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Python string definition
A string in Python is a sequence of characters. It is a derived data type. Strings are immutable. This means that once defined, they cannot be changed. Many Python methods, such as replace(), join(), or split() modify strings. However, they do not modify the original string. They create a copy of a string that they modify and return to the caller.
Python string literals
Python strings can be created with single quotes, double quotes, or triple quotes. When we use triple quotes, strings can span several lines without using the escape character.
#pythonprogrammingforbeginners #pythonprogrammingintroandadvanced#pythonlanguageintroduction#pythontutorialforbeginners #pythontutorialtelugu#pythontutorial #pythontutorials #pythontutorialforbeginners #pythontutorialsroadtounover3 #pythontutorialvideos | <urn:uuid:07efa015-d34b-4b0c-8ea4-f78515b6a79a> | {
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The natural world is a source of wonder and inspiration for children, providing countless opportunities for exploration, discovery, and learning. Montessori education recognizes the importance of connecting children with nature, and nature-inspired toys play a significant role in this endeavor.
From animal puzzles to plant-growing kits, Montessori toys celebrate the beauty and diversity of the natural world while fostering a deeper connection with nature.
In this blog post, we will explore the benefits of nature-inspired toys in Montessori play and how they can spark a lifelong appreciation for the wonders of nature.
Animal Puzzles: Discovering the Animal Kingdom
Montessori animal puzzles introduce children to the fascinating world of wildlife. These puzzles often feature realistic animal figures that children can fit into corresponding spaces on puzzle boards.
By manipulating the puzzle pieces, children engage with different animal species, develop spatial awareness, and learn about the characteristics and habitats of various animals.
Benefits of Animal Puzzles
Animal puzzles stimulate cognitive skills such as problem-solving, visual-spatial awareness, and logical thinking as children complete the puzzles.
Animal puzzles offer opportunities for language development as children learn the names of different animals, their features, and associated vocabulary.
Fine Motor Skills
Manipulating puzzle pieces and fitting them into the correct spaces enhances fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and dexterity.
Animal puzzles foster a sense of wonder and curiosity about the animal kingdom, encouraging children to appreciate and respect the natural world.
Plant-Growing Kits: Nurturing a Green Thumb
Montessori plant-growing kits provide children with hands-on experiences in cultivating and caring for plants. These kits typically include seeds, pots, soil, and gardening tools, allowing children to observe the growth process and learn about plant life cycles. By nurturing plants, children develop responsibility, patience, and a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of nature.
Benefits of Plant-Growing Kits
Plant-growing kits introduce children to basic scientific principles as they observe and experiment with plant growth, soil, and environmental factors.
Children engage their senses by touching the soil, feeling the texture of plant leaves, and observing the colors and scents associated with different plants.
Responsibility and Empathy
Caring for plants in a plant-growing kit fosters a sense of responsibility and empathy towards living organisms, teaching children the importance of nurturing and respecting nature.
Plant-growing kits promote awareness of the environment, sustainability, and the role of plants in our ecosystem.
Patience and Delayed Gratification
Growing plants requires patience and an understanding of delayed gratification, as children observe and wait for the plants to grow and flourish.
Nature-inspired toys in Montessori play provide children with an opportunity to connect with the natural world, fostering a sense of wonder, curiosity, and respect for the environment. Animal puzzles introduce children to the diversity of wildlife, while plant-growing kits nurture their understanding of plant life cycles and the importance of caring for living organisms.
By incorporating nature-inspired toys into playtime, parents and educators can cultivate a deep appreciation for the natural world in children. As children engage with animal puzzles and plant-growing kits, they develop cognitive skills, fine motor abilities, scientific inquiry, environmental awareness, and a lifelong love for nature.
Let the wonders of the natural world come alive through the joy of Montessori play. Explore animal habitats, witness the growth of plants, and foster a deeper connection with the beauty and diversity of nature. Embrace the transformative power of nature-inspired toys and nurture a generation of children who appreciate, respect, and protect our precious natural resources. | <urn:uuid:548d57b2-416c-4edf-bae0-2fa4987bfb3f> | {
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A group of raccoons is commonly referred to as a "gaze" or a "nursery." The term "gaze" comes from the fact that raccoons are curious creatures that often gaze around their surroundings to investigate new things. A "gaze" of raccoons can consist of several individuals, and they may gather together for various reasons, such as foraging or mating.
The term "nursery" is used to describe a group of female raccoons that are raising their young together. Raccoons are known for their maternal instincts and will often form these groups to help care for their young. A "nursery" of raccoons can consist of several females and their young, and they may stay together until the young are old enough to fend for themselves.
Raccoons are social animals that often form groups, although they are generally not as social as other animals such as wolves or primates. In addition to gazes and nurseries, raccoons may also form temporary groups when they gather together to forage for food in a particular area.
While raccoons may be cute and curious animals, it's important to remember that they are wild animals and should be treated with caution. Raccoons can carry diseases such as rabies and may become aggressive if they feel threatened or cornered.
In summary, a group of raccoons is commonly referred to as a "gaze" or a "nursery." The term "gaze" comes from their curious nature, while "nursery" is used to describe a group of females raising their young together. Raccoons are social animals that may form temporary groups when foraging for food, but they should always be approached with caution as they are wild animals. | <urn:uuid:8d4d4a73-6827-4835-87b6-e8835490997a> | {
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By Lynne Ryder
Australian Apple Review Vol 4 No 3 PP32-33
Another topic which often causes difficulty for students, yet lends itself elegantly to the computer, is number bases. I am
including two short programs – the first written by one of my students, Sandi Steeple which generates numbers for bases less than 10, while the second comes from an old, but still very useful book, ‘Fifty Basic Exercises’ by Jean-Pierre Lamoiter (published by Sybex) and generates numbers for bases greater than 10. Both demonstrate how an understanding of computers and Basic can add clarity to some otherwise tedious topics.
Number systems are built upon some base number. For us this happens, by chance or by the fact that we are pentadactyl and have two hands, to be the number 10.
Counting in base ten requires little thought for most of us. We know that there are units, tens, hundreds and so on, but we don’t need to make the mental effort to think that the integer following 99will sequential- ly have a one, a zero and a zero – that it will no longer be in the tens and units, but now will spill over into hundreds.
This should have been instilled back in kindergarten but what we may not have learnt at the time is that units represent numbers multiplied by 10 to the power of zero, tens represent numbers multiplied by 10 to the power of 1, hundreds represent numbers multiplied by 10 to the power of 2, and so on again. For example, the number six thousand seven hundred and eighty nine is (and I’ll use A to signify ‘to the power of’ and * to signify ‘multiplied by’) 6*10^3plus 7*10^2 plus 8*10^1 plus 9*10^0.
When we look at other bases other than ten, our minds are less flexible. This is understandable because we need to make some translations. The common question such as ‘What is 51 base 5?’,requires thought in base 5 while working with base 10 conventions. A more fruitful method is to first introduce counters of some description, physically set up ‘columns’ and then share the counters into the columns. Following some hands on, the same logic can be applied as for the base 10 numbers; 51 in base 5 equals, 2*5^2 plus0*5^1 plus 1*5^0, or put another way, it equals (201) base 5.
But why look at bases in the first place? Obviously a knowledge of bases is not essential to count in our number system. But, unlike subjects such as ancient history, different base number systems reused all around us in everyday life. The nearest example is the Apple in front of me. The machine works in binary (base 2) for all its processing, while if I were to go into the monitor and enter machine code, it would be in hex or base 16. If you have access to an Apple now and have the ] prompt, type CALL -151 and hit RETURN several times. What you see is hex.
The two programs following considerably simplify the thought processes when determining what decimal numbers will be in a number of different bases. This is a very interesting area, so let your students have a try at programming before showing them these two of the many alternatives possible.
10 HOME : VTAB 4 20 PRINT "This program will convert a range of" 30 PRINT "numbers to base N, where 2 <=N< 10" 40 DIM A(15) 50 B$ = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMN" 60 PRINT "The new base"; 70 INPUT B 80 PRINT "First and last number to convert" 90 INPUT F, L 100 FOR I = F TO L 110 PRINT 120 GOSUB 210 130 REM PRINT A TABLE ENTRY 140 PRINT I; TAB (6); 150 FOR D = J TO 1 STEP -1 160 PRINT MID$ (B$, A (D) + 170 NEXT D 180 NEXT I 190 STOP 200 REM BASE CONVERSION SUBROUTINE 210 I1 = I 220 J = 1 230 Q = INT (I1/B) 240 R = I1 - Q * B 250 I1 = Q 260 A (J) = R 270 J = J + 1 280 IF Q > = B THEN 230 290 A (J) = Q 300 RETURN 310 END | <urn:uuid:cccbbdf2-c10f-4d1f-94cd-fc66a366cb2f> | {
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Fundamentally Maxwell’s equations describe the origins of electric and magnetic fields. Given a set of conditions on the right hand side of the equations, you’ll have fields described by the left hand side. Between the four equations the fields are uniquely specified, and there is nothing more to include. Thus far we’ve seen electric fields generated by electric charge, electric fields generated by changing magnetic fields, and magnetic fields not generated by magnetic charge because there isn’t any. Conspicuously absent is any way to generate magnetic fields. It is this fourth equation that closes the circle and describes the origin of the magnetic field.
The left hand side is the curl of the magnetic field, precisely analogous to yesterday’s curl of the electric field. The right hand side contains two terms, for there are two ways to generate magnetic field circulation. The first is via an electric current, with current density given by J. The electromagnets that heft huge piles of metal scrap at junkyards work on this principle. Run current through a wire, and the wire will develop a magnetic field surrounding it. Via Wikipedia:
The second term on the right is of the same type as in the equation for the curl of the electric field. In this equation, a changing electric field produces a magnetic field of specified curl. This is entirely without reference to any charge. While the J term creates a magnetic field in the presence of flowing charge, it’s not required. So long as there’s a changing electric field, the derivative on the right will be nonzero and you have yourself a magnetic field.
Historically the equation with only the first term on the right is called Ampere’s Law. This limited equation turned out to fail in explaining a large number of physical phenomena, such as the magnetic field between plates of a charging capacitor. Between the plates there is no current, but there is a field. It was Maxwell who first correctly accounted for this, wrote the complete equation, and worked out the consequences of the four combined equations that now bear his name.
The four equations are almost symmetric in their form, with the symmetry broken only by the absense of magnetic charge. If it existed a magnetic charge density in the magnetic divergence equation and a magnetic current density in the electric curl equation would complete the symmetry. This sat as a somewhat aesthetically unsatisfactory condition for many years, despite the fantastic explanatory power of the theory of electromagnetism. It took another brilliant physicist to (mostly) put this enduring question to bed. Though the classical mechanics of Newton required relativistic correction, Einstein showed that Maxwell’s theory was already consistent with the theory of special relativity. Electricity and magnetism turn out to be literally the same phenomenon in different reference frames. Rewritten in a relativistically natural way (the term of art is covariant), the broken symmetry vanishes and the slight lopsidedness of the equations as we’ve seen them vanish into the ether. Well, as it were.
All the countless thousands of pages of classical electromagnetism textbooks are lagniappe following from these four equations. The consequences of those equations are numerous and profound, and of course those textbooks are indispensable as no one is clever enough to find all of their subtleties for themselves. In fact, we have four equations and five days in the working week. It would be a shame to waste the last. Tomorrow we’ll look at the most profound of the implications of these equations; the one Maxwell is most famous for discovering, the one we see every time we see. | <urn:uuid:373f9dc8-a504-4f70-bb7b-c9e4971b4ac2> | {
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Video: symbols & symbolism in the scarlet letter: examples & analysis symbolism is used throughout literature and has been for centuries 'the scarlet letter' by nathaniel hawthorne demonstrates this, and in this lesson, we'll examine a few of those symbols. The scarlet letter: a romance, an 1850 novel, is a work of historical fiction written by american author nathaniel hawthorne it is considered his masterwork set in 17th-century puritan massachusetts bay colony , during the years 1642 to 1649, it tells the story of hester prynne , who conceives a daughter through an affair and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. The scarlet letter review study judge john hathorne, one of nathaniel hawthorne's descendants, was know for presided over the salem witch trials of 1692 what part of the novel is the custom-house the introduction to the scarlet letter what did the practical founders of the new colony first establish.
Symbol and interpretation in hawthorne's scarlet letter by dr stephanie carrez paper delivered at the conference of the nathaniel hawthorne society, celebrating the hawthorne bicentennial in salem, ma, july 1-4. The scarlet letter, nathaniel hawthorne essay sample symbolism of the scarlet letter ain nathaniel hawthorne’s the scarlet letter, the meaning of the letter a changes throughout the novel.
Throughout the novel, the scarlet letter, the author, nathaniel hawthorne uses a few key symbols to represent major themes in the book the most obvious and well known, as it is in the title, is the scarlet letter hester is forced to wear three other symbols are the scaffold, the sun, and the forest. Every chapter in the scarlet letter has symbols displayed through characterization, setting, colors, and light perhaps the most dramatic chapters using these techniques are the chapters comprising the three scaffold scenes and the meeting in the forest between hester and dimmesdale. The scarlet letter: a romance, an 1850 novel, is a work of historical fiction written by american author nathaniel hawthorne it is considered his masterwork. A summary of symbols in nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of the scarlet letter and what it means perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans.
Symbols and symbolism in nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter 1178 words | 5 pages symbolism in the scarlet letter nathaniel hawthorne isn't noted for perfecting any famous literary style, for writing multiple best sellers, or even for contributing largely to classic american literature. A summary of themes in nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of the scarlet letter and what it means perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Hawthorne has a perfect atmosphere for the symbols in the scarlet letter because the puritans saw the world through allegory for them, simple patterns, like the meteor streaking through the sky, became religious or moral interpretations for human events.
The scarlet letter by nathaniel hawthorne home / literature / the scarlet letter / analysis / symbolism, imagery, allegory analysis / symbolism, imagery, allegory shmoop premium summary shmoop premium shmoop premium. The following are symbols that are embedded in the scarlet letter: the scarlet letter a: in the beginning of the novel hester's letter a is a representation of her sin and adultery however, as time progresses, the meaning of the letter changed. Hawthorne's ability to introduce these symbols and change them through the context of his story is but one of the reasons the scarlet letter is considered his masterpiece and a peerless example of the romance novel.
Get an answer for 'why does nathaniel hawthorne use symbolism in the novelwhy does he use symbolism instead of other literary devices' and find homework help for other the scarlet letter. The scarlet letter study guide contains a biography of nathaniel hawthorne, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.
The scarlet letter, by nathaniel hawthorne nathaniel hawthorne's background influenced him to write the bold novel the scarlet letter one important influence on the story is money. The scarlet letter, nathaniel hawthorne essay sample symbolism of the scarlet letter ain nathaniel hawthorne’s the scarlet letter, the meaning of the letter a changes throughout the novel this change is significant as it indicates the personal growth of the characters as well as the enlightenment of the townspeople. | <urn:uuid:35b1e7fb-cb7b-46ef-bec1-c3d4a102d546> | {
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In accordance with the scientists, neutron imaging is right for trying to find water and different hydrogen-bearing compounds as a result of neutrons readily ricochet off hydrogen. In distinction, X-ray imaging is finest for locating deposits of heavy parts, corresponding to iron and nickel, as a result of X-rays are primarily scattered by the big variety of electrons in heavy-weight atoms.
Neither imaging method considerably harms or alters meteorites, in contrast to different strategies of analyzing the chemical composition of the rocks, which require reducing skinny slices of the meteorites. Though every imaging technique has been used individually previously, the workforce is among the many first to make use of the 2 strategies concurrently to create X-ray and neutron-beam snapshots.
