Ottoman Empire;
..... Click the link for more information.
The Seljuqs (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian:
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
1299 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1299
Ab urbe condita 2052
Armenian calendar 748
Bah' calendar -545 – -544
Buddhist calendar 1843
..... Click the link for more information.
19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s
1919 1920 1921 - 1922 - 1923 1924 1925
Year 1922 (MCMXXII
..... Click the link for more information.
Ottoman flag refers to any of the flags used by the ruling Sultans of the Ottoman Dynasty. Various flags were used within the Ottoman Empire during its existence, and the sultan also used different personal flags on different occasions of state.
..... Click the link for more information.
Every sultan of the Ottoman Empire had his own monogram, called the tughra, which served as a coat of arms. A modern Coat of Arms, inspired by European ones such as the British Coat of Arms was created in the 19th century.
..... Click the link for more information.
Coat of arms elements
..... Click the link for more information.
For the Radiohead song, see "The National Anthem".
..... Click the link for more information.
The Ottoman Empire, since its beginning in 13th century predates the use of anthems, did not use a specific royal or national anthem until late in its history. During the reign of Sultan Mahmud II, when the military and imperial band was re-organized along western lines, Giuseppe
..... Click the link for more information.
The Ottoman Empire threatened the powers of Europe with its steady advance through the Balkans up until 1683. Its navy was a powerful force in the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, occasionally venturing into the Atlantic Ocean between 1501-1631.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Bursa (historically also known as Brusa, Greek: Προύσσα, Prusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat of Bursa Province.
..... Click the link for more information.
Edirne (see also its ) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria.
..... Click the link for more information.
Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantinoúpolis, or Πόλις, Polis
..... Click the link for more information.
Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: Osmanlıca or Osmanlı Türkçesi, Ottoman Turkish:
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
List of forms of government
• Anarchism
• Aristocracy
• Authoritarianism
• Autocracy
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Mehmed VI, original name Mehmed Vahdettin or Mehmed Vahideddin, (January 14 1861 – May 16 1926) was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918–1922.
..... Click the link for more information.
This is the list of Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman Grand Viziers
Grand viziers
Grand Vizier Entered office Left office Background notes
Alaeddin Pasha 1320 1331 Turkish Ottoman
..... Click the link for more information.
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha was the last Ottoman grand vizier, who had also held office during two different periods before his last (a total of four different periods officially since his first office also saw a change of sultan).
..... Click the link for more information.
Please discuss this issue on the talk page.
Foundation of the Ottoman Empire is one of the oldest sources regarding the establishment of the Ottoman Empire.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Ottoman Interregnum (also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate; Fetret Devri in Turkish) was a period in the beginning of the 15th century when chaos reigned in the Ottoman Empire following the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I in 1402 by the Turco-Mongol warlord
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The period of the Ottoman Empire's final dissolution, the Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri
..... Click the link for more information.
This article has been tagged since April 2007.
..... Click the link for more information.
"17 November" is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising.
November 17
..... Click the link for more information.
|
__label__pos
| 0.800852 |
Join 161 other subscribers
Irregular Times Newsletters
1. Social Movement Actions,
2. Credulity and Faith,
3. Election News,
4. This Week in Congress,
5. Tech Dispatch and
6. our latest Political Stickers and Such
Contact Us
We can be contacted via [email protected]
Climate Change's Armyworms
It’s too early to say what’s caused the current armyworm outbreak, but what is known is that dramatic changes in habitat, such as those that accompany climate change, often create such unusual population surges. [...]
|
__label__pos
| 0.996861 |
correct grammar for book titles and author?
Possible Answer:
Titles of Books, Plays, Articles, etc.: Underline? Italics? Quotation Marks? Prior to computers, people were taught to underline titles of books and plays and to surround chapters, articles, songs, and other shorter works in quotation marks. - read more
Possible Answer:
How to Punctuate a Book Title. Once you've finished your manuscript -- or maybe just heading up the page where you'll start your book -- it's time to assign a title. Book titles are punctuated differently than an average sentence. More capital letters not only show that it's a title, but it also ... - read more
Would you like to comment: correct grammar for book titles and author?
|
__label__pos
| 0.722692 |
This Article
Bibliographic References
Add to:
Defining, Analyzing, and Transforming Program Constructs
Spring 1994 (vol. 2 no. 1)
pp. 32-39
We have developed a framework for analyzing the behavior and relations of various sequential and parallel control constructs, which we can nest in a very general way. A simple yet powerful scheme defines the order of data accesses in a program, and provides a well-founded semantic structure for nested constructs. When defining parallel languages or extensions to current languages, designers can use this framework to define how each new feature interacts with the language's other features. Because our approach is based on well-known dependence analysis techniques, it is practical for compiler implementation. It determines which behavior the compiler and system must preserve while allowing aggressive automatic optimization. Instead of being confined to a single programming paradigm, programmers can use the most appropriate constructs for the application, and the compiler can transform and optimize the program for different parallel or sequential architectures.
Jingke Le, Michael Wolfe, "Defining, Analyzing, and Transforming Program Constructs," IEEE Concurrency, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 32-39, Spring 1994, doi:10.1109/88.281872
|
__label__pos
| 0.857752 |
Filter options:
Freebase Commons Metaweb System Types /type
Object is not asserted on this topic.
Freebase Commons Common /common
• Egyptians are the inhabitants and citizens of Egypt sharing a common culture and a dialect of Arabic. Egyptian identity is closely tied to geography. The population of Egypt is concentrated in the lower Nile valley, the small strip of cultivable land stretching from the First Cataract to the Mediterranean and enclosed by desert both to the east and to the west. This unique geography has been the basis of the development of Egyptian society since antiquity. If regarded as a single ethnic group, the Egyptian people constitute one of the world's largest. The daily language of the Egyptians is the local variety of Arabic, known as Egyptian Arabic or Masri, Also a sizable minority of Egyptian speak Sa'idi Arabic in Upper Egypt. Egyptians are predominantly adherents of Sunni Islam with a Shia minority and a significant proportion who follow native Sufi orders. A sizable minority of Egyptians belong to the Coptic Orthodox Church, whose liturgical language, Coptic, is the last stage of the indigenous Egyptian language. ⁕Egyptians, from Greek Αἰγύπτιοι, Aiguptioi, from Αἴγυπτος, Aiguptos "Egypt". The Greek name is derived from Late Egyptian Hikuptah "Memphis", a corruption of the earlier Egyptian name Hat-ka-Ptah, meaning "home of the ka of Ptah", the name of a temple to the god Ptah at Memphis. Strabo provided a folk etymology according to which Αἴγυπτος had evolved as a compound from Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως Aegaeou huptiōs, meaning "below the Aegean". In English, the noun "Egyptians" appears in the 14th century, in Wycliff's Bible, as Egipcions. Wikipedia
Freebase Commons People /people
|
__label__pos
| 0.758663 |
[Top] [All Lists]
Re: Multiple sort lines problem
2009-05-28 13:05:46
* Arthur Dent wrote:
Using scoring, you can specify something like:
* 9876543210^0 ^TO_kiddie2\@(mymail|mydomain)
* 9876543210^0 ^Received.*for..kiddie2\@(mymail|mydomain)
Which will stop evaluating conditions as soon as one evaluates true (the
number exceeds the "maximal" scoring value - otherwise, all the
conditions would be evaluated, and as long as the score result was >0
when done, it'd take action).
Thanks for that. If you see my post, which must have crossed with yours,
you'll see that I stumbled across this myself. This is what I came up
* 1^0 ^TO_(me|myothername)\@(mymail|mydomain)
* 1^0 ^Received.*for..(me|myothername)\@(mymail|mydomain)
I had never come across scoring before today.
Can you explain the significance of 9876543210 in your recipe vs the 1
in mine?
He did, see the quoted passage. Normally procmail goes through all the
scoring lines in a recipe, adds up the scores and only takes the
specified action as soon as the result is positive - keep in mind that
you could have negative scores for certain conditions too. But if the
value reaches procmail's idea of "plus infinity" in between already, the
result is considered positive regardless of any remaining conditions,
and the action is performed: in your case, this means that the second
condition can be neglected as soon as the first one has matched already.
Actually a value of 2147483647 is sufficient as "plus infinity" already
for procmail (see man procmailsc), but 9876543210 is often used because
it's easier to remember and to recognize.
procmail mailing list Procmail homepage:
<Prev in Thread] Current Thread [Next in Thread>
|
__label__pos
| 0.795688 |
Jump to Content
Glossary of Digital Signature Terms
Algorithm - A rule or procedure for solving a logical or mathematical problem.
Authentication - The process of identifying an individual or data. In security systems, authentication is distinct from authorization. Authentication merely confirms that the identification of the individual or data is accurate.
Certification Authority - A certification authority, or CA, is the person or company who issues digital certificates to subscribers. They act as a trusted "third party" certifying the identity of the subscriber to anyone who receives a digitally signed message.
Cryptographic Algorithm - A specialized algorithm used to encrypt or decrypt data.
Digital Signature - A process which can be used to attach to an electronic message a digital code that is unique to the "signer" of the message. A digital signature results from the use of a "Private Key" to "sign" a message. The recipient of the electronic message can use the signer's "Public Key" to verify whether or not the digital signature is valid, and whether the message has been altered since it was signed.
Electronic Commerce - Any commercial activity that takes place, at least in part, between connected computers is part of electronic commerce. It is often referred to as "eCommerce".
Encryption - The process of encoding data in a way that prevent unauthorized viewing, especially while the data is being transmitted. This process makes the data content unreadable to everyone except those who have the correct key to "decrypt" the data.
Keys - Pieces of information that are used to encrypt or decrypt a message. The key can "lock" data and make it unreadable, and a corresponding key can "unlock" that data and allow use of that data. In most digital signature programs, keys are very long prime numbers.
Operative Personnel - The are the people who perform sensitive duties for a certification authority or repository. Commonly, these are people who maintain the systems, issue certificates, or establish certification policies.
Prime Number - A number, greater than 1, which has two divisors, 1 and itself.
Repository - A repository is a database that stores digital certificates, so that digitally signed messages can be verified for authenticity.
If there is an Electronic Authentication term used in this web site that you do not understand, please email the Electronic Authentication Program at [email protected].
|
__label__pos
| 0.956164 |
Contaminated potential ballpark sites could be good for business
According to experts, there are currently 80 to 90 potentially contaminated properties in the Wilmington area, also known as brownfield sites. Two of the properties are being considered by the city to build a minor league ballpark on the land.
|
__label__pos
| 0.994586 |
cell structure and function
Created by khoff46
48 terms · Prentice Hall Science Explorer Cells and Heredity Chapter 1
the basic unit of structure and function in living things
an instrument that makes small objects look larger
simple microscope
a microscope that contains only one lens
compound microscope
a light microscope that has more than one lens
Robert Hooke
Anton van Leewenhoek
looked at pond water and saw "animalcule" (little animals), also looked at scrapings from teeth (bacteria)
Matthias Scheiden
concluded that all plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann
after observing different animal cells, concluded that all animals are made up of cells. Eventually they combined their ideas and became convinced that all living things are made of cells.
