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Signed by three heads of states in the later part of the 20th century, what was the result of the Belavezha Accords? | Dealing with Russia - Europe’s World Europe’s World Dealing with Russia Published on March 4 2015, Spring 2015 If the EU accepts the actions of today’s newly assertive Russia, warns Carl Bildt, the solidarity on which the European Union has been built will come under severe strain. That means the Common Foreign and Security Policy must be moved right to the top of the EU agenda Written by Other articles by Carl Bildt › At times like these it seems appropriate to reflect on the state both of Europe and the world. There’s little doubt that the European order, indeed the global order, that we’ve been trying to shape is changing in profound ways. We nowadays see the outbreak of the Great War as the true beginning of the “horrible” 20th century, with all the horrors of the trenches, revolutions, depressions and dictatorships, and then the gas chambers, concentration camps, barbed wire and walls that followed. It wasn’t until a mere quarter-century ago, with the elections in Poland and the fall of the Berlin Wall, that our continent was able to start rebuilding its future and that we could dare to start dreaming of a Europe that would be whole and free, democratic and dynamic. The years since then have seen some very major achievements. And looked at globally, they have been among the best of times for mankind as a whole. What Europe achieved during these few decades was an important part of the international success story. “We must understand that, in contrast to our obviously misjudged reactions after the August 2008 war between Georgia and Russia, the Ukraine crisis is more than an unfortunate episode that will soon pass” Few people predicted Germany’s peaceful reunification, and fewer still the re-establishment of the three Baltic states’ independence. But we also saw the setbacks of a brutal decade of war in the Balkans that were a horrendous echo of a century before. Major wars in Europe’s history normally ended with major peace settlements that sought to regulate matters in a way that would secure peace and stability in the years ahead. That’s why we think of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 or the Vienna Congress in 1815. And then, of course, there was Versailles in 1919, whose legacy left so much to be desired. It is hardly surprising that it’s so often referred to as “the peace that ended all peace”. It wasn’t until a quarter of a century ago that national leaders could sit down and seek true agreement on the principles for peace for our continent after all the horrors that stemmed from that fateful summer’s day of 1914 in Sarajevo. That’s what they did as they set down exactly such principles in the Paris Charter of 1990, and as a result laid down later in the ambitious concept of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe. “If Russia’s actions were to be accepted, we could well see a situation arising where, over time, the solidarity on which the European Union itself is built comes under strain, with all the unpredictable developments that might involve further down the line” What was spelled out at that time was a concept of peace that went far beyond defining an absence of war. It defined peace built on respect for human rights for each and every person in our societies. We Europeans learned the lesson of the 20th century’s bitter experience, which was that the internal order of a state is as relevant to peace as the relationships that exist between them. It was therefore very important that membership of the Council of Europe and of the European Court of Human Rights should be extended to all the nations of our continent. Much of this was, of course, about Russia. It was of paramount importance that we should devise an order that included both Russia and the other states that emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union. A first step was the Partnership and Co-operation Agreement concluded in 1994 between the European Union and Russia, and in 1997 this was followed by the Founding Act signed by NATO and Russia. The Soviet Union might have lost the Cold War, but the n |
"""I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go Communist because of the irresponsibility of its own people."" Whose words that preceded a 1973 coup in a South American country?" | Unsealed Documents Show Pinochet 'Directly' Involved in Capitol Hill Assassinations - Democratic Underground Unsealed Documents Show Pinochet 'Directly' Involved in Capitol Hill Assassinations Pinochet was Poppy's friend. Unsealed Documents Show Pinochet 'Directly' Involved in Capitol Hill Assassinations Orlando Letelier and Ronni Karpen Moffitt became 'symbols of the broader human rights catastrophe of the Pinochet dictatorship' by Sarah Lazare, staff writer CommonDreams, Oct. 8, 2015 Loved ones have long charged that U.S.-backed dictator Augusto Pinochet had a direct hand in the 1976 assassination of former Chilean diplomat Orlando Letelier and his Institute for Policy Studies colleague Ronni Karpen Moffitt. Now, they may finally be vindicated. The administration of President Barack Obama on Thursday publicly released documents that appear to show that Pinochet was behind the murders of Letelier and Moffitt, who have become "symbols of the broader human rights catastrophe of the Pinochet dictatorship," Sarah Anderson, director of the Global Economy Project at IPS, told Common Dreams. The materials, which include CIA papers, were given to Chilean President Michelle Bachelet on Tuesday by U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. SNIP... Letelier�s son, Chilean Senator Juan Pablo Letelier, is one of the few people who has reviewed the trove and confirmed to the Guardian that they conclusively show Pinochet directly ordered the killing. In addition, the documents reportedly reveal that Pinochet had intended to cover up his role in the assassination by killing his spy chief. "In (Pinochet�s) predisposition to defend his position he planned to eliminate Manuel Contreras to keep him from talking," Senator Letelier told the Mesa Central show on Tele13 Radio. CONTINUED... Replies to this discussion thread 48 replies Unsealed Documents Show Pinochet 'Directly' Involved in Capitol Hill Assassinations (Original post) Octafish Oct 2015 #3 Oct 2015 #26 Oct 2015 #4 Oct 2015 #6 Oct 2015 #29 Octafish (55,745 posts) 2. The sadness about all this is only alleviated by the thought of justice. "The efforts of family members, human rights activists, bold lawyers, and a handful of committed elected officials have changed the course of history," said Cavanagh in a statement released Thursday. "They have charted new ground in international human rights, including the 'Pinochet Precedent' established when British courts stripped the former dictator of his 'sovereign immunity' and ruled that Spain could extradite him for torture." The book Orlando Letelier: Testimony and Vindication charged that Pinochet ordered the murder. And in 1999, The Clinton administration released over 16,000 documents regarding the Pinochet dictatorship, but withheld those related to the Letelier-Moffitt case, claiming they were necessary for an ongoing federal investigation. However, a draft indictment for the killings prepared under the Clinton administration was ultimately dropped by George W. Bush. Octafish (55,745 posts) 5. The Last Man of the Junta: Open Letter to Henry Kissinger from One of Pinochet's Political Prisoners An Open Letter to Henry Kissinger from One of Pinochet's Political Prisoners The Last Man of the Junta by FERNANDO A. TORRES CounterPunch, DECEMBER 12, 2006 All of the original members of the military junta that overthrew Allende and his government with the knowledge and the direct support of the US government, are now gone. Nixon is gone and Kissinger is left alone on this earth. Now we will never know the number of secrets or the details that they took to their graves with them. Nor will we ever know the whereabouts of the missing ones� every single one of them. I also wonder if justice will prevail and will catch up with Kissinger, the last man of the Junta? F.T. "I don�t see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist due to the irresponsibility of its own people. The issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves." � Henry Kissinger An open letter to Henry Kissinger I was not an "ir |
What word, also linked to President Kennedy's liking for a Broadway musical, was used for the first time in a 1963 Life magazine article to describe a 60's era? | How Jackie Kennedy Invented the Camelot Legend After JFK’s Death - The Daily Beast JFK How Jackie Kennedy Invented the Camelot Legend After JFK’s Death While the nation was still grieving JFK’s assassination, she used an influential magazine profile to rewrite her husband’s legacy and spawn Camelot. James Piereson 11.12.13 10:45 AM ET Few events in the postwar era have cast such a long shadow over our national life as the assassination of President John F. Kennedy fifty years ago this month. The murder of a handsome and vigorous president shocked the nation to its core and shook the faith of many Americans in their institutions and way of life. Those who were living at the time would never forget the moving scenes associated with President Kennedy’s death: the Zapruder film depicting the assassination in a frame-by-frame sequence; the courageous widow arriving with the coffin at Andrews Air Force Base still wearing her bloodstained dress; the throng of mourners lined up for blocks outside the Capitol to pay respects to the fallen president; the accused assassin gunned down two days later while in police custody and in full view of a national television audience; the little boy saluting the coffin of his slain father; the somber march to Arlington National Cemetery; the eternal flame affixed to the gravesite. These scenes were repeated endlessly on television at the time and then reproduced in popular magazines and, still later, in documentary films. They came to be viewed as defining events of the era. In their grief, Americans were inclined to take to heart the various myths and legends that grew up around President Kennedy within days of the assassination. Though the assassin was a communist and an admirer of Fidel Castro, many insisted that President Kennedy was a martyr to the cause of civil rights who deserved a place of honor next to Abraham Lincoln as a champion of racial justice. Others held him up as a great statesman who labored for international peace. But by far the most potent element of the Kennedy legacy was the one that associated JFK with the legend of King Arthur and Camelot. As with many of the myths and legends surrounding President Kennedy, this one was the creative contribution of Jacqueline Kennedy who imagined and artfully circulated it in those grief-filled days following her husband’s death. On the weekend following the assassination and state funeral, Mrs. Kennedy invited the journalist Theodore White to the Kennedy compound in Hyannis for an exclusive interview to serve as the basis for an essay in a forthcoming issue of Life magazine dedicated to President Kennedy. White was a respected journalist and the author of the best selling chronicle of the 1960 campaign, The Making of the President, 1960, that portrayed candidate Kennedy in an especially favorable light and his opponent (Richard Nixon) in a decidedly negative light. White had also known Joseph Kennedy, Jr. (John F. Kennedy’s older brother) while a student at Harvard in the late 1930s. Mrs. Kennedy reached out to White in the reasonable belief that he was a journalist friendly to the Kennedy family. In that interview Mrs. Kennedy pressed upon White the Camelot image that would prove so influential in shaping the public memory of JFK and his administration. President Kennedy, she told the journalist, was especially fond of the music from the popular Broadway musical, Camelot, the lyrics of which were the work of Alan Jay Lerner, JFK’s classmate at Harvard. The musical, which featured Richard Burton as Arthur, Julie Andrews as Guinevere, and Robert Goulet as Lancelot, had a successful run on Broadway from 1960 to 1963. According to Mrs. Kennedy, the couple enjoyed listening to a recording of the title song before going to bed at night. JFK was especially fond of the concluding couplet: “Don’t ever let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief shining moment that was Camelot.” President Kennedy, she said, was strongly attracted to the Camelot legend because he was an idealist who saw history as something made by heroes like |
700 private boats sailed from Ramsgate in England to what place in France between 26 May and 4 June 1940 as part of Operation Dynamo? | British Ship Building - Wooden Boat Building 1943 - After Dunkirk - YouTube British Ship Building - Wooden Boat Building 1943 - After Dunkirk Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 5, 2013 The Little Ships of England - the traditional craft of wooden boatbuilding, and the important roles those little ships play. They are made of British timber; oak, ash and elm. The same ship types that went to Dunkirk to rescue the many soldiers (see more below). Skilled shipwrights at work in a West- country shipyard, and shifts again to the exciting rescue of a fighter pilot by a launch on patrol. From Looe, Cornwall with opening shots in the Cornish fishing village of Polperro. The little ships of Dunkirk were 700 private boats that sailed from Ramsgate in England to Dunkirk in France between 26 May and 4 June 1940 as part of Operation Dynamo, the rescue of more than 338,000 British and French soldiers. This film has been made available for non-commercial research and educational purposes courtesy the British Council Film Collection. http://film.britishcouncil.org/britis... Category |
Charter 77, a petition by writers and intellectuals demanding basic human rights played a big part in the anti-communist movement in what erstwhile country? | Human Rights and American Foreign Policy A Symposium - Commentary Magazine Commentary Magazine What role, if any, should a concern for human rights play in American foreign policy? Is there a conflict between… William Barrett 1981-11-01 Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A Recently, the editors of COMMENTARY addressed the following questions to a group of American intellectuals of varying political views: What role, if any, should a concern for human rights play in American foreign policy? Is there a conflict between this concern and the American national interest? Does the distinction between authoritarianism and totalitarianism seem important to you? If so, what follows from it in practice? If not, what distinctions would you make in judging and dealing with non-democratic regimes? Does the approach of the Reagan administration, to the extent that it can be inferred from statements of the President and other high officials, compare favorably or unfavorably with the Carter administration’s human-rights policy? The responses—eighteen in all—are printed below in alphabetical order. William Barrett: Human rights would certainly seem to be an important part of foreign policy, since the present struggle for the world is about liberty, and indeed the survival of liberty for the conceivable future of our civilization. Yet a separate human-rights policy as such, the more we think about it, does not appear to be one from which we can expect to get much mileage. In the first place, the violations of rights that will get into the news and attract attention are likely to be those by right-wing governments. They are cruder and more impulsive in visiting punishment and oppression upon their victims—and they make the news. The totalitarians of the Left are more systematic, deliberate, rational, “scientific”—and they escape notice. The Soviet secret police must have sneered contemptuously at the amateurishness with which Jacobo Timerman was manhandled. They know other and quieter ways of breaking a man down. After all, they have had more practice at it. The Soviet Union has been perfecting its techniques of oppression against its own people for the last sixty years. Go back to 1941 and Arthur Koestler’s Darkness at Noon to see how the inquisitor wears away and destroys his victim without laying a violent hand upon him. Indeed, the perfection of the totalitarian state will have arrived when its oppressiveness is so effectively managed that it becomes the universal and accepted tenor of life for its citizens, and there are no wayward incidents to be reported to any world body. In part, this has already come about for large portions of the Soviet population. But the second and more formidable reason why we cannot expect much mileage from a separate human-rights program lies in the ideology of the Communist countries themselves and the fact that this ideology places the matter of human rights in a perspective altogether different from our own. The Communists are the practiced users of a double-speak that can take what we deem to be violations of personal liberty as steps toward a more ideal social system. Their violations of human rights are always redeemed in the ultimate vistas of history, the secret truth of which they are in sole possession. No case of ordinary human rights could be presented strong enough to dent the self-righteous armor of their apocalyptic vision of the socialist future. _____________ Obviously, in the above I accept the distinction between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, as I think we should. But I am uncomfortable with the word “authoritarian” in this connection. “Authority” is a word we might hope would come back into less unfavorable use in our political vocabulary. It connotes, or should connote, legality, legitimacy, and stability—qualities of a society that are at the farthest remove from the capricious will of a dictator. Eighteenth-century England, for example, did not know certain democratic liberties that we do, and thus might be called authoritarian. Yet within the framework of its authority, |
Velupillai Prabhakaran, whose death in 2009 ended a bloody civil war in Sri Lanka sought to create an independent state for the people of what ethnicity? | Velupillai Prabhakaran – Ramani's blog Si Lankan Tamils Killing Fields Full Video I post her the full video of the Killing Files by Channel 4 This is in addition to the excerpts I posted in 2011, where the full Video was not available then Initially there were restrictions. This is necessitated by the n ew evidence showing that LTTE Chief Prabhakaran’s son Balachandran Prabhakaran was killed in cold blood after being offered snacks. Video analysis has proved the authenticity of this and Sri Lanka can not escape under the ruse that it is doctored. Curiously till the writing of this post here are no comment from the Government of Sri Lanka. The Posts of mine on Sri Lankan Tamils is to present and document the atrocities in one place as I have not been able to find a source that contains all the information relating to Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide of the Tamils in Sri Lanka. Here is the Full Video of the Killing of the Tamils by Channel 4. |
The magnificent Ishtar Gate constructed around 575 BC served as one of the entrances to what ancient city? | Ancient Babylonia - The Ishtar Gate Ancient Babylonia - The Ishtar Gate The Ishtar Gate at Babylon Reconstruction Glazed Brick Total Height�47 Feet, Width-32 Feet Neo-Babylonian Dept. of the Near East "Is this not Babylon that I have built�" �Daniel 4:30 The Ishtar Gate, one of the eight gates of the inner city of Babylon, was built during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (604- 562 BC). Only the foundations of the gate were found, going down some 45 feet, with molded, unglazed figures. The gateway has been reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin, from the glazed bricks found, so its original height is different in size. Reconstructed height is 47 feet. It was one of the eight gates of the inner city of Babylon. It was built in about 575 BC, the eighth fortified gate in the city. It is one of the most impressive monuments rediscovered in the ancient Near East. The Ishtar gate was decorated with glazed brick reliefs, in tiers, of dragons and young bulls. The gate itself was a double one, and on its south side was a vast antechamber. Through the gatehouse ran a stone-and brick-paved avenue, the so-called Processional Way, which has been traced over a length of more than half a mile. King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon dedicated the great Ishtar Gate to the goddess Ishtar. It was the main entrance into Babylon. King Nebuchadnezzar II performed elaborate building projects in Babylon around 604-562 BC. His goal was to beautify his capital. He restored the temple of Marduk, the chief god, and also built himself a magnificent palace with the famous Hanging Gardens, which was reported by the Greek historian Herodotus to have been one of the wonders of the world. The Bible records that it was Nebuchadnezzar who destroyed Jerusalem, brought the kingdom of Judah to an end, and carried off the Jews into exile. The Ishtar Gate was the starting point for processions. The Babylonians would assemble in front of it and march through the triumphal arch and proceed along the Sacred Way to the 7-story Ziggurat, which was crowned near the temple of Marduk. The gateway was completely covered with beautifully colored glazed bricks. Its reliefs of dragons and bulls symbolized the gods Marduk and Adad. Enameled tiles of glorious blue surrounded the brightly colored yellow and brown beasts. In front of the gateway outside the city was a road with walls decorated with reliefs of lions and glazed yellow tiles. The Ishtar gate was reconstructed in Berlin out of material excavated by Robert Koldeway. The Dedicatory Inscription on the Ishtar Gate reads: Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, the faithful prince appointed by the will of Marduk, the highest of princely princes, beloved of Nabu, of prudent counsel, who has learned to embrace wisdom, who fathomed their divine being and reveres their majesty, the untiring governor, who always takes to heart the care of the cult of Esagila and Ezida and is constantly concerned with the well-being of Babylon and Borsippa, the wise, the humble, the caretaker of Esagila and Ezida, the firstborn son of Nabopolassar, the King of Babylon. Both gate entrances of Imgur-Ellil and Nemetti-Ellil following the filling of the street from Babylon had become increasingly lower. Therefore, I pulled down these gates and laid their foundations at the water table with asphalt and bricks and had them made of bricks with blue stone on which wonderful bulls and dragons were depicted. I covered their roofs by laying majestic cedars length-wise over them. I hung doors of cedar adorned with bronze at all the gate openings. I placed wild bulls and ferocious dragons in the gateways and thus adorned them with luxurious splendor so that people might gaze on them in wonder I let the temple of Esiskursiskur (the highest festival house of Markduk, the Lord of the Gods a place of joy and celebration for the major and minor gods) be built firm like a mountain in the precinct of Babylon of asphalt and fired bricks. Ancient Babylonia by R. Russell 2 Kin 24:13-14 "And Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon carried out from there all the treasures of the house of |
In 1120 the sinking of what vessel, called the Titanic of the Middle Ages, caused the death of the legitimate heir to the throne of England and led to a period known as the Anarchy? | White Ship : definition of White Ship and synonyms of White Ship (English) 7 External links Shipwreck This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (November 2011) The White Ship was a new vessel owned by Thomas FitzStephen , whose father Airard FitzStephen had been captain of the ship "The Mora" for William the Conqueror when he invaded England in 1066 . He offered to let Henry I of England use it to return to England from Barfleur in north-western France . Henry had already made travelling arrangements, but suggested that his son William Adelin travel on it instead. But when the White Ship set off in the dark, its port side struck a submerged rock (this rock can still be seen from the cliffs of Barfleur ), and the ship quickly capsized. The only known survivor was a butcher from Rouen . He was wearing thick ramskins that saved him from exposure , and was picked up by fishermen the next morning. In his account of the disaster, chronicler Orderic Vitalis claimed that when Thomas FitzStephen came to the surface after the sinking and learned that William Adelin had not survived, he let himself drown rather than face the King. The cause of the shipwreck remains uncertain and various stories surround its loss. The most frequently aired version of events is that of a drinking binge by the crew and passengers. When seabound the captain became reckless and dared to try to overtake the King's ship once outside the harbour walls. It is also told that priests were not allowed on board to bless the ship in the customary manner. William of Nangis wrote that the White Ship sank because all the men aboard were sodomites , [4] which reflects the medieval belief that sin caused pestilence and disaster. [5] Repercussions Main article: The Anarchy A direct result of William Adelin's death was the period known as the Anarchy , enabling Stephen of Blois to usurp the English throne. The White Ship disaster had left Henry I with only one legitimate child, a daughter named Matilda . Although Henry I had forced his barons to swear an oath to support Matilda as his heir on several occasions, a woman had never ruled in England in her own right. Matilda was also unpopular because she was married to Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou , a traditional enemy of England's Norman nobles. Upon Henry's death in 1135, the English barons were reluctant to accept Matilda as queen Regnant . One of Henry I's male relatives, Stephen of Blois , the king's nephew by his sister Adela, usurped Matilda as well as his older brothers William and Theobald to become king. Stephen had allegedly planned to travel on the ship but had disembarked just before it sailed. Orderic Vitalis attributes this to a sudden bout of diarrhea . After Henry I's death, Matilda and her husband Geoffrey of Anjou , the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty, launched a long and devastating war against Stephen and his allies for control of the English throne. Robert Lacey has observed that "The White Ship was the Titanic of the Middle Ages, a much-vaunted high-tech vessel on its maiden voyage, wrecked against a foreseeable natural obstacle in the reckless pursuit of speed." [6] Historical fiction The sinking of the White Ship is the opening to the prologue of Ken Follett 's novel The Pillars of the Earth (1989). The ship's sinking sets the stage for the entire background of the story, which is based on the subsequent civil war between Matilda (referred to as Maud in the novel) and Stephen . In Follett's novel, it is implied that the ship may have been sabotaged and in the TV adaptation this is directly confirmed even going so far as to reveal that William Adelin was assassinated whilst on a lifeboat. It is also described in detail by Sharon Kay Penman in the historical novel When Christ and His Saints Slept (1994). The sinking of the White Ship is briefly referenced in Glenn Cooper 's novel The Tenth Chamber (2010). The White Ship also sets the stage for the nove |
What major 1915 campaign of the First World War is also called as the Battle of Çanakkale and is credited with shaping the consciousness of more than one country? | Gallipoli Campaign 1915 Gallipoli Campaign 1915 See also: Timeline of the Battle of Gallipoli Gallipoli Campaign Part of World War I Gallipoli Campaign, April 1915. Date 25 April 1915 – 9 January 1916 (8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire Result Decisive Ottoman victory Lord Birdwood Otto Liman von Sanders Mustafa Kemal 16 divisions (final) Ottoman Empire: 315,500[4] 220,000, 59% casualty rate[5] 251,000, 60% casualty rate[6] [show] v t e [show] v t e Theatres of World War I The Gallipoli Campaign, also known as the Dardanelles Campaign or the Battle of Gallipoli or the Battle of Çanakkale (Turkish: Çanakkale Savaşı),[7][8][9][10][11][12] took place at the peninsula of Gallipoli in the Ottoman Empire (now Gelibolu in modern day Turkey) between 25 April 1915 and 9 January 1916, during the First World War. A joint British and French operation was mounted to capture the Ottoman capital of Istanbul (then still referred to as 'Constantinople' by Western nations) and secure a sea route to Russia.[13] The attempt failed, with heavy casualties on both sides. The campaign was considered one of the greatest victories of the Turks and was reflected on as a major failure by the Allies. The Gallipoli campaign resonated profoundly among all nations involved. In Turkey, the battle is perceived as a defining moment in the history of the Turkish people—a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the aging Ottoman Empire was crumbling. The struggle laid the grounds for the Turkish War of Independence and the foundation of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, himself a commander at Gallipoli. The campaign was the first major battle undertaken by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), and is often considered to mark the birth of national consciousness in both of these countries.[14][15] [16] Anzac Day, 25 April, remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand, surpassing Armistice Day/Remembrance Day. Contents [hide] [edit]Decision to attack Sea access to Russia through the Dardanelles The Allies were keen to open an effective supply route to Russia: efforts on the Eastern Front relieved pressure on the Western Front. Germany and Austria-Hungary blocked Russia's land trade routes to Europe, while no easy sea route existed. The White Sea in the north and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were distant from the Eastern Front and often icebound. The Baltic Sea was blocked by the German Kaiserliche Marine. The Black Sea's only entrance was through the Dardanelles and the Bosporus, which were controlled by the Ottoman Empire. When the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October 1914, Russia could no longer be supplied from the Mediterranean Sea. By late 1914 to early 1915 the Western Front in France and Belgium had effectively become a stalemate. A new front was desperately needed.[citation needed] Also, the Allies hoped that an attack on the Ottomans would draw Bulgaria and Greece into the war on the Allied side. A first proposal to attack the Ottoman Empire had been made by the French Minister of Justice Aristide Briand in November 1914, but it was not supported. The British attempt to bribe the Ottoman Empire to join the Allied side was also not successful; their offer of £4 million was trumped by Germany's £5 million.[17] Later in November 1914, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill put forward his first plans for a naval attack on the Dardanelles, based at least in part on what turned out to be erroneous reports regarding Ottoman troop strength. He reasoned that the Royal Navy had a large number of obsolete battleships which could not be used against the German High Seas Fleet in the North Sea, but which might well be made useful in another theatre. Initially, the attack was to be made by the Royal Navy alone, with only token forces from the army being required for routine occupation tasks. First Sea Lord John Fisher opposed the campaign and instead preferred a direct naval l |
The ultra left-wing group Red Army Faction associated with the names Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof was active in what country in the later part of the 20th century? | Nationalistic Terrorism ETHNO-NATIONALISTIC TERRORISM "A nation's honor is dearer than a nation's comfort." (Woodrow Wilson) Nationalist terrorism is "traditional" terrorism, also called revolutionary or ideological terrorism. It is practiced by individuals belonging to an identifiable organization with a well-defined command-and-control structure, clear political, social or economic objectives, and a comprehensible ideology or self-interest (Hoffman 1999). Their target selection is highly selective and mostly discriminate - ambassadors, bankers, dignitaries - symbols they blame for economic or political repression. They usually issue communiqu�s taking credit for, and explaining in great detail, their actions. Only rarely do such groups operate outside their home territory unless it is in their interest to do so or they claim to be representing the oppressed of the Third World or belong to some diaspora . Nationalism is the driving force behind a love of country so strong that one is willing to die trying to change or overthrow a government seen as corrupt and/or oppressive. It's an Enlightenment notion associated with the thought of Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu that the best form of democratic government is based on the natural desire of people to govern themselves as a distinct nation-state. It has been the underlying justification for the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Mexican Revolution, and the Cuban Revolution. The patriotic feeling of loyalty to one's national ties can take different forms depending upon the economic and cultural context. Most people are familiar with jingoistic nationalism where a common external enemy unites people in a war mentality. Others, especially Westerners, might be familiar with self-interest nationalism in which a presumed economic superiority permits the export of a civilization in the name of prosperity. Militaristic nationalism tends to involve fascist or socialist movements that glorify the institutions, icons, and achievements of a state. And finally, there is ethnic nationalism which is rooted in ethnic identity as the basis for a cause. This last form has become a dominant model of terrorism in the 21st Century, and is called ethno-nationalist terrorism, or more simply, ethnoterrorism. Ethnic identity has some unique sociological characteristics. First of all, it is egalitarian - the identity of the masses. Joan of Arc, for example, explained why she continually used familiar names for the French nobility by saying "After all, we're all French." Secondly, it allows a certain amount of freedom while at the same time reinforcing group solidarity. A person who says they are French-American-Canadian, for example, has a couple of second-order identities, but they are still French. Thirdly, there are no entry or exit points for ethnic identity. Nobody needs certificates or credentials to prove their ethnicity, and most people can come and go (exit the group and reenter) with relative ease. The most negative aspects of ethnicity involve stereotyping and de-individualization. It's easier to gas the Jew, lynch the Black, or shoot the White Man than it is to understand such groups as individuals. Ethnicity also tends to find its way into public policy, no matter how fair the politicians try to be. Nationalism, or more precisely, the concept of nation-state, was used by the great European powers to create and administer their colonies. It's easier to govern when the "people" think they're all part of a nation-state with borders. Unfortunately, it turns out in this post-colonial era that there were a diverse number of different ethnic groups within those borders. That's why scholars such as Horowitz (1985) say ethnic conflict is nationalist conflict. Control of the state, a state, any state becomes the goal of ethnic conflict. That's why nationalist terrorist groups are referred to as subnational organizations, para-states, states within a state, liberationists, separatists, or unifiers. One should never underestimate the |
The Wars of the Diadochi were a series of conflicts fought for the control of an empire after whose death? | Diadochi Wars, 323-280 BC Diadochi Wars, 323-280 BC Tweet The Wars of the Diadochi were a series of conflicts that followed the death of Alexander the Great . They were fought between his most important generals, for control of all or part of his empire. The main issues were decided during the first twenty years of the conflict, ending at the battle of Issus in 301 BC. Alexander’s empire was split into three main successor states – Macedonia, Egypt and the Seleucid Empire. Conflict between the surviving successors continued at a less intense layer until the death of the last of the successors, Seleucus I , in 280 BC. The successors can be seen as having fallen into two main camps – those who wanted to maintain Alexander’s empire intact, either for his descendants or for themselves, and those who wanted to establish their own rule over smaller parts of the Empire. Their first task was to establish a framework for the rule of the Empire after Alexander’s death. Their first attempt was made at Babylon in 323 BC . Officially the empire remained intact, to be ruled in the name of Alexander’s son, Alexander IV and his half brother, under the name Philip III. Real power was split between Perdiccas , as regent for the two kings, Antipater as the king’s representative in Macedonia, and the satraps, prominent amongst them Ptolemy , who was given Egypt and Antigonus One-Eye , who retained control of much of Asia Minor. The ranks of the successors were soon thinned. The death of Alexander triggered a revolt in Greece ( Lamian War, 323-321 BC ), which saw the death of Leonnatus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia. This revolt overlapped with the First Diadoch War (322-320) , triggered by what may have been the first bid to success Alexander. Perdiccas decided to marry Alexander’s sister Cleopatra, almost certainly with an eye on the Macedonian throne. Alarmed, most of his fellow successors rallied against him. Only Eumenes stayed loyal. Ptolemy made the most dramatic of gestures, seizing the body of Alexander the Great and taking it to his capital of Alexandria. Leaving Eumenes behind in Asia Minor, Perdiccas led what was left of the main Imperial army to Egypt, to deal with Ptolemy. Once in Egypt the expedition went disastrously wrong. Perdiccas’s army failed to cross the eastern branch of the Nile, and Perdiccas was murdered by his own officers. Eumenes had more success. In a major battle somewhere on the border of Cappadocia he defeated an army sent against him, killing Craterus , the third of Alexander’s generals to die in two years. In response the main Macedonian army, now temporarily dominated by Ptolemy, condemned Eumenes to death. This First Diadoch War ended with a second attempted settlement, at Triparadisus in Syria (320) . This time the aging Antipater assumed the regency. Antigonus was made commander of the Macedonian army in Asia, and ordered to deal with Eumenes. Ptolemy of course retained Egypt. A new figure also appears on the scene, Seleucus , another of Alexander’s staff, who was appointed satrap of Babylonia. For the next nineteen years events centred around Antigonus. As the ruler of Asia he was in the best position to reunite Alexander’s empire. He had the ability to do so, and it very soon became clear also had the intention to do so. He was prevented from doing so only by repeated coalitions containing most or all of his rivals. At Triparadisus Antigonus had been given the job of defeating Eumenes. He was engaged in this when Antipater died (319 BC), removing the last source of stability in the Empire. He had appointed a minor general, Polyperchon, to replace him, and this triggered a new round of conflict ( Second Diadoch War, 319-316 ). This ranged Polyperchon against Antipater’s son Cassander in Greece and Antigonus against Eumenes in Asia. By the time it ended, Cassander was virtual king of Macedonia, Alexander’s mother Olympias and his half-brother Philip III Arrhidaeus were both dead, and Antigonus had defeated and killed Eumenes, although only after cha |
The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 that was fought in places like Cawnpore, Lucknow before ending in Gwalior is said to be the first war of independence in the history of which country? | The Sepoy War of 1857 – Mutiny or First Indian War of Independence « Tornos India Curated The Sepoy War of 1857 – Mutiny or First Indian War of Independence The profound hypocrisy and inherent barbarism of bourgeois civilization lies unveiled before our eyes, turning from its home, where it assumes respectable forms, to the colonies, where it goes naked. Did they not, in India, to borrow an expression of that great robber, Lord Clive himself, resort to atrocious extortion, when simple corruption could not keep pace with their rapacity? While they prated in Europe about the inviolable sanctity of the national debt, did they not confiscate in India the dividends of the rajahs, who had invested their private savings in the Company’s own funds? While they combated the French revolution under the pretext of defending “our holy religion,” did they not forbid, at the same time, Christianity to be propagated in India, and did they not, in order to make money out of the pilgrims streaming to the temples of Orissa and Bengal, take up the trade in the murder and prostitution perpetrated in the temple of the Juggernaut? These are the men of “Property, Order, Family, and Religion.” The story of the Sepoy (sepáhí) War of 1857, (an attempt at a compromise between two more controversial titles, ‘the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857’ and ‘the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857,’ though “insurgency” might also fit) began long before March of 1857. The history of the war delves deep into the colonization and conquest of India and the cultural and religious oppression imposed on Indians by British rule. Furthermore, the telling of the history of the war is, to this day, an ongoing battle between two competing narratives, the history belonging to the British that won the war, and the history claimed by the Indians who were defeated. In a time when the history of India is being retold everyday, this web page is an attempt to present a history of the Sepoy War that is derived from various points of view, accounting for the context of the histories related, and the points of view of the historians relating them. The East India Company was a massive export company that was the force behind much of the colonization of India. The power of the East India Company took nearly 150 years to build. As early as 1693, the annual expenditure in political “gifts” to men in power reached nearly 90,000 pounds (Marx 23). In bribing the Government, the East India Company was allowed to operate in overseas markets despite the fact that the cheap imports of South Asian silk, cotton, and other products hurt domestic business. By 1767, the Company was forced into an agreement that is should pay 400,000 pounds into the National Exchequer annually. By 1848, however, the East India Company’s financial difficulties had reached a point where expanding revenue required expanding British territories in South Asia massively. The Government began to set aside adoption rights of native princes and began the process of annexation of more than a dozen independent Rajes between 1848 and 1854 (Marx 51; Kaye 30). In an article published in The New York Daily Tribune on July 28, 1857, Karl Marx notes that “… in 1854 the Raj of Berar, which comprise 80,000 square miles of land, a population from four to five million, and enormous treasures, was forcibly seized” (Marx 51). In order to consolidate and control these new holdings, a well-established army of 200,000 South Asians officered by 40,000 British soldiers dominated India by 1857. The last vestiges of independent Indian states had disappeared and the East India Company exported tons of gold, silk, cotton, and a host of other precious materials back to England every year. Religion Historians like J.A.B. Palmer and John Kaye trace the origins of the soldiers’ rebellion at Meerut, in which South Asian soldiers rose up against their colonial officers, to the Lee-Enfield Rifle. It was developed at the Enfield arsenal by James P. Lee and fired a .303 caliber ammunition that had to manually loaded before firing. Loading involved biting the end of the cartri |