Within the pilot research, the group examined two meteorites whose mineral and water contents have been already well-known in order that they might assess the accuracy of the mixed imaging strategies. One of many rocks, dubbed EET 87503, is a fraction from the floor of the big asteroid Vesta but additionally incorporates materials from a unique, water-rich number of asteroid.
The opposite meteorite, GRA 06100, wealthy in iron and nickel, is classed as a chondrite—a rock that has not been altered by melting or different processes because the early days of the photo voltaic system. It additionally has a big quantity of hydrogen-bearing silicates shaped by previous publicity to water.
To create three-dimensional views of the meteorites, the researchers used the X-ray and neutron beams to picture cross-sections of the rocks. Particular person photos of various cross sections have been then mixed to create a 3D picture, a method generally known as tomography or CT scan.
The imaging strategies precisely revealed the places of metal-rich minerals, silicate minerals, water and different hydrogenated compounds within the two meteorites. Neutron imaging pinpointed and characterised the chondrite grains inside GRA 06100, which might then be extracted for additional research. The 3D imaging can check theories of how water entered the rock and what pathway the liquid took to change the composition of minerals and develop into sure within the pattern.
Though water accounts for 70% of earth’s floor, precisely how the substance arrived on our planet stays the topic of a longstanding debate. Some planetary scientists recommend that meteorites and comets—icy relics from the frigid, outer photo voltaic system—delivered the water, together with the constructing blocks of proteins important for all times, after our planet’s core had shaped. Others recommend that earth acquired the water throughout its formation 4.5 billion years in the past from bits of fuel and mud that swaddled the toddler solar and glommed collectively to kind our planet.
Water is available in two kinds: odd water, consisting of hydrogen and oxygen, and heavy water, consisting of deuterium (hydrogen with an added neutron) and oxygen. One option to decide if meteorites have been a major supply of terrestrial water is to match the relative abundance of those two varieties within the rocks to the relative abundance of the water on and beneath the earth’s floor. Planetary scientists have measured the abundance in some meteorites however want to look at a bigger quantity.
The neutron and X-ray photos can help in these research. By pinpointing the situation of mineral, steel and water deposits locked inside meteorites, the pictures might information researchers on the way to finest slice sections of the rocks to allow them to measure these abundances in addition to the composition of different compounds.
Following this preliminary trial, the workforce now plans to make use of its twin imaging method to check much less acquainted meteorites in order that their water and mineral content material will be mapped intimately for the primary time. | <urn:uuid:f2794ec2-2b26-48f7-95cd-b65ebbf4c68f> | {
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“The significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of
thinking we were at when we created them.” — Albert Einstein
Problem Solving: A mental process that involves anticipating, diagnosing, analyzing and resolving problems.
Problem solving is one of the most important contributions people make in their organizations, communities and homes. In its broadest sense, problem solving is all about progress. It includes anticipating changes that need to be made in the future and addressing challenges that exist today. All continuous improvements, innovations and products/services emerge from problem solving. Since problem solving is a critical skill across all areas of life, we need to understand its four important components:
- Problem Solving Methodology
- Problem Solving Skills
- Problem Solving Tools
- Problem Solving Obstacles
Problem Solving Methodology
The initial stages of problem solving can be frustrating. Uncovering, defining and getting agreement about the core problem often create the most frustrations in problem solving. So, to avoid addressing the wrong problem or diverse problems, it is essential to establish a problem solving methodology. Good problem solving methodologies include the following steps:
- Problem Finding: Seeking, anticipating and investigating constraints, improvements, changes and trends within or outside your organization/home.
- Problem Definition: Defining the core problem your team hopes to solve.
- Problem Evaluation: Analyzing causes and interdependencies.
- Develop Strategies: Generate a variety of ways to address the problem and convert those into practical and actionable solutions
- Implement Actions: Take action steps, continually revising and adapting as learning takes place until the solution is successfully implemented
- Evaluation and Measure: Put objective measures in place to test and evaluate on-going success.
Problem Solving Skills:
Some people are naturally gifted in skills like logic, reasoning, and systematic analysis, but these skills can be learned. This is also one of the greatest benefits of working within teams, because even in a small group most likely someone will be strong in these skills so that the whole group can benefit. As your team works together, you will quickly see the strengths of each individual contribute toward the solution. Helpful problem solving skills will:
- Utilize logic and systematic processes to analyze and solve problems.
- Define the causes, effects, impact and scope of problems.
- Identify the multiple components of problems and their relationships.
- Prioritize steps to achieving a solution.
- Develop criteria for optimum solutions.
- Evaluate the potential impact of possible solutions and selects the best one.
Problem Solving Tools:
Multitudes of problem solving tools exist and can be obtained through an Internet search, but there are even more fabulous tools readily available to you. Mindtools at www.mindtools.com provides a broad range of helpful tools. We provide five of the better ones here:
- Five Whys. This tool requires you to ask “WHY” five times (or to the extent it makes sense) as a means to identify the root cause of a problem. Continue to ask “WHY” until you arrive at your root cause. This method is simple and easy to learn and apply.
- Affinity Diagram. An affinity diagram helps to synthesize large amounts of data by finding relationships between ideas. Its purpose is to synthesize divergent thoughts into categories that make sense. With this tool, you generate ideas through brainstorming (writing ideas on sticky notes works well) and then you categorize the ideas into natural themes. Once a consensus is reached, you create a category card that summarizes the major themes.
- Fishbone Diagram (Ishikawa Diagram). This is a graphical tool for identifying the relationship between a problem and its potential causes. It is called a fishbone because of the shape it takes. The issue (problem or process condition) is recorded on the right side of the diagram (at the head of the fish). A straight line (backbone) is drawn which leads to the head. The team identifies as many major causes for the problem as possible, which become the major bones of the fish. As sub-causes or contributors to those major categories are identified, the fish bone diagram is expanded. This provides a visual graphic of major and sub-category causes of the problem.
- Mind Mapping. A mind map is a non-linear diagram that collects information around a central subject. It incorporates words, images, colors and whatever else people dream up. It is helpful in retaining information because people remember better when images and color are incorporated. To begin you create an image of your central problem. Use your problem solving methodology steps as the main branches of your mind map. In the end, you’ll have a colorful mind map of your entire problem solving process.
- Appreciative Inquiry. This tool starts with an appreciation for what is good and beneficial. It takes a very positive approach to problem solving and usually includes 5 D’s: Define, discovery, dream, design and deliver. In the Define stage, you record your opportunity (positive outcome). In the discovery phase, you identify past successes. In dream, you imagine what “could be” if all those best outcomes were achieved. In Design, you generate strategies. In deliver, you design action plans to implement strategies and measures to evaluate your plan. This is an optimistic and fun tool for problem solving.
Problem Solving Obstacles:
As we said, it is crucial to institute problem solving methodology and utilize a variety of state of the art problem solving tools. However, no system or set of implementation skills work effectively unless team members have the right attitude and perspective. Here are some common inhibitors to effective problem solving.
- Denial: People don’t want to acknowledge the problem is significant enough to be addressed.
- Lack of accountability: People believe that the problem should be solved by someone else.
- Superficial problem solving: People work on symptoms or create quick fixes that don’t address the root cause problem.
- Motivational deficiency: People are not invested in the customer, organizational mission or outcomes of their organization.
- Assumptions: People often make assumptions about the constraints and obstacles that prevent creative solutions.
- Functional constraint: People tend to view problems in traditional ways, which prevents open-mindedness to other options and solutions.
- Finger-Pointing: While accountability must be genuine, people will be much more willing to address problems when they know they will be considered part of the solution, instead of pigeon-holed as part of the problem.
Problems are to be expected; they are a normal and healthy part of growth. If we learn to handle problems correctly, they will cease being problems and become transformed into gateways of opportunity.
“Problems are only opportunities in work clothes.”—Henri Kaiser
Worldwide Copyright TJ Associates, LLC Diane Kucala, October 2013 | <urn:uuid:c431290b-bc1c-480c-8c9e-5f1f88affb5b> | {
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The Pulaar (or Tukulor) are thought to have descended from the Fulani and the Wolof or Serere tribes. The name "Tukulor" is derived from the word Takrur. This term was used by Arab geographers to describe an eleventh century realm near the middle Senegal River Valley. Today, the Tukulor are known by a number of names, including Pulaar and Haal. They have retained their respective languages, and many are also bilingual in Arabic. While the majority of Pulaar Fulani live in Senegal, another significant group lives in Guinea, where they comprise a very small percentage of the population. There are also small numbers of Pulaar Fulani in Mali and Mauritania.
What Are Their Lives Like?
Most Pulaar live a rural life. They raise livestock, farm, and fish. They live in small villages in round huts made of clay or rough bricks, with straw roofs. Their dietary staples include rice, millet, sorghum, fish, nuts, and fruit. A steadily rising population and an unequal distribution of land have resulted in the emigration of large numbers of Pulaar (particularly youth) to the cities in search of better job opportunities. Traditional Pulaar society is divided into four main social classes, each having twelve "castes. " Their social life is a mixture of local customs and Islamic traditions. Neither Islam, the effects of colonization, nor the goals of various national leaders have been able to erase the old social divisions. The torobe are the aristocratic class. Villages are governed by a group of elders from this caste. The middle class, or rimbe, is made up of fishermen, farmers, tradesmen, and administrators. The middle class includes the craftsmen, and the lower class includes the freed slaves and the slaves. Social status rarely changes. The Pulaar marry within their class divisions, women usually between the ages of 16 and 18, and men between the ages of 25 and 30. Although it is uncommon, a man may have up to four wives. Families are generally large, with an average of six children per family. Pulaar women often wear large embedded pieces of wood in the soft lobes of their ears and have two small facial slits near the outside corners of both eyes. Although female genital mutilation is becoming increasingly illegal, over half of Pulaar girls from the ages of three to nine undergo ritual genital circumcision in order to be considered "clean" and worthy of marriage.
The Pulaar proudly acknowledge themselves as the first black Africans to convert to Islam although spiritism and magic play a significant role in daily life
What Are Their Beliefs?
The Pulaar Fulani first accepted Islam in the eleventh century. Traditional Muslim beliefs such as the nature of man and his destiny after death play a significant role in the people's outlook on life. Muslim brotherhoods teach a mystical approach to Islam: the people seek closer relationships to God through rituals, prayer and other techniques. Islam has not brought any major changes to Pulaar attitudes toward spiritism and magic. The people use charms, amulets and witchcraft. The Pulaar attribute supernatural powers to various Muslim clerics who practice divination, the use of supernatural powers.
What Are Their Needs?
Islam has enormous penetration into every aspect of Pulaar life. A somewhat isolated people with minimal exposure to other religious ideas, the Pulaar view the world and gain their personal identities from their rigid beliefs in the Islamic family and community. They are extremely reluctant to leave the world they know. Decreasing income from the sale of agricultural products, encroachment by the Sahara Desert on farmland, deforestation and increasing population are resulting in extreme financial concerns for the Pulaar Fulani. Nearly all village water sources are polluted. Malaria and infectious diseases inflict a heavy toll each year. Although there is some literacy among the aristocracy, most of the Pulaar are illiterate.
Pray for the Lord to provide for the Pulaar Fulani so well that they acknowledge his goodness and power. Pray for the Lord to intervene among the Pulaar Fulani in Guinea and Mali in such a way that they will become open to accepting the lordship of Christ. Pray for workers to go to the Pulaar Fulani. Pray for a Disciple Making Movement among the Pulaar that will spread to other Fulani groups.
Joshua Project data is drawn from many sources and of varying accuracy depending on source and editorial decisions. Populations are scaled to the current year. Other data may have varying ages. We welcome updates.
Joshua Project occasionally adjusts profile text from third party sources. This is done to avoid confusion regarding the current reality of a people group, to fix grammar and spelling and to avoid potentially offensive wording.
A displayed zero can mean true zero, a very small rounded number or sometimes unknown. Blanks mean an unknown value.
Data is not as precise as it appears. Values for %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical (which determine unreached status) are often informed estimates, some more accurate than others. We recommend against using %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical to calculate absolute numbers.
Joshua Project makes every effort to ensure that the subject in an image is in fact from the specific people group. In rare instances a representative photo may be used.
Joshua Project may be able to provide more information than what is published on this site. Please contact us.
On-the-ground reality may vary from what is presented here. Before making travel plans based on data presented here, please confirm with other sources to the extent possible. | <urn:uuid:058e44b2-be3e-4788-a69b-42f04cbbaa93> | {
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Freon with formula, types, uses, and characteristics
What is Freon Gas? (Dichlorodifluoromethane)
The answer to the question “what is freon?” is: Freon gas is the trade name of a certain class of organic chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (Chydrochlorofluorocarbon – HCF), and some similar compounds. Freon contains mostly hydrogen, bromine, and chlorine, as well as fluorine and carbon.
Freon gas, also known as CFC, is a non-flammable chemical compound, used in air conditioners in cars, buildings, and refrigerators for refrigeration. (What is freon) This gas was invented in the early 20th century as an alternative to toxic gases that were used for various refrigeration processes, and its use greatly expanded In addition, some of its compounds have been banned and manufactured in accordance with international agreements.
The formula of (Dichlorodifluoromethane)
IUPAC ID: Dichlorodifluoromethane
Boiling point: -29.8 °C
Molar mass: 120.91 g/mol
Melting point: -157.7 °C
Density: 1.49 g/cm³
Soluble in: Water
History of freon
CFCs were first manufactured in the 1890s, but they were extremely dangerous and flammable, and in the 1920s another GM team was formed to find a safer, more stable and nontoxic alternative, and Frigidaire, a branch In 1930, GM and DuPont assembled and formed Kinetic Chemicals to produce freon, not only damaging the ozone layer.
But freon manufacturing also releases another product into the atmosphere, this gas, known As HFC-23, it is also harmful and contributes to global warming.
Freon is a non-flammable gas that is colorless, and although Freon is often odorless, some of its types have an ether-like odor. Freon also maintains its gaseous state at room temperature, can be liquefied by compression or cooling, is four times heavier than air, and freon is discharged directly to the ground in the event of any leakage in the container.
Freon gas, also known as CFC, is a non-flammable chemical compound, used in air conditioners in cars, buildings, and refrigerators for refrigeration. (What is freon) This gas was invented in the early 20th century as an alternative to toxic gases that were used for various refrigeration processes, and its use greatly expanded. In addition, some of its compounds have been banned and manufactured in accordance with international agreements.
Types of Freon Compounds (CFC)
There are many types of freon that have different uses:
1. Freon R134A: Tetrafluoroethane, especially used in cars.
Freon R22: Chlorodiofluoromethane (Chlorodiofluoromethane), used in large-capacity air conditioners, in residential and commercial air conditioners, as well as for some means of transport, food services, ice machines, food storage Freon
R410A: An alternative to the previous type (Freon R22), because Freon R22 has been discontinued worldwide because it is a substance that depletes the ozone layer.
R11: Trichloro mono-fluoromethane (in English) Trichloromonofluoromethane), used in air conditioners and refrigerants, is one of the most dangerous types of freon on the ozone layer;
- .The use of this gas has proved to be harmful to the ozone layer, leading to significant damage and depletion.
- Manufacturing refrigeration and air conditioning devices of all kinds.
- Freeze food.
- Sterilization of medical materials.