Rudolf Virchow
He was the scientist who said, "All cells come from other cells.": new cells are formed only from cells that already exist
cell theory
the ability to see things larger than they are
The ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object; sharpness of an image
electron microscope
instrument that uses a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times actual size; allows scientists to view structures within a cell
convex lens
incoming light rays bend as they pass through this lens; a magnifying glass is an example
cell wall
cell membrane
the outside boundary of a cell; controls which substances can enter or leave the cell
the diffusion of water across a cell membrane
When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution; a state of balance
nuclear envelope
strands of genetic material floating in the nucleus; instructions for directing the cell's functions
structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made
rod-shaped cell structures that produce most of the energy needed to carry out the cell's functions; powerhouse of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another
function as factories to produce proteins
a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
golgi bodies
flattened sacs and tubes that receive proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them and distributes them to other parts of the cell
sac-like structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, and waste products
a group of similar cells that work together to perform a certain job
group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
organ systems
bacterial cells
have a cell wall and cell membrane, do not have a nucleus, genetic material is in the cytoplasm, contain ribosomes and no other organelles, and are much smaller then plant and animal cells
any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
two or more elements that are chemically combined
an energy-rich organic compound, such as a sugar or starch, made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Large organic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
amino acid
a type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
energy-rich organic compound (fat, oil, wax) that's made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
nucleic acid
very large organic molecule made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, that contains the instructions cells need to carry out all the functions of life
Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins
selectively permeable
A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot.
active transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy
passive transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
|
__label__pos
| 0.960662 |
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
About measles, mumps, rubella
Measles is a highly infectious respiratory disease that can result in severe, sometimes permanent, complications including pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring), brain damage, and death. It is spread by contact with an infected person through coughing and sneezing. In fact, if a person has measles, 9 out of 10 of his close contacts will get it too, unless they are protected. Symptoms include rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and fever. In March 2011, a measles outbreak began in Minnesota. An unvaccinated infant who got the disease after traveling outside the country spread this highly contagious disease to at least 21 other individuals resulting in 14 children being hospitalized. As of July 2011, there have been 156 measles cases reported nationally, with a hospitalization rate of 50 percent. By the midpoint of 2011, there were more cases than in any full year since 1996.
Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, which lives and reproduces in the upper respiratory tract. It is spread through mucus or saliva when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Mumps can lead to serious complications such as deafness, meningitis (infection of the brain and spinal cord covering), painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, and, rarely, death. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and loss of appetite, followed by swelling of the salivary glands. The parotid salivary glands (which are located within the cheek, near the jaw line, below the ears) are most frequently affected, giving the cheeks a puffy appearance.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral disease spread by contact with an infected person through coughing and sneezing. While rubella is typically mild in children, adults tend to have more complications. The main concern with rubella is infection in pregnant women; if contracted in early pregnancy, it can lead to miscarriage or birth defects, which is another reason why it is important for any female of child-bearing age to be vaccinated. Older children with rubella usually first suffer from low-grade fever, swollen glands in the neck or behind the ears, and upper respiratory infection, before they develop a rash.
|
__label__pos
| 0.893069 |
expectant management
Closely watching a patient?s condition but not giving treatment unless symptoms appear or change, or there are changes in test results. Expectant management avoids problems that may be caused by treatments such as radiation or surgery. It is used to find early signs that the condition is getting worse. During expectant management, patients may be given certain exams and tests. It is sometimes used in prostate cancer. Also called deferred therapy.
Quick Find
|
__label__pos
| 0.946678 |
Table Of Contents
Previous topic
CUDA Locate Snippet
Next topic
CUDA Collatz
See Wikipedia - Collatz Conjecture and On the 3x + 1 problem for more information about this intriguing mathematical problem.
I think this might be the world’s fastest single chip Collatz Delay Record calculator. With starting numbers in the 32 bit range, this app checks around 8 billion numbers per second for Delay Records on a GTX570 graphics card.
A positive number for which the Delay is to be calculated. In theory, it can be infinitely large, but this implementation limits starting N to 64 bits and N that may be reached during the trajectory to 128 bits.
The number of iterations of the Collatz rules on a given N until the N reaches the value 1.
The path a specific N follows from its first value until it reaches the value 1.
Delay Class
All numbers N that have a specific Delay.
Class Record
The lowest N in a given Delay Class.
The first N that we find that has a previously unencountered Delay is a Class Record. If the Delay is also in the highest Delay Class, it is also a Delay Record.
Delay Record
The lowest N that has a Delay higher than the Delay of the previous Delay Record.
Overview of implemented optimizations
The performance of this app is achieved by a combination of high level and low level optimizations. What follows is brief overview of each optimization.
High level optimizations
These optimizations are described on the Wikipedia - Collatz Conjecture page.
Skipping N
Many N can be ruled out as Delay Records without calculating their Delays.
• All even N are skipped because any even N Delay Record can be derived directly from the previous odd numbered Delay Record. (Skips 50% of all N.)
• All N on the form of 3k+2 (N`(is congruent 2 modulo 3) are skipped because these numbers are not potential :term:`Delay Records. (Skips 33% of all remaining N.)
• A table, called a sieve, is used to skip checking of many N. The sieve checks whether paths come together. If two paths join then the upper one can never yield a Delay Record (or Class Record) and can be skipped. (Skips approximately 80% of all remaining N.)
Example: Any N of the form 8k+4 will reach 6k+4 after 3 steps, and so will any N of the form 8k+5. Therefore no N of the form 8k+5 can be a Class Record (5 itself being the only exception). So any N of the form 8k+5 does not need to be checked, and all positions of the form 8k+5 in the sieve contain a zero.
After these optimization have been performed, Less than 7% of all N remain to actually be calculated. So, while the app checks around 8 billion N`s, it calculates the :term:`Delay of around 560 million N s.
Delay calculation optimizations
The Delay s for the N that were not skipped must be calculated. The following optimizations are done when calculating Delays.
• Lookup tables are used to perform multiple steps of the Collatz calculation per iteration of the calculation loop.
• A table, called a “tail”, is used to prevent having to calculate the Delays of small Ns. Once N drops below a certain value, the final delay is calculated by looking the remaining Delay up in this table and adding it to the current Delay.
• In addition, an early break technique has been tested. In this technique, N is compared with known, earlier Delay Records. Calculation is ended early when it is determined that N cannot possibly become a Delay Record. Unfortunately, the speed increase from ending calculations early was outweighed by the overhead of continually checking N against a table of Delay Records, resulting in a net decrease of calculation speed. So, the early break optimization has been left in the code, but has been disabled.
Low Level optimizations
These are specific to my CUDA implementation for the GPU.
• The sieve technique that is described on Wikipedia yields a table that contains a power-of-two number of entries. For instance, a 20 bit sieve contains 2^20 = 1,048,576 entries. The table is applicable to all Ns, to infinity. Each entry is a true/false value that describes if the corresponding N modulus X can be skipped. In a straightforward GPU implementation, one would create 1,048,576 threads, have each check its true/false value in the table, and abort if the value is false. This would abort around 80% of the values, and calculations would proceed on 20%. On the GPU, threads are run in warps. A warp has to keep running as long as at least 1 thread is active. In general, each warp would have a few threads active after sieving, so there would be almost no speed advantage on the GPU. The most fun I had with this project was with finding out how to optimize this on the GPU. The solution turned out to be simple. All I had to do was to transform the table of true/false values to a table of offsets to all the true values. In this way, only the same number of threads as there were true values had to be started and no threads had to be aborted. Each thread determines which N it should calculate by using its index to look up the corresponding offset in the sieve offsets table and adding it to the base N.
• Instead of individually performing the three steps described above that filter out N I rolled those filters into a combined table. Because one of the filters remove all numbers on the form 3k+2 (one number out of three), this was accomplished by creating three variations of the table, each filtering a different set of every three numbers and, for each block of N select the one that filters out the correct numbers for that N base.
• The step algorithm requires two tables called c and d. It also requires that 3 to-the-power of the lookup index be calculated for each lookup. Because the indexes into each of the tables and the index used in the 3 to-the-power-of calculation is the same for a given round in the loop, I created a table for the exp3 values and interleaved the three tables so that a single lookup could be used for finding both the c and d values and the 3exp value. I found that a step size of 19 is the largest step size in which none of the values in the tables overflow 32 bit values. The size of the step tables doubles for each additional step. 19 steps takes 2 ^ 19 * 4 * 4 = 8,388,608 bytes.
• The Delay calculation loop was simplified by making sure that the step table is wider than the sieve bits.
• In C, there is no efficient way of doing math operations with higher bit width than what is natively supported by the machine (because it does not support an efficient way of capturing the carry flag and including it in new calculations.) The target GPU, GF110, is a 32 bit machine and this calculator does 128 bit calculations while calculating the Delay, so it was written in PTX (A VM assembly language for NVIDIA GPUs). This helped speed up other operations as well.
Sieve generator
As described above, the sieve is a precomputed table that specifies N for which no Delay Records are possible and thus, can be skipped.
A 19 bit wide sieve turned out to be the optimal size in my GPU implementation. Initially, I thought that the optimal size for the sieve would be the widest sieve that would fit in GPU memory, so I went about creating an app that could create an arbitrarily wide sieve.
Generating a small sieve is simple. To generate a sieve, say 10 bits wide, 1024k + i is calculated, where i loops from 0 to 1023. 10 steps of x/2 or (3x+1)/2 are done. After that a number on the form 3^p + r is obtained. If some of those numbers end up with the same p and r, all of them can be skipped, except the lowest one.
However, this method does not work for generating a large sieve. The reason is that the algorithm is slowed down by a Schlemiel the Painter’s algorithm. For each new entry in the table, the algorithm has to revisit all the previously generated entries. As the number of entries increases, the algorithm keeps slowing down, until it virtually grinds to a halt.
By analyzing the algorithm, I found that it could be implemented in a way that does not require revisiting all the previously generated entries for each new entry. The new algorithm makes it feasible to create large sieves. It works by creating entries that can be sorted in such a way that only a single pass over all the records is necessary.
A sieve that would use 2GB of memory covers 2 (because we remove even numbered bits in the end) * 2GB * 8 (bits per byte) = 32gbit = 2^35 = 34 359 738 368 bits. To generate this sieve, it is necessary to have a sortable table with the same number of entries. Each entry is 16 bytes (optimized using bitfields). 16 bytes * 34 359 738 368 entry = 512GB of temporary storage.
Unless one has a supercomputer with TBs of RAM, it is necessary to use disks for storage. I found a library called STXXL that implements STL for large datasets and includes algorithms that are efficient when using disk based storage. STXXL enabled me to easily create an app that manipulates the data in much the same way as I would with regular STL. The stxxl::sort is not in-place. It requires the same amount of disk space as the size of the data being sorted, to store the sorted runs during sorting. So another 512GB is required during the step that sorts the entries.
The same number of index records is also required, each is 64 bits + 8 bits = 9 bytes. This is less than the extra memory used by sorting the Collatz records, so the peak disk usage is 1TB.