What name was given by pilots of the US Air Force to the area of North Korea considered the birthplace of jet fighter combat as it saw numerous dog fights during the Korean War? | MiG Alley - Dog Fight F86 Sabre vs MiG-15 - YouTube MiG Alley - Dog Fight F86 Sabre vs MiG-15 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 16, 2012 "MiG Alley" is the name given by U.S. Air Force pilots to the northwestern portion of North Korea, where the Yalu River empties into the Yellow Sea. During the Korean War, it was the site of numerous dogfights between U.S. fighter jets and those of the Communist forces, particularly the Soviet Union, which was confirmed after the fall of the Soviet Union. The North American F-86 Sabre and the Soviet-built Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 were the aircraft used throughout most of the conflict, with the area's nickname derived from the latter. Because it was the site of the first large-scale jet-vs-jet air battles, MiG Alley is considered the birthplace of jet fighter combat. Category |
The second most-studied case of genocide (after the Holocaust) is said to have begun on April 24, 1915 when Ottoman authorities arrested 250 intellectuals of what ethnicity? | Armenian Genocide | Abuse Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia File:Marcharmenians.jpg Template:Armenian Genocide The Armenian Genocide ( Template:Lang-hy , translit.: Hayoc’ C’eġaspanout’youn; Template:Lang-tr )—also known as the Armenian Holocaust, the Armenian Massacres and, by Armenians, as the Great Crime ( Մեծ Եղեռն , Mec Yeġeṙn, Template:IPA-hy )—refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I . [1] It was implemented through wholesale massacres and deportations , with the deportations consisting of forced marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees. The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been between one and one and a half million. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. [7] [8] [9] It is widely acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides , [10] [11] [12] as scholars point to the systematic, organized manner in which the killings were carried out to eliminate the Armenians, [13] and it is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust . [14] The word genocide [15] was coined in order to describe these events. [16] [17] The starting date of the genocide is conventionally held to be April 24, 1915, the day that Ottoman authorities arrested some 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople . [18] [19] Thereafter, the Ottoman military uprooted Armenians from their homes and forced them to march for hundreds of miles, depriving them of food and water, to the desert of what is now Syria . Massacres were indiscriminate of age or gender, with rape and other sexual abuse commonplace. [20] The majority of Armenian diaspora communities were founded as a result of the Armenian genocide. The Republic of Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, denies the word genocide is an accurate description of the events (see, Denial of the Armenian Genocide ). [21] In recent years, it has faced repeated calls to accept the events as genocide. To date, twenty countries have officially recognized the events of the period as genocide , and most genocide scholars and historians accept this view. [22] [23] [24] [25] Contents File:Armenian population map 1896.jpg Armenia had largely come under Ottoman rule during the fifteenth and 16th centuries. The vast majority of Armenians, grouped together under the name Armenian millet (community), was concentrated in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire, although significantly large communities were also found in the western provinces, as well as the capital Constantinople . With the exception of the empire's urban centers and the extremely wealthy, Constantinople-based Amira class, a social elite whose members included the Duzians (Directors of the Imperial Mint), the Balyans (Chief Imperial Architects) and the Dadians (Superintendent of the Gunpowder Mills and manager of industrial factories), most Armenians – approximately 70% of the population – lived in poor and dangerous conditions in the rural countryside. [26] There, the Armenians were subject to the whims of their Turkish and Kurdish neighbors, who would regularly overtax them, subject them to brigandage and kidnapping, force them to convert to Islam and otherwise exploit them without any interference from central or local authorities. [27] In the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Muslim dhimmi system, they, like all other Christians , were accorded certain limited freedoms (such as the right to worship), but were in essence treated as second-class citizens . Referred to in Turkish as gavours, a pejorative word meaning "infidel" or "unbeliever." [28] In addition to other legal limitations, Christians were not considered equals to Muslims : testimony against Muslims by Christians and Jews was inadmissible in courts of law; they were forbidden to ca |
The 1792 Battle of Valmy in which a citizen army defeated the Prussian army is significant for saving/preserving what? | Battle of Valmy : definition of Battle of Valmy and synonyms of Battle of Valmy (English) Anglo-Spanish War The Battle of Valmy was the first major victory by the army of France during the French Revolution . The action took place on 20 September 1792 as Prussian troops commanded by the Duke of Brunswick attempted to march on Paris . Generals François Kellermann and Charles Dumouriez stopped the advance near the northern village of Valmy in Champagne-Ardenne . In this early part of the French Revolutionary Wars known as the War of the First Coalition , the new French government was in most every way unproven, and thus the small, localized victory at Valmy became a huge psychological victory for the Revolution at large. [1] The battle was considered a "miraculous" event and a "decisive defeat" for the vaunted Prussian army. [2] After the battle, the newly-assembled National Convention was emboldened enough to formally declare the end of monarchy in France and the establishment of the First French Republic . Valmy permitted the development of the Revolution and all its resultant ripple effects, and for that it is regarded as one of the most significant battles of all time. [3] [4] Contents 9 Further reading Background In the war's early encounters, French troops did not distinguish themselves, [5] and enemy forces advanced dangerously deep into France intending to pacify the country, restore the traditional monarchy, and end the Revolution. King Frederick William II of Prussia had the support of Great Britain and the Austrian Empire to send the Duke of Brunswick towards Paris with a large army. Brunswick's allied invasion force of veteran Prussian and Austrian troops was augmented by large complements of Hessians and the French royalist Army of Condé . [6] The French commander Dumouriez, meanwhile, had been marching his army northeast to attack the Austrian Netherlands , but this plan was abandoned because of the more immediate threat to Paris. [7] Just over half of the infantry of Dumouriez's army were regulars of the old Royal Army, as were nearly all of the cavalry and (importantly) the artillery. [8] These provided a professional core to steady the enthusiastic volunteer battalions raised in June and July 1791. [9] Battle Map of the battle The invading army handily captured Longwy on 23 August and Verdun on 2 September, then moved on toward Paris through the defiles of the Forest of Argonne . [10] In response, Dumouriez halted his advance to the Netherlands and reversed course, approaching the enemy army from its rear. [7] From Metz , Kellermann moved to his assistance, joining him at the village of Sainte-Menehould on 19 September. [10] The French forces were now east of the Prussians, behind their lines. Theoretically the Prussians could have marched straight towards Paris unopposed, but this course was never seriously considered: the threat to their lines of supply and communication was too great to be ignored. The unfavorable situation was compounded by bad weather and an alarming increase in sickness among the troops. With few other options available, Brunswick turned back and prepared to do battle. [7] Brunswick headed through the northern woods believing he could cut off Dumouriez. At the moment when the Prussian manœuvre was nearly completed, Kellermann advanced his left wing and took up a position on the slopes between Sainte-Menehould and Valmy. [10] His command centered around an old windmill , and his veteran artillerists were well-placed upon its accommodating rise to begin the Cannonade of Valmy. As the Prussians emerged from the woods, a long-range gunnery duel ensued and the French batteries proved superior. The Prussian infantry made a cautious, and fruitless, effort to advance under fire across the open ground. [7] As the Prussians wavered, a pivotal moment was reached when Kellerman raised his hat and made his famous cry of "Vive la Nation". The cry was repeated again and again by all the army, and had a crushing effect upon Prussian morale. [11] To the surprise of nearly everyone, Brunswick br |
The 1889 constitution of which country recognized the divine power of its emperor deriving it from a native belief that the imperial family was the offspring of the sun goddess Amaterasu? | Fr. Hardon Archives - Religions of the World - Chapter 9. Shinto Religions of the World Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. Associate Professor of Comparative Religion at Western Michigan University Shinto The origins of Shinto are lost in the dim past of Japanese history, and over the centuries its role has been to integrate with other systems, notably Confucianism from China and Buddhism from India, to give the people of Japan the most complex religious amalgam in the Orient. At the same time Shinto has served to consolidate the nation and became the religious expression of patriotism, where the divine right of kings, familiar in the West, was an object of faith and the emperor a descendant of the gods. Religion and government being one, wrote a modern Shintoist, all the heavenly functions which the sovereign undertakes and all the works that he performs as the representative of heaven are means of serving the heavenly forbear. Therefore that his line should endure as long as heaven endures is a natural consequence of the order of things. [ 1 ] This divinization of the sovereign was shattered by the events of the Second World War, which left Shinto in the emancipated position of a free religion, on a par with other religions, but also deprived the people of Japan of that religious mooring to which they had been accustomed for generations. It is not likely that the ancient traditions will be easily abandoned; and although some are already speaking of a post-Shinto era, the experience of history suggests rather a new form of syncretism that will build on the best elements of the past. Native Deities Of the three contributory sources to the religion of Japan---Buddhism, Confucianism and Shinto---only the latter is indigenous to the country, and most distinctive of the religious culture of its people. While Shinto has no sacred writings in the sense of revelation, its origins are rooted in two writings that fairly describe the spirit which still prevails. Kojiki or Records of Ancients Matters, and Nihongi or Chronicles of Japan were both compiled in the early eighth century of our era, when Japanese writers were already strongly influenced by Chinese traditions. It is difficult to distinguish the pure native traditions in these works. Many of the events described are anachronistic, and many of the legends are chosen to confirm the religious or political claims of the ruling dynasty. Nevertheless certain strains of faith and methods of worship are so close to what we know of primitive religion that they seem to be authentically Japanese. Shinto mythology begins with the creation of the islands in the archipelago by two gods, Izanagi (the Male-Who-Invites), and his wife Izanami (the Female-Who-Invites), who were commanded by the deities to make, consolidate, and give birth to this drifting land. Izanami died in giving birth to the god of fire (Kagutsuchi). Overcome with grief, her spouse went down to the nether world to see the Female-Who-Invites, and she consented to return to him on condition that he did not look at her meanwhile. But in his impatience, he looked at her and saw the corruption of her body. She was angered by this impertinence and sent infernal deities to drive him out of Hades, where Izanami was left to be the great goddess of the land of darkness. Returning to earth, Izanagi purified himself, and from this purification were born many gods, of whom the most famous are the sun goddess, born as he was washing his left eye; the moon god when he washed his right eye; and Susa-no-wo, a god of swift impetuosity. Then follows a tedious record of the birth and copulation of further deities with names descriptive of their attributes and earthly functions, until finally Jimmu Tenno is born as the fifth generation descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu. At the age of forty-five, on February 11, 667 B.C., acco |
The Battle of Coral Sea in WWII in 1942 is notable for the first fleet action of what type of craft that are still in vogue? | The Battle of Coral Sea - History Learning Site History Learning Site The Battle of Coral Sea Citation: C N Trueman "The Battle of Coral Sea" historylearningsite.co.uk . The History Learning Site , 19 May 2015. 16 Aug 2016. The Battle of Coral Sea took place in May 1942 . If the Japanese had succeeded at Coral Sea, the way would have been open for the Japanese to have captured New Guinea and leave Australia isolated from Allied help and more open to a Japanese attack. The Battle of Coral Sea was fought entirely by planes – no ship on either side made any visual contact with any enemy ship. Rear-Admiral Frank Fletcher The Japanese had made great gains in the Far East by the spring of 1942. By May 1st, the conquest of the Philippines, Burma , Malaya and the Dutch East Indies had cost the Japanese Navy only 23 warships and none had been larger than a destroyer. 67 transport ships had also been lost. The Japanese naval command had expected far greater losses and, buoyed by such success, they looked to expand still further in the Far East. However, the senior officers in the Japanese Navy argued on what was best to do next. One school of thought was for the navy to continue spearheading territorial gains. Admiral Nagano was a keen supporter of this. Others, led by Admiral Yamamoto wanted an all-out attack on America’s aircraft carriers in the Pacific as they feared that these ships were the key to success in the Pacific. Yamamoto believed that the destruction of America’s aircraft carriers would ensure the security of Japan. For this reason, Yamamoto wanted an attack on Midway Island as he believed that such an attack would draw out the American navy into a full-scale battle which he believed the Japanese would win. The Japanese Army’s high command wanted an attack to be centred on isolating Australia and this would include an attack on New Guinea. However, it was the Americans who forced the hand of the Japanese. On April 18th, 1942 , America had launched bombers from two American aircraft carriers (the ‘Enterprise’ and the ‘Hornet’) that had bombed Tokyo. This strengthened Yamamoto’s case against the Americans aircraft carriers and on May 5th, Imperial General Headquarters Navy Order 18 was issued which ordered Yamamoto to carry out an attack on Midway Island and other key points in the Western Aleutians – the operation was to take place in early June 1942. However, the Japanese had decided on a course of action that spilt their forces. The attack on New Guinea had already started and could not be called off as it was too far advanced. Therefore, Yamamoto could not call on all the forces he might have needed for an attack on Midway Island as some Japanese forces were concentrated in the Coral Sea to the south-east of New Guinea. The attack on Port Moresby in New Guinea was considered important by the Japanese as its success would isolate Australia and New Guinea could then be used as a platform to attack Fiji, New Caledonia and Samoa. The Japanese labelled the attack on Port Moresby as ‘Operation MO’ and the force that was to attack it was ‘Task Force MO’. The Japanese force included the aircraft carriers ‘Shokaku’ and the ‘Zuikaku’. These were to sail from Truk Island and were to intercept any ships sent by America to attack the Japanese. The main part of the Japanese plan was for its invading force (the Port Moresby Invasion Force) to move through the Jomard Passage, to the south-east of New Guinea, unhindered by the Americans, allowing it to attack Port Moresby. America treated the attack on Port Moresby very seriously. They believed that any attack would leave Australia vulnerable. Both Chester Nimitz and Douglas MacArthur gave the attack on Port Moresby high priority. The Americans had broken the Japanese naval code and had detailed knowledge of their plans. They believed that an attack on Port Moresby was scheduled for May 3rd and that the Japanese forces would have to make a move through the Coral Sea to carry out this task. The Americans may have known about the Japanese plan but they had one problem themselves. T |
Owain Glyndŵr (died c. 1416) who was venerated by the 19th century Cymru Fydd movement is considered the national hero of what ethnicity? | Owain Glyndŵr | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Owain Glyndŵr ( Welsh pronunciation: [ˈoʊain ɡlɨ̞nˈduːr] ), or Owain Glyn Dŵr, (c. 1349 or 1359 – c. 1415) was a Welsh ruler and the last native Welshman to hold the title Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru). He instigated a fierce and long-running but ultimately unsuccessful revolt against the English rule of Wales . [1] Glyndŵr was a descendant of the Princes of Powys from his father Gruffydd Fychan II , hereditary Tywysog of Powys Fadog and Lord of Glyndyfrdwy , and of those of Deheubarth through his mother Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn. On 16 September 1400, Glyndŵr instigated the Welsh Revolt against the rule of Henry IV of England . Although initially very successful and rapidly gaining control of large areas of Wales, the uprising suffered from key weaknesses – particularly a lack of artillery, which made capturing defended fortresses difficult, and ships, which made their coastlands vulnerable – and was eventually overborne by the superior resources of the English. Glyndŵr was driven from his last strongholds in 1409, but he avoided capture and the last documented sighting of him was in 1412. He twice ignored offers of a pardon from his military nemesis and new king, Henry V of England , and despite the large rewards being offered, Glyndŵr was never betrayed to the English. His death was recorded by a former follower for the year 1415. Glyndŵr is portrayed in William Shakespeare's play Henry IV, Part 1 (anglicised as Owen Glendower) as a wild and exotic man ruled by magic and emotion. [2] In the late 19th century the Cymru Fydd movement recreated him as the father of Welsh nationalism , revising the historical image of him and joining him in popular memory as a national hero on par with King Arthur. Contents Edit This article does not contain any citations or references. Please improve this article by adding a reference. For information about how to add references, see Template:Citation . Banner of Owain Glyndŵr. Arms: Quarterly or and gules, four lions rampant armed and langued azure counterchanged. Crest. A dragon, or wyvern, gules. Mantling. Red lined white. [3] Glyndŵr was born circa 1349 (possibly 1359) to a prosperous landed family, part of the Anglo-Welsh gentry of the Welsh Marches (the border between England and Wales) in northeast Wales. This group moved easily between Welsh and English societies and languages, occupying important offices for the Marcher Lords while maintaining their position as uchelwyr — nobles descended from the pre-conquest Welsh royal dynasties — in traditional Welsh society. His father, Gruffydd Fychan II , hereditary Tywysog of Powys Fadog and Lord of Glyndyfrdwy, died some time before 1370 leaving Glyndŵr's mother Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn of Deheubarth a widow and Owain a young man of maybe 16 years at most. Owain probably had an elder brother called Madog, but he may have died young.[ citation needed ] The young Owain ap Gruffydd was possibly fostered at the home of David Hanmer , a rising lawyer shortly to be a justice of the Kings Bench, or at the home of Richard FitzAlan, 3rd Earl of Arundel. Owain is then thought to have been sent to London to study law at the Inns of Court . He probably studied as a legal apprentice for seven years. He was possibly in London during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. By 1383, he had returned to Wales, where he married David Hanmer's daughter, Margaret , started his large family and established himself as the Squire of Sycharth and Glyndyfrdwy, with all the responsibilities that entailed. Glyndŵr entered the English king's military service in 1384 when he undertook garrison duty under the renowned 'Welshman' Sir Gregory Sais, or Sir Degory Sais, on the English–Scottish border at Berwick-upon-Tweed. In August 1385, served King Richard under the command of John of Gaunt again in Scotland. On 3 September 1386, he was called to give evidence in the Scrope v. Grosvenor trial at Chester. In March 1387, Owain was in southeast England under Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel in the Channel at |
What diplomatic crisis ended with the signing of the Algiers Accords in January, 1981? | Iran Hostage Crisis Ends with the Signing of the Algiers Accords | World History Project Jan 19 1981 Iran Hostage Crisis Ends with the Signing of the Algiers Accords On January 20, 1981, as Ronald Reagan became President, the hostages were flown from Teheran to Europe, and on to New York. The crisis was over. The lasting effects of the crisis were numerous. The failure of Operation Eagle Claw to rescue the hostages, together with the intelligence problems caused by President Carter's cutbacks to the CIA, gave President Reagan political fuel for a major military buildup. Iran began a long war with neighboring Iraq with its economy and military capability severely damaged. Antipathy between the U.S. and Iran was established for years to come. Source: St. Francis Added by: Rob Brent The Algiers Accords of January 19, 1981, were brokered by the Algerian government between the United States and Iran to resolve the Iran hostage crisis. The crisis arose from the takeover of the American embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979, and the taking hostage of the American staff there. By this accord the 52 American citizens were set free and able to leave Iran. Among its chief provisions are: * The US would not intervene politically or militarily in Iranian internal affairs * The US would remove a freeze on Iranian assets and trade sanctions on Iran * Both countries would end litigation between their respective governments and citizens referring them to international arbitration, namely the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal. * The US would ensure that US court decisions regarding the transfer of any property of the former Shah would be independent from "sovereign immunity principles" and would be enforced * Iranian debts to US institutions would be paid The US chief negotiator was Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher. Source: Wikpedia Added by: Rob Brent More information |
In May 2011, Queen Elizabeth became the second-longest reigning British monarch in history overtaking which monarch? | Queen to eclipse victoria milestone | Daily Mail Online Queen to eclipse Victoria milestone The Queen is set to become the longest ever reigning monarch in British history next year. On September 9 2015, she will pass the record set by her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria. Buckingham Palace has calculated that Queen Victoria reigned for 23,226 days, 16 hours and 23 minutes, taking into account 63 years, 15 leap days, additional months and days and the precise timings of her accession and death. On September 9 2015, the Queen will become the longest ever reigning monarch in British history Queen Elizabeth II will enter the history books when she overtakes Victoria during September 9 2015. This takes into account 63 years plus 16 leap days, additional months and days and the timing of George VI's death. It is likely to be business as usual for the Queen when she reaches the landmark date at the age of 89. "The Queen traditionally spends the month of September at Balmoral. Next year is unlikely to be any different," a Buckingham Palace spokesman said. Historian Dr Kate Williams described the length of the Queen's reign as a great source of strength for the monarch. "It's a very significant milestone. The Queen will become the longest reigning British monarch in history. She came to the throne when she was older than Victoria. Victoria was only 18," Dr Williams said. "It shows that our female monarchs last the longest. The Queen's longevity is a great source of her strength and popularity. She has lived through World War Two and throughout the 20th century. "Many people will not have known a different monarch. We saw her huge popularity in the Golden Jubilee and even more so in the Diamond Jubilee. We're very used to her." Queen Victoria came to the throne on June 20 1837. She became the figurehead of a vast empire and her reign spanned the rest of the century amid great industrial, cultural and scientific changes to society. But she mourned the early death of her consort Prince Albert in 1861 for the rest of her life. She died on January 22 1901. Princess Elizabeth became Queen Elizabeth II when she was 25 on the death of her father King George VI, who died in the early hours of February 6 1952. Like Victoria, she has acted as a figure of continuity as the country has modernised. She has served, with the Duke of Edinburgh at her side, through the 20th century, the Millennium and into the 21st century, witnessing new technological advances and a succession of British governments of different political persuasions. The Queen has become accustomed to countless milestones during her decades on the throne. In December 2007, she became the longest living British monarch, overtaking Victoria who died when she was 81, and in May 2011, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in British history, when she overtook George III. According to Guinness World Records, the Queen also holds the world record for most currencies featuring the same individual . Her Diamond Jubilee river pageant in 2012 set a new world record for the number of boats in a parade with more than 1,000 vessels taking part and 670 making the complete trip down the Thames to Tower Bridge. The Queen is also the first British monarch to have sent an email, to have a message put on the moon, have conducted a royal 'walkabout' and to have held a public concert in her back garden. The record of length of time on the throne can be calculated in different ways, but the Palace considers the total number of days plus hours and minutes to be the most accurate. The Queen is also the second longest-serving current head of state in the world after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, who took to the throne in 1946 but who is now rarely seen in public. Queen Elizabeth II is also the first British monarch to have sent an email Share or comment on this article Sorry we are not currently accepting comments on this article. Bing DON'T MISS Kim Woodburn, 74, smoulders in a previously unseen snap of the CBB star wearing a miniskirt and knee-high boots as a 28-year-old |
The philosopher Hegel who lived from 1770 to 1831 described which contemporary personality as 'world history on horseback'? | The difficulty with Hegel by Roger Kimball - The New Criterion Philosophy need not trouble itself about ordinary ideas. G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Nature He described what he knew best or had heard most, and felt he had described the universe. George Santayana, on Hegel Philosophers are hardly ever cynical manipulators of their readers minds. They do not produce delusions in others, without first being subject to them themselves. David Stove, Idealism: a Victorian Horror-story (Part One) Hegel, Bertrand Russell observed, is the hardest to understand of the great philosophers. Hegel would not have liked very much that Russell had to say about his philosophy in A History of Western Philosophy (1945). Russells exposition is a classic in the library of philosophical demolition, much despised by Hegels admirers for its vulgar insistence on common sense. (Best line: that Hegels philosophy illustrates an important truth, namely, that the worse your logic, the more interesting the consequences to which it gives rise.) But I am not at all sure that Hegel would have disagreed with Russells comment about the difficulty of understanding him. He knew he was difficult. He was always going on about the labor of the negative, the superficiality of mere common sense, and the long, strenuous effort that genuinely scientific (i.e., Hegelian) philosophy required. It is even said that on his deathbed Hegel declared that there was only one man who had understood himand he had misunderstood him. I first came across that mot in Søren Kierkegaards Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846), another anti-Hegelian salvo, quite different from Russells. Neither Kierkegaard nor his editors supply a source for the observation, and Terry Pinkard, in his new biography of Hegel, [1] sniffily describes it as an apocryphal story, emblematic of the anti-Hegelian reaction that quickly set in after the philosophers death in 1831. I was sorry to learn that. Like many people who have soldiered through a fair number of Hegels books, I was both awed and depressed by their glittering opacity. With the possible exception of Heidegger, Hegel is far and away the most difficult great philosopher I have ever studied. There was much that I did not understand. I secretly suspected that no onenot even my teachersreally understood him, and it was nice to have that prejudice supported from the masters own lips. Is it worth the effort? I mean, you spend a hundred hours poring over The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807)widely considered to be Hegels masterpieceand what do you have to show for it? The book is supposed to take you from the naïve, immediate (unmittelbar, a favorite Hegelian term of contempt) position of sense certainty to Absolute Knowledge, or Spirit that knows itself as Spirit. [2] That sounds pretty good, especially when you are, say, eighteen and are busy soaking up ideas guaranteed to mystify and alarm your parents. But what do you suppose it means? Mr. Pinkard notes that at Jena in the early 1800s, Hegel seemed to inspire two kinds of reaction: he was either highly admired and even idolized, or he was disparaged. In fact, Hegels work has always inspired these opposite reactions, throughout his lifetime and afterwards. Mr. Pinkard, who teaches philosophy at Georgetown University and who has written several other books about Hegel, is firmly in the admirers camp. I am not. What Mr. Pinkard has given us with his new book on Hegel is partly an intellectual biography, partly an outline of Hegels work. Recognizing that some of his readers will be more interested in Hegels life than in detailed discussions of his ideas (and vice versa), he has done his best to segregate the story of Hegels life and intellectual formation from the book reports. He corrects some misconceptions. For example, I had always thought that Hegel died of cholera when an epidemic of that disease swept through Berlin in 1831. Not so, says Mr. Pinkard. What Hegel really died of was most |
Andabatae, bestiarii, equites, hoplomachi, retiarii and sagittarii are some of what belligerent types? | Gladiators Gladiators Spartacus Gladiators The name Gladiator comes from the Latin word gladius meaning “sword”. They were armed combatants who faced off against exotic beasts, prisoners, or even themselves for the entertainment of the Roman Republic. Although there were many different types of battles and fighting styles, every performance was a violent and gory display of prowess won only by skill, smarts, and cunning. While most of the belligerent competitors were slaves, many of them displayed great honor during battles along with limitless loyalty to their masters. Out of all the types of gladiators, there were the four most common that fought in the Coliseum: Thracians , Mirmillones , Retiarii , and Secutores . Even though these were the most common to fight, there were many other types that fought too. Each class generally fought with a different weapon and different armor that distinguished them from others. Some classes also fought different types of enemies such as beasts. Create a free website |
The Trưng Sisters who successfully rebelled against the Chinese Han-Dynasty in the 1st century AD are regarded as national heroines in which country? | Trưng Sisters | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Main articles: Han–Nanyue War and Southward expansion of the Han Dynasty Nanyue (Nam Việt) was a kingdom founded by the former Qin Dynasty commander Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà). [1] The Han Dynasty Emperor Wu of Han dispatched soldiers against Nanyue, and the kingdom was annexed in 111 BC. Nine commanderies were established to administer the region. [2] Revolts against the Han began in 40 AD, led by the Trưng sisters. [3] Sources Edit The primary historical source for the sisters is the 5th century Book of the Later Han compiled by historian Fan Ye, which covers the history of the Han Dynasty from 6 to 189AD. The secondary source, but primary popular source, is the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Annals of Dai Viet) compiled by Ngô Sĩ Liên under the order of the Emperor Lê Thánh Tông and finished in 1479. Book of the Later Han, 5th century Edit The Chinese traditional historical accounts on the Trưng sisters are remarkably brief. They are found in two different chapters of the Book of the Later Han , the history for the Eastern Han Dynasty, against which the Trưng sisters had carried out their uprising. Chapter eighty six of the Book of the Later Han, entitled Biographies of the Southern and the Southwestern Barbarians, [Note 1] has this short description: “ In the 16th year of Jianwu [40], Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) [modern northern Vietnam and extreme western Guangdong and western Guangxi] women Zhēng Cè (Trưng Trắc) and Zhēng Èr (Trưng Nhị) rebelled and attacked the capital. Zhēng Cè was the daughter of the sheriff of Miling (Mê Linh; 麊泠) County, and she married a man named Shi Suo (Thi Sách; 詩索) from ....(Chu Diên) [Note 2] She was a ferocious warrior. Su Ding (蘇定), the governor of Jiaozhi Commandery, curbed her with laws. Cè became angry and rebelled. The barbarian towns of Jiuzhen (Cửu Chân), Rinan (Nhật Nam), and Hepu (Hợp Phố) Commanderies all joined her, and she captured sixty five cities and claimed to be queen. The governors of Jiaozhi Province and the commanderies could only defend themselves. Emperor Guangwu therefore ordered the Changsha, Hepu, and Jiaozhi Commanderies to prepare wagons and boats, to repair the roads and bridges, to open the mountain passes, and to save food supplies. In the 18th year 42, he sent Ma Yuan the General Fubo and Duan Zhi (段志) the General Lochuan to lead ten odd thousands of men from Changsha, Guiyang, Linling, and Cangwu Commanderies against them. In the summer of the next year 43, Ma recaptured Jiaozhi and killed Zhēng Cè, Zhēng Èr, and others in battle, and the rest scattered. He also attacked Du Yang (都陽), a rebel of the Jiuzhen Commandery, and Du surrendered and was moved, along with some 300 of his followers to Lingling Commandery. The border regions were thus pacified. ” Chapter twenty four, the biographies of Ma and some of his notable male descendants, had a parallel description that also added that Ma was able to impress the locals by creating irrigation networks to help the people and also by simplifying and clarifying the Han laws, and was able to get the people to follow Han's laws. The traditional Chinese account therefore does not indicate abuse of the Vietnamese population by the Chinese officials. It implicitly disavows the traditional Vietnamese accounts of massive cruelty and of the Chinese official killing Trưng Trắc's husband. There is no indication in the Chinese account that the Trưng sisters committed suicide, or that other followers followed example and did so. Indeed, Ma, known in Chinese history for his strict military discipline, is not believed by the Chinese to have carried out cruel or unusual tactics. That account is in contrast to the Vietnamese. Excerpts from Complete Annals of Đại Việt, 1479 The third book of Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Annals of Dai Viet), [4] published in editions between 1272 and 1697, has the following to say about the Trưng Sisters: “ Queen Trưng ( 徵 Zhēng) reigned for three years. The queen was strong and intelligent. She expelled Tô Định (蘇定 Sū Dìng) and established a |
What is the 'avian' code name for the campaigns of political repression implemented in 1975 by the dictatorships of South America? | CIA Support of Death Squads CIA Support of Death Squads by Ralph McGehee Posted on RemarQ, 9 October 1999 The information below is from CIABASE files on Death Squads supported by the CIA. Also given below are details on Watch Lists prepared by the CIA to facilitate the actions of Death Squads. Death Squads: Miscellaneous CIA set up Ansesal and other networks of terror in El Salvador, Guatemala (Ansegat) and pre-Sandinista Nicaragua (Ansenic). The CIA created, structured and trained secret police in South Korea, Iran, Chile and Uruguay, and elsewhere organizations responsible for untold thousands of tortures, disappearances, and deaths. Spark, 4/1985, pp. 2-4 1953-94 Sponsorship by CIA of death squad activity covered in summary form. Notes that in Haiti CIA admitted Lt. General Raoul Cedras and other high-ranking officials "were on its payroll and are helping organize violent repression in Haiti. Luis Moreno, an employee of State Department, has bragged he helped Colombian army create a database of subversives, terrorists and drug dealers." His superior in overseeing INS for Southeastern U.S., is Gunther Wagner, former Nazi soldier and a key member of now-defunct Office of Public Safety (OPS), an AID project which helped train counterinsurgents and terrorism in dozens of countries. Wagner worked in Vietnam as part of Operation Phoenix and in Nicaragua where he helped train National Guard. Article also details massacres in Indonesia. Haiti Information, 4/23/1994, pp. 3,4 CIA personnel requested transfers 1960-7 in protest of CIA officer Nestor Sanchez's working so closely with death squads. Marshall, J., Scott P.D., and Hunter, J. (1987). The Iran-Contra Connection, p. 294 CIA. 1994. Mary McGrory op-ed, "Clinton's CIA Chance." Excoriates CIA over Aldrich Ames, support for right-wing killers in El Salvador, Nicaraguan Contras and Haiti's FRAPH and Cedras. Washington Post, 10/16/1994, C1,2 Angola: Death Squads Angola, 1988. Amnesty International reported that UNITA, backed by the U.S., engaged in extra-judicial executions of high-ranking political rivals and ill-treatment of prisoners. Washington Post, 3/14/1989, A20 Bolivia: Death Squads Bolivia. Between October 1966-68 Amnesty International reported between 3,000 and 8,000 people killed by death squads. Blum, W. (1986). The CIA A Forgotten History, p. 264 Bolivia, 1991. A group known as "Black Hand" shot twelve people on 24 November 1991. Killings were part of group's aim to eliminate "undesirable" elements from society. Victims included police officers, prostitutes and homosexuals. Washington Post 11/25/1991, A2 Bolivia: Watch List Bolivia, 1975. CIA hatched plot with interior ministry to harass progressive bishops, and to arrest and expel foreign priests and nuns. CIA was particularly helpful in supplying names of U.S. and other foreign missionaries. The Nation, 5/22/1976, p. 624 Bolivia, 1975. CIA provided government data on priests who progressive. Blum, W. (1986). The CIA A Forgotten History, p. 259 Brazil: Watch List Brazil, 1962-64. Institute of Research and Social Studies (IPES) with assistance from U.S. sources published booklets and pamphlets and distributed hundreds of articles to newspapers. In 1963 alone it distributed 182,144 books. It underwrote lectures, financed students' trips to the U.S., sponsored leadership training programs for 2,600 businessmen, students, and workers, and subsidized organizations of women, students, and workers. In late 1962 IPES member Siekman in Sao Paulo organized vigilante cells to counter leftists. The vigilantes armed themselves, made hand-grenades. IPES hired retired military to exert influence on those in active service. From 1962-64 IPES, by its own estimate, spent between $200,000 and $300,000 on an intelligence net of retired military. The "research group" of retired military circulated a chart that identified communist groups and leaders. Black, J.K. (1977). United States Penetration of Brazil, p. 85 Brazil: Death Squads Brazil, circa 1965. Death squads formed to bolster Brazil' |
If Heinrich Schliemann is to Troy, the British archaeologist Leonard Woolley is to what ancient city? | Archaeology - Ancient History Encyclopedia Archaeology by Maisie Jewkes published on 15 July 2013 Archaeology is a wide subject and definitions can vary, but broadly, it is the study of the culture and history of past peoples and their societies by uncovering and studying their material remains, i.e. tools, ruins, and pottery . Archaeology and history are different subjects but have things in common and constantly work with each other. While historians study books, tablets, and other written information to learn about the past, archaeologists uncover, date, and trace the source of such items, and in their turn focus on learning through material culture. As much of human history is prehistoric (before written records), archaeology plays an important role in understanding the past. Different environments and climates help or hinder the survival of materials, e.g. papyri can survive thousands of years in the hot and dry desert but would not survive in damp conditions. Waterlogged conditions, such as bogs, can preserve organic material, like wood, and underwater wrecks are also excavated using diving equipment. Working everywhere from digging in the ground to testing samples in laboratories, archaeology is a wide-ranging discipline and has many sub-sections of expertise. The two rapidly widening areas are experimental archaeology and ethnoarchaeology. Experimental archaeology tries to recreate ancient techniques, such as glass making or Egyptian beer brewing. Ethnoarchaeology is living among modern ethnic communities, with the purpose of understanding how they hunt, work, and live. Using this information, archaeologists hope to better understand ancient communities. Archaeology of the Past The first scientific excavation has been attributed to Thomas Jefferson in Virginia, USA. Archaeology as an academic study, career, and university subject is a fairly recent development. Nevertheless an interest in the past is not new. Humankind has always been interested in its history. Most cultures have a myth or story that explains their foundation and distant ancestors. Ancient rulers have sometimes collected ancient relics or rebuilt monuments and buildings. This can often be seen as political strategy - a leader wanting to be identified with a great figure or civilisation from the past. On the other hand, ancient leaders have also been known for their curiosity and learning. King Nabonidus of Babylon , for example, had a keen interest in the past and investigated many sites and buildings. In one temple he found the foundation stone from 2200 years before. He housed his finds in a kind of museum at his capital of Babylon. The Roman and Greek historians wrote books about the past, and the stories of famous heroes and leaders have come down to us. However, modern archaeology, or at least its theories and practice, stem from the antiquarian tradition. In the 17th and 18th centuries CE, wealthy gentleman scholars, or antiquarians as they are also known, began to collect classical artefacts. Fuelled by interest they began to make some of the first studies of sites, like Pompeii , and drew ancient monuments in detail. The first scientific excavation has been attributed to Thomas Jefferson (third president of the United States of America) who dug up some of the burial mounds on his property in the state of Virginia, USA. The beginnings of modern field techniques were pioneered by General Augustus Lane-Fox Pitt Rivers, who excavated barrows at Camborne Chase with systematic recording and procedure. In the USA in the 1960s CE, archaeology went through a phase of new theories, often called processual archaeology. This approach has a scientific approach to questions and designs models to suggest answers and test its theories. Famous Archaeologists Archaeology is a time consuming study; it often takes many years of toil before an archaeologist makes a breakthrough or discovers a site. Famous archaeologists are often connected to their most famous find or theory. To name the score of people who worked and made developments in archaeology would t |