- Making moisture and heat insulators
Freon hazards to the ecosystem
It has been fully established that chemicals containing chlorine components contribute to a significant destruction of the ozone layer and, consequently, to their depletion. Accordingly, the Montreal Convention provides for the cessation of the use or manufacture of this gas or any of its compounds. The implementation of the Montreal Protocol is therefore considered successful. In reducing the many concentrations of gases that deplete this layer in the atmosphere, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). As a result of the policies and laws of the Montreal Convention, all levels of stratospheric chlorine have been reduced, and the ozone layer is expected to return to its pre-1980 levels. (What is freon) It has recently been observed that the concentration of dichloromethane in the atmosphere depletes the ozone layer and is increasing significantly, a substance not mentioned in the Montreal Convention, and if this increase continues – albeit a slight – it will cause Delayed recovery of the ozone layer. The photochemical separation of freons as well as all related CFCs is one of the main causes of the degradation of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. Can absorb very harmful ultraviolet rays, because they are a catalyst for skin cancer. The air spray containers are banned in the USA because they contain freon. Many developed countries have prevented the production of almost all types of freons to accumulate evidence that ozone is depleting in the polar regions.
Alternatives to harmful freon gas on the ecosystem
Some cities under the Montreal Convention rely on environmentally friendly refrigerators and refrigerators, which contain Freon R123, which is an alternative to Freon R11 air conditioners.
Dangers of CCI2F2 on the human body
Some studies have been carried out to determine the impact of exposure to CFCs on human health, such as those conducted at the heart clinic in the Suez Canal Authority Hospital in Egypt, where it collected two categories of workers in refrigeration plants.
Half of them exposed to CFCs and the other half is not exposed to these compounds In each group of 23 people, the result of the study concluded that exposure to CFCs causes cardiac problems in the form of irregular beats.
Although it can raise cholesterol and raise beta-2 microglobulin in urine, its role in high blood pressure and coronary heart disease is not yet clear. The photochemical separation of freons as well as all related CFCs is one of the main causes of the degradation of the ozone layer in the atmosphere.
Can absorb very harmful ultraviolet rays, because they are a catalyst for skin cancer.
The contact with freon (chlorofluorocarbons) of the skin leads to minor and superficial burns, but these burns develop spontaneously after several days of completely thick burns if their treatment is neglected. (What is freon) Therefore they require surgical treatment by removing the affected skin and transplanting the skin of others.
The negative effects of freon are based on its risks to the atmosphere, especially the ozone layer of its rich chlorine. Instead of health damage to the skin, it can cause burns.
When inhaled freon in large quantities this in turn negatively affects the lung significantly and the heart and nerves and threaten the kidneys and liver, and can even lead to death.
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The desert grassland whiptail (Aspidoscelis uniparens) is a species of lizard endemic to the deserts of western North America. This unique reptile has evolved to tolerate extreme heat and dryness, making it well adapted to its native environment.
Desert grassland whiptails possess several adaptations for living in their arid habitats, such as loose skin that provides insulation from hot surfaces and reduces water loss through evaporation. They are also highly efficient foragers, relying on opportunistic hunting strategies rather than active pursuit when searching for prey items. In addition, they employ camouflage tactics, using their background-matching coloration to conceal themselves from potential predators.
By examining the physical traits and behaviors of the desert grassland whiptail, we can begin to understand how these animals have successfully colonized one of the harshest environments on Earth. As our knowledge continues to grow about these lizards, so too will our appreciation for their remarkable evolutionary adaptations which enable them to thrive in conditions where other organisms could not survive.
The desert grassland whiptail (Aspidoscelis uniparens) is an endemic species of lizard found in the deserts of western North America. It is a member of the family Teiidae and inhabits dry, sandy habitats such as scrublands and open terrain. The species has evolved over time to be well-adapted for life in its extreme environment, with features that enable it to survive without food or water for extended periods.
The body size of this reptile ranges from 4 to 8 inches long, including the tail. Its coloration consists mostly of shades of gray, brown and yellowish-green which help camouflage it in its native habitat. This species has strong hind legs allowing them to sprint away from predators quickly. Additionally, they have sharp claws on their front feet which are used to dig burrows both above and below ground level where they hide when threatened by danger.
Desert grassland whiptails play an important role in the local ecosystem, preying upon insects, small mammals and other lizards. As a result, conservation efforts are needed to ensure the continued existence of this unique reptile population given its limited range and restricted habitat requirements. Understanding more about these animals can help inform sound management strategies geared towards maintaining healthy populations throughout their geographic range.
The geographic distribution of the desert grassland whiptail is largely limited to arid regions, such as deserts and shrublands. This species can also be found in open grasslands at higher elevations. Its range generally extends from southeastern California, southwestern Arizona, western New Mexico and across Texas into northern Mexico.
The geographic range of this species has likely been impacted by historical climate changes. For example, an increase in temperatures during the Holocene period may have favored the expansion of its range northwards.
This species primarily inhabits xeric habitats with sparse vegetation including rocky hillsides, sandy flats and barren slopes. It tends to avoid areas where dense vegetation is present due to lack of suitable prey items and predators that could threaten it.
In addition to being influenced by environmental factors like soil types and landforms, habitat selection appears to be linked to food availability for these lizards. They feed on ants, beetles, wasps, moths as well as other small invertebrates they find amongst rocks or while searching through leaf litter on the ground surface.
While there are some regional variations in their behavior, desert grassland whiptails exhibit similar behaviors regardless of their geographical location. They are diurnal animals that spend most of their time basking under direct sunlight in order to maintain optimal body temperature for digestion and locomotion activities such as hunting for food or escaping predators.
During hot days when temperatures become too extreme for them, individuals seek refuge beneath rocks or low-lying plants where shade cover is available until conditions improve again before resuming activity out in the open again.
The desert grassland whiptail is a species of lizard endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert region in North America. Grasslands make up its preferred habitat, and therefore it requires certain environmental conditions in order to thrive.
Water requirements are minimal as this species prefers dry and arid climates; however, periods of rain can serve to stimulate mating behaviors. Soil type within these habitats should be coarse and sandy with little vegetation cover. Such environments provide ample space for movement without obstructing visibility or access to food sources.
In some areas, such as parts of New Mexico, shrubs may occur amongst grasses which can benefit populations by providing protection from predation through structural complexity. Additionally, mesquite trees are found in many regions where the desert grassland whiptail resides due to their ability to survive in hot and dry environments.
These trees often have an abundance of edible fruit which serves as a valuable resource for the lizards during times when other food sources may be scarce.
Successful conservation efforts must consider all necessary components of the lizard’s environment if viable populations are expected over time. This includes consideration for not just water availability but also soil type, vegetation cover as well as any potentially beneficial shrub or tree species that could improve overall habitat quality.
Taking into account all these elements will help ensure the long-term viability of this unique species native to North America’s Chihuahuan Desert region.
What do the physical characteristics of a desert grassland whiptail look like? With a body size reaching up to 7 inches and an extended tail length that can reach up to 11.8 inches, this species is distinctively large compared to other lizards in its genus.
Its coloration ranges from light grey along its back to white on its underside; it also has two dark stripes running down each side of its body which are bordered by yellowish-brown edges. The scales on their bodies have a unique pattern with those near the head being larger than those toward the tail.
Furthermore, their tails have a whip-like shape and bear distinctive markings including bands or spots depending on their age and locality.
A key identifying feature of these lizards is the intricate patterns formed by their scales and tail shapes: older individuals tend to display more complex patterns than juveniles. These patterns consist mostly of dark brown/black pigmentation against lighter hues such as tans, beiges, whites, greys and yellows making them quite eye catching when observed in nature.
Additionally, they possess enlarged femoral pores that mark territory boundaries between males during mating season:
- Tail Pattern: Dark brown/black pigmentation against lighter hues such as tans, beiges, whites, greys and yellows
- Lizard Size: Up to 7 inches long with an extended tail length reaching up to 11.8 inches
- Coloration: Light gray along the back transitioning into white at the underbelly
- Scales Pattern: Unique pattern where scales near the head are larger than those towards the tail
The combination of all these features creates an aesthetically pleasing lizard whose beauty stands out among others due to its vibrant colors and intricate scale structure. Moreover, this colorful creature serves both ecological functions necessary for maintaining balance within arid ecosystems while providing humans with visual pleasure through its captivating display.
Diet And Feeding Habits
The desert grassland whiptail is a voracious and opportunistic eater. Its diet consists mainly of insects, small rodents, carrion or decomposing animal matter, as well as small lizards. It also feeds on shrubbery such as mesquite beans when in season.
|Food Type||Proportion (Percentage)|
|Shrubbery (Mesquite Beans)||5%|
The desert grassland whiptail actively hunts for its prey during the day and night in open areas with low cover. While hunting it uses its long tongue to sense movement from potential food sources, which are often hidden within vegetation and rock crevices. These unique adaptations allow it to survive in a harsh environment where competition for resources can be very high.
To maintain energy balance, the desert grassland whiptail has an extremely efficient metabolism that allows them to convert their food into usable energy quickly and efficiently. They have been known to store excess energy reserves in their tails which they use during times of scarcity or extreme weather conditions; this helps ensure their survival by providing sustenance at crucial moments throughout the year.
To further optimize their efficiency, these animals will hunt alone rather than forming groups with other species; this behavior enables them to maximize the amount of available resources while minimizing competition with other organisms.
The reproductive behavior of the desert grassland whiptail is an integral part of their life cycle. When it comes to mating rituals, they are quite particular in whom they choose as a mate; courtship behavior can be elaborate and prolonged.
Once paired off with a potential partner, egg-laying will then take place usually at night or during very early dawn hours. The female lays four to six eggs per clutch size and she takes sole responsibility for incubating them until hatching occurs after about two weeks.
Offspring care mainly involves the mother providing food by catching insects or consuming plant matter that has been softened or predigested by her digestive system and regurgitating this material for her young ones. She also provides protection from predators when necessary and helps keep them together in one location within their habitat until the little lizards reach maturity.
A study conducted showed that up to 95% of the offspring survive due to these maternal behaviors, which increases the chances of species survival overall. In addition, this species reproduces year-round so long as conditions remain favorable, thus ensuring its continuity on into future generations.
The desert grassland whiptail is classified as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). As a result, conservation efforts have been implemented to help protect this threatened species.
Preservation and protection of these habitats are key elements in ensuring that the desert grassland whiptail population can survive and thrive in their native environment. The first priority has been to reduce the amount of habitat loss from agricultural expansion, urbanization, and energy development.
This includes creating buffer zones around existing populations and increasing awareness about why it is important to conserve desert environments. Additionally, reintroduction programs have been initiated in some areas with successful results.
Overgrazing remains one of the main threats to the survival of this species, thus proper management plans must be established so that grazing levels remain at acceptable thresholds while also maintaining appropriate vegetation cover necessary for food resources.
Furthermore, climate change could cause shifts in suitable habitats over time leading to further declines if no action is taken. It is therefore essential that governments continue monitoring strategies and support research into effective conservation initiatives focused on protecting desert grassland habitats and its inhabitants.
The desert grassland whiptail is an incredible species that exhibits a wide range of behaviors and adaptations. It has evolved to survive in some of the harshest environments on earth, ranging from Mexico all the way up into Arizona and New Mexico.
This species requires specific habitat requirements such as sparse vegetation and soil moisture levels in order to thrive; however, they can also be found living amongst rocks or among creosote bush scrublands. Physically, these reptiles possess unique features like their small size, spiny scales and bright coloration – almost blinding us with its beauty!
When it comes to diet and feeding habits, this species preys mainly upon insects and spiders but will also consume other lizards if needed. They are highly active hunters who employ a “sit-and-wait” strategy for capturing prey. Furthermore, their reproductive behavior consists of females laying clutches of eggs during April or May which hatch about one month later.
Lastly, although not currently listed by the IUCN Red List as threatened or endangered, conservation efforts should still be taken to ensure the well being of this majestic creature. With its remarkable physical characteristics combined with its ability to endure extreme conditions -it truly is a marvel of nature worthy of preserving forever! | <urn:uuid:dbc2ec7e-27f2-4fc1-a9a1-59717d43458a> | {
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A Towering Experiment
Density towers are a simple and fun experiment you can do at home to demonstrate the density of liquids. Substances that are more dense create the base of the tower, while substances that are less dense seem to float in the middle and on top. You can experiment with using lots of colors to make your tower a true work of scientific art!
For this experiment you will need a clear container (as tall as you’d like), food coloring, honey, corn syrup, dish soap, water, vegetable oil, and isopropyl alcohol. Optional: use a separate container to mix your food coloring.
Start with a layer of honey. It’s the most dense substance and acts as a base for everything else. Next, add corn syrup. You should already be able to see your layers forming, because corn syrup is less dense than honey. TIP: When adding liquids pour down the sides of the container for best results. The next layer is dish soap. Try using different colors for a rainbow effect!
Now, add your water. Use the food coloring to make it whatever color you would like. Next, add vegetable oil. (We learned about oil and water when we made lava lamps.) Last, add the isopropyl alcohol. We added purple food coloring to make it colorful.
Let your tower stand for a few minutes to let the layer settle. You will see a lovely rainbow effect! What other substances can you add between the layers to make your tower higher?
What’s Happening Here?
Density is the mass per unit volume; how much stuff there is in a particular space.
Think about this riddle: What weighs more, a pound of lead or a pound of feathers? Because of density we know that they weigh the same.
In our experiment, honey is the most dense substance or “heaviest” while isopropyl alcohol is the least design or “lightest.” The layers stay suspended because of the different densities of each substance.
The tower won’t stay up forever. That’s due to polarity, which learned about when we made lava lamp and crayon-resist art. The honey, corn syrup, dish soap, and water will eventually begin to mix. They are polar substances. You will notice that the vegetable oil won’t mix because it’s a non-polar substance. | <urn:uuid:cd7b4113-788c-4452-83d0-734211ce68fd> | {
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Electronic textiles, also known as smart garments, smart clothing, smart textiles, or smart fabrics, are fabrics that enable digital components such as a battery and a light (including small computers), and electronics to be embedded in them. Smart textiles are fabrics that have been developed with new technologies that provide added value to the wearer. Pailes-Friedman of the Pratt Institute states that “what makes smart fabrics revolutionary is that they have the ability to do many things that traditional fabrics cannot, including communicate, transform, conduct energy and even grow”.
Smart textiles can be broken into two different categories: aesthetic and performance enhancing. Aesthetic examples include fabrics that light up and fabrics that can change colour. Some of these fabrics gather energy from the environment by harnessing vibrations, sound or heat, reacting to these inputs. The colour changing and lighting scheme can also work by embedding the fabric with electronics that can power it. Performance enhancing smart textiles are intended for use in athletic, extreme sports and military applications. These include fabrics designed to regulate body temperature, reduce wind resistance, and control muscle vibration – all of which may improve athletic performance. Other fabrics have been developed for protective clothing, to guard against extreme environmental hazards, such as radiation and the effects of space travel. The health and beauty industry is also taking advantage of these innovations, which range from drug-releasing medical textiles, to fabric with moisturizer, perfume, and anti-aging properties. Many smart clothing, wearable technology, and wearable computing projects involve the use of e-textiles.
Electronic textiles are distinct from wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the seamless integration of textiles with electronic elements like micro controllers, sensors, and actuators. Furthermore, e-textiles need not be wearable. For instance, e-textiles are also found in interior design.
The field of fibretronics explores how electronic and computational functionality can be integrated into textile fibers. The three distinct generations of textile wearable technologies are
- “First generation” attach a sensor to apparel. This approach is currently taken by sportswear brands such as Adidas, Nike and Under Armour
- “Second generation” products embed the sensor in the garment, as demonstrated by current products from Samsung, Alphabet, Ralph Lauren and Flex.
