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Stevie Nicks of Fleetwood Mac avoided black clothing to distance herself from the dark arts associations surrounding her as a result of which of the band's hit song? | rhiannon song : definition of rhiannon song and synonyms of rhiannon song (English) " Say You Love Me " (1976) "Rhiannon" is a song written by Stevie Nicks and originally recorded by Fleetwood Mac . First released on their self-titled album in 1975 , it was subsequently issued as a single the following year. "Rhiannon" was voted #488 in The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine. Its US chart peak was in June 1976, when it hit #11. [1] It reached #46 in the UK singles chart after re-release in February 1978. [2] The song is always referred to as simply "Rhiannon" on Fleetwood Mac albums. The suffixed title "Rhiannon (Will You Ever Win)" was only used on singles in certain territories. Live performances of the song were sometimes prefaced with Nicks saying, "This is a song about an old Welsh witch." [3] During 1975–1980, Fleetwood Mac's live performances of "Rhiannon" took on a theatrical intensity not present on the FM-radio single. The song built to a climax in which Nicks' vocals were so impassioned that, as drummer and band co-founder Mick Fleetwood said, "her Rhiannon in those days was like an exorcism." [4] Contents 6 External links Background This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this section if you can. (June 2008) Nicks discovered Rhiannon through a novel called Triad, by Mary Leader. The novel is about a woman named Branwen, who is possessed by another woman named Rhiannon. There is mention of the Welsh legend of Rhiannon in the novel, but the characters in the novel bear little resemblance to their original Welsh namesakes (both Rhiannon and Branwen are major female characters in the medieval Welsh prose tales of the Mabinogion ). Nicks bought the novel in an airport just before a long flight and thought the name was so pretty that she wanted to write something about a girl named Rhiannon. She wrote "Rhiannon" in 1974, three months before joining Fleetwood Mac, and has claimed that it took 10 minutes to write. After writing the song, Nicks learned that Rhiannon originated from a Welsh goddess, and was amazed that the haunting song lyrics applied to the Welsh Rhiannon as well. Nicks researched the Mabinogion story and began work on a Rhiannon project, unsure of whether it would become a movie, a musical, a cartoon, or a ballet. There are several "Rhiannon Songs" from this unfinished project including " Stay Away " and " Maker of Birds ". Nicks wrote the Fleetwood Mac song " Angel " based on the Rhiannon story. Nicks avoided wearing black clothing for "about two years" in an effort to distance herself from the witchcraft and dark arts associations surrounding her as a result of the lyrics to "Rhiannon" giving fans the wrong impression. [5] Personnel Mick Fleetwood – drums Covers Redd Kross recorded a lo-fi version of "Rhiannon" in 1988, which was released as a 7" 45-rpm single bundled with the magazine "Away From The Pulsebeat". Waylon Jennings covered the song in his 1985 album, Turn the Page. Hardcore Punk band Zeke also covered the song in their 2000 Dirty Sanchez album. The song was recorded in 1976 by Lochiel, Glenwood, and South Carvolth Schools for the The Langley Schools Music Project . Hole also sampled "Rhiannon (Will You Ever Win)" on the song "Starbelly". Japanese artist Superfly covered the song as a B-side of the single "Ai o Komete Hanataba o", released on February 28, 2008. American Idol finalist Brooke White covered the song on her 2009 iTunes Live Sessions album. Taylor Swift performed with Stevie Nicks at the 2010 Grammy Awards. Buckethead usually plays the opening riff between a song. American Idol Season 9 finalist Didi Benami *performed a cover of the song on the Top 8 female performances on Tuesday, March 9, 2010. American Idol Season 10 finalist Haley Reinhart performed a cover of "Rhiannon" during the Top 3 finalist performances on May 19, 2011. Best Coast covered the song in a live session for Sirius XMU in May 2012. Appearances in other media The song appeared in 2011 a |
Due to the large number of languages used in the European Union, its anthem is purely instrumental. Despite this, the German lyrics from what work of Friedrich Schiller, connected to Beethoven, are often sung when the anthem is played? | Europe, my city, my future! | Learning to be European Europe, my city, my future! by ecicodema Our school has appeared in some local newspapers that talked about our iniciative at the European day. We not only celebrated the day with Mr. Garriga but also received the plaque that identifies our school as a Comenius centre. Here you have a link to the school’s official webpage where you can see all the information about the Comenious iniciative and about 9th May events. by ecicodema 9th of May was a busy day for us, the group of 2nd of Bachiller. In the last days of the academic year, surrounded by tests and homework we started the Day of Europe with an oral exposition with the pupils from 3rd and 4rd of ESO. We explained them what it really is being european, and they also colaborate with their own ideas and opinions, transforming the speech in a meeting about the european idenity that grows inside each of us. Reaching eleven o’ clock in the morning we had to leave to prepare our photographic exposition “Europe, where are you?” that we had been preparing. Each pupil, and our teacher, took a photogragh that explained how we see Europe in our city. It took hard work but finally it was worth it. Then we went to meet Mr. Salvador Garriga, a MEP, who kindly came to our school to celebrate this special day with us. Our whole school attended to an act in the theatre where one of the pupils of our group, Julián Martínez Pérez, conducted a little orchestra formed entirely by pupils from our school that played the European anthem. Here you have the video: European anthem by Codema orchestra After the act, some of us had the opportunity to have a colloquium with him, in which he answered to all of our questions and we debated topics as diverse as a possible European army, the economic budget for the programme Erasmus, or the importance of speaking several foreign languages. To sum up, we had a bustling day, but it was a special form of celebrating Schuman’s day. by ecicodema Cooperation, collaboration, support, commitment, perseverance. After this intensive course and, at this point, I think these words are not just that for us. Like a gear connection, in which each of its parts is fundamental to its operation, each of the members of this group, ECI, is essential to have managed to carry out all the projects that we have proposed. These values are fundamental in a team and how hard it is to put them all in line. They combine different ways of thinking, character and above all, a different way of interpreting and giving opinions to the issues we have discussed, a different way to see Europe. Connect these ideas trying to make each contribute its part has not been easy but I personally think that is what has enriched our work, the plurality has not been an impediment, but rather the opposite. Actually, our group is not so different as that formed by the countries of the European Union. Mutual support is needed between themselves and with the rest of the countries that are not part of it, impartial cooperation glorifies the common goal of any country and away the differences that confront. However, this is one of the biggest problems, disinterest. Currently, dominates the “help” of a powerful country to another with less possibilities but can offer something enriching, and there are few altruistic acts. From my point of view, this aspect is where is needed to put in practice the values mentioned at the beginning: “Cooperation, collaboration, support, commitment and perseverance, to function as a gear, a group, a team. In short, to achieve the common good” Although remains much work to ensure that these values prevail in international relations, the European Union has launched some agreements as “Partnership and Cooperation Agreements (PCAs)” with Russia, Eastern Europe, the Southern Caucasus and Central Asia. The aim of these agreements I to strengthen their democracies and develop their economies through cooperation in a wide range of areas as preventing illegal activities or financial cooperation and therefore through politica |
Which overture written by Felix Mendelssohn was inspired by the echoes of a Scottish sea cave that he visited in 1829 and was named for it? | The Lonely Island: Mendelssohn’s Hebrides Overture - Research Paper - Anna The Lonely Island: Mendelssohn’s Hebrides Overture By: Anna • Research Paper • 1,171 Words • February 3, 2010 • 552 Views Page 1 of 5 Join now to read essay The Lonely Island: Mendelssohn’s Hebrides Overture The Lonely Island Inspiration can be found in the strangest of places, amongst the strangest of things. In 1829, Felix Mendelssohn was inspired by a great cavern, rich with Scottish mythology. While sailing through the Hebrides Islands off the coast of Scotland, he saw the famed Fingal’s Cave and was so moved by its beauty that he jotted down a full orchestration that became the beginning of one of his most famous works, The Hebrides Overture. Originally titled, The Lonely Island, this masterpiece has become a staple in today’s orchestral repertoire. Felix Mendelssohn was born on February 3rd, 1809, in Hamburg, Germany. His father was Abraham Mendelssohn, who was a wealthy banker. Abraham was the son of Jewish rabbi and philosopher Moses Mendelssohn. As a Jewish philosopher, Moses discouraged Jews from turning away from their religion in order to make social gains. This, however, did not stop Abraham and his wife, Leah Salomon, from baptizing their four children as Lutherans, and ultimately converting to Lutheranism themselves. At the time of their conversion, the family added the surname Bartholdy and relocated to Berlin. Felix had three siblings: Fanny, Rebekah, and Paul. At a young age, Felix began to show signs of virtuosity, excelling on the piano and the violin. Despite this, Abraham thought that Fanny, who was a very gifted pianist, would be the most musical of his children. In her life, she became well known as an amateur pianist and composer, but because of the view of the time that women could not be professional musicians, she remained an amateur. It was Felix who became legendary. He studied the works of Beethoven, Bach, Handel, and Mozart, and had his own private orchestra to play the pieces he composed. Before he was 14, Felix had written 12 symphonies for string orchestra. At 15, he had written his first symphony for full orchestra. He wrote one of his most well known pieces, A Midsummer Nights Dream, based off of Shakespeare’s play, at the age of 17. A year later, his opera, Die Hochzeit des Camacho was debuted. This performance, however, was a failure and consequently the only time it was to be performed during his lifetime. Mendelssohn was a man who not only excelled at performing music. He could speak several different languages and was a prolific composer and conductor. As a conductor, he helped to revive interest in the classic composers, such as Mozart, Bach, and Beethoven. In 1829, he conducted St. Matthews Passion, a piece written by Bach for solo voice, choir, and orchestra. This was the first time the piece had been performed since Bach’s death in 1750. This performance was successful and helped bring about a revival of the classics. Mendelssohn was also a gifted artist, writer, and critic. In March of 1837, Mendelssohn married Cecile Jeanrenaud. Together, they had five children: Carl, Marie, Paul, Felix, and Lilli. The mythological druidic man named Fingal has been the source for many great literary works, and according to legend, is responsible for creating many natural phenomena. It is said that he created the Giant’s Causeway and the Isle of Man. The great basaltic cavern on the island of Staffa in the Hebrides is named after Fingal. The cave is roughly 275 feet deep and 75 feet high. The walls are made of hexagonally shaped pillars of basalt, giving it the appearance of a dark and giant organ. Fingal’s Cave is a sea cave. Sea caves are formed when the beating winds and waves tear away at a weak spot in the rock. In this case, the weak spot was a fissure, left behind from ancient lava flows, which also explains why the rock is in columns. Mendelssohn visited Fingal’s Cave in the summer of 1829. As was the custom with most rich young men, Mendelssohn toured through Europe, seeing all the sights and visiti |
If the Julliard School is to New York, the Berklee College of Music is to which city? | Berklee College of Music Getting into Berklee Apply to Berklee's undergraduate, master's, and summer programs and register for courses offered by our online school. More Boston Conservatory Opera Intensive at Valencia Join opera singers from across the globe in Valencia, Spain this summer for a three-week intensive designed to hone performance skills and build a career in opera. Apply by February 15. More Graduate Programs Learn about Berklee's master's degrees offered on our Boston and Valencia, Spain campuses, with programs including music therapy, performance, business, film scoring, and music technology. More Study Abroad Read about members of an alt-rock band and other Berklee students who have spent a semester studying in Valencia, Spain. More M.M. in Orchestral Conducting Study with esteemed conductor Bruce Hangen and spend your days at the podium in Boston Conservatory at Berklee's orchestral conducting program . Apply by December 15. More Be Moved. Move Others. Boston Conservatory at Berklee's top-rated contemporary dance program challenges you to think beyond conventions to become a cutting-edge artist. Apply by December 15. Learn More M.M. in Strings Performance Boston Conservatory at Berklee’s graduate string programs prepare musicians for versatile careers through specialized performance training and focused studies in audition technique, career development, and entrepreneurship. Apply by December 15. More Berklee Summer Learn, play, and take your musicianship to the next level. Register now for summer programs that give you a taste of Berklee—on the stage and in the classroom. More Full-Tuition Grants for Global Jazz Graduate Program Beginning with the fall 2016 class, all students accepted into Berklee's master of music in contemporary performance (global jazz concentration) program will be awarded full-tuition grants valued at $47,500. More Valencia, Spain Campus Berklee's first international campus, in Valencia, Spain, offers master's degrees, summer programs, and many other opportunities for global music education. M.M. in Choral Conducting Develop your artistic voice and gain hands-on experience leading an ensemble in Boston Conservatory at Berklee’s choral conducting program, let by distinguished conductor George Case. Apply by December 15. More Your Role Awaits Boston Conservatory at Berklee's leading theater programs provide a trademark combination of acting, voice, and movement training that prepares students for a life in the arts. Apply by December 15. Learn More Define Your Artistry Boston Conservatory at Berklee's 50 degree-granting music programs offer musicians focused, conservatory-style training that has been reimagined for 21st-century artists. Apply by December 15. More A New Musical Epiphany Grammy-winners Craig Hella Johnson and vocal ensemble Conspirare will perform "Considering Matthew Shepard" at Boston’s Symphony Hall, navigating tragedy and finding humanity. More Alumni Earn Slew of Grammy Nominations Berklee alumni could take home as many as 33 Grammy Awards on music’s biggest night. KING, which includes vocalists Paris Strother '08 and Anita Bias '07, earned its first nomination. Find out who else was nominated. More Berklee Artists Fill 2016 ‘Best of’ Lists Many members of the Berklee community made or contributed to 2016 albums that have been recognized as among the year’s best by several of the most respected music journalism outlets. More Meeting of the Music Ed Minds At the annual Berklee City Music Network Summit, educators, students, and experts from across the U.S. converged to share best practices for music-based youth development. More ‘Baptism by Fire’ in the Studio Former Berklee Internet Radio Network (BIRN) engineers say the college station prepared them for studio careers at Converse Rubber Tracks, Disney, and Inspire Entertainment. More Scoring Westworld: Djawadi '98 Acclaimed composer Ramin Djawadi ‘98 plays with two worlds—the sci-fi future and the Old West—in scoring HBO's hit series 'Westworld' with a mixture of acoustic and synthetic sounds. More The Pri |
The Italian soprano Renata Tebaldi who is acclaimed as one of the most beloved opera singers of all time was known for her rivalry with which other legendary soprano? | Renata Tebaldi music | Artists Voice/Instrument: Biography Renata Tebaldi (Pesaro, Italy) was an Italian lirico-spinto soprano, popular in the post-war period. Acclaimed as one of the most beloved opera singers of all time, she primarily focused on the verismo roles of the lyric and dramatic repertoires.Contents Early years Tebaldi was born Renata Ersilia Clotilde Tebaldi in Pesaro, the daughter of a cellist, Teobaldo Tebaldi, and Giuseppina Barbieri, a gifted singer who had wanted a singing career but eventually became a nurse instead. Very soon, the parents split up and Renata, together with her mother, moved to the latter's home town, Langhirano in the Province of Parma. Stricken with polio at the age of three, Tebaldi was unable to take part in strenuous activities and instead became interested in music. She was a member of the church choir in Langhirano and her mother sent her to piano lessons with Signorina Passani in Parma at the age of thirteen; she worked with boundless diligence, practising four or five hours a day and dreaming of a career as a concert pianist. She also sang everything she heard. Her main source of inspiration was listening to the radio. It was not until her piano teacher took the initiative that Renata was sent to Italo Brancucci, a singing teacher at the conservatory of Parma. She began studying a short time later at the conservatory, taking lessons with Ettore Campogalliani for three years. Renata had to concentrate on scales and voice training for two years before she was allowed to learn the first songs towards the end of her second year of training. Carmen Melis She went off to spend a Christmas holiday with her father's brother, her uncle Valentino, at Pesaro. There, as operatic destiny would have it, Valentino owned a small café where the famous former diva Carmen Melis came to buy pastries. Melis was a teacher at the Pesaro Conservatory. Valentino talked to Melis about his niece, and the diva finally consented to audition the young girl. Melis had been a soprano prima donna at La Scala in Milan and had sung with Caruso and Titta Ruffo. Melis was to become Tebaldi's most important teacher: the next day, and for the remainder of her holiday, Tebaldi worked with Melis; when she returned to Parma, the improvement was so drastic that no one believed it was the same voice. It was then that she determined to move to Pesaro permanently, where she lived with her father's family and took classes with Melis both at the conservatory and privately. Melis organised a scholarship for her and Tebaldi made her first public appearance singing "Ebben? Ne andrò lontana" from Catalani's La Wally at the theatre in Urbino. At the age of 22, Tebaldi made her debut as Elena in Boito's Mefistofele in Rovigo. She performed several more times in Parma - in La Bohème, L'amico Fritz and Andrea Chénier and started working, again through Melis, with the conductor and singing teacher Giuseppe Pais in Milan 1944. An audition for Giulio Gatti-Casazza, the Scala's director, came to nothing as there were hardly any performances anymore during the war years. She made her debut as Desdemona in Trieste alongside Francesco Merli and caused a stir. Arturo Toscanini Her major breakthrough came in 1946, when she auditioned in Milan for Arturo Toscanini. Toscanini was favorably impressed, calling her "voce d'angelo" (angel voice). Tebaldi made her La Scala debut that year at the concert which marked the reopening of the theatre after World War II. She sang the "Prayer" ("Dal tuo stellato soglio") from Rossini's biblical opera, Mosè in Egitto, as well as the soprano part in Verdi's Te Deum. She was given the operatic roles of Margherita and Elena in Mefistofele and Elsa in Lohengrin in 1946. The following year, she appeared in La Bohème and as Eva in Die Meistersinger. Toscanini encouraged her to sing the role of Aida and invited her to rehearse the role in his studio. She was of the opinion that the role of Aida was reserved for a dramatic soprano, but Toscanini convinced her and she made her role debut at La Scala in 1950 along |
Clang! The Avedis Zildjian Company is best known for producing and popularizing what musical instruments? | DRUM! Magazine December 2015 by Enter Music Publishing, Inc. - issuu issuu P L AY B E T T E R FA ST E R 40 YEARS IN THE STUDIO WITH RUSH BY NEIL PEART Terri Lyne Win This Kit Worth $5,208! Sisterhood D234_01_Cover_NOSPINE.indd 1 10 Tips For Every Hand Drummer New Lesson ISSUE 234 Columnist! Chris Fryar Of Zac Brown Band December 2015 10 Carter Beauford’s Trickiest Tracks Jeremy Spencer Newest Five Finger Death Punch Licks 10/21/15 9:04 AM Special Holiday Wishbook PAGE 51 Featuring Cool Gear From ALESIS, AXIS, BASS PLATE, BILLY BLAST, CASCIO, CRASH-N-FLASH, CYMPAD, DRUMWORKOUT.COM, DUNNETT, DW, GIBRALTAR, GEORGE WAY, KAT, KICKPRO, GRETSCH, LP, MAXONIX, PDP, PINCHCLIP, RAZER, REMO, ROLAND, SABIAN, SJC, TAMA, THE COLLECTIVE, THE SESSIONS, TRICK, VATER, VIC FIRTH, YAMAHA D233_DWB_IBC_Wishbook.indd All Pages 10/20/15 1:55 PM Special Holiday Wishbook PAGE 51 Featuring Cool Gear From ALESIS, AXIS, BASS PLATE, BILLY BLAST, CASCIO, CRASH-N-FLASH, CYMPAD, DRUMWORKOUT.COM, DUNNETT, DW, GIBRALTAR, GEORGE WAY, KAT, KICKPRO, GRETSCH, LP, MAXONIX, PDP, PINCHCLIP, RAZER, REMO, ROLAND, SABIAN, SJC, TAMA, THE COLLECTIVE, THE SESSIONS, TRICK, VATER, VIC FIRTH, YAMAHA D233_DWB_IBC_Wishbook.indd All Pages DRUM9185 Terri Lyne Carrington DRUM.qxp_Layout 1 10/19/15 10:42 AM Page 1 The Official Drums of Terri Lyne Carrington Yamaha artist since 1983, Terri Lyne Carrington is an award-winning musician, composer, and bandleader. She has had an extensive touring career of 20+ years and is found on many recordings with a stellar array of jazz luminaries such as Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, and Al Jarreau. The Berklee professor’s 2011 The Mosaic Project won a GRAMMY® Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album, while the 2013 Money Jungle: Provocative in Blue made history as Terri Lyne became the first woman to win a GRAMMY® Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album. Terri Lyne continues to evolve and innovate as an artist and educator, inspiring generations of drummers around the world. ©2015 Yamaha Corporation of America. All rights reserved. www.yamahadrums.com D234_ADS_1.indd 3 VICFIRTH.COM ©2015 Vic Firth Company outside the box designs. outside the box sounds. Introducing the new Vic Firth Split Brush Let’s face it. Your sticks can’t do everything. Next-level music requires next-level thinking. That’s why we’re constantly collaborating with the world’s top players to create fresh sounds and take your music to new places. Like the new Split Brush with its 2 rows of wires for unique weighting of sound and articulation. Try something new. See where it takes you. Go to VicFirth.com/SoundChoices to get inspired and share your creativity. PIctured: Florian Alexandru-Zorn with the New Split Brush SB Photo by Mario Schmitt D234_ADS_1.indd 4 10/16/15 8:54 AM ISSUE ISSUE 234,207. ON ON SALE SALE 11/17/2015 09/10/13–10/07/13 – 12/14/2015, VOL. VOL22, 24,ISSUE ISSUE9 11 COVER STORY 32 Terri Lyne Carrington We study the minutiae of the former child prodigy’s latest woman-powered solo release, The Mosaic Project: Love And Soul, to discover a softer, gentler side of a drumming legend. SINGLE STROKES 14 How I Got The Gig ZZ Top’s Billy Gibbons gives Melanie DiLorenzo the surprise of a lifetime. 14 What’s Your Drumming IQ? Match drummers to bands from the city by the bay without getting wet. 15 Page Turners Scuttlebutt from drummer tellalls by Bill Kreutzmann, Rick Buckler, and Dennis Bryon. 16 New Blood David Garibaldi, Pete Ray Biggin, Jason Costa, Zoro, and Jano Rix on the ultimate groove. This page + cover: ROBERT DOWNS 18 Pump It Up Try interval training to prepare for short onstage bursts of energy. 18 Drum Care Muffling your drums is a very personal decision, but when you do, here’s how. 20 Legal Beat Last time we looked at two very different plagiarism cases. This time we explain what went wrong in one, and right in the other. VIBE 23 Jean-Paul Gaster “Blues” may not be the first word to come to mind when you think about Clutch, unless you’re |
Which 1974 song made famous by the girl group 'Labelle' is most famous for its sexually suggestive chorus of 'voulez-vous coucher avec moi (ce soir)?' that translates as 'Do you want to sleep with me (tonight)?'? | Labelle - Lady Marmalade (HQ) (music video) - [eb7d47920] LaBelle - Lady Marmalade, released 1974, ein Hit 1975. Audio-CD-Sound zu Video-Material aus TV-Show. HQ-Video - "Lady Marmalade" is a number #1 hit song, reaching the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100 charts two times: first in 1975 and then 26 years later in 2001. First released in 1974, the song was made famous by the girl group Labelle. Produced by Allen Toussaint, "Lady Marmalade" became a number-one hit the following year. The song is most famous for its sexually suggestive chorus of "voulez-vous coucher avec moi (ce soir)?", which translates in to English as "do you want to sleep with me (tonight)?" Tags: |
'Kling Klang' is the private music studio of which highly influential electronic music band from Germany? | Electrospective Music | Kraftwerk (Formed 1970) Kraftwerk (Formed 1970) · Add Comment · In Innovators Kraftwerk (meaning “power plant” or “power station”, German pronunciation: [ˈkʀaftvɛʁk]) is a pioneering and highly influential electronic music band from Düsseldorf, Germany. The signature Kraftwerk sound combines driving, repetitive rhythms with catchy melodies, mainly following a Western classical style of harmony, with a minimalistic and strictly electronic instrumentation. The group’s simplified lyrics are at times sung through a vocoder or generated by computer-speech software. Kraftwerk was one of the first groups to popularize electronic music. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Kraftwerk’s distinctive sound was revolutionary, and has had a lasting effect across many genres of modern music. The group was formed by Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider in 1970 and was fronted by them until Schneider’s departure in 2008. Band formation Kraftwerk was formed in 1970 by Florian Schneider (flutes, synthesisers, electro-violin) and Ralf Hütter (electronic organ, synthesisers). The two had met as students at the Düsseldorf Conservatory in the late 1960s, participating in the German experimental music scene of the time, which the British music press dubbed “Krautrock”. The duo had originally performed together in a quintet known as Organisation. This ensemble released one album, titled Tone Float (issued on RCA Records in the UK) but the group split shortly thereafter. In 2010, a recording from 1969 has been uncovered for an art movie by Katharina Sieverding called Life-Death[7]. The recording is an atmospheric piece in a drone style unlike any other recording by Kraftwerk or Organisation. It is also interesting to note that even though this recording was produced in the Organisation period, the band is cited as Kraftwerk. This recording is believed to have never been released officially as a stand alone soundtrack although at least 1000 ‘study edition’ DVDs have been produced. Early Kraftwerk line-ups from 1970–1974 fluctuated, as Hütter and Schneider worked with around a half-dozen other musicians over the course of recording three albums and sporadic live appearances; most notably guitarist Michael Rother and drummer Klaus Dinger, who left to form Neu!. The input, expertise, and influence of producer and engineer Konrad “Conny” Plank was highly significant in the early years of Kraftwerk and Plank also worked with many of the other leading German electronic acts of the period, including members of Can, Neu!, Cluster and Harmonia. As a result of his work with Kraftwerk, Plank’s studio near Cologne became one of the most sought-after studios in the late 1970s. Plank co-produced the first four Kraftwerk albums. 1974–1975 The release of Autobahn in 1974 saw the band moving away from the sound of its earlier albums. The members had invested in newer technology such as the Minimoog, helping give the group a newer, disciplined sound. Autobahn would also be the last album that Conny Plank would engineer. After the commercial success of Autobahn, the band members invested money into updating their studio. This meant they no longer had to rely on outside producers. At this time the painter and graphic artist Emil Schult became a regular collaborator with the band, working alongside the band. Schult designed artwork in addition to later co-writing lyrics and accompanying the group on tour. What is now regarded as the classic line-up of Kraftwerk was formed in 1975 for the Autobahn tour. During this time, the band was presented as a quartet, with Hütter and Schneider joined by Wolfgang Flür and Karl Bartos, hired as electronic percussionists. This quartet would be the band’s public persona for its renowned output of the latter 1970s and early 1980s. Flür had already joined the band in 1973, in preparation for a television appearance to promote Kraftwerk’s third album. After the 1975 Autobahn tour, Kraftwerk began work on a follow up album, Radio-Activity (German title: Radio-Aktivität). After further investment in new equipment, the Kling |
The annual music festival 'Lollapalooza' was conceived and created in 1991 by singer Perry Farrell of which band as a farewell tour for his band? | Lollapalooza Music Festivals - Eventful Lollapalooza Photos Lollapalooza Videos Lollapalooza is an American music festival featuring alternative rock, hip hop, and punk rock bands, dance and comedy performances, and craft booths. It has also provided a platform for non-profit and political groups. Lollapalooza has featured a diverse range of bands and has helped expose and popularize alternative groups such as Nine Inch Nails, The Smashing Pumpkins, and Hole. Conceived and created in 1991 by Jane's Addiction singer Perry Farrell as a farewell tour for his band, Lollapalooza ran annually until 1997, and was revived in 2003. From its inception through 1997, and its revival in 2003, the festival toured North America. In 2004, the festival organizers decided to expand the dates to two days per city, however poor ticket sales forced the 2004 tour to be cancelled. In 2005, Farrell and the William Morris Agency partnered up with Austin, Texas-based company Capital Sports Entertainment and retooled it into its current format as a weekend destination festival in Grant Park, Chicago, Illinois. Lollapalooza News |
"The Queen song ""Radio Ga Ga"" is said to be the main inspiration behind the name of what current day hit singer?" | Lady Gaga (Singer) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Lady Gaga Female Born Mar 28, 1986 Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta, known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007.… Read More related links N.F.L. Says Lady Gaga Not Banned From Talking Trump NYTimes - 1 day ago 'The football league has denied that it asked the singer not to discuss politics ahead of her performance at the Super Bowl.' Nfl Reportedly Tells Lady Gaga To Avoid Trump Talk At Super Bowl Show Huffington Post - 2 days ago ' \n function onPlayerReadyVidible(e){\'undefined\'!=typeof HPTrack&&HPTrack.Vid.Vidible_track(e)}!function(e,i){if(e.vdb_Player){if(\'object\'==typeof commercial_video){var a=\'\',o=\'m.fwsitesection=\'+commercial_video.site_and_category;if(a+=o,commercial_video[\'package\']){var c=\'&m.fwkeyvalues=sponsorship%3D\'+commercial_video[\'package\'];a+=c}e.setAttribute(\'vdb_params\',a)}i(e.vdb_Player)}else{var t=arguments.callee;setTimeout(function(){t(e,i)},0)}}(document.getEle... Donald Trump: Stop Tweeting You Could Get Hacked & Put Us All In Danger Huffington Post - 7 days ago 'Donald Trump, has a responsibility to the American people to stop his reckless tweeting. He could easily be hacked and his tweets could set off a stock market crash, inflame terrorists or at worse, set off a nuclear strike. \n \nDonald Trump, is literally playing with fire with his fingertips every day and night. The entire global population now knows that he loves to take to Twitter to slam anyone and anything that comes to mind -- Arnold Schwarzenegger who took over Celebrity Apprentice, H... Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Lady Gaga. CHILDHOOD 1986 Birth Born on March 28, 1986. TEENAGE Show Less She also appeared in a very small role as a mischievous classmate in the television drama series The Sopranos in a 2001 episode titled "The Telltale Moozadell". … Read More She auditioned for New York shows without success. She also studied method acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute for ten years.<br /><br /> After high school, her mother encouraged her to apply for the Collaborative Arts Project 21 (CAP21), a musical theater training conservatory at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. One of 20 students to gain early admission, she, aged 17, lived in an NYU dorm on 11th Street. In addition to sharpening her songwriting skills, she composed essays and analytical papers on art, religion, social issues, and politics, including a thesis on pop artists Spencer Tunick and Damien Hirst. She also auditioned for various roles and won the part of an unsuspecting diner customer for MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.<br /><br /> At age 19, Gaga withdrew from CAP21 in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career. Read Less … Although her early lyrics have been criticized for lacking intellectual stimulation, "Gaga does manage to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace." Gaga believes that "all good music can be played on a piano and still sound like a hit." She has covered a wide variety of topics in her songs: while The Fame (2008) meditates on the lust for stardom, The Fame Monster (2009) expresses fame's dark side through monster metaphors. Born This Way (2011) is sung in English, French, German, and Spanish and includes common themes in Gaga's controversial songwriting such as: sex, love, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom, and individualism. <br /><br />Her music style has been described as electropop and as dance-pop and the structure of her music is said to be influenced by classic 1980s pop and 1990s Europop. Read Less Her debut album |
Which American song that remains a fundamental part of a jazz musicians' repertoire has been called 'the jazzman's Hamlet' and has also been used as an NHL team name? | St. Louis Blues (song) : Wikis (The Full Wiki) Blues "St. Louis Blues" is an American popular song composed by William Christopher Handy in the blues style. It remains a fundamental part of jazz musicians ' repertoire. It was also one of the first blues songs to succeed as a pop song ; it has been performed by numerous musicians of all styles from Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith to Glenn Miller and the Boston Pops Orchestra . It has been called "the jazzman's Hamlet ". Published in September 1914 by Handy's own company, it later gained such popularity that it inspired the dance step the " Foxtrot ". The version with Bessie Smith and Louis Armstrong on cornet was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1993. The 1929 version by Louis Armstrong & His Orchestra (with Henry "Red" Allen ) was inducted there in 2008. Contents 10 External links The song The lyrics tell of a sophisticated woman from St. Louis, Missouri who has stolen the affection of the singer's lover. The opening line, "I hate to see that evenin' sun go down" may be one of the more recognizable lyrics in pop music , and set the tone for many subsequent blues songs. Handy said he had been inspired by a chance meeting with a black woman on the streets of St. Louis distraught over her husband's absence, who lamented: "Ma man's got a heart like a rock cast in de sea", a key line of the song. [1] Details of the story vary but agree on the meeting and the phrase. The composition The form is unusual in that the verses are the now familiar "standard" twelve bar blues in common time with three lines of lyrics, the first two lines repeated, but it also has a 16-bar bridge written in the habanera rhythm, popularly called the " Spanish Tinge ", and identified by Handy as tango. [2] [3] Handy's tango like rhythm is notated as a dotted quarter note, followed by an eighth, and two quarter notes, with no slurs or ties, and is seen in the introduction as well as the sixteen measure bridge. [4] While blues became often simple and repetitive in form, the St. Louis Blues has multiple complementary and contrasting strains, similar to classic ragtime compositions. Handy said in writing "St. Louis Blues" his objective was "to combine ragtime syncopation with a real melody in the spiritual tradition." Performances W. C. Handy Writing about the first time St Louis Blues was played (1914), [5] Handy notes that "The one-step and other dances had been done to the tempo of Memphis Blues...When St Louis Blues was written the tango was in vogue. I tricked the dancers by arranging a tango introduction, breaking abruptly into a low-down blues. My eyes swept the floor anxiously, then suddenly I saw lightening strike. The dancers seemed electrified. Something within them came suddenly to life. An instinct that wanted so much to live, to fling its arms to spread joy, took them by the heels." [6] Researcher Guy Marco, in his book Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound in the United States, stated that the first audio recording of "St. Louis Blues" was by Al Bernard in July 1918 on the record company label Aeolian-Vocalion (cat. no. 12148). This is however not true, since Columbia's house band, directed by Charles A. Prince , had recorded a released instrumental version already in December 1915 (Columbia A5772). Bernard's version may have been the first US issue to include the lyrics though. However, by then Ciro's Club Coon Orchestra, a group of black American artists appearing in Britain, had already recorded a version including the lyrics in September 1917 (UK Columbia 699). Since the 1910s, the number has enjoyed great popularity not only as a song but also as an instrumental. Many of jazz's most well known artists in history have given renowned performances of the tune. The following is an incomplete list of the hundreds of musicians of renown who recorded "St. Louis Blues", chosen as examples that are early in their careers and in the era of its greatest popularity. Other recordings include Louis Prima , Artie Shaw , The Esquire Boys, and "The Merri Men" (a spin-off group from Bill Haley & His Comet |