Which long-serving Italian prime minister of the 20th century was kidnapped and tragically killed by a group called the Red Brigades in 1978? | Curbishley - Who is talking about Curbishley on FLICKR Tags: thatwastheyearthatwas1978 1978 Following on from the oil crisis Japanese car Imports account for half the US import market. The first first ever Cellular Mobile Phone History of Mobile Phones is introduced in Illinois and Space Invaders appears in arcades Launching a Craze for Computer Video Games. Sweden is the first country in the world to recognize the effect of aerosol sprays on the Ozone Layer and bans the sale. The Serial killer David Berkowitz, "Son of Sam," is convicted of murder after terrorizing New York for 12 months. 1978 is also a great year for movies with Grease summer opening on June 16th, Saturday Night Fever and Close Encounters of the Third Kind all showing in Movie Theatres around the world. 'Britain was the Sick Man of Europe'. The unions and inflation were out of control. Our inefficient nationalised industries were an expensive disaster. The Labour governments of 1974-79 were complete flops. The winter of discontent began in private industry before spreading to the public sector. The strikes seriously disrupted everyday life, causing problems including food shortages and widespread and frequent power cuts. Prices Bread (800g loaf): 28p Cigarettes (20): 58p 1978 – the year of over abundance of polyester flares and bouffant hair, Grease and Superman at the cinema and the invention of the Sony Walkman. Worldwide unemployment rises after several decades of near full employment. The US Dollar plunges to record low against many European currencies. The US stops production of the Neutron Bomb. India faces it's longest and worst monsoon season in modern times leaving two million homeless. Due to poor Cold War Relations United States bans sale of latest computer technology to Soviet Union. The first online forum goes online forum - the CBBS - goes online in Chicago. One user at a time can post a message. Argentina captain Daniel Passarella raises the World Cup Trophy as he is carried shoulder high by fans after Argentina had beaten Holland 3-1 in the 1978 World Cup Final. The Vatican has three popes: Pope Paul VI dies at age of 80, Pope John Paul I becomes Pope from August 26th and dies just 33 days later on September 28. Cardinal Karol Wojtyla then became Pope John Paul I shortly after. Sweden became the first nation to ban aerosol sprays that are thought to damage earth's protective ozone layer. Sony built its first prototype Walkman. Grease became the biggest grossing film and 'You're the One that I Want' was number one for nine weeks. The Garfield cartoon strip was published for the first time. In a year with more than its share of notable deaths there was also one very notable birth. A little before midnight on 25 July, Louise Brown, the world's first IVF baby, was born. The 5lb 12oz (2.61 kg) girl ushered in a fertility revolution that continues to this day. The former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped and murdered by the Red Brigades; Pope John Paul, head of the Roman Catholic church for just over a month died, and Carl Bridgewater, a 13-year-old paper boy, was shot dead after disturbing a burglary in Staffordshire. Georgi Markov, a Bulgarian dissident, was murdered in London with an umbrella that carried a poison pellet. In Jones town, Guyana, 918 people died in a mass suicide. The musical world said goodbye to Keith Moon, Jacques Brel, and – most notoriously of all – Nancy Spungen, who was stabbed to death in the Chelsea hotel in New York by Sid Vicious of the Sex Pistols. The Bee Gees continued to dominate the charts thanks to their soundtrack to the previous year's Saturday Night Fever, although Boney M (Rivers of Babylon), Paul McCartney (Mull of Kintyre), and Kate Bush (Wuthering Heights) also found chart success. The Sex Pistols played their last gig together and Rod Stewart asked: Do Ya Think I'm Sexy? Audiences headed to the cinema to watch Danny Zuko pursue Sandy Olsson in Grease, a goofy reporter from the planet Krypton pursue Lois Lane in Superman, and Turkish justice pursue an American drug smuggler in Midnight |
Who was executed at Akershus Fortress, Oslo in 1945 along with Albert Hagelin and Ragnar Skancke after being convicted of high treason? | Vidkun Quisling Vidkun Quisling Sunday, 24 January 2010 19:53 Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling Born: 18 July 1887, Fyresdal, Telemark, Norway Died: 24 October 1945, Oslo, Norway Age: 58 Cause of Death: Bullet wounds from firing squad. Notable because: Collaborated with the Nazis and as soon as they were gone, was tried and executed. His name is synonymous with traitor. Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling was a Norwegian army officer and politician. He worked with Fridtjof Nansen during the famine in the Soviet Union, and served as Minister of Defence in the Bondepartiet government 1931–1933. In 1933 he founded the nationalist party Nasjonal Samling ("National Gathering"), and during World War II, from 1942 to 1945, he served as Minister-President of the collaborationist Norwegian government, after being appointed by the German authorities. After the war he was tried for high treason and subsequently executed by firing squad. Today in Norway and other parts of the world, "Quisling" has become synonymous with "traitor" Quisling was the son of a Church of Norway pastor and genealogist, Jon Lauritz Quisling, who preferred to be called "Qvisling", from Fyresdal. Other ancient names of the family were "Quislinus" or "Quislin". Both of his parents belonged to old and distinguished families of Telemark. Quisling had a flair for mathematics, and in his early teens had sent in corrections to a national mathematical textbook. Impressed by the age of the boy, the editors made the corrections, and included his name and some adulation as encouragement for other young boys to pay attention to their mathematics. After WWII, editions kept the corrections and adulation, but changed all references to his name to en gutt ("a boy"). His early life was varied and successful; he became the country's best war-academy cadet upon graduation in 1911, and achieved the rank of major in the Norwegian army. He worked with Fridtjof Nansen in the Soviet Union during the famine of the 1920s. In 1923, he married Maria Vasilevna Pasechnikova (Russian: Мари́я Васи́льевна Па́сечникова), a native of Kharkov born in 1900 and known to her intimates as "Mara". For his services in looking after British interests after having broken diplomatic relations with the Bolshevik government, the United Kingdom in 1929 awarded him the CBE (which was revoked by King George VI in 1940). He later served as defense minister in the Agrarian governments from 1931 to 1933. As a child, Quisling was already interested in religion and metaphysics, and his ponderings upon this subject never abated. He went as far as expounding his own religion, called Universalism, an elaboration and development of sorts of Christianity. It is presented as an addendum in the book containing the extant diaries and letters of Maria Quisling. On 17 May 1933, Norwegian Constitution Day, Quisling and lawyer Johan Bernhard Hjort formed Nasjonal Samling ("National Unity"), the Norwegian fascist political party. Nasjonal Samling had an anti-democratic, Führerprinzip-based political structure, and Quisling was to be the party's Fører (Norwegian: "leader", equivalent of the German "Führer"). He was sometimes referred to as "the Hitler of Norway". The party went on to have modest successes: in the election of 1933, four months after it was formed, it garnered 27,850 votes (approximately 2%), following support from the Norwegian Farmers' Aid Association, with which Quisling had connections from his time as a member of the Agrarian government. However, as the party line changed from a religiously rooted one to a more pro-Nazi and anti-Semitic policy from 1935 on, church support waned, and in the 1936 elections the party received fewer votes than in 1933. The party became increasingly extremist, and party membership dwindled to an estimated 2,000 before the German invasion, but under the German occupation, by 1945, some 45,000 Norwegians had become members of the party. On 9 April 1940, Germany invaded Norway by air and sea, intending to capture King Haakon VII and the government of Prime Minister Johan |
In WWII, Germany's 6th army was destroyed in 'Operation Uranus' in 1943 after a bitter battle around which city? | Military History Online - Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad Annihilation and Aftermath by Mike Yoder As the attempt at resupply by air gradually faded away, the proud army that Paulus had marched to the edge of the Volga was disintegrating. The elite men of the German 6th Army were now a tattered collection of emaciated walking skeletons. Although the famous discipline of the Wehrmacht still remained largely intact, it too was starting to fade away as starvation, disease and despair stalked the German soldiers. Desertions, unauthorized surrenders and even an occasional mutiny further diminished their capacity for organized resistance as the Red Army relentlessly closed the ring around the city. After his demand for surrender had been rebuffed, Rokkosovsky stepped up the pressure on the Stalingrad pocket. By mid-January 1943, the remnant of Paulus' command had shrunk to an area roughly 10 miles square. The Staff officers at OKW had tacitly admitted to themselves that 6th Army was lost and they tried to salvage what they could of technicians and specialists while abandoning the ordinary Landsers to their fate. They stepped up evacuation of officers with rare skills and ability, giving them priority on flights out of the pocket even in front of the wounded. Gen. Hans Hube, the one-armed commander of the 16th Armored division who had first reached the Volga at Rynok was one such officer. Ordered to abandon his command and fly out, Hube refused. He was flown out after a squad of Gestapo men were sent to the city with orders to remove him forcibly. Many others needed no such prompting. With a sense of urgency spurred on by the knowledge that each departing aircraft from Gumrak or Pitomnik might be the last, desperate soldiers overwhelmed the guards and clung to the outside of transports making their take-off run. Many still clung to the wings as the planes gained speed and became airborne, but all eventually lost their grip and fell onto the snowy steppe. Among those departing these final flights were a number of men with self-inflicted wounds who had managed to deceive the triage doctors who were determined to bar such men from evacuation. They had managed to hide the tell-tale marks of gunpowder burns by shooting themselves through thick blankets. Rather than inflicting an obvious wound such as shooting themselves in the hand or foot, many of them shot themselves in the chest or abdomen. Such acts were indicative of the level of desperation that drove many to try and escape the frozen Hell of Stalingrad at any cost. In an attempt at dissuading Hitler from his insistence upon fighting to the bitter end, Paulus dispatched an aide, Major Coelestine von Witzewitz, to speak directly to Hitler and give him a first hand account of the dire situation of the men in the pocket. Although von Witzewitz was warmly welcomed by the Fuehrer, his attempt at recounting the horrors facing the soldiers of 6th Army was met with attempts to change the subject. Hitler spluttered nonsense about how the soldiers should hang on until relief arrived and that 6th Army's ordeal was tying down Soviet forces which might otherwise prevent the evacuation of the Army Group in the Caucasus. With Hitler trying to evade the issue and Keitel glaring a warning at him not to take this any further, von Witzewitz was undeterred. With a temerity few higher ranking officers dared to display to the German dictator, von Witzewitz countered Hitler's instructions to fight to the last man and bullet by saying, "Mein Fuehrer, I ca |
Traudl Junge, who wrote the book Until the Final Hour that was the basis for the 2004 film Downfall was the personal secretary of which historical figure? | Amazon.com: Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary (9781559707565): Traudl Junge, Melissa Müller, Anthea Bell: Books By mwreview on January 13, 2005 Format: Hardcover For any reader interested in Adolf Hitler as a person, not just as the ranting and raving dictator, Traudl Junge's account is the best resource available. Junge (nee Humps) was one of Hitler's private secretaries from the tenth anniversary of Hitler's coming to power to the dramatic fall of the Nazi regime just two and one half years later. During much of this time, Junge's duties were primarily social. Junge accompanied Hitler for meals and relaxation almost daily. She observed him in a way very few people did and was one of a minute number of Hitler's companions who survived the war to tell her story. She wrote her memoirs in 1947 and they were later published in Voices From the Bunker. I have read that book about four times and this edition once. Her account is as fascinating now as it was the first time I read it. Voices From the Bunker is one of my all-time favorite books. If you already have Voices From the Bunker and are wondering if this book is worth owning, I would say it is only if you are interested in Junge beyond her experiences with Hitler. This book includes more background information on her pre-Hitler life (I had not read before that her father had taken part in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch) and a 30-page chapter written by Melissa Mueller in 2001 that follows Junge's post-war life chronologically. It would not be until the revisionist 1960s when people took an interest in her story. Otherwise, the bulk of the work is the same 1947 account in Voices. I've compared sections between the two books and, although they are not the same verbatim with a few minor details added or omitted, the account is basically the same. I like the way Voices is divided up better, with more chapters separating the story (i.e. The July Bomb Plot). It is more useful for looking up information than Until the Final Hour which is mostly one long chapter. Voices also includes accounts of Hitler's aides-de-camp Otto Guensche and pilot Hans Baur which this book does not offer. Until the Final Hour does have very interesting end notes with side tidbits and brief biographical information on many of the people Junge mentions. Junge died February 10, 2002, soon after the first German publication of her memoirs. Her memories were controversial in her homeland because her experiences with Hitler were pleasant. She knew him as a polite host and gentle father figure who showed compassion and human emotions (i.e. when he offered condolences to her after her husband died at the front). Only in brief snippets does she hint at the harsher side of the dictator. Hitler tries to hide his emotional explosions in meetings with his military officers. Frau von Schirach (wife of the head of the Hitler Youth) was no longer invited to be Hitler's guest after she voiced concern to him about trains full of deported Jews headed for Amsterdam (p. 88). Junge would finally become angry with Hitler when he gave up on the war and was accusatory to the end (Junge typed up his last demands and will). She, of course, kept such feelings of disappointment to herself. Her viewpoint is, admittedly, from an isolated world with one set of beliefs and a "puppet master" who controlled the day-to-day lives and thoughts of those around him. She describes Hitler's demeanor and routine at the Wolf's Lair (Hitler's headquarters in East Prussia), at the Berghof (his mountain retreat), and finally in the bunker as Berlin was being surrounded. She offers a unique perspective on many aspects of the dictator's life: his dietary habits, the attention he gave to his dog Blondi, his outlook on the war, his after-dinner small talk with such intimates as Eva Braun and important visitors like Albert Speer, Josef Goebbels, etc. Her account of the final days in the bunker with the Russian army drawing near is very moving. You almost feel like you were there. By Candace Scott on February 29, 2004 For |
The 15th century figure Skanderbeg who is remembered for his struggle against the Ottoman Empire is considered the national hero of which country? | Skanderbeg - Historum - History Forums Posts: 12 Skanderbeg George Kastrioti Skanderbeg (6 May 1405 � 17 January 1468), widely known as Skanderbeg (from Turkish: İskender Bey, meaning "Lord Alexander", or "Leader Alexander"; Albanian: Gjergj Kastrioti Sk�nderbeu), was a 15th-century Albanian lord.[D] He was appointed as the governor of the Sanjak of Dibra by the Ottoman Turks in 1440. In 1444, he initiated and organised the League of Lezh� and defended the region of Albania against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades. Skanderbeg's military skills presented a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion, and he was considered by many in western Europe to be a model of Christian resistance against the Ottoman Muslims. Skanderbeg is Albania's most important national hero and a key figure of the Albanian National Awakening. Skanderbeg was born in 1405[G] to the noble Kastrioti family, in the Sh�gjerth neighborhood of Sin�, a village in Dibra. Sultan Murad II took him hostage during his youth and he fought for the Ottoman Empire as a general. In 1443, he deserted the Ottomans during the Battle of Ni� and became the ruler of Kruj�. In 1444, he organized local leaders into the League of Lezh�, a federation aimed at uniting their forces for war against the Ottomans. Skanderbeg's first victory against the Ottomans, at the Battle of Torvioll in the same year marked the beginning of more than 20 years of war with the Ottomans. Skanderbeg's forces achieved more than 20 victories in the field and withstood three sieges of his capital, Kruj�. In 1451 he de jure recognized the suzerainty of Kingdom of Naples through the Treaty of Gaeta, to ensure a protective alliance, although he remained an independent ruler de facto. [1] In 1460�1461, he participated in Italy's civil wars in support of Ferdinand I of Naples. In 1463, he became the chief commander of the crusading forces of Pope Pius II, but the Pope died while the armies were still gathering. Left alone to fight the Ottomans, Skanderbeg did so until he died in January 1468. Marin Barleti's biography of Skanderbeg, written in Latin and in a Renaissance and panegyric style, was translated into all the major languages of Western Europe from the 16th through the 18th centuries. Such translations inspired an opera by Vivaldi, and literary creations by eminent writers such as playwrights William Havard and George Lillo, French poet Ronsard, English poet Byron, and American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Posts: 12 Name George Kastrioti Sk�nderbeu appears in various Latin sources as Georgius Castriotus Scanderbegh. Gjergj is the Albanian equivalent of the name George. The form of his last name was given variously as Kastrioti,[2] Castriota,[3] Castriottis,[4] or Castriot.[5] The last name Kastrioti refers both to the Kastrioti family and to a municipality in northeastern Albania called Kastriot, in the modern Dib�r District, from which the family's surname derives,[6][7][8] having its origin possibly in Latin word castrum via Greek word κάστρο (English: castle).[9][10] The Ottoman Turks gave him the name Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg has also been rendered as Scanderbeg in English versions of his biography; Sk�nderbeu (or Sk�nderbej) is the Albanian version. [11] meaning "Lord Alexander", or "Leader Alexander". Latinized in Barleti's version as Scanderbegi and translated into English as Skanderbeg, the combined appellative is assumed to have been a comparison of Skanderbeg's military skill to that of Alexander the Great Posts: 12 Early life Skanderbeg was born with the name George Kastrioti in 1405[G] in Sin�, one of the two villages owned by his grandfather.[A] Skanderbeg's father was Gjon Kastrioti, lord of Middle Albania, which included Mat, Mirdit� and Dib�r.[14] His mother was princess Vojsava Tripalda, originally from the Polog valley, north-western part of present-day Republic of Macedonia. Skanderbeg's parents had nine children, of whom he was the youngest son, his older brothers were Stanisha, Reposh and Kostandin, and his sisters were Mara, Jelena, |
What is the famous four-letter phrase uttered by Ronald Reagan in his speech in June, 1987 at Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin? | Summary/Reviews: Tear down this wall : Add to Book Bag Tear down this wall : a city, a president, and the speech that ended the Cold War / Drawing on interviews with Reagan administration officials, journalists, historians, and eyewitnesses, the author focuses on Ronald Reagan's June 1987 speech at the Brandenburg Gate and his historic challenge to Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. Full description Main Author: |
What political movement in first century Judaism that sought to incite people against the Roman Empire has now come to mean fanatical support for a cause? | Antisemitism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Antisemitism This article is becoming very long . Please consider summarizing or transferring content to subtopic articles. See Wikipedia:Long article layout and Wikipedia:Longpages for more information. This article describes the development and history of traditional antisemitism. A separate article exists on the more recent concept of New antisemitism . The Eternal Jew (German: Der ewige Jude): 1937 German poster advertising an antisemitic Nazi movie. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews as a religious or racial/ethnic group, which can range in expression from individual hatred to institutionalized, violent persecution . While the term's etymology may imply that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic peoples , it is in practice used exclusively to refer to hostility towards Jews. The highly explicit ideology of Adolf Hitler 's Nazism was the most extreme example of this phenomenon, leading to the genocide of European Jewry . Antisemitism can be broadly categorized into three forms: Religious antisemitism, or anti-Judaism . As the name implies, it was the practice of Judaism itself that was the defining characteristic of the antisemitic attacks. Under this version of antisemitism, attacks would often stop if Jews stopped practising or changed their public faith. Racial antisemitism. Either a pre-cursor or by-product of the eugenics movement, racial antisemitism replaced hatred of the Jewish religion with the concept that the Jews themselves were a distinct and inferior race. New antisemitism is the concept of a new form of 21st century antisemitism coming simultaneously from the left , the far right , and radical Islam , which tends to focus on opposition to the emergence of a Jewish homeland in the State of Israel . [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] The concept has been criticized for what some authors see as a confusion of antisemitism and anti-Zionism . [6] [7] Antisemitism 13 External links [ edit ] Etymology and usage Semite refers broadly to speakers of a language group which includes both Arabs and Jews . However, the term antisemitism is specifically used in reference to attitudes held towards Jews. Cover page of Marr's The Way to Victory of Germanicism over Judaism, 1880 edition The word antisemitic (antisemitisch in German) was probably first used in 1860 by the Austrian Jewish scholar Moritz Steinschneider in the phrase "antisemitic prejudices" ( German : "antisemitische Vorurteile"). Steinschneider used this phrase to characterize Ernest Renan 's ideas about how " Semitic races" were inferior to " Aryan races." These pseudo-scientific theories concerning race, civilization, and "progress" had become quite widespread in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, especially as Prussian nationalistic historian Heinrich von Treitschke did much to promote this form of racism. In Treitschke's writings Semitic was practically synonymous with Jewish, in contrast to its usage by Renan and others. German political agitator Wilhelm Marr coined the related German word Antisemitismus in his book "The Way to Victory of Germanicism over Judaism" in 1879. Marr used the phrase to mean hatred of jews or Judenhass, and he used the new word antisemitism to make hatred of the Jews seem rational and sanctioned by scientific knowledge. Marr's book became very popular, and in the same year he founded the "League of Antisemites" ("Antisemiten-Liga"), the first German organization committed specifically to combatting the alleged threat to Germany posed by the Jews, and advocating their forced removal from the country. So far as can be ascertained, the word was first widely printed in 1881, when Marr published "Zwanglose Antisemitische Hefte," and Wilhelm Scherer used the term "Antisemiten" in the "Neue Freie Presse" of January. The related word semitism was coined around 1885. See also the coinage of the term " Palestinian " by Germans to refer to the nation or |
If the Chinese are associated with the Long March in the 20th century, who are associated with the Great Trek in Africa in the 19th century? | ��ࡱ� > �� L N ���� E F G H I J K �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� )` �� 0 �� bjbj�� .� �{ �{ a� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � �� d| d| d| d| � 0} , � ^d z h� ( �� �� �� �� o� o� o� Yc [c [c [c [c [c [c $ �e h @h H c � � k� o� c � � �� �� � d T T T 0 � 8 �� � �� Yc T Yc T T r U^ T � � U_ �� \� М`Rw� d| K �# �^ �a � .d 0 ^d �^ � �h C � �h U_ �h � U_ @ o� �5 E� t& T �� � }� � o� o� o� c c �S o� o� o� ^d � � � �# �� �� � � � �� � � � � � � � � � ���� HYPERLINK "http://www.greececsd.org/files/filesystem/GHG_Interactive_Curriculum_Guide_GCSD_Unit_6.pdf" Unit VI: Crisis and Achievement (1900 - 1945) HYPERLINK "http://www.greececsd.org/files/filesystem/GHG_Interactive_Curriculum_Guide_GCSD_Unit_7.pdf" Unit VII: The 20th Century since 1945 Topic (Frequency)Key words/terms (Frequency)China (32) Mao (9), Boxer Rebellion (8), Nanjing Massacre, Red Guard, communist revolution (4), Opium Wars/Treaty of Nanjing, Great Leap Forward (5), Deng Xiaoping/Four Modernizations (6), Three Gorges Dam, One Child Policy, Tiananmen Square Demonstration (4), fall of ManchuIndia ( 26)Sepoy Rebellion (7), Gandhi/civil disobedience (5), Amritsar Massacre (3), Salt March (3), separation/religious conflict with Pakistan (4), Indian National Congress (3), casteJapan (42)Imperialism/lack of natural resources (9), Meiji Restoration (8), invasion of Manchuria (4), Nanjing Massacre, location (3), Tokugawa/feudal society (6), Japanese Constitution, Commodore Perry, Shinto, atomic bomb/Hirohito (3), Russo-Japanese WarVietnam/ Southeast Asia (12)Ho Chi Minh/independent leader (5), French and Japanese colonization of Vietnam (3), Pol Pot/Cambodia, crossroads between Arab and Chinese traders, Aung San Suu Kyi/ BurmaAfrica ( 31)Berlin Conference/countries� boundaries (10), Rwanda/Hutu and Tutsi (3), Geographic features, Mau Mau, animism, Kwame Nkrumah/nationalist leader, Jomo Kenyatta/independence leader, Pan-Africanism, ethnocentrism, slave trade South Africa/ Apartheid ( |
In 1973, Libya went to war with which country to claim control of the Aouzou strip which was claimed to be rich with uranium deposits? | Libya - HISTORY Libya - HISTORY Libya UNTIL LIBYA ACHIEVED independence in 1951, its history was essentially that of tribes, regions, and cities, and of the empires of which it was a part. Derived from the name by which a single Berber tribe was known to the ancient Egyptians, the name Libya was subsequently applied by the Greeks to most of North Africa and the term Libyan to all of its Berber inhabitants. Although ancient in origin, these names were not used to designate the specific territory of modern Libya and its people until the twentieth century, nor indeed was the whole area formed into a coherent political unit until then. Hence, despite the long and distinct histories of its regions, modern Libya must be viewed as a new country still developing national consciousness and institutions. Geography was the principal determinant in the separate historical development of Libya's three traditional regions-- Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan. Cut off from each other by formidable deserts, each retained its separate identity into the 1960s. At the heart of Tripolitania was its metropolis, Tripoli, for centuries a terminal for caravans plying the Saharan trade routes and a port sheltering pirates and slave traders. Tripolitania's cultural ties were with the Maghrib, of which it was a part geographically and culturally and with which it shared a common history. Tripolitanians developed their political consciousness in reaction to foreign domination, and it was from Tripolitania that the strongest impulses came for the unification of modern Libya. In contrast to Tripolitania, Cyrenaica historically was oriented toward Egypt and the Mashriq. With the exception of some of its coastal towns, Cyrenaica was left relatively untouched by the political influence of the regimes that claimed it but were unable to assert their authority in the hinterland. An element of internal unity was brought to the region's tribal society in the nineteenth century by a Muslim religious order, the Sanusi, and many Cyrenaicans demonstrated a determination to retain their regional autonomy even after Libyan independence and unification. Fezzan was less involved with either the Maghrib or the Mashriq. Its nomads traditionally looked for leadership to tribal dynasties that controlled the oases astride the desert trade routes. Throughout its history, Fezzan maintained close relations with sub-Saharan Africa as well as with the coast. The most significant milestones in Libya's history were the introduction of Islam and the Arabization of the country in the Middle Ages, and, within the last two generations, national independence, the discovery of petroleum, and the September 1969 revolution that brought Muammar al Qadhafi to power. The era since 1969 has brought many important changes. The Qadhafi regime has made the first real attempt to unify Libya's diverse peoples and to create a distinct Libyan state and identity. It has created new political structures and made a determined effort at diversified economic development financed by oil revenues. The regime has also aspired to leadership in Arab and world affairs. As a consequence of these developments, Libyan society has been subjected to a significant degree of government direction and supervision, much of it at the behest of Qadhafi himself. Although the merits of the regime and its policies were much debated by Libyans and foreigners alike, there was no question that Libya in the 1980s was a significantly different country from the one it had been only two or three decades earlier. Libya Archaeological evidence indicates that from at least the eighth millennium B.C. Libya's coastal plain shared in a Neolithic culture, skilled in the domestication of cattle and cultivation of crops, that was common to the whole Mediterranean littoral. To the south, in what is now the Sahara Desert, nomadic hunters and herders roamed a vast, well-watered savanna that abounded in game and provided pastures for their stock. Their culture flourished until the region began to desiccate after 2000 B.C. Scattering before |
When he fell in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, who became the last English king to die in battle? | Battle of Bosworth Field (Aug. 22, 1485) [Wars of the Roses] Search THE BATTLE OF BOSWORTH FIELD (Aug. 22, 1485), was fought between Richard III and Henry, Earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII . On August [7], Henry landed at Milford Haven and passed on without opposition to Shrewsbury, being joined by a large number of Welshmen. He then marched on to Tamworth, where he arrived on the 18th. On the 20th he was at Atherstone, where he was met by Lord Stanley and by Sir William Stanley , who both promised to desert Richard during the battle. Meanwhile Richard, having mustered his forces at Nottingham, marched to Leicester and encamped at Bosworth on the 21st. On the next morning the two armies met between Bosworth and Atherstone at a place known as Whitemoors, near the village of Sutton Cheneys. The battle was mainly a hand-to-hand encounter, the Stanleys for some time keeping aloof from the fight till, at a critical moment, they joined Richmond. Richard, perceiving that he was betrayed, and crying out, "Treason, treason!" endeavoured only to sell his life as dearly as possible, and refused to leave the field till, overpowered by numbers, he fell dead in the midst of his enemies. The crown was picked up on the field of battle and placed by Sir William Stanley on the head of Richmond, who was at once saluted king by the whole army. Among those that perished on Richard's side were the Duke of Norfolk , Lord Ferrers, Sir Richard Ratcliffe , and Sir Robert Brackenbury, while the only person of note in Henry's army who was slain was his standard-bearer, Sir William Brandon, who is said to have been killed by Richard himself. The Dictionary of English History. Sidney J. Low and F. S. Pulling, eds. London: Cassell and Company, Ltd., 1910. 198. THE BATTLE OF BOSWORTH By C. Oman At last on August 1 Henry of Richmond set sail from Harfleur; the Regent Anne of France had lent him 60,000 francs, and collected for him 1,800 mercenaries and a small fleet. The adventurer was accompanied by his uncle, Jasper Tudor , the Earl of Oxford , Sir Edward Woodville, Sir John Welles, heir of the attainted barony of Welles, Sir Edward Courtenay, who claimed the earldom of Devon, his kinsman the Bishop of Exeter [Peter Courtenay], Morton, Bishop of Ely , and some scores of exiled knights and squires, among whom Yorkists were almost as numerous as Lancastrians. The French auxiliaries were under a Savoyard captain named Philibert de Chaundé. The Marquis of Dorset and Sir John Bourchier had been left at Paris in pledge for the loan made by the French government. Richmond did not desire to have the marquis with him, for he had been detected in correspondence with his mother the queen-dowager , who urged him to abandon conspiracy and submit to King Richard . Stealing down the Breton coast, so as to avoid the English fleet, Richmond turned northward when he had passed the longitude of Lands End, and came ashore in Milford Haven on August 7. He had selected this remote region as his landing point both because he knew that he was expected to strike at the English south coast, and because he had assurance of help from many old retainers of his uncle the Earl of Pembroke . He was himself a Welshman and could make a good appeal to the local patriotism of his countrymen. On landing he raised not only the royal banner of England but the ancient standard of Cadwallader, a red dragon upon a field of white and green, the beast which was afterwards used as the device of the house of Tudor, and the sinister supporter of their coat-of-arms. For a few days Henry received but trifling reinforcements, but he struck into the Cardiganshire mountains, a district where, if his adherents were slow to join him, he might hope to maintain an irregular warfare in the style of Owen Glendower . After a short delay the Welsh gentry began to come in to his aid; the wealthiest and most warlike chief Rhys ap Thomas consented to put himself at their head, after he had been promised the justiciarship of South Wales. Sir Walter Herbert had charge of the district in King Richard's name, |
Who is the only person in the history of the two major political parties in the US to have been his party's nominee for both President and Vice-President, but who was never elected to either office? | historical background political parties elections 20th century United States History: Elections--20th Century Figure 1.--The Democratic Party was in the first half of the 19th century the dominant American political party, in some elections the only national political party. In the aftermath of the Civil War, the new Republican Party became the dominant party. This did not change until the Depression of the 1930s and the coalition Franklin Roosevelt put togerger (1932). Organized labor like this coal miner were a key part of that coaltion. While Republicans managed to win many presidential elections after President Rossevelt's four victories, the Democrats dominated the Congress with only a few exceptions until the Republican resurgence at the end of the century. The Republicans began the 20th century as the dominant politicl party in the United States. Conservarives dominanted the Party, but the assasination of President McKinnley brought Vice President Roosevelt to the presidency (1900). He sponsored a series of progressive reforms and a more forceful role for the United States in world affairs. A split in the Republicn Party resulted in the electin of Democraric New Jersey Govenor Woodrow Wilson (1912). Wilson sponsored more progressive reforms called the New Freedoms. He also after reelection reluctantly led America into World War I (1917). President Wilson after the War hoped to prevent future wars through a system of collective security overseen by the new League of Nations. The Republican dominated Senate rejected the League. Senator Warren Harding persued what he called a return to normalcy (1920). American returned to a Republican dominated government. The economic boom of the 1920s made the three Republicans presidents ellected in the 1920s extreemely popular. The Republicans with their philosophy of laizze faire , however, failed to address major inequities in American society or to adequately regulate business. The result was the Great Depression which was made worse by flawed monetary policies. The result was a major realignment in American politics. With Franklin Roosevelt's election (1932), the Democrats became the dominant political party. President Roosevelt led the United States through the Great Depression and World War II. President Roosevelt's New Deal enacted many important reforms, but often forgotten in the glow of Roosevelt's masterful war leadership, the New Deal never suceeded in ending the Depresion. To everyone'suprise, President Truman was also able to defeat the Republicans (1948). Truman established the basic policies pursued by a series of Democratic and Republican presidents to fight the Cold War. The Republicans nominating war hero General Dwight Eisenhower finally regained the White House (1952). Eisenhower did not as some Republicans wanted, reverse the New Deal. The assasination of President Kennedy (1963) brought Vice President Lyndon Johnson to the presidency. Major liberal reforms were enacted by President Johnson, but his standing was tragically ruined by the War in Vietnam. Former Vice President Richard Nixon won two elections, but his image and that of the Republican Party was tarnished by Watergate. He became the first president forced to resign his office (1973). The presidency swung back and forth between the two parties in the late-20th century, although the Democrats maintained control of Congress. Govenor Ronald Reagan was elected (1980). beginning a notable Republican resurgency leaving the Republicans the majority party and in control of Congress by the end of the century. 1900 Presidential Election The 1900 election was a rematch between President McKinley and former Congressman William Jennings Bryan. Bryan had an unimpressive political history. He had served two terms in Congress (the second with a narriow vicvtory) and had been defeated in a senate race. McKinnely has soundly defeated Bryan in 1896, but Bryan with his oritorical skills retained control over the Democratic Party. He had traveled the country giving speeches in suppor |
What were the military units made up of volunteers from different countries who traveled to defend the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) called? | International Brigades | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia File:British Brigades.JPG-for-web-LARGE.jpg Flag of Giustizia e Libertà , an Italian anti-fascist resistance movement led by Carlo Rosselli . Rosselli took part in the war, uniting a mix of Italian anti-fascist political forces, including socialists, anarchists, communists, and liberals together to support the Republican cause and took part in the fighting. Rosselli was assassinated by a French fascist in 1937, the Italian brigade he had led took on the name the "Rosselli Brigade". The International Brigades (Spanish: Brigadas Internacionales ) were military units made up of volunteers from different countries, who traveled to Spain to fight for the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. The number of combatant volunteers has been estimated at between 32,000–35,000, though with no more than about 20,000 active at any one time. [1] A further 10,000 people probably participated in non-combatant roles and about 3,000–5,000 foreigners were members of CNT or POUM . [1] They came from a claimed "53 nations" to fight against the Spanish Falangist forces led by General Francisco Franco who was assisted by German and Italian forces. [2] Contents For military structure and organization, see International Brigades order of battle . For anti-Stalinist communist brigades, see POUM . Using foreign to recruit volunteers for Spain was first proposed in the Soviet Union in September 1936—apparently at the suggestion of Maurice Thorez [3] —by Willi Münzenberg , chief of Comintern propaganda for Western Europe. As a security measure, non-Communist volunteers would first be interviewed by an NKVD agent. By the end of September, the Italian and French Communist Parties had decided to set up a column. Luigi Longo , ex-leader of the Italian Communist Youth , was charged to make the necessary arrangements with the Spanish government. The Soviet Ministry of Defense also helped, since they had experience of dealing with corps of international volunteers during the Russian Civil War . The idea was initially opposed by Largo Caballero , but after the first setbacks of the war, he changed his mind, and finally agreed to the operation on 22 October. However, the Soviet Union did not withdraw from the Non-Intervention Committee , probably to avoid diplomatic conflict with France and the United Kingdom. The main recruitment centre was in Paris, under the supervision of Polish communist colonel Karol "Walter" Świerczewski . On 17 October 1936, an open letter by Joseph Stalin to José Díaz was published in Mundo Obrero, arguing that victory for the Spanish second republic was a matter not only for Spaniards, but also for the whole of "progressive humanity"; in a matter of days, support organisations for the Spanish Republic were founded in most countries, all more or less controlled by the Comintern.[ citation needed ] Entry to Spain was arranged for volunteers: for instance, a Yugoslav ( ethnic Croat), Josip Broz, who would become famous as Marshal Josip Broz Tito , was in Paris to provide assistance, money and passports for volunteers from Eastern Europe . Volunteers were sent by train or ship from France to Spain, and sent to the base at Albacete . However, many of them also went by themselves to Spain. The volunteers were under no contract, nor defined engagement period, which would later prove a problem. Also many Italians, Germans, and people from other countries joined the movement, with the idea that combat in Spain was a first step to restore democracy or advance a revolutionary cause in their own country. There were also many unemployed workers (especially from France), and adventurers. Finally, some 500 communists who had been exiled to Russia were sent to Spain (among them, experienced military leaders from the First World War like "Kléber" Stern , "Gomez" Zaisser , "Lukacs" Zalka and "Gal" Galicz , who would prove invaluable in combat). The operation was met by communists with enthusiasm, but by anarchists with skepticism, at best[ citation need |