- In “third generation” wearable, the garment is the sensor. A growing number of companies are creating pressure, strain and temperature sensors for this purpose
Sensoria’s fitness T-shirt, Sensoria’s smart socks
Recent advances, such as embroidering circuits into fabric or transparent sensor material that can be printed on to textiles, are helping to create a range of technologies that bring together the clothing, technology and textile industries to create fabrics with capabilities for users as varied as athletes, patients, soldiers and ordinary consumers. In practical terms, companies like Globe in the US are developing smart fabrics to measure the extreme physiological stress that can be experienced during the course of an individual’s duties – for example, a firefighter or a soldier.Using smart fabrics technology, the company has developed a Wearable Advanced Sensor Platform (WASP) that is being deployed to track a firefighter’sheart rate, core body temperature, respiration rate, activity levels, posture and other factors, as well as provide tracking and improve overall situational awareness.The potential of smart fabrics is huge and recent research suggests the market, including fabrics manufactured with smart materials and those that use embedded sensors, could be worth more than $1.8billion by 2021, driven by the IoT, developments in smart materials and in smaller, more powerful sensors.Research has seen significant developments in electrically conductive yarns and threads, conductive polymers, shape memory materials, phase-changing materials, self-cleaning and antimicrobial materials, as well as nanomaterials. As a result, more applications are moving beyond the laboratory, with end-user applications for the medical, health and fitness, military and security, fashion and non-clothing applications beginning to appear.
Medical is expected to be the largest market for smart textiles and could be worth $1billion by 2021. Using smart clothing, patients with chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart problems, could be monitored continuously, with updates being regularly sent to their physicians. “In the health sector, | <urn:uuid:c4bbf116-842f-4fbe-b66c-53ee0de6c674> | {
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St. Nicholas was the personification of Christian love and compassion. Love is what made St. Nicholas so popular when he was alive and still remembered after seventeen hundred years. St. Nicholas was born sometime in the third century A.D. in the town of Patara, located in Asia Minor, now a part of Turkey.
His parents were of Greek extraction. They were Christians and very pious, so we can say that St. Nicholas was of Greek birth. His parents raised St. Nicholas in the Christian faith and prepared him for the priesthood by teaching him the ways of our lord.
When St. Nicholas’ parents died, they left him with considerable patrimony; most of which he gave unto the sick and poor. He then became a priest of the Church. Later, when the Archbishop of Myra in Lycia died, it was St. Nicholas who was chosen Archbishop of that Diocese. As Bishop, St. Nicholas faithfully served his Lord and his people. And therein is the secret of his great popularity. His life was one of service to God and to man. He loved the Lord with all his heart, soul and strength, but he also loved his neighbor with a similar dedication. He was a true friend of the poor, the sick, of widows and orphans. St. Nicholas built himself a lasting memorial of love.
Countless stories and legends have come to be told about this popular Saint. Perhaps the best known is his concern for the man who had decided to sell his three daughters into slavery because of his utter poverty. When St. Nicholas heard this, he went under the cover of darkness and threw a bag of gold coins through the window of the man’s house. Three times he repeated the act, thus providing adequate dowry for the three daughters to be married.
Other stories tell of miracles wrought by him at sea, so that he as become the patron Saint of Sailors. Many Greek ships sail the oceans today with an icon of St. Nicholas. He loved children and performed through the healing of power of our Lord Jesus Christ many miracles concerning children. Tradition tells us he healed a young girls arm. He also saved a little boy from a storm at sea and he brought back to life three dead children. Ancient tradition tells of his taking part in the First Ecumenical Council against the Heresy of Arius.
An eight century biographer writes of St. Nicholas, “On earth there is no such isolated place, wilderness or deserted area that has not been reached by the glory of the miracles of this most Saintly Bishop, Nicholas the Miracle Worker.” After his death, St. Nicholas was buried in Myra where he had lived and served as bishop so faithfully and with great distinction. But his relics were taken away some six hundred years later in Bari, Italy, where they remain until today. The Patron Saint of children, of sailors, of pawn-brokers, of the poor and the sick, surely St. Nicholas is one of the church’s most popular saints. His fame continues on.
May his spirit, his grace and his blessings be upon us always. | <urn:uuid:78d1117e-90be-4471-a2a8-a00330dedf5e> | {
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Caring for the environment is a year-round activity. But as temperatures rise, flowers bloom and the natural world springs to life, it can be easier to get outside and get involved. In the Chesapeake Bay region, there are countless opportunities to volunteer, no matter your interests or age level. April is National Volunteer Month, and to celebrate, we’re highlighting a few ways you can help protect the environment that surrounds us.
1. Pick up trash
Litter is often one of the most visible forms of pollution we encounter in our day-to-day lives. Trash cleanups collect this litter—from plastic soda bottles to old tires—from sites across the Chesapeake Bay region, often along the shores of the watershed’s rivers and streams.
One of the area’s largest cleanup initiatives is the Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay’s Project Clean Stream. In 2016, close to 3.3 million pounds of trash were collected at more than 3,700 Project Clean Stream sites. While the bulk of events take place on the first Saturday in April, cleanups continue to be held through the beginning of June.
Another event, held on the first Saturday in June each year, is Clean the Bay Day. Sponsored by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, the cleanup takes place in Virginia along the shores of the Bay and its rivers and streams. Since its start in 1989, close to 6.4 million pounds of trash have been removed from almost 6,900 miles of the state’s shorelines.
2. Plant a tree
By improving air quality, trapping water pollution and providing habitat for wildlife, trees play a critical role in a healthy ecosystem. Landowners can individually plant trees along their property, but many organizations also host tree planting events, during which volunteers can assist in planting large numbers of trees on both private and public lands.
Celebrations like Earth Day (April 22) and Arbor Day (April 28) are particularly popular for tree plantings, but events can be found throughout the spring and fall. In the Chesapeake region, April, May and October tend to be the best times for plantings, both for tree survivability and for the comfort level of volunteers working outside. To find a tree planting opportunity near you, you can contact your local watershed organization or check the events calendar of organizations like the Chesapeake Bay Foundation.
3. Be a citizen scientist
Gathering data about the natural world helps scientists and decision-makers detect changes over time and better understand the complex workings of the Bay ecosystem. But time and resources limit the number of sites and frequency of monitoring, especially in the smaller creeks and streams that thread through the region. Networks of trained volunteers can assist in activities like measuring water quality, tracking wildlife and identifying invasive species.
Organizations throughout the Chesapeake Bay region engage citizen scientists in their efforts. The Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay’s RiverTrends program, for example, provides training to water quality monitoring volunteers in the Virginia portion of the Bay watershed. Other initiatives like Project Noah use mobile apps to track sightings of wildlife. Contact your local watershed organization to learn about citizen science opportunities in your area.
4. Support wildlife
Hundreds of species depend on the Chesapeake Bay and its surrounding region, whether as seasonal visitors or as permanent residents. A variety of factors affect the ability of these critters to thrive, from the availability of sufficient food and habitat to surviving in a world of unfamiliar, man-made obstacles. Wildlife organizations and refuges provide support and sanctuary to thousands of animals each year, and they rely on volunteers to help carry out their mission.
Organizations like the Wildlife Center of Virginia assist in wildlife rehabilitation, using volunteers to transport, treat and care for injured wildlife. Volunteers help City Wildlife in D.C. care for urban wildlife, track injured migratory birds and monitor duck nests in the city.
The Chesapeake Bay watershed is also home to fifteen national wildlife refuges, protecting the forests, fields, wetlands and shorelines that wildlife depend on. Many of these refuges have “Friends” groups—such as Friends of Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge—that provide volunteer opportunities like leading nature walks, helping with trail maintenance and staffing information desks.
5. Educate others
More than three million students in kindergarten through 12th grade live in the Chesapeake Bay watershed—and soon, they’ll be the caretakers of its well-being. Teaching these students the knowledge and skills they need to care for the natural world builds the foundation for future environmental stewardship.
That’s why groups across the region are focused on providing meaningful outdoor experiences to students, connecting them with the environment that surrounds them. Audubon Naturalist Society near D.C., for example, uses volunteer teaching assistants to help lead lessons about planting trees or stream science. And volunteers can help the Sultana Education Foundation on the Bay’s Eastern Shore by both leading environmental education programs and working aboard the organization’s replica 1768 Royal Navy schooner.
Have another favorite way you like to volunteer? Let us know in the comments! Or if you’re looking for an opportunity near you, use our Join a Group page to find watershed organizations in your area.
Images by Will Parson | <urn:uuid:06b99c25-7168-4c39-87d7-277ed7e7dce8> | {
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A Brief introduction of Quantum Computing.
At the moment the next big thing is Quantum Computer that makes direct use of quantum phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data by using a particles ability to be in many states at once means that multiple processes can be executed simultaneously increasing our computing power exponentially.
Classical computers vs Quantum computers
Due to the way the tiniest of particles behave, operations can be done much more quickly and use less energy than classical computers. In classical computing, a bit is a single piece of information that can exist in two states 1 or 0. Quantum computing uses quantum bits, or ‘qubits’. These are quantum systems with two states. However, unlike a usual bit, they can store much more information than just 1 or 0, because they can exist in any superposition of these values. | <urn:uuid:58fd9c08-24b0-4f70-883b-bcd188f5da8a> | {
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This activity has students design a book cover/dust jacket for a famous person from the Renaissance. The sheet includes assignment directions and a rubric for grading. People to include: John Calvin, Henry VIII, Martin Luther, Elizabeth II, Jan Huss, or John Wycliffe.
Students design a cover as if they were that person, draw a picture, include a description and piece about the author. Great summative assessment for the Reformation.
by Crystal DeLong | <urn:uuid:b98ba2ec-dc19-4cc0-98e2-3e94a9307cb9> | {
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Do you struggle with organizing your data in Excel? Split cells in Excel to take charge of your data and make it much easier to analyze and manage. You can effectively organize and structure data quickly and easily with this powerful feature of Excel.
Overview of Splitting Cells in Excel
When working with spreadsheets, it’s often necessary to split cells to better organize data. If you’re using Excel, it’s easy to do so with just a few steps. First, select the cell or cells that you want to split. Next, use the “Text to Columns” tool, which can be found under the “Data” tab. From there, choose how you want to split the cells—either by delimiter or fixed width. Finally, preview your changes and select “Finish” to split the cells.
To split first and last names in Excel, follow these steps:
- Select the cell or cells containing the full names you want to split
- Click the “Text to Columns” tool under the “Data” tab
- Choose “Delimited” and select the space character as the delimiter
- Preview your changes and select “Finish” to split the cells into separate columns for first and last name
It’s worth noting that splitting cells using the “Text to Columns” tool will permanently change the way the data is organized. If you want to keep the original cell intact, be sure to make a copy of the data before splitting.
For best results, it’s also important to ensure that your data is properly formatted before splitting. For example, if you’re splitting a list of dates, be sure that all of the dates are in the same format. And if you’re splitting text that contains punctuation or special characters, be aware that these may show up in unexpected places after the split.
Overall, splitting cells can be a powerful way to better organize your data in Excel. Whether you’re separating names, dates, or other information, following these steps can help you get the results you’re looking for.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by David Duncun
Methods for Splitting Cells
Discover ways to divide cells in Excel. Look for the “Methods for Splitting Cells” section. There are three sub-sections:
- “Using the Text to Columns Feature”
- “Using Formulas”
- “Using Flash Fill”
Each of these methods provides a unique answer to dividing cells. You can use them to separate text, split numbers or extract data from a cell.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by James Duncun
Using the Text to Columns Feature
The Splitting of Cells in Excel can be accomplished by utilizing the Text to Columns Feature. This is a practical method to separate information types, such as names or numbers, that are placed in one cell but need to be parsed out into separate rows or columns without conducting any manual sorting.
Here is a 6-Step Guide for Utilizing the Text to Columns Feature:
- Select an entire column of data you want to split
- Navigate to the ‘Data’ tab and select ‘Text to Columns’
- Choose “Delimited” or “Fixed Width,” depending on what applies
- Edit your delimiter choice(s) (commas, spaces, semicolons being some of the most used ones) if required. For fixed-width option users can draw lines where you would like the automated separator tabs.
- Preview how your edit choices have impacted your data after they appear in the bottom “data preview” box
- Hit finish and behold! Your data is now neatly stacked into logical groups based on your separations!
It is significant to note that, Text-to-Column also allows creating a uniform column width while maintaining proper alignment.
When using this feature, keep in mind that only one column at a time can be divided, so make sure all necessary details are consolidated within one column.
Once upon a time, we spent hours attempting to organize a customer prospect list alphabetically. Each entry had been inserted as a single cell with both company name and contact name within it. We ran across this feature by accident and were thrilled when we managed to split cells without having several copy-and-paste sessions. Needless to say, our day was made!
Transforming a jumbled mess of data into a neatly organized spreadsheet with formulas is like a magic trick, except instead of a rabbit in a hat, you get a clear and concise table of information.
Using Mathematical Functions
To split cells in Excel, you can use mathematical functions to extract data from the original cell and enter it into separate cells. Here’s how to do it:
- Use the LEFT function to extract characters from the left side of a cell’s content.
- Use the RIGHT function to extract characters from the right side of a cell’s content.
- Use the MID function to extract characters from any position within a cell’s content.
By using these functions, you can easily split cells in Excel without disturbing or losing any data.
In addition to using mathematical functions, you can also split cells in Excel using Text-to-Columns. This feature allows you to divide data based on a delimiter or fixed width.
If you find yourself needing to split cells frequently, consider creating custom macros or templates for efficiency. Additionally, always make sure to save backup copies of your original worksheet before making any significant changes or edits.
Splitting cells in Excel is like breaking up with your ex – painful, tedious, but necessary. Thank god for Flash Fill.
Using Flash Fill
As we find ourselves exploring the fascinating world of cell splitting, let us shed some light on a powerful tool – Dynamic Separation Using Flash Fill. With this technique, you can quickly divide your cells into separate columns, making it an efficient way to manage large datasets.
To use dynamic separation using Flash fill, follow these steps:
- Enter the first cell separating value in a separate column next to the data that needs separating.
- Type in the second separating value.
- Select both cells and drag downward to apply this pattern recognition formula to the remaining cells.
- Excel will automatically suggest values for Flash Fill. Counter check if all data is autorecognized by Excel.
- If there are any inconsistencies, manually enter correct patterns wherever necessary.
- Select ‘Enter’ and watch as Excel completes remainder of the dataset according to your desired pattern.
In addition, other contextual techniques help divide data types like characters, dates or numerical figures efficiently. These methods include text-to-columns and parsing techniques.
It was once a daunting task to separate or split dataset when only armed with traditional methods on Excel. As a young analyst fresh out of college years back, I found myself efficiently utilizing Flash Fill during my internship’s daily operations under expert analysts’ tutelage in what has now proven an indispensable skill. Thereby saving time and productivity while still keeping up my reputation as a meticulous worker among colleagues!
Splitting cells ain’t rocket science, but it sure feels like it when you’re doing it wrong.
Tips for Splitting Cells Successfully
When splitting cells in Excel, it is important to follow certain tips for successful results. Here’s a guide to achieving that:
- First, select the cells that need to be split.
- Next, go to the “Data” tab and select the “Text to Columns” option.
- Choose the delimiter that you want to separate the cells with, such as a space or comma.
- Preview the split data to ensure it is correct and adjust any parameters if need be.
- Finally, click “Finish” to split the cells as desired.
It is also important to note that splitting cells can be a useful way to separate first and last name in Excel, which can then be sorted and analyzed separately.
Don’t miss out on the benefits of using this technique to better organize your data. Give it a try and see how it can improve your Excel skills.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by Yuval Washington
FAQs about How To Split Cells In Excel
How to split cells in Excel?
To split cells in Excel, follow these steps:
- Select the cell(s) you want to split
- Click the “Data” tab and select “Text to Columns”
- Choose the delimiter you want to use (e.g. comma, space, etc.) and click “Next”
- Preview your results and click “Finish”
Can I split cells based on a specific character?