Adding 20% for overhead, I determined that around 1.2TB of disk space was required to generate a 2^35 sieve. At the time when I did this project, disks weren’t that large, so I set up several of my largest disks in a JBOD configuration to hold the temporary data. The single file on there, that was over 1TB at one point, is still the biggest file I’ve seen. It took around two weeks to run the app, during which time the disks were working continuously.
• There is one unused 32 bit word used for padding in the interleaved step table. It might be worth it to extend the exp3 to this word, so that more steps can be done in one iteration.
HTML Comment Box is loading comments...
|
__label__pos
| 0.778221 |
High-Low Method
Filed Under:
Dictionary Says
Definition of 'High-Low Method'
In cost accounting, a way of attempting to separate out fixed and variable costs given a limited amount of data. The high-low method involves taking the highest level of activity and the lowest level of activity and comparing the total costs at each level. If the variable cost is a fixed charge per unit and fixed costs remain the same, it is possible to determine the fixed and variable costs by solving the system of equations.
Investopedia Says
Investopedia explains 'High-Low Method'
The high-low method is not preferred because it can yield an incorrect understanding of the data if there are changes in variable or fixed cost rates over time, or if a tiered pricing system is employed. In most real-world cases it should be possible to obtain more information so the variable and fixed costs can be determined directly. Thus, the high-low method should only be used when it is not possible to obtain actual billing data.
Articles Of Interest
1. Analyzing Operating Margins
2. Measuring Company Efficiency
3. Operating Leverage Captures Relationships
4. Series 24
FINRA/NASAA Series 24 Exam Guide
5. Mark-To-Market Accounting
6. A Day In The Life Of An Auditor
7. Explaining Amortization In The Balance Sheet
8. Top 4 Most Competitive Financial Careers
9. A Day In The Life Of A Public Accountant
comments powered by Disqus
Hot Definitions
1. Nano Cap
Small public companies with a market capitalization below $50 million.
2. Macaroni Defense
3. Laffer Curve
4. Kagi Chart
5. Jarrow Turnbull Model
6. In the Penalty Box
Trading Center
|
__label__pos
| 0.860612 |
Does Cerebyx interact with other medications or food?
A Answers (1)
• AStacy Wiegman, PharmD, Pharmacy, answered
Yes. Do not mix Cerebyx (generic name fosphenytoin) with alcohol. Alcohol can cause the levels of the medication to elevate in the blood, increasing side effects. Daily use of alcohol can diminish the effectiveness of Cerebyx resulting, in increased incidence of seizures. Cerebyx may interact negatively with certain medications such as birth control pills. Talk to your doctor about alternate methods to prevent pregnancy while taking Cerebyx.
The following medications can enhance Cerebyx side effects: sulfa drugs (Septra or Bactrim); sedatives (Valium or Librium); antidepressants (Prozac); disulfiram (Antabuse); phenothiazines; prochlorperazine (Compazine); thioridazine (Mellaril); chlorpromazine (Thorazine); methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Daytrana); barbiturates, such as amobarbital (Amytal), mephobarbital (Mebaral), butabarbital (Butisol), Secobarbital (Seconal) or phenobarbital (Solfoton or Luminal); or medications that reduce stomach acid, including cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), ranitidine (Zantac) or nizatidine (Axid).
Other medications reduce the effectiveness of Cerebyx. They include: resperine or carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol or Epitol). Other medications that interact poorly with Cerebyx, include: blood thinners (Warfarin, Coumadin); furosemide (Lasix); digitoxin (Lanoxin, digitalis); steroid medications (prednisolone); valproic acid (Depakene); theophylline (Elixophyllin, Theobid, Theolair, Theo-Dur, Uniphyl); divalproex sodium (Depakote); antibiotics, such as rifampin (Rifadin, Rifamate, Rimactane) or doxycycline (Adoza, Vibramycin, Doryx); or antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, imipramine (Tofranil, Janimine), clomipramine (Anafranil) or trazodone (Desyrel).
More Answers from Stacy Wiegman, PharmD
Did You See? Close
What are the side effects of Cerebyx?
|
__label__pos
| 0.990877 |
Feathered coatings could help planes fly
Flickr CC: Muhammad
Coating aeroplane wings with a feather-like material could combat drag and therefore save fuel, according to researchers at the University of Genoa.
The team has published a paper claiming that synthetic feathers could improve the efficiency of vehicles that travel through the air or under water.
"Many efficient locomotion techniques are found in nature, as they have survived the tests of evolution over millions of years and reached a high level of adaptation," Alessandro Bottaro wrote in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics. "One interesting example is the feathers over the wings of birds. Even though it is difficult to monitor their dynamics due to the animal’s rapid motion, they are believed to play a crucial role in the aerodynamics of birds."
Researchers looked at the six different types of feathers that cover birds’ bodies, including smaller feathers, called coverts, which stick up at right angles to the bird’s wings during gliding and vibrate in the airflow, according to New Scientist.
To test the effects of these feathers, Bottaro and his team created a 20cm diameter computer model cylinder. They covered it in rigid keratin bristles 4-6cm long and 0.5mm in diameter at a density of around three fibres per square centimetre, then put it in a virtual wind tunnel.
The team found that "the coating is capable of increasing global aerodynamics performance" of the cylinder, reducing drag by up to 15 per cent.
The reason is that the bristles prevented the cylinder from creating a slipstream, an area of low pressure that creates drag and turbulence behind the wing of an aircraft. Bottaro says that this phenomenon also explains why new tennis balls, covered in felt, will fly faster than worn out ones.
Bottaro is now planning to see how the bristles will perform "under turbulent conditions", taking into account the range of weather conditions that aeroplanes encounter. He is confident that the simulated feathers, which don’t "require any input of energy to work", may well be a worthwile investment for airlines.
He acknowledges that one potential issue is cleaning. Birds' feathers are kept clean and efficient by constant preening – aircraft are less good at taking care of themselves.
Latest on wired.co.uk
|
__label__pos
| 0.794922 |
Control Systems/Nonlinear Systems
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Jump to: navigation, search
Nonlinear General Solution[edit]
A nonlinear system, in general, can be defined as follows:
x'(t) = f(t, t_0, x, x_0)
x(t_0) = x_0
Where f is a nonlinear function of the time, the system state, and the initial conditions. If the initial conditions are known, we can simplify this as:
x'(t) = f(t, x)
The general solution of this equation (or the most general form of a solution that we can state without knowing the form of f) is given by:
x(t) = x_0 + \int_{t_0}^t f(\tau, x)d\tau
and we can prove that this is the general solution to the above equation because when we differentiate both sides we get the general solution.
Iteration Method[edit]
The general solution to a nonlinear system can be found through a method of infinite iteration. We will define xn as being an iterative family of indexed variables. We can define them recursively as such:
x_n(t) = x_0 + \int_{t_0}^t f(\tau, x_{n-1}(\tau))d\tau
x_1(t) = x_0
We can show that the following relationship is true:
The xn series of equations will converge on the solution to the equation as n approaches infinity.
Types of Nonlinearities[edit]
Nonlinearities can be of two types:
1. Intentional non-linearity: The non-linear elements that are added into a system. Eg: Relay
2. Incidental non-linearity: The non-linear behavior that is already present in the system. Eg: Saturation
Nonlinear systems are difficult to analyze, and for that reason one of the best methods for analyzing those systems is to find a linear approximation to the system. Frequently, such approximations are only good for certain operating ranges, and are not valid beyond certain bounds. The process of finding a suitable linear approximation to a nonlinear system is known as linearization.
Linear Approximation.svg
This image shows a linear approximation (dashed line) to a non-linear system response (solid line). This linear approximation, like most, is accurate within a certain range, but becomes more inaccurate outside that range. Notice how the curve and the linear approximation diverge towards the right of the graph.
← State Machines
Control Systems
Common Nonlinearities →
|
__label__pos
| 0.967941 |
Overvolting and Undervolting
lolfighterlolfighter Snark, Dire Join Date: 2003-04-20 Member: 15693Posts: 9,006Members
I'm doing some fact-checking on this. I've read up on the topic lately and want to "compare notes," so to speak. This is specifically regarding computer components, CPU and memory in particular. So without further ado:
Overvolting: Running a component at a higher voltage than rated.
Undervolting: Running a component at a lower voltage than rated.
Effects of overvolting: Potential increase in stability, particularly when overclocking. Increased power draw and heat generation, requiring better cooling and potentially reducing life expectancy.
Effects of undervolting: Potential decrease in stability. Decreased power draw and heat generation.
Necessity of overvolting: When overclocking a component, it might end up unstable unless voltage is increased to compensate.
Necessity of undervolting: Any?
I've also noticed that modern computers often underclock the CPU when idle, and it seems like my computer also undervolts it at the same time. I assume this is a power-saving feature, and normal behaviour.
Finally, I wonder if undervolting the RAM while still running it at the rated clock rate would/could lead to read/write errors? What about the CPU, erroneous calculations I presume?
I'm trying to educate myself on the topic, but I'm afraid that there's still a lot of superstition and "cargo cult" thinking embedded in my knowledge about hardware, so this is an attempt to learn more. If you know anything about the subject and see anything in the above that you can confirm, deny, or elaborate on (or which is just plain stupid and false), do reply.
- George Carlin
Sign In or Register to comment.
|
__label__pos
| 0.750416 |
Created by kaseyknaggs
41 terms · Photosynthesis structures and metabolic pathways. Covers Campbell/Ch10
absorption spectrum
The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.
action spectrum
bundle-sheath cell
A type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.
C3 plant
C4 plant
A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
Calvin cycle
CAM plant
carbon fixation
The incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic bacterium).
An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a .
crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
cyclic electron flow
A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen.
electromagnetic spectrum
he entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
The carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle.
light reactions
light-harvesting complex
Complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-outer pigments in a photosystem.
mesophyll cell
non-cyclic electron flow
PEP carboxylase
An enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate.
A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy.
Light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consisting of a reaction center surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.
photosystem I
One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.
photosystem II
One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.
primary electron acceptor
reaction center
Complex of proteins associated with two special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, one of the chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.
visible light
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.
|
__label__pos
| 0.988439 |
TOR Wiki
Liberator-class starfighter
3,413pages on
this wiki
Redirected from Talon-class Republic starfighter
Liberator-class Republic starfighter
Republic starfighter
Production information
Class ship
Technical specifications
Hyperdrive system
2 laser cannons
In-game information
The Liberator-class starfighter, commonly known as the Talon fighter, is a fighter model in use of the Galactic Republic during and prior before the Great Galactic War, Cold War and the ongoing Second Great Galactic War. When the fighter is its landing stage, the wings will fold.
These starfighters were used to escort a diplomatic convoy of Republic transportation ships to investigate unidentified starships that had invaded the Tingel Arm of The Galaxy. They were obliterated by the forces of the Sith Empire's Imperial Navy. Several fighters were also used to reclaim Alderaan following the battle of the same name.
Talon-class Republic starfighter landed
A Liberator-class Republic star fighter landed in a Galactic Republic base.