The Ostend Manifesto was a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase what island from Spain? | 16 Ostend Manifesto A document written in 1854 that - AMERICAN H - 2021 Chapter 13 and 14 Assignment 16 ostend manifesto a document written in 1854 that SCHOOL View Full Document 16. Ostend Manifesto- A document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. 17. Know-Nothing Party- A prominent United States political party during the late 1840s and the early 1850s. The American Party originated in 1849. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church. 18. Sectionalism- Restriction of interest to a narrow sphere; undue concern with local interests or petty distinctions at the expense of general well-being. 19. Dred Scott- A slave in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom. 20. Outcome of the Dred Scott Case- Did not gain his freedom. 21. John Brown- A white American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the U.S. 22. John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia- An attempt by the white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a United States arsenal. Questions: Chapter 13 1. This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Felix Varela Senior High School AMERICAN H 2021 - Fall 2015 Randy Alvarez P1 Chapter 16 Vocabulary: 1. Radical Republicans- A faction of American Chapter 16 Assignment |
"Which Asian mountain pass of significant historical importance has been called ""a sword cut through the mountains"" by Kipling?" | The Real History of White People "New" DEEP Search All of Realhistory using Keyword or Phrase Ancient Man and His First Civilizations The Real History of White People The falsity of White history begins and ends with their desire to hide their true nature; that being that they are derived from Albinos. Their efforts to make all peoples of historical significance White, would appear to be their effort to make themselves the "New Normal" i. e. "See everybody important was White, therefore White is good - the best even!" This fabricated concept of themselves, is obviously so satisfying, and so ingrained, that it has become delusional. Even today, there are many Whites who refuse to believe that the ancient Egyptians, and the other original civilizations as well, were Black people! This in spite of the countless evidences to the contrary: Egypt IS in Africa, there are countless statues and paintings which clearly show them to be Black people. Even scientific studies of ancient Egyptian Bones and Mummy tissue, like this one: Mummy tissue study: Click >>> , Does not satisfy them. Whites will still doggedly point to artifacts from the periods of Greek and Roman rule and say: See, these are the "Real Egyptians". Of course, there is absolutely no reason why a reasonably intelligent human being, would ever think that the ancient Egyptians were White people, but then again, reason and intelligent thought, have nothing to do with this: This is about a "Need" to believe. This persistence in thinking, is then clearly not intellectual, put rather purely emotional. Here then, is White history as developed with "Evidence" Note: here we do not delve too deeply into the discussion of whether or not Whites are derived from Albinos, or present the many proofs thereof. That discussion is Here: Click >>> THE ARYAN CONTROVERSY Europes Albinos, since the time they ursurped Blacks and took power in Europe, have tried mightly to figure out where they came from. Paul Broca (1824–80), French surgeon and anthropologist had urged that while there may be Aryan languages, there is no such thing as an Aryan race, and that language is only one, and the least important factor in the inquiry, and that while Aryan languages are spoken by races wholly unrelated, there is only one race, the tall, blue-eyed, fair-skinned German race, with abundant beard and dolichocephalic skull, which can claim to be genuine Aryans by blood as well as by language. Theodor Friedrich Wilhelm Poesche (1825 – 1899) was a German American anthropologist and author, specializing in historical anthropology. In 1878 he published The Aryans: A contribution to historical anthropology. Based on the physical characteristics attributed to Indo-Europeans (fair hair, blue or light eyes, tallness, slim hips, fine lips, a prominent chin). He identified this race with that whose skeletons are found in the Alemannic "row-graves" of Southern Germany, and he contended that it has existed in Europe since the Neolithic period. His argument was that the Aryan race originated in the great Rokitno swamp, between the Pripet, the Beresina, and the Dnieper. Here depigmentation or albinism is very prevalent, and here he considers the fair, white race originated. In this swamp, he thinks, lived the pile-dwellers who afterwards extended themselves to the Swiss lakes and the valley of the Po. The archaic character of the neighboring Lithuanian language induced him to believe that the Lithuanians were a surviving relic of this oldest Aryan race. Comment: Clearly in earlier times, intelligent Albinos themselves, came to realize that they must be derived from Albinos. But today that openness has evaporated; it seems that when Albinos tell Albinos that they are Albinos, it is acceptable. However, when Blacks tell Albinos that they are Albinos, it seems to illicit ill feelings. The beginning The second Out Of Africa (OOA) migration event (The first being Humans to Australia), saw Blacks from Africa with straight hair and "Mongol features" take an "Inland route" through southern Asia and on up to |
Sengbe Pieh (1813–ca.1879), later known as Joseph Cinqué was a West African man and the most prominent defendant in which 1841 case in American history named for a ship? | To be, Children and Farmers on Pinterest Forward Sengbe Pieh (c.1814–c.1879), later known as Joseph Cinqué, was a West African man of the Mende people. He was a rice farmer, married with three children, when he was captured illegally by African in 1839 and sold to Portuguese slave traders. On June 30, 1839 Cinqué led a sucessful revolt onboard the ship, La Amistad, but was later brought to trial in the United States v. The Amistad case, during which he and 51 others were found to be victims of the illegal Atlantic slave trade and freed. See More |
What groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy get their name from the Italian for 'charcoal burners'? | Lived 1777 1825 Carbonari The Carbonari charcoal burners were - HIST - 102 View Full Document idealism, slosely linked to romanticism and the enlightenment. Lived (1777-1825) Carbonari – The Carbonari "charcoal burners" were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. Their goals were patriotic and liberal and they played an important role in the unification of italy and the early years of Italian nationalism. This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document Count Camillo di Cavour – minister of piedmont-sardinia under victor emmanuel II, was essential in uniting italy by establishing an alliance with france, resulting in the defeat and removal of Austria from the Italian penensula 1810-1861 Piedmont-sardinia – kingdom in northern italy that wanted to unite italy. They fought against russia in the Crimean war hoping that to make its name militarily and win recognition for their aim to unite italy mid to late 1800’s Edmond burke – conservatist who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France in 1790 . 1729-1797 Victor Emmanuel II – became king of piedmont Sardinia after his father was exiled 1849-1861 North German Confederation – began after the seven weeks war and took the place of the german confederation. It was a military alliance of 22 states in northern germany, it was created after the 7 weeks war to exclude Austria 1866-1871 Frankfort parliament – an assembly of delagates from the german states in Frankfort convened to unify the german states and establish a constitution 1848 John Stuart Mill – Englishman who rejected the ideas of utilitarianism and embraced social reform for the poor and equality of women and the necessity of birth control. (1806-1873) Marshal Helmuth von Moltke – head of the Prussian General Staff, was responsible for reorganizing the Prussian army under bismark 1800-1891 Georges Boulanger – reformed army life and led troops to put down strikes, created the image of a patriot, he ran a political campaign to try to create an authoritarian govt., he failed, but caused a right wing movement that operated outside of the standard parliamentary institutions 1837-1891 David Lloyd George – chancellor of the exchequer, he led a liberal movement supporting workers. They sponsored the national insurance act of 1911, and the parliament bill of 1911. strengthening the house of commons, and providing unemployment and sickness benefits 1863-1945 Adolph Thiers – put down the paris commune, prime minister under louis phillipe, and head of state from 1871-1873 Congress of Berlin – peace conference led by bismark. Resulted in the blocking of Russia from creating a Bulgarian satilite state, a dual alliance between germany, and Austria-hungary, and disregarded Serbian attempts at creating an independent state in the ottoman empire 1878 Pius IX – pope who was sympathetic to Italian organization but failed to support it. He was forced to flee rome in 1849 until the French defeated garibaldi’s troops 1846-1878 Lord Salisbury – foreign seceratary of britan at the congress of berlin, prime minister 2 times, passed the naval defense act Private ownership of the means of production – capitalism, the borgoise own the means of production This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM cofc history 102 - Test 1 study guide CofC Ancien regime the oppressive regime that ruled france before the French revolution B cofc history 102 - Test 1 study guide |
What medieval Islamic dynasty was founded in 1250 in Egypt and Syria by slave soldiers who deposed the Ayyubids? | The Art of the Ayyubid Period (ca. 1171–1260) | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art The Art of the Ayyubid Period (ca. 1171–1260) See works of art Works of Art (6) Essay The Ayyubid dynasty came to power under the leadership of the Kurdish Zengid general Salah al-Din (r. 1169–93), known in Europe as Saladin. After repulsing a Crusader army that had reached the gates of Fatimid Cairo and occupying Egypt on behalf of the Zengids (1160s), Salah al-Din declared the Fatimid caliphate to be at its end, and established the Ayyubid sultanate (1171). Soon thereafter, Salah al-Din also gained control over Yemen (1174) and Syria (1180s). The conflict with the Crusaders continued throughout the Ayyubid period; Jerusalem was captured by the Muslims in 1187, then, following a failed treaty, ceded until 1244, when the city was retaken for good. The sultanate depended on mamluks (slave soldiers) for its military organization, yet the end of the dynasty in 1250 was largely caused by Turkic mamluks themselves, who overthrew the last Ayyubid sultan in Egypt, al-Malik al-Ashraf (r. 1249–50) and founded the Mamluk sultanate (1250–1517). In the arts, the Ayyubids are known especially for their works in inlaid metalwork and ceramics, particularly luster- and underglaze-painted wares. Some objects from this period, including a group of inlaid metalwork pieces, also have Christian scenes. Signatures of artists on refined and prized brass works inlaid with silver seem to indicate that the craftsmen were from Mosul (in present-day Iraq) and had fled from the approaching Mongol armies. In the case of ceramics produced in Syria, the influence of Seljuq Iran is prevalent. Among other arts, enameled glass rose to excellence in this period and carved wood was also esteemed by Ayyubid patrons. Techniques established and developed during this time formed the foundation of the arts in the Mamluk period. The Ayyubids were also vigorous builders. Their generous patronage led to tremendous architectural activity in Egypt and especially in Syria, and their local courts revived the cities of Damascus and Aleppo. The outstanding secular architecture from this period includes the fortified citadels of Cairo (1187) and Aleppo (early thirteenth century). Meanwhile, the establishment of madrasas, higher institutions for religious learning, such as the Zahiriya (1219) in Aleppo and that of Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (1243) in Cairo, exemplify the Ayyubid interest in Sunni education after the Shi’i interlude in the region under the Fatimids. Furthermore, the Madrasa al-Sahiba in Damascus (1233), built by Salah al-Din’s sister Rabia Khatun, as well as the Mausoleum of Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (1250), commissioned by his wife Shajarat al-Durr, reflects the importance of women as patrons of architecture under the Ayyubids. In terms of commemorative buildings and pious architectural initiatives, the Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi’i (1211) and the Tomb of the ‘Abbasid Caliphs (1242–43) in Cairo are especially noteworthy. Suzan Yalman |
A check for $7.2 million was issued on August 1, 1868 and was made payable to Edouard de Stoeckl, a Russian Minister. What was being bought? | Our Documents - Check for the Purchase of Alaska (1868) Check for the Purchase of Alaska (1868) Citation: Cancelled check in the amount of $7.2 million, for the purchase of Alaska, issued August 1, 1868; Records of the Accounting Officers of the Department of the Treasury; Record Group 217; National Archives. The Russian exchange copy of the Treaty of Cession, March 30, 1867, General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives. (on Archives.gov) With this check, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. In 1866 the Russian government offered to sell the territory of Alaska to the United States. Secretary of State William H. Seward, enthusiastic about the prospects of American Expansion, negotiated the deal for the Americans. Edouard de Stoeckl, Russian minister to the United States, negotiated for the Russians. On March 30, 1867, the two parties agreed that the United States would pay Russia $7.2 million for the territory of Alaska. For less that 2 cents an acre, the United States acquired nearly 600,000 square miles. Opponents of the Alaska Purchase persisted in calling it “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” until 1896, when the great Klondike Gold Strike convinced even the harshest critics that Alaska was a valuable addition to American territory. The check for $7.2 million was made payable to the Russian Minister to the United States Edouard de Stoeckl, who negotiated the deal for the Russians. Also shown here is the Treaty of Cession, signed by Tzar Alexander II, which formally concluded the agreement for the purchase of Alaska from Russia. (Information excerpted from Stacey Bredhoff, American Originals [Seattle: The University of Washington Press, 2001], p. 58.) |
What 1943 WWII battle between Germany and the Soviet Union remains to this day the largest series of armored clashes ever? | WWII Batle of Kursk - German Footage 1943 - Bf110 Panzer Tiger MG34 Nebelwerfer etc. Watch in HD - YouTube WWII Batle of Kursk - German Footage 1943 - Bf110 Panzer Tiger MG34 Nebelwerfer etc. Watch in HD Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 3, 2011 just few scenes.STRICTLY APOLITICAL VIDEO. NO POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,SILLY,INSULTING COMMENTS PLEASE,MANY THANKS FOR THAT. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_o... The Battle of Kursk took place when German and Soviet forces confronted each other on the Eastern Front during World War II in the vicinity of the city of Kursk, (450 kilometres / 280 miles south of Moscow) in the Soviet Union in July and August 1943. It remains both the largest series of armored clashes, including the Battle of Prokhorovka, and the costliest single day of aerial warfare in history. It was the final strategic offensive the Germans were able to mount in the east. The resulting decisive Soviet victory gave the Red Army the strategic initiative for the rest of the war. The Germans hoped to shorten their lines by eliminating the Kursk salient (also known as the Kursk bulge), created in the aftermath of their defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad. They envisioned pincers breaking through its northern and southern flanks to achieve a great encirclement of Red Army forces. The Soviets, however, had intelligence of Adolf Hitler's intentions. This and German delays to wait for new weapons, mainly Tiger and Panther tanks,[20][21] gave the Red Army time to construct a series of defense lines and gather large reserve forces for a strategic counterattack.[22] Kursk as a whole demonstrated the failure of Blitzkrieg against a prepared, flexible, and multiply-redundant strategy of defense in depth.[citation needed] Well-advised months in advance that the attack would fall on the neck of the Kursk salient, the Soviets designed a system to slow, redirect, exhaust, and progressively attrit the powerful German panzer spearheads by forcing them to attack through a vast interconnected web of minefields, pre-sighted artillery fire zones, and concealed anti-tank strongpoints comprising eight progressively spaced defense lines 250 km deep — more than 10 times as deep as the vaunted Maginot Line — and featuring a greater than 1:1 ratio of anti-tank guns to attacking vehicles, it was by far the most statistically formidable[peacock term] defensive works ever constructed. It eventually proved to be more than three times the depth necessary to contain the furthest extent of the German attack.[23][page needed] When the German forces had exhausted themselves against the defences, the Soviets responded with their own counter-offensives, which allowed the Red Army to retake Orel and Belgorod on 5 August and Kharkov on 23 August, and push the Germans back across a broad front. Although the Red Army had had success in winter, this was the first successful strategic Soviet summer offensive of the war. The model strategic operation earned a place in war college curricula.[nb 8][24][page needed] The Battle of Kursk was the first battle in which a Blitzkrieg offensive had been defeated before it could break through enemy defences and into its strategic depths.[ Category |
During World War I, which Belgian city that was the centre of intense battles was nicknamed 'wipers'? | Ieper - YouTube Ieper Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Aug 2, 2014 Ypres is a Belgian municipality located in the Flemish province of West Flanders. Though Ieper is the Dutch and only official name, the city's French name, Ypres, is most commonly used in English due to its role in World War I when only French was in official use in Belgian documents, including on maps. The municipality comprises the city of Ypres and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote. Together, they are home to some 34,900 inhabitants. During World War I, Ypres was the centre of intense and sustained battles between German and Allied forces. During the war, because the British troops had trouble pronouncing its name, they nicknamed the city "Wipers". Category |
Who is the Scottish outlaw of the 18th century who is sometimes called as the Scottish Robin Hood? (hint: also the name of a Manhattan like cocktail) | scots gaelic Archives - Wild Eyed Southern Celt Jan 31, 2016 by Pye O'Malley Scottish proverbs often seem simplistic at first glance. Behind the humble words, however, lies a wealth of wisdom and Celtic “can-do” attitude. Here are a few of my favorite Gaelic Scottish proverbs: In other words, whatever is worth having will take effort to obtain. There are many examples of how this Scottish proverb applies in life: finding your soul mate, providing for yourself and your family, achieving Scotland’s freedom from English rule, to name just a few. This Scottish proverb speaks to the need to always be prepared. Invasion from England and Vikings was a constant threat to Scots for many hundreds of years. Putting aside the sword for the plough could spell disaster for the clan. Generations later, the wisdom behind the words still rings true, and not just in military situations. This Gaelic phrase is the Scottish proverb equivalent of saying that the course of true love never runs smooth. The illustration is from a 1906 childrens’ book of English history. It depicts the sad parting of Flora MacDonald and Bonnie Prince Charlie , as he was fleeing the English after Culloden . The romance between Flora and Charles has been greatly embellished over time, and may never have happened at all. Actual partings of loved ones, however, was a harsh reality for many Scottish Highlanders and Islanders over the centuries. Whether their men left in search of jobs to earn desperately needed money, or were forcibly removed to an English prison, Scottish women knew well the heartache of separation. For a fictionalized version of romantic Scottish misery, check out Outlander , the book, by Diana Gabaldon , or the cable series Outlander , based on Gabaldon’s books. Of course, we all know that this Scottish proverb holds true in the modern world. As the first proverb above implies, however, sometimes the reward is worth the risk. Jul 2, 2014 by Pye O'Malley Despite popular belief, it’s possible to have a sunny day in the Scottish Highlands that heats up the area too much. When that happens, you’ll need need to cool down your hairy Hielan coos at the local beach. No sunscreen necessary, though. Highland cattle at Oldshoremore beach in Sutherland Image Source: Scotland on Face book Oldshoremore ( Àisir Mòr in Scots Gaelic) is a small, remote crofting village in Sutherland, one of the northernmost areas in the Scottish Highlands. The name Sutherland comes from the Norse, Suðrland (“southern land”), and dates from the time of Norse rule in the Highlands by the jarl of Orkney. The Norse called it “Southern land” in relation to Orkney and Caithness, which are even further north. Feb 26, 2014 by Pye O'Malley Wednesday is a good day to try a dram or two of a new whisky or whiskey, depending on your preference. You won’t appear as desperate as you might on a Monday night (the week has barely begun), and you’ll have more time to properly savor the taste results than you would on a Friday night (TGIF–just gimme a bottle!). While you’re at it, you may as well invite a friend over to share in your Celtic heritage appreciation event…but which whisky will make the cut? Personally, I love single malts, preferably with peaty smokiness, paired with a hint of sweetness. I’ve read reviews of the newest release from Highland Park, Scotland’s northernmost single malt distillery, and it may be a good match for me. Distilled in an area that was once a Norse stronghold in Viking Age Scotland, HP’s new 15 year old whisky is named after Freya, the Norse goddess of love, and is said to taste of lush fruitiness and smoky earthiness, closing with a spicy finish. Sounds like the perfect uisge beatha to share with my favorite Scottish Butler. Not sure which whisk(e)y you should try? I recommend consulting Whisky For Everyone , a wonderful blog for all whisky lovers, whether you’re just starting to appreciate this much-loved elixir of the Celts or you’re a long-time whisky drinker–they always have a list of the latest whisky releases. Jan 29, 2014 by Pye O'M |
What term refers to the stage of the journey that saw the forcible passage of Africans to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade? | "The Middle Passage" [ushistory.org] 6b. "The Middle Passage" Harvard College Library This illustration depicts what one reporter saw on the upper deck of a slave ship — "about four hundred and fifty native Africans, in a sitting or squatting posture, the most of them having their knees elevated so as to form a resting place for their heads and arms." Two by two the men and women were forced beneath deck into the bowels of the slave ship. The "packing" was done as efficiently as possible. The captives lay down on unfinished planking with virtually no room to move or breathe. Elbows and wrists will be scraped to the bone by the motion of the rough seas. Some will die of disease, some of starvation, and some simply of despair. This was the fate of millions of West Africans across three and a half centuries of the slave trade on the voyage known as the "middle passage." Two philosophies dominated the loading of a slave ship. "Loose packing" provided for fewer slaves per ship in the hopes that a greater percentage of the cargo would arrive alive. "Tight packing" captains believed that more slaves, despite higher casualties, would yield a greater profit at the trading block. Doctors would inspect the slaves before purchase from the African trader to determine which individuals would most likely survive the voyage. In return, the traders would receive guns, gunpowder, rum or other sprits, textiles or trinkets. The "middle passage," which brought the slaves from West Africa to the West Indies, might take three weeks. Unfavorable weather conditions could make the trip much longer. The Transatlantic (Triangular) Trade involved many continents, a lot of money, some cargo and sugar, and millions of African slaves. Slaves were fed twice daily and some captains made vain attempts to clean the hold at this time. Air holes were cut into the deck to allow the slaves breathing air, but these were closed in stormy conditions. The bodies of the dead were simply thrust overboard. And yes, there were uprisings. Upon reaching the West Indies, the slaves were fed and cleaned in the hopes of bringing a high price on the block. Those that could not be sold were left for dead. The slaves were then transported to their final destination. It was in this unspeakable manner that between ten and twenty million Africans were introduced to the New World. |
What is the name of the fictional woman who is depicted as the national emblem of the French Republic? | France.com » Blog Archive Marianne - National Emblem of France - France.com Search for: Marianne – National Emblem of France Marianne is a national emblem of France. She is present in many places in France and holds a place of honor in town halls and law courts. She symbolizes the “Triumph of the Republic”, a bronze sculpture overlooking the Place de la Nation in Paris. Her profile stands out on the official seal of the country, is engraved on French euro coins, and appears on French postage stamps; it was also featured on the former French franc coins and banknotes. Marianne is considered one of the most prominent symbols of the French Republic. But who is this woman, depicted by artist Honoré Daumier as a mother nursing two children, or by sculptor François Rude as an angry warrior voicing the Marseillaise on the Arc de Triomphe? And where does she come from? One thing is certain: her image never leaves the French indifferent. During the last two wars, some people worshipped her like a saint. Others, those with anti-Republican leanings, often dragged her in the mud. History The image of Marianne comes down from Antiquity. The Phrygian bonnet was worn under the Roman Empire by former slaves who had been emancipated by their master and whose descendants were therefore considered citizens of the Empire. Democracy was already represented as having a woman’s face: at her feet a tiller and a sack of wheat, slumped on the ground and overflowing; having little regard for power, she is concerned above all with the aspirations of the people. In classical times, it was common to represent ideas and abstract entities by gods, goddesses and allegoric personifications. Less common during the Middle Ages, this practice resurfaced during the Renaissance. During the French Revolution, many allegorical personifications of ‘Liberty’ and ‘Reason’ appeared. These two figures finally merged into one: a female figure, shown either sitting or standing, and accompanied by various attributes, including the rooster, the tricolore cockade, and the Phrygian cap. This woman typically symbolized Liberty, Reason, the Nation, the Homeland, the civic virtues of the Republic. (Compare the Statue of Liberty, created by a French artist, with a copy in Paris.) In September 1792, the National Convention decided by decree that the new seal of the state would represent a standing woman holding a spear with a Phrygian cap held aloft on top of it. Why is it a woman and not a man who represents the Republic? One could find the answer to this question in the traditions and mentality of the French, suggests the historian Maurice Agulhon, who set out on a detailed investigation to discover the origins of Marianne. Note also that both liberté and république are feminine words in French. The use of this emblem was initially unofficial and very diverse. Marianne/Liberty makes an appearance in Eugène Delacroix’s bravura political propaganda ‘Liberty guiding the people’ (Louvre Museum), painted in July 1830, before the first rush of enthusiasm for Louis Philippe had time to cool. In 1848, the Ministry of the Interior launched a contest to symbolize the Republic. After the fall of the monarchy, the Provisional Government had declared: “The image of liberty should replace everywhere the images of corruption and shame, which have been broken in three days by the magnanimous French people.” Two “Mariannes” were authorised: the one is fighting and victorious, recalling the Greek goddess Athena; the other is wise and serious. She made her first appearance on a French postage stamp in 1849. Later, during the Second Empire (1852-1870), this depiction was clandestine and served as a symbol of protest against the regime. The common use of the name “Marianne” for the depiction of the “Liberty” started around 1848/1851, with a generalization around 1875. It began to be more official during the Third Republic (1870-1940). The city hall of Paris displayed a statue of “Marianne” wearing a Phrygian cap in 1880, and was quickly followed by the other French cities. Although common emble |
As numerous countries gained their independence in that year, which year in the second half of the 20th century is known as the 'Year of Africa'? | Africa still struggles against imperialism Five decades after its ‘year’ Africa still struggles against imperialism By Abayomi Azikiwe Editor, Pan-African News Wire Published Apr 25, 2010 7:39 PM The year 2010 is the 50th anniversary of the Year of Africa, when 17 former colonial territories gained their national independence during 1960. The liberation movements in Africa had gained momentum after World War II, when the European colonial powers were weakened by their mutual destruction from 1939 to 1945. Colonialism was a vicious system of national oppression and exploitation with origins in the Atlantic Slave Trade starting in the 15th century. After four centuries of enslaving Africans in Western Europe, the Caribbean, Latin America, North America and on the African continent itself, the imperialists solidified their colonial system with the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference. African people resisted the rapacious slave trade and colonialist encroachment for centuries. Beginning in the late 19th century, anti-colonial revolts and movements blossomed throughout the African continent and other territories throughout the world. Despite the two inter-imperialist wars in the first half of the 20th century, as of 1945 colonialism in Africa remained largely intact. To justify their crimes, the European colonialists claimed that their presence in Africa spurred economic development and prepared African states for eventual independence in the 20th century. The introduction of capitalist systems of production and trade, however, only managed to maximize profits and maintain political control for the imperialists. For example, in the West African state of Ghana, which was called the Gold Coast during the colonial period, British rule established a one-cash-crop economy of cocoa, providing the British ruling class with an effective means of exploiting the African territory. Gold mining provided an impulse for the territory’s first railway, which extended from the gold-mining district of Tarkwa to Sekondi by 1901. After the railway line’s construction in the Gold Coast, the rate of profit extracted from gold mining grew quickly. Gold exports expanded from £22,000 (all numbers in pound sterling) in 1897 to £255,000 by 1907 and £1,687,000 by 1914, the beginning of World War I. The railway extended to Kumasi in 1903 in order to ensure the political and military dominance over the Ashanti nation. This factor led to the penetration of the forest areas where the British carried out the process of rubber-tapping. The expansion of cocoa farming brought about another round of windfall profits for the British colonialists. In 1901, the value of cocoa exported from the colony was £43,000, £515,000 in 1907 and £2,194,000 in 1914, when cocoa amounted to 49 percent of all exports, and cocoa alone paid for all the Gold Coast’s imports. The railway also expedited the export of timber, worth £169,000 in 1907. Cocoa, gold and timber made the Gold Coast, by 1914, the most prosperous of all the African colonies. Rise of African nationalism As World War II ended, the only nominally independent African states were Egypt, Liberia and the reconstituted nation of Ethiopia. Nonetheless, in 1945 these states in actuality were firmly under the yoke of imperialism. Pro-British King Farouk I’s monarchy controlled Egypt until 1952, when the Free Officers’ Movement seized power in a popular coup. In 1956 when Gamal Abdel Nasser became president of Egypt and nationalized the Suez Canal, Britain, France and the state of Israel invaded. After this imperialist invasion failed, Egypt became a leading proponent of the independence movements that swept other areas of the continent during the 1950s and 1960s. Liberia had been established as a settlement for formerly enslaved Africans from the United States beginning in 1822. Granted nominal independence in 1847, it remained under the U.S. yoke and after the 1920s became Firestone’s private rubber plantation. After the defeat of Italian fascism in 1943, the restored Ethiopian monarchy of Haile Selassie fell under U.S. polit |
What foreign policy theory promoted by the US government during the Cold War speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, the surrounding countries would follow? | US History, Standards 11.9/11.10/11.11 Flashcards Arms Race Definition A competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons, esp. between the US and the former Soviet Union during the Cold War Term Cold War Definition The state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990 Term Domino Theory Definition The domino theory was a foreign policy theory during the 1950s to 1980s, promoted at times by the government of the United States, that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect Term Marshall Plan Definition A program of financial aid and other initiatives, sponsored by the US, designed to boost the economies of western European countries after World War II. It was originally advocated by Secretary of State George C. Marshall and passed by Congress in 1948 Term McCarthyism Definition A vociferous campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950–54. Many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not in fact belong to the Communist Party Term NATO Definition North Atlantic Treaty Organization: an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security Term Truman Doctrine Definition The principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War Term Vietnam War Definition a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States Term War Powers Act of 1973 Definition Passed as a result of military actions in Vietnam, designed to increase the role of congress in deploying the US military Term Brown v. Board of Education Definition Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students, denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional Term Civil Rights Act of 1964 Definition The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (, , July 2, 1964) was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public Term Voting Rights Act of 1965 Definition Met to increase African-Am. Civil Rights in regards to voting. Increased Federal involvement in States where policies disenfranchised African-Americans. Term Great Society Definition A domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs Term The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment Term Counterculture Definition Opposed to dominant culture. Sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day Term Feminism Definition The term feminism can be used to describe a political, cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. Term Watergate Definition a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice; led to the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974 Term |
What 'fruity' term for a small and unstable country dependent on agriculture was first used by O. Henry in reference to Honduras? | USA A Banana Republic? USA a Banana Republic? James Joyner · Monday, November 8, 2010 · 29 Comments NYT columnist Nick Kristoff laments “Our Banana Republic.” In my reporting, I regularly travel to banana republics notorious for their inequality. In some of these plutocracies, the richest 1 percent of the population gobbles up 20 percent of the national pie. But guess what? You no longer need to travel to distant and dangerous countries to observe such rapacious inequality. We now have it right here at home — and in the aftermath of Tuesday’s election, it may get worse. The piece goes on for several more paragraphs, but you needn’t bother reading them. The US has high income inequality. So does, for example, Nicaragua. QED. Wikipedia’s definition of banana republic is an accurate reflection of how the term is used: Banana republic is a term that refers to a politically unstable country dependent upon limited agriculture (e.g. bananas), and ruled by a small, self-elected, wealthy, and corrupt politico-economic clique. The original concept of banana republic was a direct reference to a “servile dictatorship” that abetted (or supported for kickbacks) the exploitation of large-scale plantation agriculture, especially banana cultivation. As a political science term banana republic is a descriptor first used by the American writer O. Henry in Cabbages and Kings (1904), a book of related short stories derived from his 1896-97 residence in Honduras, where he was hiding from the U.S. law for bank embezzlement in the U.S. So, Kristoff is taking a common byproduct of this phenomenon and asserting that the United States, which has said byproduct, therefore qualifies. Except that, you know, our economy isn’t based on agriculture, much less a single crop. Oh, and that we have elections to decide who will govern us and periodically throw the bums out. Oh, and a complex system of divided government and checks and balances. And, of course, a broad series of individual rights that are guarded by an independent judiciary. Yes, but for how long? Why, the Republicans want to extend the current tax code indefinitely into the future! Which means that those making over an arbitrary sum that some define as “wealthy” will continue to pay a top marginal rate of 34 percent instead of a more appropriate 39 percent. Apparently, somewhere in the mid-thirties, there’s a magical dividing line with “socialism” on one side and “banana republic” on the other. Also, apparently, the rich are oppressing the not-quite-rich by buying fancy things, forcing everyone below them to go heavily into debt to try and keep up. Seriously, Kristoff is too smart for such nonsense. There are good arguments as to why income inequality is unhealthy. Let’s dispense with silly ones. And, for that matter, there are actual threats to our individual liberties and the rule of law that are far more likely to engender comparisons to Third World dictatorships than the fact that the top 1 percent consume a lot of stuff. |
Because foreigners were forbidden to serve in the French Army after the 1830 July Revolution, what was created by Louis Philippe, the King of France in 1831? | The Beret Project: Green Beret - Foreign Legion The Beret Project Peaked Cap: for people who don't dare to wear a beret Saturday, October 2, 2010 Green Beret - Foreign Legion The French Foreign Legion (Légion étrangère) is a unique military unit in the French Army established in 1831. The legion was specifically created for foreign nationals wishing to serve in the French Armed Forces, but commanded by French officers. However, it is also open to French citizens, who amounted to 24% of the recruits as of 2007. The Legion is today known as an elite military unit whose training focuses not only on traditional military skills but also on its strong esprit de corps . As its men come from different countries with different cultures, this is a widely accepted solution to strengthen them enough to work as a team. Consequently, training is often described as not only physically challenging, but also extremely stressful psychologically. The French Foreign Legion was created by King Louis Philippe, on 10 March 1831. The direct reason was that foreigners were forbidden to serve in the French Army after the 1830 July Revolution, so the Legion was created to allow the government a way around this restriction. The purpose of the Legion was to remove disruptive elements from society and put them to use fighting the enemies of France. Recruits included failed revolutionaries from the rest of Europe, soldiers from the disbanded foreign regiments, and troublemakers in general, both foreign and French. Algeria was designated as the Legion's home. In late 1831, the first Legionnaires landed in Algeria, the country that would be the Legion's homeland for 130 years and shape its character. The early years in Algeria were hard for Legionnaires because they were often sent to the worst postings, received the worst assignments and were generally uninterested in the new colony of the French. The Legion's first service in Algeria came to an end after only four years, as it was needed elsewhere. The Legion was primarily used to protect and expand the French colonial empire during the 19th century, but it also fought in almost all French wars including the Franco-Prussian War and both World Wars. The Foreign Legion has remained an important part of the French Army, surviving three Republics, The Second French Empire, two World Wars, the rise and fall of mass conscript armies, the dismantling of the French colonial empire and the French loss of the legion's base, Algeria. These days most Legionnaires still come from European countries but a growing percentage comes from Latin-America, 24%. Most of the Legion's commissioned officers are French with approximately 10% being former Legionnaires who have risen through the ranks. Membership of the Legion is often a reflection of political shifts: specific national representations generally surge whenever a country has a political crisis and tend to subside once the crisis is over and the flow of recruits dries up. After the First World War, many (Tsarist) Russians joined. Immediately before the Second World War, Czechs, Poles and Jews from Eastern Europe fled to France and ended up enlisting in the Legion. Following the break-up of Yugoslavia, there were many Serbian nationals. Also in the 1990s, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the changes in the former Warsaw Pact countries, led to an increase in recruitment from Poland and from the former republics of the USSR (If you're interested in joining, click here !). Posted by |
Mimar Sinan (1489-1588) is considered the greatest architect of the classical period and was responsible for the Suleiman mosque in Istanbul and many other magnificent constructions. Which political entity benefited from his genius? | Agoston and Masters, Encyclopedia of Ottoman Empire Agoston and Masters, Encyclopedia of Ottoman Empire Agoston and Masters, Encyclopedia of Ottoman Empire Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC) You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 14 to 178 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 192 to 386 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 400 to 517 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 541 to 689 are not shown in this preview. |
In ancient Greece, the bematists who accompanied Alexander the Great on his campaigns were trained to measure what? | Bematist Bematist . Bematists were specialists in ancient Greece who were trained to measure distances by counting their steps. Measurements of Alexander's bematists Bematists accompanied Alexander the Great on his campaign in Asia. Their measurements of the distances traveled by Alexander's army show a high degree of precision to the point that it had been suggested that they must have used an odometer, although there is no direct mentioning of such a device: The overall accuracy of the bematists’ measurements should be apparent. The minor discrepancies of distance can be adequately explained by slight changes in the tracks of roads during the last 2300 years. The accuracy of the measurements implies that the bematists used a sophisticated mechanical device for measuring distances, undoubtedly an odometer such as describes by Heron of Alexandria .[1] The table below lists distances of the routes as measured by two of Alexander's bematists, Diognetus and Baeton. They were recorded in Pliny's Naturalis Historia (NH 6.61-62). Another similar set of measurements is given by Strabo (11.8.9) following Eratosthenes.[2] Pliny 6.61-62 1) 1 mille passus = 1,480 meters or 1618.5 yards 2) 1 Attic stadion = 606’10’’ 3) No entries: Data not specified (n.s.) 4) The route is not recorded to have been followed by Alexander himself. Addenda: Leaving out the highest outlier each, the average deviation of the rest of the bematists's measurements would be 1.9% with Pliny and 1.5% with Strabo at a measured distance of 1958 respectively 1605 miles. References ^ Donald W. Engels: Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, Los Angeles 1978, p.158 ^ All data from: Donald W. Engels: Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, Los Angeles 1978, p.157. Ancient Greece |