Yes, you can split cells based on a specific character by selecting the “Delimiter” option when using the “Text to Columns” feature in Excel. Simply choose the appropriate delimiter (e.g. comma, space, etc.) and Excel will split the cell contents accordingly.
How do I split cells and keep the original data?
If you want to split cells and keep the original data, you can use Excel’s “Text to Columns” feature and select the “Copy to Another Location” option. This will create a new set of cells with the split data, while preserving the original cell contents.
Can I split cells into multiple columns?
Yes, you can split cells into multiple columns by using the “Text to Columns” feature in Excel and selecting the appropriate number of columns in the wizard. Simply choose the delimiter you want to use (e.g. comma, space, etc.) and the number of columns you want to split the data into, and Excel will do the rest.
What happens to empty cells when I split cells in Excel?
If there are empty cells within the range you are splitting, Excel will leave the empty cells untouched and shift the split data accordingly. For example, if you split a range of cells at a comma delimiter and there are empty cells within that range, Excel will split the non-empty cells and leave the empty cells in their original position.
Is there a way to undo a cell split in Excel?
Yes, if you want to undo a cell split in Excel, you can simply use the “Undo” feature by pressing “Ctrl + Z” or by clicking the “Undo” button on the toolbar. This will revert the cells back to their pre-split state. | <urn:uuid:42e6fb8f-eede-4d4b-b37d-13b2a24000da> | {
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Author: Andrew Rice
FOP can often be identified at birth, and this diagnosis is often made through your big toes. The big toes of a baby born with FOP are misshapen, bent inwards and fairly short. This is the most obvious way to tell if a baby has FOP, but other methods of diagnosis include deformities in the ears. FOP can also be diagnosed genetically, though this discovery is relatively recent in the history of FOP.
All living things that we know of use DNA to encode the information that is used to ‘build’ themselves. Many diseases are caused by mutations, or irregular changes, in this genetic code. These diseases are referred to as genetic diseases, and can be either inherited through your parents’ DNA or through a spontaneous mutation in your own DNA early in life. These changes, even if small, can have incredible consequences in the living organism they affect.
FOP itself is a genetic disease. The gene, or segment of DNA, of interest is called the ACVR1 gene. This segment of DNA encodes the information to build a protein, the Activin A receptor type 1, that acts as a cellular receptor. This protein is involved in a signaling pathway, or a sequence of small molecules that each signal each other to generate a desired response in the body. Through a sequence of these small molecules, the protein built from the ACVR1 gene is critically involved in the generation of the skeleton during development before birth. Many animals, from reptiles to birds to humans, use this signaling pathway to create the body’s skeleton.
In FOP, the ACVR1 gene is mutated. Proteins are made up of amino acids, and the mutated version of ACVR1 builds a version of the Activin A receptor that is ever so slightly different from the normal version. The FOP version of this protein uses the amino acid histidine rather than the amino acid arginine in the 206th position of the protein (proteins can be made up of many amino acids!). While changing one amino acid out of more than 206 might seem like a small change, it drastically alters the function of the protein and the signaling pathway as a whole.
A small molecule must interact with the Activin A receptor to activate it and cause the signaling pathway that forms bones to commence. This often doesn’t occur after birth, as the body has all of the bones it needs. The mutated version of the Activin A receptor, however, binds it’s activating small molecule more often. The mutated version of the protein can also be activated by other molecules. Most importantly, these new activators of the receptor are brought near the receptor during the inflammation response, the body’s response to damage. This explains why injury, and the inflammation that comes with it, can cause overactivity in this receptor, a flare-up of FOP, and the formation of new bone. You can learn more about this signaling pathway in detail here.
Studying FOP itself has been quite difficult. Scientists usually study cultured human cells to understand this disease, but they have also used mouse, fly, and zebrafish models. These animals have allowed us to understand a lot about this disease, from the exact cause of bone formation to our understanding of what types of molecules can activate the Activin A receptor. To treat this disease, we will inevitably need to understand which types of molecules can activate this receptor before we are able to inhibit its activation. Currently, the drug Palovarotene is our best strategy. This drug, currently in stage 3 of its clinical trials, works by upregulating retinoid signaling Model organisms helped us understand that a decrease in retinoid signaling is essential for the bone formation characteristic of FOP. By upregulating retinoid signaling, we are able to stop bone formation in FOP.
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Since very long time Tom and Jerry have been fighting with each other for a piece of Cheese. So finally you came to rescue and decided that the result of the fight will be decided by a mathematical game , in which you will write a number N . Tom and Jerry will play the game alternatively and each of them would subtract a number n [n< N] such that N%n=0.
The game is repeated turn by turn until the one,who now cannot make a further move looses the game.
The game begins with Tom playing first move.It is well understood that both of them will make moves in optimal way.You are to determine who wins the game.
The first line of input contains a single integer T denoting the number of test cases.
Then T test cases follow. The first line of each test case consists of N the number.
Print 1 if Tom wins and Print 0 if Jerry wins in a separate line.
1 <= N <= 10^6 | <urn:uuid:4caa6e81-e956-4f6b-a267-d0a9e2d3a072> | {
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Claudius II Gothicus, Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothicus (reigned 268 - 270) ruled the Roman Empire for less than two years, but during that brief time, he was so successful and beloved by the people of Rome that he still attained divine status.
Claudius was born in 214 in the province of Illyricum (modern Croatia). He attained the throne in September of 268, amid charges, never proven, that he murdered his predecssor Gallenius. However, he soon proved to be less than bloodthirsty, as he asked the Senate to spare the lives of Gallenius' family and supporters.
He was less magnanimous toward Rome's enemies, however, and it was for this that he owed his popularity.
Upon being named emperor, the Roman Empire was in serious danger from several incursions, both within and outside its borders. The most pressing was an invasion of Illyricum and Pannonia by the Goths. Not long after being named emperor (or just prior to Gallenius' death, depending on the source), he won his greatest victory, and one of the greatest in the history of Roman arms.
At the battle of Naissus, Claudius and his legions routed a huge Gothic army. Together with his cavalry commander, the future Emperor Aurelian, the Romans took thousands of prisoners, destroyed the Gothic cavalry as a force and stormed their chariot laager (a circular alignment of battle-wagons long favored by the Germans). The victory earned Claudius his surname of "Gothicus", and that is how he is known to this day. More importantly, the Goths were soon driven back across the Danube River, and a century passed before they again posed a serious threat to the empire.
While this was going on, the Germanic tribe known as the Alamanni had crossed the Alps and attacked the empire. Claudius responded quickly and swiftly, routing the Alamanni at the battle of Lake Benacus in the late fall of 268, a few months after the battle of Naissus. He then turned on the "Gallic Empire", ruled by a pretender for the past 15 years and encompassing Britain, Gaul and Spain. He won several victories and soon regained control of Spain and the Rhone river valley of Gaul. This set the stage for the ultimate destruction of the Gallic Empire under Aurelian.
Alas, Claudius didn't live long enough to fulfill his goal of reuniting all the lost territories of the empire. Late in 269 he prepared to go to war against the Vandals, who were raiding in Pannonia. But he fell victim to an epidemic of plague and died early in January of 270. Before his death, he is thought to have named Aurelian as his successor, although Claudius' brother Quintillius briefly seized power.
The Senate immediately deified Claudius as "Divus Claudius Gothicus", making him one of the few Roman emperors of the period to be so honored.
Claudius II Gothicus is also known to history for his execution of a little-known Christian monk named Valentinus, who secretly married Claudius' soldiers in defiance of an order from him that professional soldiers were not to marry. This execution is said to have taken place on February 14, 269, and when Valentinius was later sainted, February 14 became his feast day.
See Roman Empire | <urn:uuid:75c6dae8-531a-4467-ba03-bb0a18ce0519> | {
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Currently used at many colleges, universities, and high schools, this hands-on introduction to computer science is ideal for people with little or no programming experience. The goal of this concise book is not just to teach you Java, but to help you think like a computer scientist. You’ll learn how to program—a useful skill by itself—but you’ll also discover how to use programming as a means to an end.
Authors Allen Downey and Chris Mayfield start with the most basic concepts and gradually move into topics that are more complex, such as recursion and object-oriented programming. Each brief chapter covers the material for one week of a college course and includes exercises to help you practice what you’ve learned.
Learn one concept at a time: tackle complex topics in a series of small steps with examples
Understand how to formulate problems, think creatively about solutions, and write programs clearly and accurately
Determine which development techniques work best for you, and practice the important skill of debugging
Learn relationships among input and output, decisions and loops, classes and methods, strings and arrays
Work on exercises involving word games, graphics, puzzles, and playing cards
Allen B. Downey is a Professor of Computer Science at Olin College of Engineering. He has taught at Wellesley College, Colby College, and U.C. Berkeley. He has a Ph.D. in Computer Science from U.C. Berkeley and Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees from MIT.
Chris Mayfield is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at James Madison University, with a research focus on CS education and professional development. He has a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Purdue University and Bachelor's degrees in CS and German from the University of Utah.
The animal on the cover of Think Java is a red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii), also known as Banks' black cockatoo after an 18th-century English botanist. It is a large bird native to Australia, found in many habitats such as forests, open plains, or riverlands, often nesting in eucalyptus trees.
As suggested by their name, these birds have black plumage, though only males have vivid red panels on their tails. They are typically around 2 feet in length and weigh between 1–2 pounds. Like other cockatoo species, the red-tailed black cockatoo has a large curved beak, the ability to raise a feathered crest on its head, and feet with 2 toes facing forward and two facing backward. This allows them to grab and manipulate objects with one foot while gripping a branch with the other. Interestingly, the vast majority of cockatoos are left-footed.
The diet of the red-tailed black cockatoo is primarily made of up of eucalyptus seeds, though it will also eat nuts, fruits, insects, and various grains. They are very noisy birds, and will flock in large groups near plentiful food sources. However, this species is typically very shy around humans.
Due to their reliance on trees for shelter and food, the red-tailed black cockatoo is sensitive to deforestation, which threatens some populations in southeastern Australia. In addition, while Australia requires a special license to keep and breed these birds, they are still affected by illegal smuggling for the pet trade—they can have long lifespans in captivity and are in high demand.
Many of the animals on O'Reilly covers are endangered; all of them are important to the world. To learn more about how you can help, go to animals.oreilly.com.
The cover image is from Wood's Illustrated Natural History. The cover fonts are URW Typewriter and Guardian Sans. The text font is Adobe Minion Pro; the heading font is Adobe Myriad Condensed; and the code font is Dalton Maag's Ubuntu Mono.
For amateur programers, the book is easy to follow and teaches fundamental principles of programming not only applicable to Java (I've mostly used Python and R). The exercises are helpful and applies the principles taught in the book. I might have missed it, but I did not see the solutions. Since nearly all programming tasks can be solved in several ways, it would be nice to see the solutions of the author.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend | <urn:uuid:84cd0567-4c16-43cd-ab6f-d6d45d38d536> | {
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Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained
The True Meaning of Democracy
“… Forwith from every squadron and each band
The heads and leaders thither haste, where stood
Their great commander …”
It was Alexander Hamilton’s dream to have a King in charge. Had he been alive today he probably would have been gratified to see the amount of power that has accrued to the office of the President. According to the Constitution, presidential powers are carefully outlined and rather modest. The congress legislates, coins money, raises an army, declares war, and shares with the president responsibility for appointing certain key officers and members of the Supreme Court. However, the waging of war and the creation of a permanent state of national emergency has resulted in the concentration of power in the hands of the president that would be the envy of many a monarch.
If the goal were to establish a presidency that was more consistent with the democratic ideal, there are several steps that could be taken. Tenure in office could be reduced to one four year term in a life-time. In the Articles of Confederation the president served for but one year.
The system of patronage that now exists allows the president to establish a political power base by distributing thousands of offices. An alternative would be to establish a vetted lottery. A pool of acceptable candidates is established in advance. Names are pulled by random selection.
Uniting executive power and military power in one person creates opportunities to abuse power that has ramifications throughout the country and the world. A partial remedy would be to establish a three-member war council made up of the president, a member of the House of Representatives and a member of the Senate, each selected by lottery and limited to serving for one year, only. | <urn:uuid:b02946b5-95fc-4844-a64d-7b877c060e9d> | {
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Native Plants / Florida
Florida Native Plants
A plant is considered native if it has occurred naturally in a particular region or ecosystem without human introduction. There are many benefits in growing native plants. First, these plants are better adapted to soils, moisture and weather than exotic plants that evolved in other parts of the world. They need less fertilizers, pesticides or use less water. Second, they are unlikely to escape and become invasive, destroying natural habitat. Third, they support wildlife, providing shelter and food for native birds and insects, while exotic plants do not.
Prized for its highly fragrant flowers, Acacia farnesiana (Sweet Acacia) is a semi-evergreen multi-trunked shrub or small tree with a naturally spreading, vaselike shape. Its zig-zag stems are fully armed with sharp thorns and clad with feathery, finely divided leaflets of a soft green color. Clouds of small, bright golden-yellow, puff-like flowers, 1/2 in. (1 cm), appear in clusters in late winter to early spring, then sporadically after each new flush of growth, providing a long-lasting floral display.
Noted for its lovely fall color, Acer rubrum (Red Maple) is a relatively fast-growing deciduous tree of pyramidal habit when young, becoming rounded to oval at maturity. In early spring, tiny red flowers, borne in erect clusters, appear before the leaves and are followed by red fruit. Emerging red tinged in spring, the leaves change to dark green with whitish undersides and often develop dazzling yellows and red in the fall. This Red Maple also provides some winter interest, with its attractive, smooth gray bark, often ridged and furrowed with age.
Noted for its spectacular fall color, Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) is a large, deciduous tree with a straight trunk, wide-spreading branches and a dense, oval to rounded crown. Its foliage of five-lobed leaves, 3-6 in. (7-15 cm) ranges from medium to dark green in summer, and changes to a brilliant palette of yellows, oranges, and reds in the fall.
Adiantum capillus-veneris (Southern Maidenhair Fern) is a slowly spreading, semi-evergreen fern forming a mound of gently arching or pendant, twice divided, delicate fronds adorned with wiry, black stems.
Aesculus pavia (Red Buckeye) is a large deciduous shrub or small tree of rounded habit with a dense canopy of brilliant dark green leaves, each divided into 5 narrow leaflets. In mid to late spring, erect panicles, 6 in. long (15 cm), of rich red flowers appear above the foliage for a cheerful display.
Early-flowering, Amelanchier arborea (Downy Serviceberry) is a large deciduous shrub or small tree of rounded habit boasting a profusion of 5-petaled, showy, slightly fragrant, white flowers in early to mid spring. Borne in drooping clusters, they appear before the leaves emerge.
Native to North America, Amorpha fruticosa (Indigo Bush) is a vigorous deciduous shrub of upright-spreading habit with bright green leaves composed of up to 35 spiny-tipped, oval leaflets. In late spring to early summer, showy racemes, up to 6 in. long (15 cm), of small, scented, purplish blue flowers with protruding stamens and orange-yellow anthers are on display.
Selected by the American Horticultural Society as one of the 75 Great Plants for American Gardens, Amsonia tabernaemontana (Blue Star) is an exceptional perennial with early-season blue flowers, attractive summer foliage, a sturdy habit and golden fall color.
Appealing in most seasons, Andropogon gerardii (Big Bluestem) is a warm season perennial grass forming an upright clump of stems with flattened leaves. Emerging blue green in spring, the foliage matures to green as the season progress, turning rich orange and coppery-red, sometimes with lavender tints, in the fall.