Darth StefanAdded by Darth Stefan
The Liberator-class Republic starfighter served as the primary defense against the Mk VII and Mk VI Imperial interceptors employed by the Sith Empire during the Great Galactic War and the Cold War. Like starfighters and transports during that time, except for a few notable exceptions of the Defender-class light corvette, the Fury-class Imperial interceptor, the BT-7 Thunderclap assault ship, and the X-70B Phantom-class prototype, they did not have hyperdrive engines forcing them to rely on larger ships such as the Thranta-class corvette and Valor-class cruiser to carry them to their destination.
External links
WookieepediaFavicon Talon-class Republic star fighter on Wookieepedia
Start a Discussion Discussions about Liberator-class starfighter
Advertisement | Your ad here
Around Wikia's network
Random Wiki
|
__label__pos
| 0.974683 |
Reply to a comment
Reply to this comment
Perplexed1 writes:
So you think these tobacco lawsuits worked?
Ask the states that got very little money from these lawsuits? The lawyers sure got their 60% right up front. Then the courts cut off the final payments. Ask the states that did not get paid how this was a wonderful program.
How did these settlements benefit society?
Did the settlements go towards smoking cessation programs? No?
Yeah these tobacco lawsuits really reduced smoking!
|
__label__pos
| 0.970294 |
1. Introduction
The sample design to support the technical program supporting a National Forest Assessment (NFA) requires a theoretical design that must be implemented on the ground (see Implementation of an NFA). Understanding the basic concepts related to statistical design and estimation methods are one component of the overall process for Information management and Data registration for National Forest Assessments.
The goal is to estimate the condition of forests for an entire nation using data collected from a sample of field plots. The basic objectives of an NFA are assumed to be fourfold: (1) to obtain national estimates of the total area of forest, subdivided by major categories of different forest types and conditions; the numbers and distributions of trees by species and size categories; wood volume by different tree characteristics; non-wood forest products; estimates of change in these forest attributes; and indicators of biodiversity; (2) to obtain sufficiently precise estimates for selected geographic regions such as the nation, sub-national areas, provinces or states, and municipalities; (3) to collect sufficient kinds and amounts of information to satisfy international reporting requirements; and (4) to achieve an acceptable compromise between cost and the precision and geographic resolution of estimates. See Variables typically assessed in National Forest Inventories .
Assumptions and simplifying constraints
Several assumptions underlie the discussion that follows. First, we assume that expert statisticians who are experienced in designing natural resource inventories and analyzing the data are not available. Second, we assume that ancillary data in the form of maps depicting features such as ecological regions, land cover, soils, elevation, political and administrative boundaries, and transportation systems are available. Third, we assume models for predicting attributes such as individual tree volumes from basic tree measurements are available. Even with these assumptions, a full discussion of all sampling design possibilities for an NFA is beyond the scope of this section. Thus, we establish three constraints that further limit the discussion. First, we constrain the discussion to relatively simple, multipurpose designs that can be used reliably with only local expertise. Second, we constrain our discussion to designs that are flexible, yet reduce risks of bias and loss of credibility. Third, we constrain our discussion to designs that feature equal probability samples, or in the case of stratified designs, equal probability samples within strata.
Why use sampling?
The most precise description of a population comes from accurate measurements of each member of the population, which is a census. However, a census is typically impossible because of cost and logistical problems. Imagine trying to measure every tree in a 1-million hectare forest. A sample measures a portion of the population, and in forestry, this is usually a very small portion. Estimates derived from data collected from the measured sample is then extrapolated to the entire population, most of which has not been measured.
Think of this as ¿guessing¿ or ¿estimating¿ the condition of a population based on sampling a few members of that population. If the sample is representative of the entire population, then the estimate will be accurate and unbiased. Otherwise, estimates will be inaccurate and misleading; it will not be apparent that the estimates are inaccurate; and the accuracy of estimate will not be known because the true condition of the whole population will not be known. The best that is possible is to increase the chances of measuring a representative sample. This is done by using scientifically defensible rules to select the sample, maximizing the number of sample units observed measured, and minimizing the errors in measuring each sample (see Data quality ). It is not difficult to produce data. It is much more challenging to produce accurate data with known reliability that will be used to help make important decisions.
Defining the population
Scientifically defensible estimation of population attributes is based on a very formal body of mathematical theory which must be respected if it is to be used to defend the accuracy of sample-based estimates. Careful selections of a sampling frame, plot configuration, and sample design are crucial steps in the process and cannot be done independently of each other. Each decision has impacts on the others. The mathematical theory begins with a precise definition of the population for which attributes will be estimated. For example, for a municipality of 5-million ha and 1-million ha of forest, the statistical population could be described in several different but logical ways:
1. Thousands of tree-stands and non-forest polygons
2. Tens of millions of potential 0.1-ha sampling plots
3. Ten million remotely sensed 30m x 30m pixels
4. Billions of trees
5. Infinite number of points
See the section on Observation units for more details.
There is no one best definition of a population for forest inventories. The key issue in basic applications of forest sampling is to define precisely the geographic boundaries of the targeted population, such as all lands, both forest and non-forest, within a nation that are outside of the geopolitical boundaries of urban areas. It is not uncommon to discover portions of a target population can not be sampled. Examples include areas that are remote and inaccessible or unsafe to access. These areas should be precisely identified in a cartographic form, even though the true boundaries might not be obvious, and be excluded from the sampled population. Scientifically defensible estimates must be limited to the sampled population only.
Choosing a sampling frame
We distinguish among three terms: sampling frame, sample design, and plot configuration. Sampling frame refers to the set of all possible sample units; sample design refers to the selection of a subset of sample units to represent the population; and plot configuration refers to the size, shape, and components of the field plot. Some advantages are gained with a sampling frame that considers a forest to be an infinite population of points. One approach to sampling with this sampling frame is to use the popular Bitterlich plot which is efficient for estimating variables correlated with tree size. Alternative point-based plot configurations measure a support region and impute its attributes to a point. When near a boundary or stand edge, a point is more easily assigned to one side or the other, whereas plots with different designs can straddle edges or boundaries. We recommend considering the forest population to be an infinite set of points and that physical measurements in a support region be used to describe conditions at a sample point.
Choosing a plot configuration
The plot configuration consists of the plot size and shape and determines what to measure at each sample plot location. Choices for plot configurations include variable area plots, fixed area plots, subdivisions of plots into subplots, and cluster plots, all of which require plot size and shape considerations. Variable area plots using Bitterlich sampling is particularly effective for obtaining precise estimates of forest attributes related to tree size. Fixed area plots, while not necessarily optimal for any particular forest attribute, are an excellent compromise when sampling is intended to produce estimates of a wide variety of forest attributes and tend to be more compatible with ancillary data. Cluster sampling reduces travel between plots while providing a sufficient number of plots. The optimal shape and size may be addressed using sampling simulation and prior information, although circular plots are often used in forest inventories.
Issues related to the selection of a plot configuration are discussed in the sections on Observations units and Optimization of plot designs.
Measuring sample plots
The section on Observation and Measurement for National Forest Assessments summarizes the major considerations relevant to measuring sample plots. For more detailed information, see the on-line reference Statistical Techniques for Sampling and Monitoring Natural Resources (Schreuder et al, 2004). For this section, we note two aspects of this issue, the use of remotely sensed data for measuring plots and temporary versus permanent plots.
First, remotely sensed data from medium-resolution satellites and high-altitude aerial photography (1:24,000 to 1:60,000 scales) provide cost-effective measurements for coarse indicators of forest conditions, mostly forest area changes. However, most measurements of detailed forest conditions are impossible with these sensors (see Remote sensing for NFA ). More detailed measurements of forest conditions may be obtained with low-altitude aerial photography and sensors such as Lidar lasers. All of these sensors are currently expensive and have a narrow field of view that is not currently capable of producing border-to-border coverage of an entire nation. However, in principle, these sensors could be used to measure a sample of locations in a national survey. For example, it may be cost efficient to measure a plot initially with data from a remote sensor to determine if the plot has accessible forest land cover or forest land use. If not, field crew visits to the location may not be warranted.
Second, estimating changes and trends in a nation¿s forests is often an important part of NFA. If the locations of sample plots are sufficiently documented, then the same plots can be re-measured over time to obtain more precise estimates of forest change such as tree growth, mortality, harvesting, regeneration, and changes in the area of different forest conditions and land use categories. (see sections on Temporal vs. permanent observations, Observation and Measurement, and Change assessment for more details ). Remeasurement of plots increases estimation efficiency and contributes to better understanding of the components of change. However, if permanent plots are used, their locations must be very accurately documented. This can be done by driving a pin into the ground, and carefully documenting how to find the pin from a convenient starting location, perhaps several kilometers distant. The pin should be hidden from normal view to keep the plot truly representative of thousands of hectares that will never be measured. A sample plot will not be representative if it receives special treatment such as protection from harvesting or other disturbances. An obvious pin in the ground could influence how the location is treated by other humans.
Although remeasurement of the same trees produces the most precise estimates of change, this approach is more costly because the same plot centers and trees must be relocated at the time of each measurement. Alternatives for estimating change from temporary plots include estimation of tree growth from increment borings and gross estimation of forest area and volume change by comparing independent estimates obtained from measurements of different sets of temporary plots at different points in time. However, harvest, mortality, and regeneration are difficult to estimate using data from temporary plots. Thus, where possible, we recommend the use of permanent plots or a combination of permanent and temporary plots (e.g. Ranneby et al. 1987).
|
__label__pos
| 0.712922 |
The 4 Phases Of the Stretch: Phase 2
Register in seconds by connecting with your preferred Social Network.
Complete the registration form.
• Do you have a small fire contained to one room?
• Or is the first floor fully involved and rapidly extending to the second floor and the exposure?
4. What is your mode of attack – interior/offensive or exterior/defensive? This information will help you determine the knockdown power of your hose and nozzle combination.
• Do you need a 2½-inch attack line with a smooth-bore tip to knock the fire down from outside?
• Or will you need a 1¾-inch line with a combination nozzle for an interior attack?
Selecting a hoseline and nozzle
Once you answer these four questions, you can choose the appropriate-size hoseline and nozzle. The selection should be based on the conditions found during the size-up. Too many times, firefighters deploy attack lines at a fire out of habit or laziness. They stretch the line they always stretch because they cannot think outside of the box or they stretch the line that is lighter and easier to maneuver, regardless of whether it has adequate flow to extinguish this fire.
5. Where and how is the engine positioned? This helps you determine the most efficient place to start your stretch, depending on your engine’s layout and options.
• Did you pull past (stretch off the back step)?
• Or stop short (stretch from the front bumper or a crosslay)?
6. What are your obstacles – fences, cars, dogs, people? This helps you determine the appropriate amount of hose needed to reach the building (travel length).
• The more obstacles to get around, the more travel hose you will need to negotiate each turn. Never use the hose in your working length to help you reach the structure.
7. What floor is the fire on and where will you enter to attack the fire? This helps you determine how much hose you will need to reach the fire (working length).
• Is the attack entrance the main entrance of a dwelling with a fire on the first floor?
• Or the apartment entrance for a fire on the third floor of a garden apartment building?
8. Are we operating in the main fire building or an exposure? This helps you determine the length of the stretch.
• Is it a relatively short stretch within the reach of your attack line lengths?
• Or is it a long stretch that will force you to extend the attack line?
Answer questions five to eight and you can estimate your stretch.