If you have to associate one person with the 'Kuomintang Party' between 1929 and 1948, who would it be? | Appeal to All the Comrades of the Chinese Communist Party | 20th century revolutions | History & Theory | Front page articles Appeal to All the Comrades of the Chinese Communist Party +1 This letter contains Chen's most important suppressed letter which he wrote after being outsed as General Secretary of the CCP. Since 1920 (the ninth year of the republic) I have worked with the comrades, in founding the party, in sincerely carrying out the opportunist policy of the International's leaders, Stalin, Zinoviev, Bukharin, and others. bringing the Chinese revolution to a shameful and sad defeat. Though I have worked night and day, yet my demerits exceed my merits. Of course, I should not imitate the hypocritical confessions of some of the ancient Chinese emperors: "I, one person, am responsible for all the sins of the people"; take upon my own shoulders all the mistakes that caused the failure. Nevertheless I feel ashamed to adopt the attitude of some responsible comrades at times-only criticizing the past mistakes of opportunism and excluding oneself. Whenever my comrades have pointed out my past opportunist errors, I earnestly acknowledged them. I am absolutely unwilling to ignore the experiences of the Chinese revolution obtained at the highest price paid by proletarians in the past. (From the August 7 Conference [1927] to the present time, I not only did not reject proper criticism against me, but I even kept silent about the exaggerated accusations against me.) Not only am I willing to acknowledge my past errors, but now or in the future, if I should make any opportunist errors in thought or action, I likewise expect comrades to criticize me mercilessly with theoretical argument and fact. I humbly accept or shall accept all criticism, but not rumors and false accusations. I cannot have such self-confidence as Ch'u Ch'iu-pai and Li Li- san. I clearly recognize that it is never an easy thing for anybody or any party to avoid the errors of opportunism. Even such veteran Marxists as Kautsky and Plekhanov were guilty of unpardonable opportunism when they were old; those who followed Lenin for a long time like Stalin and Bukharin are now also acting like shameful opportunists. How can superficial Marxists like us be self-satisfied? Whenever a man is self- satisfied, he prevents himself from making progress. Even the banner of the Opposition is not the incantation of the "Heavenly Teacher" Chang [the Taoist pope]. If those who have not fundamentally cleared out the ideology of the petty bourgeoisie, and have not plainly understood the system of past opportunism, and decisively participated in struggles, merely stand under the banner of the Opposition to revile the opportunism of Stalin and Li Li-san, and then think that the opportunist devils will never approach, they are suffering from an illusion. The only way of avoiding the errors of opportunism is continually and humbly to learn from the teachings of Marx and Lenin in the struggles of the proletarian masses and in the mutual criticism of comrades. I decisively recognize that the objective conditions were second in importance as the cause of the failure of the last Chinese revolution. The main cause was the error of opportunism, the error of our policy in dealing with the bourgeois Kuomintang. All the responsible comrades of the Central Committee at that time, especially myself, should openly and courageously recognize that this policy was undoubtedly wrong. But it is not enough merely to recognize the error. We must sincerely and thoroughly acknowledge that the past error was the internal content of the policy of opportunism examine the causes and results of that policy, and reveal them clearly. Then we can hope to stop repeating the errors of the past, and the repetition of former opportunism in the next revolution. When our party was first founded, though it was quite young, yet, under the guidance of the Leninist International, we did not commit any great mistakes. For instance, we decisively led the struggle of the workers and recognized the class nature of the Kuomint |
Meaning 'Apple orchard' in Spanish, what is the collective name of the ten concentration camps in California where thousands of Japanese Americans were imprisoned during WWII? | Manzanar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Manzanar A hot windstorm brings dust from the surrounding desert July 3 , 1942 Nearest city: Independence, California Coordinates: LAHCM #: 160 Manzanar is most widely known as the site of one of ten concentration camps where over 110,000 Japanese Americans were imprisoned during World War II . Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California 's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, it is approximately 230 miles (370 km) northeast of Los Angeles . Manzanar (which means “apple orchard” in Spanish ) was identified by the United States National Park Service as the best-preserved of the former camp sites, and was designated the Manzanar National Historic Site. [7] Long before the first prisoners arrived in March 1942, Manzanar was home to Native Americans , who mostly lived in villages near several creeks in the area. Ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910, [8] but abandoned the town by 1929 after the City of Los Angeles purchased the water rights to virtually the entire area. [7] As different as these groups might seem, they are tied together by the common thread of forced relocation . Since the last prisoners left in 1945, former prisoners and others have worked to protect Manzanar and to establish it as a National Historic Site that preserves and interprets the site for current and future generations. The primary focus is the Japanese American Internment era, [9] as specified in the legislation that created the Manzanar National Historic Site. The site also interprets the town of Manzanar, the ranch days, the settlement by the Owens Valley Paiute , and the role that water played in shaping the history of the Owens Valley. [9] [10] Contents Further information: Japanese American internment#Terminology_debate Since the end of World War II, there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to Manzanar and the other camps in which Americans of Japanese ancestry and their immigrant parents were imprisoned by the United States Government during the war. [11] [12] [13] Manzanar has been referred to as a "War Relocation Center," "relocation camp," "relocation center," " internment camp ," and " concentration camp ," and the controversy over which term is the most accurate and appropriate continues to the present day. [14] [15] [16] In 1998, use of the term "concentration camps" gained greater credibility prior to the opening of an exhibit about the American camps at Ellis Island . Initially, the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and the National Park Service, which manages Ellis Island, objected to the use of the term in the exhibit. [17] However, during a subsequent meeting held at the offices of the AJC in New York City , leaders representing Japanese Americans and Jewish Americans reached an understanding about the use of the term. [18] After the meeting, the Japanese American National Museum and the AJC issued a joint statement (which was included in the exhibit) that read in part: A concentration camp is a place where people are imprisoned not because of any crimes they have committed, but simply because of who they are. Although many groups have been singled out for such persecution throughout history, the term 'concentration camp' was first used at the turn of the century in the Spanish American and Boer Wars . During World War II, America's concentration camps were clearly distinguishable from Nazi Germany's. Nazi camps were places of torture, barbarous medical experiments and summary executions; some were extermination centers with gas chambers. Six million Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust . Many others, including Gypsies, Poles, homosexuals and political dissidents were also victims of the Nazi concentration camps. In recent years, concentration camps have existed in the former Soviet Union , Cambodia and Bosnia . Despite differences, all had one thing in common: the people in power removed a minority group from the general population and the rest of society let it happen. [19] [2 |
What are 'Potemkin villages' which were purportedly erected at the direction of Russian minister Grigori Potemkin to impress Empress Catherine II during her visit to Crimea in 1787? | Potemkin village P Potemkin village Potemkin villages were purportedly fake settlements erected at the direction of Russian minister Grigory Potyomkin to fool Empress Catherine II during her visit to Crimea in 1787. According to this story, Potyomkin, who led the Crimean military campaign, had hollow facades of villages constructed along the desolate banks of the Dnieper River in order to impress the monarch and her travel party with the value of her new conquests, thus enhancing his standing in the empress' eyes. General Potemkin villages Modern historians are divided on the degree of truth behind Potemkin villages. While tales of the fake villages are generally considered exaggerations, some historians dismiss them as malicious rumors spread by Potyomkin's opponents. These historians argue that Potyomkin did mount efforts to develop the Crimea and probably directed peasants to spruce up the riverfront in advance of the Empress's arrival. According to Simon Sebag-Montefiore, Potyomkin's most comprehensive English-language biographer, the tale of elaborate, fake settlements with glowing fires designed to comfort the monarch and her entourage as they surveyed the barren territory at night, is largely fictional. Some Russian historians hold a somewhat different view. Aleksandr Panchenko, an authoritative specialist on 19th century Russia, used original correspondence and memoirs to conclude that the myth of the Potemkin village has a basis in reality: "Potemkin really did build mock towns and villages, but he never denied that they were theatrical sets." Panchenko writes that "Potemkin's goal was to demonstrate that this vast region was already practically civilized, or was at least energetically becoming civilized," by showing a vision of what the area would become, using screens on which villages were painted and driving flocks of sheep each night to the next stop along the route. Also, the close relationship between Field Marshal Potyomkin and Empress Catherine made it likely that she was aware of the fictitious nature of the villages. Thus, the deception would have been mainly directed towards the foreign ambassadors accompanying the imperial party. Regardless, Potyomkin had in fact directed the building of fortresses , ships of the line , and thriving settlements, and the tour – which saw real and significant accomplishments – solidified his power. So, while "Potemkin village" has come to mean, especially in a political context, any hollow or false construct, physical or figurative, meant to hide an undesirable or potentially damaging situation, the phrase may not apply to its original context. Modern Uses "Potemkin village" has also frequently been used to describe the attempts of the Soviet government to fool foreign visitors. The government would take such visitors, who were often already sympathetic to socialism or communism, to select villages, factories, schools, stores, or neighborhoods and present them as if they were typical, rather than exceptional. Given the strict limitations on the movement of foreigners in the USSR, it was often impossible for these visitors to see any other examples. "Potemkin village" has also been used to describe states and cities whose low tax régimes allow international companies to base their headquarters there, but to conduct their real businesses elsewhere. Examples of Potemkin villages The Nazi German Theresienstadt concentration camp, called "the Paradise Ghetto" in World War II , was designed as a concentration camp that could be shown to the Red Cross , but was really a Potemkin village: attractive at first, but deceptive and ultimately lethal, with high death rates from malnutrition and contagious diseases. It ultimately served as a way-station to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Gijeong-dong, built by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) in the north half of the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Following the Manchurian Incident, and China 's referral of the Japanese occupation of Manchuria to the League of Nations in 1931, the League's representative was given a tour of th |
What was the name of the notorious biological research unit of the Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and WWII? | UNIT 731 Documentary | Japanese Invasion of China | Second Sino-Japanese War | 1937-45 - YouTube UNIT 731 Documentary | Japanese Invasion of China | Second Sino-Japanese War | 1937-45 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Feb 25, 2015 UNIT 731 Documentary | Japanese Invasion of China | Second Sino-Japanese War | 1937-45 | WW2 Unit 731 (731部隊 Nana-san-ichi butai, Chinese: 731部队) was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Japanese personnel. Unit 731 was based at the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China). It was officially known as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army (関東軍防疫給水部本部 Kantōgun Bōeki Kyūsuibu Honbu). Originally set up under the Kempeitai military police of the Empire of Japan, Unit 731 was taken over and commanded until the end of the war by General Shiro Ishii, an officer in the Kwantung Army. The facility itself was built between 1934 and 1939 and officially adopted the name "Unit 731" in 1941. Between 3,000 and 12,000 men, women, and children - from which around 600 every year were provided by the Kempeitai - died during the human experimentation conducted by Unit 731 at the camp based in Pingfang alone, which does not include victims from other medical experimentation sites. Almost 70% of the victims who died in the Pingfang camp were Chinese, including both civilian and military. Close to 30% of the victims were Russian. Some others were South East Asians and Pacific Islanders, at the time colonies of the Empire of Japan, and a small number of Allied prisoners of war. The unit received generous support from the Japanese government up to the end of the war in 1945. Many of the researchers involved in Unit 731 went on to prominent careers in post-war politics, academia, business, and medicine. Some were arrested by Soviet forces and tried at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in 1949; most remained under American Forces occupation. These researchers were not tried for war crimes by the Americans so that the information and experience gained in bio-weapons could be co-opted into the U.S. biological warfare program. On 6 May 1947, Douglas MacArthur, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence." The immunity deal concluded in 1948. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731 Category |
On 31 October 1984, the English actor Peter Ustinov was waiting to interview which Asian leader when that person was assassinated? | Astrology: Peter Ustinov, date of birth: 1921/04/16, Horoscope, Astrological Portrait, Dominant Planets, Birth Data, Biography 1st Fire sign - 1st Cardinal sign (spring equinox) - Masculine In analogy with Mars, his ruler, and the 1st House Aries governs the head. His colour is red, his stone is the heliotrope, his day is Tuesday, and his professions are businessman, policeman, sportsman, surgeon... If your sign is Aries or your Ascendant is Aries: you are courageous, frank, enthusiastic, dynamic, fast, bold, expansive, warm, impulsive, adventurous, intrepid, warlike, competitive, but also naive, domineering, self-centred, impatient, rash, thoughtless, blundering, childish, quick-tempered, daring or primitive. Some traditional associations with Aries: Countries: England, France, Germany, Denmark. Cities: Marseille, Florence, Naples, Birmingham, Wroclaw, Leicester, Capua, Verona. Animals: Rams and sheeps. Food: Leeks, hops, onions, shallots, spices. Herbs and aromatics: mustard, capers, Cayenne pepper, chilli peppers. Flowers and plants: thistles, mint, bryonies, honeysuckles. Trees: hawthorns, thorny trees and bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: diamonds, iron, potassium phosphate. Signs: Taurus 1st Earth sign - 1st Fixed sign - Feminine In analogy with Venus, his ruler, and the 2nd House Taurus governs the neck and the throat. Her colour is green or brown, her stone is the emerald, her day is Friday, her professions are cook, artist, estate agent, banker, singer... If your sign is Taurus or your Ascendant is Taurus: you are faithful, constant, sturdy, patient, tough, persevering, strong, focused, sensual, stable, concrete, realistic, steady, loyal, robust, constructive, tenacious. You need security, but you are also stubborn, rigid, possessive, spiteful, materialistic, fixed or slow. Some traditional associations with Taurus: Countries: Switzerland, Greek islands, Ireland, Cyprus, Iran. Cities: Dublin, Palermo, Parma, Luzern, Mantua, Leipzig, Saint Louis, Ischia, Capri. Animals: bovines. Food: apples, pears, berries, corn and other cereals, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans. Herbs and aromatics: sorrels, spearmint, cloves. Flowers and plants: poppies, roses, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, daisies. Trees: apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses, ash trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: copper, calcium and potassium sulphate, emeralds. Signs: Gemini 1st Air sign - 1st Mutable sign - Masculine In analogy with Mercury, his ruler, and the 3rd House Gemini governs the arms, the lungs and the thorax. His colour is green or silver, his stone is the crystal, his day is Wednesday, his professions are journalist, lawyer, presenter, dancer, salesman, travel agent, teacher... If your sign is Gemini or if your Ascendant is Gemini: you are expressive, lively, adaptable, quick-witted, humorous, sparkling, playful, sociable, clever, curious, whimsical, independent, polyvalent, brainy, flexible, ingenious, imaginative, charming, fanciful but also capricious, scattered, moody, shallow, inquisitive, opportunistic, unconcerned, selfish, fragile, ironical or changeable. Some traditional associations with Gemini: Countries: Belgium, Wales, United-States, Lower Egypt, Sardinia, Armenia. Cities: London, Plymouth, Cardiff, Melbourne, San Francisco, Nuremberg, Bruges, Versailles. Animals: monkeys, butterflies, parrots, budgerigars. Food: dried fruits, chestnuts, ground-level vegetables: peas, broad beans, etc. Herbs and aromatics: aniseed, marjoram, lemon balm, cumin. Flowers and plants: lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtle, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets. Trees: nut trees such as chestnut trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: agates, mercury, silicas and potashes. Signs: Cancer 1st Water sign - 2nd Cardinal sign (summer solstice) - Feminine In analogy with the Moon, her ruler, and the 4th House Cancer governs the stomach and the breast. Her colour is white or black, her stone is the moonstone, her day is Monday, her professions are catering, the hotel trade, property, antique dealer, archaeologist... If your sign is Cancer |
Kåre Kristiansen, a member of the Nobel Committee resigned in 1994 in protest at the awarding of the Peace Prize to which person, calling the awardee a terrorist? | 10 Reasons Why The Nobel Peace Prize Is A Lie 10 Reasons Why The Nobel Peace Prize Is A Lie Swarajya Staff - Oct 11, 2014, 6:33 pm Artboard 3 Created with Sketch. Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yusafzai have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 2014 “for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education”. While we do not in any way wish to take away any of their remarkable honour and glory, we at Swarajya did take a hard look at the Nobel Peace Prize and the awardees over the last few decades. On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobels. As described in Nobel’s will, one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses”. The average age of all Nobel Peace Laureates between 1901 and 2014 is 61 years. Malala, at 17, is the youngest ever winner of any Nobel in any category. Satyarthi is 60. Here goes: the dubious Nobel Peace Prize Prize winners (the list is not comprehensive, we selected the ones who came to our collective mind immediately). 1. The European Union, 2012 – “for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe” The truth: The EU has not been a great success. Far from it. Forget the Eurozone crisis, and the PIGS economies—Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain. All of us know about the EU’s desperate scrambling around. Let’s get into slightly lesser known stuff. The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was a hugely inefficient economic policy and a massive waste of money. Artboard 3 Created with Sketch. It subsidized farmers to produce goods that nobody wanted. The excess supply was often dumped on world markets creating falling prices and incomes for world farmers. After many years, the worst excesses of CAP have been reformed. But, it remains persistently difficult to end the culture of subsidizing agriculture. The taxpayer pays the burden of higher prices and cost to EU. Unemployment in the European Union has been persistently high for the past two decades because of its strictly regulated labour market policies as defined in the EU’s social charter. A survey in 2012, conducted by TNS Opinion and Social on behalf of the European Commission , showed that, for the European Union overall, those who think that their country’s interests are looked after well in the EU are now in a minority (42%). About 60% of EU citizens do not trust the European Union as an institution. Three Nobel Peace laureates, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Mairead Maguire and Adolfo Perez Esquivel, protested against awarding the Prize to the EU, writing an open letter to the Nobel Foundation, claiming that the EU was “clearly not one of the ‘champions of peace’ Alfred Nobel had in mind” when he created the prize in 1895, and that the EU does not “realize Nobel’s demilitarized global peace order.” 2. Barack H. Obama 2009 – “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples” The award, given nine months into Obama’s presidency, received criticism that it was undeserved, premature and politically motivated. Obama himself said that he was “surprised”. The prize was called a “stunning surprise” by The New York Times .Much of the surprise arose from the fact that nominations for the award had been due by 1 February 2009, only 12 days after Obama took office. In an October 2011 interview, Thorbjørn Jagland , chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, was asked whether Obama had lived up to the prize, and replied: “Yes, I think so. I’m as convinced as I was when he got it that he deserved it for many reasons. During three months’ time, he…paved the way for new negotiations with the Russian Federation about nuclear arms. If you look at the will of Alfred Nobel, that goes directly to what he said that the prize shou |
Who was executed by hanging at Ramla prison in 1962 and remains the only person to have been executed by an Israeli civilian court? | Pathetic Image of 'Mighty' Adolf Eichmann as he walks around the yard of his cell, Israel, 1961 SHARE: Facebook Twitter Adolf Eichmann walks around the yard of his cell, Ramla Prison, Israel, April 1961. Otto Adolf Eichmann was a German Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. Because of his organizational talents and ideological reliability, Eichmann was charged by SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich with the task of facilitating and managing the logistics of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in German-occupied Eastern Europe. After World War II, he fled to Argentina using a fraudulently obtained laissez-passer issued by the International Red Cross. He lived in Argentina under a false identity, working a succession of different jobs until 1960. He was captured by Mossad operatives in Argentina and taken to Israel to face trial in an Israeli court on 15 criminal charges, including crimes against humanity and war crimes. The Mossad was able to get an EL-AL to Buenos Aires to extricate Eichmann from Argentina. When the Argentinians discovered the real reason for the jet being in Argentina, they tried to stop it from flying back to Israel. The Mossad was only able to escape because they flew directly to Africa to refuel instead of remaining in the Western Hemisphere like they reported they would in their itinerary. He was found guilty and executed by hanging in 1962. He is the only person to have been executed in Israel on conviction by a civilian court. Eichmann was executed by hanging at a prison in Ramla. The hanging was scheduled for midnight on 31 May 1962, but due to a slight delay it happened a few minutes after midnight. He refused a last meal (preferring instead a bottle of wine) as well as the traditional black hood.Journalists and a Canadian reverend, William Lovell Hull, who had been his spiritual counselor while in prison, were allowed to attend the execution. His last words were: Long live Germany. Long live Argentina. Long live Austria. These are the three countries with which I have been most connected and which I will not forget. I greet my wife, my family and my friends. I am ready. We’ll meet again soon, as is the fate of all men. I die believing in God. 7 most dangerous men of the wild west Creepy Ghost Ships |
What two countries fought the six-day 'Football War' or the '100-hours War' in 1969? | The "Football" War ..100-hours War - WARTIME - tribe.net The "Football" War ..100-hours War topic posted Thu, September 13, 2007 - 10:06 PM by Unsubscribed The "Football" War (La guerra del fútbol, in Spanish), also known in English as the Soccer War or 100-hours War, was a six-day war fought by El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. The tensions between the two nations were reflected by rioting at a football (soccer) match between them, but the war was not caused by football, as has been popularly imagined internationally. The war was caused by political differences between Hondurans and Salvadorans, including immigration from El Salvador to Honduras. Some believe the name is derived from the rioting at the football match immediately preceding the war, others that it refers to the sensationalist way in which international journalists overlapped war reporting with rioting from a series of football matches. Contents [hide] 3 1970 World Cup results 4 Consequences 6 References [edit] Context The Football War is the catchy nickname that has been given to the 1969 war that broke out between the Central American countries of Honduras and El Salvador. Although this was considered a Futbol War, the war goes much more in depth than a Latin American soccer game. The roots of this alarming disagreement turned war were issues over land reform and immigration problems. Honduras is more than five times the size of neighboring El Salvador, even though in 1969, El Salvador had a population that was more than double that of Honduras. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Salvadorans had begun migrating to Honduras in large numbers. These immigrants made the journey to a new land in hopes of decent jobs and escaping their oppressive government. By 1969, more than 350,000 Salvadorans were living in Honduras. These Salvadorans now made up twenty percent of the Honduran peasant population (Acker, 93). Meanwhile, by the 1960s Hondurans began to cry out for land reform as well. In Honduras, a large majority of the land was granted to large landowners or big corporations. This was a very popular trend in Latin America and still is to this day. The United Fruit Company, in fact, had ownership of ten percent of the country, making it hard for the average landowners to compete. In 1966, the United Fruit Company banded together with many other large companies to create la Federación Nacional de Agricultores y Ganaderos de Honduras (FENAGH; the National Federation of Farmers and Livestock-Farmers of Honduras). FENAGH was very anti-campesino as well as anti-Salvadoran. This group put pressure on the Honduran President, General Lopez Arellano, to protect the property rights of wealthy landowners via a propaganda campaign. This led to violent nationalism spreading throughout the Honduras state. Hondurans then began targeting Salvadoran immigrants, specifically by means of beatings, tortures, and killings (Anderson 64-75). In 1969, Honduras successfully enacted a new land reform law. This law took land away from Salvadoran immigrants and redistributed this land to native-born Honduran peoples. The land was taken from both immigrant farmers and squatters regardless of their right to ownership and the status of their immigration. Thousands of Salvadorans were displaced by this law and were forced to immigrate once again. Salvadoran newspapers then heightened the already stressed relationship between the two countries by showing the many atrocities being committing against Salvadorans in Honduras. Hate and dislike towards Honduras began to be displayed all across El Salvador. The social situation in both countries in the run-up to the war was explosive, and their military governments were looking for a convenient cause towards which to direct their nationals' political concerns. National media in both countries encouraged hatred towards citizens of the other, eventually provoking the expulsion from Honduras of thousands of Salvadoran laborers, including both temporary harvest workers and longer-term settlers. This general rise in tensions ultimately led t |
What sporty term popularized by Rudyard Kipling in Kim was used to describe the rivalry between the British Empire and the Russian Empire in their quest for supremacy in Central Asia in the 19th century? | Game Concepts - Civ III Civilopedia Database Civ III Civilopedia Database ^Every civilization can experience an [Age of Science], a 20-turn period in which the $LINK<scientific research=GCON_Research> of each city in that civilization's empire is 25% more productive. An Age of Science can only be triggered by a $LINK<scientific leader=GCON_Leaders>. #GCON_Phony Wonders_01 Phony Wonders ^ ^Aden :Port of Aden, +20 naval - The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times throughout history. On 19 January 1839 the British East India Company landed Royal Marines at Aden to stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India. The port lies about equidistant from the Suez canal, Mumbai, and Zanzibar, which were all important British possessions. ^Aisen :+1 prod - Puerto Aysen is a coastal city of Chile located in the Aysen Region. ^Akmolinsk ^Amsterdam :Rijksmuseum, +2 culture, +1 prod, +20 defense - The Rijksmuseum is a national museum of the Netherlands, located in Amsterdam on the Museumplein. The Rijksmuseum is dedicated to arts, crafts and history. It has a large collection of paintings from the Dutch Golden Age and a substantial collection of Asian art. In 1885 the museum moved to its current location, built by Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers. He combined gothic and renaissance elements. The building is richly decorated with references to the Dutch art history. Rembrandts The Night Watch has its own hall in the museum since 1906. ^Angora :Angora Citadel, +20 defense - The foundations of the citadel were laid by the Galatians on a prominent lava outcrop, and the rest was completed by the Romans. The Byzantines and Seljuks further made restorations and additions. The area around and inside the citadel, being the oldest part of Ankara, contains many fine examples of traditional architecture. #GCON_Phony Wonders_02 Phony Wonders ^ ^Antalya :Yivli Minare Mosque, +1 culture - The Yivli Minare Mosque (Ulu camii) is located in Antalya, Turkey. The mosque's fluted minaret, which is decorated with dark blue tiles, is a landmark and symbol of the city. ^Arckhangelsk :Port of Arckhangelsk, +1 prod, +20 naval, doubles city defenses - Arkhangelsk city declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important, but its economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railroad to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army, supported by the military intervention of Entente forces, known as the Polar Bear Expedition. ^Ashgabat :Ashgabat Fortress - +1 culture, doubles city defenses - In 1869, Russian soldiers built a fortress on a hill near the village, and this added security soon attracted merchants and craftsmen to the area. Tsarist Russia annexed the region in 1884, and chose to develop the town as a regional center due to its proximity to the border of British-influenced Persia. It was regarded as a pleasant town with European style buildings, shops and hotels. ^Astrakhan :Astrakhan Kremlin, +1 culture - Astrakhan's kremlin was built from 1580s to 1620s from bricks pillaged at the site of Sarai Berke. Its two impressive cathedrals were consecrated in 1700 and 1710, respectively. Built by masters from Yaroslavl, they retain many traditional features of Russian church architecture, while their exterior decoration is definitely baroque. ^Asuncion :Panteón Nacional de los Héroes, +1 culture, reduces WW - Nacional de los Héroes is a smaller version of Les Invalides in Paris where many of the nation's heroes are entombed. #GCON_Phony Wonders_03 Phony Wonders ^ ^Athinai :Acropolis of Athens, +2 culture, +50% science - The Acropolis of Athens is the best known acropolis (high city) in Greece. Although there are many other acropolises in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. ^Atlanta :Coca-Cola Co., +1 culture, doubles |
Literally called 'The Righteous and Harmonious Society Movement', what is the more popular western name for the Chinese rebellion took place from 1899 to 1901 against foreign influence during the final years of the Manchu rule? | Boxer Rebellion - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Boxer Rebellion: Background By the end of the 19th century, the Western powers and Japan had forced China’s ruling Qing dynasty to accept wide foreign control over the country’s economic affairs. In the Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60), popular rebellions and the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), China had fought to resist the foreigners, but it lacked a modernized military and suffered millions of casualties. Did You Know? America returned the money it received from China after the Boxer Rebellion, on the condition it be used to fund the creation of a university in Beijing. Other nations involved later remitted their shares of the Boxer indemnity as well. By the late 1890s, a Chinese secret group, the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (“I-ho-ch’uan” or “Yihequan”), had begun carrying out regular attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians. (The rebels performed calisthenics rituals and martial arts that they believed would give them the ability to withstand bullets and other forms of attack. Westerners referred to these rituals as shadow boxing, leading to the Boxers nickname.) Although the Boxers came from various parts of society, many were peasants, particularly from Shandong province, which had been struck by natural disasters such as famine and flooding. In the 1890s, China had given territorial and commercial concessions in this area to several European nations, and the Boxers blamed their poor standard of living on foreigners who were colonizing their country. Boxer Rebellion: 1900 In 1900, the Boxer movement spread to the Beijing area, where the Boxers killed Chinese Christians and Christian missionaries and destroyed churches and railroad stations and other property. On June 20, 1900, the Boxers began a siege of Beijing’s foreign legation district (where the official quarters of foreign diplomats were located.) The following day, Qing Empress Dowager Tzu’u Hzi (or Cixi, 1835-1908) declared a war on all foreign nations with diplomatic ties in China. As the Western powers and Japan organized a multinational force to crush the rebellion, the siege stretched into weeks, and the diplomats, their families and guards suffered through hunger and degrading conditions as they fought to keep the Boxers at bay. By some estimates, several hundred foreigners and several thousand Chinese Christians were killed during this time. On August 14, after fighting its way through northern China, an international force of approximately 20,000 troops from eight nations (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) arrived to take Beijing and rescue the foreigners and Chinese Christians. Boxer Rebellion: Aftermath The Boxer Rebellion formally ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901. By terms of the agreement, forts protecting Beijing were to be destroyed, Boxer and Chinese government officials involved in the uprising were to be punished, foreign legations were permitted to station troops in Beijing for their defense, China was prohibited from importing arms for two years and it agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations to the foreign nations involved. The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion. Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to an end and China became a republic in 1912. Tags |
What generic term for all African American soldiers was originally applied to the members of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment by the native Apache Indians? | Buffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldiers "Ready and Forward" "We Can We Will" Buffalo Soldier History (Wikipedia) Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21, 1866 at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . The nickname was given to the " Negro Cavalry " by the Native American tribes they fought ; the term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866: 25th Infantry Regiment Although several African-American regiments were raised during the Civil War to fight alongside the Union Army (including the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and the many United States Colored Troops Regiments), the "Buffalo Soldiers" were established by Congress as the first peacetime all-black regiments in the regular U.S. Army. On September 6, 2005, Mark Matthews , who was the oldest living Buffalo Soldier, died at the age of 111. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery . [1] Sources disagree on how the nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" began. According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, the name originated with the Cheyenne warriors in the winter of 1867, the actual Cheyenne translation being "Wild Buffalo." However, writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson , who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 campaign against the Comanches . Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche due to Grierson's assertions. Some sources assert that the nickname was given out of respect for the fierce fighting ability of the 10th cavalry. [2] Other sources assert that Native Americans called the black cavalry troops "buffalo soldiers" because of their dark curly hair, which resembled a buffalo 's coat. [3] Still other sources point to a combination of both legends. [4] The term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all African-American soldiers. It is now used for U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to the 9th and 10th Cavalry, units whose service earned them an honored place in U.S. history. In September 1867, Private John Randall of Troop G of the 10th Cavalry Regiment was assigned to escort two civilians on a hunting trip. The hunters suddenly became the hunted when a band of 70 Cheyenne warriors swept down on them. The two civilians quickly fell in the initial attack and Randall's horse was shot out from beneath him. Randall managed to scramble to safety behind a washout under the railroad tracks, where he fended off the attack with only his pistol until help from the nearby camp arrived. The Indians beat a hasty retreat, leaving behind 13 fallen warriors. Private Randall suffered a gunshot wound to his shoulder and 11 lance wounds, but recovered. The Cheyenne quickly spread word of this new type of soldier, "who had fought like a cornered buffalo; who like a buffalo had suffered wound after wound, yet had not died; and who like a buffalo had a thick and shaggy mane of hair." [5] [6 Return to top of page Service During the American Civil War , the U.S. government formed regiments known as the United States Colored Troops , comprised of black soldiers. After the war, Congress reorganized the Army and authorized the formation of two regiments of black cavalry with the designations 9th and 10th U.S. Cavalry , and four regiments of black infantry , designated the 38th , 39th , 40th and 41st Infantry Regiments (Colored). The 38th and 41st were reorganized as the 25th Infantry Regiment , with headquarters in Jackson Barracks in New Orleans, Louisiana , in November 1869. The 39th and 40th were reorganized as the 24th Infantry Regiment , with headquarters at Fort Clark , Texas , in April 1869. All of these units were composed of black enlisted men commanded by both white and black officers. These included the first commander of the 10th Cavalry Benjamin Grierson , the first commander of the 9th Cavalry Edward Hatch , Medal of Honor recipient Louis H. Carpenter , the unforgettable Nicholas M. Nolan , and the first black |
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, was destroyed on July 21, 356 BC in an act of arson. Historian Plutarch remarked that the goddess was preoccupied with the birth of whom that occurred on the same day to save her temple? | Full text of "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World" See other formats Contents Articles Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 1 Great Pyramid of Giza 5 Hanging Gardens of Babylon 16 Temple of Artemis 2 1 Statue of Zeus at Olympia 29 Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 32 Colossus of Rhodes 38 Lighthouse of Alexandria 44 References Article Sources and Contributors 49 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 52 Article Licenses License 53 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders of the World (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) refers to remarkable constructions of classical antiquity listed by various authors in guidebooks popular among the ancient Hellenic tourists, particularly in the 1st and 2nd centuries BC. The most prominent of these, the versions by Antipater of Sidon and an observer identified as Philon of Byzantium, comprise seven works located around the eastern Mediterranean rim. The original list inspired innumerable versions through the ages, often listing seven entries. Of the original Seven Wonders, only one — the Great Pyramid of Giza, the oldest of the ancient wonders — remains relatively intact. Background The Greek conquest of much of the known world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians. Impressed and captivated by the landmarks and marvels of the various lands, these r3i travellers began to list what they saw. Such a list of these places made it easier to remember them [4] Instead of "wonders", the ancient Greeks spoke of "theamata", which means "sights", in other words "things to be seen". (Ta ejttoc 6£au,ata tfj<; OLKouuivni; [yfj^] Ta hepta theamata tes oikoumenes [ges]) Later, the word for "wonder" ("thaumata") was used, and this is also the case in modem Greek (Ejtta 6ca)u,aTa tod ap/cdou k6ou,od). Hence, the list was meant to be the Ancient World's counterpart of a travel guidebook [2] The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (from left to right, top to bottom): Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria as depicted by 16th-century Dutch artist Marten Heemskerk. The Great Pyramid of Giza, the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Each person had his own version of the list, but the best known and earliest surviving was from a poem by Greek-speaking epigrammist Antipater of Sidon from around 140 BC. He named seven sites on his list, but was primarily in praise of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race, and on the Zeus by the banks of the Alpheus, I have seen the hanging gardens, and the Colossus of the Helios, the great man-made mountains of the lofty pyramids, and the gigantic tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds, the others were placed in the shade, for the sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside Olympus. — Antipater, Greek Anthology IX. 58 Another 2nd century BC observer, who claimed to be the mathematician Philon of Byzantium, wrote a short account entitled The Seven Sights of the World. However, the incomplete surviving manuscript only covered six of mi the supposedly seven places, which agreed with Antipater's list. Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus (484 BC— ca. 425 BC) and the architect Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305—240 BC), housed at the Museum of Alexandria, survived only as references. The Colossus of Rhodes was the last of the seven to be completed, after 280 BC, and the first to be destroyed, by an earthquake in 226/225 BC. Hence, all seven existed at the same time for a period of less than 60 years. Antipater had mi an earlier version which replaced Lighth |