An impressive ornamental grass for moist soils, Andropogon glomeratus (Bushy Bluestem) is a clump-forming, warm-season grass forming a sturdy and upright tuft of tall, flattened leaf blades. Emerging blue green in spring, the foliage turns rich coppery-orange in the fall. Elegant tall flowering stems rise above the foliage in late summer to early fall, bearing densely clustered, clublike, silvery pink to white panicles. | <urn:uuid:bbd35303-2784-49e1-838c-36745ba7921a> | {
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Any time that a measurement can vary over many orders of magnitude, that's a candidate for using a log scale.
One example is the pH scale, which shows the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a water-based solution. The concentration can be as high as 1 mole of H+ for every 10 L of water (extremely acidic), or as low as 1 mole of H+ for every 100,000,000,000,000 L of water (extremely basic). For a refresher on describing chemical quantities in moles, see the MathBench module on Calculating Molar Weight.
Instead of counting out the zeros every time, we use a log scale. pH is defined as the negative log of the H+ concentration.
extremely acidic : [H+] = 0.1 moles/L :
pH = −log(0.1) = 1
extremely basic : [H+] = 0.00000000000001 moles/L :
pH = −log(0.00000000000001) = 14
Imagine that the space below shows a very tiny quantity of water (9 x 10-15 liters, to be exact). Clicking on the buttons will show you the visual representation of pH 1 (super acidic) through 5 (still slightly acidic).
As a general rule, when you add 1 to a log number, its the same as multiplying the unlogged measurement by 10:
1 on a log scale corresponds to 10 on an arithmetic (linear) scale
2 on a log scale corresponds to 100 on an arithmetic (linear) scale
3 on a log scale corresponds to 1000 on an arithmetic (linear) scale
and so on...
It works a little differently with pH, because pH is the negative log of concentration. So, every time we SUBTRACT a single pH unit (like going from 2 to 1), we multiply H+ by 10.
Unfortunately, we can't get any less acidic than pH=5 on the applet above, because we'd have to make the screen huge!! To get a pH of 14, we'd need the screen to be more than 10,000 times taller and 10,000 times wider, and this humongous screen would contain only a single dot.
Copyright University of Maryland, 2007
You may link to this site for educational purposes.
Please do not copy without permission
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Personality and achievement
Augustus was one of the great administrative geniuses of history. The gigantic work of reorganization that he carried out in every field of Roman life and throughout the entire empire not only transformed the decaying republic into a new, monarchic regime with many centuries of life ahead of it but also created a durable Roman peace, based on easy communications and flourishing trade. It was this Pax Romana that ensured the survival and eventual transmission of the classical heritage, Greek and Roman alike, and provided the means for the diffusion of Judaism and Christianity. Although his regime was an autocracy, Augustus, being a tactful and imaginative master of propaganda of many kinds, knew how to cloak that autocracy in traditionalist forms that would satisfy a war-worn generation—perhaps, most of all, the upper bourgeoisie immediately below the leading nobility, since it was they who benefited from the new order more than anyone. He was also able to win the approbation, through the patronage of Maecenas, of some of the greatest writers the world has ever known, including Virgil, Horace, and Livy.
Their enthusiasm was partly due to Augustus’s conviction that the Roman peace must be under Occidental, Italian control. This was in contrast to the views of Antony and Cleopatra, who had envisaged some sort of Greco-Roman partnership such as began to prevail only three or four centuries later. Augustus’s narrower view, although modified by an informed admiration of Greek civilization, was based on his small-town Italian origins. These were also partly responsible for his patriotic, antiquarian attachment to the ancient religion and for his puritanical social policy.
Augustus was a cultured man, the author of a number of works (all lost): a pamphlet against Brutus, an exhortation to philosophy, an account of his own early life, a biography of Drusus, poems, and epigrams. The conventional view of his character distinguishes between his cruelty in early years and his mildness in later life. But there was not so much need for cruelty later on, and, when it was needed (notably in the suppression of alleged plots), he was still ready to apply it. It is probable that nothing short of this degree of political ruthlessness could have achieved such enormous results. His domestic life, however, was simple and homespun. Within his family, the successive deaths of those he had earmarked as his successors or helpers caused him much sadness and disappointment. His devotion to his wife Livia Drusilla remained constant, though, like other Romans, he was unfaithful. His surviving letters show kindliness to his relations. Yet he exiled his daughter Julia for offending against his public moral attitudes, and he exiled her daughter by Agrippa for the same reason; he also exiled the son of Agrippa and Julia, Agrippa Postumus, though the suspicion that he later had him killed is unproved. As for Augustus’s male relatives who were his helpers, he was loyal to them but drove them as hard as he drove himself. He needed them because the burden was so heavy, and he especially needed them in the military sphere because he was not a great commander. In Agrippa and Tiberius and a number of others, he had men who supplied this deficiency, and although, on his deathbed, he is said to have advised against the further expansion of the empire, he himself, with their assistance, had expanded its frontiers in many directions.
His physical condition was subject to a host of ills and weaknesses, many of them recurrent. Indeed, in his early life, particularly, it was only his indomitable will that enabled him to survive—a strange preliminary to an unprecedented and unequaled life’s work. His appearance is described by the biographer Suetonius:
He was unusually handsome and exceedingly graceful at all periods of his life, though he cared nothing for personal adornment. His expression, whether in conversation or when he was silent, was calm and mild.…He had clear, bright eyes, in which he liked to have it thought that there was a kind of divine power, and it greatly pleased him, whenever he looked keenly at anyone, if he let his face fall as if before the radiance of the sun. His teeth were wide apart, small and ill-kept; his hair was slightly curly and inclining to golden; his eyebrows met.…His complexion was between dark and fair. He was short of stature, but this was concealed by the fine proportion and symmetry of his figure, and was noticeable only by comparison with some taller person standing beside him.
Augustus’s countenance proved a godsend to the Greeks and Hellenized easterners, who were the best sculptors of the time, for they elevated his features into a moving, never-to-be-forgotten imperial type, which Napoleon’s artists, among others, keenly emulated. The contemporary portrait busts of Augustus, echoed on his coins, formed part of a significant renaissance of the arts in which Italic and Hellenic styles were discreetly and brilliantly blended. Still extant at Rome are the severe yet delicate reliefs of the Ara Pacis (“Altar of Peace”), depicting a religious procession in which the national leaders are taking part; there are also scenes from the Roman mythology. The altar was dedicated by the Senate and people of Rome in 13 bce to commemorate the pacification of Gaul and Spain.
The architectural masterpieces of the time were also numerous; and something of their monumental grandeur and classical purity can be seen today at Rome in the remains of the Theatre of Marcellus and of the massive Forum of Augustus, flanked by colonnades and culminating in the Temple of Mars the Avenger—the Avenger of Julius Caesar. Outside Rome, too, there are abundant memorials of the Augustan Age; on either side of the Alps, for example, there are monuments to celebrate the submission and loyalty of the local tribes, an elegant arch at Segusio (Susa), and a square stone trophy, topped by a cylindrical drum, at La Turbie. From Livia’s mansion on the outskirts of Rome, at Prima Porta, comes a reminder that not all the art of the day was formal and grand. One of the rooms is adorned with wall paintings representing an enchanted garden; beyond a trellis are orchards and flower beds, in which birds and insects perch among the foliage. Augustus himself had no interest in personal luxury. Yet if ever he or his associates had any spare time, such were the rooms in which they spent it.Michael Grant
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
ancient Rome: The establishment of the principate under AugustusActium left Octavian the master of the Roman world. This supremacy, successfully maintained until his death more than 40 years later, made him the first of the Roman emperors. Suicide removed Antony and Cleopatra and their potential menace in 30
bc, and the annexation…
India: Contacts with the WestThe emperor Augustus received two embassies—almost certainly trade missions—from India in 25–21
United Kingdom: The conquest…British tribes were extended by Augustus. In particular, the Atrebatic kings welcomed Roman aid in their resistance to Catuvellaunian expansion. The decision of the emperor Claudius to conquer the island was the result partly of his personal ambition, partly of British aggression. Verica had been driven from his kingdom and… | <urn:uuid:313d54f2-0cc6-4f26-bcb3-71d77c97a037> | {
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NCERT Solution for Class 6 Science Chapter 4 - Sorting Materials into Groups
NCERT Textbook Solutions are considered extremely helpful when preparing for your CBSE Class 6 Science exam. TopperLearning study resources infuse profound knowledge, and our Textbook Solutions compiled by our subject experts are no different. Here you will find all the answers to the NCERT textbook questions of Chapter 4 - Sorting Materials into Groups.
All our solutions for Chapter 4 - Sorting Materials into Groups are prepared considering the latest CBSE syllabus, and they are amended from time to time. Our free NCERT Textbook Solutions for CBSE Class 6 Science will strengthen your fundamentals in this chapter and can help you to score more marks in the examination. Refer to our Textbook Solutions any time, while doing your homework or while preparing for the exam.
NCERT Solution for Class 6 Science Chapter 4 - Sorting Materials into Groups Page/Excercise 33
Five objects that can be made from wood are:
(v) Bullock cart
Glass bowl and steel spoon
Wood, paper, plastic
(i) Stone is transparent, while glass is opaque. (False)
Reason: An object which allows light to pass through it completely is called transparent ex. glass. An object that does not allow light to pass through it is called opaque ex. stone.
(ii) A notebook has lustre, while an eraser does not. (False)
Reason: Both note book and eraser do not have lustre, they are non-lustrous.
(iii) Chalk dissolves in water. (False)
Reason: Chalk is insoluble in water.
(iv) A piece of wood floats on water. (True)
Reason: Wood is less dense than water and has air spaces in it so it floats on water.
(v) Sugar does not dissolve in water. (False)
Reason: Sugar is soluble in water.
(vi) Oil mixes with water. (False)
Reason: Oil is immiscible in water.
(vii) Sand settles down in water. (True)
Reason: Sand is heavier than water so it settles down.
(viii) Vinegar dissolves in water. (True)
NCERT Solution for Class 6 Science Chapter 4 - Sorting Materials into Groups Page/Excercise 34
(a) Round-shaped: Basketball, orange, globe, apple, earthen pitcher
Other shapes: Water, sugar
(b) Eatables: Water, orange, sugar, apple
Non-eatables: Basketball, globe, earthen pitcher
Some items that float on water are listed below:
1. Plastic bottle
2. Piece of paper
3. Piece of sponge
4. Piece of thermocol
7. Plastic ball
However, none of these items floats on oil or kerosene.
Reason: Baby is a living being whereas others are non-living objects.
Reason: Boat is made from wood whereas the other three are flowers.
Reason: Sand is not a metal whereas other three are metals.
Reason: Sand is insoluble in water whereas the other three are soluble in water.
NCERT Science - VI Class 6 Chapter Solutions
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TopperLearning provides step-by-step solutions for each question in each chapter in the NCERT textbook. Access Chapter 4 - Sorting Materials into Groups here for free.
Our NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Science are by our subject matter experts. These NCERT Textbook Solutions will help you to revise the whole chapter, and you can increase your knowledge of Science. If you would like to know more, please get in touch with our counsellor today! | <urn:uuid:8eaeee49-19eb-4bf9-981f-0fecf0fef111> | {
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By Helen Colella
When looking at pictures of the Earth taken from outer space, it’s obvious why it’s often referred to as the Blue Planet. Seventy percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered, with the oceans holding about 96.5 percent of that. Water also exists in the air as vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers, in the ground as soil moisture and aquifers, and in humans. Earth is the only planet where water can exist in liquid form on its surface; however most of it is frozen or salty. Even though we have water here, water there, water, water everywhere, only one percent of it is drinkable.
People need water in order to survive. The body is made up of about 75% water so we have to drink water in order to keep our cells hydrated. The benefits of a cool glass of water are felt almost instantly because it’s the key factor in keeping us well watered. So if you’re feeling run-down and tired, have symptoms such as dry mouth, headache, muscle cramping, constipation or infrequent urination it’s likely you’re not getting enough water into your diet.
The need for water may be common knowledge by what many people are unsure of is just how much water they should drink. In reality, how much you drink per day depends on your health/physical circumstances, activity and exercise level, age and the environment where you live.
Experts often quibble about the exact quantity of water you should ideally drink every day. The Mayo Clinic says that water is the body’s principal chemical component and makes up about 60 % of our body weight. Although people take in about 2 quarts of water as fluids from the foods they eat it is also true we lose water through our breath, perspiration, urine and bowl movements. Therefore it’s vital we replenish our water supply by drinking beverages and eating food that contain water.
Some experts advise up to 6-8 glasses per day while others suggest you use a formula where you divide your weight in half and use the results as a guide to the amount of ounces in which to drink. Yet all agree our bodies need to be kept well hydrated. If you have health concerns such as kidney stone or repeated urinary tract infections it’s even more important.
Water offers special benefits to everyone. It:
- regulates your body's temperature
- cushions the nervous system
- eliminates body waste... and that’s just for starters.
- replenishes the skin: look younger, eyes sparkle, hair shines
- boosts energy and weight loss
- reduces health problems, headaches, bad breath, mood swings and constipation
- quenches thirst
Gulp down a glass of water. Sip from a bottle. Chug from a jug. Whatever your drinking vehicle of choice may be, just drink it. Make water a daily habit—at work, after exercising, riding in the car, riding a bike, taking a hike, and at meals. It’s advised that wherever you go, make sure you always have water at hand.
Don't wait until you are thirsty to drink. If you do, you can run the risk of complications brought on by dehydration and since it sometimes begins to manifest itself before thirst sets in, keep H2O handy, it is important. Another reminder is to not drink your daily intake at one time—spread out your intake out over the course of a day.
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“How is impulsive and oblivious teenage behavior connected to their brain growth and change?”
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore is a cognitive neuroscientist who studies the human brain in social settings, such as how our brains make it possible to quickly read a social or emotional cue. In the following TED talk video, she explains one of the great mysteries of parenting – how it is that smart, lovely teenagers can be so slow to read the way other people feel or make terribly unsafe or unwise decisions.
Blakemore uses research on the brain to illustrate that . . .
- While it may seem that your teen is purposefully acting oblivious or unsafe, we now know that adolescents’ brains are still developing from early puberty until their late 20s or early 30s. Much of teens’ “crazy” behavior is due to the fact that their brains develop more slowly than their other abilities.
- Some parts of the brain develop faster than others. For instance, many teens will be able to follow a rule but those same teens will be unable to understand another person’s perspective.
- Adolescents take more risks than children or adults, especially when they are with their friends. This is because adolescent brains are hypersensitive to the rewarding feeling of risk and have less ability to inhibit risky behavior.
Almost 400 years ago Shakespeare was portraying teens in the same negative way we portray them today but Blakemore argues that today it is time to understand why teens act the way they do rather than labeling them negatively. Blakemore said, “We sometimes laugh about teenagers. They’re parodied – even demonized in the media for their typical teenage behavior. They take risks; they are sometimes moody; they are self conscious . . . But today, we try to understand the underlying changes that are going on in their brain.”
The good news is that as parents we can help our teens make smarter, kinder decisions even as their brain is developing. Becky shared some of the following ideas for what parents can do in her post on “Why Smart Kids Do Dumb Things.”
What is a parent to do? Ban all interaction with friends until age 25? Make all decisions for your child until after graduation? You wish! However, there are things that you can do to assist your child until his or her brain matures.
- You can act as your child’s “frontal lob.” Don’t be afraid to say “no” to circumstances where your child will be in a situation that is likely to enhance poor decision making. One of the best things that you can do for your child during the teen years is to monitor their whereabouts and experiences.
- Conversely, consider saying “yes” to opportunities that might build your child’s healthy decision making skills and confidence in their ability to make good choices. Even if you have to step a bit outside your own comfort zone.