Estimating the stretch
What is a stretch estimate and why is it necessary? A stretch estimate is conducted as part of your size-up to make sure you deploy enough hose to not only reach the building, but to make sure you have enough hose to reach the fire. One of the most common fireground errors to occur when making the stretch is focusing solely on reaching the building’s entrance and giving no thought to having enough hose to reach the fire inside the building, causing a short stretch.
This error stems from the fire service’s dependence on pre-connected attack lines. In the 1970s, fire equipment manufacturers introduced the concept of piping a discharge into the hosebed to allow a pre-designated length of hose and nozzle combination to be pre-connected for rapid deployment. The success of the stretch was now all about speed, not efficiency. Firefighters were no longer concerned with conducting a size-up or stretch estimate; they simply deployed all of the hose in the pre-connect whether they needed or not.
Stretching short – when the attack line and nozzle are unable to reach the fire – is not always about not having enough hose. Usually, it is about soft skills, poor techniques and a lack of planning by the firefighters making the stretch. You have deployed the amount of hose necessary to reach the fire, but because you did not take the time to properly deploy and stage the hose, it will become tangled and snagged and stop the advance. Final extinguishment will be delayed until the line can advance into the occupancy or room of origin. Any delay in extinguishing the fire lets the fire grow and possibly extend. It also delays the search and reduces the survival chances for trapped occupants.
|
__label__pos
| 0.888277 |
HealthWise: Health Headlines 9.8 - KCBD NewsChannel 11 Lubbock
HealthWise: Health Headlines 9.8
• Sexist Migraines?
More women than men suffer from migraines, which leaves researchers with one question- why? Scientists at UCLA say cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is when waves of activity spread across the brain, may be the culprit. In the lab, they found female mice had a much lower threshold for CSD than the males, which means it was easier to cause brain excitability and pain in the females. The researchers hope understanding CSD will help create better migraine treatments.
• Coffee Stress Break
Turns out, just the smell of that freshly brewed coffee in the morning can help relieve stress. In animal studies, South Korean researchers set out to see the effects of roasted coffee bean aroma on sleepy brains. They found that the aroma upped the activity of certain genes in the brain, including some that produce stress-busting antioxidants.
• Muscle Saving Plants
The average American diet is rich in acid-producing foods, like grains. While a high grain diet generates tiny amounts of acid each day, some people accumulate too much over time, leading to muscle-wasting acidosis. Fruits and veggies can help this problem. US researchers found that eating potassium rich fruits, like grapefruits, could preserve up to 3.6 pounds of lean tissue in older adults over time. That is important because loss of muscle mass can weaken leg muscles, leading to falls in older men and women.
|
__label__pos
| 0.995716 |
Girls names that can be shortened to boys names...
(71 Posts)
AlfieBear87 Thu 11-Oct-12 13:03:29
I can only think of 2, can you think of anymore?
Charlotte - Charlie
Antonia - Toni
I was a huge tomboy when I was growing up and hated my girly name. I'd like to give my daughter an option to shorten her name if she wants to but I'm not particularly keen on either of the names above. Can you help?
BlueChampagne Fri 12-Oct-12 13:43:39
Erica - Eric
Montana - Monty
Guinevere - Gwynn
Briony - Brian/Bry
BikeRunSki Fri 12-Oct-12 13:49:24
I know a Thomasin known as Tom.
BikeRunSki Fri 12-Oct-12 13:50:32
And a Bethany known as Ben.
<outs self to work associates>
MaryZed Fri 12-Oct-12 13:56:22
But, but, but
Why? Why would you specifically want to call your daughter a boys' name? I mean, pick a name you like by all means, and if the shortened version is a boys' name, grand. But why would it be your one criterion for name choosing?
EduCated Fri 12-Oct-12 14:13:01
Agreeing with Maryz, but joining in the game anyway...
Alice - Al
Joanna - Jo(e)
Philippa - Phil/Pip
Nicola/Nicole - Nick
Martine - Marty
Davina - Dave
Louise - Lou
Andrea - Andy
Paula/Pauline - Paul
Timothea - Tim
Jessica - Jesse
Jacqueline - Jack
Michaela - Mickey
All I was going to suggest are on here.
My favourites would be
Francesca - Frankie
Stephanie - Stevie (though Id just go for Stevie and not a longer name)
Georgina/Georgia - George
What about Billie, Adrienne?
Why specifically a boy sounding name?
AlfieBear87 Fri 12-Oct-12 20:21:46
Thanks everyone.
It's not my one criteria, there are lots of other names I like that don't fit in this category. But from my own experience it would be nice for a girl to have the option if she is a massive tomboy.
So far the only name on here I would actually call my dd is Georgia shortened to Georgie but DH isn't keen so we probably won't end up with a name in this category!
MoonlightandWerewolves Fri 12-Oct-12 21:34:39
Nigella grin
Nikita (is masculine if you're Slavic)
Patrice (is masculine if you're French, but 'sounds' feminine)
Alana - Al/Alan
sashh Sat 13-Oct-12 07:08:50
Henrietta - Harry
Alexandra - Alex
Frances - Frankie
Kattherine - Kit
Louise - Louie
Bernadette - Bernie
Charlotte or Caroline- Charlie
Theodora - Teddy
Fredericca - Freddy
Jonquil - Jon
Paula - Paul
Christine/Christian - Chris
Stephanie - Stevie
Roberta - Bobby or Rob
Basically any girl's name derived froma boy's name can have the male dimminutive.
willowstar Sat 13-Oct-12 07:19:17
I am Jacqueline, known by most people as Jackieband by family as Jack.
3monkeys3 Sat 13-Oct-12 20:16:38
I am a Philippa, known as Pip, love my name.
RPosieB Sat 13-Oct-12 20:59:43
Our daughter is Olivia, and most Brits shorten it to Liv, but here in Spain (where we live) everyone calls her Ollie. It wouldn't have occurred to me but I love it!
CaipirinhasAllRound Sun 14-Oct-12 10:15:13
Josephine - Jo(e)
Claudia - Claude
Roberta - Robbie (I have a female relative who's a Robbie)
Julia/Juilet - Jools
MissRee Sun 14-Oct-12 10:31:51
I have a Freya, shortened to Rae
strawberryswing Sun 14-Oct-12 12:26:40
I have a Georgia, shortened to georgie, its a shame your DH isn't keen as it's beautiful
How about about a unisex name instead?
persephoneplum Sun 14-Oct-12 13:29:29
I know an Aurora who goes by Rory - it's absolutely adorable as she's a gutsy little thing. Rory suits her so well.
ValiumQueen Sun 14-Oct-12 13:39:43
Wilhelmina - Billie
thegreylady Sun 14-Oct-12 17:05:43
Bernice/Bernadette-Barney or Bernie
AlfieBear87 Sun 14-Oct-12 18:41:19
strawberry - I'm working on DH cos I love it too smile I like Philippa too so going to suggest that one later as well!
ScaredySquirrel Sun 14-Oct-12 19:14:56
I read a book recently where the heroine was called Kit - short for Catherine. I really liked that.
Join the discussion
|
__label__pos
| 0.90219 |
SmokeLong Quarterly
top menu
Keep It Down
by Harry Leeds
art by Paul Bilger
art by Paul Bilger
Anthony couldn't keep anything down, so he had to eat through liquid IV. So he didn't like to eat. It made him sick. Also, he didn't like macho-laconic attitudes, especially when they seeped into the the plastic arts. And he didn't like pull-down menus. He didn't like looking at people and he didn't like people looking at him. After they looked at him he still felt like they were looking at him and he didn't like it. He thought and thought so hard about what to like and what to think that he didn't know what to think. He didn't like nougat or cookie-center. They made him sick. He didn't like wearing clothes, how they looked, or being naked, and he didn't like his IV. He didn't like the summer starscape but more he didn't like people talking about the summer starscape or even more people talking about talking about the summer starscape and he always felt sick all the time and just wanted to eat like everyone else. He didn't like the concept of adjusting because he didn't. He really didn't like the bass riff scene transitions in Seinfeld. He didn't like when people used the word "closure" to describe something about not feeling like absolute garbage after someone dies, as though that ever happens. More, when people used "closure" in place of the word "vengeance." He didn't like dying or people or animals or astronomy or the Rare Earth Hypothesis or biomes or binomial nomenclature or people using binomial nomenclature in order to sound smart even when they were. He didn't like anything, it seemed, which was a trait of someone who loved himself and he hated that.
Read the interview.
Harry Leeds has had work in The Black Warrior Review, NANO Fiction, Gargoyle and elsewhere. He doesn't blog but he did write a novel and received an MFA from the University of Florida. He translates Russian poetry and is moving to Russia.
Paul Bilger's photography has appeared at Qarrtsiluni, and has been featured on music releases by Autistici, Atlantic Coral, Brian, and Dead Voices on Air. When not taking pictures, he is a lecturer in philosophy at Penn State.
All content in SmokeLong Quarterly copyright 2003-2013 by its authors.
bottom menu
|
__label__pos
| 0.707096 |
DPS Pasadena Meeting 2000, 23-27 October 2000
Session 37. Comets Posters - Orbital Dynamics, Nuclei
Displayed, 1:00pm, Monday - 1:00pm, Friday, Highlighted Thursday, 3:30-6:30pm, C101-C105, C211
[Previous] | [Session 37] | [Next]
[37.01] Modeling the Long-Period Comet Population
C. W. Hergenrother, S. M. Larson (U. of Arizona)
A model of the long-period comet (LPC) population is developed. Discovery and observational statistics of visual amateur and wide field CCD surveys is used to determine coma activity, nucleus size and photometric parameters of LPCs with perihelion less than 1.5 AU. The resulting model suggests that either the CCD surveys are observationally biased against low to moderate activity LPCs or that the number of these objects is depleted. Currently, the CCD surveys are finding about 50% of these objects. As a result, amateur visual surveys near the sun are still essential for discovery. In order for a near-all sky survey to find over 90% of LPCs, it must routinely survey fainter than magnitude 25.
This work is supported by the NASA Near Earth Object Observation Program.
The author(s) of this abstract have provided an email address for comments about the abstract: [email protected]
[Previous] | [Session 37] | [Next]
|
__label__pos
| 0.978746 |
Archive for the allegory Tag
Understanding Artemesia’s Allegory
In 1611 Cesare Ripa published the highly influential text Iconologia, a kind of recipe book detailing the symbols artists could use in painting various themes. It was a bit of a ready-reckoner of emblems allowing artists to narrate complex stories and ideas using symbols which were easily recognised and understood by the viewer. The visual image played a different role
Read more…
Artemisia Gentileschi: the Nina Simone of the Renaissance
Read more…
|
__label__pos
| 0.848562 |
NAME: ________________________
Wordly Wise 3000 Book 5 Chapter 10 Test
Question Types
Start With
Question Limit
of 23 available terms
5 Written Questions
5 Matching Questions
1. available
2. superior
3. establishment
4. yearn
5. pursue
1. a easy to get; present and ready for use
2. b excellent of its kind; higher in position or rank; a person of higher rank
3. c to want very badly; to be filled with longing
4. d to follow in order to capture; to chase; to seek actively; to carry on with
5. e something that has been established, especially a place of business or a public building
5 Multiple Choice Questions
1. carefully avoiding saying too much; not open or direct
2. to free
3. a large number; very many
4. to be or act against
5. whatever is donated, as money or goods
5 True/False Questions
1. reassurethe act of giving comfort or the state of receiving comfort
2. oppositiona particular time; a special event
3. donateto give to those in need, often through an organization
4. evadecarefully avoiding saying too much; not open or direct
5. reluctantnot wanting to do something; unwilling
|
__label__pos
| 0.853146 |
Tell me more ×
I'm working on an app that can remove large amounts of files. When I invoke the NSFileManager's removeItemAtPath method, the app's UI locks until the operation finishes (this can take a while).