What 1990s theory proposed by the political scientist Samuel Huntington contends that cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world? | Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis - Documents Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis Share Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis Embed <iframe src="http://docslide.us/embed/huntington-the-clash-of-civilizations-1996-synopsis.html" width="750" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="http://docslide.us/documents/huntington-the-clash-of-civilizations-1996-synopsis.html" title="Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis" target="_blank">Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis</a></div> size(px) Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis by mark-k-jensen Comments Description Synopsis of Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, London, Toronto, and Sydney: Simon & Schuster, 1996; paperback 2002). Discussed at Digging Deeper (www.ufppc.org) on August 14, 2006. Download Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis Transcript UFPPC (www.ufppc.org) Digging Deeper: August 14, 2006, 7:00 p.m. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, London, Toronto, and Sydney: Simon & Schuster, 1996; paperback 2002). Themes: “Alone among civilizations the West has had a major and at times devastating impact on every other civilization. The relation between the power and culture of the West and the power and cultures of other civilizations is, as a result, the most pervasive characteristic of the world of civilizations. As the relative power of other civilizations increases, the appeal of Western culture fades and nonWestern peoples have increasing confidence in and commitment to their indigenous cultures. The central problem in the West’s—particularly America’s—efforts to promote a universal Western culture is its declining ability to do so” (184). Thesis: “In the emerging era, clashes of civilizations are the greatest threat to world peace, and an international world order based on civilizations is the surest safeguard against world war” (321). List of Illustrations: Tables, Figures, Maps. Preface. This book is not meant to be social science, but rather “an interpretation of the evolution of global politics after the Cold War” (13). It should be tested by “whether it provides a more meaningful and useful lens . . . than any alternative paradigm” (14). These ideas were first expressed publicly in an Oct. 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute (14). Ms. readers included Fareed Zakaria (14). Writing of the book funded by the John M. Olin Foundation and the Smith Richardson Foundation (15). I. A WORLD OF CIVILIZATIONS Ch. 1: The New Era in World Politics. INTRODUCTION: FLAGS AND CULTURAL IDENTITY. “[C]ultural identity is what is most meaningful to most people” (20). This book’s main proposition: “that culture and cultural identities, which at the broadest level are civilization identities, are shaping the patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict in the postCold War world” (20). Five corollaries: (1) “For the first time in history global politics is both multipolar and multicivilizational; modernization is distinct from Westernization and is producing neither a universal civilization in any meaningful sense nor the Westernization of non-Western societies” (20). (2) The power of the West is in relative decline (20). (3) “A civilizationbased world order is emerging” (20). (4) “The West’s universalist pretensions increasingly bring it into conflict with other civilizations, most seriously with Islam and China” (20). (5) “The survival of the West depends on Americans reaffirming their Western identity and Westerners accepting their civilization as unique not universal” (20-21). A MULTIPOLAR, MULTICIVILIZATIONAL WORLD. Historical review; three maps (1920, 1960s, post-1990) (21-28).“The post-Cold War world is a world of |
What is the name of the Polish trade union founded in September 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard that was originally led by Lech Wałęsa? | Solidarity (Polish trade union) : Wikis (The Full Wiki) Solidarity ( Polish : Solidarność, pronounced [sɔliˈdarnɔɕtɕ] ( listen ) ; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" — Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność" [ɲezaˈlɛʐnɨ samɔːˈʐɔndnɨ ˈzvjɔ̃zɛk zavɔːˈdɔvɨ sɔliˈdarnɔɕtɕ]) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard , and originally led by Lech Wałęsa . Solidarity was the first non- communist party controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country.[citation needed] In the 1980s it constituted a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement . The government attempted to destroy the union during the period of martial law in the early 1980s and several years of political repression , but in the end it was forced to start negotiating with the union. The Round Table Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989 . By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December 1990 Wałęsa was elected President of Poland . Since then it has become a more traditional trade union. Contents Main article: History of Solidarity Solidarity was founded in Gdansk in September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards , where Lech Wałęsa and others formed a broad anti-Soviet social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church [2] to members of the anti-Soviet Left . Solidarity advocated non-violence in its members' activities. [3] [4] In September 1981 Solidarity's first national congress elected Lech Wałęsa as a president [5] and adopted a republican program, the "Self-governing Republic" [6] . The government attempted to destroy the union with the martial law of 1981 and several years of repression, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. In Poland, the Roundtable Talks between the government and Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989 . By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki was elected Prime Minister . Since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm founded in 1996 as Solidarity Electoral Action ( AWS ) won the parliamentary election in 1997 , but lost the following 2001 election . Currently, as a political party Solidarity has little influence on modern Polish politics. Catholic social teaching In Solicitudo Rei Socialis , a major document of Catholic Social Teaching , Pope John Paul II identifies the concept of solidarity with the poor and marginalized as a constitutive element of the Gospel and human participation in the common good. The Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of Pope John Paul II, was a very powerful supporter of the union and was greatly responsible for its success. Lech Wałęsa , who himself publicly displayed Catholic piety, confirmed the Pope's influence, saying: The Holy Father, through his meetings, demonstrated how numerous we were. He told us not to be afraid [7] . In addition, the priest Jerzy Popiełuszko , who regularly gave sermons to the striking workers, was eventually killed by the Communist regime for his association with Solidarity. Polish workers themselves were closely associated with the Church, which can be seen in the photographs taken during strikes in the 1980s. On the walls of several factories, portraits of the Virgin Mary or John Paul II were visible. Influence abroad The survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a satellite state of the USSR ruled (in practice) by a one-party Communist regime , but the whole of the Eastern bloc . It meant a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party , which had bloodily ended a 1970 protest with machine gun fire (killing dozens and injuring over 1,000), and the broader Soviet communist regime in the Eastern Bloc, which had quelled both the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring with Soviet-led invasions. Soli |
In 1954, which country suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe but this proposal was rejected as the other countries felt that it would weaken the alliance? | Europe’s NATO Ambivalence – Consortiumnews Europe’s NATO Ambivalence July 10, 2016 The just-completed NATO summit repeated tiresome U.S. propaganda about “Russia’s aggressive actions” but some European leaders flinched at the heated rhetoric and warmongering, notes ex-CIA official Graham E. Fuller. By Graham E. Fuller Most Americans unfailingly believe NATO generously serves the European Union’s interests. Yet many Europeans don’t see it that way. They fear that NATO actually undermines a balanced Europe. Is it NATO with the E.U.? Or NATO versus the E.U.? The two organizations were created by different groups of states (albeit with significant crossover) for differing purposes and with differing goals; indeed, some might say partially incompatible goals. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg opens the NATO Warsaw Summit in Poland, July 8, 2016. NATO heads of state agreed to send reinforced, multinational battalions to the eastern part of the alliance’s border with Russia. “These battalions will be robust and multinational,” Stoltenberg said. (NATO photo) The E.U. vision was to bring European peoples, states and countries — at bloody war among themselves for long centuries — to renounce war as an instrument to solve European problems, to find common cause, and to cooperate in a common economic endeavor. It is an exceptional aim — the first time in human history when multiple states have freely yielded up significant elements of national sovereignty in order to partake in a common project. Yet the U.S. has always felt geopolitical ambivalence towards the E.U. Washington in principle applauded the ideal — a unified, peaceful and prosperous continent. But it also understood that the formation of the E.U. created a new counterweight that could hinder American ability to dominate politics on the European continent. For America, it was NATO that was a far more congenial and useful mechanism than the E.U. NATO focused on Washington’s primary agenda — checking the Soviet Union in a global struggle. To the extent that the E.U. strengthened that goal, fine; but to the extent that the E.U. weakened European resolve to stand against Russia, it was much less desirable. NATO was America’s creature, the E.U. was not. With the fall of the USSR, President George H.W. Bush (not “W”) gave verbal assurances to Russia that the West would not seek to capitalize on the Soviet collapse. With Russia’s astonishing acquiescence to the reunification of Germany, the U.S. gave assurances that there would be no NATO expansionism into former Soviet East Bloc states. Needless to say, that promise was violated, and continues to be violated as neoconservative zealots in Washington seek to scoop up every small state on the Russian periphery and enlist them in the anti-Russian NATO cause (including Georgia, or the Ukraine, or Kyrgyzstan, or even Montenegro.) NATO’s Reason for Continuing The peaceful collapse of the Soviet Bloc in 1991 also posed a difficult question: what would be the rationale for NATO’s continued existence? All organizations seek to perpetuate their own existence and NATO became almost desperate for a new mission — a new enemy. Washington was loath to yield up its key instrument of control in European politics. Former NATO Commander Philip M. Breedlove, who advocated escalating tensions with Russia. But how much do European geopolitical goals mesh with American ones? This too depends on one’s geopolitical vision of the world. For Europe, war among its members is virtually unthinkable. But Washington and NATO have a vested interest in maintaining a Russian threat as the centerpiece of E.U. geopolitics. Today the U.S., including virtually all of its mainstream media, adopt reflexive anti-Russian positions. In U.S.-sponsored parlance, Russian President Vladimir Putin now represents a “resurgent threat.” Indeed, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs incredibly informs Congress that Russia represents America’s number one existential threat. Aggressive NATO maneuvers at the very doorstep of Russia help make this a self-fulfilling prophesy. The E. |
The usage of the what derogatory phrase referring to the Ottoman Empire is attributed to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia? | Midterm1 - Greater Middle East with Raja at Isa - StudyBlue Size: 44 Views: 1 Arab People an ethnic group or panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world which is located in West Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds. with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing an important part of Arab identity in tracing descent of a national from an Arab state. Berbers Indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages. Today Arabic is spoken almost universally by Berbers, along with Darija, French (in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria) and some Spanish (inWestern Sahara and parts of Morocco), due to European colonisation of the Maghreb. Today most Berber-speaking people live inMorocco, Algeria, Libya, Mali and Niger. Advertisement ) In Islamic law, different Madh'habs reflect different oppinions on some laws and obligations of sharia Shiite is the second largest denomination of Islam, afterSunni Islam. The followers of Shia Islam are called Shi'ites or Shias. "Shia" is the short form of the historic phrase Shīʻatu ʻAlī, meaning "followers of Ali", "faction of Ali", or "party of Ali" Ibadism Form of Islam distinct from the Sunni and Shia denominations. It is the dominant form of Islam in Oman and Zanzibar. There are also Ibadis in Algeria, Tunisia, East Africa as well as Libya. Believed to be one of the earliest schools, it is said to have been founded less than 50 years after the death of the prophet Muhammad. Ibadi communities are generally regarded as conservative. Sunni Muslims traditionally regard the Ibadiyya as a Kharijite group, but Ibadis reject this designation. Kharijite literally "those who went out"; singular, Khāriji) is a general term embracing various Muslims who, while initially supporting the authority of the final Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law and cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, later rejected his leadership. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to Takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death. Takfir In Islamic law, takfir or takfeer ( refers to disbelief, or the practice of declaring oneself an unbeliever or kafir (pl. kuffār), previously consideredMuslim. Advertisement Dhimmi Linguistically, the word means "one whose responsibility has been taken". This has to be understood in the context of the definition of state in Islam, which is different from the current definition of citizenship of a state. Wahhabism branch within Sunni Islam It was developed by an 18th century Muslim theologian (Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab) from Najd, Saudi Arabia, who advocated purging Islam of "impurities". Wahhabism is the dominant form of Islam in Saudi Arabia. It has developed considerable influence in the Muslim world in part through Saudi funding of mosques, schools and social programs. attacked a "perceived moral decline and political weakness" in the Arabian Peninsula and condemned what he perceived as idolatry, the popular cult of saints, and shrine and tomb visitation. Salafi The word Salaf is an Arabic noun which translates to "predecessor", or "forefather" and who are collectively referred to as the "Salaf as-Saaleh", or Pious Predecessors, namely the first three Muslim generations. These three generations and their understanding of the texts and tenets of Islam are looked upon by Salafis as the Islamic orthodoxy, and a model for how Islam should be practiced. Sufism Defined by its adherents as the inner,mystical dimension of Islam. A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ṣūfī. Another name for a Sufi is Dervish. Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God." Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic peop |
What was the famous one-word reply of General McAuliffe of the US to a German demand for surrender during the Battle of the Bulge in WWII? | The story of the NUTS! reply | Article | The United States Army The story of the NUTS! reply By Kenneth J. McAuliffe, Jr.December 12, 2012 1 / 3 Show Caption + Hide Caption – (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL 2 / 3 Show Caption + Hide Caption – (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL 3 / 3 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe and his staff gathered inside Bastogne's Heintz Barracks for Christmas dinner Dec. 25th, 1944. This military barracks served as the Division Main Command Post during the siege of Bastogne, Belgium during WWII. The facility is now a museum known as the "Nuts Cave". (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL On December 22, 1944, at about 11:30 in the morning, a group of four German soldiers, waving two white flags, approached the American lines using the Arlon Road from the direction of Remoifosse, south of Bastogne. The group consisted of two officers and two enlisted men. The senior officer was a Major Wagner of the 47th Panzer Corps. The junior officer, Lt. Hellmuth Henke of the Panzer Lehr Operations Section, was carrying a briefcase under his arm. The two enlisted men had been selected from the 901st Panzer Grenadier Regiment. The Americans defending in that location were members of F Company of the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. The Germans walked past a bazooka team in a foxhole in front of the Kessler farm and stopped in front of the foxhole of PFC Leo Palma, a B.A.R. gunner. Palma described the officers as wearing long overcoats and shiny black boots. Lieutenant Henke, who spoke English said, "I want to see the commanding officer of this section." Palma was at a loss for words, but Staff Sergeant Carl E. Dickinson who had been manning a position nearby walked out to the road and called the group over to him. The Germans explained that they had a written message to be presented to the American Commander in Bastogne. Henke said they would consent to being blindfolded and taken to the American Commanding Officer. In fact, they had brought blindfolds with them. Henke blindfolded Wagner and Dickinson blindfolded Henke. As the blindfolds were being applied, Dickinson was joined by PFC Ernest Premetz, a German-speaking medic of his platoon who offered to serve as an interpreter. However no interpreter was needed. Dickinson and Premetz left the two German enlisted men there and took the two German officers to the Kessler farmhouse. Tech. Sgt. Oswald Y. Butler, Acting Platoon Leader of the 1st Platoon, and Lt. Leslie E. Smith, Platoon Leader of the Weapons Platoon, told them to take the blindfolded officers to the F Company Command Post. They took the two German officers on a roundabout route to the Command Post of F Company, 327th GIR, which was a large foxhole located in a wooded area about a quarter mile away. Shortly after arriving at the command post, they were joined by Capt. James F. Adams, the F Company Commander, who had been at a forward observation post when he was notified of the arrival of the Germans. When Adams arrived, 1st Sgt. Constantine A. Pappas informed him that the German major had already presented a written message. The F Company Executive Officer, Lt. William J. Herzke, was on the phone, reading the message to their Battalion Command Post in Marvie. The 2nd Battalion Command Post then notified the 327th Regimental Headquarters in Bastogne. Col. Bud Harper, the 327th Regimental Commander, was not there; he was out inspecting his unit's positions. The senior officer present was the Regimental Operations Officer, Major Alvin Jones. Maj. Jones notified the Division Headquarters in Bastogne and asked for instructions. He was told to retrieve the message and bring it to the Division Headquarters. He drove to the F Company Command Post and was given the message. The two blindfolded officers were kept in the woods adjacent to the foxhole Command Post. Upon receiving Maj. Jones' phone call at Division Headquarters, the Acting Chief of Staff, Lt. Col. Ned Moore entered Brig. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe's sleeping quarters adjac |
In 1948, which Latin American country became the first in the world to constitutionally abolish its army? | Country Info | Aesthetic Dental Implantology, Dental Implants Costa Rica, Cosmetic Dentistry Home / Costa Rica / Country Info Costa Rica is located in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east. It was the first country in the world to constitutionally abolish its army in 1948, it has no military forces and is one of the most consolidated democracies in Latin America. It has an area of 51,100 km² and a population of 4.500.000 habitants in seven provinces, and its political and economic center is the city of San José, the capital, with 1.350.000 habitants. Costa Rica has suffered a significant evolution in its economy was transformed from an agricultural economy to a service economy. The country has a high standard of living, especially when is compared to other nearby countries. It is the only Latin American country included in the list of the 22 oldest democracies in the world. Costa Rica ranks third worldwide in the classification of the Environmental Performance Index 2009. Among Latin American countries, Costa Rica occupies first place in the classification of tourism competitiveness index. It ranks third in Latin America following the index of quality of life and the second in terms of Global Competitiveness Index. According to the World Bank Development, Costa Rica is the fourth largest exporter of technology worldwide. CNN proclaimed Costa Rica the happiest place on earth in July of 2009. Please see their report at: cnn news. That was confirmed by a report published in the UK by the BBC in January of 2010, they said: “Costa Ricans report the highest life satisfaction in the world and have the second-highest average life expectancy of the new world (second to Canada)”. The study was conducted by The New Economics Foundation. Daily Flights to Costa Rica Costa Rica has two main international airports, San José (city capital) and Liberia (in the province of Guanacaste, where they are the most beautiful beaches). Daily flights departs from U.S.A., Canada and Europe to Costa Rica on airlines such as American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Air Canada, United Airlines, Delta Airlines, U.S. Airways, MartinAir, Iberia, Air France, Spirit Airlines, Condor, Taca, Mexicana, Copa, Avianca, Frontier Airlines and others. From Miami to Costa Rica the flight is very short, lasting only 2 hours 30 min Language Spanish is the official language of Costa Rica. English is widely spoken. Weather Tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November). The Pacific coast is drier while the Atlantic is wetter, 300 days a year. The temperature in San Jose ranges from 75-80 F and 57-60 F. The hottest months are January to March. Flora and Fauna Nature This country is one that has more varied and contrasting biodiversity in the world. The diversity of flora and fauna are virtually unmatched. Hosts over 209 species of mammals, 383 kinds of reptiles and amphibians and 2,000 species of butterflies. Although Costa Rica covers only 0.3% of the superifice the planet, has 5% of all plant and animal species on the planet. Religion Catholic 76.3%, Evangelical 13.7%, Jehovah’s Witnesses 1.3%, Protestant 0.7%, other 4.8% and 3.2% None Currency The official currency is the “Columbus.” Currently the exchange rate is about 510 colones per U.S. dollar with some minor variations. Calling Code: +506 |
"Whose last words before he drank poison reportedly were ""Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius. Pay it and do not neglect it.""?" | Journal of the International Plato Society Articles Accepted Hemlock Poisoning and the Death of Socrates: Did Plato Tell the Truth? This paper will be appearing at greater length in the forthcoming book, The Trial and Execution of Socrates, edd. Thomas C Brickhouse and Nicholas D. Smith, Oxford University Press, 2001. ENID BLOCH State University of New York at Buffalo, NY USA Introduction The closing pages of Plato's Phaedo provide a stunning picture of the effects of poison upon the body of Socrates. Plato describes a slowly ascending paralysis, beginning in Socrates' feet and creeping steadily up his legs toward his chest, with Socrates' mind remaining clear until the end. Death arrives calmly and peacefully. It is a remarkable account, rich in emotive power and in clinical detail. But is it true? Let us recall once again those final hours. After Socrates drank the poison, 'he walked about and, when he said his legs were heavy, lay down on his back, for such was the advice of the attendant.' The jailor then began to examine Socrates, much in the way a modern physician might do. The man … laid his hands on him and after a while examined his feet and legs, then pinched his foot hard and asked if he felt it. He said ‘No’; then after that, his thighs; and passing upwards in this way he showed us that he was growing cold and rigid. And then again he touched him and said that when it reached his heart, he would be gone. The chill had now reached the region about the groin, and uncovering his face, which had been covered, he said – and these were his last words – 'Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius. Pay it and do not neglect it.' 'That,' said Crito, 'shall be done; but see if you have anything else to say.' To this question he made no reply, but after a little while he moved; the attendant uncovered him; his eyes were fixed. And Crito when he saw it, closed his mouth and eyes. Plato, Phaedo 117e-118a, trans. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1990 edition, pp. 401-3. So vivid is this process of dying, most readers through the ages probably have accepted Plato’s account without question, its very attention to clinical detail sufficient evidence of its veracity. Yet it has hardly gone unchallenged. In the 1970's the classicist Christopher Gill ('The Death of Socrates', Classical Quarterly, 23, 1973, pp. 25-8) and the pathologist William Ober ('Did Socrates Die of Hemlock Poisoning?', New York State Journal of Medicine, 77.1, Feb., 1977, pp. 254-8) suggested that Plato had deliberately distorted the truth for his own dramatic or philosophic purposes. Hemlock poisoning, they claimed, would have produced a far nastier and more violent end. Because Plato wished to portray the philosophic idea of the soul departing peacefully from the body, he needed to envision a quiet, dignified unfolding of symptoms. In 1991 these same arguments would be repeated by Bonita Graves et al., in a paper claiming to shed 'twentieth century scientific light' on the death of Socrates (Graves, B.M. et al., 'Hemlock Poisoning: Twentieth Century Scientific Light Shed on the Death of Socrates,' pp. 156-68 in Boudouris, K.J., ed, The Philosophy of Socrates, International Center for Greek Philosophy and Culture, Athens, 1991). But why would Plato have expected his readers to accept so bold a distortion? Socrates' death had hardly been a secret affair. Not only had his final hours been witnessed by a large group of talkative friends, in politically volatile Athens such executions were a frequent event. Would it not have made much more sense for Plato to write honestly and accurately about a poison with which he and his contemporaries already were far too familiar? It might seem a simple matter to resolve this issue, perhaps with one phone call to a physician, poison hotline, or botanical garden. But accurate knowledge of hemlock is |
A motto of which lethal 20th century regime was 'To keep you is no benefit. To destroy you is no loss' referring to civilian Cambodians? | The Pol Pot Khmer Rouge(Red) Cambodia War 1975-1978 – Iwansuwandy's Blog WELCOME TO THE MAIN HALL OF FREEDOM SELAMAT DATANG DI GEDUNG UTAMA “MERDEKA The Driwan’s Cybermuseum Dr Iwan Cambodia War Cybermuseum Showroom : The Pol Pot Khmer Rouge(red) Cambodia War 1975-1978 A.Chronologic Historic Collections 1.1975 1975, the U.S. had withdrawn its troops from Vietnam. Cambodia’s government, plagued by corruption and incompetence, also lost its American military support. Taking advantage of the opportunity, Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge army, consisting of teenage peasant guerrillas, marched into Phnom Penh and on April 17 effectively seized control of Cambodia. Once in power, Pol Pot began a radical experiment to create an agrarian utopia inspired in part by Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution which he had witnessed first-hand during a visit to Communist China. Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” economic program included forced evacuations of Chinese cities and the purging of “class enemies.” Pol Pot would now attempt his own “Super Great Leap Forward” in Cambodia, which he renamed the Democratic Republic of Kampuchea. He began by declaring, “This is Year Zero,” and that society was about to be “purified.” Capitalism, Western culture, city life, religion, and all foreign influences were to be extinguished in favor of an extreme form of peasant Communism. All foreigners were thus expelled, embassies closed, and any foreign economic or medical assistance was refused. The use of foreign languages was banned. Newspapers and television stations were shut down, radios and bicycles confiscated, and mail and telephone usage curtailed. Money was forbidden. All businesses were shuttered, religion banned, education halted, health care eliminated, and parental authority revoked. Thus Cambodia was sealed off from the outside world. All of Cambodia’s cities were then forcibly evacuated. At Phnom Penh, two million inhabitants were evacuated on foot into the countryside at gunpoint. As many as 20,000 died along the way. Millions of Cambodians accustomed to city life were now forced into slave labor in Pol Pot’s “killing fields” where they soon began dying from overwork, malnutrition and disease, on a diet of one tin of rice (180 grams) per person every two days. Workdays in the fields began around 4 a.m. and lasted until 10 p.m., with only two rest periods allowed during the 18 hour day, all under the armed supervision of young Khmer Rouge soldiers eager to kill anyone for the slightest infraction. Starving people were forbidden to eat the fruits and rice they were harvesting. After the rice crop was harvested, Khmer Rouge trucks would arrive and confiscate the entire crop. Ten to fifteen families lived together with a chairman at the head of each group. All work decisions were made by the armed supervisors with no participation from the workers who were told, “Whether you live or die is not of great significance.” Every tenth day was a day of rest. There were also three days off during the Khmer New Year festival. Throughout Cambodia, deadly purges were conducted to eliminate remnants of the “old society” – the educated, the wealthy, Buddhist monks, police, doctors, lawyers, teachers, and former government officials. Ex-soldiers were killed along with their wives and children. Anyone suspected of disloyalty to Pol Pot, including eventually many Khmer Rouge leaders, was shot or bludgeoned with an ax. “What is rotten must be removed,” a Khmer Rouge slogan proclaimed. In the villages, unsupervised gatherings of more than two persons were forbidden. Young people were taken from their parents and placed in communals. They were later married in collective ceremonies involving hundreds of often-unwilling couples. Up to 20,000 persons were tortured into giving false confessions at Tuol Sleng, a school in Phnom Penh which had been converted into a jail. Elsewhere, suspects were often shot on the spot before any questioning. Ethnic groups were attacked including the three largest minorities; the Vietnamese, Chinese, and Cham Muslims, along with |
What is the name of the village on the border between North and South Korea where the 1953 armistice that halted the Korean War was signed? | North Korea declares 1953 armistice invalid - CNN.com North Korea declares 1953 armistice invalid By Madison Park, CNN Updated 1:07 PM ET, Mon March 11, 2013 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED The agreement ended the three-year war between the North and South The North has nullified the agreement on several occasions Diplomacy between North and South has zigzagged from conciliatory to bellicose The North Korean army has declared invalid the armistice agreement that ended the Korean War in 1953, the official newspaper of the country's ruling Workers' Party said Monday. Since last week, North Korea had been threatening to scrap the armistice after the U.N. Security Council passed tougher sanctions against it in response to its February 12 nuclear test. On Monday, the Rodong Sinmun newspaper reported that the Supreme Command of North Korea's army had done so. "The U.S. has reduced the armistice agreement to a dead paper," the newspaper said. North Korea also cut off direct phone links with South Korea at the inter-Korean border village of Panmunjom, according to South Korea's Yonhap news agency. The phone line was the emergency link for quick, two-way communication between the two sides. JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH What to make of N. Korea's newest threat 03:10 The armistice agreement, signed in 1953, ended the three-year war between North and South Korea in a truce. Since the two sides remain technically at war, it remains to be seen whether the invalidation means that either side can resume hostilities. The Rodong Sinmun reported the Supreme Command saying that it can now make a "strike of justice at any target anytime, not bound to the armistice agreement and achieve the national reunification, the cherished desire of the Korean nation." However, the North has nullified the agreement on several occasions in the past. A look back at the history of the armistice. What is the armistice agreement? It is the agreement that ended the war between North and South Korea. It is a truce, rather than a peace treaty. Has the North ended the armistice before? Yes. In 2003, Pyonyang's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) announced that it may have "no option" but to stop honoring the armistice because of the United State's "persistent war moves." In 2009, North Korea said its military would no longer be bound by the agreement because South Korea was joining a U.S.-led anti-proliferation plan. Part of the reason for the latest move are the joint exercises between the United States and South Korea. A bigger reason is t ougher sanctions passed in the U.N. Security Council against North Korea in response to its nuclear test on February 12. Pyongyang carried out its third nuclear test, despite international condemnation. What caused the division of Korea? For most of the first half of the 20th century, Japan controlled the Korean peninsula as its colony. By the end of the World War II as Japan neared defeat, the allies agreed to an independent Korea. The United States and Soviet Union divided postwar occupation of Korea along the 38th parallel and the two sides were ideologically opposite. Pyongyang scraps armistice amid heightened saber rattling Why did war break out? On June 25, 1950, a surprise attack by North Korean soldiers who crossed the 38th parallel easily overwhelmed South Korean forces. The United States leapt to the defense of the South. As South Korean, U.S. and U.N. forces fought back and gained ground into North Korea, Chinese forces joined the war on the North's side later that year. To this day, China remains a crucial ally of North Korea and the U.S. of South Korea. What toll did the war take? The toll of the war included about 1.2 million deaths in South Korea, 1 million deaths in North Korea, 36,500 deaths for U.S. troops and 600,000 deaths for Chinese soldiers. What are the lasting effects of the war? The brutal war separated thousands of families, and created the world's most heavily fortified border. It also drew the alliances that exist today. When |
What South African island was used as a gaol for political prisoners while the country was under the policy of apartheid? | Political executions in South Africa by the apartheid government 1961 - 1989 | South African History Online South African History Online Home » Politics & Society » Poqo » Political executions in South Africa by the apartheid government 1961 - 1989 Poqo Liberation history Timeline 1960-1969 Archives A poster mobiliszing support to save Marcus Motaung, Jerry Mosololi and Simon Mogoerane from execution. Political executions in South Africa by the apartheid government 1961 - 1989 On 9 June 1983, three members of the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC), uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), were executed at the gallows in Pretoria Central Prison. Marcus Motaung , Jerry Mosololi and Simon Mogoerane were charged with treason, with alternative charges of terrorism, murder and attempted murder, among others. Despite an international campaign to save their lives, the apartheid government went ahead with the execution. Arguably, two of the pillars that sustained the apartheid government’s rule for 46 years were racially divisive legislation, and sheer brute force. The period from the 1960s to the 1980s was punctuated by the enactment of security laws that enabled the government to arrest, detain and imprison those who fought against its racist laws. Several anti-apartheid political activists found themselves serving long prison sentences in various gaols across the country. Over and above this, the security apparatus of the government also engaged in the extra-judicial killing of anti-apartheid political activists. Incidents involving abduction, murder and death in detention – often with no recourse to a court of law – became increasingly common, particularly during periods of heightened political tension. While illegal executions were common, the focus of this feature is on those who were sentenced to death and executed after they were brought to trial. Between 1961 and 1989, about 134 political prisoners were executed by the apartheid government at Pretoria Central Prison. Two decades in particular – the 1960s and the 1980s – witnessed many political executions. While Pretoria Central prison was the main site for executions, it was not the only facility in the country to enact these murderous acts. The Aftermath of Sharpeville One of the turning points in the history of South Africa was the Sharpeville Massacre on 21 March 1960 , when the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) organised and led a protest against the pass laws. Police fired on the crowd of unarmed protestors, killing 69 people and injuring 180. As tension mounted, the government declared a state of emergency on 30 March 1960 and banned the ANC, PAC and the South African Communist Party (SACP). As a result, thousands of activists were detained and imprisoned, while many others fled into exile. The clampdown precipitated the launch of the armed struggle by the now banned liberation movements. The execution of Poqo activists, 1961-1989 In 1961 the PAC launched its armed wing, Poqo , and engaged in an armed rebellion against whites and perceived government representatives. Between 1962 and 1963 Poqo activists carried out attacks against both black and white targets, particularly in the Cape and Transkei. The period between January and November 1962, in particular, saw an increase in PAC attacks. In response, the government arrested several PAC and Poqo activists – by June 1963, 3,246 members were arrested across the country and 124 accused of murder. While several were sentenced to lengthy terms on Robben Island , others were put to death. On 1 October 1963 four members of Poqo – Richard Matsapahae, Josia Mocumi, Thomas Molatblegi and Petrus Mtshole – were sentenced to death for the murder on 18 March 1963 of a Black Special Branch detective. On 16 March 1962, Poqo activists attacked and killed Michael Livele Moyi, a policeman in Langa, and injured five others. Jim Mountain Ngantweni and Zibongile Serious Dodo were arrested in connection with Moyi’s death, and further charges were laid against Nontasi Albert Tshweni and Donker Ntsabo, who were already serving sentences for o |
What burning-liquid weapon was used by the Byzantine Greeks to great effect as it could continue burning even on water? | What is Greek Fire? | Sciforums What is Greek Fire? John J. Bannan Registered Senior Member Messages: Do we know exactly what Greek fire was? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire Greek fire was a burning-liquid weapon used by the Byzantine Greeks, typically in naval battles to great effect as it could continue burning even on water. "Byzantine fire" was largely responsible for many Byzantine military victories, and partly the reason for the Byzantine Empire surviving as long as it did. The formula was a secret and remains a mystery to this day. Click to expand... nietzschefan Thread Killer Valued Senior Member Messages: Do we know exactly what Greek fire was? Click to expand... Not really. It was probably similar to naphtha or naphtha was a component. Interesting topic, I wouldn't mind knowing the true answer. spidergoat Trump rejects intelligence Valued Senior Member Messages: It's not a secret. I have a book of formulas from the 30's which gives the recipe. Perhaps the actual recipe that the Greeks used is a mystery, but the same effects can be replicated with modern chemicals. http://www.hypatia-lovers.com/footnotes/Section10.pdf Fortunately for us, a formula for Greek Fire has survived through a passagefrom the Eighth Century* book of Marcus Graecus, Liber Ignium ad Comburendos Hostes — a passage which has come down to us through a quotation by the Ninth Century Arabian physician, Mesue: "Greek Fire is made as follows: take sulfur, tartar, sarcocolla, pitch, melted saltpeter, petroleum oil, and oil of gum, boil all these together, impregnate tow [i.e., the coarse or broken part of flax orhemp, prepared for spinning] with the mixture, and the material is ready to be set on fire. This fire cannot be extinguished by urine, or by vinegar, or by sand ... Flying fire may be obtained in the following manner: take one part of colophony [rosin], the same of sulfur, and two parts of saltpeter. Dissolve the pulverized mixture in linseed oil, or better in oil oflamium. Finally, the mixture is placed in a reed or a piece of wood which has been hollowed out.When it is set on fire, it will fly in whatever direction one wishes, there to set everything on fire. Click to expand... |