Which enormously influential classical composer spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Hungarian aristocratic Esterházy family? | Franz Joseph Haydn: Father of the String Quartet Franz Joseph Haydn: Father of the String Quartet Home / Authors, Artists and Vagrants / Franz Joseph Haydn: Father of the String Quartet Franz Joseph Haydn: Father of the String Quartet Posted on Categories: Authors, Artists and Vagrants Tags: Franz Joseph Haydn Share this: Franz Joseph Haydn (March 31, 1732 – May 31, 1809) was an Austrian composer. He was one of the most important, prolific and prominent composers of the classical period. He is often called the “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet” because of his important contributions to these genres. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form. A life-long resident of Austria, Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Hungarian aristocratic Esterházy family on their remote estate. Isolated from other composers and trends in music until the later part of his long life, he was, as he put it, “forced to become original”. At the time of his death, he was one of the most celebrated composers in Europe. Joseph Haydn was the brother of Michael Haydn, himself a highly regarded composer, and Johann Evangelist Haydn, a tenor. He was also a close friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a teacher of Ludwig van Beethoven. Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrau, Austria, a village near the border with Hungary. His father was Mathias Haydn, a wheelwright who also served as “Marktrichter”, an office akin to village mayor. Haydn’s mother Maria, née Koller, had previously worked as a cook in the palace of Count Harrach, the presiding aristocrat of Rohrau. Neither parent could read music; however, Mathias was an enthusiastic folk musician, who during the journeyman period of his career Want to read the full article? Sign up for free Jane Austen Membership or if you are an existing user please login Existing Users Log In |
'The Jordanaires' are an American singing group formed in 1948 best known for backing many of whose recordings? | The Jordanaires | Sawyer Brown Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The group formed in 1948 in Springfield, Missouri, with members Bill Matthews (first tenor), Bob Hubbard (second tenor/lead), Bill's brother Monty Matthews (baritone), Culley Holt (bass), and pianist Bob Money. After three years, Money was replaced by new pianist Gordon Stoker. This lineup lasted until 1952; at that time, Bob Hubbard was drafted and was replaced by Hoyt Hawkins. Later that year, Monty and Bill Matthews left. Hawkins switched to baritone, and new lead Neal Matthews, Jr. was recruited. Don Bruce came in as a new first tenor; however, he was drafted the next year. The group narrowed to a quartet, with Stoker taking over as first tenor. The lineup changed again in 1954, with Cully Holt leaving and new bass Hugh Jarrett (later a disc jockey) coming in. Jarrett remained until 1958; at that time, he was replaced by Ray Walker. This lineup, consisting of Gordon Stoker, first tenor and manager, Neal Matthews, Jr., second tenor and lead, Hoyt Hawkins, baritone, and Ray Walker, bass, would be the group's most stable lineup, lasting throughout the 1960s and 70s. The group changed again in 1982, when Hoyt Hawkins died. His replacement was Duane West, formerly of Sonny James' backup group, the Southern Gentlemen. The lineup remained constant for another two decades, with West leaving due to illness in 1999 (he died in 2002). His replacement was Louis Nunley. Neal Matthews died the next year. He was replaced by new lead Curtis Young. Hugh Jarrett died at 78 on May 31, 2008, from injuries sustained in an auto accident in March. With Elvis Presley Edit One Sunday afternoon in 1955, the Jordanaires played a show in Memphis with Eddy Arnold to publicize their new syndicated TV series, Eddy Arnold Time (for the program the group used the name Gordonaires). They sang "Peace In The Valley," and when the show was over, a young man, blond, quiet and courteous, with plenty of combed-back hair, came backstage to meet them. He was Elvis Presley, a practically unheard of singer just getting his start in the area. There were a few polite exchanges, then Presley said, "If I ever get a recording contract with a major company, I want you guys to back me up." He was on Sun Records at that time. On January 10, 1956, Elvis recorded his first session for RCA with Scotty, Bill and D. J.. That day, "I Got A Woman", "Heartbreak Hotel" and "Money Honey" were recorded. True to his word, Elvis asked his new label RCA Victor if The Jordanaires could appear on the recordings. The next day Gordon Stoker was called by Chet Atkins to do a session with a new kid, named Elvis. RCA had also just signed "The Speer Family". Chet asked Gordon to sing with Ben and Brock Speer so he could use them. On that day, "I'm Counting On You" and "I Was The One" made history by being the first recording session that Elvis did with vocal background. By April 1956, "Heartbreak Hotel" was No. 1. After having done several more recording sessions in New York with Scotty, Bill and D. J., Elvis flew to Nashville on April 14, 1956, to record "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You". Gordon was called again, to sing a vocal trio with Ben and Brock. After the session, Elvis took Gordon aside and told him (not knowing, at the time, why all the Jordanaires were not there) that he had wanted "The Jordanaires." This time, Stoker saw to it - and Elvis used the Jordanaires on nearly every one of his recording sessions for the next 14 years. At a time when no backing musicians, producers, or engineers received a name recognition on any records, Elvis insisted that he have "with the Jordanaires" on the label of his records. The reflected glory was enough to earn the Jordanaires "Group of the Year" awards well into the Beatles era. They also appeared in Elvis' movies, and on many of his landmark television appearances. Musical influence Edit The Jordanaires have been one of country music's premier backup vocal groups, working with artists such as Patsy Cline, Waylon Jennings, Johnny Horton, Ferlin Husky, Tammy Wynette, Kenny |
Which 1980 supergroup consisting of George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty and Bob Dylan decided to use a word with a single 'L' instead of a double 'L' in their name because the band started in America and consisted of three Americans and only two Britons? | [Blog] Ric Zweig - Singer, Songwriter Evidence Of A Divine Being Posted on: 10/18/2015 Mankind has debated the existence of a higher and divine being since the advent of thought itself. Of course, such beliefs are based on faith and faith alone. If in fact, there exists such an entity, it has chosen so far not to reveal itself. So we are left to look for evidence of its existence by the reality of the world we live in. We here at the Ric Zweig Blog have been blessed to have known several breathtakingly beautiful women in our, to date, long life. When one comes across such a woman who is without flaw and possessed of truly perfect form and shape, it seems to suggest only a higher being could be responsible for its creation and existence. To us, it seems improbable that such an example of the perfect female form could just be an accident and not the result of some intelligent happenstance. The same argument could be raised with regard to the creation of great art. When confronted with the genius of an artist such as Leonardo Da Vinci, it becomes difficult to assume this is due to pure randomness, as opposed to intelligent design. The same could be argued with regard to music, and particularly the playing of the electric guitar. In today's world only one musician exemplifies the necessary genius to play the instrument to the absolute highest level of perfection. That person is John Mayer. Therefore, we boldly submit that Mayer's out of this world skill level is compelling evidence of the existence of a divine being. For support, we offer his live performance of his composition "Gravity", in particular, the 8 minute and 25 second version readily available on You Tube. Mayer hits notes with his playing that no previous guitar player has ever been able to achieve. It is beyond brilliant in its tonal essence. It is simply so definitively pleasing to our sense of hearing, that it only can exist due to some divine energy at play. This is NOT to suggest that Mayer himself is God or even God-like, but rather that some divine force is channeled through Mayer's being that allows him to play in the manner he does. Take a few minutes to listen to the particular version of "Gravity" cited above and let us know whether you agree. RZ Janet Jackson - Legendary Rock Star Posted on: 10/11/2015 Every year about this time the people who determine who gets into the Cleveland, Ohio Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame embarrass themselves once again with their annual nominations. This year, despite overwhelming odds to the contrary, they achieved a new low with their nomination of former pop star, Miss Janet Jackson. Jackson's nomination to the HOF makes as much sense as a future nod to Tiny Tim, who must be breathless in anticipation of his potential future nod. Janet Jackson is to Rock music what Mickey Klutz is to baseball. (Look him up, baseball fans). Jackson is to Rock music what the Edsel is to cars. Or Doonesbury is to the Nobel Prize for literature. Jackson NEVER recorded a single rock tune in her long career. She never sang a single Rock musical note. Her nomination is a crude insult to legitimate rock artists. It is simply a nod to commercialism and a deeply pathetic gesture to make the show more palatable and relevant to a vasty declining audience. Rock 'n Roll music IS Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis and Elvis Presley. It IS NOT Frankie Avalon and especially NOT Janet Jackson. There crass decision makers make a mockery of an art form that deserves respect. Or as Woody Allen once said, "A sham of a mockery, a mockery of a sham". Very appropo Mr. Allen. Legitimate deserving members of the Hall have been sold out too many times in the name of crass greed with zero regard for who actually should be in. Shame on them once again, until at least next year, when it might be your year, Tiny Tim. RZ Jools Posted on: 10/04/2015 We have changed our opinion. We are talking about one of the most frequently played and most popular shows on the Paladia television network, namely "Later...With Jool |
Which city in Germany is famed for hosting the annual Wagner festival? | Bayreuth – Travel guide at Wikivoyage Richard Wagner's Festival Theater (Festspielhaus) in Bayreuth For the city in Lebanon, see Beirut . The festival city of Bayreuth in Upper Franconia (Oberfranken) is relatively quiet most of the year until the Richard Wagner Festival settles in for 30 days every summer. Bayreuth features a wealth of impressive baroque and rococo architecture, as well as freshly-brewed Franconian beer in the local Biergartens. Although the city remains fairly tame compared to the much larger cities in Germany, the presence of almost 10,000 students at the University of Bayreuth means an active nightlife is not difficult to find. History[ edit ] The town of Bayreuth first emerged during the Middle Ages, with a street market in the center of town. In its early history, Bayreuth was only a small village in the widespread Hohenzollern holdings and suffered many plagues and wars. The town was completely destroyed during the Hussite war in 1430, suffered major plagues even until 1602, and incurred major damage by fires in 1605 and 1621. Margrave Christian from Kulmbach moved his residence here in 1603, and after the Thirty Years' War the town began to develop as a more important city with more distinct baroque architecture. When Margrave Friedrich married Wilhelmine, the sister of King Frederick II of Prussia, Bayreuth began to develop its current appearance. Margravine Wilhelmine was an active lover of the arts and architecture. She commissioned famous Italian architects to design the Margravial Operahouse (a UNESCO world heritage site), which was the largest in Germany for over a century. It still stands today as one of the most ornate baroque opera houses in the world. In addition, Wilhelmine expanded the Margrave's summer residence and gardens and commissioned the architecturally impressive New Palace. During the reign of Friedrich and Wilhelmine, the arts flourished in Bayreuth. The magnificent opera house even attracted Richard Wagner to Bayreuth in 1872 until his death 11 years later, but ironically Wagner's works were never played in that opera house but rather in their own purpose built building bankrolled by King Ludwig II of Bavaria. Since then the city has had an integral relationship with Richard Wagner. The Richard Wagner Festival started in 1876 to commemorate and perform the works of the famous composer. During the Nazi era, Hitler considered Bayreuth one of the most important cultural centers in Germany, and as such, Bayreuth was bombed during World War II, though much less heavily than e.g. Nuremberg. In the last half century, Bayreuth has rebuilt, continued the Richard Wagner Festival and grown quietly, mostly around the University, which was established in 1975. Orientation[ edit ] Bayreuth is famous in Germany as the host of the Richard Wagner Festival (Festspiele) each year from July to August. In that respect, most of the tourist industry has evolved around the life and times of Richard Wagner as well as Margravine Wilhelmine, one of the major contributors in bringing the arts to Bayreuth. For most of the year, Bayreuth is quiet, somewhat out of the way of the major tourist itineraries. However, during the Festspiele, the town fills to capacity; hotels are nearly impossible to book and the traffic almost slows to a stop. Winter is normally overcast and wet, with temperatures not deviating too far from freezing. The springtime can be relatively cool, but the weather slowly becomes more pleasant and is welcomed by numerous street fairs and festivals (See Events ). Summer is also pleasant, punctuated by occasional hot days. During the warmer seasons, outdoor cafes and Biergartens abound in the cobblestoned city center. The 49.945042 11.577991 1 Tourist Information office provides lots of very detailed information. They are located at Luitpoldplatz 9, between the city center and the train station (office hours M-F 9AM-6PM & Sa 9:30AM-1PM yearlong, also Su 10AM-2PM May - Oct). They offer a two-hour city tour (in German) daily at 10:30AM (only Saturdays from Nov-Apr) for €6.50. The meeting |
"According to the Guinness Book of World Records, which song usually sung to congratulate a person is the second-most popular song following ""Happy Birthday to You"" in the English language?" | For He's a Jolly Good Fellow - Piano Solo - Lyrics in description - YouTube For He's a Jolly Good Fellow - Piano Solo - Lyrics in description Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Oct 14, 2014 "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" or "For She's a Jolly Good Fellow" (depending on gender) is a song that is sung to congratulate a person on a significant event, such as a birthday, a promotion, a wedding, a wedding anniversary, the birth of a child, or the winning of a championship sporting event. The melody originates from the French song "Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre" ("Marlborough Has Left for the War"). The traditional children's song The Bear Went Over the Mountain is sung to the same tune. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" is the second-most popular song in the English language, following "Happy Birthday to You" and "Auld Lang Syne". Thanks for watching and please like, share, comment and subscribe if you enjoyed this video. Lyrics: |
In vocal jazz, what is the style in which vocal improvisation is made with random syllables or even without words? | Vocal jazz improvisation Vocal jazz improvisation All About Jazz | Jazz Near You | Free MP3s | Musician Database | News | Photo Gallery If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. 4 Vocal jazz improvisation Are there any tips or tricks out there to learn how to do those vocal jazz improvisation? I want to go "doo-bi-doo-ba-doo-di" like Ella and all, but I feel silly (and I think I sound silly too). Any help? Thanks. Posts 4 Can anyone share some exercises or techniques on how to scat? There aren't any books available here where I am on scat/vocal improvisation, and ordering online is way beyond my budget. I'd appreciate any help. Thanks. Posts 366 I think you just should imitate the scatting like ella. Then you'll learn it, and than form your own scatting-articulating. maybe transcribe some good scat solos works for instruments 3 Vocal Improv One of the most "universal" study tunes I've come across is the vocal rendition of James Moody's solo "I'm In the Mood for Love", known as "Moody's Mood for Love" by King Pleasure. I have the lyrics, the original recording of the solo and the vocal version, PLUS the latest recorded version by Quincy Jones. These arrangements go thru a handful of changes and chord types. I don't know why no one else has recommended it. This is actually called "vocalese" (voice+lyrics to do a instrument solo improv), but you can add your own "doo-bop-dee-wah's" as you FEEL them (emphasis on FEEL!) If you would like, contact me for the MP3 and lyrics. The Doctor B3 Productions of Kansas..."Music with a smile... " 4 Hey Andrea, Learning to scat a lot of times mostly involves just practicing it. Try listening to instrumental jazz without any singing, and just listening to the chord changes; then try singing to them. You'll become more comfortable with it after a while. Sorry, this doesn't sound very deep but its the best advice that I got. And it doesn't have to be "doo-bi-doo-ba-doo-di" either, try some zabadoowayoh's also. Good luck with your scats; Once you start it you'll be hooked, I promise. xa_kraw4d 4 � Thanks, all! I'm having trouble getting those syllables out. I found short exercises on the net, I'm trying to practice them. Anyway, I'd appreciate any tips you guys might have. Thanks so much! Poor little sad little blue Bluesette, don't you cry, don't you fret. . . Posts 782 I'm sorry Andrea that i didn'y see the post before,for voicing in it important the exercises for using the diaphram,middle range and rhrino- pharingeal- range,accomodation of the vocal chords,Respiration,Dynamics,etc., as much as singing. http://www.drumweb.com/member/zaragemca/ International Club of Percussionists vocal improvisation hi-- first of all, you must understand that improvisation requires the same musical skills and understanding, regardless of the instrument: studying harmony and rhythm, knowing the form of the tunes AND having a feel for what kind of moods are created by certain sounds. most people would tell you to listen to scat singers and copy those, and that is one way to go. another method would be to listen to INSTRUMENTAL music. scat singing is merely improvising without words, the same as what a horn would do. the syllables you use just serve to puncutate the lines: if you sing "ah" all the way through, we wouldn't get the rhythmic inflection so vital to jazz. every good scat singer develops their own vocabulary of sounds. knowing an Ella line from a Sarah line, a Betty Carter from a Betty Roche, is as important as a saxist hearing the difference between Pres and Trane, Dex and Shorter. eventually, though you will find what sounds work best for you. the main problem for singers is they are usually unwilling to put in the time to really learn what they're doing, so copying someone successful seems more attractive. believe me when I tell you: there is no shortcut. learn |
In the American music industry, what is the term given to the illegal practice of payment by record companies for the broadcast of recordings on music radio, in which the song is presented as being part of the normal day's broadcast? | Payola Scandal Rocks 50's Radio What is payola ? In the American music industry, it is the illegal practice of payment or other inducement by record companies for the broadcast of recordings on music radio, in which the song is presented as being part of the normal day's broadcast. A radio station can play a specific song in exchange for money, but this must be disclosed on the air as being sponsored airtime, and that playing of the song should not be counted as a "regular play." The number of times the songs are played can influence the perceived popularity of a song. The term Payola is a play on the words "pay" and "Victrola", meaning to bribe to play on the radio Victrola was a phonograph made in the early 1920s by the Victor Talking Machine Company of Camden, New Jersey, and became a word used for radio-phonograph combinations of all types with an enclosed listening horn or speaker in the cabinet, just as Kleenex is used for all facial tissue paper in a box. Payola means a bribe to influence the programming content of a broadcast radio, television or cable television program and is a federal misdemeanor. HOW DID THE PAYOLA SCANDAL BEGIN? It actually began in 1958, with the infamous "game show" scandals, in which federal investigators revealed that the wildly popular NBC- TV show "Twenty-One" and "$64,000 Question" were rigged. That scandal led to the investigation of similar practices in radio. On January 25, 1960�the National Association of Broadcasters proposed that radio disc jockeys accepting payment from record labels for broadcasting particular songs would be charged a $500 fine and spend a year in prison. The practice, known as payola, had provoked an extensive investigation by the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) . In May 1960, disc jockey and TV personality Alan Freed, who coined the term "rock 'n' roll," was arrested along with seven other people on suspicion of commercial bribery. Freed had refused to sign an affidavit in 1959, denying that he had accepted payola, which was not against the law at that time. He said he would accept a gift if he had helped someone, but he would not take a bribe to play a record. He was charged with 26 counts of commercial bribery, but got off with a fine. Radio disc jockey Dick Clark, in testimony before a House subcommittee, denied involvement in the payola radio scandal of 1959 and 1960. Clark, one of the top two deejays in the country had much to lose, and quickly gave up all his musical interests when ordered to do so by ABC-TV. In testimony, statistician Bernard Goldsmith�brought in by Clark�stated that Clark had a 27% interest in records played in the past 28 months and those records had a 23% popularity rating. The committee was stunned as they wondered what came first the chicken or the egg. Clark testified that the only reason he had gotten involved with those businesses were for the tax advantages. He admitted a $125 investment in Jamie records returned a profit of $11,900 and of the 163 songs he had rights to, 143 were given to him. When questioned about Jamie Records, it was discovered that Jamie paid out $15,000 in payola, but Clark denied ever accepting any. The committee clearly did not believe Clark�but he received a slap on the wrist. In fact, committee chairman Orin Hatch called Clark "a fine young man." THE SORDID HISTORY OF PAYOLA In 2003, Cliff Doerksen of the Washington City Paper, wrote that payola isn't really back - just back in the news. Payola has been a constant universal part of the economy of popular music for about 125 years, and the likelihood that legislators will be able to do anything constructive about it is about a high as the odds of winning the war on drugs. It was old when ragtime was new, and it still will be going strong long after rock 'n' roll has died. Generations of reformers have gone up against payola - and those few who have accomplished anything lasting have succeeded only in making things worse. Turning a song into money requires repetitive exposure. No matter how infectious a tune mi |
"Which much-covered New Orleans song tells of a parade collision between two 'tribes' of Mardi Gras Indians was written under the original title ""Jock-A-Mo"" in 1954?" | Ringo Starr - First All Starr Band - Iko Iko (Dr John) - YouTube Ringo Starr - First All Starr Band - Iko Iko (Dr John) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on May 28, 2011 Greek Theatre, September 3rd 1989. "Iko Iko" is a much-covered New Orleans song that tells of a parade collision between two "tribes" of Mardi Gras Indians. The song, under the original title "Jock-A-Mo", was written in 1953 by James "Sugar Boy" Crawford in New Orleans. The story tells of a "spy boy" or "spy dog" (i.e. a lookout for one band of Indians) encountering the "flag boy" or guidon carrier for another band. He threatens to set the flag on fire. Crawford set phrases chanted by Mardi Gras Indians to music for the song. Crawford himself states that he has no idea what the words mean, and that he originally sang the phrase "Chock-a-mo", but the title was misheard by Chess and Checkers Records president Leonard Chess, who misspelled it as "Jock-a-mo" for the record's release.[1] "Jock-a-mo" was the original version of the song "Iko Iko" recorded by the Dixie Cups in 1965. Their version came about by accident. They were in a New York City studio for a recording session when they began an impromptu version of "Iko Iko", accompanied only by drumsticks on studio ashtrays. Said Dixie Cup member Barbara Hawkins: "We were just clowning around with it during a session using drumsticks on ashtrays. We didn't realize that Jerry and Mike had the tapes running". Session producers Leiber and Stoller added bass and drums and released it. Following is the "Iko Iko" story, as told by Dr. John in the liner notes to his 1972 album, Dr. John's Gumbo, in which he covers New Orleans R&B classics: The song was written and recorded back in the early 1950s by a New Orleans singer named James Crawford who worked under the name of Sugar Boy & the Cane Cutters. It was recorded in the 1960s by the Dixie Cups for Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller's Red Bird Records, but the format we're following here is Sugar Boy's original. Also in the group were Professor Longhair on piano, Jake Myles, Big Boy Myles, Irv Bannister on guitar, and Eugene 'Bones' Jones on drums. The group was also known as the Chipaka Shaweez. The song was originally called 'Jockamo,' and it has a lot of Creole patois in it. Jockamo means 'jester' in the old myth. It is Mardi Gras music, and the Shaweez was one of many Mardi Gras groups who dressed up in far out Indian costumes and came on as Indian tribes. The tribes used to hang out on Claiborne Avenue and used to get juiced up there getting ready to perform and 'second line' in their own special style during Mardi Gras. That's dead and gone because there's a freeway where those grounds used to be. The tribes were like social clubs who lived all year for Mardi Gras, getting their costumes together. Many of them were musicians, gamblers, hustlers and pimps. Category |
The Voyager Golden Record is a phonograph record included in the two Voyager spacecraft that contains 27 selected recordings said to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth. Who is the most represented artist? | Voyager Golden Record - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Voyager Golden Record. Cover of the Voyager Golden Record. The Voyager Golden Record are phonograph records which were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft , which were launched in 1977. They contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form, or far future humans, who may find them. The Voyager spacecraft are not heading towards any particular star, but Voyager 1 will be within 1.6 light years of the star AC+79 3888 in the Ophiuchus constellation in about 40,000 years . [1] As the probes are extremely small compared to the vastness of interstellar space, it is extraordinarily unlikely that they will ever be accidentally encountered. If they are ever found by an alien species, it will most likely be far in the future, and thus the record is best seen as a time capsule or a symbolic statement rather than a serious attempt to communicate with extraterrestrial life. Contents 9 External links Background As of 2008 , the Voyager spacecraft became the third and fourth human artifacts to escape entirely from the solar system. Pioneers 10 and 11 , which were launched in 1972 and 1973 and preceded Voyager in outstripping the gravitational attraction of the Sun , both carried small metal plaques identifying their time and place of origin for the benefit of any other spacefarers that might find them in the distant future. With this example before them, NASA placed a more comprehensive (and eclectic) message aboard Voyager 1 and 2 —a kind of time capsule , intended to communicate a story of our world to extraterrestrials. “ This is a present from a small, distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts and our feelings. We are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours. ” Contents Explanation of the Voyager record cover diagram, as provided by NASA. The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University . Dr. Sagan and his associates assembled 115 images and a variety of natural sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, and thunder, and animal sounds, including the songs of birds and whales . To this they added musical selections from different cultures and eras, spoken greetings in fifty-five languages, and printed messages from President Jimmy Carter and U.N. Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim . After NASA had received criticism over the nudity on the Pioneer plaque (line drawings of a naked man and woman), the agency chose not to allow Sagan and his colleagues to include a photograph of a nude man and woman on the record. Instead, only a silhouette of the couple was included [2] . Here is an excerpt of President Carter's official statement placed on the Voyager spacecraft for its trip outside our solar system, June 16, 1977: We cast this message into the cosmos… Of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, some — perhaps many — may have inhabited planets and space faring civilizations. If one such civilization intercepts Voyager and can understand these recorded contents, here is our message: We are trying to survive our time so we may live into yours. We hope some day, having solved the problems we face, to join a community of Galactic Civilizations. This record represents our hope and our determination and our goodwill in a vast and awesome universe. The 115 images are encoded in analogue form. The remainder of the record is audio, designed to be played at 16⅔ revolutions per minute. Greetings The first audio section contains spoken greetings in the following 55 languages [3] , including 4 Chinese dialects (marked with **) and 12 South Asian languages (marked #) listed here in alphabetical order: Strin |
Which musical instrument named after its Russian inventor is unique in that it is designed to be played without being touched? | 1000+ images about New Music & Instruments on Pinterest | Santa fe nm, Jimmy page and Zelda Forward The theremin (originally known as the ætherphone/etherphone, thereminophone or termenvox/thereminvox) is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the player. It is named after the westernized name of its Russian inventor, Léon Theremin, who patented the device in 1928. The controlling section consists of two metal antennas which sense the position of the player's hands and control oscillators for frequency and volume -- without being touched. See More |
Which song written by the Hungarian pianist and composer Rezső Seress in 1933 was marketed as 'Hungarian suicide song' as it was mistakenly believed to have inspired hundreds of suicides? | Rezső Seress | Possecomitatus's Weblog Wouldn’t they be angry If I thought of joining you? Gloomy Sunday With shadows I spend it all My heart and I Have decided to end it all Soon there’ll be candles And prayers that are said I know But let them not weep Let them know that I’m glad to go Death is no dream For in death I’m caressin’ you With the last breath of my soul I’ll be blessin’ you Gloomy Sunday Dreaming, I was only dreaming I wake and I find you asleep In the deep of my heart here Darling I hope That my dream never haunted you My heart is tellin’ you How much I wanted you Gloomy Sunday (“Gloomy Sunday” (from Hungarian “Szomorú Vasárnap”, IPA: [‘somoruː ‘vɒʃarnɒp]) is a song written by the Hungarian self-taught pianist and composer Rezső Seress in 1933. According to urban legend, it inspired hundreds of suicides. When the song was first marketed in the United States, it became known as the “Hungarian suicide song”. There is no systematic substantiation for such claims, as it is not documented where any such allegations appear in press coverage or other publications of the time. Numerous versions of the song have been recorded and released. Michael Brooks wrote in the program notes for the 10-CD set, “Lady Day” – the Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia, 1933-1944: “Gloomy Sunday reached America in 1936 and, thanks to a brilliant publicity campaign, became known as The Hungarian Suicide Song. Supposedly after hearing it, distraught lovers were hypnotized into heading straight out of the nearest open window, in much the same fashion as investors after October 1929; both stories are largely urban myths.”) |
What is the musical term for a playing technique that involves plucking the strings of an instrument? | String Music Terms | Musical Terms | String Instrument Music Terms Search Glossary of String Music Terms Welcome to our Glossary of String Music Terms where you can get the basic knowledge of terms used in the string music profession. These string music terms are the names of instruments: Violin: The violin or “fiddle” is a string instrument which is played with a bow. It is the smallest member of the string family of orchestra instruments. The violin has 4 strings. The names of the strings are E, A, D and G. The violin is very similar to the viola, but the violin has plays higher pitches. The violin comes in fractional sizes 1/64 to 3/4 and of course the 4/4 size violin. Shop for Violins under $1000. Shop for Violins over $1000. Viola: The viola is a little bit bigger then the violin. The viola string instrument is measured by inches no fractions like the violin. The viola is available in 14″ – 17.5″ but if you need a smaller viola, it is possible to put viola strings on a violin. The viola has four strings which are A, D, G and C. Shop for Violas under $1000. Shop for Violas over $1000. Cello: The cello is much larger then the violin or viola. It is played sitting down but is still a bowed string instrument. The strings on the cello are A, D, G and C but sound one octave lower then the Viola. Cellos are available is 1/10 – 4/4 sizes. Shop for Cellos under $4000. Shop for cellos over $4000. Bass: The Bass is the largest instrument in the string family. It is played standing or sitting on a tall stool. The bass is also commonly called the string bass, double bass, stand up bass or acoustic bass. The strings on the bass are G, D, A and E. Basses are available in 1/8 – 4/4 sizes. Shop for Basses. These String Music Terms are parts and accessories for string instruments: Bow: A violin bow, viola bow, cello bow or bass bow is made of wood and have horse hairs which pull the strings to make a sound. There is rosin that is applied to the horse hairs to make them sticky enough to grab the string. Shop for Bows. Rosin: Rosin is made of tree sap which has been cooked into a solid so that it may be rubbed on the hairs of a bow. Shop for Rosin. End Pin: The Cello End Pin or Bass End Pin is a metal rod that comes out of the bottom of a cello or bass to support the instrument. It rests on the floor allowing the cello or bass to be suspended and easier to play. When the Cello or Bass is put away the end pin conveniently slides into the body of the instrument for storage. Violins and Violas do not have end pins. Fittings: The fittings of a string instrument include the Pegs, Bridge, Tail Piece, Chin Rest (on violins and violas), or End Pin (on cellos and basses). A string instrument that comes “set up” with have all of these parts included. Chin Rest: A Violin Chin Rest or Viol Chin Rest is an accessory that usually comes as part of the fittings of the violin or violin. The chin rest helps the violinist hold the violin in place on the shoulder by using just the head and not the hands. The name chin rest is actually a misnomer because the JAW is the body part that goes in the chin rest not the CHIN. WE should call it the JAW REST. 😉 Shoulder Rest: A violin or viola shoulder rest is used to help support the violin or viola on the musicians shoulder. The added support helps in holding the violin or viola without the hands. Cellists do not need shoulder rests. There are many different shoulder rest options available. Shop for Shoulder rests . Rock Stop: A Cello Rock Stop or Bass Rock Stop is a type of end pin anchor that goes on the floor to keep the end pin from slipping. Violinists and Violists do not need Rock stops. There are many different rock stop options available. Shop for Rock Stops. These String Music Terms are techniques that string players use: Vibrato: Vibrato is an expression that string players (like vocalists) can add to music. The pitch is fluctuated rapidly but subtly. Vibrato can be used to add warmth and character to all types of music. Accent: An accent in sheet music looks lik |
Which famous Irish traditional song about a highwayman (usually in the Cork and Kerry mountains) was given a rock veneer by the rock band Thin Lizzy? | Music Gates: Thin Lizzy-Whiskey in the jar Thursday, May 26, 2011 Thin Lizzy-Whiskey in the jar Thin Lizzy are an Irish hard rock band formed in Dublin in 1969. The two founding members, drummer Brian Downey and bass guitarist/vocalist Phil Lynott met while still in school. Lynott assumed the role of frontman and led them throughout their recording career of thirteen studio albums. Thin Lizzy are best known for their songs "Whiskey in the Jar", "Jailbreak" and "The Boys Are Back in Town", all major international hits still played regularly on hard rock and classic rock radio stations. After Lynott's death in 1986, various incarnations of the band have emerged over the years based around guitarists Scott Gorham and John Sykes, though Sykes left the band in 2009. Thin Lizzy's de facto leader, Lynott was composer or co-composer of almost all of the band's songs. He was one of the few black musicians to achieve commercial success in hard rock, and the first black Irishman to do so. Thin Lizzy boasted some of the most critically acclaimed guitarists throughout their history, with founders Downey and Lynott as the rhythm section, on the drums and bass guitar. As well as being multiracial, the band drew their members not only from both sides of the Irish border but also from both the Catholic and Protestant communities during The Troubles. Their music reflects a wide range of influences, including country music, psychedelic rock, and traditional Irish folk music, but is generally classified as hard rock or sometimes heavy metal. Rolling Stone magazine describes the band as distinctly hard rock, "far apart from the braying mid-70s metal pack". Allmusic critic John Dougan has written that "As the band's creative force, Lynott was a more insightful and intelligent writer than many of his ilk, preferring slice-of-life working-class dramas of love and hate influenced by Bob Dylan, Van Morrison, Bruce Springsteen, and virtually all of the Irish literary tradition." Van Morrison, Jeff Beck and Jimi Hendrix were major influences during the early days of the band, and later influences included American artists Little Feat and Bob Seger. "Whiskey in the Jar" is a famous Irish traditional song, set in the southern mountains of Ireland, with specific mention of Cork and Kerry counties, as well as Fenit, a village in Kerry county. It is about a highwayman, or perhaps a footpad, who is betrayed by his wife or lover, and is one of the most widely performed traditional Irish songs. It has been recorded by numerous professional artists since the 1950s. The song first gained wide exposure when the Irish folk band The Dubliners performed it internationally as a signature song, and recorded it on three albums in the 1960s. Building on their success, the Irish rock band Thin Lizzy hit the Irish and British pop charts with the song in the early 1970s. The American metal band Metallica brought it to a wider rock audience in 1998 by playing a version very similar to that of Thin Lizzy's with a heavier sound, and won a Grammy for the song in 2000 for Best Hard Rock Performance. " The above text is a mashup from Wikipedia." Posted by |