- Practice decision making with your child before he or she is in a stressful or stimulating situation. Scientists have demonstrated that teens can use healthier decision making pathways when they have been developed as a pattern prior to the specific circumstance. So share with your child an actual script to use if he or she is in a sticky situation. Provide him or her with strategies for getting out of a situation that is getting out of hand. And then role play with them for practice.
- Be patient. A few boneheaded decisions are part of the learning process. The vast majority of young people (and their parents) survive dumb decisions and live to laugh about them later.
When have you noticed your teen’s brain being slower than his or her actions and choices? What do you do to help your teen make safe, kind decisions?
Article by Anne
Anne is an interim Extension Specialist with Cooperative Extension Family Living Programs at the University of Wisconsin – Madison. She is also a doctoral student in Human Development & Family Studies at the University of Wisconsin – Madison and has a masters degree in Public Health. She is the oldest of three children. | <urn:uuid:0fd3f3cb-c362-41b3-8a6a-3c1c4da36ce8> | {
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Innovative (nontraditional) equipment and activities are used in teaching students basic skills and tactics that can transfer to many lifelong activities and also can level the playing field.
When students are taught basic skills such as running, jumping, throwing, and catching and basic tactics like moving through space using nontraditional activities, those skills and tactics tend to be more transferable to a variety of activities that students might enjoy later as adults. In other words, nontraditional activities, rather than specific traditional sports, help them create a foundation for lifetime learning.
In addition, students will come to your class from a variety of experiences with traditional sports. Some might be at the elite level in particular sports while others might have had no exposure whatsoever. But when using nontraditional and innovative activities, all students will be at the same level—that is, no experience—so no one has an advantage or a disadvantage.
And, of course, innovative equipment and activities can also be fun, which is always a good thing. Many Human Kinetics resources feature activities using innovative or nontraditional equipment. Browse these resources using the sidebar at right. | <urn:uuid:81cc7ebd-3d0b-470b-9553-ee5fbb00463c> | {
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Transcript of U.S. constitution
Ratification of the Constitution
The Constitution was ratified on January 10th 1791
It was ratified at the constitutional convention
The process of drafting and ratifying the United States Constitution took almost four years
Parts of the Constituion
Drafting the Constitution
How Did The Constitution Come About?
Articles of Confederation
Treaty of Paris
Was signed in Paris, France by Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Henry Laurens for the United States and Richard Oswald for Great Britain
It was signed on September 3rd 1783
Was ratified by the continental congress on January 4th 1784
The treaty of paris recognized the american independence
New Jersey Plan
- The national government under the Articles of Confederation was powerless to raise money to pay back the debt or pay back the soldiers because each law had to be approved by every single state. Just one state's saying no meant that a bill was defeated.
-The Continental Congress wrote the Articles of Confederation during the Revolutionary War
-The articles were written to give the colonies some sense of a unified government
-A new governing document was needed in order for these new states to act together, to become a nation
-The Articles of Confederation became effective on March 1, 1781, after all thirteen states had ratified them
-The Articles made the states and legislature supreme. There was no executive branch. Judicial functions were very limited
-it's the movement by New England farmers desperate to be paid for the service in the Revolutionary War.
-Farmer Daniel Shays was the founder of Shay's Rebellion
-most intense in the rural and relatively newly settled areas of central and western Massachusetts
-4 men were killed and 20 were injured
-in 1787 the Constitution became a reality
-Shays' Rebellion "had a great influence on public opinion," as Samuel Eliot Morison notes
The 7 Articles
by: Skyelar Sturgeon, Ashley Sutton, Alyssa Nohel, and Taylor Dobson
Started in May 1781 in Philidalphia, Pennsylvania
Presidents from 12 of the 13 states, Rhode Island refused to send a president
Rhode Island was afraid that any new system proposed by the convention would be detrimental to its economy.
Delegates worked for 4 months behind closed doors
The process began with the proposal of James Madison's Virginia Plan.
Virginia's governor, Edmund Randolph, presented Madison's plan to the convention.
-drafted by James Madison
-presented by Edmund Randolph to the Constitutional Convention on May 29th
-It represented the desires of the bigger states and said that the number of representatives to Congress should be based on the state's population
- This called for national government that have of three branches with checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power
The Magna Carta is widely viewed as one of the most important legal documents in the history of democracy.
It was written by a group of 13Th century barons to protect the rights and property against a tyrannical king.
- The New Jersey plan was written by William Paterson from New Jersey.
- It represented the smaller states and said that each state should have the same number of representatives.
-The New Jersey plan was made in rebuttal to the Virginia Plan, which made for a very strong central government and representation by population
-It provided for only one house of Congress
-This allowed the number of representatives to the House be based on the state's population while each state would have two representatives in the Senate.
-The three-fifths compromise was an agreement between Southern and Northern states reached during the Constitutional Convention
-Under this compromise, only three-fifths of the slave population was counted for the purpose of taxation and representation in Congress
-Most of the northern states didn't want to count slaves at all
-Two representatives, James Wilson and Roger Sherman
John Locke was a political philosopher whose works were read by many of the framers of the constitution
Locke lists rights that Jefferson refers to in the Declaration of Independence.
John Locke's ideas of people having natural rights shaped the ideas of the constitutuion.
Locke believed that "Each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property."
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article1 Legislative Branch-The congress makes the laws of the U.S. Congress has 2 parts called houses. The house of representatives and the senate.
Article2 Executive Branch-the President, Vice-President, Cabinet, and Departments under the
Cabinet Secretaries carry out the laws made by Congress
Article3 Judicial Branch-the Supreme Court decides court cases according to US Constitution. The
courts under the Supreme Court decide criminal and civil court cases according to the correct federal,
state, and local laws.
Article4 State's power-States have the power to make and carry out their own laws.
Article5 Amendments-The Constitution can be changed. New amendments can be added to the US Constitution.
Article6 Federal powers-The Constitution and federal laws are higher than state and local law
Article7 Ratification-The Constitution was presented to George Washington and the men at the Constitutional Convention 12 of the 13 representatives signed to approve it
Amendment 11- Any state can be sued by a U.S citizen
Amendment 12-Changes in electoral college procedures
Amendment 13-Abolishes and prohibits slavery
Amendment 14-Citizenship due process equal protectio
Amendment 15-U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race or color.
Amendment 16-Congress is given the power to tax incomes
Amendment17-The direct election of senators
Amendment18- Prohibition of liquor
Amendment 19-Women gain the right to vote
Amendment 20-Procedures for outgoing president and the new president coming in
Amendment 21-Repeal of prohibition (18th Amendment)
Amendment 22-Limit on presidential terms
Amendment 23-District of Columbia receives electoral votes
Amendment 24-Prohibits federal and state governments from charging poll tax
Amendment 25-Presidential succession and presidential disability
Amendment 26-18 year olds gain the right to vote
Amendment 27-Any change in congressional salaries takes place after the general election
Virginia received three charters, one in 1606, another in 1609, and the third in 1612.
It said three things...
settlers could own land in the colony
settlers could create a council to help make their own laws
settlers would keep the same rights as any other Englishmen | <urn:uuid:22c546a7-42db-45b9-9651-04f06144d243> | {
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What is an Invasive Plant?
Invasive plant species are plants introduced from outside of an ecosystem with characteristics that help them dominate and limit the diversity of species within the invaded area. Their threat lies in an ability to spread aggressively and reproduce prolifically, easily out-competing native plants for light, space and nutrients.
Introduction of an invasive plant species can quickly result in a reduction of native plant species and of habitat for native wildlife. Once established, invasive plants are extremely difficult to control and restoration of the natural ecosystem can require large amounts of financial and labor resources. Early detection and rapid response is the best and most cost effective approach to controlling invasive plant species.
Resources on Invasive Plants
The Massachusetts Prohibited Plant List
Notice from GCFM President Bonnie Rosenthall:
A new invasive species, known as the “jumping worm” or “snake worm” has the potential to cause serious damage to roots of plants and can cause major decline in soil composition, invertebrates, salamanders, birds and other animals. In the spring months (when we are preparing for our plant sales) the eggs of this invasive worm can survive the harsh winters in tiny resilient cocoons. Cocoons are very small and dirt colored so they are nearly impossible to spot with your own eyes. Cocoons can be spread easily in potted plants, and on landscaping equipment, mulch, tire treads, and even in shoes. The adult worm is hard to miss as they have a white band near the head of the worm. Jumping-worms. | <urn:uuid:02d35dce-0a33-40ce-be46-c6f8ef2de8e5> | {
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February 25, 1920: The world’s first air traffic control tower was commissioned by the government 100 years ago today, in a move that helped usher in the age of mass air travel.
The tower was built at Croydon Airport, then London’s main airport, and established many of the principles of air traffic control which are still followed today.
The concept of air traffic control emerged alongside the rise of the world’s first airline passenger services. Finding a way of safely organising growing levels of traffic saw the Air Ministry commission a new building at Croydon Airport, to be “erected 15 feet above ground level” and with “large windows to be placed on all four walls”.
This building was called the “Aerodrome Control Tower” and at a stroke coined both the term that has remained synonymous with air traffic control for the past 100 years and a design that remains instantly recognisable.
Ian Walker, the chair of Historic Croydon Airport Trust, which has done so much to collect and collate historic records of those pioneering days of aviation, said, “In 1920 there was no blueprint for what air traffic control or even an airport should look like, so it fell to those early pioneers to develop, test and implement the ideas that would enable air travel to grow safely.
“Airfields before this had radio offices and ‘aerial lighthouses’, but nothing with the explicit intent of providing technical air traffic services to aircraft. The ‘control tower’ was described as an ‘essential’ development and its legacy lives on with us today,” Walker said in an article published by the National Air Traffic Service, or NATS, website.
The first controllers – known as or Civil Aviation Traffic Officers or CATOs – provided basic traffic, location and weather information to pilots over the radio, which itself was still a relatively new invention.
The progress of the dozen or so daily flights was tracked using basic radio-based navigation and plotted on paper maps and using pins and flags.
Today, NATS’ 1,700 air traffic controllers handle up to 8,000 flights a day in some of the world’s busiest airspace.
- Help support Inside Croydon’s award-winning, news-breaking journalism, and get money-off offers, exclusive content and priority booking for special events. Click here to find out more
- If you have a news story about life in or around Croydon, or what to publicise your residents’ association or business, or if you have a local event to promote, please email us with full details at [email protected]
- Inside Croydon is a member of the Independent Community News Network
- Inside Croydon works together with the Bureau of Investigative Journalism and BBC London News
- Inside Croydon named Journalist of the Year at 2018 Anna Kennedy Online Autism Heroes Awards
- ROTTEN BOROUGH AWARDS: For three consecutive years, 2017, 2018 and 2019, Inside Croydon has been the source for award-winning nominations in Private Eye magazine’s annual celebration of civic cock-ups
- Inside Croydon had 1.6million pages viewed by 721,000 unique visitors in 2019 | <urn:uuid:edb803e2-b7b7-47b1-9f4c-d974b26b3d5f> | {
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Food, Inc. Student Worksheet
This 2009 documentary by Eric Schlosser covers many of the unseen consequences of the industrialized agriculture system. The first segment explores the underside of factory farms and meat processing plants. Poultry farmers working for Tyson and Perdue are interviewed, although little access is granted to the actual operations. The second segment looks at the effects of a diet heavy in processed foods on human health. The story of a woman whose 2 year-old son died from E. coli food poisoning is given, along with her efforts to lobby for improved food regulations. The epidemic of diabetes in the United States is related to the proliferation of cheap, unhealthy foods. Finally, a discussion of the future of foods and the growth of the organic industry is given.
This worksheet contains critical thinking questions for students to consider and answer as they watch each segment of the documentary.
Essential concepts: Agriculture, factory farming, industrialized agriculture, nutrition, human health, malnutrition, food poisoning, subtheraputic antibiotics, animal welfare.
Answer Key: Included as part of the environmental science instructor resources subscription page. | <urn:uuid:c05234cf-e21f-40ee-a5a6-a5416722aa75> | {
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Apogee and Perigee:
The Moon's orbit around Earth is elliptical, or oval shaped. The point that the Moon is closest to Earth is called perigee. The point furthest from Earth is known as apogee. The Moon appears about 13% larger at perigee than it does at apogee.
Space is huge. It contains hundreds of billions of galaxies, each with billions of stars inside. Trying to keep track of what is out there, and where everything is, is hard. So we use catalogues of objects to list everything. These tell us the names and positions of all of the things that we have found in space. Some look at stars, others at galaxies. There are catalogues of supernovae, and of active galaxies. In fact, every type of object you can think of has a catalogue.
Some of the earliest lists drawn up by astronomers looked at bright objects in the sky. These included nearby star nurseries, galaxies and star clusters. One of the most famous is called the Messier catalogue. It was made by French astronomer Charles Messier in 1781. Today we still use names like Messier 1 (the Crab Nebula) to talk about objects.
A conjunction is when two objects in space appear close to each other in the night sky. It can be our Moon, a planet, or even a star. The objects are still separated by huge distances, but just happen to line-up for people looking from Earth.
Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun that the Earth is. Therefore, they always pass between the Earth and Sun. This means that we are not able to observe them as well as the other planets. The best time to see them, is when they reach their greatest apparent distance from the Sun. This means that we see them at their highest altitude above the horizon. This happens either just before sunrise, or just after sunset.
Inferior Solar Conjunction:
This event occurs when an inner planet, either Mercury or Venus, passes between the Earth and the Sun. If it were to pass directly in the same line of site we would see the planet transit in front of the Sun. Usually they do not line up this perfectly. Around this period, the planet cannot be seen during the night.
A planet is said to be in opposition when it is on the opposite side of the Earth to the Sun. This is the best time to observe a planet, as it is bigger and brighter in the sky than at any other point of its orbit.
As the outer planets orbit the Sun, they usually look like they move slowly eastwards. This is against the backdrop of more distant stars. Planets further from the Sun orbit more slowly, and this means there is a point in their orbit where Earth overtakes them. This makes it look like the planet moves backwards (or westwards) through the night sky. This happens for around two months, and is known as retrograde motion. Next time you walk past someone, watch how they appear to move backwards when compared with very distant objects. This is the same retrograde illusion. | <urn:uuid:4b8eaed9-9a4b-451e-b1e7-3dbb972fba95> | {
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Whether you’re using FOCUS Reading with individual child or larger groups, the introductory process is the same.
Every module contains a Preview that includes a Learn About and Lesson Preview section to introduce the strategy to the child.
Read the details about the Reading Strategy to the child, and model the strategy using the graphic organiser and the sample text passage. Use the Focal Point box to spur further questions or discussion. Make sure children understand the features of the strategy and how to apply it to text before you move on.
This models a full FOCUS Reading lesson, with example text and multiple-choice questions. Emphasise what students should look for as they read the text. Have the children then read the text themselves before guiding them in answering the two questions. Explain why each choice is correct or not correct. Before you move on, make sure each student is comfortable with how to answer the questions.
Have children read the instructions and text for each lesson, and answer the questions for each. Discuss responses once finished so that children can see why each is correct or incorrect.
Have children complete the Self-Assessments after they have completed each group of five lessons, and after all twenty lessons. These provide reinforcement of learning for the children and confirmation of progress for the teacher.
When children have completed each group of five lessons, and then all twenty, discussion – either individual or group – can help reinforce growth and assist in highlighting success in the Reading Strategy. | <urn:uuid:8a8dd77a-dfc3-4ee3-bc20-135788cc2cd2> | {
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As global temperatures rise and arctic ice melts, more ships are taking advantage of expedient, yet dangerous ocean routes that are opening in the polar region. One of the main hazards of sailing in freezing temperatures is topside icing, in which water blown from the ocean freezes once it contacts a ship, potentially accumulating enough ice to put the vessel at risk of capsizing.