What weapon do many historians call 'the machine gun of the Middle Ages'? | England's Medieval Festival - Visitors Info - History - English Longbow The English Longbow by Christopher Agius The might of the English longbow has long since transformed this medieval weapon in to a nationally adopted weapon possessing mythical prowess. Many consider it as the machine gun of the Middle Ages, a flight of its arrows was likened to a lethal storm that maimed , killed and demoralised everyone in its murderous path. Without any doubt in mind it has been the main element that enabled England to become the superpower of the medieval world, usurping the title by sheer brutal force from France. The Origins of the English Longbow For centuries before the appearance of this incredible weapon on the battlefield, armies depended on heavily armoured cavalry to win the day. Its role was to demoralise, run down by the sheer force of the charge and finally to pursue and strike down the panic stricken fugitives of their fearsome attack. However, during the 14th century all this was going to change. At the battle of Crecy in 1346 during the Hundred Years War , an outnumbered English host composed chiefly of archers armed with the longbow put an end to the knight's arrogant sense of invincibility and supremacy. The English became acquainted with the longbow in the 13th century while campaigning in Wales. The Welsh took a heavy toll on the invaders by using this extraordinary weapon of war. On their part the English were quick to realise the impact that the longbow could produce on the battlefield. As soon as the Welsh campaign was successfully over, Welsh conscripts began to be incorporated in to the English army, whilst also training their own archers. The lessons the English learned by hard experience in Wales were going to be put in practise with deadly effect on their enemies on the battlefield of France ad Scotland in the coming years. The Longbow The longbow was renowned for being a hard hitting weapons, with stories being told of Welsh longbow men penetrating a four inch solid oak door with their arrows at the siege of Abergavenny Castle during the Welsh campaign. The longbow was a cheap weapon to produce and one that could be easily constructed and maintained by the common subjects. The weapon varied in length according to the height of its user and since the average height of Medieval yeoman was around five feet two inches, the longbow rarely exceeded the length of six feet. The longbow was made by hand from the English yew. Staves were cut only in Winter, when the sap was down. Skilful cutting and shaping of the stave in a D-section left a layer of sapwood left along the flattened back of the bow. The heartwood of yew is able to withstand compression and its sapwood is elastic by nature, and both tend to return to their original straightness when the bow is loosened. The edges were notched in order to take the string made of hemp or silk. There is no rest for the arrow on the bow ; it rests simply on the index finger of the archer himself. The best material for the longbow came from yew trees in the mountainous regions of Italy and Spain. This was due to the poor terrain that the trees grew in. This fact made the wood of these trees lighter due to a lesser amount of grain found in the staves. So important was this consideration that it was ordered that with every shipment of imported wine from Southern France there must be a consignment of yew staves. The archers used a mixture of fine tallow, resin and wax to protect the bow from the elements, especially during damp weather. Also it was not unusual for a bow to be carried in an appropriate bow case to safeguard it more effectively from wet atmospheric conditions. Special care was taken in the protections of the string, since a broken string was a major shortcoming on the battlefield that could effectively put the weapon out of action.. In battle the arrows were either carried in an arrow bag or a belt quiver. In the absence of this, it was common practise to simply stuff a sheaf of arrows through the belt. The back quiver that one so often see in swashbuckling |
What two countries formed in 1993 as a result of what is known as the 'Velvet Divorce'? | The 9 newest countries in the world - The Washington Post The 9 newest countries in the world The inside track on Washington politics. Be the first to know about new stories from PowerPost. Sign up to follow, and we’ll e-mail you free updates as they’re published. You’ll receive free e-mail news updates each time a new story is published. You’re all set! By Adam Taylor By Adam Taylor September 16, 2014 Follow @mradamtaylor The Scottish flag (R) and British Union Jack (L) fly outside the Scotland Office in London on Aug. 28, 2014. EPA/FACUNDO ARRIZABALAGA This week, Scottish voters go to the polls to make a big decision: Should they stay a part of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland, or become an independent sovereign state? It's an enormous decision, and the debate over what exactly will happen to Scotland if it does go independent is still waging. One thing is certain, however: if the "yes" vote wins, Scotland will become the newest independent state in the world, pushing South Sudan to Number 2 and Kosovo to Number 3. Will Scotland follow the same fate as any of the other young nations in the world? Perhaps, but probably not. A glance down the list of the nine newest sovereign states below reveals that each situation is unique: It's hard to fully equate Scotland's situation with that of Slovakia, let alone with East Timor. Even so, a glance back at history does show that the world's borders are changing more than we might appreciate: And the changes can sometimes take some time to settle. July 2011 – South Sudan United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNAMIS) personnel guard South Sudanese people displaced by recent fighting in Jabel, on the outskirts of capital Juba on Dec. 23, 2013. REUTERS/James Akena South Sudan declared independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011, after a bloody civil war with the ethnically Arab north that had lasted decades. Almost 99 percent of voters had voted for independence in a referendum, and the new country was swiftly recognized by the international community. The United States played a key role in the South Sudan's journey to statehood . However, since independence the country has faced a number of problems, most of which can be traced back to two big factors: 1) South Sudan's high poverty rate , 2) the ethnically diverse political movements in the country that now lack a common enemy. Add to that large and largely untapped natural resources, and you have a young country that has been beset by political infighting in the past few years. Right now, South Sudan is nine months into a civil war that has displaced a million of its 11 million people, and facing a famine that could see 50,000 children die before the end of the year. February 2008 – Kosovo Kosovars and foreign visitors take their seats on a raised platform to watch a documentary film during Dokufest in Prizren on Aug. 20, 2014. REUTERS/Hazir Reka Kosovo declared independence from Serbia on Feb. 17, 2008 . The country had been administered by the United Nations since 1999, when NATO bombed Serbia and forced then-President Slobodan Milosevic to withdraw his troops from the ethnically divided province. Kosovo's independence was opposed by Russia, which warned of other breakaway movements ( worth remembering during the Crimea crisis) and Serbia, which had expressed fears for the ethnic Serbs who live there. While a small majority of U.N. member states recognize Kosovo, the country has not applied for U.N. membership out of concern. Kosovo's post-independence statehood has not been free of problems: Ethnic tension and organized crime remain, and the country's economy is clearly underdeveloped (the official unemployment rate last year was 45 percent ). June 2006 – Montenegro and Serbia Montenegro players celebrate after scoring during the Euro 2016 qualifying match between Montenegro and Moldova, at the City Stadium in Podgorica, Montenegro, Sept. 8, 2014. (AP Photo/Risto Bozovic) The single nation of Serbia and Montenegro, formed after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, changed into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003, a |
The Battle of Austerlitz, one of Napoleon's greatest victories is also known by what name that references Emperor Francis and the Russian Czar along with Napoleon himself? | HOT FREE BOOKS • The History of Napoleon Buonaparte • John Gibson Lockhart • 6 Home - Random Browse A conspiracy suppressed never fails to strengthen the power it was meant to destroy: and Buonaparte, after the tragedies of D'Enghien and Pichegru, beheld the French royalists reduced everywhere to the silence and the inaction of terror. Well understanding the national temper, he gave orders that henceforth the name of the exiled family should be as much as possible kept out of view; and accordingly after this time it was hardly ever alluded to in the productions of the enslaved press of Paris. The adherents of the Bourbons were compelled to content themselves with muttering their resentment in private saloons, where, however, the Chief Consul commonly had spies—who reported to him, or to his Savarys and Fouches, the jests and the caricatures in which the depressed and hopeless party endeavoured to find some consolation. In order to check the hostile feeling excited among the sovereigns of the continent by the murder of the Bourbon Prince, the French government were now indefatigable in their efforts to connect the conspiracy of Georges Cadoudal with the cabinet of England. The agents of the police transformed themselves into numberless disguises, with the view of drawing the British ministers resident at various courts of Germany into some correspondence capable of being misrepresented, so as to suit the purpose of their master. Mr. Drake, envoy at Munich, and Mr. Spencer Smith, at Stuttgard, were deceived in this fashion; and some letters of theirs, egregiously misinterpreted, furnished Buonaparte with a pretext for complaining, to the sovereigns to whom they were accredited, that they had stained the honour of the diplomatic body by leaguing themselves with the schemes of the Chouan conspirators. The subservient princes were forced to dismiss these gentlemen from their residences; but the English ministry made such explanations in open Parliament as effectually vindicated the name of their country. Lord Elgin, British ambassador at Constantinople, had been one of those travellers detained at the out-breaking of the war, and was now resident on his parole in the south of France. He was, on some frivolous pretext, confined in a solitary castle among the Pyrenees; and there every device was practised to induce him to, at least, receive letters calculated, if discovered in his possession, to compromise him. But this nobleman, sagaciously penetrating the design, baffled it by his reserve. Being liberated from confinement shortly after, he communicated what had happened to a friend, a member of the French Senate, who traced the matter home to some of Fouche's creatures, and congratulated Lord Elgin on having avoided very narrowly the fate of Pichegru. Sir George Rumbold, the British minister at Hamburg, escaped that consummation still more narrowly. During the night of the 23rd October a party of French soldiers passed the Elbe, as Ordonner and his gang had crossed the Rhine on the 14th of March, and boldly seized Rumbold within the territory of an independent and friendly state. He was hurried to Paris, and confined in the fated dungeons of the Temple: but none of his papers afforded any plausible pretext for resisting the powerful remonstrance which the King of Prussia thought fit to make against an outrage perpetrated almost within sight of his dominions; and, after a few days, Sir George was set at liberty. Meantime, while all the princes of Europe regarded with indignation (though few of them, indeed, cared to express the feeling openly) the cruel tragedies which had been acted in France, the death of Pichegru had suppressed effectually the hopes of the royalists in that country, and the exile of Moreau deprived the republicans of the only leader under whom there was any likelihood of their taking arms against the Chief Consul. He resolved to profit by the favourable moment for completing a purpose which he had long meditated; and, on the 30th of April, little more than a month after the Duke d'Enghien died, one Curee wa |
Idries Shah who achieved prominence as an authority on Sufism is credited with popularizing the stories of which 13th folk figure of Turkey known for his wit and humor? | THE END OF ALL SECRETS – THE OFFICIAL RESISTANCE Nov 28, 2013 "Hypnotism is nothing new they used to call it putting someone under a spell" It will just keep coming until all is laid bare and everything is transparent so you can see...We are coming together rapidly! This has been made in to audio for brevity. Expand http://www.mediafire.com/listen/s99iwtsb6ssnpeq/The%20End%20of%20all%20Secrets.mp3 The following is an excerpt from Black Terror White Soldiers by David Livingstone MK-Ultra, the CIA's infamous "mind control" program, was an extension of the behavior control research conducted by the Tavistock Institute. Formed at Oxford University, London, in 1920 by the Royal Institute for International Affairs (RIIA), a sister organization to the Council of Foreign Relations (CFR) created by the Round Table, the Tavistock Clinic became the Psychiatric Division of the British Army during World War II.[1] The clinic took its name from its benefactor Herbrand Russell, Marquees of Tavistock, 11th Duke of Bedford. The Dukes of Bedford was the title inherited by the influential Russell family, one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain who came to power and the peerage with the rise of the Tudor dynasty. Herbrand Russell and arch-conspirator Bertrand Russell shared the same great grandfather, John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. Bertrand Russell was descended from John Russell’s third son, Bertrand’s grandfather, John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, who served twice as Prime Minister of the England in the 1840s and 1860s. Herbrand Russell’s son, Hastings Russell, Lord Tavistock, the 12th Duke of Bedford, went on to become patron of the British Peoples Party, a far-right political party founded in 1939 and led by ex-members of Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists. It was he whom Rudolf Hess flew to England to contact about ending World War II. The basis of the project of the Tavistock Institute was explained by Round Tabler, Lord Bertrand Russell, is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein, and is widely held to be one of the twentieth century's premier logicians. Russell offered a revealing glimpse into Frankfurt School’s mass social engineering efforts, in his 1951 book, The Impact of Science on Society: I think the subject which will be of most importance politically is mass psychology... Its importance has been enormously increased by the growth of modern methods of propaganda. Of these the most influential is what is called "education." Religion plays a part, though a diminishing one; the press, the cinema, and the radio play an increasing part.... It may be hoped that in time anybody will be able to persuade anybody of anything if he can catch the patient young and is provided by the State with money and equipment. …Although this science will be diligently studied, it will be rigidly confined to the governing class. The populace will not be allowed to know how its convictions were generated. When the technique has been perfected, every government that has been in charge of education for a generation will be able to control its subjects securely without the need of armies or policemen.[2] A successor organization, the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, was then founded in 1946 under a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation when it separated from the Tavistock Clinic. According to John Coleman, a former British Intelligence agent, it was Tavistock-designed methods that got the US into World War II and which, under the guidance of Dr. Kurt Lewin, established the OSS. Tavistock became known as the focal point in Britain for psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers. Tavistock is ostensibly a British charity concerned with group behavior and organizational behavior. Tavistock engages in educational, research and consultancy work in the social sciences and applied psychology. Its clients are chiefly public sector organizations, including the European Union, several British government |
"What 1945 classic satire was rejected for publication by T. S. Eliot as ""We have no conviction ... that this is the right point of view from which to criticise the political situation at the present time...""?" | 7 Crazy Reasons Famous Books Were Rejected by Publishers - Weird Worm Weird Worm 7 Crazy Reasons Famous Books Were Rejected by Publishers October 13, 2011 Image Sources Subscribe to our newsletter You might think that those guys that are responsible for publishing books have an innate knack for spotting the best manuscripts and stories , and if anything needs to be rejected, it’s often for a good reason. How naive of you, because that’s not true at all. Here the seven best examples of where the publishers didn’t spot the best talent and decided to be assholes about it to boot. 1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone by JK Rowling Why It Had Trouble: That's right; JK Rowling was rejected by 12 publishers. The problem with children's books in the 1990s was that the market was saturated. There were so many children's novels they weren't viewed as being profitable . Many publishers enjoyed the story, but they didn't think there was a market for more children's fantasy novels. Rowling was incredibly poor and was raising a baby daughter; in fact, she was so busy she used to walk around Edinburgh until her daughter fell asleep so she could find time to write. The novel was also rejected because it was too long for children. After all: in an era of video games and cable television, what child has the time or patience to read such a large novel? How It Was Finally Published: After many rejections ,Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published, yet Rowling was told not to expect to make any money off of the book deal and was only offered a £1,500 advance. Rowling at the time didn't have enough money to live off and had to apply for a government grant of £8000 in order to buy a word processor to type the Chamber of Secrets . Only three days after the Philosopher's Stone was released, Scholastic Publishers offered Rowling £100 000 for the publishing rights (the largest in history at the time). Since then, Harry Potter has since made Rowling one of the richest people in the UK and spawned a massively successful movie series. We guess the publishers were right, no one reads children's books anymore. Except these people: and these people: Animal Farm by George Orwell Why It Had Trouble: Perhaps one of the most famous satires about an authoritarian government was rejected by publishers. But not just by any publisher, but by TS Eliot, one of the most famous poets of the 20th Century. In the recently released rejection letter, Eliot wrote "We have no conviction that this is the right point of view from which to criticise the political situation at the current time,” adding that he thought its “ view, which I take to be generally Trotskyite, is not convincing ”. The reason was in 1944 Joseph Stalin was a good friend of the US and Britain and vital in the effort to end World War II . Also, the novel made Snowball, or Trotsky, a hero at a time when that was extremely unpopular. Eliot even defended Stalin, by proxy, in his rejection letter by arguing “After all, your pigs are far more intelligent than the other animals, and therefore the best qualified to run the farm – in fact there couldn’t have been an Animal Farm at all without them: so that what was needed (someone might argue) was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs.” This of course could be interpreted as Eliot defending Stalin, or other authoritarian governments, as long as they benefited the entire community. What perhaps Eliot missed is that Stalin was a madman who terrorized his own people, caused massive starvation, and almost brought on a massive nuclear holocaust. How It Was Finally Published: Fortunately for readers, the war was winding down, and relations between the west and the USSR began to immediately sour (perhaps unfortunately for the rest of the world), making Animal Farm topical . The need to keep Stalin as an ally soon waned and Orwell's book was accepted for publication. The book received almost universal acclaim and Orwell went on to write another dystopian novel, Nineteen-Eighty Four. And although the allies were initially skeptical of mak |
Sequels featuring which character who originally appeared in a 1913 novel were published as Glad Books from 1915 onward? | Project MUSE - Spinning Sympathy: Orphan Girl Novels and the Sentimental Tradition Orphan Girl Novels and the Sentimental Tradition Joe Sutliff Sanders (bio) Abstract The Wide, Wide World (1850), What Katy Did (1873), and Pollyanna (1913) provide a skeleton on which to build a history of the transmission of a women's literary tradition to girls' novels in the early twentieth century. Sympathy, the defining hallmark of sentimentalism, remains an important theme through both traditions, particularly in the ways it limits and ambiguously empowers fictional girls. However, women writing for girls in the decades following the emphasis on sentimentalism repeatedly confronted and revised the terms of sympathy better to suit their audience in a consumer economy. When Katy Carr, of Susan Coolidge's 1873 novel What Katy Did, awakes on Christmas morning in her invalid's bed, she is delighted to discover three important gifts. From her cousin Helen, who is also an invalid, there is "a little silver bell." Tied up near it is "a beautiful book . . 'The Wide Wide World'" (203). These gifts and others adorn a new chair, a gift from her father and the place in which she will spend many of her waking hours over the coming years. All three gifts will be important for the novel's happy ending. From this chair, Katy will assume a severely limited position in her family that allows her to find fulfillment and a measure of power. With the use of her bell, she will be able to summon siblings and servants so that she may exercise that power on them and well beyond her physical reach. Armed with a strategy preached in Susan Warner's pivotal sentimental novel (The Wide, Wide World was published in 1850 and sold through printing after printing faster than anyone, including the author, anticipated), she will make them eager to answer her summons, impatient to do her bidding. Together, these three gifts symbolize the promise and the threat of girls' fiction that follows the sentimental tradition. Such fiction offers girls dreams of power and a roadmap to achieving that power through what would later be called "sympathy." But to exercise that power, girls would have to accept profound limitations. When Warner's book appeared in Coolidge's story, The Wide, Wide World needed no introduction. Sally Mitchell has claimed that Warner's novel "was the best-loved" of a group of mid-nineteenth-century novels written for adults but that enjoyed long-lived popularity with girl readers in Britain (152), and the assumption on the part of the narrator of Coolidge's American novel seems to be similar for that audience. What Katy Did occupies a historical position between sentimental novels about girls and a later flowering of girls' fiction [End Page 41] fundamentally indebted to novels such as The Wide, Wide World. The purpose of this article is to trace one trope through the history in which Katy appears at the middle, a history beginning with sentimental novels of the mid-nineteenth century and ending with novels about orphan girls at the turn into the twentieth century, specifically 1880–1920. These popular, later novels borrowed a plot from earlier sentimental novels in order to revise sympathy—a hallmark of sentimental fiction—to fit better the reality of girls during the first acme of consumer culture in America. I join other scholars in saying that these orphan girl novels exist in a literary-historical continuum with women's sentimental novels of the midcentury, 1 but it is important to add to this standard argument two points about the transition from sentimentalism to turn-of-the-century orphan girl stories. First, the terms of that transition were controlled by sentimentalism: the formulaic plot in which a disempowered female protagonist uses sympathy to knit the people around her into a group bound by sameness was scripted for girls' novels by fiction of the earlier part of the nineteenth century. Second, although the terms are dictated by the previous generation, the new generation works endlessly to revise those terms so they are more suited to girl r |
Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky a current-day husband and wife team are known for what type of contribution to literature? | BLOG 2013 Q2 BLOG 2013 Q2 Husain Haqqani Pakistan is a young country with a lot of psychoses. India has never accepted it, but India never started a war. Most of Pakistan's problems are psychological. The nuclear weapons have not made us secure. Now we're like the guy who keeps buying guns to protect himself, and then finds he can't sleep because he's afraid somebody will steal them. Jean-Paul Sartre Adam Kirsch Sartre was a novelist, playwright, philosopher, and activist. His existentialism was a philosophy of liberty: We can always rebel against our circumstances by asserting our free will. But Sartre began to worship at the altar of Communism. He became an apologist for oppression, so long as it came waving the banner of liberation. A great intellect does not make a great man. Jonathan Sperber Marxian communism was an elemental response to the productive forces unleashed by the industrial revolution. Lack of money vexed Karl Marx and shaped the fury of his philosophy. He sought to accommodate his Hegelian ideas to a more scientistic era, beginning with applying the dialectic to Darwinism. Engels redacted his ideas to iron out his ambivalence on positivism and to pass over his Hegelian critique of the conceptual foundations of the natural sciences. 2013 June 30 The Observer National Security Agency worker Wayne Madsen has revealed that six European Union countries, in addition to the UK, colluded in mass harvesting of personal communications data. Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy had secret deals with the United States under SIGINT agreements to hand over data to the NSA if requested. International intelligence agreements recognize three trust levels. The US is the first party, the UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand enjoy second party relationships, and Germany and France have third party relationships. Madsen said the NSA gets "the lion's share" of the SIGINT take, while the third parties get "highly sanitized intelligence". Madsen remarked on the "sanctimonious outcry" of political leaders who were "feigning shock" about the revelations. German politicians had even accused the UK of spying. Madsen: "I can't understand how Angela Merkel can keep a straight face, demanding assurances from Obama and the UK while Germany has entered into those exact relationships." US Spying On EU Claus Hecking and Stefan Schultz Revelations that the US National Security Agency targeted the European Union and several European countries with its spying activities have led to angry reactions in Europe. European Parliament President Martin Schulz: "We need more precise information. But if it is true, it is a huge scandal. That would mean a huge burden for relations between the EU and the US. We now demand comprehensive information." Luxembourg Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn: "The EU and its diplomats are not terrorists. We need a guarantee from the very highest level that it stops immediately." German Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger: "If media reports are correct, then it is reminiscent of methods used by enemies during the Cold War." European Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Elmar Brok: "The spying has reached dimensions that I didn't think were possible for a democratic country. Such behavior among allies is intolerable." CSU MEP Markus Ferber: "A democratic constitutional state that uses Stasi methods sacrifices all credibility as a moral authority. It has destroyed trust." Green Party MEP Daniel Cohn-Bendit: "A simple note of protest is not enough anymore. The EU must immediately suspend negotiations with the US over a free trade agreement." Brainwashed Satel Sally and Scott O. Lilienfeld The brain is a masterwork of nature endowed with cognitive powers that far outstrip the capacity of any silicon machine built to emulate it. Containing roughly 80 billion neurons, each of which communicates with thousands of other neurons, a human brain has more connections than |
"What are the first two lines of the poem Solitude by Ella Wheeler Wilcox whose next lines are shown below? "".................................................... ..................................................... For the sad old earth must borrow its mirth, But has trouble enough of its own...""" | Read Anthology.pdf Edexcel Poetry Anthology DRAFT for GCSE English and GCSE English Literature The Edexcel Poetry Anthology should be used to prepare students for assessment in: English 2EH01 - Unit 3 English Literature 2ET01 - Unit 2 Produced on behalf of Edexcel Limited by Pearson Education Limited, a company incorporated in England and Wales, having its registered office at Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex, CM20 2JE. Registered company number: 872828 © Edexcel Limited 2009 Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered office: One90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 7BH. VAT Reg. No. 780 0898 07 ISBN 978-1-84690-641-1 Copyright notice All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 610 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS (www.cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner's written permission should be addressed to the publisher. Designed and produced by Pearson Education Limited Acknowledgements We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: `Heidi with Blue Hair' and `Kissing' copyright © Fleur Adcock; `Before you were mine' and `Valentine' copyright © Carol Ann Duffy; `My Mother's Kitchen' copyright © Choman Hardi; `Lines to my Grandfather' copyright © Tony Harrison; `Now and Then', `Pessimism for Beginners', `Postcard from a Travel Snob', `Rubbish at Adultery' and `Your Dad Did What?' copyright © Sophie Hannah; `Cape Town Morning' and `Our Sharpeville' copyright © Ingrid de Kok; `Even Tho' and `Sea Timeless Song' copyright © Grace Nichols; `Poem at Thirty-Nine' copyright © Alice Walker; `Solitude' copyright © Ella Wheeler Wilcox. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for use of copyright material. Edexcel will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions. Requests have been made to use the remaining poems, permissions pending. Contents: Collection A: Men and women Collection B: Ties and bonds Collection C: Clashes and collisions Collection D: Somewhere, anywhere Collection E: Taking a stand 1 13 25 37 49 Collection A Pity me not because the light of day Edna St. Vincent Millay Draft Edexcel Poetry Anthology for GCSE English and GCSE English Literature 1 Valentine Not a red rose or a satin heart. I give you an onion. It is a moon wrapped in brown paper. It promises light 5 like the careful undressing of love. Here. It will blind you with tears like a lover. It will make your reflection a wobbling photo of grief. I am trying to be truthful. Not a cute card or a kissogram. I give you an onion. Its fierce kiss will stay on your lips, 10 15 possessive and faithful as we are, for as long as we are. Take it. Its platinum loops shrink to a wedding-ring, if you like. Lethal. Its scent will cling to your fingers, cling to your knife. Carol Ann Duffy 20 Draft Edexcel Poetry Anthology for GCSE English and GCSE English Literature Collection A Rubbish at Adultery Must I give up another night To hear you whinge and whine About how terribly grim you feel And what a dreadful swine 5 You are? You say you'll never leave Your wife and children. Fine; When have I ever asked you to? I'd settle for a kiss. Couldn't you, for an hour or so, Just leave them out of this? A rare ten minutes off from guilty Diatribes what bliss. Yes, I'm aware you're sensitive: A tortured, wounded soul. I'm after passion, thrills and fun. You say fun takes its toll, So what are we doing here? I fear We've lost our common goal. You're rubbish at adultery. 10 15 20 I think you ought to quit. Trouble is, though, fidelity? You're just as crap at it. Choose one and do it prope |
Captain George Pollard, Jr., who inspired an all-time great 1851 novel, was the captain of Essex that was attacked and sunk by what? | The True-Life Horror That Inspired Moby-Dick | History | Smithsonian The True-Life Horror That Inspired Moby-Dick The whaler Essex was indeed sunk by a whale—and that's only the beginning smithsonian.com March 1, 2013 In July of 1852, a 32-year-old novelist named Herman Melville had high hopes for his new novel, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, despite the book’s mixed reviews and tepid sales. That month he took a steamer to Nantucket for his first visit to the Massachusetts island, home port of his novel’s mythic protagonist, Captain Ahab, and his ship, the Pequod. Like a tourist, Melville met local dignitaries, dined out and took in the sights of the village he had previously only imagined. From This Story How Nantucket Came to Be the Whaling Capital of the World And on his last day on Nantucket he met the broken-down 60-year-old man who had captained the Essex, the ship that had been attacked and sunk by a sperm whale in an 1820 incident that had inspired Melville’s novel. Captain George Pollard Jr. was just 29 years old when the Essex went down, and he survived and returned to Nantucket to captain a second whaling ship, Two Brothers. But when that ship wrecked on a coral reef two years later, the captain was marked as unlucky at sea—a “Jonah”—and no owner would trust a ship to him again. Pollard lived out his remaining years on land, as the village night watchman. Melville had written about Pollard briefly in Moby-Dick, and only with regard to the whale sinking his ship. During his visit, Melville later wrote, the two merely “exchanged some words.” But Melville knew Pollard’s ordeal at sea did not end with the sinking of the Essex, and he was not about to evoke the horrific memories that the captain surely carried with him. “To the islanders he was a nobody,” Melville wrote, “to me, the most impressive man, tho’ wholly unassuming, even humble—that I ever encountered.” Pollard had told the full story to fellow captains over a dinner shortly after his rescue from the Essex ordeal, and to a missionary named George Bennet. To Bennet, the tale was like a confession. Certainly, it was grim: 92 days and sleepless nights at sea in a leaking boat with no food, his surviving crew going mad beneath the unforgiving sun, eventual cannibalism and the harrowing fate of two teenage boys, including Pollard’s first cousin, Owen Coffin. “But I can tell you no more—my head is on fire at the recollection,” Pollard told the missionary. “I hardly know what I say.” The trouble for Essex began, as Melville knew, on August 14, 1819, just two days after it left Nantucket on a whaling voyage that was supposed to last two and a half years. The 87-foot-long ship was hit by a squall that destroyed its topgallant sail and nearly sank it. Still, Pollard continued, making it to Cape Horn five weeks later. But the 20-man crew found the waters off South America nearly fished out, so they decided to sail for distant whaling grounds in the South Pacific, far from any shores. To restock, the Essex anchored at Charles Island in the Galapagos, where the crew collected sixty 100-pound tortoises. As a prank, one of the crew set a fire, which, in the dry season, quickly spread. Pollard’s men barely escaped, having to run through flames, and a day after they set sail, they could still see smoke from the burning island. Pollard was furious, and swore vengeance on whoever set the fire. Many years later Charles Island was still a blackened wasteland, and the fire was believed to have caused the extinction of both the Floreana Tortoise and the Floreana Mockingbird. Essex First Mate Owen Chase, later in life. Photo: Wikimedia Commons By November of 1820, after months of a prosperous voyage and a thousand miles from the nearest land, whaleboats from the Essex had harpooned whales that dragged them out toward the horizon in what the crew called “Nantucket sleigh rides.” Owen Chase, the 23-year-old first mate, had stayed aboard the Essex to make repairs while Pollard went whaling. It was Chase who spotted a very big whale—85 feet in length, he estimated—lying quietly |
Who is the popular author who served as Chancellor of Moratuwa University in Sri Lanka from 1979 to 2002? | People | University of Moratuwa Faculty of Information Technology Featured Pearsonalities Related to UoM "Arthur C. Clarke, CBE, FRAS, Sri Lankabhimanya, was a British science fiction author, inventor, and futurist. He was devoted to making sure the next generation would receive the best education possible not only by influencing young minds through his writing but also working in formal education. He served as the Chancellor of the University of Moratuwa in Sri Lanka in 1979-2002" "Philip Revatha (Ray) Wijewardene (1924 – 2010) was an extraordinary Sri Lankan who was called a Renaissance Man who excelled in many different areas of human endeavour: agriculture, aviation, engineering design, inventions, renewable energy technologies and water sports. He served as the Chancellor of the University of Moratuwa from 2002 to 2007" Staff at UoM " University of Moratuwa is a top class technological university in the region whose name is strengthened by its highly qualified academic staff members. Academic Staff members of the University of Moratuwa are world renown for their contribution to the world of science through their knowledge and expertise in various fields such as Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology. " TOP LINKS |
According to a 1864 adventure novel, Saknussemm's Corridor in an extinct volcano in Iceland is the place to start if you seek to go where? | A Journey to the Center of the Earth - Jules Verne | Journey To The Center Of The Earth A Journey to the Center of the Earth - Jules Verne See More 1864 A JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH by Jules Verne PDF Version by Solitude This E-Book is designed and published by Solitude PDF. For more free E-Books visit my Scribd at http://www.scribd.com/Al-Ghazali/ or my blog at http://bayualghazali.blogspot.com CHAPTER 1 My Uncle Makes a Discovery LOOKING back to all that has occurred to me since that eventful day, I am scarcely able to believe in the reality of my adventures. They were truly so wonderful that even now I am bewildered when I Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC) 1864 A JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OFTHE EARTH by Jules Verne PDF Version by Solitude This E-Book is designed and published by Solitude PDF. For morefree E-Books visit my Scribd at http://www.scribd.com/Al-Ghazali/ or my blog at http://bayualghazali.blogspot.com CHAPTER 1My Uncle Makes a Discovery LOOKING back to all that has occurred to me since that eventfulday, I am scarcely able to believe in the reality of my adventures.They were truly so wonderful that even now I am bewildered when Ithink of them.My uncle was a German, having married my mother's sister, anEnglishwoman. Being very much attached to his fatherless nephew,he invited me to study under him in his home in the fatherland. Thishome was in a large town, and my uncle a professor of philosophy,chemistry, geology, mineralogy, and many other ologies.One day, after passing some hours in the laboratory- my uncle beingabsent at the time- I suddenly felt the necessity of renovating thetissues- i.e., I was hungry, and was about to rouse up our old Frenchcook, when my uncle, Professor Von Hardwigg, suddenly opened thestreet door, and came rushing upstairs. Now Professor Hardwigg, my worthy uncle, is by no means a badsort of man; he is, however, choleric and original. To bear with himmeans to obey; and scarcely had his heavy feet resounded within our joint domicile than he shouted for me to attend upon him."Harry- Harry- Harry-"I hastened to obey, but before I could reach his room, jumping threesteps at a time, he was stamping his right foot upon the landing."Harry!" he cried, in a frantic tone, "are you coming up?" Now to tell the truth, at that moment I was far more interested in thequestion as to what was to constitute our dinner than in any problem of science; to me soup was more interesting than soda, an omelettemore tempting than arithmetic, and an artichoke of ten times morevalue than any amount of asbestos.But my uncle was not a man to be kept waiting; so adjourningtherefore all minor questions, I presented myself before him.He was a very learned man. Now most persons in this categorysupply themselves with information, as peddlers do with goods, for the benefit of others, and lay up stores in order to diffuse them abroadfor the benefit of society in general. Not so my excellent uncle,Professor Hardwigg; he studied, he consumed the midnight oil, he pored over heavy tomes, and digested huge quartos and folios in order to keep the knowledge acquired to himself.There was a reason, and it may be regarded as a good one, why myuncle objected to display his learning more than was absolutelynecessary: he stammered; and when intent upon explaining the phenomena of the heavens, was apt to find himself at fault, and alludein such a vague way to sun, moon, and stars that few were able tocomprehend his meaning. To tell the honest truth, when the rightword would not come, it was generally replaced by a very powerfuladjective.In connection with the sciences there are many almostunpronounceable names- names very much resembling those of Welsh villages; and my uncle being very fond of using them, his habitof stammering was not thereby improved. In fact, there were periodsin his discourse when he would finally give up and swallow hisdiscomfiture- in a glass of water.As I said, my uncle, Professor Hardwigg, was a very learned man;and I now add a most kind relative. I was bound to him by the dou |
American poet Dixon Lanier Merritt's well-known limerick is about what bird? | Dixon Lanier Merritt - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Dixon Lanier Merritt Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dixon Lanier Merritt (1879 – 1972) was a poet and humorist . He was a newspaper editor for the Tennessean, Nashville 's morning paper, and President of the American Press Humorists Association. He penned this well-known limerick in 1910: [1] A wonderful bird is the pelican , His bill will hold more than his belican, He can take in his beak Enough food for a week But I'm damned if I see how the helican! or A funny old bird is a pelican. His beak can hold more than his bellican. Food for a week He can hold in his beak, But I don't know how the hellican. The limerick, inspired by a post card sent to him by a female reader of his newspaper column who was visiting Florida beaches. It is often misattributed to Ogden Nash and is widely misquoted as demonstrated above. It is quoted in a number of scholarly works on ornithology , including "Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure and Function," by Noble S. Proctor and Patrick J. Lynch, and several others. He served as Tennessee State Director of Public Safety, taught at Cumberland University and was editor of the "The Tennessean" and "Lebanon Democrat" newspapers and later contributed a column for many years called "Our Folks". During the 1920s he was the Southern correspondent for "Outlook" magazine, a weekly newsmagazine aimed at rural readers. He edited a comprehensive "History of Wilson County (Tennessee)" in his eighties. He worked for the U.S. federal government twice, around the time of both World Wars, and ultimately retired from the Rural Electrification Administration's telephone program office. Merritt was a founding member of the Tennessee Ornithological Society . A nature center at the Tennessee Cedars of Lebanon State Park is named for him. He served as President of the Society of American Press Humorists. Following World War I he returned to the familial farm near Lebanon, TN and using portions of various cedar log cabins nearly one hundred years old assembled a new structure on a hill which he dubbed "Cabincroft". Croft being a Scottish word for a place of shelter. He maintained a working farm into his seventies preferring natural methods. Born Dixon Lanier Abernathy, his parents divorced while he was a child and one of his five uncles subsequently adopted him. Upon achieving majority at age 21 Dixon legally changed his surname to Merritt, something he said he regreted later in life. Dixon Merritt was married twice, first to Hatton [need maiden name] Merritt of Kentucky ending in divorce with issue of a son and daughter (all deceased) and the second to Ruth Yates of New York with issue of two sons (still living as of January 2009). References |