Which Swedish pop group went through the names 'Kalinin Prospect', CAD (Computer-Aided Disco) and Tech-Noir before settling on their present name as nobody could remember their previous names? | Learn and talk about Ace of Base, Ace of Base, Arista Records artists, English-language singers of Sweden, Europop groups Clara Hagman Julia Williamson Ace of Base was a Swedish pop group, originally consisting of Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg and three siblings, Jonas "Joker" Berggren , Malin "Linn" Berggren and Jenny Berggren . They released four studio albums between 1992 and 2002, which sold over 30 million copies worldwide, making them the third-most successful Swedish band of all time, after ABBA and Roxette . Happy Nation , also called The Sign , is one of the best-selling debut albums of all time, and was certified nine times platinum in the United States. [6] It was the first debut album to produce three number 1 singles on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart: " All That She Wants ", " The Sign ", and " Don't Turn Around ". [7] Following the formal departure of singer Linn in 2007, the band performed a series of concerts as a trio in Europe and Asia between 2007 and 2009. Jenny Berggren revealed in November 2009 that she would be taking an indefinite leave of absence from the band to focus on a solo career. [8] In 2009, Jonas and Ulf recruited two new female vocalists, Clara Hagman and Julia Williamson, and released The Golden Ratio in September 2010. [9] Clara and Julia departed from the group in 2012, [10] and in March 2015, a compilation album called Hidden Gems featuring unreleased songs and b-sides from the group's inception through 2005 was released, with promotion for the album being handled solely by Jonas and Ulf. Contents Formation[ edit ] Ace of Base formed in Gothenburg , Sweden. In 1987, following a number of years as part of a new romantic and punk covers band called G Konrad, Jonas Berggren formed a band with two friends, Johnny Lindén and Niklas Tränk, for a school project; his sisters Malin, called "Linn", and Jennifer, called "Jenny", joined as singers. The new band went through several names: Kalinin Prospect after an avenue in Moscow; CAD (Computer-Aided Disco); and Tech-Noir, French for black technology, after a nightclub in the film The Terminator . [11] They toured the clubs of Sweden with self-written material, techno inspired by the likes of The KLF and Snap! . Johnny left the group in 1989, and Niklas made his departure known by failing to appear at a performance, instead attending a Rolling Stones concert on the other side of town. [12] Jonas asked his friend Ulf Ekberg to stand in for Niklas. The new quartet sought a new name to make a fresh start. Linn was reported to have said: "No one could pronounce the name of the group and nobody could remember it." They settled on Ace of Base after Ulf was inspired by the music video for the Motörhead song " Ace of Spades ." [13] However, the band continued to struggle to gain any recognition, partly due to the preference of heavy metal over techno in their home town, according to singer Jenny. [14] In 1991 they responded to a newspaper ad by producer John Ballard, who was looking for new talent. He was somewhat unsure about their potential, but did pass them on to Klas Lunding at Telegram Records, who helped them record an early demo for the song " Wheel of Fortune " in their newly renovated studio. A Jamaican reggae band resided in a studio next door to theirs, leading to a collaboration of ideas. [13] This resulted in a fusion of reggae with pop which became the band's trademark sound. "Wheel of Fortune" did not convince Telegram to sign the band, and other labels in Sweden still showed no sign of interest. The demo was eventually sold for a small price to the independent Danish label Mega Records in March 1992. [15] "Wheel of Fortune" was re-recorded and released as a single in Denmark in May, but it failed to chart. A small-budget music video was shot and directed in a small studio by Viking Nielsson [16] and in September, after two failures, the single finally charted. International success and Happy Nation/The Sign (1993–94)[ edit ] Main articles: Happy Nation and The Sign Ace of Base was influenced by Kayo's "Another Mother" to write and compos |
"Dit-dit-dit-dot. In his novel Howard's End, E. M. Forster refers to which Beethoven composition as ""the most sublime noise that ever penetrated into the ear of man.""?" | Project MUSE - Music in E. M. Forster’s A Room with a View and Howards End: The Conflicting Presentation of Nineteenth-Century Aesthetics Music in E. M. Forster’s A Room with a View and Howards End: The Conflicting Presentation of Nineteenth-Century Aesthetics Gemma Moss Abstract Scholarship on Forster and music has tried to resolve contradictions in the texts: biographical information is recruited to produce readings that are consistent with his documented musical preferences and political opinions. This article analyzes music in A Room with a View and Howards End to explore the presence of receding nineteenth- and emerging twentieth-century approaches to music. The different and contradictory ways music is presented can be understood as competing notions of what music is and means. This discussion uses T. W. Adorno’s writing on Beethoven and Mahler to analyze the different guises in which music appears in Forster’s novels to show that music is a site of conflict. Residues of nineteenth-century aestheticism are contained in the depictions of “sublime” music, while at other times music is shown to be a product of existing material conditions. Keywords E. M. Forster, Beethoven, Mahler, Walter Pater, Pierre Bourdieu, A Room with a View, Howards End, Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice It will be generally admitted that Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony is the most sublime noise that has ever penetrated into the ear of man. All sorts and conditions are satisfied by it. Whether you are like Mrs. Munt, and tap surreptitiously when the tunes come—of course, not so as to disturb the others—or like Helen, who can see heroes and shipwrecks in the music’s flood; or like Margaret, who can only see the music; or like Tibby, who is profoundly versed in counterpoint, and holds the full score open upon his knee. 1 FORSTER’S CHARACTERS experience Beethoven in different ways; they have individual and distinct responses to his music. Music’s “sublime” nature—calling up notions of transcendence and beauty—allows “all sorts” to be “satisfied” by it, yet the word “noise” sits in curious contrast with the sublime, undercutting the notion of music as something transcendent to suggest that it is, ultimately, mere sound. This article analyses music in A Room with a View and Howards End to explore the presence of receding nineteenth- and emerging twentieth-century approaches to music. The different and contradictory ways music is presented can be understood as competing notions of what music is and means. This is related to a wider cultural shift occurring at the start of the twentieth century as composers and writers were, as Josh Epstein claims, “digesting, not annihilating” their musical and artistic inheritance. 2 To date, scholarly work on Forster and music tries to resolve contradictions in the texts: biographical information is recruited to produce readings that are consistent with his documented musical preferences and political opinions. This discussion uses T. W. Adorno’s writing on Beethoven and Mahler to analyse the different guises in [End Page 493] which music appears in Forster’s novels to show that music is a site of conflict. Residues of nineteenth-century aestheticism are contained in the depictions of “sublime” music, while at other times music is shown to be a product of existing material conditions. Adorno identifies a transition in forms of musical and artistic production in the early twentieth century: one that rejects the structural unity of nineteenth-century thought epitomised by Hegel and Beethoven, moving towards the articulation of a newly fragmented subjectivity produced by industrialisation and capitalism. For Adorno, Mahler’s compositions exemplify the difficulties of composing at the turn of the twentieth century, and his music contains a paradox: the knowledge that “the determining musical tradition of Europe” is “losing its hold” and must be left behind, combined with a resistance to any “purely mechanical” approach to music and a struggle to continue composing in a way that is “music |
Which British musician who worked on engineering projects as Paul McCartney's 'Wild Life' and Pink Floyd's' The Dark Side of the Moon' also started an eponymous progressive rock band that was active between 1975 and 1987? | Artist Shop Domestic Titles - The Latest Releases ARTIST SHOP DOMESTIC TITLES Videos All Things Must Pass: The Story of Tower Records DVD $17.99 Established in 1960, Tower Records was once a retail powerhouse with 200 stores, in 30 countries, on five continents. From humble beginnings in a small-town drugstore, Tower Records eventually became the heart and soul of the music world, and a powerful force in the music industry. In 1999, Tower Records made an astounding $1 billion. In 2006, the company filed for bankruptcy. What went wrong? Everyone thinks they know what killed Tower Records: The Internet. But that's not the story. Directed by Colin Hanks, and featuring music icons like Dave Grohl, Elton John and Bruce Springsteen, All Things Must Pass is a feature documentary film examining this iconic company's explosive trajectory, tragic demise, and legacy forged by its rebellious founder Russ Solomon. Ayreon - The Theater Equation Blu-Ray $18.99 Ayreon is the brainchild of producer Arjen Lucassen and composed of a superstar cast of progressive rock musicians. Contributors include James LaBrie (Dream Theater) and Anneke van Giersbergen (solo artist, Devin Townsend Project, The Gentle Storm, ex-The Gathering). This is a truly special moment for Ayreon, as they had never performed live before in 20 years. The make up of the group consisted of too many active touring artists. Over the course of four sold-out shows in September 2015 Ayreon had their first and last ever performances. On the last night they filmed a performance of their legendary album 'The Human Equation' in Rotterdam. Beach Boys - The Beach Boys: Pet Sounds Classic Album DVD $16.99 Beach Boys - The Beach Boys: Pet Sounds Classic Album Blu-Ray $22.99 The latest addition to the acclaimed & award winning Classic Albums series tells the story behind the making of The Beach Boys ground breaking album Pet Sounds, which celebrates it's 50th anniversary this year. Pet Sounds was recorded in late 1965 and early 1966, about a year after Brian Wilson had withdrawn from playing live with The Beach Boys in order to concentrate on composing and studio work. While the rest of the band were out on tour, Brian Wilson worked in the studio creating multi-layered compositions with painstaking attention to detail utilizing orchestration, sound effects and unusual instruments. When the band returned from tour they went into the studio to add their trademark complex vocal harmonies. - The new direction of the music caused some consternation within the group and the program explores the band's relationship at this time as well as the creation of the music through interviews with all the surviving Beach Boys and others involved in the creation of the album. The US press didn't know what to make of the album at first, although it later became acknowledged as both important and influential. In the UK the album was immediately acclaimed and commercially successful, peaking at No. 2 in the albums chart and remaining in the Top 10 for 6 months. Pet Sounds is now universally regarded as one of the finest albums of the sixties and thoroughly merits it's place in the Classic Albums series. Beatles - Beatles: Scream And Shout DVD $17.99 Six months after their triumphant first U.S. visit in February, 1964 which included their live American television debut on The Ed Sullivan Show The Beatles returned to the States for their first full-fledged North American tour. Starting on August 19, 1964 in San Francisco, they traversed the country. Playing to a half-million fans, breaking attendance records and causing mass hysteria wherever they appeared. By the time the tour ended in New York City on September 20th, they'd performed 32 shows at 25 venues in 24 cities - all in just 31 days. Bowie, David - Bowie: The Man Who Changed the World DVD $13.99 Only true legends of rock music are known by one word. As with "Elvis" everyone knows the name of the most creative and influential rock artist of all time: BOWIE. Bowie was in a state of permanent revolution, constantly re-inventing his persona and sound. |
Can you connect the singer Bobby McFerrin with the mystic Meher Baba? | Retro Action, February 22, 1989: "Don't Worry, Be Happy", Glee Fans: A Cappella Wins The Grammys | TakePart Retro Action, February 22, 1989: "Don't Worry, Be Happy", Glee Fans: A Cappella Wins The Grammys Feb 22, 2011· 1 MIN READ Originally from Baltimore, Oliver lives and writes on a quiet, tree-lined street in Brooklyn. McFerrin&39;s father, Robert, was the first African-American member of the Metropolitan Opera. Sara, his mother, was a Broadway soloist. (Photo: Reuters/Kimberly White) Okay, I'll admit it. I don't watch Glee. Or any show where Nick Lachey is a judge. But as a recovering a capella enthusiast, I can tell you with some confidence that there is only one thing that has ever made it cool. His name? Bobby McFerrin. It was on this day at the 1989 Grammys that the long-respected jazz vocalist reluctantly became a pop star overnight when upbeat hit "Don't Worry, Be Happy" took home awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Male Pop Performance. The song, which featured an overlayed McFerrin on every vocal part, was inspired by the teachings of Meher Baba, an Indian mystic and spiritual leader who chose to stop speaking for the last 44 years of his life. "Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba, it usually says 'Don't worry, be happy,' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words, I think," said McFerrin in a 1988 interview with USA Weekend Magazine. Which is not to say the ten-time Grammy winner is going to let you walk all over him. Upset at the song's unauthorized use during George H.W. Bush's 1988 presidential campaign, the singer announced publically that he would vote against Bush in protest (the campaign later desisted from further use). So will acapella ever rule the Grammys again? I wouldn't hold your breath. But you can still take the edge off those post-holiday weekend blues with the reigning champ: |
Which collection of orchestral movements were composed by George Frideric Handel in 1717 at the request of King George I? These are also his best known work. | George Frideric Handel George Frideric Handel The Water Music in Three Suites Complete Handel's Water Music is a collection of short orchestral pieces composed to serenade King George I of England during a boating party on the Thames river in 1717. The music is grouped into three suites, each featuring different instrumental colors and having its own distinct character. The individual movements that comprise these suites include overtures, fanfares, instrumental arias, and dances. Tracks: 1. The Water Music Suite I Overture 2. The Water Music Suite I Adagio e staccato 3. The Water Music Suite I Allegro, Andante, Allegro 4. The Water Music Suite I Allegro 5. The Water Music Suite I Air 6. The Water Music Suite I Minuet 7. The Water Music Suite I Bourree 8. The Water Music Suite I Hornpipe 9. The Water Music Suite I Allegro 10. The Water Music Suite II Allegro 11. The Water Music Suite II Alla Hornpipe 12. The Water Music Suite II Minuet 13. The Water Music Suite II Lentement 14. The Water Music Suite II Bourree 15. The Water Music Suite III Sarabande 16. The Water Music Suite III Rigaudon 17. The Water Music Suite III Minuet 18. The Water Music Suite III Gigue 19. Handel’s Early Career 20. Listener’s Guide to The Water Music Suite I Movements I & II 21. Listener’s Guide to The Water Music Suite I Movement III 22. Listener’s Guide to The Water Music Suite I Movements IV – VI 23. Listener’s Guide to The Water Music Suite I Movements VII – IX 24. Listener’s Guide to The Water Music Suite II Movements I – V 25. Listener’s Guide to The Water Music Suite III Movements I – IV 26. Handel in England George Frideric Handel was born in 1685, the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti, in the central German city of Halle. His family was not musical, and Handel’s father initially tried to discourage his son’s musical interests, hoping that he would pursue a more dependable career in law. Handel, however, displayed not only an exceptional talent but a strong will, developing his skill as a keyboard player despite paternal objections. When Handel was just 10 years old, during a visit to a relative employed at the court of Johann Adolph, Duke of Weissenfels, his playing on the organ made such an impression that the Duke financed the boy’s music studies. Handel seems never to have considered seriously his father’s wish that he study law. In any event, music soon claimed him. At age 17 he obtained a position as organist in one of Halle’s principal churches. A year later, in 1803, he departed his native town and for the next three years worked in Hamburg, the German city most devoted to opera. Like many composers of his day, Handel was eager to make his mark in the theater, and he was fortunate to obtain employment as a violinist and harpsichordist in the opera orchestra. The harpsichord was the most important instrument in opera, which attests to Handel’s skill as a player. His experience of many contemporary operas encouraged him to write several of his own. Handel’s stay in Hamburg whetted his appetite for opera and he soon realized that he would do well to seek knowledge of that genre at its source. Accordingly, he set out for Italy in the autumn of 1706. During the next |
Which controversial 1992 song by the punk band Body Count was co-written by the group's vocalist Ice-T and provoked a national debate about freedom of speech in the US? | ICE T - Artists Agency Germany - Although considered as one of Westcoast rap's leading figures, Rapper Ice T was actually born Tracy Marrow on February 16, 1958 in Newark, New Jersey, USA. Ice T has said that his father gave him a girl's name in order to "teach a brother to fight." When he was in the third grade at school his mother died of a heart attack, then only four years later he then lost his fahter to a heart attack. After his father died, he went to live with his aunt in South Los Angeles' (more often referred to as South Central) Crenshaw district. South Central was were he became infatuated with the ways of "ghetto street life", eventually joining with one of the many sets of the infamous street gang, the Crips, as an affiliate of the "West Side Rollin 30s Original Harlem Crips". Ice T attended Crenshaw High School, and it was during his time there that he became obsessed with rap music, often reciting his rhymes for classmates. After leaving high school, he joined the U.S. Army. He has stated that he did not enjoy the experience, saying, "I didn't like total submission to a leader other than myself." After leaving the army in 1983, Ice had intentions of starting a career in rap, but he once again became involved in the street life, first as a jewel thief then later as a pimp. A car crash in 1985 was the turning point in Ice-T's life, he decided to abandon the street life and became more focused on rapping. Ice-T began his extremely long career within rap by recording raps for various studios on 12", tracks which were later compiled on "The Classic Collection" and also featured on disc 2 of "Legends of Hip-Hop". His first rap was in 1982, entitled "The Coldest Rap"; this was also the first hip hop record to use the words "nigga" and "ho," although few recognize this early record as a record of "gangsta rap". His first official "gangsta rap" record was in the form of "6 in the Morning", one of the first gangsta rap records recorded. Ice said he was influenced by the Schooly D record "P.S.K.", which is considered by many to be the first ever gangsta rap record (as it lionized the Philadelphia gang, Park Side Killers). His stage name, Ice-T, was originally his street moniker, styled after the famous ex-pimp turned author Iceberg Slim. In an introduction to the 1996 Canongate Books reprint of Iceberg Slim's 1969 autobiography 'Pimp', Ice T explained: "Although I never met the man, Iceberg Slim was to have a profound effect on my career and life... Like him, I wanted to be somebody who didn't just die there out on the streets. I wanted to be able to document some of my experiences, and that's what I've been trying to do in my music for the past decade. I took my rap name in tribute to him, and I've never regretted it. He was a real hustler." All of Ice-T's records on Warner Brothers spell his name Ice-T, while the spelling without the hyphen is more often used on more recent records, whilst his earliest 12" shows the spelling Ice "T". Most recently, on his 2006 release "Gangsta Rap", he routinely refers to himself as "Iceberg" rather than "Ice-T", a nickname also used in the 2004 video game "Def Jam: Fight For NY", which has an Ice-T character, and in the 'story mode' section of the game, the character based on him says, "You cannot defeat the Iceberg, punk". Much of Ice-T's music is politically aware, like that of Public Enemy and more recently Tupac Shakur (2pac), although the political content within his raps has declined with time. Ice-T's "Killers" in 1984 includes comments on the death penalty, on nuclear war and on gang warfare. In 1986, "Squeeze the Trigger" was a seven-minute long political release by Ice-T, which later appeared on "Rhyme Pays". Ice-T's career saw comments on racism, police brutality, domestic violence, drug abuse, alcoholism, prison conditions, war and censorship. He was one of the very few rappers to condemn homophobia on tracks like "Straight Up Nigga" and "The Tower". He also condemned anti-white bigotry amongst blacks on |
The first album by the rock group Pink Floyd The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967) was named after a chapter in which children's classic? | Pink Floyd - The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (40th Anniversary Edition) - Amazon.com Music The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (40th Anniversary Edition) Audio CD, September 4, 2007 $39.99 The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (40th Anniversary Edition) $39.99 Free Shipping for Prime Members | Fast, FREE Shipping with Amazon Prime Only 6 left in stock. Sold by DAILY "Black-Friday" 4U and Fulfilled by Amazon . Gift-wrap available. Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. Something we hope you'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping and . If you're a seller, Fulfillment by Amazon can help you increase your sales. We invite you to learn more about Fulfillment by Amazon . Frequently Bought Together Add all three to Cart Add all three to List These items are shipped from and sold by different sellers. Show details Buy the selected items together This item:The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (40th Anniversary Edition) by Pink Floyd Audio CD $39.99 Only 6 left in stock. Sold by DAILY "Black-Friday" 4U and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. FREE Shipping on orders over $49. Details A Saucerful of Secrets by Pink Floyd Audio CD $9.59 In Stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. FREE Shipping on orders over $49. Details Atom Heart Mother by Pink Floyd Audio CD $9.59 In Stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. FREE Shipping on orders over $49. Details Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Next Special Offers and Product Promotions Editorial Reviews Product Description 2007 marks the 40th Anniversary of Pink Floyd's first album Piper At The Gates Of Dawn and kicks off a long term Pink Floyd Catalog Campaign. In commemoration of the Anniversary, Capitol / EMI will release Piper as a deluxe 3 CD Limited Edition and a 2 CD stereo / mono version. Amazon.com At the time The Piper at the Gates of Dawn was originally released in 1967, it was one among many aurally ripped, acid-tripped albums including Jimi Hendrix's Are You Experienced, Cream's Disraeli Gears, Jefferson Airplane's After Bathing at Baxter's, and, of course, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which the Beatles were recording down the hall from Pink Floyd at Abbey Road. But as those albums have gracefully slipped into the mainstream of our music consciousness, Piper, along with The Velvet Underground and Nico, still sounds like it broke through from another dimension. Pink Floyd were employing musique concrete techniques, inventing glissando guitar, and exploring areas of trance with tunes like "Interstellar Overdrive," actually two takes of an extended rave-up laid on top of each other. Mixing sci-fi imagery with swinging London metaphors and pastoral fantasies (the title is lifted from The Wind in the Willows), Pink Floyd's music was even more dappled, swirled, and surreal than the light shows that accompanied their performances. Piper represented Syd Barrett's vision as the sole composer of all but three songs. He was yet to have his acid-induced meltdowns, and all things were possible and beautiful. Barrett mixed whimsy on "Bike" with cynicism on the wordless but ominous "Pow R. Toc H."; goofy innocence on "The Gnome" and mysticism on "Chapter 24." But there's no doubting the contributions of Richard Wright with his swirling, reverb-drenched organ fugues and jazz ellipses and Roger Waters's earth-rooted bass. Nick Mason's underrated drumming, time-shifting polyrhythms, and colorful flourishes pushed Barrett's elliptical pop even further over the edge, especially on the space-music opus "Astronomy Domine." The original album was recorded on only four tracks, making stereo effects and panning somewhat rudimentary and often annoying. But this expanded release includes a f |
According to Opera America, what 'flutters' to the no.1 spot in the list of the 20 most-performed operas in North America? | Tue, 27 Oct 2015 11:00:00 -0400 600 Video: Metropolitan Opera Musicians, Staff Perform 'Meet the Mets' http://www.wqxr.org/story/video-metropolitan-opera-musicians-staff-perform-meet-mets/ <p><span>Before the New York Mets took on the Kansas City Royals in game one of the World Series Tuesday night, about two dozen musicians and workers from the Metropolitan Opera gathered that morning on Lincoln Center Plaza to perform the Mets' fight song "Meet the Mets."</span></p> <p><span>Joining members of the Met Orchestra and Chorus were stagehands, security workers and one special guest: Mr. Met. </span></p> <p><span>"The organization was really supportive of the Mets and it just worked out perfectly that we're the Met and they're the Mets," said Susan Spector, a Met Orchestra oboist who organized the rally.</span></p> <p><span>The "Meet the Mets" arrangement featured quotes from operas including <em>Die</em> </span><em>Walküre</em><span>, <em>Seigfried</em>, <em>Lohengrin</em> and <em>Carmen</em>. "If I had another day, we'd had something from <em>Lulu</em> in there," joked trumpeter and arranger Peter Bond, referring to the Alban Berg opera which opens next week.<br></span></p> <p><span>Any Yankees fans at the Met? "Not that dared to show up," laughed Jason Haaheim, a timpanist who was playing a snare drum. </span>Watch:</p> Tue, 27 Oct 2015 11:00:00 -0400 http://www.wqxr.org/story/video-metropolitan-opera-musicians-staff-perform-meet-mets/ Lucerne Festival to Spotlight Women Conductors in 2016 http://www.wqxr.org/story/lucerne-festival-spotlight-women-conductors-2016/ <p class="p1"><span>Summer music festivals are rarely noted for being on the vanguard of social or cultural change. But after the BBC Proms gained much attention for its "glass ceiling"-breaking <a href="http://www.wqxr.org/story/316706-last-night-proms-themes-equality/" target="_blank">moment</a> in 2013, when Marin Alsop became the first woman to conduct its Last Night concert, it was perhaps inevitable that other festivals would take up the issue.</span></p> <p class="p1"><span>The Lucerne Festival in Switzerland said on Monday that it plans to spotlight women conductors as part of its 2016 edition. Eleven different women are scheduled to conduct during the monthlong event (Aug. 12-Sept. 11), including Marin Alsop (with the Sao Paulo Symphony Ochestra), Susanna Mälkki, Elim Chan, Barbara Hannigan and Emmanuelle Haïm. The latter will lead the Vienna Philharmonic, the first time that orchestra will have performed under a woman in Lucerne.</span></p> <p class="p1"><span>Also planned is a "Day of Adventure” featuring concerts and events led by several up-and-coming women: Mirga Gražinyte-Tyla, Anu Tali, Maria Schneider, and Konstantia Gourzi. The conductor theme is billed as one part of a larger focus next season on women artists, including several soloists and composers.</span></p> <p class="p1"><span>The Lucerne Festival, which originated in 1938, last year named Riccardo Chailly as music director of its resident Lucerne Festival Orchestra. More details on the 2016 festivals (including the Piano and Easter festivals) are available on <a href="https://www.lucernefestival.ch/en/" target="_blank">Lucerne's website</a>. (WQXR will broadcast performances from this past summer’s event on Tuesday nights in November.)</span></p> <p class="p1"><strong>Alondra de la Parra to Australian Orchestra</strong></p> <p class="p1"><span>Lucerne's announcement comes after the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in Brisbane, Australia on Friday named the Mexican conductor Alondra de la Parra as its music director, starting in 2017. It was the first time a woman been appointed to the top musical job with one of Australia’s state symphony orchestras. De la Para was born in New York, raised in Mexico City and studied conducting at the Manhattan School of Music. She posted this message on YouTube:</span></p> Mon, 26 Oct 2015 00:00:00 -0400 http://www.wqxr.org/story/lucerne-festival-spotlight-women-conductors-2016/ Watch: Lost 1983 Martha Argerich Film Resurfaces Online http://www.wqxr.org/st |
By his own request, which Austrian composer was buried next to Beethoven in 1828? | Franz Schubert - Composers - Public Domain Music from Royalty Free Music.com Royalty Free Music > Public Domain Music > Composers > Franz Schubert (1797 - 1828) Austrian composer Franz Peter Schubert is considered to be the last great composer from the Viennese Classical school of music and is one of the earliest innovators of Romantic buyout music . Even though he lived only 31 years, he was able to write over six hundred romantic songs, "lieder," as well as several symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, operas and many other musical works. Schubert's work is classified by its lyricism and melodic exploration. Born on Jarnuary 31, 1797 in a small suburb of Vienna, Schubert came from a family that valued education. His father was a parish schoolmaster and his mother had been a cook in a Viennese family also responsible for education of the children. The Schuberts had fifteen children, ten of which died in infancy. Schubert's father was well-respected within the community and his school was well-attended. He was also had musical talent and encouraged his children, including Franz Schubert to explore their natural abilities in that area. At age five, Schubert began to take regular music lessons from his father. At six, he entered his father's school, the Himmelpfortgrund School where he excelled in all subjects. His father taught him rudimentary violin technique, and his brother Ignaz taught him piano lessons. By age 7, young Schubert had already excelled beyond the abilities of his teachers, and he began to study with the Kapellmeister of the local church. Because these lessons mainly revolved around praise of the boy's talents rather than true technical development, Schubert took up with a local apprentice, who took him along with him when he would visit the local piano warehouse, giving Schubert a chance to practice on superior instruments. Because his early training was so sparse and insufficient, Schubert could not at this point begin to perform publicly, which was at the time the only way for him to gain renown as a respectable musician and classical music composer. In October 1808 he finally got his chance to develop his technical expertise when he was accepted as a scholar at the Convict, which was run by Mozart rival Antonio Salieri and had become the main music school in Vienna. It offered a special office of training for choristers of the Court Chapel. Schubert remained at this school until he was seventeen, but did not gain much from direct instruction, receiving much more valuable learning esxperience from the school orchestra and his fellow students, who helped the financially-strapped young musician afford supplies such as music paper. At the Convict, he also began to learn about the compositional styles of Mozart and other classical music composers, and began to visit the opera often to learn about other compositional techniques. During his time at the Convict, he was already exhibiting a flair for composition. A piano duet and some vocal pieces along with string quartets and other piano works composed during one month in 1810 showed Salieri and others that he was ripe to be formally trained in musical composition and music theory. A regular quartet party was formed at his home with family members and friends in order to explore performances of his early compositions, and it was this first amateur orchestra that informed many of his later compositions. Schubert left the Convict in 1813 and became a teacher at his father's school in order to avoid having to enter the military and continue to explore his musical career. It was at this school that Schubert endured mostly drudge-work and was not very good at his job. Still, he was able to continue to take private lessons from Salieri, who helped him grow most as a composer and pianist. Because Salieri was so active in writing and performing sacred, church music, many of Schubert's early sacred works were influenced by his teacher's, and Schubert's early prolific lieder compositions can be attributed to Salieri's lessons as well. Schubert wrote |
The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time was a special issue of Rolling Stone published in 2003 which had Jimi Hendrix at no.1. Which American Southern Rock band was the most represented with 4 of its guitarists making the list? | Lists courtesy of Gordon Stephen unless stated otherwise. MOJO: THE 100 GREATEST ALBUMS EVER MADE August 1995 Edition 1. The Beach Boys - Pet Sounds 2. Van Morrison - Astral Weeks 3. The Beatles - Revolver 4. The Rolling Stones - Exile On Main Street 5. Bob Dylan - Highway 61 Revisited 6. Marvin Gaye - What's Going On 7. The Rolling Stones - Let It Bleed 8. Bob Dylan - Blonde On Blonde 9. The Velvet Underground - The Velvet Underground And Nico 10. Patti Smith - Horses 12. Jimi Hendrix Experience - Are You Experienced? 13. Steely Dan - Countdown To Ecstasy 14. Jimi Hendrix Experience - Electric Ladyland 15. The Band - The Band 16. The Stooges - Fun House 17. Television - Marquee Moon 19. The Beatles - The Beatles 20. Stevie Wonder - Innervisions 21. David Bowie - Station To Station 22. The Sex Pistols - Never Mind The Bollocks 23. The Clash - London Calling 24. The Beatles - Abbey Road 25. David Bowie - Hunky Dory 26. The Rolling Stones - Beggars Banquet 27. The Beatles - Rubber Soul 28. Captain Beefheart And The Magic Band - Trout Mask Replica 29. David Bowie - The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust 30. The Doors - The Doors 31. Otis Redding - Otis Blue 32. James Brown & The Famous Flames - Live At The Apollo Vol. 1 33. Nirvana - Nevermind 34. The Velvet Underground - The Velvet Underground 35. Prince - Sign 'O' The Times 36. The Byrds - The Notorious Byrd Brothers 37. R.E.M. - Automatic For The People 38. The Who - The Who Sell Out 39. Bob Dylan - Blood On The Tracks 40. Big Star - Third (AKA Sister Lovers) 41. Bruce Springsteen - Born To Run 42. Gram Parsons With Emmylou Harris - Grievous Angel 43. The Ramones - Ramones 44. Iggy Pop - Lust For Life 45. Lou Reed - Transformer 46. Miles Davis - In A Silent Way 47. The Byrds - Younger Than Yesterday 48. Kraftwerk - Trans-Europe Express 49. The New York Dolls - New York Dolls 50. Moby Grape - Moby Grape 51. The Beatles - Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band 52. The Rolling Stones - Sticky Fingers 53. Joy Division - Closer 54. Bruce Springsteen - Darkness On The Edge Of Town 55. The Mothers Of Invention - We're Only In It For The Money 56. Donald Fagen - The Nightfly 57. Bob Dylan - Bringing It All Back Home 58. The Clash - The Clash 59. Roxy Music - For Your Pleasure 60. Kate Bush - Hounds Of Love 61. Todd Rundgren - Something/Anything 63. The Beatles - With The Beatles 64. Captain Beefheart And The Magic Band - Clear Spot 65. Sly & The Family Stone - Stand! 66. Eno - Here Come The Warm Jets 67. The Wailers - Catch A Fire 68. Massive Attack - Blue Lines 69. Elvis Costello - This Year's Model 70. Richard & Linda Thompson - I Want To See The Bright Lights Tonight 71. Stevie Wonder - Talking Book 72. Pere Ubu - The Modern Dance 73. Steely Dan - Can't Buy A Thrill 74. Sly & The Family Stone - There's A Riot Goin' On 75. Van Morrison - It's Too Late To Stop Now 76. Public Enemy - It Takes A Nation Of Millions To Hold Us Back 77. Pink Floyd - Piper At The Gates Of Dawn 78. Joni Mitchell - The Hissing Of Summer Lawns 79. The Stooges - The Stooges 80. Stevie Wonder - Songs In The Key Of Life 81. The Beatles - A Hard Day's Night 82. Miles Davis - Bitches Brew 83. Neil Young - Tonight's The Night 84. Randy Newman - Good Old Boys 85. Prefab Sprout - Steve McQueen 86. Marvin Gaye - Here, My Dear 87. Talk Talk - Spirit Of Eden 88. Margaret O'Hara - Miss America 89. Frank Zappa - Hot Rats 90. Steely Dan - Gaucho 91. The Kinks - The Village Green Preservation Society 92. Dusty Springfield - Dusty In Memphis 93. Todd Rundgren - A Wizard, A True Star 94. The Smiths - The Smiths 95. Muddy Waters - Hard Again 96. Led Zeppelin - Physical Graffiti 97. The Zombies - Odessey & Oracle 98. Iggy And The Stooges - Raw Power 99. Led Zeppelin - Led Zeppelin(4) 100. Robert Wyatt - Rock Bottom Skip To Top MOJO: 100 GREAT VOICES Please note the format: Vocalist - Song (Year of release): Artist/Group - Album* List is in alphabetical order. *Album - Most tracks are available on the CD as listed, except for some that are on vinyl or cassette. Contact Gordon for information. • Horace Andy - Just Say W |