I tried fixing this by invoking the method using performSelectorInBackground but it didn't work.
Any ideas?
Thanks in advance.
share|improve this question
add comment
1 Answer
You could try using GCD to do it in a background thread.
[[NSFileManager defaultManager] removeItemAtPath:path];
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer
|
__label__pos
| 0.90834 |
BrainyQuote Logo
I wouldn't be doing this if it wasn't fun. It's just a whole different thing these days.
Bill Kreutzmann
Share with your Friends
Everyone likes a good quote - don't forget to share.
|
__label__pos
| 0.998392 |
A high-speed chase in Los Angeles ended Wednesday night when the driver lost control, hit a wall, and his car EXPLODED. It's not clear how fast he was going at the time, but he'd been hitting speeds of around 110 miles an hour.
--The driver was taken to a nearby hospital, but it's not clear what his condition is. It all started when police tried to pull him over for a suspected D.U.I.
(--Search for "Police Chase - Fiery Crash - Feb 6, 2013." It happens at 1:33, and a cop pulls him out of the burning car at 2:39.)
|
__label__pos
| 0.718071 |
Mandatory Sentencing (Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior)
Mandatory sentencing laws provide that people convicted of particular crimes receive particular sentences. Examples include laws specifying that people convicted of selling HEROIN or COCAINE within 1,000 yards of a school receive at least a three-year prison term, or that people convicted of selling more than four ounces of heroin or cocaine receive at least a five-year prison term. The latter are referred to as mandatory minimum sentences. Some mandatory sentencing laws require life sentences. A Michigan law, for example, which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld against a claim that mandatory life sentences constitute "cruel and unusual punishment" in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, required life sentences without possibility of parole for people convicted of possessing more than 650 grams of cocaine (Harmelin v. Michigan, 49 Cr.L. 2350 [6/27/91]). An Alabama law required life sentences for people who, having previously been twice convicted of felonies, are convicted of a third felony. Laws like Alabama's are sometimes called "habitual offender" or "predicate felony" laws.
A historically unprecedented number of mandatory sentencing laws were enacted during the 1970s and 1980s. Most involve drugs, firearms, or both. Between 1978 and 1981, forty-nine states enacted mandatory sentencing laws. Every state and the federal government enacted mandatory sentencing laws during the 1980s. In 2000, over a hundred separate mandatory minimum penalty provisions were contained in federal criminal statutes.
Apart from specific offenses that carry mandatory sentences, state and federal sentencing guidelines mandate that judges impose minimum sentences based on the crime committed, aggravating factors, and the criminal history of the defendant. These guidelines increased punishment for criminal offenses and limited judicial discretion in sentencing by identifying the punishment required upon conviction for a particular offense. Many of these statutes eliminated or greatly restricted parole for prison inmates. Congress passed the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (SRA). The SRA eliminated parole for federal prisoners and reduced the amount of time off granted for good behavior. The SRA also established the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Commission and directed it to create a new sentencing system. In 1987, the commission's guidelines became effective.
The popularity of sentencing guidelines in the United States marked a rejection of indeterminate sentencing. Under indeterminate sentencing, judges set maximum lengths of prison sentences, and sometime minimums, but parole boards decide when a prisoner will be released. In contrast, the Federal Sentencing Guidelines shift the focus in sentencing from the offender to the offense. The guidelines categorize offenses and identify the sentence required upon conviction. Judges are allowed to increase or decrease sentences, which are called departures, only if they have good reasons and cite these reasons into the trial record. Upward departures are easy to achieve, as judges are allowed to consider all relevant conduct. This conduct can include the circumstances surrounding the crime, offenses that were committed at the same time as the charged offense but were not charged, prior convictions, and acts for which the defendant was previously tried but acquitted. Federal judges have a more difficult time decreasing a sentence. A downward departure is acceptable if the defendant accepts responsibility for the crime, or committed the crime to avoid a more serious offense. Prosecutors often successfully challenge decreases sentences on appeal.
Mandatory sentencing laws have long been controversial. The American Law Institute, an association of lawyers, judges, and law professors that created the Model Penal Code, a model law on which the criminal laws of nearly half the states are patterned, opposes enactment of mandatory sentencing laws. So does the American Bar Association. In 1991, a survey of U.S. federal judges showed that 62 percent favored repeal of federal laws calling for mandatory sentences in drug cases. Federal and state judges have continued to chafe under these statutory mandates.
Opponents of mandatory sentencing laws oppose them for a variety of reasons. Many judges and lawyers believe that mandatory sentencing laws are arbitrary and sometimes require judges to impose sentences that are unduly harsh. They think that justice requires that sentences be individualized to fit the circumstances of the offender and of the crime. They also think that sentences should vary depending on considerations such as whether the offender was a ringleader or a follower; whether the offender played a major role or a minor one; whether he or she was motivated by greed or poverty; whether a seller of drugs was an addict raising money to support a drug habit or a professional drug dealer; and whether the quantity involved was large or small. A law requiring that anyone convicted of selling more than a small amount of heroin receive a five-year prison sentence ignores all such distinctions.
Opponents also complain that mandatory sentencing laws adversely affect court operations. Because prosecuting attorneys decide what charges to file in each case, mandatory sentencing laws shift power from the judge to the prosecutor. Most crimes are not covered by mandatory sentencing laws. Typically, for example, trafficking in drugs is subject to mandatory penalties, but possession of drugs is not. Since nearly every drug trafficker also possesses drugs, prosecutors can decide which charge to file; a trafficking charge ties the judge's hands; a possession charge gives the judge discretion.
Another objection is that mandatory penalties remove much of the defendant's incentive to plead guilty and thus increase the frequency of trials and lengthen the time required to resolve cases. In most courts, 85 to 95 percent of convictions result from guilty pleas. Many result from plea bargains, in which the prosecutor agrees either to dismiss some charges or to approve a particular sentence if the defendant pleads guilty. If mandatory penalties remove incentives from plea bargains, then trials, backlogs, and delays increase.
Yet another objection is that mandatory sentencing laws sometimes result in deceptive practices on the part of judges. To avoid imposing sentences that they believe are too severe, judges sometimes ignore the mandatory sentence law and impose some other sentence, or acquit defendants of crimes that bear mandatory penalties.
In the context of drug laws, the controversy over disparate mandatory minimum sentences for dealers of crack and powder cocaine has raged since the late 1980s. Under a 1986 federal law, one gram of crack is equivalent to one hundred grams of powder cocaine. The U.S. Sentencing Guideline Commission adopted this ratio when it revised its guidelines that year. However, in 1988 Congress amended the law to establish mandatory minimum sentences for cocaine dealing. Thus, selling five grams of crack cocaine is punishable by a mandatory minimum sentence of five years. To receive the same sentence for trafficking in powder cocaine, a defendant would have to sell five hundred grams. This has resulted in longer prison sentences for small-time crack dealers than for cocaine wholesalers. The federal law and similar state laws have been challenged as violations of equal protection, as African Americans have been charged with more crack cocaine offenses than whites. Similarly, whites have been charged with selling powder cocaine more often than African Americans. These legal arguments have met with little success. By the mid-1990s, the U.S. Sentencing Guideline Commission sought to reduce the disparity in sentencing. As of late 2000, however, it had been unsuccessful in its efforts.
Supporters of mandatory sentences are not troubled by the harshness of the laws or the fact that they shift power from the judge to the prosecutor. One of the goals of such laws is to assure that the mandated sentence will be imposed whether the judge agrees with the sentence or not. Supporters are troubled by deceptive efforts of judges (and sometimes of prosecutors) to avoid applying them. They argue that judges are wrong to try to circumvent mandatories, that if legislatures pass laws, judges should enforce them whether or not they agree with them. Finally, supporters say they are sorry if mandatory sentencing affects guilty pleas, trial rates, and court delays, but they regard those problems as a price worth paying.
Proponents of mandatory sentencing laws make four arguments. First, that the laws allow legislators to assure citizens their concerns are being taken seriously. Second, that harsh mandatory sentencing laws deter offenders from committing crimes. Third, that certain crimes are so serious that people who commit them should be severely punished and that legislators should insist judges impose severe penalties in such cases. Fourth, that mandatory sentencing laws are a device for assuring that offenders who commit the same crime will receive the same penalty.
Evaluations of mandatory sentencing laws offer greater support to their opponents than to their supporters. The Panel on Sentencing Research of the National Research Council, the research wing of the National Academy of Sciences, examined all research on mandatory penalties through 1983. Studies on the deterrent effect of mandatory sentencing laws conclude either that passage of such laws has no deterrent effect or that they have a modest deterrent effect that soon disappears. Research on how mandatory sentencing laws affect court operations shows that such laws do shift power from judges to prosecutors, do sometimes result in lower guilty plea rates and higher trial rates, often cause case processing delays, and frequently result in imposition of sentences that the judges and lawyers involved believe are harsher than the defendant deserves. All of these conclusions were reached by the evaluators of the ROCKEFELLER DRUG LAWS in New York State in the mid-1970s.
The conclusions of earlier research were con-firmed by the most ambitious and sophisticated study of mandatory penalties ever completed report on mandatory penalties in the U.S. federal courts by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. That study concluded that people convicted of crimes subject to mandatory penalties were two and one-half times more likely to be convicted after trials (30% of convictions) than are other federal defendants (12.5%). The study found that "mandatory minimums transfer sentencing power from the court to the prosecutor," that "honesty and truth in sentencing" are compromised by prosecutors' and judges' efforts to work around mandatory sentences, and that "lack of uniform application [of mandatories] creates unwarranted disparity in sentencing."
Thus, on the major empirical issues about which opponents and supporters of mandatory penalties disagree, the great weight of the evidence supports opponents' views. Empirical evidence, however, cannot refute supporters' normative claims that mandatory penalties should be enacted to assure citizens that their concerns about crime are taken seriously or that certain crimes deserve severe punishment and that mandatory sentencing laws should be enacted to increase the likelihood that such punishments will be imposed. Opponents of mandatory penalties do not necessarily disagree that lawmakers should try to respond to citizens' concerns, or that some crimes deserve harsh penalties; they do believe that mandatory penalties are an ineffective way to achieve those goals.
(SEE ALSO: Civil Commitment; Drug Laws: Prosecution of; Legal Regulation of Drugs and Alcohol; Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime)
AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE. (1962). Model penal code (proposed official draft). Philadelphia.