We’re in the final month of meteorological winter, and Arctic sea ice extent continues to set record lows. The low amounts of ice, compared to average, in the Arctic region have been an ongoing concern since November, and hasn’t let up through the start of February. Ice extent in the Arctic region set daily record lows through most of January, leading to the lowest January extent in the 38-year satellite record, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).
New study finds that 10% to 50% of iceberg melting happens in the fjords, not in the open ocean as assumed by previous research. Icebergs contribute more meltwater to Greenland’s fjords than previously thought, losing up to half of their volume as they move through the narrow inlets, according to new research.
Greenland, the world’s largest island, is almost entirely covered by a permanent ice sheet that has been shrinking and melting as global warming increases temperatures. In fjords, narrow inlets where glaciers meet the sea, ice breaks off from glaciers to form dense packs of icebergs.
Pine Island Glacier and its nearby twin, Thwaites Glacier, sit at the outer edge of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Like corks in a bottle, the two glaciers block ice flow and keep nearly 10% of the ice sheet from draining into the sea. Studies have suggested that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is particularly unstable and could collapse within the next 100 years.
The world’s air conditioner is on the fritz. Unprecedented, record-breaking warmth in the Arctic this year triggered declines in sea ice, snow, the Greenland ice sheet and a remarkable delay in the annual freeze of sea ice in the fall. Overall, the Arctic experienced its warmest year ever recorded.
“Rarely have we seen the Arctic show a clearer, stronger or more pronounced signal of persistent warming and its cascading effects on the environment than this year,” said Jeremy Mathis, director of NOAA’s Arctic research program, which released its annual Arctic Report Card on Tuesday.
Emblematic of the effects of climate change, polar bears have once again been shown to be highly vulnerable due to shrinking sea ice levels throughout the range of their habitat. A study published Wednesday by an international team of researchers found a 71 percent chance that over 30 percent of Earth’s polar bear population could be gone in 35-41 years.
Global warming’s transformation of the Arctic is having a cascading effect, with some changes to the region worsening others. The loss of sea ice is the most visible, and temperatures almost 40 degrees above normal certainly garner attention. However, there are other important changes such as the loss of permafrost, the collapse of certain species in the food chain and the damage to fisheries caused by higher sea temperatures.Perhaps more troubling is that those changes are often interlinked, and one shift can trigger a series of others, a new report has found.
Log books from the early Antarctic expeditions indicate that the area of summer sea-ice around the continent has barely changed in size in a century. Researchers have studied the records of pioneering explorers, including Captain Robert Scott and Sir Ernest Shackleton. The study suggests that Antarctic sea-ice is much less sensitive to climate change than the Arctic, which has declined dramatically.
The sun set on the North Pole more than a month ago, not to rise again until spring. Usually that serves as a cue for sea ice to spread its frozen tentacles across the Arctic Ocean. But in the depths of the polar night, a strange thing started to happen in mid-October. Sea ice growth slowed to a crawl and even started shrinking for a bit. Intense warmth in both the air and oceans is driving the mini-meltdown at a time when Arctic sea ice should be rapidly growing. This follows last winter, when temperatures saw a huge December spike.
The melting Antarctic glacier that now contributes more to sea-level rise than any other ice stream on the planet began its big decline in the 1940s. This is when warm ocean water likely first got under Pine Island Glacier (PIG) to loosen the secure footing it had enjoyed up until that point. Researchers figured out the timing by dating the sediments beneath the PIG. It puts the glacier’s current changes in their proper historical context, the scientists tell Nature magazine.
Driving a gas-powered car about 90 miles — the distance between New York and Philadelphia — melts about a square foot of Arctic sea ice in the critical month of September, according to a new study that directly links carbon pollution to the amount of ice that’s thawing. At current carbon emission levels, the Arctic will likely be free of sea ice in September around mid-century, which could make weather even more extreme and strand some polar animals, a study published Thursday in the journal Science finds.
A new study published today in Scientific Reports by University of Delaware researchers and colleagues reveals that 100 feet below the surface of the ocean is a critical depth for ecological activity in the Arctic polar night—a period of near continuous winter darkness. | <urn:uuid:45d2b7e1-0070-4855-9f24-fc9a04ecc79a> | {
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The development of children's spoken language underpins all seven areas of learning and development. Children's back-and-forth interactions from an early age form the foundations for language and cognitive development. the number and quality of the conversations they have with adults and peers throughout the day in a language-rich environment is crucial. Reading frequently to children and then providing them with extensive opportunities to use and embed new words, in a range of contexts will give children the opportunity to thrive.
At St William of York Catholic Primary School we follow a synthetic Phonics Programme called Read Write (RWI) Ink to teach our children to learn to read. How we teach our children to read is explained and modelled by the Reception/Early years team in the Reading Information Evening for Parent's delivered in October2021.
When using RWI to read the children will:
When using RWI to write the children will:
When using RWI the children will also work in pairs:
Help your child learn to read words by sounding-blending (Fred talk) eg. c-a-t = cat, sh-o-p = shop. Children learn to read words by blending the letter-sounds that are in the Speed Sounds set (shown further down the page).
Help your child to say the pure sounds ('m' not 'muh', 's' not 'suh' etc.) as quickly as they can, and then blend the sounds together to say the whole word. There are videos at the bottom of this page that explain this further.
Reading Books Sent Home
Children will be bringing home a book appropriate to their level once a week. We urge that you practise this book as often as you can with your child during the week to develop fluency. This really helps to build your child’s confidence when reading in class | <urn:uuid:c942492a-8d62-4fb2-aa2c-63e6bc9a5bb6> | {
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Use the formula of mode for grouped data.
Think about the basic concept of mode.
Think about the mode formula.
Think about each option one by one and than try to relate with the question.
Mode is value among the observations which occurs most often.
Think about the defination of mode and check its validity.
Read the options carefullly and then try to relate.
The value of the observation having maximum observation is called mode.
Mode is the value of the observation with maximum occurence.
Find frequecy first then use mode formula.
Video Lessons for CBSE class 10 maths
Worksheets for CBSE class 10 maths
NCERT Solutions for CBSE class 10 maths
Exemplar Solutions for CBSE class 10 maths
Support Services for CBSE class 10 maths
Regular Classes for CBSE class 10 maths
Live Coaching for CBSE class 10 maths | <urn:uuid:bac82155-0cc7-49ba-8f20-6a74a1908bc6> | {
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This week, I am delighted to tell you that I have finished making and have uploaded a lesson for each letter of the alphabet ready to teach on the interactive whiteboard. I had hoped to have them finished by the end of June, but I don’t feel too bad that it took me until 4 July — not too far over my goal.
Each letter is introduced in its own lesson with its most common sound, as is the expectation of most English curricula and phonics programs. This includes 20 consonants and the short sound for each of the 5 vowels (a, e, i, o and u). The letter ‘x’ is the exception. Its most common sound is ‘ks’ as heard in ‘box’, so that is how it is introduced.
The lessons are available individually and can be used in any order.
Each lesson follows the same format.
The letter and ten words are presented aurally as well as visually with images as an additional aid to memory.
The words are introduced one at a time.
The first screen for each word displays and tells the name of the letter, the sound, and the illustrated word.
On the second screen, the illustrated word is repeated and accompanied by the written word.
After all ten words have been introduced, they are repeated and children are asked to think of other words that begin with the letter and sound.
The title screen offers a choice: Play it for me or I’ll do it.
Select Play it for me to play all slides in order without stopping.
Select I’ll do it to click through the slides using the ‘Next’ button, one after the other. This allows time to stop and discuss the words or conduct related activities.
The sound can be muted if you wish to work through the slides with the children without its additional support.
Each lesson is available to be purchased individually for just $1. To celebrate my completion of them, for the month of July (this month only), I am offering them at half price, which means you can purchase each lesson for just 50 cents, or all 26 lessons for just $13.
However, for only $12 more, you can subscribe, which gives you access to all 488 teaching resources in the collection for an entire year, starting when you subscribe. This also includes access to all new resources that will be uploaded during that period.
Remember, you can find all the phonics resources in the literacy/phonics collection.
Whichever way you choose, I’m sure you’ll find it excellent value as we have done much of your preparation for you.
I have also created an explanatory video if you would like additional information.
While you are here, why not check out the complete readilearn collection of
over 480 teaching resources for the first three years of school
Resources beyond worksheets – lessons for teachers made by teachers.
Let readilearn lighten your workload.
I appreciate your feedback and comments. Please share your thoughts below. | <urn:uuid:7276ed61-a7f6-4487-9a62-cf6d55241d9d> | {
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A Real-World Example: Thin Layer Chromatography
Part 2 of our 4 part "What is Chromatography Series"
After reading part 1 of this series, What is Chromatography, learn more here about how chromatography works.
A simple introduction to chromatography involves placing a spot of dye on a stationary phase using thin layer chromatography.
In TLC, the stationary phase is a piece of paper designed for the task, or a glass or plastic plate coated with a thin layer of silica gel. The mobile phase is a solvent. Common solvents include water, ethanol (used in many hand sanitizers and medical wipes, antiseptics, and disinfectants), methanol (found in antifreeze), acetone (a common component in nail polish remover), dichloromethane (paint stripper), or a mixture of two or more. For this experiment, we'll use hexane and ethyl acetate as the mobile phase.
Watch the following video to see how TLC is used to separate the various compounds in some dye.
To learn more, a great source is Let Us Teach Proper Thin Layer Chromatography Technique! by Jack Silver, applications chemist with Teledyne ISCO, originally published in the Journal of Chemical Education.
In addition to TLC, chemists use instruments from Teledyne ISCO to achieve extremely accurate, reliable, cost-effective and green chromatography results using a variety of methods. We'll investigate a few of those in our next blogs in this series.
- A step up from TLC: Flash Chromatography
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Pasture hay is usually made in early summer from the excess feed on livestock farms, whereas other types of hay are made from crops such as cereal, canola or lucerne.
The aim of good haymaking is to preserve the maximum feed quality of the forage and to prevent overheating in the bales which can lead to a fire in the hay barn. To achieve this, it is important to bale hay at the correct moisture content at baling. A further aim is to minimise the growth of moulds that produce myctoxins harmful to animals, as well as yeasts which are responsible for heating of hay bales.
Many hay fires are due to spontaneous combustion caused by excess moisture in the forage at baling. This excess moisture can come from moisture on the outside of the plant (e.g. dew, soil moisture, rain, fog) at baling, or come from inside the plant (sap) if it is not dried properly.
It is therefore important to bale hay at the right moisture and take into consideration potential problems such as “difficult to dry” thick stems in canola crops, developing seed heads in cereal crops.
Hay Bale Heating
The heating of hay bales after baling is caused by the metabolic activity of yeast and fungi.
When moulds grow on hay they consume carbohydrates and proteins in the hay which reduces its nutritional value. In addition, many moulds produce toxins that are harmful to the animals as well as making it unpalatable to stock making it unlikely they will eat it. A recommended safe level of mould is < 100,000 cfu/g of hay.
The growth of yeasts on hay uses up valuable carbohydrates as well and leads to the production of CO2 as well as water. This production of water leads to more yeast growth and eventually generates the heat that starts hay fires. A recommended safe level of yeasts is < 300,000 cfu/g of hay.
Use of Hay Preservatives
Hay preservatives are designed to reduce microbial activity and mould growth in high
moisture hays. The activity of these preservative allows farmers to bale hay at slightly higher moisture content and yet maintain hay quality and reduce the risk of hay fires.
Using a hay preservative such as HayKing improves the preservation of the hay. HayKing works by inhibiting the growth of the naturally occurring, spoilage microbes that are present on the forage in the paddock prior to baling. Hay quality is improved by inhibiting these microbes from growing and using up precious nutrients in the hay crop.
HayKing was applied at baling to pasture hay that was baled at 20.5 % moisture content and some untreated bales were used as a control.
The graph above shows that the application of HayKing to hay at baling stopped the bales heating over the trial period, whereas the untreated bales heated up 2 weeks after baling and remained warmer than treated bales for ~14 days. The heating in the untreated bales was caused by the activity of the yeasts in the bale. These yeasts use up sugars in the hay to grow and produce heat when they metabolise these sugars. Once these sugars are used up by the yeasts, they are not available to feed the animal.
Nutritional analysis of the hay showed that the metabolizable energy (ME) of untreated hay was 9 % lower than the HayKing-treated bales (8.0 versus 8.8 MJ ME/kg DM; Table 1). Similarly, the digestibility of untreated hay was 9 % lower than HayKing-treated hay (53.9 % compared to 59.3 %, respectively). The heating caused by the yeasts had used up sugars in the forage, which reduced both the ME content and digestibility of the hay. In contrast, the use of HayKing had maintained both the ME content and digestibility of the hay similar to the forage prior to baling.
Table 1. Nutritional Analysis of Hay
|Metabolisable Energy (MJ/kkg DM)||8.8||8.0||8.9|
|OM Digestability (in-vivo, % DM)||59.3||53.9||59.6|
These results indicate that hay treated with HayKing reduces losses in ME and digestibility. This means farmers can feed more cows per tonne of hay.
Ready to get started?
Check out our range of products dedicated to silage and hay: | <urn:uuid:816fdfaa-6cb8-4197-8c11-3b475c00a1ed> | {
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This Montessori Math Four Operations activity focuses on multiplication. It includes a helpful step by step lesson plan.
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Two of the main ways that populations interact with one another is by competition and
by predation. In competition, individuals seek to obtain the same environmental resource.
In predation, one population is the resource of the other.
One can conceptualize competition as occurring horizonatally on the same resource
level, while predation takes place vertically between different resource levels.
Competition and predation comprise environmental pressures on the interacting populations. The
coexistence of populations under competition and predation indicates that these populations have
accomodated themselves to each other's presence and have evolved ways to survive in spite
of the pressures. In other words, they have coevolved.
In this section, we will see how competition and predation both hinder and benefit populations
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Java exceptions are conditions that make it impossible for the computer to continue executing a Java program's code and subsequently crash the application. They come from within the Java source code, from the developers either failing to fix a bug or failing to anticipate problems that could come from the environment in which their program runs, and not from your actions.
Programs are orderly sets of step-by-step instructions telling a computer exactly how to do something. Exceptional events, or exceptions, occur when something happens while a program is running that interferes with those instructions. They're akin to you following the instructions for assembling a desk for your office, only to find that the part the instructions are telling you to use didn't come in the package.
Java developers can prevent exceptions from crashing their software by including code to catch exceptions when they occur. These statements effectively tell the software to be on the lookout for exceptions at specific points in the application's execution. If an exception occurs where a catch statement is waiting for it, then the software will execute the code within the catch statement. This enables Java developers to make their software cope with exceptions that may arise and continue executing instead of crashing with an error message.
Dealing with exceptions isn't limited to simply registering the fact that an exception occurred. When Java applications throw an exception, the Java Virtual Machine generates an exception object containing information about the exception itself. Developers can include code under catch statements to evaluate the nature of the exception, and to respond in different ways depending on the exception itself. This enables programmers to either attempt to resolve the exception without you ever knowing or to make the application display messages detailing the nature of the problem without crashing.
Preparing for Exceptions
Java gives developers the ability to catch and cope with exceptions, but programmers can't try to account for every exception that can occur within a program. Good programming practices demand that developers anticipate problems that sources external to their source code may cause for their software, such as a server responding improperly to a socket connection or you trying to import corrupted data from one of your files. However, poor source code that introduces logic errors or other internal bugs can also produce exceptions as the software executes. Developers should include catch statements to anticipate problems from outside their own source code but fix problems which they introduce themselves.
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