Which set of 30 keyboard techniques were written by Johann Sebastian Bach to reportedly cure insomnia? | New Releases - Outhere Distribution Benelux by Outhere Music - issuu August - September 2015 2 HIGHLIGHT OF THE MONTH Alpha Collection AT A TIME OF GATHERING MOMENTUM, ALPHA IS RERELEASING 14 SEMINAL BAROQUE RECORDINGS This series brings together the finest Baroque recordings from the Alpha and ZZT catalogues: discs singled out for honours, emblematic artists of music from that period, recordings that marked the discography... This is also the occasion to discover or rediscover universally known works as well as world premiere recordings of rarities. In the framework of these rereleases, the performers have been interviewed and bear witness to their view of the work and their recording several years later, and their fascinating remarks are taken up in the booklets (all trilingual: French, English, German). Concerning the presentation of the discs, we have opted for handsome digipacks, the covers illustrated with photographs by great contemporary artists (all at Magnum) with a dominant colour as a guiding line: for this first series, we have chosen the queen of colours, that of the gods, kings, warriors, the devil, life, violence and death... Themes omnipresent in Baroque art! Find all the infos on page 8 3 Classical Releases Total time : 48’66 1 CD PPD : 12,95€ ACC24299 SCHÜTZ, HEINRICH - Musikalische Exequien LA PETITE BANDE - KUIJKEN, SIGISWALD Heinrich Schütz composed the Musikalische Exequien SWV 279-281 for the funeral of his patron Prince Heinrich Posthumus Reuß 1635/1636. Of the three parts, which were to be performed during three different sections of the funeral service, the first part, in the form of a sacred concerto for choir and soloists, is based on the numerous biblical passages which, in accordance with the instructions given by the deceased were to be recited at the coffin which the deceased himself had designed during his lifetime. This part is followed by a motet for double choir based on the text of a sermon («Herr, wenn ich nur dich habe»), and at the conclusion of the hymn of praise to Simeon («Herr, nun lässest du deinen Diener in Frieden fahren»), a choir apart from the main choir intones «Selig sind die Toten» from heaven, so to speak. With this composition, written as a commission, Schuetz created one of the most artistic and heartfelt works of mourning ever written in the history of music. For his recording, Sigiswald Kuijken decided on a soloistic rendering of the individual parts, thus attaining greater transparency. In the middle parts, Kuijken uses high tenors – no altus or countertenors – who possess the specific ability to sing the middle parts over the entire tessitura clearly and with good balance, contributing great richness to the overall sound. Ac nt ACC24311 THe Accent Recordings 1979 - 1986 VAN IMMERSEEL, JOS - VARIOUS ARTISTS Jos van Immerseel is one of the leading representatives of historical performance practice today. Alongside his great commitment to Renaissance and Baroque music, he has consistently broadened his view of the classical and romantic repertoire as well. With the Ensemble Anima Eterna, founded by him in 1987 and performing on historical instruments, he has set new standards with recordings of the works of Mozart, Beethoven, Ravel, Rimsky-Korsakoff, Poulenc and, most recently, Orff. On the occasion of Jos van Immerseel’s 70th birthday in November 2015, the present box offers a backward glance at the time when Jos van Immerseel, as the winner of many international competitions and prizes, still focussed primarily on keyboard instruments. During the late 1970s the pupil of Flor Peeters, Eugène Traey and Kenneth Gilbert began his collaboration with the Belgian label Accent, resulting in a series of solo piano recordings with works of Clementi, Mozart and Beethoven which can still stand any comparison today. Alongside this purely soloistic contribution, Jos van Immerseel was also much in demand as a chamber music partner for Octophorus, the oboist Paul Dombrecht and the countertenor René Jacobs. This retrospective is rounded off with a final Accent recording from 198 |
What song was written and performed by Billy Joel to underscore the plight of fishermen on Long Island? | The Downeaster Alexa by Billy Joel Songfacts The Downeaster Alexa by Billy Joel Songfacts Songfacts This song is about the fishermen in Oyster Bay, Long Island, which is near Joel's home. Written from the perspective of a struggling fisherman, the song is accurate in its description of the various places the vessel would travel. The song brought a lot of attention to the challenges these fishermen faced and the hard work they put into their jobs. Joel owned a boat at the time called "The Alexa." It was named after his daughter, Alexa Ray. Like her father, Alexa is also a musician. >> Suggestion credit: Sloan - Port Washington, NY Boating is one of Joel's favorite hobbies. He often makes nautical references in his songs, and his personal management company is called Maritime Music. The Vineyard mentioned in this song is Martha's Vineyard. Billy Joel had a house on the Vineyard, but sold it when he was divorced from Christie Brinkley. People from the island of Martha's Vineyard are known as Islanders: "There ain't no island left for Islanders like me." Joel's boat captain at the time tells us: "The 'downeaster' referred to is merely a style of lobster type fishing boat used widely throughout the northeastern United States. It was not invented by any one company or person. It describes a boat built in, or in the style of those built in, "downeast Maine." These were hardy, seaworthy boats with long open back decks and small working cabins. While they were used for many different types of fishing and modified even into yachts, they were designed for lobstermen. As for Billy's use of it in the song, it actually came from me. I worked for him (as his boat captain) at the time and Billy called me one night looking for a three syllable word describing a working fisherman's boat. We tossed around several different manufacturers' names but settled on 'downeaster' because, like the song, it was generic and wouldn't be claimed by anyone, while still being very descriptive of what he was talking about. Although I was never given any literary credit, I have always been proud to know that I was able to help write a song I love. Aside from that word, I also managed to help him phrase a few other lines." This was released as the third US single from the Storm Front album. Joel donated the proceeds from the single to the fishermen of Oyster Bay. |
A famous remark often attributed to Brian Eno is that while only a few thousand people bought a record of this band, almost every single one of the purchasers was inspired to start their own band. Which influential rock band was Eno referring to? | Snow In Berlin: Laughing Stock Snow in Berlin The Sunday Times: 24th January 1999 Not Mad About The Boys Channel 4's new satire Boyz Unlimited presents a worrying picture of how boy bands are squeezing out grown-up music, says Andrew Smith. Comedy writer Richard Osman decided that he wanted Boyz Unlimited, his six-part satire on the crazy world of boy bands, which begins on Channel 4 next Friday, to be played straight. After all, this was not an area that needed to be camped up. It was camp as a scoutmaster's tent peg already. The songs would thus be chosen for his hopeful quartet as if they were a real group - except for one, which, for the purposes of the plot, he wanted to be a mind-blowingly inappropriate cover version. He racked his pop-saturated brain, without finding anything quite horrid enough, until one day his joint musical director Ian Curnow called out of the blue with the answer. The solution was to be found in Dr Hook, the insipid 1970s groaners whose baffling trademark was their singer's eyepatch and beard, and who are best known for the famously execrable When You're In Love With a Beautiful Woman. That was a bad song, but not their worst. Hook had another called A Little Bit More, a schmaltzy ballad that would make even Celine Dion cringe, and a very real contender for the title of Worst Song Ever, Ever . "It was perfect," Osman enthuses, sitting in a nondescript meeting room at the Soho headquarters of production company Hat Trick. "I thought, hell, this would be an awful thing to release - let's do it." So they did, and Osman was mighty pleased with the result. Until Curnow called again a few weeks ago to inform him that 911, a real boy band, were releasing their own reading of the same song and that it was likely to be at the top of the charts the following Sunday. To make matters worse, Osman contends that the fictional Boyz Unlimited's version is better. Reality: don't trust it, kids. Interestingly, Boyz Unlimited is the second satire on the music business to appear on our screens in recent months. The other was Brian Elsley's racy The Young Person's Guide To Becoming a Rock Star, and the view it afforded of the business was remarkably of a piece with Osman's. Managers are clueless thugs, record companies staffed by cocaine-addled airheads. The would-be stars are likably deluded ingenues who are quickly denuded of all illusion and/or principles in the rush to fame and fortune. It's a funny picture, though not necessarily a pretty one, and for most of those entering the fray, it is reasonably accurate. At 27, Osman has first-hand, or at least close second-hand, experience, because his brother is Mat Osman, the bass player in Suede. Although he claims not to have drawn directly on their career, he will allow that being around them has given him an insight into the way the industry works. "It's different with them because they don't really play the game," he says, "but it has helped me to see the arbitrariness of it all. I mean, poor old Brett Anderson (Suede's singer), he's got this public image of being this foppish middle-class ponce, when all he is is this working-class boy who's worked his arse off and happens to be able to write brilliant pop songs. He's put through the wringer, when Damon Albarn, who is a foppish, middle-class ponce, is accepted as hard-working man of the people. There are many lessons learnt from the way Suede have been treated in my armoury." Boyz Unlimited is acute and enjoyable, and far more barbed than Osman likes to admit. Some of us will be selfishly hoping that it serves another purpose, too. When the writer had approached Hat Trick and Channel 4 with his idea in 1997, their only concern was that, by the time it could be transmitted, the fad for teen pop would have passed. Osman assured them that it wouldn't have, and he was more right than he could have dreamt. The recently released list of last year's best-selling albums contains shockingly little original rock or electronic music. It is the blandest list of records anyone could have seen for at least 10 years, popula |
1. The A is the outermost of the large, bright ones. 2. The B is the largest, brightest, and most massive. 3. The C is wide but faint and located inward of the B. 4. The D is the innermost and is also very faint. 5. The E is the second outermost and is extremely wide. 6. The F is the outermost discrete one and very active. 7. The G is very thin and faint and is halfway between the F and the E. What are we talking about? | Rings of Saturn : Wikis (The Full Wiki) Galileo's work Galileo was the first to observe the rings. Galileo Galilei was the first to observe the rings in 1610 using his telescope , but was unable to identify them as such. He wrote to the Duke of Tuscany that "[t]he planet Saturn is not alone, but is composed of three, which almost touch one another and never move nor change with respect to one another. They are arranged in a line parallel to the zodiac , and the middle one (Saturn itself) is about three times the size of the lateral ones [the edges of the rings]." He also described Saturn as having "ears". In 1612, the plane of the rings was oriented directly at the Earth and the rings appeared to vanish. Mystified, Galileo wondered, "[h]as Saturn swallowed his children?", in reference to the myth of Saturn 's consumption of his children to prevent them from overthrowing him. [3] They reappeared again in 1613, further confusing Galileo. [4] Early astronomers used anagrams as a form of commitment scheme to lay claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication. Galileo used smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi ("I have observed the most distant planet to have a triple form") for discovering the rings of Saturn. [5] Ring theory and observations Robert Hooke noted the shadows (a and b) cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this 1666 drawing of Saturn . In 1655, Christiaan Huygens became the first person to suggest that Saturn was surrounded by a ring. With a telescope far superior to those available to Galileo, Huygens observed Saturn and wrote that "It [Saturn] is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching, inclined to the ecliptic." [4] Robert Hooke was another early observer of the rings of Saturn, and noted the casting of shadows on the rings. [6] In 1675, Giovanni Domenico Cassini determined that Saturn's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them; the largest of these gaps was later named the Cassini Division . This division is a 4,800 km-wide region between the A Ring and B Ring . [7] In 1787, Pierre-Simon Laplace suggested that the rings were composed of a large number of solid ringlets. [2] In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that the rings could not be solid or they would become unstable and break apart. He proposed that the rings must be composed of numerous small particles, all independently orbiting Saturn. [8] Maxwell's theory was proven correct in 1895 through spectroscopic studies of the rings carried out by James Keeler of Lick Observatory . Physical characteristics The dark Cassini Division separates the wide inner B Ring and outer A Ring in this image from the HST 's ACS (March 22, 2004). The less prominent C Ring is just inside the B Ring. The dense main rings extend from 7,000 km to 80,000 km above Saturn's equator, with an estimated local thickness of only 10 meters, [9] and are composed of 99.9 percent pure water ice with a smattering of impurities that may include tholins or silicates . [10] The main rings are primarily composed of particles ranging in size from 1 centimeter to 10 meters. [11] The total mass of the rings is about 3 x 1019 kg. This is a small fraction of the total mass of Saturn (about 50 ppb ) and is just a little less than the moon Mimas . [12] There have been recent claims, as yet unverified, that this is an underestimate due to clumping in the rings and the mass may actually be three times this figure. [13] While the largest gaps in the rings, such as the Cassini Division and Encke Gap , can be seen from Earth, both Voyager spacecraft discovered that the rings have an intricate structure of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets. This structure is thought to arise, in several different ways, from the gravitational pull of Saturn's many moons. Some gaps are cleared out by the passage of tiny moonlets such as Pan , [14] many more of which may yet be discovered, and some ringlets seem to be maintained by the gravitational effects of small shepherd satellites (similar |
"In a Oct, 2014 interview to The Guardian, Prof. Peter Piot said the following. What's the missing word? ""In 1976 I discovered ... - now I fear an unimaginable tragedy.""" | The Nation August 12, 2014 by The Nation - issuu issuu Lagos nurse tests positive to Ebola NEWS Page 5 •Cases now 10 •177 under watch •Nigeria’s widest circulating newspaper ? VOL. 9, NO. 2936 TUESDAY, AUGUST 12, 2014 Polls: Jonathan insists on heavy security NEWS Pages 4&8 •Killer squad on the loose? LAW Page 25 TR UTH IN DEFENCE OF FREEDOM TRUTH N150.00 Draft constitution splits conference as North’s delegates meet A WHERE ARE THE CHIBOK GIRLS KIDNAPPED ON APRIL 15? SIX-YEAR single term for the president and governors, 50 per cent derivation and the scrapping of the 774 local councils. These are some of the highlights of the draft constitution presented yesterday to National Conference members in Abuja. But the draft constitution, given to members along with the draft proposal of the conference for their review before discussion starts tomor- SOME OF THE HIGLIGHTS OF THE DRAFT CONSTITUTION •Six-year single term for the president and governors •50 per cent derivation •Scrapping of the 774 local governments From Yusuf Alli, Abuja row, did not go down well with the northern delegates who will meet today in Abuja. The meeting will decide on whether to confront the leadership on the draft constitution or boycott the confer- ence’s final leg. Most Northern delegates were shocked that a draft constitution was “smuggled” into the agenda of the conference, in spite of the persistent denial by its leadership. One of the Northern delegates, who spoke anony- mously, said: “It was shocking to hear that a draft constitution is being circulated to members. We have summoned an emergency meeting of Northern delegates for Tuesday (today). “The Northern delegates are angry that extraneous is- sues are being brought into the agenda of the National Conference. “If the government had made up its mind from the beginning, there was no basis for bringing 492 Nigerians for the conference. “Our meeting might also take a firm decision on whether to go ahead with the conference or boycott its final stage. We cannot be used for selfish purpose.” Continued on page 4 •INSIDE: WASSCE RECORDS 31% PASS P6 SON RELIVES ADE-AJAYI’S LAST MOMENT P5 North to Jonathan: get girls out by Oct. or forget 2015 ‘Probe attacks on Buhari, killings of Shi’ite men’ 16 would-be female bombers, trainer arrested From Kolade Adeyemi, A From Abdulgafar Alabelewe, Kaduna P RESIDENT Goodluck Jonathan got yesterday an ultimatum from the North – bring back the Chibok girls and stop Boko Haram or forget 2015. The Northern Elders Forum (NEF) issued a deadline – October- for the conditions to be met. For over three months, more than 200 girls abducted by the fundamentalist Boko Haram sect have been in captivity. Eleven of their parents have died, following the trauma. The government says it knows where the girls are, but it is being careful not to do anything that will put their lives at risk. The thinking of the elders is that the military can defeat the Boko Haram terrorists – if, indeed, the government wants to subdue the sect. “We are convinced that most of these conflicts are being engineered to weaken the North politically and economically by interests which intend to exploit such weaknesses for electoral benefits,” the NEF said yesterday. The forum spoke in Kaduna through two ‘ Continued on page 4 If President Jonathan fails to end the insurgency, Nigerians will be left with the only conclusion that he has forfeited his right to ask for their mandate beyond 2015 ’ •THE FEAR OF EBOLA: Passengers, wearing protective face masks and hand gloves push trolleys loaded with PHOTO: AFP personal effects upon arrival at the Murtala Mohammed Airport in Lagos…yesterday. Kano MAN believed to be training female bombers was arrested yesterday in Kano. Also arrested with Ibrahim Ibrahim were 16 girls who security agents said were being trained as would-be bombers. Sources in Kano said the teenage girls were arrested when security men swooped on the place where they were being trained following a tip-off. Joint Task Force (JTF) officers carried out the raid. Ibrahim is believed to be a traine |
"In a letter written in 1924, who wrote ""You will be interested to hear that I have found a Cepheid variable in the Andromeda Nebula"" and transformed our view of the universe forever?" | Full text of "Some Mysteries of the Universe" See other formats VIYSTERI OF T UNIV 7y some mysteries of the universe W.R.CORLISS WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY PATRICK MOORE SOME MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE WILLIAM R. CORLISS EDITED BY PATRICK MOORE ADAM & CHARLES BLACK LONDON this edition 1 969 a. and c. black ltd 4, 5 and 6 soho square london wi © 1967, 1969 william r. corliss sbn: 71360933 8 The illustration on page 143 by permission of Clyde Tombaugh. INTRODUCTION Astronomy is an ever-changing science. During the past few decades, many questions have been answered ; but as soon as one problem is solved, a host of new ones arise to take its place. The more we find out, the more we are forced to realize how little we really know. Most books written for laymen content themselves with giving a broad general survey of astronomical ideas. Mr. Corliss, however, has approached matters rather differently, and has selected a few of the most fascinating puzzles, dis- cussing them in considerable detail. The fact that he cannot answer all the questions asked is not his fault; as yet, the answers remain to be found. But I feel that his thought- provoking book will arouse wide interest, and that both beginners and more serious students will benefit from reading it. Armagh, 1968 PATRICK MOORE PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THE WHITEFRIARS PRESS LTD. LONDON AND TONBRIDGE CONTENTS CHAPTER i no beginning, no end 2 quasars — at the brink of infinity 3 measuring the age of the universe 4 checking up on einstein 5 how a star works 6 the solar system's eleven-year pulse 7 jupiter's wandering red spot and other idiosyncrasies 8 the canal question 9 the case of the missing planet io those lights on the moon ii the search for life beyond the earth INDEX PAGE I 25 41 53 72 89 108 126 145 161 184 21 1 CHAPTER I NO BEGINNING, NO END? On starry nights who hasn't looked up and wondered where the stars end? And, if there is an end to them, what the mysterious partition is like, beyond which there is truly neither atom nor the faintest ray of light. Ever more powerful telescopes find no end to the star fields that seem to sweep toward infinity. Perhaps there is no beginning and no end to space; perhaps time, too, is boundless. Such all-encompassing thoughts demand a free-wheeling branch of science. Cosmology is its name. This highly specu- lative discipline deals with beginnings and ends, the size of the universe, its rhythm and structure, and the laws that des- cribe the motions of whole galaxies as well as the smallest atoms of interstellar gas. Of all the sciences, cosmology paints the biggest picture with the thinnest paint. Because its facts are few and "soft", cosmology is torn by warring schools of thought, each with voluble champions. This makes cosmology an exciting frontier of science. To be more specific, today's cosmology tries to answer the following questions: How big is the universe? How old is it, and what has been its history? How is matter distributed throughout space? Are terrestrial physical laws applicable to the far galaxies? Whence comes the energy to run the universe? Are the different chemical elements present in the same proportions throughout the universe? Thinly concealed behind these questions are two of the oldest 2 SOME MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE queries of reflective man : where did we come from and where are we going? Missing from the list are all questions involving why. Cosmology, like any true science, would be content merely with an accurate and aesthetically appealing description of the cosmos. The why transcends pure science but not the mental ambition of man. The role of science was expressed with precision by Newton: "Natural philosophy consists in discovering the frame and operations of nature, and reducing them, as far as may be, to general rules or laws — establishing these rules by obse |
Oklo in Gabon, Africa is the only known place in the world where what reaction occurs naturally? | Oklo Reactor – Mounana, Gabon | Atlas Obscura Please separate multiple addresses with commas. We won't share addresses with third parties. Subscribe me to the Atlas Obscura Newsletter Many people think nuclear power is an invention of mankind, and some even think it violates the laws of nature. But nuclear power is in fact a naturally occurring phenomenon, and life could not exist without it. That’s because our sun (and every other star for that matter) is itself a giant power plant, lighting up the solar system through a process known as thermonuclear fusion. Humans, however, generate power through a different process called nuclear fission, which releases energy by splitting atoms rather than combining them as in the fusion process. No matter how ingenious our race may seem though, even fission reactors are old news to Mother Nature. In a singular but well-documented circumstance, scientists have found evidence that naturally occurring fission reactors were created inside three uranium ore deposits in the west African country of Gabon. Two billion years ago, the uranium-rich mineral deposits became flooded with groundwater, setting off a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. The energy that was subsequently released then raised temperatures enough to begin boiling away the water, but when the mineral deposits eventually cooled down the nuclear reactions would start back up again. By examining the levels of certain isotopes of xenon gas (a byproduct of the uranium fission process) in the surrounding rock, scientists have determined the natural reactor proceeded in this start-stop fashion at intervals of about two and a half hours. In this manner, the uranium deposits in the Oklo region of Gabon created a natural nuclear power plant that operated for hundreds of thousands of years until most of the fissile uranium was depleted. While a majority of the uranium at Oklo is the non-fissile isotope U238, only about 3% needed to be the fissile isotope U235 for the chain reaction to start. Today, that percent of fissile uranium in the deposits is around 0.7%, indicating that the deposit had sustained reactions for a relatively long period of time. But it was this exact characteristic of the rocks from Oklo that first puzzled scientists. The low levels of U235 were first noticed in 1972 by employees of the Pierrelatte uranium enrichment facility in France. During routine mass spectrometry analysis of samples from the Oklo mine, it was discovered that the concentration of the fissile uranium isotope differed by three thousandths of a percent (%0.003) from the expected value. This seemingly small difference was significant enough to alert authorities, who were concerned that the missing uranium could be used to develop nuclear weapons. But later that year, scientists found the answer to the two-billion-year-old secret: the world’s first, and only natural, nuclear reactor. |
The Flammarion engraving that can be frequently seen on book covers sought to illustrate what belief system? | Since Day 1 you have been told:. What to do, What to think, - ppt download Presentation is loading. Please wait. Since Day 1 you have been told:. What to do, What to think, Published by Ashlee Rhoda Boyd Modified about 1 year ago Embed Similar presentations More Presentation on theme: "Since Day 1 you have been told:. What to do, What to think,"— Presentation transcript: 1 Since Day 1 you have been told: 2 What to do, 6 What to believe, 7 They have you perfectly in a box to keep you “safe” 8 The Flammarion engraving is a wood engraving by an unknown artist, so named because its first documented appearance is in Camille Flammarion's 1888 book L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire ("The Atmosphere: Popular Meteorology"). [1] The engraving has often, but erroneously, been referred to as a woodcut. It has been used to represent a supposedly medieval cosmology, including a flat earth bounded by a solid and opaque sky, or firmament, and also as a metaphorical illustration of either the scientific or the mystical quests for knowledge. The caption that accompanies the engraving in Flammarion's book reads: [1] A missionary of the Middle Ages tells that he had found the point where the sky and the Earth touch... [1]( Flammarion, Camille (1888). L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire. Paris: Hachette. p ) According to Bruno Weber and to astronomer Joseph Ashbrook, [4] the depiction of a spherical heavenly vault separating the earth from an outer realm is similar to the first illustration in Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia of 1544, [5] a book which Flammarion, an ardent bibliophile and book collector, might have owned ( Joseph Ashbrook, "Astronomical Scrapbook: About an Astronomical Woodcut," Sky & Telescope, 53 (5), pp , May 1977.). [1] Flammarion, CamilleL'atmosphère: météorologie populaire Joseph Ashbrook [4]Sebastian MünsterCosmographia [5]Sky & Telescope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammarion_engravi ng ).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammarion_engravi ng Would it, could it, be possible that whomever originally engraved this piece would have known of Ezekiel’s wheels found only in the Holy Bible? How could the “islanders” around Matlock Island in the Caroline Islands have the same story of being able to crawl beyond the dome? Could this artist have talked to similar Island folk and was fascinated enough to draw this image. Or was this a first hand experience (1544 AD?) from the artist who had to represent this image in an engraving? 9 Context in Flammarion's book In Flammarion's L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire, the image refers to the text on the facing page (p. 163), which also clarifies the author's intent in using it as an illustration: Whether the sky be clear or cloudy, it always seems to us to have the shape of an elliptic arch; far from having the form of a circular arch, it always seems flattened and depressed above our heads, and gradually to become farther removed toward the horizon. Our ancestors imagined that this blue vault was really what the eye would lead them to believe it to be; but, as Voltaire remarks, this is about as reasonable as if a silk-worm took his web for the limits of the universe. The Greek astronomers represented it as formed of a solid crystal substance; and so recently as Copernicus, a large number of astronomers thought it was as solid as plate-glass. The Latin poets placed the divinities of Olympus and the stately mythological court upon this vault, above the planets and the fixed stars. Previous to the knowledge that the earth was moving in space, and that space is everywhere, theologians had installed the Trinity in the empyrean, the glorified body of Jesus, that of the Virgin Mary, the angelic hierarchy, the saints, and all the heavenly host.... A naïve missionary of the Middle Ages even tells us that, in one of his voyages in search of the terrestrial paradise, he reached the horizon where the earth and the heavens met, and that he discovered a certain point where they were not joined together, and where, by stooping his shoulders, he passed under the roof of the heavens... [6]Volta |
British physicist David Deutsch is regarded as the father of what field of science which is certain to see more interest as the scale of the world's need for data processing increases? | Particle Physics | theDiagonal Mike Leave a comment Is the smallest, lightest, most ghostly particle about to upend our understanding of the universe? Recently, the ephemeral neutrino has begun to give up some of its secrets. Beginning in 1998 the neutrino experiments at Super-Kamiokande and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory showed for the first time that neutrinos oscillate with one of three flavors. In 2015, two physicists were awarded the Nobel prize for this discovery , which also proved that neutrinos must have mass. More recently, a small anomaly at the Super-Kamiokande detector has surfaced, which, is hoped, could shed light on why the universe is constructed primarily from matter and not anti-matter. From Quanta: The anomaly, detected by the T2K experiment, is not yet pronounced enough to be sure of, but it and the findings of two related experiments “are all pointing in the same direction,” said Hirohisa Tanaka of the University of Toronto, a member of the T2K team who presented the result to a packed audience in London earlier this month. “A full proof will take more time,” said Werner Rodejohann , a neutrino specialist at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg who was not involved in the experiments, “but my and many others’ feeling is that there is something real here.” The long-standing puzzle to be solved is why we and everything we see is matter-made. More to the point, why does anything — matter or antimatter — exist at all? The reigning laws of particle physics, known as the Standard Model, treat matter and antimatter nearly equivalently, respecting (with one known exception) so-called charge-parity, or “CP,” symmetry: For every particle decay that produces, say, a negatively charged electron, the mirror-image decay yielding a positively charged antielectron occurs at the same rate. But this cannot be the whole story. If equal amounts of matter and antimatter were produced during the Big Bang, equal amounts should have existed shortly thereafter. And since matter and antimatter annihilate upon contact, such a situation would have led to the wholesale destruction of both, resulting in an empty cosmos. Somehow, significantly more matter than antimatter must have been created, such that a matter surplus survived the annihilation and now holds sway. The question is, what CP-violating process beyond the Standard Model favored the production of matter over antimatter? Many physicists suspect that the answer lies with neutrinos — ultra-elusive, omnipresent particles that pass unfelt through your body by the trillions each second. Read the entire article here . Send to Kindle Mike Leave a comment Something’s up. Perhaps there’s some degree of hope that we may be reversing the tide of “dumbeddownness” in the stories that the media pumps through its many tubes to reach us. So, it comes as a welcome surprise to see articles about the very, very small making big news in publications like the New Yorker. Stories about neutrinos no less. Thank you New Yorker for dumbing us up. And, kudos to the latest Nobel laureates — Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald — for helping us understand just a little bit more about our world. From the New Yorker: This week the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald for their discovery that elementary particles called neutrinos have mass. This is, remarkably, the fourth Nobel Prize associated with the experimental measurement of neutrinos. One might wonder why we should care so much about these ghostly particles, which barely interact with normal matter. Even though the existence of neutrinos was predicted in 1930, by Wolfgang Pauli, none were experimentally observed until 1956. That’s because neutrinos almost always pass through matter without stopping. Every second of every day, more than six trillion neutrinos stream through your body, coming directly from the fiery core of the sun—but most of them go right through our bodies, and the Earth, without interacting with the particles out of which those objects are made. In fa |
The modern-day cattle breed of 'Heck' came about when it was attempted to bring back what extinct species? | Aurochs Project Aims to Breed Extinct Ancient Cattle - TIME Follow @TIME The only place to see an aurochs in nature these days? A cave painting. The enormous wild cattle that once roamed the European plains have been extinct since 1627, when the last survivor died in a Polish nature reserve. But this could soon change thanks to the work of European preservationists who are hoping they can make the great beast walk again. If they succeed through a combination of modern genetic expertise and old-fashioned breeding it would be the first time an animal has been brought back from extinction and released into the wild. The aurochs was a massive creature, standing more than six feet tall at the shoulder and weighing more than a ton. It had forward-facing horns and a white stripe running down its spine. The prehistoric animal was domesticated about 8,000 years ago, but some aurochs also remained in the wild until the end of the Middle Ages, when scientists believe they became extinct due to overhunting and loss of habitat. (See the top 10 scientific discoveries of 2009.) The hope for its resurrection now lies in its tame descendants, domesticated cattle. Here's how the process is expected to work: Scientists will first scour old aurochs bone and teeth fragments from museums in order to glean enough genetic material to be able to recreate its DNA. Researchers will then compare the DNA to that of modern European cattle to determine which breeds still carry the creature's genes and create a selective-breeding program to reverse thousands of years of evolution. If everything goes as planned, each passing generation will more closely resemble the ancient aurochs. "Everything will be put together in a genetic mosaic," says Donato Matassino, head of the Consortium for Experimental Biotechnology in Italy and one of the scientists involved in the project. "Once we have all the roads, we'll try to follow them back to Rome." (See 10 species near extinction.) Stichting Taurus, the Dutch preservationist group leading the project, is hoping a reborn aurochs could help restore the European countryside to a more natural state. To that end, the group would eventually like to replace the domesticated cattle that currently graze in Holland's nature reserves with the recreated wild cattle. "The aurochs was part of an ecosystem," says Henri Kerkdijk, manager of the project. "If you want to recreate the flora of the ecosystem, you also have to recreate the fauna." The idea came to Kerkdijk during a trip to Africa, where he was struck by the abundance of giant herbivores, even in areas where people were living. "It just bothered me that we don't have that in Europe anymore," he says. His group has already introduced English Exmoor ponies the closest living representatives of the wild horses painted alongside aurochs on cave walls to the Netherlands' nature reserves. "You could also talk about recreating the giant deer," Kerkdijk says. "But there, we don't have a modern animal to work from." (See the top 10 animal stories of 2009.) The current effort isn't the first attempt to resurrect the ancient cattle. The aurochs played an important role in early German culture, and in the early 20th century the Nazi government funded an attempt to breed them back as part of its propaganda effort. The result, known as Heck cattle, may to some extent resemble the ancient aurochs, says Kerkdijk, but they're genetically quite different. "We want a breed that resembles the aurochs, not only in phenotype, but in genotype," he says. Heck cattle, for example, are more aggressive than aurochs because they were bred, in part, using Spanish fighting bulls. "They will attack without a prior threat display," says Kerkdijk. "When I'm in Africa, herbivores won't attack me. They give some type of warning: Back off, one step further or you're dead meat." (See how to save the world's endangered species.) Other groups are also trying to bring different animals back from extinction through breeding. In South Africa, scientists are attempting to recreate the quagga, an extinc |
Awarded to people in the medical field, what American awards are considered the country's equivalent of the Nobel Prize in that area? | University of Pennsylvania | Perelman School of Medicine | Awards by Organization Prize: $250,000 award, Citation, Statuette Est. Due Date: February 3 The Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award honors investigators whose contributions have improved the clinical treatment of patients. Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award Prize: $250,000 award, Citation, Statuette Est. Due Date: February 3 The Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award honors men and women who have helped make possible the federal legislation and funding that supports research, and who have created public communication, public health, and advocacy programs of major importance. Award is offered every other year (odd years), alternating with Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science (even years). Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation Lasker-Koshland Award for Special Achievement in Medical Science Prize: $250,000 award, Citation, Statuette Est. Due Date: February 3 This Award honors scientists whose contributions to research and scientific statemanship are of unique magnitude, and whose professional career has engendered within the biomedical community the deepest feelings of awe and respect. Scientists who have previously won a Lasker Award are ineligible for this Award. Award offered every other year (even years), alternating with Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award (odd years). A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan Taubman Prize for Excellence in Translational Medical Science Prize: $100,000 Est. Due Date: February 1 Offered annually by the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute at the University of Michigan, the $100,000 prize recognizes work in the crucial field of translational research being conducted by the clinician-scientist who has done the most to transform laboratory discoveries into clinical applications for patients suffering from disease. American Chemical Society (ACS); Biological Chemistry Division Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry Est. Due Date: July 1 This award is bestowed for outstanding work in science as related to medicine. Scientists of any country and in any field, whether non-clinical or clinical, biochemical, biological, physical, or social, shall be eligible for this award. An MD shall not be required. American College of Physicians (ACP) John Phillips Memorial Award Prize: Est. Due Date: July 1 This award is bestowed for outstanding work in clinical medicine. Clinical medicine shall be interpreted to include all phases of clinical research or practice of medicine. The recipient shall hold an MD or its equivalent medical degree. American College of Physicians (ACP) William C. Menninger Memorial Award for Distinguished Contributions to the Science of Mental Health Prize: $10,000 unrestricted grant; Lecture at award ceremony Est. Due Date: October 18 The Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award is named in honor of Dr. Korsmeyer, who was the first recipient of the Award in 1998, and who passed away in March 2005. The annual award recognizes the outstanding achievements of an ASCI member in advancing knowledge in a specific field and in mentoring future generations of life-science researchers. Nominees must be ASCI members who are age 55 or younger on January 1 of the year of the award. American Society for Clinical Investigation/Harrington Discovery Institute, Univ Hospitals Case Med Center Harrington Prize for Innovation in Medicine Prize: $20,000 unrestricted honorarium Est. Due Date: August 15 The Harrington Prize, presented by the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI) an |