BLUMSTEIN, A., COHEN, J., MARTIN, S., & TONRY, M. (1983). Research on sentencinghe search for reform. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
BLUMSTEIN, A., COHEN J., & NAGIN, D. (1978). Deterrence and incapacitationstimating the effects of sanctions on crime rates. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
JOINT COMMITTEE ON NEW YORK DRUG LAW EVALUATION. (1977). The nation's toughest drug law: Evaluating the New York experience. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
TONRY, M. (1988). Mandatory penalties. In M. Tonry &N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice review of research, 16, 243-273. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
U.S. SENTENCING COMMISSION. (1991). Mandatory minimum penalties in the federal criminal justice system. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
|
__label__pos
| 0.795327 |
Two-Step Earnings
Filed Under:
Dictionary Says
Definition of 'Two-Step Earnings'
A slang reference to two companies whose earnings tend to move in tandem. The earnings for the companies tend to increase in a slow-slow, quick-quick fashion.
Investopedia Says
Investopedia explains 'Two-Step Earnings'
This slang term is a reference to the country-style dance called the two-step because when performing the two-step, the two individuals dancing move in tandem at a slow-slow, quick-quick pace.
Articles Of Interest
1. Explaining The World Through Macroeconomic Analysis
2. Economics Basics
3. Weighted Average Cost Of Capital (WACC)
4. What is a monopoly?
5. Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)
Learn more about what it costs to produce goods.
6. Working Capital
7. What is the difference between "hard money" and "soft money"?
comments powered by Disqus
Hot Definitions
1. Nano Cap
Small public companies with a market capitalization below $50 million.
2. Macaroni Defense
3. Laffer Curve
4. Kagi Chart
5. Jarrow Turnbull Model
6. In the Penalty Box
Trading Center
|
__label__pos
| 0.909575 |
Search 400,000+ Teacher-Reviewed Online
Lesson Plans and Worksheets
World map
Investment and Savings Teacher Resources
Find Investment and Savings educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 2,518 resources
Resource Type
9th - 12th
These guided reading questions may be useful as a reference for designing your own investment review sheet or quiz; however, they are designed for a specific, but unknown text. The focus is personal investments.
Fifth graders participate in activities to promote understanding of investing and saving. In this saving and investing lesson, 5th graders design a portfolio, play a card game and write a skit about the importance of investing.
Here is a saving and investing lesson plan in which learners discuss saving vehicles. They discuss the 'Saving and Investing Products' worksheet. Pupils then complete the 'Comparing Savings and Investment Products' worksheet. They discuss risk and return and the 'Pyramid of Investment Risk,' and make a list of investment products. Everyone inputs formulas for the 'Time Value of Money' worksheet and 'The Rule of 72' template.
Consider the impact of foreign investment in Latin America. Young economists read the provided handouts about foreign investment in Latin America and then solve the investment scenarios and case studies.
10th - 12th
Explore the effects of foreign investment on the world economy. Learners read the noted articles about foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment. Then participate in classroom simulation that requires them to determine how nations invite investment opportunities.
Students read articles and discuss how globalization effects investing as they address the question of why companies invest overseas. They explore portfolio investing, direct investing and participate in a role-playing exercise.
Many math concepts are covered through this resource: percentages, decimals, ratios, exponential functions, graphing, rounding, order of operations, estimation, and solving equations. Colorful worksheets and a link to a Google search for fractals images are included. Note that the lesson plan states it is the second of five lessons in an investing unit, but the other pieces were not located on the publisher's website. The lesson does, however, hold plenty of value on its own.
Twelfth graders perform basic calculations for saving and investment strategies. they simulate the investment of $1,000 in the stock market and savings account. they determine which pays the greater dividend.
8th - 12th
Students invest $10,000 in We Seed cash. In this investment lesson plan, students build portfolios for their investment and explain their rationale for why they chose to invest the way they did.
High schoolers review pages in the text to find out what was happening in each of the areas. They use the "Investment Opportunities Game Sheet" to record their investments, assume an investor identity, which influence how they choose to invest $1,000.
8th - 10th
Young scholars collect data on investments and draw conclusions. In this algebra lesson, students analyze exponential graphs as they relate to money. They discuss the cause of an account balance being high or low.
Sixth graders participate in an simulated investment activity. They examine the purpose of different types of investments before they predict which will be the most successful. Finally, they simulate investing $1,000 in stocks, $1,000 in a savings account, and $1,000 in metals while tracking and comparing the investments over the course of the school year.
Sixth graders invest and track their pretend $3,000 over a period of time. They pretend to invest $1,000 each in stocks, $1,000 in a saving account, and $1,000 in some type of "metal."
Students simulate the role of financial advisers, developing a financial investment portfolio for clients using Internet resources and analyzing various saving options. They track the portfolio for several weeks and evaluate their investment strategies.
Stock market vocabulary 101! You'll find all the terms you'll ever need to teach or prepare your class for learning about the stock market. The slide show is split into four sections: indicators for investors, buying and selling stocks, stock market terminology, and investing in common stocks. Each section includes clear definitions of related economic terms and concepts. A great way to start a unit about stocks!
Students explore the concept of philanthropy. In this personal finance lesson, students consider economic choices and why people donate to causes. Students investigate the processes of borrowing money and investing money in the lesson as well.
Students compute interest earned. In this data analysis lesson, students examine investments and interest rates. They compute the total interest earned and find the simple interest.
7th - 12th
Learners discover information about making investments. In this personal finance lesson, students watch a video and visit the Vanguard website in order to complete a worksheet activity to help them identify methods of investments.
9th - 12th
Students investigate and model how to invest money. For this business lesson, students investigate 4 methods to investment. They discuss risky and safe investment.
8th - Higher Ed
Learners explore the concept of investing. In this investment activity, students discuss the best way to invest money. Learners then write essays, taking two seperate points of view.
|
__label__pos
| 0.99931 |
Documentation Center
• Trials
• Product Updates
Convert u/v coordinates to phi/theta angles
PhiTheta = uv2phitheta(UV) converts the u/v space coordinates to their corresponding phi/theta angle pairs.
expand all
Conversion of U/V Coordinates
Find the corresponding φ/θ representation for u = 0.5 and v = 0.
PhiTheta = uv2phitheta([0.5; 0]);
Input Arguments
expand all
UV — Angle in u/v spacetwo-row matrix
Angle in u/v space, specified as a two-row matrix. Each column of the matrix represents a pair of coordinates in the form [u; v]. Each coordinate is between –1 and 1, inclusive. Also, each pair must satisfy u2 + v2≤ 1.
Data Types: double
Output Arguments
expand all
PhiTheta — Phi/theta angle pairstwo-row matrix
Phi and theta angles, returned as a two-row matrix. Each column of the matrix represents an angle in degrees, in the form [phi; theta]. The matrix dimensions of PhiTheta are the same as those of UV.
More About
expand all
U/V Space
The u/v coordinates for the hemisphere x ≥ 0 are derived from the phi and theta angles, as follows:
u = sin(θ) cos(φ)
v = sin(θ) sin(φ)
In these expressions, φ and θ are the phi and theta angles, respectively.
The values of u and v satisfy these inequalities:
–1 ≤ u ≤ 1
–1 ≤ v ≤ 1
u2 + v2 ≤ 1
Phi Angle, Theta Angle
The φ angle is the angle from the positive y-axis toward the positive z-axis, to the vector's orthogonal projection onto the yz plane. The φ angle is between 0 and 360 degrees. The θ angle is the angle from the x-axis toward the yz plane, to the vector itself. The θ angle is between 0 and 180 degrees.
The figure illustrates φ and θ for a vector that appears as a green solid line. The coordinate system is relative to the center of a uniform linear array, whose elements appear as blue circles.
See Also
Was this topic helpful?
|
__label__pos
| 0.994697 |
Dining Dramas: Toddler Feeding Problems, Solved
"Meals are always so messy!"
"It's almost as if he's taunting me," says Stacy Kelley, of Hailey, Idaho, about her son, Whit, 2. "He'll hold up a piece of food, then watch my expression as he drops it on the floor." Another common trick: spilling his milk and running his fingers through the puddles.
Why he does it: At this age, your child spends every waking moment exploring and experimenting -- mealtime included. He's dying to know what will happen when he squishes his peas and how long it will take a meatball to fall to the floor. "Children learn by using all their senses," says Faull. "They're fascinated by how food feels, not just how it tastes."
How to deal: Don't punish your child over every thrown, dropped, or squashed bit of food. "If you play the enforcer all the time, he'll end up dreading mealtime," says Faull. Instead, set a good example. And since kids tend to play with their food when they're bored, provide distractions. "A toddler typically finishes eating in only five to 10 minutes," says Faull. If you want him to stay at the table longer than that, let him play with a toy.
Parents Are Talking
Add a Comment
|
__label__pos
| 0.832659 |
Scrabble (game show)
Scrabble was an American television game show that was based on the Scrabble board game. The show co-produced with Exposure Unlimited and Reg Grundy Productions (now part of FremantleMedia) ran from July 2, 1984, to March 23, 1990, and again from January 18 to June 11, 1993, both times on NBC. A total of 1,335 episodes were produced from both editions; Chuck Woolery hosted both versions of the series. Jay Stewart was the announcer for the first two years and was replaced by Charlie Tuna in the fall of 1986, who announced for the remainder of the original version and the entirety of the 1993 revival.
Crossword Round
Two contestants played a crossword game on a computer-generated Scrabble board. To start off, a placeholder for a mystery word was outlined on the board. The contestants were given one letter in the word to build on, the number of letters in that word, and a clue to help them figure out the word. The player going first had the option of guessing the word, or selecting two tiles from a rack of up to 11 (which included three stoppers, letters not in the word). The number of letters in a word can range from five letters, all the way to nine letters. The number of tiles between both players can range from seven tiles, all the way to eleven tiles. The player stuck the tiles into a slot in front of him/her, letters from the tiles were thus revealed, and the player had to choose one of the two letters. If the chosen letter were present in the puzzle, it appeared in its correct position in the word, and then the contestant could guess the word or select the other letter. If the other letter appeared in the word, the contestant could again guess the word or select two more tiles. If a letter selected was a stopper, that player lost his/her turn.
When control of the board was passed to the second player, he/she could guess the word or select two tiles. If that player had one unused letter when control changed hands, he/she could select only one tile, as the unused letter carried over to the second contestant.
If a contestant thought he knew the word, he/she hit their buzzer and guessed it. If correct, that player won the word. If incorrect, play continued and that player lost his or her turn. Originally, a player who knew the word simply guessed it without hitting his/her buzzer.
Once a word was completely revealed, another word was put into play, building on a letter from the previously guessed word. The player who was trailing (lost the last word if it was a tie) went first. The first player to guess three words correctly won the game and $500 cash.
Later in the 80s run, as was the case when viewers sent in poems on Card Sharks, words and clues were sent in from viewers on Scrabble, and if a clue and word was read, the viewer who sent the word in won a Scrabble T-Shirt.
Scrabble referred to the wrong answer buzzer as the "klaxon", commonly used on NBC game shows in the 1980s, and often accompanied the network's E-Note Bell. The program itself used over a dozen sound effects; the most of any game show that aired at that time.