"Algernon Blackwood's 1907 story, called by H. P. Lovecraft as the ""finest supernatural tale in English literature"" is titled after what type of trees? (hint: cricket)" | Species You May Rp As - Forums - MyAnimeList.net Species You May Rp As Species You May Rp As Must be a Club Member to Reply Joined: Mar 2010 Posts: 1776 Below will post a species you can rp your chara as. You may use whatever you wish it does come with an explanation to what they are if you do not know. Posts: 1776 Biographies : Cambions Cambions are considered to be the result of breeding a devil with mortal females. The offspring of a mortal male and a succubus is a different creature known as an alu-fiend. In general, a cambion is described as any humanoid creature that is half-fiend. Scholars have differed over the years as to the exact meaning of the term "cambion". Past scholars used the term to denote "the union of a planetouched woman (usually a tiefling) and a tanar'ri" . They also further delineated this terminology to create "noble cambions": Marquis and Baron cambions are similarly sired by a demon lord father and a female humanoid half-fiend. In more recent times (since the Spellplague), the terminology and usage of this term has shifted to mean the union of a mortal female and a devil. Physiology The mothers of true cambions always die in childbirth, serving to strand the newborn on the Material Plane where it will be orphaned, or in the Abyss where it will be abused by the demons who look down upon such children. Never accepted by either societies, cambions invariably grow up bitter and twisted but, due to their powers, they often become exceptional assassins. Many though, have been made the ambassadors to the worshipers of various demonic powers, usually Graz'zt, Demogorgon, Orcus and Lolth Loners by nature, they like to get lost in the crowds of large cities, especially in places where people don't ask questions. Good-aligned cambions are rare, but sometimes, if their mother was good or neutral-aligned, they take on her nonevil nature and are subsequently doomed to a life of loneliness as not even their demonic patrons will accept them. Cambions excel in luring mortals to the Abyss, the only demons better at it are succubi. They then warn demons of the mortals' approach and let them do what they do best so the souls can be turned into larvae or manes. Cambions are very ambitious and always put as much effort as they can into whatever they try to do, maybe either to prove themselves to a parent or to themselves, but regardless, they make great leaders, information brokers, etc. and are often catalysts for major events. Known Cambions Kaanyr Vhok the Sceptered One. Leader of the Scoured Legion Asbeel Isair and Madae, the children of Belhifet and leaders of the Legion of the Chimera in the game Icewind Dale II Thraxxia, though described as resembling an alu-fiend, is the daughter of Graz'zt and a mortal female, and thus a cambion by most definitions of the word. [In 1st and 2nd edition of Dungeons & Dragons, and by extension the Forgotten Realms, cambion was a term that meant the offspring of a demon (other than a succubus) and a human. In 3rd edition, it was a synonym for any half-fiend (according to the Monster Manual 3rd edition). The Expedition to the Demonweb Pits adventure threw in a third definition, claiming that a cambion was the child of a demon and a tiefling. Now with the 4th edition we are given a fourth meaning yet: the child of a human and a devil.] Cambions breed true with each other, but they often prefer to seek out humanoid mates to create tiefling children. Posts: 1776 Biographies : Homunculus Homunculus (masculine, Latin for "little human", plural: "homunculi"; from the diminutive of homo) is a term used, generally, in various fields of study to refer to any representation of a human being. Historically, it referred specifically to the concept of a miniature though fully formed human body, for example, in the studies of alchemy and preformationism. Currently, in scientific fields, a homunculus may refer to any scale model of the human body that, in some way, illustrates physiological, psychological, or other abstract human characteristics or functions. In Carl Jung's studies of alc |
Polynesia the parrot teaches animal language to what literary character? | Chapter 2: Animal Language | The Story of Doctor Dolittle | Hugh Lofting | Lit2Go ETC The Story of Doctor Dolittle Source: Lofting, H. (1920). The Story of Doctor Dolittle . New York, NY: Frederick A. Stokes Readability: Chicago Lofting, H. (1920). Chapter 2: Animal Language. The Story of Doctor Dolittle (Lit2Go Edition). Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/221/the-story-of-doctor-dolittle/5616/chapter-2-animal-language/ Lofting, Hugh. "Chapter 2: Animal Language." The Story of Doctor Dolittle. Lit2Go Edition. 1920. Web. <http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/221/the-story-of-doctor-dolittle/5616/chapter-2-animal-language/>. January 19, 2017. Hugh Lofting, "Chapter 2: Animal Language," The Story of Doctor Dolittle, Lit2Go Edition, (1920), accessed January 19, 2017, http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/221/the-story-of-doctor-dolittle/5616/chapter-2-animal-language/. Next The embedded audio player requires a modern internet browser. You should visit Browse Happy and update your internet browser today! It happened one day that the Doctor was sitting in his kitchen talking with the Cat's–meat–Man who had come to see him with a stomach–ache. "Why don't you give up being a people's doctor, and be an animal–doctor?" asked the Cat's–meat–Man. The parrot, Polynesia, was sitting in the window looking out at the rain and singing a sailor–song to herself. She stopped singing and started to listen. "You see, Doctor," the Cat's–meat–Man went on, "you know all about animals—much more than what these here vets do. That book you wrote—about cats, why, it's wonderful! I can't read or write myself—or maybe I'D write some books. But my wife, Theodosia, she's a scholar, she is. And she read your book to me. Well, it's wonderful—that's all can be said—wonderful. You might have been a cat yourself. You know the way they think. And listen: you can make a lot of money doctoring animals. Do you know that? You see, I'd send all the old women who had sick cats or dogs to you. And if they didn't get sick fast enough, I could put something in the meat I sell 'em to make 'em sick, see?" "Oh, no," said the Doctor quickly. "You mustn't do that. That wouldn't be right." "Oh, I didn't mean real sick," answered the Cat's–meat–Man. "Just a little something to make them droopy–like was what I had reference to. But as you say, maybe it ain't quite fair on the animals. But they'll get sick anyway, because the old women always give 'em too much to eat. And look, all the farmers 'round about who had lame horses and weak lambs—they'd come. Be an animal–doctor." When the Cat's–meat–Man had gone the parrot flew off the window on to the Doctor's table and said, "That man's got sense. That's what you ought to do. Be an animal–doctor. Give the silly people up—if they haven't brains enough to see you're the best doctor in the world. Take care of animals instead—THEY'll soon find it out. Be an animal–doctor." "Oh, there are plenty of animal–doctors," said John Dolittle, putting the flower–pots outside on the window–sill to get the rain. "Yes, there ARE plenty," said Polynesia. "But none of them are any good at all. Now listen, Doctor, and I'll tell you something. Did you know that animals can talk?" "I knew that parrots can talk," said the Doctor. "Oh, we parrots can talk in two languages—people's language and bird–language," said Polynesia proudly. "If I say, 'Polly wants a cracker,' you understand me. But hear this: Ka–ka oi–ee, fee–fee?" "Good Gracious!" cried the Doctor. "What does that mean?" "That means, 'Is the porridge hot yet?'—in bird–language." "My! You don't say so!" said the Doctor. "You never talked that way to me before." "What would have been the good?" said Polynesia, dusting some cracker–crumbs off her left wing. "You wouldn't have understood me if I had." "Tell me some more," said the Doctor, all excited; and he rushed over to the dresser–drawer and came back with the butcher's book and a pencil. "Now don't go too fast—and I'll write it down. This is interesting—very interesting—something quite new. Give me the Birds' A.B.C. first—slowly now." So tha |
Which prolific author created a men-only dining group called The Black Widowers for a series of mystery stories? | Black Widowers (Literature) - TV Tropes Black Widowers You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share YMMV The Black Widowers is a fictional men-only dining club created by Isaac Asimov for a series of sixty-six mystery stories that he started writing in 1971. Most of the stories follow the same basic convention: the six club members meet once a month at a private room at the Milano restaurant in New York. Each one takes a turn to act as host for the evening and brings along a guest for the occasion. The guest may be a friend, relative or colleague from work (women are not allowed). The meal is served by the incomparable waiter Henry Jackson � almost invariably referred to as simply Henry � whom the regulars look upon with high regard and even consider an actual member. After the main course, the brandy is served and the host rattles his spoon on his water glass for silence. One of the other Widowers is appointed as "griller" and begins the questioning, most often by asking the guest to "justify his existence". In the course of the subsequent conversation, it always comes out that the guest has a problem, varying from personal issues to problems at work to actual crimes. The club members try to solve the problem, raising various related aspects in the course of the conversation, but are unable to come to a conclusion or resolution. In the end, it is Henry who provides the correct, and usually very simple, answer, obtained from details mentioned in the conversation. The Black Widowers were based on a literary dining club Asimov belonged to known as the Trap Door Spiders. Members of the Widowers were based on real-life Spiders, some of them famous writers in their own right: Geoffrey Avalon, a patent attorney (based on L. Sprague de Camp ) Emmanuel Rubin, a mystery novelist and acquaintance of Isaac Asimov (based on Lester del Rey ) James Drake, a chemist (based on Dr. John D. Clark) Thomas Trumbull, an expert in cryptography for the United States government (based on Gilbert Cant) Mario Gonzalo, an artist, who usually draws a portrait of the evening's guest (based on Lin Carter) Roger Halsted, a high school mathematics teacher, fond of jokes and limericks (based on Don Bensen) Tropes used in the Black Widowers stories include: Apple of Discord : In "To The Barest," the late ex-Widower Ralph Ottur invokes this and alludes to the mythological example by leaving a sum of money in his will "to the barest" of the current Black Widowers, whatever that means � with the additional caveat that if they are smart enough to refuse to argue, the money will go to the American Nazi Party. (For extra points, Ottur deliberately chose a lawyer named Parris as his executor.) Clock Discrepancy : In one of the Black Widowers mysteries, where a character is woken up by a phone call at a time that is actually an hour later than he thinks it is (because he hasn't yet set his clock forward for Daylight Savings Time) and thus unwittingly provides a false alibi. In another Black Widowers story, a discrepancy between 5:50 (which would exonerate the accused) and "half past five" (which incriminates him) is resolved in favor of the former — the witness reporting the latter was an accountant used to decimal numbers who unconsciously interpreted the digital clock display as "five and a half". Distracted by My Own Sexy : In "No Smoking", the guest is a man whose specialty is job interviews. He keeps a variety of objects on his desk, and judges people's character by how they interact with those objects. The fashion-conscious Mario Gonzalo asks how he did on his interview, and the guest replies that he never reveals his secrets, but he will mention one thing: "There was a mirror in the room." Doing In the Wizard : Asimov does this in this series, especially in "The Obvious Factor" and "The Haunted Cabin". Another short story, "The Cross of Lorraine" features a Lawyer-Friendly Cameo of the Amazing Randi, who does this for a living. Dying Clue : In "The Sports Page", the guest relates the tale of a Russian spy (that is, a Ru |
The phrase 'motiveless malignity' was used by S. T. Coleridge to describe which diabolic villain of literature? | "The Motive-Hunting of Motiveless Malignity" A Note on "The Motive-Hunting of Motiveless Malignity" The famous phrase, "The motive-hunting of motiveless Malignity," occurs in a note Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote in his copy of Shakespeare, as he was preparing a series of lectures delivered in the winter of 1818-1819. The note concerns the end of Act 1, Scene 3 of Othello in which Iago takes leave of Roderigo, saying, "Go to, farewell. Put money enough in your purse," and then delivers the soliloquy beginning " Thus do I ever make my fool my purse ." Here is Coleridge's note: The triumph! again, put money after the effect has been fully produced.The last Speech, the motive-hunting of motiveless Malignityhow awful! In itself fiendishwhile yet he was allowed to bear the divine image, too fiendish for his own steady View.A being next to Devilonly not quite Devil& this Shakespeare has attemptedexecutedwithout disgust, without Scandal! (Lectures 1808-1819 On Literature 2: 315) Coleridge's phrase is often taken to mean that Iago has no real motive and does evil only because he is evil. This is not far from what Coleridge meant, but he almost certainly wasn't using the word "motive" in the same way as it's now used. We use it to mean "an emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action" ( The Free Dictionary by Farlex: Motive ). This definition equates "motive" and "impulse"; Coleridge, however, thought the two quite different. He makes this distinction in an entry he wrote for Omniana, a collection of sayings assembled by his friend Robert Southey and published in 1812. Here is what Coleridge wrote: 119. Motives and Impulses. It is a matter of infinite difficulty, but fortunately of comparative indifference, to determine what a man's motive may have been for this or that particular action. Rather seek to learn what his objects in general are!What does he habitually wish? habitually pursue?and thence deduce his impulses, which are commonly the true efficient causes of men's conduct; and without which the motive itself would not have become a motive. Let a haunch of venison represent the motive, and the keen appetite of health and exercise the impulse: then place the same or some more favourite dish, before the same man, sick, dyspeptic, and stomach-worn, and we may then weigh the comparative influences of motives and impulses. Without the perception of this truth, it is impossible to understand the character of Iago, who is represented as now assigning one, and then another, and again a third, motive for his conduct, all alike the mere fictions of his own restless nature, distempered by a keen sense of his intellectual superiority, and haunted by the love of exerting power, on those especially who are his superiors in practical and moral excellence. Yet how many among our modern critics have attributed to the profound author this, the appropriate inconsistency of the character itself! (Shorter Works and Fragments 1: 310) Thus Coleridge asserts that Iago's motives (in our sense) were his "keen sense of his intellectual superiority" and his "love of exerting power." And so Iago's malignity is "motiveless" because his motives (in Coleridge's sense) revenge for being passed over for promotion, and for being cuckolded by both Othello and Cassio are merely rationalizations. Works Cited Colderidge, Samuel Taylor. Lectures 1808-1819 On Literature. Ed. R. A. Foakes. Volume 2. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987. (Lectures 1808-1819 On Literature is Number 5 in The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Colderidge. Ed. Kathleen Coburn. 13 numbers to date. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1969.) Colderidge, Samuel Taylor. Shorter Works and Fragments. Ed. H. J. Jackson and J. R. de J. Jackson.Volume 1. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995. (Shorter Works and Fragments is Number 11 in The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Colderidge. Ed. Kathleen Coburn. 13 numbers to date. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Un |
A 1978 contemplative travel book of Peter Matthiessen concerned him tracking what elusive creature of the Himalayas? | The Snow Leopard by Peter Matthiessen — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists Shelves: aere-perennius , 2014 “The sun is roaring, it fills to bursting each crystal of snow. I flush with feeling, moved beyond my comprehension, and once again, the warm tears freeze upon my face. These rocks and mountains, all this matter, the snow itself, the air- the earth is ringing. All is moving, full of power, full of light.” ― Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard I'm a little embarrassed to say I hadn't paid attention to much of Matthiessen's work before he died. I had Shadow Country on my shelf and every intention o “The sun is roaring, it fills to bursting each crystal of snow. I flush with feeling, moved beyond my comprehension, and once again, the warm tears freeze upon my face. These rocks and mountains, all this matter, the snow itself, the air- the earth is ringing. All is moving, full of power, full of light.” ― Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard I'm a little embarrassed to say I hadn't paid attention to much of Matthiessen's work before he died. I had Shadow Country on my shelf and every intention of getting to it soon, but didn't realize he had this whole other nonfiction output. I read the Snow Leopard after I read his obit three weeks ago and discovered he was the only person (?) to win the National Book Award for BOTH fiction and nonfiction. OK, so, maybe it was time to throw off my veil of ignorance and start reading some Matthiessen. I figured 'The Snow Leopard' was a good place to start. I loved it. Part travel writing, part nature writing, part spiritual journey, this book has it all. It is beautifully written, and seems to float the reader up and down the mountains. At its heart Matthiessen is traveling with his field biologist friend George Schaller (GS) into the remote mountains of Nepal to study the Blue Sheep and hopefully see the elusive snow leopard (and hell, maybe a Yeti). Matthiessen was also on a spiritual journey after the loss of his wife to find the Lama of Shey and to find a path through the difficulties associated with the impermanence and suffering of life. His journey is a melting into the now, a search for the present, and an acceptance of finding and not finding the thing(s) you think you seek. ...more Shelves: travel This is one of the more beautifully written books I can remember reading. Descriptions of the flora, fauna and Himalayan villages were all very well done. Matthiessen's writing made it very easy for me to imagine the high reaching peaks and snow covered passes that gave the expedition so much trouble. His descriptions of the villages really made me pause to consider the hardships that such a life would entail. We also get to meet some fun characters along the way. GS is an interesting guy, but i This is one of the more beautifully written books I can remember reading. Descriptions of the flora, fauna and Himalayan villages were all very well done. Matthiessen's writing made it very easy for me to imagine the high reaching peaks and snow covered passes that gave the expedition so much trouble. His descriptions of the villages really made me pause to consider the hardships that such a life would entail. We also get to meet some fun characters along the way. GS is an interesting guy, but it was the Sherpas (and their upbeat approach to life) that really stood out to me. For the most part this book moves along smoothly, but there were a few times when I found myself getting bogged down just a little bit. Mostly, these moments occurred during pages discussing spirituality and the history of Buddhism. While I initially enjoyed learning as much as possible about a religion/philosophy I know very little about, the author spent too much time on the topic for my taste and it eventually grew tedious at times. Even during these stretches, however, Matthiessen’s amazing prose kept me going. I really loved the few pages Matthiessen spent discussing his relationship with his late wife. As a newly wed I found those chapters heart breaking but also highly informative. Matthiessen is not afraid to lay |
In Alan Moore's graphic novel V for Vendetta the anarchist wears a mask of which real-life person? | V for Vendetta (Comic Book) - TV Tropes V for Vendetta You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Comic Book / V for Vendetta × Remember, Remember, the Fifth of November, the Gunpowder Treason and Plot. I see no reason why the gunpowder treason should ever be forgot. V for Vendetta is a comic by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. Starting in March, 1982, it ran for 10 issues, originally in a British anthology comic called Warrior, and later in its own comic published by DC. It features several of Alan Moore's trademarks: Anarchy portrayed as a positive force, mixing fiction and historical fact, and large amounts of cynicism . It's the late 1990s in an alternate history, and Britain is ruled by a fascist government that came into power after the world went right to hell. Cameras are on every corner, surveillance vans roam the streets, and the government has long since rounded up any deviants or undesirable citizens that would otherwise taint the purity of Britain. On November 5th, 1997, a young woman named Evey Hammond, with a job that pays too little to live on and no prospect of anything better, goes out after curfew to try her hand at prostitution. A run-in with a few rapist policemen is interrupted by a mysterious man in a Guy Fawkes mask, a man who kills several of the policemen and move quickly Evey away to safety. He takes Evey to a nearby rooftop, giving her a spectacular view of his next act: blowing up the Houses of Parliament. He later brings Evey to his Elaborate Underground Base , where he introduces himself as V. Though frightened by the man at first, Evey decides to join in his campaign against the ruling powers of Britain, one that quickly spirals from a few acts of destruction into something that threatens to plunge the entire country into anarchy - which is, of course, exactly what V wants. Also featured in the story are several government officials and the people that surround them, and how the acts perpetrated by V affect their professional and personal lives. The regular citizens of Britain are also featured, for what V does to those in power affects them as well, directly or otherwise. As noted by David Lloyd in his foreword in the collected edition, this is a story for people who don't switch off the news. A film adaptation was released in 2006 with reasonably good reviews and box office success, though Moore, as with all other film adaptations of his works, publicly disowned it and asked to have his name removed from the credits. This series provides examples of: Actual Pacifist : Evey refuses to help V when she realises he's murdering people, and at the end she says of the rioting Londoners, "I won't help them kill. But I will help them build." Minor subversion, as Evey was about to shoot Alistair Harper for murdering her lover before she was captured by a disguised V. Added Alliterative Appeal : After Finch takes acid he comes up with: V: Vaulting, veering, vomiting up the values that victimized me, feeling vast, feeling virginal... was this how he felt? This verve, this vitality... this vision... La voie... la vérité... la vie.'' The name of every chapter in the novel is a word starting with the letter 'V'. After the End : Specifically, a nuclear war in 1988. While the state of the world as a whole is never directly addressed, Europe and Africa in particular are said to be "gone". Given that Africa contains little or nothing of interest to a nuclear power's targeteers, it may be surmised that the war's aftereffects have ravaged the world even more thoroughly than the weapons themselves must have. Age-Inappropriate Dress : Evey's prostitute outfit. She is only sixteen at the start of the comic and is turning to prostitution to make a living. All There in the Manual : The musical interlude, This Vicious Cabaret, pretty much outlines all of V's plans, but the initial reading makes it look like a summary of the preceding chapters. Anarchy Is Chaos : Averted . V explains in detail that traditional anarchy is not without order. There is far too much information to cover here b |
What French novel is said to based on an epidemic that hit the Algerian city of Oran in 1849? | Good novels about the plague? - MobileRead Forums Good novels about the plague? User Name Tip Got Facebook? Join our MobileRead Facebook Fan Page ! Page 1 of 3 Device: Kindle Paperwhite/iOS Kindle App Good novels about the plague? I just finished Domesday Book by Connie Willis and loved it. Can anyone recommend some other good novels based around the plague? Join Date: Dec 2007 Location: Paris, France Device: eb1150 & is that a nook in her pocket, or she just happy to see you? i would recommend The Plague, by Camus. (actually, i recommend anything at all by Camus ). from wikipedia : Quote: The Plague (Fr. La Peste) is a novel by Albert Camus, published in 1947, that tells the story of medical workers finding solidarity in their labour as the Algerian city of Oran is swept by a plague epidemic. It asks a number of questions relating to the nature of destiny and the human condition. The characters in the book, ranging from doctors to vacationers to fugitives, all help to show the effects the plague has on a populace. The novel is believed to be based on the bubonic plague epidemic that killed a large percentage of Oran's population in 1849 following French colonization. Oran and its environs were struck by the plague multiple times before Camus published this novel. According to a research report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oran was decimated by the plague in 1556 and 1678, but outbreaks after European colonization, in 1921 (185 cases), 1931 (76 cases), and 1944 (95 cases), were very far from the scale of the epidemic described in the novel. The Plague is considered an existentialist classic despite Camus' objection to the label. The narrative tone is similar to Kafka's, especially in The Trial, where individual sentences potentially have multiple meanings, the material often pointedly resonating as stark allegory of phenomenal consciousness and the human condition. Camus included a dim-witted character misreading The Trial as a mystery novel as an oblique homage. The novel has been read as a metaphorical treatment of the French resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II. Although Camus's approach in the book is severe, his narrator emphasizes the ideas that we ultimately have no control, irrationality of life is inevitable, and he further illustrates the human reaction towards the ‘absurd’. The Plague represents how the world deals with the philosophical notion of the Absurd, a theory which Camus himself helped to define. |
The award winning 2005 children's book And Tango Makes Three has been subject to much controversy as it was seen to be highlighting what behavior in the animal kingdom? | Banned Books A -- M Adam Bede (1859) by George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) ("Vile outpourings of a lewd woman's mind."). Adolescents Today (1986) by John S. Dacey. The Advancement of Learning (1605) by Sir Francis Bacon. The Adventures of Captain Underpants (1997) by Dav Pilkey ("Causes unruly behavior.") The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) by Mark Twain ("Racist." "Degrading, insensitive, and oppressive." "Use of the word 'nigger.'" Banned in 1885 in the Concord, Massachusetts library for being what the Public Library Committee called "trash". From a newspaper clipping: Boston Evening Transcript March 17, 1885 p. 6 "Huckleberry Finn" Barred Out. The Concord (Mass.) Public Library committee has decided to exclude Mark Twain's latest book from the library. One member of the committee says that, while he does not wish to call it immoral, he thinks it contains but little humor, and that of a very coarse type. He regards it as the veriest trash. The librarian and the other members of the committee entertain similar views, characterizing it as rough, coarse and inelegant, dealing with a series of experiences not elevating, the whole book being more suited to the slums that to intelligent, respectable people." Read other press items HERE . Challenged in the Normal, Illinois Community high school’s sophomore literature class in 2003 as being degrading to African Americans. Pulled from the reading lists at the three Renton, Washington high schools in 2004 after an African American student said the book degraded her and her culture. The novel, which is not required reading in Renton schools but is on a supplemental list of approved books, was eventually retained for classroom usage. Pulled from classes in Taylor, Michigan, schools [2006] because of complaints about its liberal use of common racial slurs. Challenged as required reading at Cactus High in Peoria, Arizona [2006]. The student and mother have threatened to file a civil-rights complaint because of alleged racial treatment, the segregation of the student, and the use of a racial slur in the classroom. Challenged in the Lakeville, Minnesota High School [2007] and St. Louis Park High School in Minneapolis, Minnesota [2007] as required reading for sophomores. Retained in the Manchester, Connecticut School District [2008] with the requirement that teachers attend seminars on how to deal with issues of race before teaching the book in their classrooms.) The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby (2002) by Dav Pilkey (Challenged, but retained in the Riverside, California Union School District classrooms and libraries in 2003 despite a complaint of the book's "inappropriate scatological storyline.") The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) by Mark Twain ("Racist, dangerous." "Too full of racially charged language.") Adventures in English Literature. Aesop's Fables by Aesop (According to the legend, the Greek slave and storyteller was flung from the cliffs at Delphi for sacrilege.) A Feast for the Seaweeds (1983) by Haidar Haidar (Banned in Egypt and several other Arab states, and even resulted in a belated angry reaction from the clerics of Al-Azhar University upon reprinting in Egypt in the year 2000. The clerics issued a fatwa banning the novel and accused Haidar of heresy and offending Islam. Al-Azhar University students staged huge protests against the novel, that eventually led to its confiscation. -- wikipedia.) The Affluent Society (1958) by John Kenneth Galbraith ("I will do anything to thwart permissive liberalism." They should be "balanced by at least four books with conservative viewpoints.") After the First Death (1979) by Robert Cormier. The Age of Reason (1794) by Thomas Paine (More than one publisher was prosecuted for printing this book, which argues for Deism and against Christianity and Atheism. "Blasphemous." Theodore Roosevelt called Paine "a filthy little atheist.") The Agony of Alice (1985) by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor. Alan and Naomi (1977) by Myron Levoy ("Has a sad ending.") Alas, Babylon (1959) by Pat Frank. The Alfred Summer (1980) by Jan Slepian. Alice Alone (20 |
In March 1989, Britain and Iran broke diplomatic relations over what reason related to literature? | Midnight's Children - Salman Rushdie - Author Biography • Education—M.A., King's College, Cambridge, UK • Awards—Booker Prize, 1981 (named the best novel to win the Booker Prize in its first twenty-five years in 1993); Whitbread Prize, 1988 and 1995 • Currently—lives in New York, New York Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie is a British Indian novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. He is said to combine magical realism with historical fiction; his work is concerned with the many connections, disruptions and migrations between East and West. His fourth novel, The Satanic Verses (1988), was the centre of a major controversy, provoking protests from Muslims in several countries, some violent. Death threats were made against him, including a fatwa issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, on February 14, 1989. Rushdie was appointed Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France in January 1999. In June 2007, Queen Elizabeth II knighted him for his services to literature. In 2008, The Times ranked him thirteenth on its list of the fifty greatest British writers since 1945. Since 2000, Rushdie has lived in the United States, where he has worked at the Emory University and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. His most recent book is Joseph Anton: A Memoir, an account of his life in the wake of the Satanic Verses controversy. Career Rushdie's first career was as a copywriter, working for the advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather, where he came up with "irresistibubble" for Aero and "Naughty but Nice" for cream cakes, and for the agency Ayer Barker, for whom he wrote the memorable line "That'll do nicely" for American Express. It was while he was at Ogilvy that he wrote Midnight's Children, before becoming a full-time writer. John Hegarty of Bartle Bogle Hegarty has criticised Rushdie for not referring to his copywriting past frequently enough, although conceding: "He did write crap ads...admittedly." His first novel, Grimus, a part-science fiction tale, was generally ignored by the public and literary critics. His next novel, Midnight's Children, catapulted him to literary notability. This work won the 1981 Booker Prize and, in 1993 and 2008, was awarded the Best of the Bookers as the best novel to have received the prize during its first 25 and 40 years. Midnight's Children follows the life of a child, born at the stroke of midnight as India gained its independence, who is endowed with special powers and a connection to other children born at the dawn of a new and tumultuous age in the history of the Indian sub-continent and the birth of the modern nation of India. The character of Saleem Sinai has been compared to Rushdie. However, the author has refuted the idea of having written any of his characters as autobiographical, stating... People assume that because certain things in the character are drawn from your own experience, it just becomes you. In that sense, I’ve never felt that I’ve written an autobiographical character. After Midnight's Children, Rushdie wrote Shame, in which he depicts the political turmoil in Pakistan, basing his characters on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Shame won France's Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger (Best Foreign Book) and was a close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works of postcolonial literature are characterised by a style of magic realism and the immigrant outlook that Rushdie is very conscious of as a member of the Indian diaspora. Rushdie wrote a non-fiction book about Nicaragua in 1987 called The Jaguar Smile. This book has a political focus and is based on his first-hand experiences and research at the scene of Sandinista political experiments. His most controversial work, The Satanic Verses, was published in 1988 (see below). Rushdie has published many short stories, including those collected in East, West (1994). The Moor's Last Sigh, a family epic ranging over some 100 years of India's histor |
Polydactyl cats (born with more than the usual number of toes) are associated with which writer who was known for his love for them? | Polydactyl Cats | PoC Polydactyl Cats by Michael Broad Polydactyl cats have more than the usual number of toes. The normal number is five on each of the paws of the front limbs and four on each of the paws of the hind limbs. Polydactyl cats have 6 or 7 on the front and 5 on the rear. They have strikingly over-sized paws and Catherine has described her cat, Big Foot , who certainly has one of the biggest paws that I have seen. It seems that the extra toes can lead some cats to being more dextrous with their paws. Valley Girl lives with a polydactyl Maine Coon, Tootsie, and talks about this (new window). It is said that the extra dexterity comes from opposable inner toes in some polydactyl cats. Human thumbs are opposable because they can touch the fingers. They move in a different direction (towards the fingers) which allows us to grasp things. The same applies to cats that are polydactyl. Is it possible that this ability to be more dexterous has indirectly made these cats smarter through using their paws to grasp objects etc.? See too: Cat Intelligence . I think that there are four natural topics to discuss on this subject: their origins, what causes polydactylism, whether there are any associated health problems and what about the breeding of this cat? Incidentally, two other names (there are more) for cats with more than the usual number of toes are: Cardi cats – named after Cardiganshire in South West Wales (UK) where there is a higher than average population of polydactyl cats. This is perhaps because this was and is a shipping area and sailors considered these cats better mousers and so they were ships cats. Hemingway cats – the author Ernest Hemingway who kept cats one of which was polydactyl. These is now a colony of them. See American Polydactyl Cats (new window). Origin of Polydactyl cats Well, some Americans say that they are unique to the United States, which is not true – sorry – I hope the special relationship is not damaged. They are found in the UK and in Europe generally and why not? Genetic mutations of domestic cats have no reason to be confined to North America, surely. There is the argument that they were imported with the Puritan settlers that landed near Boston. Although others argue that these cats were already there. However, it is now accepted that the domestic cat comes from the European and African-Asian, wildcats. This being the case it would mean that the importation theory must be correct. The importation theory is supported by clusters of polydactyl cats in places where ships from Boston would have travelled to at the time (1600s and later), namely Yarmouth, Massachusetts and Halifax, Nova Scotia . See map below: Charles Darwin referred to six-toed cats in his book The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume 1. The book was published in the 1850s apparently. Although the cat fancy had yet to really start deliberate cat breeding at this time, breeding was probably taking place in England before then. It is said breeding of cats in Paraguay started 300 years earlier! How – genes Polydactyl cats carry a mutated dominant gene – Pd – that causes this congenital defect, charming though it is. Although this (according to Robinson’s Genetics) is the only known gene, implying there may be others. The authors of Robinson’s genetics say that this condition may not be caused by a single mutant gene There are two forms (a) extra digits on the inside (thumb side) and (b) on the outside. This is a dominant gene with variable expression. One of the expressions of the gene causes harmful medical conditions such as radial hypoplasia . There is a cat type called the Twisty Cat that is controversial and which is an example of one of the various types of expression of this gene. Polydactyl hind feet only exist when the condition is present in the forelimbs. Breeding There are breeders who want to create a distinct breed from polydactyl cats. There is the American Polydactyl Cat for instance and another is the Ithacats. One breeder I think worth mentioning is Polypaws (new window). They seem |
What is the name of the castle in Mervyn Peake's series of fantasy novels that has now come to mean any sprawling complex? | Titus Groan Audiobook | Mervyn Peake | Audible.com "Count Me Among the Peake Fans" As others have noted, Peake is often spoken of in the same breath as Tolkein. They are undoubtedly two of the greatest English fantasy novelists of the twentieth century. But rather than thinking of Peake as similar to Tolkein, it's perhaps best to think of him as the anti-Tolkein. Both Peake and Tolkein are great at what they do, but they're up to rather different things. If The Lord of the Rings is a basically celebratory series that focuses on plot, Peake's Gormenghast books (not, by design, a trilogy, but the first three books of a longer series cut short by Peake's untimely death) are deeply cynical and are about character and, above all, setting. While Tolkein's world is full of magic, monsters, and a variety of non-human races, Peake's is largely without all these things. I'm a longtime Tolkein fan who is now also a Peake fan. Plenty of people appreciate the qualities of both authors. But others love one and detest the other. For example, the great British novelist Michael Moorcock is a proponent of Peake and a detractor of Tolkein. At any rate, this book is a classic that deserves a listen by those prepared for something un-Middle Earth-y. And Robert Whitfield's reading is truly outstanding, as he effectively brings to life the many characters who populate Peake's book. "A great book ,no cliches, worth the effort" I completely understand why a lot of readers would give this book a low rating. Many readers, and especially readers of fantasy, get very comfortable with the presence of cliches, and this book just doesn't give them any. Titus Groan doesn't have a grand good vs evil narrative, there is no sword play, nor wizards, nor damsels in distress, nor teenager-saves-the-world narrative. You get none of the usual formulas. The action is sparse, the language is thick, and the world is just sort of weird. It's not something that an average teenage fantasy fan will enjoy. With that said, Titus Groan is a fantasy masterpiece. In its weird way, it's every bit as rich as Tolkien or Rowling. The characters are bizarrely entertaining, and the challenges they face are, if not quite the all-encompassing fight for civilization, nonetheless poignant and intriguing. As strange as the novel is, it feels more real than most fantasy. Titus Groan is a novel without a contrived road-map, and it is as much high literature as it is fantasy. Good literature is challenging: it forces you to think, and if you engage in it, it is far more rewarding than a thousand sword and sorcerer novels. Readers who think in cliches will either fail to understand the novel or will grow frustrated at the meandering plot. But for those who like a challenge, who enjoy reading about a fantastical world for its own sake, and who have an attention span that hasn't been crippled by frenetic, pop-culture oriented fantasies, this book is well worth it. It's strange and rich and utterly unlike anything you're ever going to see again. It's beautiful. "The Pleasures of a Rich & Vivid Baroque Nightmare" Mervyn Peake???s Titus Groan (1946) is unique. Dense, funny, sad, hermetic, and epic, it stands alone in the landscape of literature, like the labyrinthine, ???umbrageous,??? and craggy castle Gormenghast, in which the Groan family of earls and their servants and workers are ruled by iron tradition and obscure ritual. The novel begins with the birth of Titus, the unsmiling son of Sepulchrave, the 76th Earl, and with the escape of Steerpike, the amoral, clever, and ambitious kitchen boy. These events initiate ???that most unforgivable of all heresies,??? change. Peake writes the stifled life of the decaying castle and its grotesque inhabitants with humor and empathy. And with intense detail, so that it might be difficult for a first time reader/listener to enter Peake???s world of baroque descriptions and bizarre yet apt metaphors. But the persevering reader drawn more to the strange pleasures of a poet-painter???s skewed imagination than to the familiar excitements |
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