If the Solvay Conferences of the early 1910s set the tone for 20th century physics, the Dartmouth Conferences of 1956 have similar importance for what field of science? | A Century of Innovation A Century of Innovation You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 5 to 35 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 40 to 154 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 159 to 222 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 228 to 248 are not shown in this preview. |
What is the name of the six-letter ore from which niobium and tantalum are extracted and whose mining is said to have fueled many modern day African conflicts? | Guns, Money and Cell Phones — Global Issues The Industry Standard Magazine Issue Date: Jun 11 2001 The demand for cell phones and computer chips is helping fuel a bloody civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The offer turned up a few weeks ago on an Internet bulletin board called the Embassy Network. Among the postings about Dutch work visas and Italian pen pals lurked a surprisingly blunt proposal: "How much do you want to offer per kilogram? Please find me at least 100,000 U.S. dollars and I will deliver immediately." The substance for sale wasn't cocaine or top-grade opium. It was an ore called Columbite-tantalite - coltan for short - one of the world's most sought-after materials. Refine coltan and you get a highly heat-resistant metal powder called tantalum. It sells for $100 a pound, and it's becoming increasingly vital to modern life. For the high-tech industry, tantalum is magic dust, a key component in everything from mobile phones made by Nokia (NOK) and Ericsson and computer chips from Intel (INTC) to Sony (SNE) stereos and VCRs. Selling coltan is not illegal. Most of the worldwide tantalum supply - valued at as much as $6 billion a year - comes from legitimate mining operations in Australia, Canada and Brazil. But as demand for tantalum took off with the boom of high-tech products in recent years, a new, more sinister market began flourishing in the Democratic Republic of Congo. There, warring rebel groups - many funded and supplied by neighboring Rwanda and Uganda - are exploiting coltan mining to help finance a bloody civil war now in its third year. "There is a direct link between human rights abuses and the exploitation of resources in areas in the DRC occupied by Rwanda and Uganda," says Suliman Baldo, a senior researcher in the Africa division at Human Rights Watch, a New York-based nongovernmental organization that tracks human-rights abuses worldwide. The slaughter and misery in the Congo has not abated since the country's president, Laurent Kabila, was assassinated in January. (Kabila's son, Joseph, was quickly appointed the new head of state.) Human Rights Watch researchers, working with monitors in the Congo, estimate that at least 10,000 civilians have been killed and 200,000 people have been displaced in northeastern Congo since June 1999. Rebels have driven farmers off their coltan-rich land and attacked villages in a civil war raging, in part, over control of strategic mining areas. The Ugandan and Rwandan rebels "are just helping themselves," Baldo says. The mining by the rebels is also causing environmental destruction. In particular, endangered gorilla populations are being massacred or driven out of their natural habitat as the miners illegally plunder the ore-rich lands of the Congo's protected national parks. The link between the bloodshed and coltan is causing alarm among high-tech manufacturers. Slowly they are beginning to grapple with the possibility that their products may contain the tainted fruits of civil war. A similar controversy, after all, wracked the diamond industry in the late 1990s, when global demand for the gems helped finance civil wars in Sierra Leone, Angola and Liberia. Since then, the international community has clamped down on the diamond trade, imposing tougher import and export regulations. But with tantalum, such regulations may be difficult to enforce. The market for the metal is based on secretive and convoluted trade links subject to few international regulations, and the ore is not sold on regulated metals exchanges. Rape of the land The first wake-up call to the high-tech industry came in April when the United Nations issued a damning report on the "illegal exploitation of natural resources and other forms of wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo." After six months of field investigations, a panel of experts in the region assembled by the U.N. Security Council reported its findings. Among the most alarming of the report's allegations was that Rwandan, Ugandan and Burundian rebels had looted and smuggled thousands of tons of coltan from the |
The 1610 book Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger) that contained several sketches of the moon was published by whom? | A Very Rare Book - The New Yorker A Very Rare Book The mystery surrounding a copy of Galileo’s pivotal treatise. By Nicholas Schmidle A first edition of the “Sidereus Nuncius” (at left) has black etchings of the moon. A disputed copy (at right) has brown watercolors.CreditImages from Left: Courtesy Library of Congress; Right: Courtesy Martayan Lan Rare Books On the night of January 7, 1610, Galileo Galilei, a resident of Padua, walked onto his balcony and tipped his telescope toward space. He spotted three stars near Jupiter and graphed their positions in a notebook. Six days later, he looked through his telescope again and found the same stars—but their positions had shifted. They were, he realized, moons orbiting Jupiter. Galileo had long believed Copernicus’ theory that the Earth was not the center of the universe. Now he had proof. Two months later, a publisher in Venice printed Galileo’s findings, in a booklet ten inches tall, seven and a half inches wide, and sixty pages long. As was customary, the sheets were initially left unbound. Galileo called his work the “Sidereus Nuncius,” or “Starry Messenger.” In addition to offering insights on celestial movement, the book rebutted Aristotle, who had maintained that heavenly bodies were smooth and “perfect”; with his telescope, Galileo had also looked extensively at the Earth’s moon, and could see mountains and craters on its surface. To convey this point, Galileo included four copperplate etchings of the moon, each depicting a lunar phase and measuring roughly five and a half inches wide and six inches tall. Five hundred and fifty copies of the “Sidereus Nuncius” were printed in its first run. About a hundred and fifty still exist. The “Sidereus Nuncius” launched Galileo’s career. According to one historian, the book contained “more discoveries that changed the world than anyone has ever made before or since.” Owen Gingerich, a professor emeritus of astronomy at Harvard, has called Galileo’s account of Jupiter’s moons “the most exciting single manuscript page in the history of science.” Gingerich, who is eighty-three, is one of the world’s leading authorities on Galileo. In June of 2005, an old friend of his, Richard Lan, visited him at his office, not far from Harvard’s main campus. Lan owns an antiquarian bookshop in Manhattan. Howard Rootenberg, a Los Angeles dealer, recently told me, “Richard is a notch higher than other booksellers, in terms of knowledge and experience.” The universe of rare-book dealers is small, and reputation is paramount. Rootenberg explained, “With certain dealers, you never even question authenticity or title—it’s almost a given. Their word is sacrosanct. Certainly, Richard is one of those people.” Expertise has its limits, however, and Lan occasionally asked Gingerich to assess books by early astronomers. (Gingerich has examined nearly every extant first- and second-edition copy—six hundred in all—of Copernicus’ “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.”) “You can put anything in front of him and learn something,” Lan told me. That day, Lan arrived with two young Italians, Marino Massimo De Caro and Filippo Rotundo. The Italians were offering to sell Lan a remarkable copy of the “Sidereus Nuncius.” De Caro had provided Lan with documentation indicating that the book’s previous owner belonged to a Masonic organization active in Italy, Malta, and Argentina. Lan had viewed many copies of the “Sidereus Nuncius” over the years. Although some had been in better condition, none contained the personal flourishes of this one. Galileo’s signature was on the title page. A stamp of a lynx indicated that the book came from the personal library of Federico Cesi, the founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, the scientific fraternity in Rome to which Galileo belonged. Instead of etchings, there were five lovely watercolor illustrations of the moon, presumably painted by Galileo. Lan suspected that the book would sell for millions of dollars, once he had established its provenance and authenticity. Lan sat beside Gingerich and unwrapped the book’s vellum cove |
According to Guinness Book, the greatest concentration of animals ever speculatively guessed concerned what scourge of crops? | Hunger on the Wing | DiscoverMagazine.com Hunger on the Wing EATING MACHINE: The migratory grass- hopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, is the closest living relative of America's extinct plague locust. Can it also swarm? One summer in the Oklahoma panhandle thegrasshoppers were everywhere. Every patch of weeds along the alleywould erupt like a pan of popping corn if I set foot in it. When wedrove the highway, we inadvertently slaughtered dozens. The collisionsspeckled our windshield with hemolymph. Their wings, coffee-coloredfans striped with yellow at the outer edges, lodged in our wipers andfluttered in the onrushing air. Sometimes an entire grasshopper, ormost of one, would lodge there as well, struggling to get free as thewind tore it to tatters. They could be found in unaccustomedplaces that summer. For several mornings running I saw two or threeswimming in the dog's water dish. The rosebushes took on the riddledlook of lace, as though the grasshoppers had tasted the leaves andfound them unappealing but serviceable. In the country, the cedar postsof barbed wire fences would seem at a glance to be shimmering withheat, like a water mirage on the highway, but a second glance wouldshow the effect was not an optical illusion. The posts were simplycrawling with grasshoppers moving up or down for no apparent reason.They seemed to be moving with great caution, edging past each other.When a stationary grasshopper got bumped, it would draw its legs intighter and shift its footing, like a person uncomfortable on a crowdedbus. Then there was the jackrabbit. We found it beside a dirt roadon the way to the mailbox. It was dead, probably road-killed.Grasshoppers were thick in the weeds and grass along that road, anddozens clustered on the carcass. When someone poked at itexperimentally, a few of the hoppers jumped off and opened their wingsand were carried away by the wind. Others crawled off sluggishly. Somestayed put. With the carcass now more exposed, we could see that it wasbald in patches, and that its hide was wounded in shallow divots, as ifit had been hit all over with buckshot that failed to penetrate. Itseemed that the grasshoppers had been eating it. As the seasonwore on, the grasshoppers grew absurdly thick. Among the metallic greenones there were others, some yellow and spotted, others a brightergreen. All these I was familiar with, though I had never made anyparticular study of them. But I began to see things utterly new to me.One grasshopper was black and flecked with gray, like burned charcoal.Another was black but flecked with a Tabasco red. This variety has beenexplained to me thus: In outbreaks, grasshoppers are so plentiful thatthey overwhelm their usual predators, offering them more food than theycan use. Other grasshopper species, rare enough to go unnoticed most ofthe time, get relief from predators in this circumstance, and thereforeare more likely to be around for people to notice. Other thingsseemed different too—there were a great many large grasshoppers, thickas a lipstick. One morning on my driveway I found the largest specimenI had ever seen, a yellowish creature longer than a soda can. It wasdead—a fact that gave me some comfort. Streams of black ants led up toits carcass. Their presence was the first thing that convinced me I wasseeing a once-living creature rather than a toy. I turned it belly-upwith a stick. Its head and thorax were intact, but its abdomen wasriddled with holes. I had not seen this damage at first because itslong wings concealed it from above. Through the holes I glimpsed antsworking at the grasshopper's half-hollow hull. I returned with a rulerand measured the monster at just less than six inches. SWARMSAND INFESTATIONS: Locust plagues long haunted American farmers, andthey may do so again. In the 19th century, black clouds of RockyMountain locusts swept across the plains almost every summer, leavingonly stubble where crops once stood. Inset map: The 1874 swarm (shownin red) was the largest ever recorded: 1,800 miles long and 110 miles wide, it caused the equivalent of $650 million of |
In Astronomy, what is the term for a minor celestial body that shares an orbit with a larger body? | What is a celestial body that orbits another body? | Reference.com What is a celestial body that orbits another body? A: Quick Answer Although scientists use the term celestial body quite broadly, when they refer to a celestial body orbiting another body they are generally talking about natural satellites, or moons, orbiting a larger body such as a planet or dwarf planet. Within the solar system, astronomers have identified over two hundred natural satellites. Full Answer As of 2014, scientists have confirmed the discovery of 173 natural satellites orbiting around the eight planets. Earth has one moon, Mars has two, Jupiter has 50, Saturn has 53, Uranus has 27, and Neptune has 13. Neither Mercury nor Venus have any moons. Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune all have provisional moons, which refers to moons not yet verified by the International Astronomical Union. Eight moons orbiting dwarf planets have been confirmed. Natural satellites also orbit minor planets and asteroids, with at least 200 moons orbiting minor planets. Within the asteroid belt, 76 objects have natural satellites, while four Jupiter trojans and 14 Mars-crosser asteroids also have orbiting celestial bodies. As of 2014, 39 near-Earth objects have one or two orbiting celestial bodies. Scientists believe that some of these moons may have their own moons, although no discovery of such a body has been confirmed. Jupiter's moon Ganymede is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System. |
What famous theorem proposed in 1964 clearly delineated the areas of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics? | Quantum Mechanics | Chem in 10 | Online Chemistry Course e Quantum mechanics (QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory) is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant . Quantum mechanics departs from classical mechanics primarily at the quantum realm of atomic and subatomic length scales. Quantum mechanics provides a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter . In advanced topics of quantum mechanics, some of these behaviors are macroscopic and only emerge at extreme (i.e., very low or very high) energies or temperatures . The name quantum mechanics derives from the observation that some physical quantities can change only in discrete amounts (Latin quanta ), and not in a continuous (cf. analog ) way. For example, the angular momentum of an electron bound to an atom or molecule is quantized. [1] In the context of quantum mechanics, the wave–particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty principle provide a unified view of the behavior of photons , electrons , and other atomic-scale objects. The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are abstract. A mathematical function called the wavefunction provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle. Mathematical manipulations of the wavefunction usually involve the bra-ket notation , which requires an understanding of complex numbers and linear functionals . The wavefunction treats the object as a quantum harmonic oscillator , and the mathematics is akin to that describing acoustic resonance . Many of the results of quantum mechanics are not easily visualized in terms of classical mechanics —for instance, the ground state in a quantum mechanical model is a non-zero energy state that is the lowest permitted energy state of a system, as opposed to a more “traditional” system that is thought of as simply being at rest, with zero kinetic energy . Instead of a traditional static, unchanging zero state, quantum mechanics allows for far more dynamic, chaotic possibilities, according to John Wheeler . The earliest versions of quantum mechanics were formulated in the first decade of the 20th century. At around the same time, the atomic theory and the corpuscular theory of light (as updated by Einstein) first came to be widely accepted as scientific fact; these latter theories can be viewed as quantum theories of matter and electromagnetic radiation , respectively. Early quantum theory was significantly reformulated in the mid-1920s by Werner Heisenberg , Max Born and Pascual Jordan , who created matrix mechanics ; Louis de Broglie and Erwin Schrodinger ( Wave Mechanics ); and Wolfgang Pauli and Satyendra Nath Bose (statistics of subatomic particles). And the Copenhagen interpretation of Niels Bohr became widely accepted. By 1930, quantum mechanics had been further unified and formalized by the work of David Hilbert , Paul Dirac and John von Neumann , [2] with a greater emphasis placed on measurement in quantum mechanics , the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical speculation about the role of the observer . Quantum mechanics has since branched out into almost every aspect of 20th century physics and other disciplines, such as quantum chemistry , quantum electronics , quantum optics , and quantum information science . Much 19th century physics has been re-evaluated as the “classical limit” of quantum mechanics, and its more advanced developments in terms of quantum field theory , string theory , and speculative quantum gravity theories. Contents Main article: History of quantum mechanics The first study of quantum mechanics goes back to the 17th and 18th centuries when scientists such as Robert Hooke , Christian Huygens and Leonhard Euler proposed a wave theory of light based on experimental observations. [3] In 1803, Thomas Young , an English polymath , performed the famous double-slit experiment |
Usually named for the places where they are found, what are traditionally classified into three types as stony, iron and stony-iron? | Meteoroid, Meteors, and Meteorites - Crystalinks Meteoroid, Meteors, and Meteorites Meteoroid A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body travelling through space. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to 1 meter-wide objects. Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, while others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars. The visible streak of light from space debris is the result of heat as it enters a planet's atmosphere, and the trail of glowing particles that it sheds in its wake is called a meteor, or colloquially a "shooting star" or "falling star". A series of many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart, and appearing to originate from the same fixed point in the sky, is called a meteor shower. Incoming objects larger than several meters (asteroids or comets) can explode in the air. If a meteoroid, comet or asteroid or a piece thereof withstands ablation from its atmospheric entry and impacts with the ground, then it is called a meteorite. Around 15,000 tonnes of meteoroids, micrometeoroids and different forms of space dust enter Earth's atmosphere each year. In 1961, the International Astronomical Union defined a meteoroid as "a solid object moving in interplanetary space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom". In 1995, Beech and Steel, writing in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, proposed a new definition where a meteoroid would be between 100 um and 10 meters across. Following the discovery of asteroids below 10 m in size, Rubin and Grossman refined the Beech and Steel definition of meteoroid to objects between 10 um and 1 m in diameter. The smallest asteroid ever discovered (based on absolute magnitude) is 2008 TS26 with an absolute magnitude of 33.2, and an estimated size of 1-meter. Objects smaller than meteoroids are classified as micrometeoroids and cosmic dust. The Minor Planet Center does not use the term "meteoroid". The composition of meteoroids can be inferred as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere from their trajectories and the light spectra of the resulting meteor. Their effects on radio signals also give information, especially useful for daytime meteors which are otherwise very difficult to observe. From these trajectory measurements, meteoroids have been found to have many different orbits, some clustering in streams - meteor showers - often associated with a parent comet, others apparently sporadic. Debris from meteoroid streams may eventually be scattered into other orbits. The light spectra, combined with trajectory and light curve measurements, have yielded various compositions and densities, ranging from fragile snowball-like objects with density about a quarter that of ice, to nickel-iron rich dense rocks. The study of meteorites also gives insights into the composition of non-ephemeral meteoroids. Meteoroids travel around the Sun in a variety of orbits and at various velocities. The fastest ones move at about 42 kilometers per second through space in the vicinity of Earth's orbit.[citation needed] The Earth travels at about 29.6 kilometers per second. Thus, when meteoroids meet Earth's atmosphere head-on (which only occurs when meteors are in a retrograde orbit such as the Eta Aquarids, which are associated with the retrograde Halley's Comet), the combined speed may reach about 71 kilometers per second. Meteoroids moving through Earth's orbital space average about 20 km/s. On 2013 January 17 at 05:21 PST a 1 meter-sized comet from the Oort cloud entered Earth atmosphere. The object had a retrograde orbit with perihelion at 0.98 � 0.03 AU. It approached from the direction of the constellation Virgo, and collided head-on with Earth atmosphere at 72 � 6 km/s vaporizing more than 100 km above ground over a period of several seconds. When meteoroids intersect with the Earth's atmosphere at night, they are likely to become visible as meteors. If meteoroids survive the entry through the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface, they a |
Thomas Hunt Morgan won a Nobel Prize for his studies of inheritance and pioneered the use of which tiny organism? | Thomas Hunt Morgan : definition of Thomas Hunt Morgan and synonyms of Thomas Hunt Morgan (English) or Medicine in 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan (September 25, 1866 – December 4, 1945) [1] was an American evolutionary biologist , geneticist and embryologist and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries relating the role the chromosome plays in heredity . [2] Morgan received his PhD from Johns Hopkins University in zoology in 1890 and researched embryology during his tenure at Bryn Mawr . Following the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900, Morgan's research moved to the study of mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In his famous Fly Room at Columbia University , Morgan demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics . He was awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in genetics. [2] During his distinguished career, Morgan wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers. [3] As a result of his work, Drosophila became a major model organism in contemporary genetics. The Division of Biology which he established at the California Institute of Technology has produced seven Nobel Prize winners. Contents 8 External links Early life Morgan was born in Lexington , Kentucky , to Charlton Hunt Morgan and Ellen Key Howard Morgan. [2] [4] Part of a line of Southern planter elite on his father's side, Morgan was a nephew of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan and his great-grandfather John Wesley Hunt had been the first millionaire west of the Allegheny Mountains . Through his mother, he was the great-grandson of Francis Scott Key , the author of the " Star Spangled Banner ", and John Eager Howard , governor and senator from Maryland . [4] Following the Civil War, the family had fallen on harder times with the temporary loss of civil and some property rights for those who aided the Confederacy. His father had difficulty finding work in politics and spent much of his time coordinating veterans reunions. Beginning at age 16 in the Preparatory Department, Morgan attended the State College of Kentucky (now the University of Kentucky ). He focused on science; he particularly enjoyed natural history, and worked with the U.S. Geological Survey in his summers. He graduated as valedictorian in 1886 with a bachelor in science. [5] Following a summer at the Marine Biology School in Annisquam, Massachusetts , Morgan began graduate studies in zoology at the recently founded Johns Hopkins University , the first research-oriented American university. After two years of experimental work with morphologist William Keith Brooks and writing several publications, Morgan was eligible to receive a master of science from the State College of Kentucky in 1888. The College required two years study at another institution and an examination by the College Faculty.[ citation needed ] The College offered Morgan a full professorship; however, he chose to stay at Johns Hopkins and was awarded a relatively large fellowship to help him fund his studies.[ citation needed ] Under Brooks, Morgan completed his thesis work on the embryology of sea spiders —collected during the summers of 1889 and 1890 at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts —to determine their phylogenetic relationship with other arthropods . He concluded that with respect to embryology, they were more closely related to spiders than crustaceans. Based on the publication of this work, Morgan was awarded his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins in 1890, and was also awarded the Bruce Fellowship in Research. He used the fellowship to travel to Jamaica , the Bahamas and to Europe to conduct further research. [6] Nearly every summer from 1890 to 1942, Morgan returned to the Marine Biological Laboratory to conduct research. He became very involved in governance of the institution, including serving as an MBL trustee from 1897-1945. [7] Academic career Bryn Mawr In 1890, Morgan was appointed associat |
The Oscillating Universe Theory combines Big Bang and what other event to make-up a cycle? | Important Dates and Discoveries - The Physics of the Universe Important Dates and Discoveries Luke Mastin A brief chronological listing of some of the most important discoveries in cosmology, astronomy and physics, from ancient Babylon, India and Greece, right up to the 20th Century. Learn how some of the essential concepts and laws of modern physics which are mentioned in this website (and the earlier ideas out of which they grew) developed in a historical context. For a slightly different perspective, also see the section on Cosmological Theories Through History . For convenience I have split it into sections: Ancient World (20th Century B.C. - 4th Century A.D.) Back to Top 20th -16th Century B.C. - Ancient Babylonian tablets show knowledge of the distinction between the moving planets and the �fixed� stars , and the recognition that the movement of planets are regular and periodic. 15th - 12th Century B.C. - The Hindu Rigveda of ancient India describes the origin of the universe in which a �cosmic egg� or Brahmanda, containing the Sun, Moon, planets and the whole universe , expands out of a single concentrated point before subsequently collapsing again, reminiscent of the much later Big Bang and oscillating universe theories. 5th Century B.C. - The Greek philosopher Anaxagoras becomes arguably the first to formulate a kind of molecular theory of matter , and to regard the physical universe as subject to the rule of rationality or reason. 5th Century B.C. - The Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus found the school of Atomism, which holds that the universe is composed of very small, indivisible and indestructible building blocks known as atoms , which then form different combinations and shapes in an infinite void. themes/sciences/mainpage.htm ) 4th Century B.C. - The Greek philosopher Aristotle describes a geocentric universe in which the fixed, spherical Earth is at the centre, surrounded by concentric celestial spheres of planets and stars . Although he portrays the universe as finite in size, he stresses that it exists unchanged and static throughout eternity. 4th Century B.C. - The Greek philosopher Heraclides proposes that the apparent daily motion of the stars is created by the rotation of the Earth on its axis once a day, and that the Sun annually circles a central Earth, while the other planets orbit the Sun (a geocentric model with heliocentric aspects). 3rd Century B.C. - The Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece assert a kind of �island universe � in which a finite cosmos is surrounded by an infinite void (similar in principle to a galaxy ). 3rd Century B.C. - The Greek mathematician and geographer Eratosthenes proved that the Earth was round, and made a remarkably accurate calculation of its circumference and its tilt (as well as devising a system of latitude and longitude, and, possibly, estimating the distance of the Earth from the Sun). 3rd Century B.C. - The Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos is the first to present an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar System, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe . He describes the Earth as rotating daily on its axis and revolving annually about the Sun in a circular orbit, along with a sphere of fixed stars . 2nd Century B.C. - The Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicea makes the first measurement of the precession of the equinoxes, and compiles the first star catalogue (in which he proposes our modern system of apparent magnitudes). He also improves on the Solar System model of Apollonius of Perga, in which an eccentric circle carries around a smaller circle (an epicycle), which in turn carries around a planet. 2nd Century B.C. - The Hellenistic astronomer and philosopher Seleucus of Seleucia supports Aristarchus� heliocentric theory, and links the tides to the influence of the Moon. 2nd Century A.D. - The Roman-Egyptian mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) describes a geocentric model, largely based on Aristotelian ideas, in which the planets and the rest of the uni |
German engineer Arthur Scherbius invented the first of what machines extensively used during WWII? | Decoding Nazi Germany’s Enigma Code: Review of “The Imitation Game” | Literaturesalon's Blog Decoding Nazi Germany’s Enigma Code: Review of “The Imitation Game” Decoding Nazi Germany’s encrypting machine, Enigma, was no easy task. Invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of WWI, Enigma machines were used by the Nazis during WWII to exchange (encode and decipher) secret messages pertaining to national security and strategy of war. Three Polish cryptologists who worked for Polish military intelligence—Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski—were the first to begin deciphering Enigma messages, using theoretical mathematics and information given by French military intelligence. During the war, the Allies captured an actual Enigma machine, enabling them to study its hardware and make further progress in figuring out how it worked. Two compatible Enigma machines would have to work together, the first one encoding a secret message, the second decoding it. An operator would type in a message in German. The Enigma machine would automatically convert each letter into a different letter of the alphabet, through a process of random substitution. The encrypted text would be sent to another operator whose deciphering machine was similar and compatible with the first operator’s machine: only in this case the second Enigma machine would convert the random letters into plain German. A new movie, The Imitation Game, directed by Morten Tyldum and starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley, focuses on the life of British mathematician and cryptologist Alan Turing, who is credited for helping decode the Nazi Enigma machines. Loosely based on Andrew Hodges biography, Alan Turing: The Enigma (Princeton University Press, 2014), this movie succeeds as a character study as well as a very interesting historical thriller. Turing faces barriers not only from the Navy Commander Denniston, but also from his colleagues, who initially resent the fact he’s entirely focused on building a machine at the expense of their collective work. Portrayed as slightly autistic, without friends lacking a sense of humor, Turing ends up being a fascinating character nonetheless. In fact, his flaws make him seem all the more unique. He goes against the grain to invent the machine capable of solving the puzzles that hundreds of brilliant minds working in the field cannot. Turing’s more sensitive side evolves in his friendship with his colleague Joan Clark (marvelously played by Keira Knightly), whom he asks to marry him in the spring of 1941. Although she accepts despite the fact Turing confesses to her his homosexuality, soon thereafter he changes his mind and breaks up with her in a dramatic scene. Turing’s homosexuality becomes as central to the plot of the movie as his creation of the machine that breaks the Enigma codes. A few years after the war, in 1952, Turing, by then 39 years old, has a sexual and romantic relationship with a homeless young man named Arnold Murray. When one of Murray’s acquaintances burglarizes his house, Turing calls the police. During the investigation, the detectives called to the scene discover that Turing is homosexual, a criminal offense in Britain at the time. He’s charged with “gross indecency” and given the choice of going to prison or two years of probation (which includes taking hormonal treatment to reduce his libido). On June 8, 1954, the man who helped save millions of lives and shorten the war by at least two years tragically commits suicide by ingesting cyanide. The movie implies that the hormonal treatment, criminal charges and social isolation have a lot to do with Alan Turing’s untimely death, while the Hodges biography indicates this could have been an accidental death. To transform a messy, complex human life into a drama, a film has to change many aspects of that life. In a recent review of The Imitation Game for Slate, L. V. Anderson goes over some of the ways in which the film deviates from Turing’s life as described by Hodges’s biography: http://www.slate.com/blogs/browb |
English physician John Snow successfully traced the outbreak of what disease to a water pump? | John Snow | British physician | Britannica.com British physician Francis Harry Compton Crick John Snow, (born March 15, 1813, York , Yorkshire, England —died June 16, 1858, London ), English physician known for his seminal studies of cholera and widely viewed as the father of contemporary epidemiology . His best-known studies include his investigation of London’s Broad Street pump outbreak, which occurred in 1854, and his “Grand Experiment,” a study comparing waterborne cholera cases in two regions of the city—one receiving sewage-contaminated water and the other receiving relatively clean water. Snow’s innovative reasoning and approach to the control of this deadly disease remain valid and are considered exemplary for epidemiologists throughout the world. Snow’s reputation in anesthesiology , specifically in regard to his knowledge of ether and chloroform , was considerable, such that he was asked to administer chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth in 1853 to Prince Leopold and in 1857 to Princess Beatrice. Snow’s achievements are considered remarkable, given his humble origin and short life; a stroke caused his death at age 45. John Snow. National Library of Medicine Education and contributions to anesthesiology Snow was born in York, England, where his father worked as a labourer in a coal yard. He was the firstborn in a family of nine children. At age 14, after spending his early years at a school in York, he left home and pursued three consecutive medical apprenticeships in various regions of Yorkshire. In 1831, when visiting coal miners, he had his first encounter with cholera, a disease that would later become the focus of his scientific endeavours. By 1836 Snow had begun his formal medical education, eventually receiving a doctor of medicine degree (1844) from the University of London . In 1849 he became a licentiate (licensed specialist) of the Royal College of Physicians of London, rising to an elite level in the medical profession. He lived, conducted research, and maintained a medical practice in the Soho neighbourhood of London. In 1846 Snow learned of the use of ether in America to relieve pain during surgery . He soon mastered its use, and in 1847 he was appointed as anesthesiologist at St. George’s Hospital. Later that year he started working with chloroform . Finding the prevailing drops-in-handkerchief method to be too crude, he developed an apparatus that improved both the safety and the effectiveness of chloroform. His success with administering chloroform to Queen Victoria produced a dramatic increase in the social acceptance of gaseous anesthesia . Snow spoke extensively on his work with anesthetics and wrote the influential book On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics, which was published shortly after his death in 1858. Broad Street pump and the “Grand Experiment” Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Many British physicians investigated the epidemiology of cholera. The first cholera epidemic in London occurred in 1831–32, when Snow was still learning his craft. When the second cholera epidemic occurred, in 1848–49, he and others founded the London Epidemiological Society, intending to advise the government on ways to combat the disease. Snow reasoned that cholera was caused by a microbelike agent, or germ, that was spread through direct fecal contact, contaminated water, and soiled clothing. However, his theory was at odds with the then prevailing theory that cholera was spread by bad air, or miasma, arising from decayed organic matter. The two etiologic hypotheses— germ theory and miasma—were widely debated, with available clinical and population-based evidence serving as the basis for arguments from both sides. The etiologic debate raged for many years. It was not until the causative organism, Vibrio cholerae (initially discovered in 1854), was well characterized in the 1880s that the debate was decided in favour of germ theory. Vibrio cholerae. Human Health: Fact or Fiction? Snow’s respected reputation in epidemiology arose from two classic studies of the third epidemic to |