If a player picked the third and final stopper, his/her opponent could either guess the word or play "Speedword". In Speedword, all but one of the remaining letters were put in place, one at a time. The first player to buzz in with the right answer won the word. If guessed wrong, that player is out and his/her opponent received a chance to see the remaining letters. If neither answered correctly, the word would be revealed, and no one scored. In the event of a 2-2 tie, or if time runs out in the Crossword game, the subsequent words were played as speedwords (instituted in 1985).
Bonus Squares
When the "pot" format (see below) was dropped after the first week, a new rule was added in which a player won bonus money if he/she revealed a letter on either a pink or blue square and correctly guessed the word immediately after. A $500 bonus was awarded for a blue square, and a $1,000 bonus was awarded for a pink square. Beginning in 1986, the bonuses were also included if the game went into Speedword mode. After a correct bonus letter guess, Woolery would come over to the contestant and pay them the bonus money.
The money that Woolery gave to the contestants when they solved a puzzle after getting a letter on the blue or pink squares was not real money. In fact, if one looks closely, the money was the color of the square that the contestant had hit (i.e. pink for $1,000 spaces and blue for $500 spaces). These were dubbed "Chuck Bucks."
Originally, when a letter landed in a Bonus Square, Chuck had real $100 bills which he handed to any player who guessed the word correctly when the letter was placed in that square.
For the 1993 version, the pink and blue squares served as pot builders for the Bonus Sprint jackpot, with their value added to the pot if the word was solved correctly.
During the first week, a pot was used in the maingame. For every letter revealed, $25 was added to the pot; $50 was added if a letter landed on a blue square, and $100 was added for a pink square. The first to guess three words won the game and the money in the pot, and played the Sprint Round for three times the pot's value.
For three months in 1985, not only did the player have to guess the word correctly, he/she also had to spell the word, one letter at a time. Similar to the short-lived first-week format, each letter correctly placed added money to a pot, with payoffs as follows:
• Regular squares - $50
• Blue squares - $100
• Pink squares - $200, raised to $500
This rule proved to be very unpopular and was eventually abandoned by the fall of 1985. One episode that may have led to the demise of this format featured two contestants who both knew the answer "Mosquitos", but repeatedly misspelled it.
Scrabble Sprint
General Rules
The sprint began with a five or six-letter word and a clue. After host Woolery said "go", two letters were revealed in a selector and the clock started. The player chose a letter from the selector, and that letter was placed. Originally when a letter was chosen, a new one replaced it. Later on, once a letter was chosen, the other went back into the shuffle to save time. There were no Stoppers in this round; all the letters were in the word.
When the contestant knew the word, they hit their plunger to stop the clock and gave an answer. If correct, the player moved on to the next word. If the player was not correct, or did not give an answer immediately after hitting the plunger, a ten-second penalty was imposed, and the word continued unless all but one letter was revealed. If all letters except the last letter were revealed and the player did not know the word, he/she could allow five seconds to run off the clock without hitting the plunger to avoid the ten-second penalty, but he/she was then required to play a make-up word.
A few players who came up short on one word immediately guessed the next word without any time lost to make up for either the ten-second penalty or allowing the clock to stop after five seconds once the last letter of a word was revealed.
The sprint was timed to 1/10 of a second.
Format One
The Scrabble Sprint round was originally played between the winner of the crossword game and the show’s returning champion. The crossword winner selected one of two envelopes (pink or blue), containing three words each. The challenger established a time in which the champion had to beat, using the packet of words not selected. If the champion guessed all three words before time ran out, then they won $1,500 (or three times the value of the pot during the first week of shows). Otherwise, the crossword winner won the money and became the new champion.
If a champion won five Scrabble Sprints in a row, that player won a $20,000 bonus (guaranteeing a five-time champ a grand total of at least $28,000); a ten-time champion won a second $20,000 bonus and retired undefeated (w/a guarantee of at least $55,500).
Format Two
Beginning in March 1985, both contestants played the same set of three words. The challenger would play first, and the champion would be taken backstage and had headphones put on, listening to music so as to not hear or see game play. After the challenger set the time to beat, the champion would be brought back on stage.
It was also at this time that, after winning five games, champions simply had their total winnings augmented to a flat $20,000, and then a flat $40,000 for winning ten games.
Format Three
Beginning on December 29, 1986, the format change in which two crossword games would be played per day with the champion playing the first crossword game; and the challenger in that game goes first. The winner from the first half would play Scrabble Sprint to establish a time using four words. Two new challengers played the second half crossword, with a coin toss determining who went first. The winner of the second crossword game would attempt to beat the time set during the first half of the show using the same four words. The winner of this format received $1,000 and the right to play the Bonus Sprint.
The fastest sprint round time was 11.1 seconds, and the longest was over 100 seconds.
Bonus Sprint
The Bonus Sprint was played similar to Scrabble Sprint round, with two words of six and seven letters each. The contestant must correctly guess a six-letter word within 10 seconds and, if successful, use the time remaining to guess a seven-letter word correctly in order to win the jackpot, which began at $5,000 and increased $1,000 every day until it was won. Since the ten-second penalty rule was still in effect, an incorrect guess resulted in an automatic loss. Win or lose, the champion returned the next day (up to five days maximum).
When the series returned in 1993, the bonus sprint jackpot began at $1,000. Additional money would only be added to the jackpot if a contestant landed on a pink or blue square in the crossword round and solved the word immediately, adding either $1,000 or $500, respectively (no cash bonuses were given directly to contestants for correctly guessing a word on a bonus square in this format; all bonuses went into the Bonus Sprint jackpot). The highest pot under this format was $20,500.
Scrabble Pilot
The pilot episode was taped in March 1984 at NBC Studios in Burbank, hosted by Chuck Woolery with Rod Roddy announcing. The studio set was the same for the most part with a faster chase-light sequence, a super-imposed logo (instead of the on-stage logo in the series) and the game play was the same, except for a few differences.
Two players, one a returning champion played the crossword games, with four words being played, and whomever accumulated the highest money amount after four words won the game. Each letter in the word revealed was worth $25, colored squares added extra money in addition to the $25 meaning that blue squares $125 ($100 + $25) and pink squares $225 ($200 + $25). On the fourth and final word of the game, the dollar values doubled ($50 for white squares, $250 for the blue squares and $450 for the pink squares). The player who guessed the word won the money in the pot accumulated for each correct letter revealed. The player who won the most money faced the player with the fastest Scrabble Sprint time of the week, and whoever guessed four words in the fastest time possible at the end of the Friday episode won $25,000 in cash.
Most of the sounds effects were the same as the regular series, except the right answer bell was the NBC "C-Note" bell (the regular series used the "E-Note" bell).
Future game show contestant coordinator Laura Chambers played as a contestant on the pilot, and "won" the $25,000 bonus in the Scrabble Sprint. Chambers had previously appeared as a contestant on Sale of the Century, as well as Tic Tac Dough, and later became an on-air personality for Game Show Network from its launch in 1994 until 1997.
Theme Weeks
• Scrabble held various themed-weeks over the years, including Teen Week, College Week, Battle of the Soaps Week, and Game Show Hosts Week; the latter was actually done twice, first in 1987 and again a year later, in 1988. Participants for the first such week were Peter Tomarken, Marc Summers, John Davidson, Tom Kennedy, Bill Rafferty and Jamie Farr; the last two would return for the 1988 installment, joined by Vicki Lawrence, Jim Lange, Wink Martindale, and Jeff MacGregor. Although Farr was not tehcnically a game show host, he did sub for Tom Kennedy on Wordplay and was in fact working on a game show project titled Double Up for Reg Grundy and NBC at the time of the 1987 hosts' week, but the show never made it to air. Marc Summers acted as the substitute host during said week, when Chuck Woolery played the game and earned $12,000 for a home viewer.
Episode Status
All episodes are believed to exist. FremantleMedia and Hasbro (who holds the rights to the game itself) currently own the rights to the series as well as any future revivals. However, unlike most FremantleMedia shows, Scrabble and other Reg Grundy shows haven't aired on Game Show Network as of now. Episodes from 1984-1990 aired on the USA Network from September 16, 1991 until October 13, 1995.
More Scrabble
Another version of Scrabble was in the works in between the 1984-1990 and 1993 runs, hosted by Los Angeles personality Steve Edwards. That version never made it to the air.
Another version, entitled Scrabble Challenge, but with rules more similar the board game rather than the 1980s version, was planned exclusively for GSN with host John O'Hurley. However, that show did not make it to air either.
External Links
Search another word or see Scrabble_(game_show)on Dictionary | Thesaurus |Spanish
Copyright © 2013, LLC. All rights reserved.
• Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature
|
__label__pos
| 0.774284 |
RSS Feeds
MSU hosts famous a cappella ensemble
Wednesday - 3/6/2013, 3:28am ET
BALTIMORE (AP) -- Renowned a cappella group, Sweet Honey in the Rock, is coming to Morgan State University and bringing their unique blend of musical genres with them.
The group will perform at the school's Murphy Fine Arts Center on Thursday.
This year is the group's 40th anniversary.
Officials say that the group's collective voice produces a sound filled with soulful harmonies and intricate rhythms.
|
__label__pos
| 0.973955 |
The Dolphin Person
I have nothing against dolphins. In fact, I find them delightful. However, the scientific understanding of them as individuals, raises a few questions.
The Centre for Ethics and Business at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles has come up with a ten-point charter for “life, liberty and wellbeing”, among others.
A group of scientists and ethicists argues there is sufficient evidence of the marine mammals' intelligence, self-awareness and complex behaviour to enshrine their rights in legislation. Under the declaration of rights for cetaceans, a term that includes dolphins, whales and porpoises, the animals would be protected as "non-human persons" and have a legally enforceable right to life.
Is intelligence the only yardstick to project an ethical perception of rights? This would put to test many humans – the physically handicapped, the mentally challenged, those who behave differently from what is the norm, and those who might not quite fathom the complex nature of abstract thought. There are parts of the world where people still live on basic necessities and follow rudimentary rules of social intercourse.
The scientists quoted examples of how dolphins know to work on the reward principle. Early experiments conducted on rats have shown similar behaviour. Dogs, as in the Pavlov experiment, expressed their reaction through salivation. There is an understanding where survival makes animals and humans behave in a certain manner.
So, is such ethical treatment based on a human paradigm the right and only one? Protecting a species is fine. But is it really necessary to ‘dignify’ it on the basis of being a ‘person’. This, strangely enough, contradicts the effort to not treat human beings as superior. Then, why elevate only some species to that level?
Animal rights activists might want all animals to be protected. The movement against zoos, cages, slaughter, meat-eating has been active and often vocal. They too use the human in a trapped situation to emphasise the point about rights. It does not quite work because there is a tendency to glamorise and bring out the beast in the person behind the cage or dressed in fur. It sexes up the message.
The dolphin lobby is using a parallel argument by saying that they are ‘non-human persons’ and therefore as good as individuals.
I can see that there is a pecking order here, and wonder just how a species will seek to gain the sanctified position of being human. It really isn’t the best thing to be when the record of human rights is abysmal and the ethics of how certain being are treated as opposed to others affords it less ethical validity than an elephant squashing an ant unknowingly.
No comments:
|
__label__pos
| 0.726853 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.