A scientific idea called Salter Sink that is essentially mixing hot and cold waters aims to prevent or reduce the effects of what? | 2008 Publications Abstracts: NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory - Ann Arbor, MI, USA GLERL Publication Abstracts: FY 2008 Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. Arhonditsis, G.B., S.S. Qian, C.A. STOW, E.C. Lamon, and K.H. Reckhow. Eutrophication risk assessment using Bayesian calibration of process-based models: Application to a mesotrophic lake. Ecological Modelling 208:215-229 (2007). https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2007/20070049.pdf We introduce the Bayesian calibration of process-based models to address the urgent need for robust modeling tools that can effectively support environmental management. The proposed framework aims to combine the advantageous features of both mechanistic and statistical approaches. Models that are based on mechanistic understanding yet remain within the bounds of data-based parameter estimation can accommodate rigorous and complete error analysis. The incorporation of mechanism improves the confidence in predictions made for a variety of conditions, while the statistical methods provide an empirical basis for parameter estimation and allow for estimates of predictive uncertainty. Our illustration focuses on eutrophication modeling but the proposed methodological framework can be easily transferred to a wide variety of disciplines (e.g., hydrology, ecotoxicology, air pollution). We examine the advantages of the Bayesian calibration using a four state variable (phosphate–detritus–phytoplankton–zooplankton) model and the mesotrophic Lake Washington (Washington State, USA) as a case study. Prior parameter distributions were formed on the basis of literature information, while Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations provided a convenient means for approximating the posterior parameter distributions. The model reproduces the key epilimnetic temporal patterns of the system and provides realistic estimates of predictive uncertainty for water quality variables of environmental interest. Finally, we highlight the benefits of Bayesian parameter estimation, such as the quantification of uncertainty in model predictions, optimization of the sampling design of monitoring programs using value of information concepts from decision theory, alignment with the policy practice of adaptive management, and expression of model outputs as probability distributions, that are perfectly suited for stakeholders and policy makers when making decisions for sustainable environmental management. Arhonditsis, G.B., C.A. STOW, H.W. Paerl, L.M. Valdes-Weaver, L.J. Steinberg, and K.H. Reckhow. Delineation of the role of nutrient dynamics and hydrologic forcing on phytoplankton patterns along a freshwater-marine continuum. Ecological Modelling 208:230-246 (2008). https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2008/20080045.pdf We examined the spatiotemporal phytoplankton community patterns and identified the nature of the underlying causal mechanisms in a freshwater–saltwater continuum, the Neuse River Estuary (North Carolina, USA). We used a Bayesian structural equation modeling (SEM) approach that considers the regulatory role of the physical environment (flow, salinity, and light availability), nitrogen (dissolved oxidized inorganic nitrogen and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen), phosphorus, and temperature on total phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton community composition. Hydrologic forcing (mainly the river flow fluctuations) dominates the up-estuary processes and loosens the coupling between nutrients and phytoplankton. The switch from an upstream negative to a downstream positive phytoplankton–physical environment relationship suggests that the elevated advective transport from the upper reaches of the estuary leads to a phytoplankton biomass accumulation in the mid- and down-estuary segments. The positive influence of the physical environment on the phytoplankton community response was more evident on diatom, chlorophyte and cryptophyte dynamics, which also highlights the opportunistic behavior of these taxa (faster nutrient uptake and growth rates, tolerance on low salinity c |
Philip Zimbardo of Stanford is best known for what experiment conducted in 1971 that highlighted the behavior of people when assigned roles? | Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment By Kendra Cherry Updated August 26, 2016 In 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues set out to create an experiment that looked at the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. Known as the Stanford Prison Experiment, the study went on to become one of the best-known in psychology's history. Zimbardo, a former classmate of Stanley Milgram (who is best-known for his famous obedience experiment , was interested in expanding upon Milgram's research. He wanted to investigate further the impact of situational variables on human behavior. The researchers wanted to know how the participants would react when placed in a simulated prison environment. "Suppose you had only kids who were normally healthy, psychologically and physically, and they knew they would be going into a prison-like environment and that some of their civil rights would be sacrificed. Would those good people, put in that bad, evil place—would their goodness triumph?" said Zimbardo in one interview. The Participants The researchers set up a mock prison in the basement of Standford University's psychology building and then selected 24 undergraduate students to play the roles of both prisoners and guards. The participants were chosen from a larger group of 70 volunteers because they had no criminal background, lacked psychological issues, and had no significant medical conditions. The volunteers agreed to participate during a one to two-week period in exchange for $15 a day. The Setting and Procedures The simulated prison included three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell held three prisoners and included three cots. Other rooms across from the cells were utilized for the jail guards and warden. One tiny space was designated as the solitary confinement room, and yet another small room served as the prison yard. The 24 volunteers were then randomly assigned to either the prisoner group or the guard group. Prisoners were to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a day during the study. Guards were assigned to work in three-man teams for eight-hour shifts. After each shift, guards were allowed to return to their homes until their next shift. Researchers were able to observe the behavior of the prisoners and guards using hidden cameras and microphones. Results of the Stanford Prison Experiment While the Stanford Prison Experiment was originally slated to last 14 days, it had to be stopped after just six due to what was happening to the student participants. The guards became abusive, and the prisoners began to show signs of extreme stress and anxiety. While the prisoners and guards were allowed to interact in any way they wanted, the interactions were hostile or even dehumanizing. The guards began to behave in ways that were aggressive and abusive toward the prisoners while the prisoners became passive and depressed. Five of the prisoners began to experience severe negative emotions, including crying and acute anxiety and had to be released from the study early. Even the researchers themselves began to lose sight of the reality of the situation. Zimbardo, who acted as the prison warden, overlooked the abusive behavior of the jail guards until graduate student Christina Maslach voiced objections to the conditions in the simulated prison and the morality of continuing the experiment. "Only a few people were able to resist the situational temptations to yield to power and dominance while maintaining some semblance of morality and decency; obviously, I was not among that noble class," Zimbardo later wrote in his book The Lucifer Effect. What Do the Results of the Stanford Prison Experiment Mean? According to Zimbardo and his colleagues, the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrates the powerful role that the situation can play in human behavior. Because the guards were placed in a position of power, they began to behave in ways they would not usually act in their everyday lives or other situations. The prisoners, placed in a situation where they had no real control, became passive and depressed. Criticisms of the St |
The synthetic drug clomifene that comes in white 50 mg doses is prescribed to overcome what condition? | Clomiphene - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses Clomiphene Rx only Clomiphene Description Clomiphene citrate tablets USP is an orally administered, nonsteroidal, ovulatory stimulant designated chemically as 2-[p-(2-chloro-1,2-diphenylvinyl)phenoxy] triethylamine citrate (1:1). It has the molecular formula of C26H28ClNO • C6H8O7 and a molecular weight of 598.09. It is represented structurally as: Slideshow Fertility Facts: Women's Fertility Issues Explained Clomiphene citrate is a white to pale yellow, essentially odorless, crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in methanol; soluble in ethanol; slightly soluble in acetone, water, and chloroform; and insoluble in ether. Clomiphene citrate tablets USP is a mixture of two geometric isomers [cis (zuClomiphene) and trans (enClomiphene)] containing between 30% and 50% of the cis-isomer. Each white scored tablet contains 50 mg Clomiphene citrate USP. The tablet also contains the following inactive ingredients: corn starch, lactose, magnesium stearate, pregelatinized corn starch, and sucrose. Clomiphene - Clinical Pharmacology Action Clomiphene citrate tablets USP is a drug of considerable pharmacologic potency. With careful selection and proper management of the patient, Clomiphene citrate tablets USP has been demonstrated to be a useful therapy for the anovulatory patient desiring pregnancy. Clomiphene citrate is capable of interacting with estrogen-receptor-containing tissues, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, endometrium, vagina, and cervix. It may compete with estrogen for estrogen-receptor-binding sites and may delay replenishment of intracellular estrogen receptors. Clomiphene citrate initiates a series of endocrine events culminating in a preovulatory gonadotropin surge and subsequent follicular rupture. The first endocrine event in response to a course of Clomiphene therapy is an increase in the release of pituitary gonadotropins. This initiates steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis, resulting in growth of the ovarian follicle and an increase in the circulating level of estradiol. Following ovulation, plasma progesterone and estradiol rise and fall as they would in a normal ovulatory cycle. Available data suggest that both the estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties of Clomiphene may participate in the initiation of ovulation. The two Clomiphene isomers have been found to have mixed estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects, which may vary from one species to another. Some data suggest that zuClomiphene has greater estrogenic activity than enClomiphene. Clomiphene citrate has no apparent progestational, androgenic, or antiandrogenic effects and does not appear to interfere with pituitary-adrenal or pituitary-thyroid function. Although there is no evidence of a "carryover effect" of Clomiphene citrate tablets USP, spontaneous ovulatory menses have been noted in some patients after Clomiphene citrate tablets USP therapy. Pharmacokinetics Based on early studies with 14C-labeled Clomiphene citrate, the drug was shown to be readily absorbed orally in humans and excreted principally in the feces. Cumulative urinary and fecal excretion of the 14C averaged about 50% of the oral dose and 37% of an intravenous dose after 5 days. Mean urinary excretion was approximately 8% with fecal excretion of about 42%. Some 14C label was still present in the feces 6 weeks after administration. Subsequent single-dose studies in normal volunteers showed that zuClomiphene (cis) has a longer half-life than enClomiphene (trans). Detectable levels of zuClomiphene persisted for longer than a month in these subjects. This may be suggestive of stereo-specific enterohepatic recycling or sequestering of the zuClomiphene. Thus, it is possible that some active drug may remain in the body during early pregnancy in women who conceive in the menstrual cycle during Clomiphene citrate tablets USP therapy. Clinical Studies During clinical investigations, 7578 patients received Clomiphene citrate tablets USP, some of whom had impediments to ovulation other than ovulatory dysfunction (see |
As seen in a scene inspiring Robin Williams in the movie Awakenings, the chemical L-DOPA is widely used in the treatment of what disease? | The Fully Immersive Mind of Oliver Sacks | WIRED The Fully Immersive Mind of Oliver Sacks subscribe 6 months for $5 - plus a FREE Portable Phone Charger. On Twitter 9 hours A comedy about the apocalypse—penned by @neilhimself —is slated for 2018. So there's that to look forward to at least bit.ly/2jcWNvp Advertisement. Slide: 1 / of 2. Caption: John Midgley Slide: 2 / of 2. Caption: Caption: Sacks in his Greenwich Village apartment — in his hand, The True History of Chocolate; on the wall, the electromagnetic spectrum. John Midgley Author: Steve Silberman. Steve Silberman Science Date of Publication: 08.31.15. Time of Publication: 5:51 pm. 5:51 pm The Fully Immersive Mind of Oliver Sacks John Midgley Pioneering neurologist and author Oliver Sacks died Sunday, August 30 at age 82. In his writings about patients’ sometimes bizarre case studies—which he would call “neurological novels”—Sacks was able to draw out the humanity in pathology. Steve Silberman wrote about Sacks’ own case study in 2002. One night in 1940, a bomb tumbled out of the sky into a garden in North London, exploding into thousands of droplets of white-hot aluminum oxide, which cascaded over the lawn. The buckets of water that the inhabitants of the house at 37 Mapesbury Road—two Jewish doctors and their sons—poured on the fire only fed its chemical vehemence. Amazingly, no one was hurt, but the brilliance of the bomb left an indelible image in the mind of Oliver Sacks, who was 7 years old the night it fell. The thermite bomb was the second of two delivered to Mapesbury Road during the war. The first, a 1,000-pound monster, landed next door, but failed to explode. Sacks remembered both scenes vividly while writing the memoir he published last October, Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood. After the book was published, however, the neurologist and author learned that his memory had deceived him, as memories made unreliable by disorders of the brain had played tricks on the minds of the subjects of his books. His brother Michael told him that, on the night the thermite bomb fell, in fact, they were both away at boarding school. “I told him, ‘But I can see it now in my mind. Why?'” Sacks recalled last November. Michael explained that it was because their brother David had written them a dramatic letter about the incident. Even after Sacks accepted this as fact, a visual image of the second bomb still burned in his memory. Looking more deeply, however, he noticed a curious difference between his memories of the two bombs. “After the first one fell”—the bomb that didn’t explode—“Michael and I went down the road at night in our pajamas, not knowing what would happen. In that memory, I can feel myself into the body of that little boy. And in the second memory”—the thermite bomb—“it’s as if I’m seeing a brilliantly illuminated scene from a film: I cannot locate myself anywhere in the scene.” Sacks has been turning his analytical gaze inward more often these days, after four decades of studying the minds of those with such disorders as autism, Tourette’s syndrome, loss of proprioception, and the sudden onset of color blindness. His tales from the borderlands of the mind, translated into 21 languages, have earned Sacks a worldwide readership. This month, he will be awarded the Lewis Thomas Prize by Rockefeller University, given to scientists who have made a significant achievement in literature, and his insights have been ported to a broader range of media than those of any other contemporary medical author. His 1973 book, Awakenings, inspired both a play by Harold Pinter and a 1990 film starring Robin Williams and Robert De Niro. Two years ago, a chapter from An Anthropologist on Mars also got the Hollywood treatment in a movie called At First Sight. His first best-seller, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (published in 1985), has been turned into a one-act play, an opera, and a theatrical production in French staged by Peter Brook. Sacks made patients the heroes of his case studies, rescuing the clinical anecdote from the margins of medical practice |
James Herrick is credited with the description of a genetic disease in which red-blood cells are in what shape instead of the normal disc shape? | A History of Sickle Cell Disease - The Sickle Cell Association of Ontario The Sickle Cell Association of Ontario A History of Sickle Cell Disease Contents 16 References The Evolution of Sickle Cell Sickle cell disease or sickle cell anemia is a hereditary genetic disease characterized by the presence of abnormal crescent-shaped red blood cells instead of the regular biconcave disc-shaped cells. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to various other organs and tissues with the help of a protein called haemoglobin. The main cause of sickle cell disease is when haemoglobin mutates into an abnormal type called haemoglobin S. The presence of Haemoglobin S causes red blood cells to be sickle-shaped and rigid, making it more difficult for them to flow through blood vessels in the body to deliver oxygen. Consequently, these sickled cells stick to the walls of various blood vessels, resulting in blocked blood flow that can lead to organ damage, pain and infections. A healthy blood cell (right) compared to a sickled blood cell (left) (Image from discovery.com ) 1910 – First Description of Sickle-Shaped Blood Cells by Dr James Herrick In 1904, Walter Clement Noel traveled from Grenada to the United States to start studying at the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. A few months later he was admitted to the Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago when he developed severe respiratory distress and a leg ulcer, both of which we now know are symptoms of sickle cell. Dr Earnest E. Irons, the intern who was on duty that day, performed a routine blood test and a urine analysis for Noel and was the first to observed these “pear shaped, elongated” sickled blood cells. It was not until 1910 that Dr Herrick, the supervisor of Dr Irons, published his article describing these “peculiar elongated and sickle shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia.” This was the first documented and recorded case of Sickle cell in Western medicine. Dr Noel returned to Grenada in 1907 and ran his dental practice in St. Georges, the capital city, until he died at the age of 32 from the acute chest syndrome. The original report can be found here . Dr James B. Herrick (Image courtesy of rushinperson.rush.edu 1917 – Genetic basis for SCD Dr. V. Emmel The third case of Sickle cell was described in 1915 by Cook and Meyer in a 21-year-old woman. Interestingly, blood samples from both the patient and her father, who displayed no symptoms, showed the sickling deformity of the red cells and three of her siblings had died from severe anemia. These observations made by Dr Emmel suggested a genetic basis for the disease but also led to a period of confusion with the genetics of the disease. Haemoglobin Approximately 5% of the population in the world carry mutations that results in the production of abnormal haemoglobin and the resulting diseases are termed haemoglobinopathies. Normal globin genes produce three types of haemoglobins: Haemoglobin A (normal form that exists after birth), Haemoblogin A2 (a minor component comprising less that 3%) and Haemoglobin F (predominant during fetal development). Several clinically relevant abnormal forms are highlighted in the table below. (Source: diabetes.niddk.nih.gov ) There are generally more sickle-cell trait carriers than individuals who suffer from sickle-cell anemia, but the dominance of the trait in certain areas of the world has led to about 300,000 infants born annually with major haemoglobin disorders. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Disease To develop sickle cell disease or sickle cell anemia, one has to inherit two copies from Haemoglobin S: one from the father and one from the mother. The parents who have the sickle cell trait (one mutated gene and one normal gene) will have no symptoms of the disease. They are known as carriers of the disease. So if both parents are carriers the chance of both parents passing down the abnormal gene to one of their children is 1:4. The diagram below shows the possible outcomes of genetic inheritance of the disease if both parents are carriers. Image from: http://corn |
The sieve of Eratosthenes is an ancient method used to find what in mathematics? | Sieve of Eratosthenes | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki Generate all the primes less than 11 First thing to note is that do not mark prime themselves as composite. Create a list of integers from 2 to 10. list = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] Start with \(p=2\). Since \(2^2 \le 10\), continue. Mark all multiples of 2 as composite by setting their value as 0 in the list. list = [2, 3, 0, 5, 0, 7, 0, 9, 0] Assign the value of \(p\) to the next prime, ie 3. Since \(3^2 \le 10\), continue. Mark all multiples of 3 as composite by setting their value as 0 in the list. list = [2, 3, 0, 5, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0] Assign the value of \(p\) to 5. Since \(5^{ 2 }\nleq 10\), stop. We are done! The list is [2, 3, 0, 5, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0]. Since all the numbers which are 0 are composite, all the non-zero numbers are prime. Hence the prime numbers less 11 are 2, 3, 5, 7. \( _\square \) Example 2 Generate all the primes less than any integer \(n\) Since \(n\) could be any large number, manually computing the answer would take years. Let's write a code for this. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 import math n = 200 # n is any arbitrary integer List = [] for x in xrange(2, n): # add numbers from 2 to n - 1 to List List.append(x) # note the above statement is equivalent to List = range(2, n) p = 2 # p is a prime while not int(math.sqrt(p)) + 1 > n: # continue to mark out primes until square root of p is less than n for x in xrange(p * 2, n, p): # remove all the multiples of p List[x - 2] = 0 p += 1 while p - 2 < len(List) and List[p - 2] == 0: # assign p to the next prime. Next prime is the next non zero number in the list p += 1 for x in List: # search for non zero or prime numbers in the list and print them if x != 0: print x Here is an optimized java version - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 final int lim = 200; // exclusive int n[] = new int[lim - 2]; //exclude 1 for(int i = 2; i <= lim - 1; i++) //initialize the array with integers from 2 to lim { if((i & 1) == 0) //evens are not primes f & 1 return 0 if f % 2 == 0 { n[i - 2] = 0; } else { n[i - 2] = i; } } n[0] = 2; int p = 3; //start with a prime. Since 2 is already eliminated, start with 3 while(p * p < lim) { for(int i = p * p; i < lim; i += p + p) //remvove multiples of prime. Start at p * p { n[i - 2] = 0; } while(n[(p += 2) - 2] == 0) //find next non zero number. This is guaranteed to be a prime. ; } for(int i = 0; i < lim - 2; i++) //print non zero numbers { if(n[i] != 0) { System.out.println(n[i]); } } Proof: To see why Sieve of Eratosthenes generates all the primes To first understand why the sieve works, let's look into the definitions of prime decomposition and composite numbers. Theorem 1 |
What 'continental' moon of the Solar System has become the focus of extra-terrestrial life studies because its smooth surface suggests the presence of an ocean underneath? | IBSS - News - Astronomy News: Astronomy Note: Due to the archiving policies of the various news Websites some links on this page may no longer be valid. All links will take you away from the IBSS Site - use your browser's "back" button to return to this page. December 2004 Precocious Supermassive Black Holes Challenge Theories NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has obtained definitive evidence that a distant quasar formed less than a billion years after the big bang contains a fully-grown supermassive black hole generating energy at the rate of twenty trillion suns. The existence of such massive black holes at this early epoch of the Universe challenges theories of the formation of galaxies and supermassive black holes. Hovering Over Titan Pasadena CA (JPL) Nov 24, 2004 A mosaic of nine processed images recently acquired during Cassini's first very close flyby of Saturn's moon Titan on Oct. 26, 2004, constitutes the most detailed full-disc view of the mysterious moon. The Martian Methane Surprise Moffett Field CA (SPX) Dec 07, 2004 At the recent Division of Planetary Sciences conference in Louisville, Kentucky, Michael Mumma, Director of the Center for Astrobiology at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, announced that relatively high levels of methane had been detected on Mars. The Geminid Meteor Shower Huntsvile AL (SPX) Dec 07, 2004 The best meteor shower of 2004 is about to peak on a long cold December night. It's the Geminids. The best time to look is Monday night, Dec. 13th. Sky watchers who stay outside for a few hours around midnight can expect to see dozens to hundreds of "shooting stars." November 2004 Cassini Spots Possible Ice Volcano On Titan. Pasadena CA (JPL) Nov 10, 2004 A strikingly bright feature that is consistent with an active geology has been seen in one of Cassini's first radar images of Saturn's moon Titan. There are many possibilities for what it is but one of the leading candidates is that it may be a 'cryovolcanic' flow or 'ice volcano'. NASA Scramjet Sets a New Air-Speed Record. November 17, 2004 A NASA research jet sets a new air-speed record for air-breathing engines by traveling nearly 7,000 mph, or 10 times the speed of sound. After its release from beneath the larger craft's wing, a booster rocket ignited, sending the X-43A on its way. New NASA-Japanese Telescope Images Uncharted Wavelengths. Greenbelt MD (SPX) Nov 10, 2004 Scientists using an experimental X-ray telescope suspended from a balloon have captured a unique picture of a pulsar shining in a form of light never before imaged in detail - that is, in high-energy "hard" X-rays. The observation marks a milestone in astronomical imaging. Journey Toward 'Burns Cliff Continues. Pasadena CA (JPL) Nov 10, 2004 Opportunity's trek towards "Burns Cliff" continues. The journey has been much more difficult than anticipated. The rover has experienced drive slippage of up to 100 percent. The plan is to attempt a couple of sols of up-slope, switchback driving and then review options to get to Burns Cliff. Theorists Tackle Mysterious Wake Of Baby Plane. Rochester NY (SPX) Nov 12, 2004 In June, researchers from the University of Rochester announced they had located a potential planet around another star so young that it defied theorists' explanations. A new technique that resembles CAT scans, known as tomography, is poised to revolutionize the study of the young universe and the end of the cosmic "dark ages." November 8 Radar Image Shows Titan's Surface Live And In "Color" Pasadena CA (JPL) Nov 08, 2004 Saturn's moon Titan shows a sharp contrast between its smooth and rough edges in this new false-color radar image. Titan's surface lies beneath a thick coat of hazy clouds, but Cassini's radar instrument can peer through to show finer |
If Jupiter has the Great Red Spot, which planet has the Great Dark Spot? | Planet Jupiter: Facts About Its Size, Moons and Red Spot Planet Jupiter: Facts About Its Size, Moons and Red Spot By Charles Q. Choi, Space.com Contributor | November 14, 2014 12:59am ET MORE This photo of Jupiter was taken on Sept. 20, 2010 when Jupiter made its closest approach to Earth since 1963. (Uranus [insert] was visible through telescopes near Jupiter.) Credit: Jimmy Eubanks Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. Fittingly, it was named after the king of the gods in Roman mythology. In a similar manner, the ancient Greeks named the planet after Zeus, the king of the Greek pantheon. Jupiter helped revolutionize the way we saw the universe and ourselves in 1610, when Galileo discovered Jupiter's four large moons — Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, now known as the Galilean moons. This was the first time celestial bodies were seen circling an object other than Earth, major support of the Copernican view that Earth was not the center of the universe. Physical characteristics Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system , more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined, and had it been about 80 times more massive, it would have actually become a star instead of a planet. Its atmosphere resembles that of the sun, made up mostly of hydrogen and helium, and with four large moons and many smaller moons in orbit around it, Jupiter by itself forms a kind of miniature solar system. All told, the immense volume of Jupiter could hold more than 1,300 Earths. The colorful bands of Jupiter are arranged in dark belts and light zones created by strong east-west winds in the planet's upper atmosphere traveling more than 400 mph (640 kph). The white clouds in the zones are made of crystals of frozen ammonia, while darker clouds of other chemicals are found in the belts. At the deepest visible levels are blue clouds. Far from being static, the stripes of clouds change over time . Inside the atmosphere, diamond rain may fill the skies. The most extraordinary feature on Jupiter is undoubtedly the Great Red Spot , a giant hurricane-like storm seen for more than 300 years. At its widest, the Great Red Spot is three times the diameter of the Earth, and its edge spins counterclockwise around its center at a speed of about 225 mph (360 kph). The color of the storm, which usually varies from brick red to slightly brown, may come from small amounts of sulfur and phosphorus in the ammonia crystals in Jupiter's clouds. The spot grows and shrinks over time, and every now and again, seems to fade entirely. Jupiter's gargantuan magnetic field is the strongest of all the planets in the solar system at nearly 20,000 times the strength of Earth's. It traps electrically charged particles in an intense belt of electrons and other electrically charged particles that regularly blasts the planet's moons and rings with a level of radiation more than 1,000 times the lethal level for a human, damaging even heavily shielded spacecraft such as NASA's Galileo probe. The magnetosphere of Jupiter, which is composed of these fields and particles, swells out some 600,000 to 2 million miles (1 million to 3 million km) toward the sun and tapers to a tail extending more than 600 million miles (1 billion km) behind Jupiter. Jupiter spins faster than any other planet, taking a little under 10 hours to complete a turn on its axis, compared with 24 hours for Earth. This rapid spin makes Jupiter bulge at the equator and flatten at the poles, making the planet about 7 percent wider at the equator than at the poles. Jupiter broadcasts radio waves strong enough to detect on Earth. These come in two forms — strong bursts that occur when Io, the closest of Jupiter's large moons, passes through certain regions of Jupiter's magnetic field, and continuous radiation from Jupiter's surface and high-energy particles in its radiation belts. These radio waves could help scientists to probe the oceans on its moons. Composition & structure Atmospheric composition (by volume): 89.8 percent molecular hydrogen, 10.2 percent helium, minor amounts of me |
Redshift or blueshift that help us see which stars/galaxies are approaching or receding are determined by what effect named for an Austrian physicist? | Doppler effect | Article about Doppler effect by The Free Dictionary Doppler effect | Article about Doppler effect by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Doppler+effect Related to Doppler effect: Doppler radar , CT scan , MRI Doppler effect, change in the wavelength (or frequency) of energy in the form of waves, e.g., sound or light, as a result of motion of either the source or the receiver of the waves; the effect is named for the Austrian scientist Christian Doppler, who demonstrated the effect for sound. If the source of the waves and the receiver are approaching each other (because of the motion of either or both), the frequency of the waves will increase and the wavelength will be shortened—sounds will become higher pitched and light will appear bluer. If the sender and receiver are moving apart, sounds will become lower pitched and light will appear redder. A common example is the sudden drop in the pitch of a train whistle as the train passes a stationary listener. The Doppler effect in reflected radio waves is employed in radar radar, system or technique for detecting the position, movement, and nature of a remote object by means of radio waves reflected from its surface. Although most radar units use microwave frequencies, the principle of radar is not confined to any particular frequency range. ..... Click the link for more information. to sense the velocity of the object under surveillance. In astronomy, the Doppler effect for light is used to measure the velocity (and indirectly distance) and rotation of stars and galaxies along the direction of sight. In the spectrum spectrum, arrangement or display of light or other form of radiation separated according to wavelength, frequency, energy, or some other property. Beams of charged particles can be separated into a spectrum according to mass in a mass spectrometer (see mass spectrograph). ..... Click the link for more information. of nearly every star there are wavelengths, characteristic of atoms, that lie near but not quite coincident to the same wavelengths as measured in the laboratory. The small deviations or shifts are generally due to the relative motion of the celestial object and the earth. Both blue shifts blue shift or blueshift, in astronomy, the systematic displacement of individual lines in the spectrum of a celestial object toward the blue, or shorter wavelength, end of the visible spectrum. ..... Click the link for more information. and red shifts red shift or redshift, in astronomy, the systematic displacement of individual lines in the spectrum of a celestial object toward the red, or longer wavelength, end of the visible spectrum. The effect was discovered by V. M. Slipher of Lowell Observatory. ..... Click the link for more information. are observed for various objects, indicating relative motion both toward and away from the earth. Such shifts have been used to measure the orbital velocity of the earth, to detect binary stars binary star or binary system, pair of stars that are held together by their mutual gravitational attraction and revolve about their common center of mass. In 1650 Riccioli made the first binary system discovery, that of the middle star in the Big Dipper's handle, Zeta ..... Click the link for more information. and variable stars variable star, star that varies, either periodically or irregularly, in the intensity of the light it emits. Other physical changes are usually correlated with the fluctuations in brightness, such as pulsations in size, ejection of matter, and changes in spectral type, color, or ..... Click the link for more information. , and to detect rotation of other galaxies. The Doppler effect is responsible for the red shifts of distant galaxies, and also of quasars quasar , one of a class of blue celestial objects having the appearance of stars when viewed through a telescope and currently believed to be the most distant and most luminous objects in the universe; the name is shortened from quasi-stellar radio source (QSR). ..... Click the link for more information. , and |
Which American chemist who discovered covalent bond and coined the term 'photon' among other things is probably the greatest scientist to never win the Nobel Prize? | Organic Chemistry/Print version - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Organic Chemistry/Print version This is the print version of Organic Chemistry You won't see this message or any elements not part of the book's content when you print or preview this page. Welcome to the world's foremost open content Organic Chemistry Textbook This free online text is intended to become a complete replacement for your printed book. The Study of Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is primarily devoted to the unique properties of the carbon atom and its compounds. These compounds play a critical role in biology and ecology, Earth sciences and geology, physics, industry, medicine and — of course — chemistry. At first glance, the new material that organic chemistry brings to the table may seem complicated and daunting, but all it takes is concentration and perseverance. Millions of students before you have successfully passed this course and you can too! This field of chemistry is based less on formulas and more on reactions between various molecules under different conditions. Whereas a typical general chemistry question may ask a student to compute an answer with an equation from the chapter that they memorized, a more typical organic chemistry question is along the lines of "what product will form when substance X is treated with solution Y and bombarded by light". The key to learning organic chemistry is to understand it rather than cram it in the night before a test. It is all well and good to memorize the mechanism of Michael addition, but a superior accomplishment would be the ability to explain why such a reaction would take place. As in all things, it is easier to build up a body of new knowledge on a foundation of solid prior knowledge. Students will be well served by much of the knowledge brought to this subject from the subject of General Chemistry . Concepts with particular importance to organic chemists are covalent bonding, Molecular Orbit theory, VSEPR Modeling, understanding acid/base chemistry vis-a-vis pKa values, and even trends of the periodic table. This is by no means a comprehensive list of the knowledge you should have gained already in order to fully understand the subject of organic chemistry, but it should give you some idea of the things you need to know to succeed in an organic chemistry test or course. Organic Chemistry is one of the subjects which are very useful and close to our daily life. We always try to figure out some of the unknown mysteries of our daily life through our factious thinking habit, which generates superstitions. Through the help of chemistry we can help ourselves to get out of this kind of superstition. We always try to find the ultimate truth through our own convenience. In the ancient past we had struggled to make things to go as per our need. In that context we have found fire, house, food, transportation, etc… Now the burning question is: "how can chemistry help our daily life?" To find the answer of this questions, we have to know the subject thoroughly. Let us start it from now. Contents If you save this file to your computer, you can click on these links to go to the appropriate section. The authors of this book are: Karl Wick Citizen of the United States of America, and living there The initiator of this project is Karl Wick, who is finishing up his premed science courses at the Cleveland State University in Cleveland, Ohio. At the time of this writing (7/15/03) I have been the sole contributor but as time goes on it will become a group project "of the people" as many contribute and improve it by bits and pieces. Justin Johnson Citizen of the United States of America, residing therein, born 1975 Justin Johnson( JSJohnson ) is a pre-medical undergraduate student at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis . He first read this book in the summer of 2005, and began contributing to it in the spring of 2006. Igoroisha Goh Liang Song ( User:Gohliangsong ) Citizen of the Republic of Singapore. He graduated from the National University of Singapore , majoring in Chemistry. |
What mathematical theorem, the first major theorem to be solved using a computer, was proven in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken with a set of 1936 maps? | conjectural - definition - What is ? What is ? conjectural definition : conjectural In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or proposition based on incomplete information, for which no proof has been found. Conjectures such as the Riemann hypothesis (still a conjecture) or Fermat's Last Theorem (which was a conjecture until proven in 1995) have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them. ==Important examples== ===Fermat's Last Theorem=== In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers a, b, and c can satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than two. This theorem was first conjectured by Pierre de Fermat in 1637 in the margin of a copy of Arithmetica where he claimed he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin. The first successful proof was released in 1994 by Andrew Wiles, and formally published in 1995, after 358 years of effort by mathematicians. The unsolved problem stimulated the development of algebraic number theory in the 19th century and the proof of the modularity theorem in the 20th century. It is among the most notable theorems in the history of mathematics and prior to its proof it was in the Guinness Book of World Records for "most difficult mathematical problems". ===Four color theorem=== In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that, given any separation of a plane into contiguous regions, producing a figure called a map, no more than four colors are required to color the regions of the map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color. Two regions are called adjacent if they share a common boundary that is not a corner, where corners are the points shared by three or more regions. For example, in the map of the United States of America, Utah and Arizona are adjacent, but Utah and New Mexico, which only share a point that also belongs to Arizona and Colorado, are not. Möbius mentioned the problem in his lectures as early as 1840. The conjecture was first proposed on October 23, 1852 when Francis Guthrie, while trying to color the map of counties of England, noticed that only four different colors were needed. The five color theorem, which has a short elementary proof, states that five colors suffice to color a map and was proven in the late 19th century ; however, proving that four colors suffice turned out to be significantly harder. A number of false proofs and false counterexamples have appeared since the first statement of the four color theorem in 1852. The four color theorem was proven in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken. It was the first major theorem to be proved using a computer. Appel and Haken's approach started by showing that there is a particular set of 1,936 maps, each of which cannot be part of a smallest-sized counterexample to the four color theorem. (If they did appear, you could make a smaller counter-example.) Appel and Haken used a special-purpose computer program to confirm that each of these maps had this property. Additionally, any map that could potentially be a counterexample must have a portion that looks like one of these 1,936 maps. Showing this required hundreds of pages of hand analysis. Appel and Haken concluded that no smallest counterexamples exists because any must contain, yet do not contain, one of these 1,936 maps. This contradiction means there are no counterexamples at all and that the theorem is therefore true. Initially, their proof was not accepted by all mathematicians because the computer-assisted proof was infeasible for a human to check by hand . Since then the proof has gained wider acceptance, although doubts remain . ===Hauptvermutung=== The Hauptvermutung (German for main conjecture) of geometric topology is the conjecture that any two triangulations of a triangulable space have a common refinement, a single triangulation that is a subdivision of both of them. It was originally formulated in 1908, by Steinit |
What is the only big cat species not currently protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act? | Endangered Wild Cats, Endangered Big Cats, Small Wild Cats Contact Us Endangered Wild Cats When a species has been listed as “critically endangered” or “endangered,” it is at high risk for extinction in the future. Critically Endangered A “critically endangered” species has experienced a loss in population of 80% or more over the past 10 years or the past three generations, whichever time period is longer. “Critically endangered” can also mean an 80% population reduction that is expected to take place in the next 10 years (or next three generations). A species can also be labeled “critically endangered” if it has become extremely fragmented (living in scattered locations or even a single location). Other criteria that is used when listing a species as critically endangered includes: A population of less than 250 mature individuals with an expected continuing decline of 25% over the next three years (or one generation), and severely fragmented or living in a single location. A population of less than 50 mature individuals There is a 50% change of extinction within the next 10 years or three generations. Endangered A species is listed as “endangered” when there is a high risk of extinction with a population reduction of at least 50% over the next 10 years or three generations, the species’ population is severely fragmented and can only be found in no more than 5 locations. Other criteria can include: The population has less than 2500 mature individuals with an expected decline of 20% within 5 years or two generations, the population is fragmented or the species only lives in one location. There are less than 250 mature individuals There is a 20% chance of extinction within 25 years or five generations. You can read more about IUCN classification here . Endangered Wild Cats Many wild cats, including big cats and small wild cats, are currently listed as “critically endangered,” “endangered,” or “near threatened.” Endangered Big Cats West African lion (Panthera leo senegalensis) – Critically Endangered South China tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. Amoyensis) – Critically Endangered – Possibly Extinct in the Wild Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae) – Critically Endangered Amur leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. orientalis) – Critically Endangered Javan leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. melas) – Critically Endangered South Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. nimr) – Critically Endangered Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) – Critically Endangered Central Asian leopard, North Persian leopard, Persian leopard, West Asian leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. saxicolor) – Endangered Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. kotiya)- Endangered Asiatic lion (Panthero leo ssp. Persica) – Endangered Snow leopard (Panthera uncial) – Endangered Tiger (Panthera tigris) – Endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. altaica) – Endangered Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. corbetti) – Endangered Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. jacksoni) – Endangered Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. tigris) – Endangered Endangered Small Wild Cats Iberian lynx (Lync pardinus) – Critically Endangered Iriomote cat (Prionailurus bengalensis ssp. Iriomotensis) – Critically Endangered |
A project by a group of scientists in New South Wales to revive an extinct Australian frog was named after what biblical figure? | Back from the dead, nearly: Scientists create living embryo of extinct frog that gives birth through its MOUTH | Daily Mail Online Scientists create living embryo of extinct frog that gives birth through its MOUTH Scientists implant cells of extinct amphibian into the eggs of living relative Resulting embryos began to divide and lived for several days Results bring the 'de-extinction' of creatures like the dodo a step closer comments An extinct frog is on the verge of revival after scientists used cloning technology to implant a 'dead' cell nucleus into a fresh egg from another frog species. Although the resulting embryos lived for just a few days, the groundbreaking research by an international team has brought the 'de-extinction' of creatures like woolly mammoths a step closer. The scientists working for the so-called Lazarus Project are yet to publish their results, but say future barriers to bringing the frog back to life are 'technological, not biological'. Jesus wept: Like Lazarus, the long-extinct gastric-brooding frog, Rheobatrachus silus, could be be brought back to life - some 30 years after the last living specimen died out The project is named for the famous biblical character Lazarus who, according to the Gospel of St John, Jesus brought back from the dead after he had lain in his tomb for four days. The achievement of the Lazarus Project team is, in some ways, almost as miraculous. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share The last of the bizarre gastric-brooding frog, Rheobatrachus silus – which uniquely swallowed its eggs, brooded its young in its stomach and gave birth through its mouth – died out in 1983. COULD THE MAMMOTH WALK THE EARTH AGAIN IN JUST 20 YEARS? Enlarge The woolly mammoth could again be walking the Siberian steppes in less than 20 years, scientists say. Teams from around the world are racing to sequence the mammoth genome from an analysis of DNA from remains found frozen in the ice of northern Russia. George Church, a geneticist at Harvard University, says that despite the animals dying out nearly 4,000 years ago, it could still be possible to extract usable DNA from mammoths preserved in the permafrost. An exact picture of the mammoth genome would be used as a template to edit and rewrite the genetic make-up of the closely related Asian elephant until it matched, the Siberian Times reported him as saying. Hendrik Poinar, associate professor at McMaster University in Canada, added: 'We can actually pull out and rejig all these small mammoth fragments and match them against the genome of an Asian or African elephant chromosome and find all the little points of difference. 'So that means we can take Asian elephant chromosomes, modify them to match that of a mammoth and then create an embryo by inseminating an Asian elephant egg. 'It would be long and arduous but eventually we would have something that looked like a mammoth. It would not be an exact replica but it would look and feel much like a woolly mammoth did.' The last mammoths died out some 4,000 years ago on Wrangel Island, between the East Siberian and Chukchi seas. The most likely habitats for re-born mammoths would be north-eastern Russia and northern Canada. But researchers were able to recover cell nuclei from R. silus tissues collected in the Seventies and kept for 40 years in a conventional deep freezer. In repeated experiments over five years, the researchers used a laboratory technique known as somatic cell nuclear transfer. Using a method similar to that imagined in the blockbuster Jurassic Park, they took fresh eggs from the distantly related Great Barred Frog, deactivated their nuclei and replaced them with genes from the extinct frog. Some of the eggs spontaneously began to divide and grow to early embryo stage – a tiny ball of many living cells from a creature extinct for 30 years. Although none of the embryos survived beyond a few days, genetic tests confirmed that the dividing cells contain the genetic material from the extinct frog. 'We are watching Lazarus arise from the dead, step by exciting step,' said M |
Which distinctive plant's genus is Dionaea (the mother of Aphrodite in Greek mythology) and species muscipula (Latin for 'mouse-catching device')? | accessus “a coming to, an approach,” pp – EQUINEEVENTER.COM by blokdijk | posted in: Uncategorized | 0 accessus “a coming to, an approach,” pp academy — 1474, from L. Academia, from Gk. Akademeia “grove of Akademos,” a legendary Athenian of the Trojan War tales (his name apparently means “of a silent district”), whose estate, six stadia from Athens, was the enclosure where Plato taught his school. Sense broadened 16c. Into any school or training place. Poetic form Academe first attested 1588 in sense of “academy;” 1849 with meaning “the world of universities and scholarship,” from phrase the groves of Academe, translating Horace’s silvas Academi; in this sense, Academia is recorded from 1956. Academic “relating to an academy” first recorded 1586; sense of “not leading to a decision” (like university debates or classroom legal exercises) is from 1886. Academy awards (1941) so called for their distributor, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Acadian — 1705, from Acadia, Latinized form of Acadie, Fr. Name of Nova Scotia, probably from Archadia, the name given to the region by Verrazano in 1524, from Gk. Arkadia, emblematic in pastoral poetry of a place of rural peace; the name may have been suggested to Europeans by the Micmac Indian word akadie “fertile land.” The Acadians, expelled by the English in 1755, settled in large numbers in Louisiana (see Cajun, which is a corruption of Acadian). acanthus — 1616, from L. Acanthus, from Gk. Akanthos, from ake “point, thorn” + anthos “flower” (see anther). So called for its large spiny leaves. A conventionalized form of the leaf is used in Corinthian capitals. Acapulco gold — 1965, local grade of potent marijuana grown around resort town of Acapulco de Juarez, western Mexico, which is from Nahuatl (Aztec) acapulco “place of the large canes,” from aca(tl) “cane (plant)” + -pul “large” + -co “place.” accede — 1432, from L. Accedere “approach, enter upon,” from ad- “to” + cedere “go, move” (see cede). Latin ad- usually became ac- before “k” sounds. accelerate — c.1525, from L. Acceleratus, pp. Of accelerare “quicken,” from ad- “to” + celerare “hasten,” from celer “swift” (see celerity). Accelerator in motor vehicle sense is first recorded 1900. accent — 1538, “particular mode of pronunciation,” from M.Fr. Accent, from O.Fr. Accentus “song added to speech,” from ad- “to” + cantus “a singing,” pp. Of canere “to sing” (see chant). Loan-translation of Gk. Prosoidia, from pros- “to” + oide “song,” which apparently described the pitch scheme in Gk. Verse. The decorating sense of “something that emphasizes or highlights” is from 1972. The verb meaning “to pronounce with accent or stress” is first recorded 1530. accentuate — 1731, from M.L. Accentuatus, pp. Of accentuare “to accent,” from L. Accentus (see accent). accept — c.1360, “to take what is offered,” from O.Fr. Accepter from L. Acceptare “take or receive willingly,” freq. Of acceptus, pp. Of accipere “receive,” from ad- “to” + capere “to take” (see capable). access — c.1325, “an attack of fever,” from O.Fr. Acces “onslaught,” from L. Accessus “a coming to, an approach,” pp. Of accedere “approach” (see accede). Meaning “habit or power of getting into the presence of (someone or something)” is from 1382. As a verb, first recorded 1962. Accessible “easy to reach” first recorded 1642; meaning “easy to understand” is from 1961 (a term not needed in the years before writing or art often deliberately was made not so). Accessory/accessary first attested 1414 as a legal term in the criminal sense; 1896 as “woman’s smaller articles of dress,” hence accessorize (1939). Accession “act of coming to a position,” especially of a throne, is 1769 (first recorded in Burke). accidence — part of grammar dealing with inflection, 1509, from misspelling of accidents, from L. Accidentia (used as a term in grammar by Quintilian), prp. Of accidere (see accident). So called because they change in accordance with use. accident — c.1374, “an occurrence, incident, event,” from O.Fr. Accident, from L. Accidentis), prp. Of accidere “h |
What usual first step in the identification of a bacterial species is like a litmus test in that the results are identified by colors (blue/purple for positive and pink/red for negative)? | Biology Labs Archives - Odinity Introduction: Question: Will the girls’ and boys’ responses to the same level of exercise differ on its effect to their heart rate and blood pressure? Background: The functions of the human cardiopulmonary physiology can be broken down into the circulatory system and the respiratory system. The main goal of these two systems is to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis can be described as a type of condition where the internal continuity of an individual has to keep steadiness, regardless of any external changes from the outside environment. (Biozone, 252) External changes from the outside environment may include factors such as excitement, stress, exercise, diet, and many more. Exercise can be carried out because the human body can endure a high level of exercise during a prolonged period of time. (Biozone, 226) In this experiment, we will focus on how exercise, in particular, affects the cardiopulmonary physiology of girls and boys. Exercise places strenuous activity on the human body. When an individual exercises, the blood flow must level up to the demands being made on the individual’s muscles, heart and lungs. (Biozone, 225) Blood flow increases so that the blood does not clot and so that it can supply oxygen and all of the necessary nutrients to the tissues and organs. An essential reason to why oxygen and nutrients are needed is because they are the ingredients that allow the heart to continue pumping blood throughout the venous, arterial, and portal systems. (Biozone, 225) The heart is one of the main organs involved in the human cardiopulmonary physiology because it keeps blood moving through the contraction of its valves. More specifically, the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs so that it can get oxygenated, while the left side of the heart pumps blood to the body. When an individual exercises, the generated heat must be dissipated, oxygen demands must increase, and waste products must be produced. If we imagine that an individual has begun exercising, the oxygen uptake increases because there is a higher demand for energy. Oxygen is the ultimate source of energy that allows ATP to be generated. More ATP must be made in order for homeostasis to be maintained. After a prolonged period of exercise, lactic acid accumulation begins to occur in the tissues of the body because energy for oxygen uptake can no longer be supplied after a certain period of time of exercise. (Biozone, 308) When the individual ends exercising, it takes time for the oxygen uptake to return to its resting level because the lactic acid that had accumulated in the tissues must be broken down into CO2 and H2O. The individual breathes deeply during this time because heavy breaths of oxygen must be taken in for the lactic acid to be broken down. A process which allows human beings to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide would be gas exchange. The set of mechanisms within this process allow cellular respiration to occur. Cellular respiration results in the release of energy that comes from organic compounds. These organic compounds generate waste materials that must be removed through exhalation. (Biozone, 191) Hypothesis: Since the human body is put under strenuous physical activity during exercise, it will require faster circulation and respiration throughout the body. Because one of the factors that affect the cardiopulmonary function is gender, if we test girls and boys under the same level exercise, then the boys will have higher blood pressure and a higher heart rate and will recover faster because they can supply their bodies with oxygen at a quicker rate than girls. Overview of Experiment: Through this lab, the girls’ and boys’ responses to the same level of exercise will be observed and compared to find similarities and differences in its effects to their heart rate and blood pressure. The hypothesis will be tested through the method of having measured the individuals’ blood pressure with the sphygmomanometer. Materials and Methods: The scientist must have his/her breathing rate |
The baryon asymmetry problem in physics deals with the anomaly of why the universe has any matter at all and why it is not filled with photons only. This is because the Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of what? | Matter and antimatter in the universe - IOPscience Matter and antimatter in the universe Laurent Canetti1, Marco Drewes2,3,4 and Mikhail Shaposhnikov1 Published 17 September 2012 • IOP Publishing and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 1 ITP, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 2 Institut für Theoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie, RWTH Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany 3 Physik Department T31, Technische Universität München, James Franck Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany 4 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. Dates View all New J. Phys. video abstracts We review observational evidence for a matter–antimatter asymmetry in the early universe, which leads to the remnant matter density we observe today. We also discuss bounds on the presence of antimatter in the present-day universe, including the possibility of a large lepton asymmetry in the cosmic neutrino background. We briefly review the theoretical framework within which baryogenesis, the dynamical generation of a matter–antimatter asymmetry, can occur. As an example, we discuss a testable minimal particle physics model that simultaneously explains the baryon asymmetry of the universe, neutrino oscillations and dark matter. Export citation and abstract Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 licence . Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. GENERAL SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY Introduction and background. Antimatter has been predicted theoretically, found experimentally and is now commonly used in medical imaging (positron emission tomography). However, no significant traces of antinuclei are found in the world around us. This immediately poses two questions: is this situation representative for the universe, and where does this asymmetry come from? Main results. To answer the first question we review the known astrophysical constraints on the existence of antimatter in the observable universe. We conclude that it is almost certain that there are no significant quantities of baryonic antimatter. Antimatter was, however, abundant in the hot primordial plasma that filled the universe after the Big Bang. As long as the temperature was high enough for pair creation to occur, matter and antimatter were present in almost equal amounts, with particles and antiparticles being continuously created and annihilated. The matter that fills the universe today originates from a small excess of particles, one in ten billion, which remained after all other particles and antiparticles had annihilated. Wider implications. To address the second question, we summarize the possible origins of this primordial asymmetry, focusing on those that may be tested experimentally in the foreseeable future. We discuss the possibility that it was created by the known forces of the standard model of particle physics (SM), concluding that this is very unlikely. Finally, we present a minimal extension of the SM in which the asymmetry is caused by right-handed neutrinos that are also responsible for other unexplained phenomena, namely the observed neutrino oscillations and dark matter. 1. Introduction The existence of antimatter is a direct consequence of combining two of the most fundamental known concepts in physics, the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Its theoretical prediction, based on these abstract principles [ 1 ], and experimental discovery [ 2 ] represent one of the great successes of theoretical physics. At the time of its discovery, antimatter was thought to be an exact mirror of matter; all phenomena that had been observed in nature were invariant under conjugation of parity (P) and charge (C) as well as time reversal (T), and not much was known about the early history of the universe. Henceforth, the enormous matter–antimatter asymmetry of the nearby universe (complete absence of antimatter except in cosmic rays) posed a mystery that could only be explained by assuming that the universe was set up lik |
Because all species of the manatee use fresh water in varying ways, what is the only strictly marine herbivorous mammal? | A future for the dugong - ResearchOnline@JCU ResearchOnline@JCU Contacts A future for the dugong Marsh, Helene, Penrose, Helen, and Eros, Carole (2003) A future for the dugong. In: Gales, Nick, Hindell, Mark, and Kirkwood, Roger, (eds.) Marine Mammals: fisheries, tourism and management issues. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, VIC, Australia, pp. 383-399. PDF (Published Version) Restricted to Repository staff only View at Publisher Website: http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/220/issu... 2 Abstract The dugong (Dugong dugon) is the only herbivorous mammal that is strictly marine and is the only extant species in the Family Dugongidac. The other members of the order Sirenia, the three species of manatee, all use fresh water to varying degrees (Reynolds and Odell 1991). The only other recent Sirenian, Steller's sea cow, Hydrodamalis gigas, was hunted to extinction within 27 years of its discovery in the eighteenth century (Stejneger 1887). All extant members of Order Sirenia (induding the dugong) are listed as vulnerable to extinction (Hilton-Taylor 2000). All populations of the dugong are also listed on Appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Prospects for the survival of the dugong are the best among the Sirenia, because each manatee species has a more localised distribution than that of the dugong (Reynolds and Odell 1991). In addition, the estimates of dugong abundance in Australia which total to a mean of about 85000 individuals (Marsh et al. 1999) are much greater than have been recorded or suggested for any species of manatee. Item ID: |
What cell line used in research that was taken from an African-American woman who died in 1951 is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line? | Journey of the HeLa Cells - Home Journey of the HeLa Cells Home Background of the Hela cells and the impact of hela cells throughout history In 1951, an African-American woman named Henrietta Lacks went to Johns Hopkins Hospital to be treated for her cervical cancer.Henrietta's Doctors took tissue samples from her without her knowledge and made the first immortal cells to grow outside of the body without dying soon after. Henrietta's cells had let doctors and scientists research cells like they never could before.They could test on the cells without harming a human which led to many advances in the medical field. A HeLa cell is is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who eventually died of her cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific as illustrated by its contamination of many other cell lines used in research. 1952 Biopsy The Tissue taken from Henrietta Lacks without her knowledge is depveloped into hardy cell line for scientific resarch. George Gey Polio Researchers discover that HeLa cells are suceptible to polio, paving the way for its use in the largest vaccine field trial to date. Cells Grown in Bulk Hela is used to develop processes for growing cells in bulk. Tuskegee Institue also opened the first HeLa factory and supplies cells to factories and researchers. Live Cell Transport Hela becomes the First living cells to be shipped through postal mail without killing them. 1953 A researcher working with HeLA discovers that a stain called hermatoxlin makes cell chromosomes visible 1954 Clones Thanks to the hardiness of the HeLa cell line,scientists are able to devise a method for isolating a single cell and keeping it alive long enough for it to replicate and create another perfect copy of itself. For profit- distribution of cells Microbiological Associates begin mass producing HeLa in a former Fritos factory. 1960's Space Biology 1960- Hela was packed into a soviet satellte and sent into space before any astronaut. NASA also includes HeLa in the first manned US, discovering that cancer cells grow faster in space. Genetic hybrids 1965- My fusing HeLa and mouse cells, scientists create the first cross species hybrid. It helps in mapping human genes. Ethics 1966- after scientists inject HeLa cells into unwitting test subjects to stufy how cancer spreads, an NIH investigation leads to the institution of medical review boards and informed consent by patients. 1973 Salmonella Scientists use Hela to model the invasiveness of salmonella,gauge its infectiousness and study its behavior inside human cells. 1980's HPV 1984-A german Hirologists uses HeLa to help prove that the human papillomavirus causes cancer, a discovery that would earn him the Nobel Prize HIV 1986-Scentists figue out how to infect HeLa with HIV, shedding light on the virus infection mechanism by identifying a key receptor. Telomerase 1989-A yale researcher puplishes the discovery that the cancerous HeLa cells contain an enzyme called telomarse, which prevents cells from dying. 1990's Tuberculosis 1993- Scientists infects Hela cells witht he tuberculosis virus to learn how the bacterium attacks human cells. 2000's Nanotech 2005- Researchers subject hela to various forms of nanotech- from injecting them with wire nano-wires to testing how they absorb silica-coated nanoparticles. Create a free website |
What type of creature was Lonesome George, who died in 2012 and who gained fame as the rarest creature in the world? (hint: he was aged perhaps more than 100 years) | Lonesome George | Sunstone Online Posted by James Fishman on Jun 27, 2012 in Featured | Comments Off on Bidding Adeiu to Lonesome George A dying breed has officially died in the Galapagos Islands. The world has just said goodbye to Lonesome George, believed to be the last of his sub-species. George has gained fame over the years as the world’s rarest creature, since there are no other known members of his species and he produced no offspring. Lonesome George was first discovered by a Hungarian scientist in 1971. For the past fifteen years, he’s been living at a breeding center on the island of Santa Cruz, as scientists have attempted to help him to breed, but any eggs he’s produced with females there have been infertile. He was found by his longtime keeper, Fausto Llerena, who was shocked to find his body, since tortoises can live to be 200 and he was only 100. The Galapagos National Park will have a post-mortem to discover the cause of his death. And with his passage, the sub-species of Chelonoidis nigra abingdoni has become extinct. While this breed used to be plentiful on the island, they were hunted by humans to the point of extinction. |
A 15 meter long mechanical arm called the Canadarm was used to maneuver payloads through the 1980s to 2011 on what type of vehicles? | NASA's Space Shuttle - American Flyers The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable launch system and orbital spacecraft operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for human spaceflight missions. The system combined rocket launch, orbital spacecraft, and re-entry spaceplane with modular add-ons. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. It was used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 all launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Major missions included launching numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), conducting space science experiments, and constructing and servicing the International Space Station. Major components included the orbiters, recoverable boosters, external tanks, payloads, and supporting infrastructure. Five space-worthy orbiters were built; two were lost in mission accidents. The Space Shuttle at launch consisted of the Orbiter Vehicle (OV), one external tank (ET), and two Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs). It was launched vertically like a conventional rocket with thrust from the two SRBs and three main engines. During launch, the external tank provided fuel for the orbiter's main engines. The SRBs and ET were jettisoned before the orbiter reached orbit. At the conclusion of the orbiter's space mission, it fired its thrusters to drop out of orbit and re-enter the lower atmosphere. The orbiter decelerated in the atmosphere before flying like a glider but with reaction control system thrusters before landing on a long runway. Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour were the space-capable orbiters that were built. Discovery begins liftoff at the start of STS-120. Space Shuttle MMH / N2O4 Overview The Space Shuttle was a partially reuseable [2] launch system and orbital spacecraft operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for human spaceflight missions from 1981 to 2011. The system combined rocket launch, orbital spacecraft, and re-entry spaceplane with modular add-ons. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 leading to operational flights beginning in 1982, all launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The system was retired from service in 2011 after 135 missions; [3] on July 8, 2011, with Space Shuttle Atlantis performing that 135th launch � the final launch of the three-decade Shuttle program. [4] The program ended after Atlantis landed at the Kennedy Space Center on July 21, 2011. Major missions included launching numerous satellites and interplanetary probes, [5] conducting space science experiments, and servicing and construction of space stations. Enterprise was a prototype orbiter used for atmospheric testing during development in the 1970s, and lacked engines and heat shield. Five space-worthy orbiters were built�two were destroyed in accidents and the others have been retired. It was used for orbital space missions by NASA, the U.S. Department of Defense, the European Space Agency, Japan, and Germany. [6] [7] The United States funded Space Transportation System (STS) development and Shuttle operations except for Spacelab D1 and D2 - sponsored by West Germany and reunified Germany respectively. [6] [8] [9] [10] [11] In addition, SL-J was partially funded by Japan. [7] At launch, it consisted of the "stack", including a dark orange-colored external tank (ET); [12] [13] two white, slender Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs); and the Orbiter Vehicle (OV), which contained the crew and payload. Some payloads were launched into higher orbits with either of two different booster stages developed for the STS (single-stage Payload Assist Module or two-stage Inertial Upper Stage). The Space Shuttle was stacked in the Vehicle Assembly Building and the stack mounted on a mobile launch platform held down by four f rangible nuts [14] on each SRB which are detonated at launch. [15] The Shuttle stack launched vertically like a conventional rocket. It lifted off under the power of its two SRBs and three main |
The famed oil drop experiment performed by Millikan and Fletcher in 1909 helped determine what fundamental physical constant? | This Month in Physics History This Month in Physics History August, 1913: Robert Millikan Reports His Oil Drop Results Diagram of Millikan's apparatus, from his Physical Review paper Robert Millikan’s famous oil drop experiment, reported in August 1913, elegantly measured the fundamental unit of electric charge. The experiment, a great improvement over previous attempts to measure the charge of an electron, has been called one of the most beautiful in physics history, but is also the source of allegations of scientific misconduct on Millikan’s part. Robert Millikan was born in 1868 and grew up in rural Iowa, the second son of a minister. Millikan attended Oberlin College, earned his PhD from Columbia University, and then spent a year in Germany before taking a position at the University of Chicago. By about 1906, Millikan had become a successful educator and textbook writer, but he knew that he hadn’t done any research of real scientific significance, and was eager to make his mark as a researcher. J.J. Thomson had discovered the electron in 1897 and had measured its charge-to-mass ratio. The next step was to determine the electron’s charge separately. Thomson and others tried to measure the fundamental electric charge using clouds of charged water droplets by observing how fast they fell under the influence of gravity and an electric field. The method did give a crude estimate of the electron’s charge. Millikan saw this opportunity to make a significant contribution by improving upon these measurements. He realized that trying to determine the charge on individual droplets might work better than measuring charge on whole clouds of water. In 1909 he began the experiments, but soon found that droplets of water evaporated too quickly for accurate measurement. He asked his graduate student, Harvey Fletcher, to figure out how to do the experiment using some substance that evaporated more slowly. Fletcher quickly found that he could use droplets of oil, produced with a simple perfume atomizer. The oil droplets are injected into an air-filled chamber and pick up charge from the ionized air. The drops then fall or rise under the combined influence of gravity, viscosity of the air, and an electric field, which the experimenter can adjust. The experimenter could watch the drops through a specially designed telescope, and time how fast a drop falls or rises. After repeatedly timing the rise and fall of a drop, Millikan could calculate the charge on the drop. In 1910 Millikan published the first results from these experiments, which clearly showed that charges on the drops were all integer multiples of a fundamental unit of charge. But after the publication of those results, Viennese physicist Felix Ehrenhaft claimed to have conducted a similar experiment, measuring a much smaller value for the elementary charge. Ehrenhaft claimed this supported the idea of the existence of “subelectrons.” Ehrenhaft’s challenge prompted Millikan to improve on his experiment and collect more data to prove he was right. He published the new, more accurate results in August 1913 in the Physical Review. He stated that the new results had only a 0.2% uncertainty, a great improvement of over his previous results. Millikan’s reported value for the elementary charge, 1.592 x 10-19 coulombs, is slightly lower than the currently accepted value of 1.602 x 10-19 C, probably because Millikan used an incorrect value for the viscosity of air. It appeared that it was a beautiful experiment that had determined quite precisely the fundamental unit of electric charge, and clearly and convincingly established that “subelectrons” did not exist. Millikan won the 1923 Nobel Prize for the work, as well as for his determination of the value of Plank’s constant in 1916. But later inspection of Millikan’s lab notebooks by historians and scientists has revealed that between February and April 1912, he took data on many more oil drops than he reported in the paper. This is troubling, since the August 1913 paper explicitly states at one point, “It is to be remarked, too, that t |
Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania with its high levels of diversity that includes chimpanzee populations is best associated with which person? | National Parks | African Safaris | Vacation 2 Africa Size: 552 sq km 212 sq miles). Location: Northern Tanzania, northeast of Arusha town. Getting There An easy 40-minute drive from Arusha. Approximately 60 km (35 miles) from Kilimanjaro International Airport. The lakes, forest and Ngurdoto Crater can all be visited in the course of a half-day outing at the beginning or end of an extended northern safari. NOTE: Mountain Climbing Permits duration time is 12 HOURS What to Do Forest walks, numerous picnic sites, a three- or four-day Mt. Meru climb – good acclimatisation for Kilimanjaro. When to Go To climb Mt. Meru, June – February, although it may rain in November. Best views of Kilimanjaro: December – February. Accommodations Two lodges, two rest houses, camp sites, two mountain huts inside the park; more lodges at Usa River outside the park and many hotels and hostels in Arusha town. See options. Gombe Stream National Park An excited whoop erupts from deep in the forest, boosted immediately by a dozen other voices, rising in volume and tempo and pitch to a frenzied shrieking crescendo. It is the famous ‘pant-hoot’ call: a bonding ritual that allows the participants to identify each other through their individual vocal stylisations. To the human listener, walking through the ancient forests of Gombe Stream, this spine-chilling outburst is also an indicator of imminent visual contact with man’s closest genetic relative: the chimpanzee. Gombe is the smallest of Tanzania’s national parks: a fragile strip of chimpanzee habitat straddling the steep slopes and river valleys that hem in the sandy northern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Its chimpanzees – habituated to human visitors – were made famous by the pioneering work of Jane Goodall, who in 1960 founded a behavioural research program that now stands as the longest-running study of its kind in the world. The matriarch Fifi, the last surviving member of the original community, only three-years old when Goodall first set foot in Gombe, is still regularly seen by visitors. Chimpanzees share about 98% of their genes with humans, and no scientific expertise is required to distinguish between the individual repertoires of pants, hoots and screams that define the celebrities, the powerbrokers, and the supporting characters. Perhaps you will see a flicker of understanding when you look into a chimp’s eyes, assessing you in return – a look of apparent recognition across the narrowest of species barriers. The most visible of Gombe’s other mammals are also primates. A troop of beachcomber olive baboons, under study since the 1960s, is exceptionally habituated, while red-tailed and red colobus monkeys – the latter regularly hunted by chimps – stick to the forest canopy. The park’s 200-odd bird species range from the iconic fish eagle to the jewel-like Peter’s twinspots that hop tamely around the visitors’ center. After dusk, a dazzling night sky is complemented by the lanterns of hundreds of small wooden boats, bobbing on the lake like a sprawling city. About Gombe Stream National Park Size: 52 sq km (20 sq miles), Tanzania’s smallest park. Location: 16 km (10 miles) north of Kigoma on the shore of Lake Tanganyika in western Tanzania. Getting There Kigoma is connected to Dar and Arusha by scheduled flights, to Dar and Mwanza by a slow rail service, to Mwanza, Dar and Mbeya by rough dirt roads, and to Mpulungu in Zambia by a weekly ferry. From Kigoma, local lake-taxis take up to three hours to reach Gombe, or motorboats can be chartered, taking less than one hour. What to Do Chimpanzee trekking; hiking, swimming and snorkelling; visit the site of Henry Stanley’s famous “Dr. Livingstone I presume” at Ujiji near Kigoma, and watch the renowned dhow builders at work. When to go The chimps don’t roam as far in the wet season (February-June, November-mid December) so they may be easier to find; better picture opportunities in the dry (July – October and late December). Lake Manyara National Park Stretching for 50km along the base of the rusty-gold 600-metre high Rift Valley escarpment, Lake Manyar |
"In June 1696 Bernoulli addressed a letter to the mathematicians of Europe challenging them to solve two problems concerning curves. Several people including Leibniz sent solutions. Whose solution was submitted anonymously but was recognized by Bernoulli with the words ""tanquam ex ungue leonem"" (we know the lion by his claw)?" | Sir Isaac Newton facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Sir Isaac Newton (b. Woolsthorpe, England, 25 December 1642; d. London, England, 20 March 1727) mathematics, dynamics, celestial mechanics, astronomy, optics, natural philosophy. Isaac Newton was born a posthumous child, his father having been buried the preceding 6 October. Newton was descended from yeomen on both sides: there is no record of any notable ancestor. He was born prematurely, and there was considerable concern for his survival. He later said that he could have fitted into a quart mug at birth. He grew up in his father’s house, which still stands in the hamlet of Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. Newton’s mother, Hannah (née Ayscough), remarried, and left her three-year-old son in the care of his aged maternal grandmother. His stepfather, the Reverend Barnabas Smith, died in 1653; and Newton’s mother returned to Woolsthorpe with her three younger children, a son and two daughters. Their surviving children, Newton’s four nephews and four nieces, were his heirs. One niece, Catherine, kept house for Newton in the London years and married John Conduitt, who succeeded Newton as master of the Mint. Newton’s personality was no doubt influenced by his never having known his father. That he was, moreover, resentful of his mother’s second marriage and jealous of her second husband may be documented by at least one entry in a youthful catalogue of sins, written in shorthand in 1662, which records “Threatning my father and mother Smith to burne them and the house over them.” 1 In his youth Newton was interested in mechanical contrivances. He is reported to have constructed a model of a mill (powered by a mouse), clocks, “lanthorns,” and fiery kites, which he sent aloft to the fright of his neighbors, being inspired by John Bate’s Mysteries of Nature and Art. 2 He scratched diagrams and an architectural drawing (now revealed and preserved) on the walls and window edges of the Woolsthorpe house, and made many other drawings of birds, animals, men, ships, and plants. His early education was in the dame schools at Skillington and Stoke, beginning perhaps when he was five. He then attended the King’s School in Grantham, but his mother withdrew him from school upon her return to Woolsthorpe, intending to make him a farmer. He was, however, uninterested in farm chores, and absent-minded and lackadaisical. With the encouragement of John Stokes, master of the Grantham school, and William Ayscough, Newton’s uncle and rector of Burton Coggles, it was therefore decided to prepare the youth for the university. He was admitted a member of Trinity College, Cambridge, on 5 June 1661 as a subsizar, and became scholar in 1664 and Bachelor of Arts in 1665. Among the books that Newton studied while an undergraduate was Kepler’s “optics” (presumably the Dioptrice, reprinted in London in 1653). He also began Euclid, which he reportedly found “trifling,” throwing it aside for Schooten’s second Latin edition of Descartes’s Géométrie. 3 Somewhat later, on the occasion of his election as scholar, Newton was reportedly found deficient in Euclid when examined by Barrow. 4 He read Descartes’s Géométrie in a borrowed copy of the Latin version (Amsterdam, 1659–1661) with commentary by Frans van Schooten, in which there were also letters and tracts by de Beaune, Hudde, Heuraet, de Witt, and Schooten himself. Other books that he studied at this time included Oughtred’s Clavis, Wallis’ Arithmetica infinitorum, Walter Charleton’s compendium of Epicurus and Gassendi, Digby’s Two Essays, Descartes’s Principia philosophiae (as well as the Latin edition of his letters), Galileo’s Dialogo (in Salisbury’s English version)—but not, apparently, the Discorsi—Magirus’ compendium of Scholastic philosophy, Wing and Streete on astronomy, and some writings of Henry More (himself a native of Grantham), with whom Newton became acquainted in Cambridge. Somewhat later, Newton read and annotated Sprat’s History of the Royal Society, the early Philosophical Transactions, and Hooke’s M |
Similar to an eclipse, they are among the rarest predictable celestial phenomena. The last one for the 21st century occurred on 5/6 June 2012. They are historically of great scientific importance as they were used to gain the first realistic estimates of the size of the Solar System. Observation for the first time in 1639 provided an accurate estimate of the distance between the Sun and the Earth. Answer? | Problems With The Fixed Stars: Do Exoplanets really exist? — A Proper Gander At Propaganda Please excuse any typos yo may come across, spell check is evil. We will correct them as we find them.Thank you. AAMorris Staff ANSWER: NO. Nature Does Not Make Mistakes People Do. If This Was Based on Natural Principle No Flaws Would Be Found Fakin' The Space Station is Explained Towards The End of This Article http://neave.com/planetarium/ The stars in the sky move as if all attached to a large dome. This is impossible if we assume they are suns with planets. They would all have to be impossibly some imagined infinite distance away from Earth and yet somehow they show no parallax, no change of relative distance from each other. The shapes of the constellations do not change over the course of the year as one would expect in a three dimensional ‘big bang’ explosion based model. Are we to believe that the Stars are somehow infinitely far away from us and each other? How can they infinitely far from each other if we can see the relative distances between the stars? How does the cosmic scale used by today’s astronomers make any sense? The history of the speed of light is not what you might think and will be the subject of a future article. The velocity of light us an idea and the truth is it has never been measured. The velocity of light is mathematical fiction. Light might be best described as a pressure or intensity effect that propagates instantaneously. Stellar Parallax Is Fudged! "The angles involved in these calculations are very small and thus difficult to measure. The nearest star to the Sun (and thus the star with the largest parallax), Proxima Centauri, has a parallax of 0.7687 ± 0.0003 arcsec. This angle is approximately that subtended by an object 2 centimeters in diameter located 5.3 kilometers away." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax#Stellar_parallax The constellations are not supposed to have changed shape in thousand and thousands of years. Any supposed alteration to the shapes we se in the heavens is based on theory and speculation and mathematical model fudging alone and is undetectable and won't be noticeable for millions of years (or something to that effect). Newton’s Sun centered Universe is long gone and he would think the Big Bang model insane. Newton and the rest of the heliocentrists believed the Sun sat motionless at the center of the Universe. This is not the model used today. What the Stars lack- The stars never do this: We’d expect little to no parallax due to an imagined rotation of the Earth. But we do expect to see parallax due to the Earth’s supposed motion across the solar system. The shapes and relative positions of the stars in the sky would always be changing and there would be no set of constellations to navigate the world by. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax "As an indication of exactly how good the Ptolemaic model is, modern planetariums are built using gears and motors that essentially reproduce the Ptolemaic model for the appearance of the sky as viewed from a stationary Earth. In the planetarium projector, motors and gears provide uniform motion of the heavenly bodies. One motor moves the planet projector around in a big circle, which in this case is the deferent, and another gear or motor takes the place of the epicycle." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy The compounded motions of the modern mainstream patchwork cosmological model literally compounds the problem of the “Fixed Stars”. The shapes of the constellations and the relative distance of the stars do not change as the Earth moves around the Sun over the course of a year, or at least that is the model we are taught. This is not what one would expect in a real life, three dimensional existence. We can see how this model is flawed and how the geocentric model of Ptolemy better describes what we experience and what we can actually demonstrate with experiment. Modern cosmological ‘physics’ is not science and is propaganda and a religion. Check out the article index to read more about this. Keep in mind that in the moder |
Fill in the missing word in this sentence written by Arthur Eddington in The Nature of the Physical World (1927). The law that ___ always increases holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. | Atom Quotes - 204 quotes on Atom Science Quotes - Dictionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes Science quotes on: | Democritus of Abdera (14) | Universe (374) Als Physiker, der sein ganzes Leben der n�chternen Wissenschaft, der Erforschung der Materie widmete, bin ich sicher von dem Verdacht frei, f�r einen Schwarmgeist gehalten zu werden. Und so sage ich nach meinen Erforschungen des Atoms dieses: Es gibt keine Materie an sich. Alle Materie entsteht und besteht nur durch eine Kraft, welche die Atomteilchen in Schwingung bringt und sie zum winzigsten Sonnensystem des Alls zusammenh�lt. Da es im ganzen Weltall aber weder eine intelligente Kraft noch eine ewige Kraft gibt - es ist der Menschheit nicht gelungen, das hei�ersehnte Perpetuum mobile zu erfinden - so m�ssen wir hinter dieser Kraft einen bewu�ten intelligenten Geist annehmen. Dieser Geist ist der Urgrund aller Materie. As a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clear headed science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about atoms this much: There is no matter as such. All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent mind. This mind is the matrix of all matter. — Max Planck Lecture, 'Das Wesen der Materie' [The Essence/Nature/Character of Matter], Florence, Italy (1944). Archiv zur Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abt. Va, Rep. 11 Planck, Nr. 1797. Excerpt in Gregg Braden, The Spontaneous Healing of Belief: Shattering the Paradigm of False Limits (2009), 334-35. Note: a number of books showing this quote cite it as from Planck's Nobel Prize acceptance speech (1918), which the Webmaster has checked, and does not see this quote therein. Science quotes on: | Consciousness | Virtue (33) Den f�rslags-mening: att olika element f�renade med ett lika antal atomer af ett eller flere andra gemensamma element � och att likheten i krystallformen best�mmes helt och h�llet af antalet af atomer, och icke af elementens. [Mitscherlich Law of Isomerism] The same number of atoms combined in the same way produces the same crystalline form, and the same crystalline form is independent of the chemical nature of the atoms, and is determined only by their number and relative position. — Eilhard Mitscherlich Original Swedish from 'Om F�rh�llandet emellan chemiska sammans�ttningen och krystallformen hos Arseniksyrade och Phosphorsyrade Salter', Kungl. Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar (1821), 4. In English as expressed later by James F.W. Johnston, 'Report on the Recent Progress and present State of Chemical Science', to Annual Meeting at Oxford (1832), collected in Report of the First and Second Meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1833), 422. A Google raw translation of the Swedish is: �The present proposal-sense: that various elements associated with an equal number of atoms of one or several other common elements � and that the similarity in: crystal shape is determined entirely by the number of atoms, and not by the elements.� Science quotes on: | Chemical Nature is curious, and such worke may make, That our dull sense can never finde, but scape. For Creatures, small as Atomes, may be there, If every Atome a Creatures Figure beare. If foure Atomes a World can make, then see What severall Worlds might in an Eare--ring bee: For Millions of these Atomes may bee in The Head of one Small, little, Single Pin. And if thus Small, then Ladies may well weare A World of Worlds, as Pendents in each Eare. From 'Of Many Worlds in this World', in Poems and Fancies (1653), 44-5. Science quotes on: | Poetry (83) [About describing atomic models in the language of classical physics:] We must be clear that when it comes to atoms, language can be used only as in poetry. The poet, too, is not nearly so concerned with describing facts as with creating images and establi |
What systems are classified based on their visual appearance by the Hubble sequence? | Galaxy morphological classification : Wikis (The Full Wiki) Main article: Hubble sequence The Hubble sequence is a morphological classification scheme for galaxies invented by Edwin Hubble in 1936. [1] It is often known colloquially as the “Hubble tuning-fork” because of the shape in which it is traditionally represented. Hubble’s scheme divides galaxies into 3 broad classes based on their visual appearance (originally on photographic plates ): Tuning-fork style diagram of the Hubble sequence Elliptical galaxies have smooth, featureless light distributions and appear as ellipses in images. They are denoted by the letter E, followed by an integer n representing their degree of ellipticity on the sky. Spiral galaxies consist of a flattened disk, with stars forming a (usually two-armed) spiral structure, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge , which is similar in appearance to an elliptical galaxy . They are given the symbol S. Roughly half of all spirals are also observed to have a bar-like structure, extending from the central bulge. These barred spirals are given the symbol SB. Lenticular galaxies (designated S0) also consist of a bright central bulge surrounded by an extended, disk-like structure but, unlike spiral galaxies , the disks of lenticular galaxies have no visible spiral structure and are not actively forming stars in any significant quantity. These broad classes can be extended to enable finer distinctions of appearance and to encompass other types of galaxy, such as irregular galaxies , which have no obvious regular structure (either disk-like or ellipsoidal). The Hubble sequence is often represented in the form of a two-pronged fork, with the ellipticals on the left (with the degree of ellipticity increasing from left to right) and the barred and unbarred spirals forming the two parallel prongs of the fork. Lenticular galaxies are placed between the ellipticals and the spirals, at the point where the two prongs meet the “handle”. To this day, the Hubble sequence is the most commonly used system for classifying galaxies, both in professional astronomical research and in amateur astronomy . de Vaucouleurs system NGC 6782 : a spiral galaxy (type SB(r)0/a) with three rings of different radii, as well as a bar. NGC 7793 : a spiral galaxy of type SA(s)d. The Large Magellanic Cloud : a type SBm galaxy. The de Vaucouleurs system for classifying galaxies is a widely used extension to the Hubble sequence , first described by Gérard de Vaucouleurs in 1959. [2] de Vaucouleurs argued that Hubble's two-dimensional classification of spiral galaxies - based on the tightness of the spiral arms and the presence or absence of a bar - did not adequately describe the full range of observed galaxy morphologies. In particular, he argued that rings and lenses were important structural components of spiral galaxies. [3] The de Vaucouleurs system retains Hubble’s basic division of galaxies into ellipticals , lenticulars , spirals and irregulars . To complement Hubble’s scheme, de Vaucouleurs introduced a more elaborate classification system for spiral galaxies, based on three morphological characteristics: Bars. Galaxies are divided on the basis of the presence or absence of a nuclear bar. de Vaucouleurs introduced the notation SA to denote spiral galaxies without bars, complementing Hubble’s use of SB for barred spirals. He also allowed for an intermediate class, denoted SAB, containing weakly barred spirals. Lenticular galaxies are also classified as unbarred (SA0) or barred (SB0), with the notation S0 reserved for those galaxies for which it is impossible to tell if a bar is present or not (usually because they are edge-on to the line-of-sight). Rings. Galaxies are divided into those possessing ring-like structures (denoted ‘(r)’) and those without rings (denoted ‘(s)’). So-called ‘transition’ galaxies are given the symbol (rs). Spiral arms. As in Hubble’s original scheme, spiral galaxies are assigned to a class based primarily on the tightness of their spiral arms. The de Vaucouleurs scheme extends the arms of |
The development of the immuno-suppressant drug ciclosporin in the 1980s gave a fillip to what type of surgeries? | Immunosuppressive Medications You are here: Home / Lupus Treatment / Lupus Medications / Immunosuppressive Medications Immunosuppressive Medications Nitrogen mustard (Mustargen) What are immunosuppressive medications? Immunosuppressives are medications that help suppress the immune system. Many were originally used in patients who received organ transplants to help prevent their bodies from rejecting the transplanted organ. However, these drugs are now also used for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. In people with lupus, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. Most immunosuppressives work to downregulate (suppress) this attack by interfering with the synthesis of DNA, the material in your cells that contains the blueprints for all of your genetic information. In doing this, these medications prevent the cells of your immune system from dividing. When cells cannot divide correctly, they will eventually die. The immunosuppressives prescribed most commonly for the treatment of lupus are azathioprine (Imuran), mycophenolate (Cellcept), and cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune, Gengraf). Immunosuppressive medications are used to control more serious lupus activity that affects major organs, including the kidney, brain, cardiovascular system, and lungs. Before prescribing an immunosuppressive medication, your doctor may perform a biopsy of the kidney or affected organ system to evaluate the most effective course of treatment. Sometimes immunosuppressive medications are given in addition to or instead of steroid therapy to lower the dose of steroids needed and thus spare some of the undesirable side effects of steroid therapy. For this reason, these drugs are sometimes called “steroid-sparing” medications or “adjuvant” (helping) drugs. Steroid-sparing drugs usually have a two-fold benefit, since they often reduce or eliminate the need for steroids while also improving lupus symptoms. Because immunosuppressive drugs put down the immune system, people taking them are at an increased risk for infection. Try to stay away from people who have colds or other illnesses, and make sure to wash your hands regularly and maintain good personal hygiene. If you are also taking steroid medications, you may not realize that you are ill because the steroid may suppress your fever symptoms. Contact your doctor immediately at the first sign of any infection or illness. In addition, immunosuppressive medications are known to increase the risk of cancer development later in life. However, lupus itself is also known to increase the risk of cancer, so by controlling your lupus now and preventing it from doing further damage to your body, immunosuppressive therapy may actually decrease your risk of developing cancer. Either way, it is very important to control your lupus activity now to prevent other potentially life-threatening complications. Types of Immunosuppressive Medications Azathioprine (Imuran) Imuran is an anti-inflammatory immunosuppressive that can decrease joint damage and disability in people with lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other conditions. In addition, Imuran has proven to clearly improve lupus affecting the liver and kidneys. Imuran is “steroid-sparing,” which means that it may allow for a reduction of the amount of steroid being taken. Since the side effects of steroids generally increase with the dosage, this medication generally promotes a reduction in steroid side effects as well. People with lupus have overactive immune systems. Imuran works by preventing some of the cells involved in this immune response (specifically, white blood cells [WBCs], or leukocytes) from spreading. Imuran is a “slow onset” drug, which means it may take 6-12 weeks for you to notice its effects. It usually comes in pill form and has fewer side effects than many other immunosuppressive medications. The most common and serious side effects involve the stomach and blood cells. Nausea and vomiting can occur, sometimes with stomach pain and diarrhea. Taking the medication with food may |
What was the subject of astronomer Fred Whipple's 'Dirty Snowball' hypothesis? | International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile USA Inducted in 1984 Established the first optical tracking system for satellites, proposed the 'dirty snowball' theory of comet formation. Fred Lawrence Whipple was born on November 5, 1906, on a farm outside of Red Oak, Iowa. While he was a teenager his father sold the farm and moved the family to Long Beach, California, where Fred worked in the family grocery store. He graduated from Long Beach High School in 1923, and enrolled in Occidental College in Los Angeles, hoping to become a professional tennis player. After transferring to the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), he reluctantly abandoned tennis and by his junior year became interested in astronomy. He received a Bachelor's degree in Mathematics from UCLA in 1927, then enrolled at University of California, Berkeley in 1929, teaching astronomy while pursuing a Ph.D. in the subject. After earning his doctorate in 1931, Whipple transferred to the staff of the Harvard College Observatory. While still a graduate student, Whipple helped map the orbit of Pluto, discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. Working out of the Harvard Observatory, Whipple discovered or co-discovered five comets and asteroid 1252 Celestia. During World War II, he aided the war effort by inventing a system to counteract German radar by cutting up thousands of fragments of aluminum foil (chaff) to create false radar readings, hiding real targets with radar "static." Anticipating threats to the spacecraft of the future from space debris, in 1946, Fred Whipple invented the "meteor bumper," now known as the Whipple Shield. A thin outer skin of metal, it protects spacecraft by disintegrating space debris such as small asteroids when they impacted the shield. His invention is still used by NASA to protect spacecraft. Dr. Fred Whipple may be best known for his "dirty snowball" theory on the substance of comets in 1950. He argued that comets were primarily ice with some rock mixed in, rather than materials such as sand held together by gravity, as was the more accepted belief at the time. Dr. Whipple believed that as a comet approached a star, light from the star vaporized ice in the comet's nucleus. The jets of particles that resulted acted like rocket engines that either slowed or accelerated the comet. He also theorized that the glowing comet tails contained particles that originated from frozen reservoirs in comet nuclei. Whipple was proven correct in 1986, when the European Space Agency's Giotto spacecraft took close-up photographs of Haley's comet. Fred Whipple was director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in Cambridge, Massachusetts from 1955 to 1973. Under his leadership, the SAO developed a network of Baker-Nunn cameras that achieved spectacular success in tracking man-made satellites. Anticipating the era of artificial satellites, he had organized the "Moonwatch" group to track them. His was the only organization able to make observations on Sputnik I, man's first satellite, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. During the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), Dr. Whipple headed a team formed by the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation, responsible for developing an optical satellite tracking system. His techniques for photographically measuring the speeds and decelerations of meteors, his methods for computing the orbits of comets and asteroids, and his theoretical model for describing the structure of the comets are still scientific standards. President John F. Kennedy honored Fred Whipple for his tracking project with an Award for Distinguished Public Service in 1963. Whipple also received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1983, the Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1986, and the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society the next year. In 1968, Dr. Whipple set up the Mount Hopkins Observatory near Amado, Arizona. One of the world's premier obs |
In physics, what is the more common term for the Einstein-Rosen bridge that has fascinating implications for time travel? | Time travel for beginners Is time travel possible ? John and Mary Gribbin In one of the wildest developments in serious science for decades, researchers from California to Moscow have recently been investigating the possibility of time travel. They are not, as yet, building TARDIS lookalikes in their laboratories; but they have realised that according to the equations of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity (the best theory of time and space we have), there is nothing in the laws of physics to prevent time travel. It may be extremely difficult to put into practice; but it is not impossible. It sounds like science fiction, but it is taken so seriously by relativists that some of them have proposed that there must be a law of nature to prevent time travel and thereby prevent paradoxes arising, even though nobody has any idea how such a law would operate. The classic paradox, of course, occurs when a person travels back in time and does something to prevent their own birth -- killing their granny as a baby, in the more gruesome example, or simply making sure their parents never get together, as in Back to the Future. It goes against commonsense, say the sceptics, so there must be a law against it. This is more or less the same argument that was used to prove that space travel is impossible. So what do Einstein's equations tell us, if pushed to the limit? As you might expect, the possibility of time travel involves those most extreme objects, black holes. And since Einstein's theory is a theory of space and time, it should be no surprise that black holes offer, in principle, a way to travel through space, as well as through time. A simple black hole won't do, though. If such a black hole formed out of a lump of non-rotating material, it would simply sit in space, swallowing up anything that came near it. At the heart of such a black hole there is a point known as a singularity, where space and time cease to exist, and matter is crushed to infinite density. Thirty years ago, Roger Penrose (now of Oxford University) proved that anything which falls into such a black hole must be drawn into the singularity by its gravitational pull, and also crushed out of existence. But, also in the 1960s, the New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr found that things are different if the black hole is rotating. A singularity still forms, but in the form of a ring, like the mint with a hole. In principle, it would be possible to dive into such a black hole and through the ring, to emerge in another place and another time. This "Kerr solution" was the first mathematical example of a time machine, but at the time nobody took it seriously. At the time, hardly anybody took the idea of black holes seriously, and interest in the Kerr solution only really developed in the 1970s, after astronmers discovered what seem to be real black holes, both in our own Milky Way Galaxy and in the hearts of other galaxies. This led to a rash of popular publications claiming, to the annoyance of many relativists, that time travel might be possible. In the 1980s, though, Kip Thorne, of CalTech (one of the world's leading experts in the general theory of relativity), and his colleagues set out to prove once and for all that such nonsense wasn't really allowed by Einstein's equations. They studied the situation from all sides, but were forced to the unwelcome conclusion that there really was nothing in the equations to prevent time travel, provided (and it is a big proviso) you have the technology to manipulate black holes. As well as the Kerr solution, there are other k |
"""It was as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a sheet of tissue paper and it came back to hit you."" Who is the 20th century scientist who is describing his most famous experiment in the above words?" | NZEDGE Legends — Ernest Rutherford, Nuclear Physicist — Scientists Atom Man STORY BY BRIAN SWEENEY AND JACQUELINE OWENS. The creator of modern atomic physics and forerunner of the nuclear age, Rutherford was one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 and a baronetcy in 1931, choosing the title Baron Rutherford of Nelson. In the words of Einstein, he was “a second Newton”, the man who “tunneled into the very material of God”: inventor, experimenter and Nelson farm boy. Rutherford’s strengths as a scientist are legion. A prolific, practical inventor and scientific theorist, his ideas were based on rigorous experimentation. He was one of the original “demo or die” scientists, turning conjecture into fact. He attributed his willingness to experiment and find unorthodox solutions to his hardscrabble background in rural New Zealand: “We don’t have the money, so we have to think”. Three Discoveries Ernest Rutherford’s three major discoveries shaped modern science, created nuclear physics and changed the way that we envisage the structure of the atom. Rutherford’s first discovery was that elements are not immutable, but can change their structure naturally, from heavy elements to slightly lighter. This led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908, at the age of 37, for his work on the transmutation of elements and the chemistry of radioactive material. His second discovery, the nuclear model of the atom, became the basis for how we see the atom today: a tiny nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. Rutherford in the Caverndish lab He built on this discovery for his third great achievement, the splitting of the atom, making him, as John Campbell says, in his biography of Rutherford in The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, “the world’s first successful alchemist”. Counting The Beats Ernest Rutherford was born in Brightwater, near Nelson, New Zealand, in 1871. He was the fourth child and second son of 12 children, to James Rutherford, a mechanic, wheelwright, engineer, flax-miller and farmer and his wife, Martha Thompson, a school teacher before her marriage. Both parents were keen that their children gain an education, and were supporters of the small local schools where Rutherford and his brothers and sisters began their schooling. Martha ensured the Rutherford children completed their homework with the dictum, “All knowledge is power.” From an early age Rutherford was distinguished at school for his arithmetical abilities and his scientific curiosity. Both qualities were encouraged by his early teachers, Harry Ladley at Foxhill and Jacob Reynolds at Havelock School. Reynolds gave extra lessons in Latin and algebra for children of above average ability, including brothers Ernest and Jim Rutherford. Rutherford’s early education, from school, from his family and from exploring the local farms and countryside with his siblings, awakened his interest in science and developed the the keen observational skills that are essential for the scientific mind. A school science text-book told of a method for determining the distance of an enemy’s cannon, a method which Rutherford adapted to local surroundings during an electrical storm at Foxhill. As Eugene Grayland recounts in Famous New Zealanders in a reconstruction of an anecdote from Rutherfrod’s childhood: “James Rutherford, who had got out of bed to check on the storm, was surprised, more so when he heard his son talking to himself softly.” ‘Ernest, what’s up, my boy?’ he called out. ‘I’m counting,’ the boy called back. ‘Counting?’ There was a rumble of thunder which shook the house. ‘Yes. If you count the seconds between the flash and the thunder clap and allow 1,200 feet for each second for the sound to travel, you can tell how close you are to the storm centre.’ “ Rutherford Family, early 1883 Left to Right: Charles (8 yrs), Ernest (11 yrs), Florence (6 yrs), Martha (40 yrs), James (10 yrs), Herbert (9 yrs) Appropriately, Rutherford’s first recorded experiment was a cannon constructed from the brass t |
Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo that was established in 1925 as Africa's first national park was created mainly to protect what animal? | The Battle for Virunga, Africa's Oldest National Park The Battle for Africa's Oldest National Park The mystery surrounding a wounded conservationist, and the fight for war-torn Virunga The waters of Lake Edward have finally grown calm as Josué Kambasu revs his pirogue's outboard motor, steering the craft past the local pod of hippos before heading toward the fishing boats returning with their previous night's catch. Kambasu, the head of a local fishermen's cooperative, has invited me on an early morning tour of the lake—located within Virunga National Park in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Plagued by decades of overfishing, he tells me, Edward's stocks of tilapia, bagrid catfish, and the eel-like protopteur have begun to recover. To prove it, he’s hoping to show me pêche de Merode—local slang for a bumper catch and a testament to the park’s chief warden, Emmanuel de Merode, whose strong enforcement of fishing regulations has helped drive the industry’s revival. NG Staff Despite de Merode's popularity on the lake, it's a sensitive time to be discussing his record. Two weeks earlier, on April 15, the 44-year-old Belgian had been ambushed while driving to Virunga's Rumangabo headquarters, shot by unknown gunmen. Although he was widely admired for upholding the law in a region long defined by lawlessness, his work also had given him many enemies: poachers, illegal charcoal harvesters, and members of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), a rebel militia founded by the ethnic Hutu perpetrators of Rwanda's 1994 genocide who have long hunted the park's animals for bush meat, cut down its trees, and built bases in its vast remote areas. Along the way, they have often clashed with park rangers and raped and looted local populations. In addition, de Merode had been a leading critic of oil exploration inside the park, currently being carried out by London-based Soco International. Under a contract signed with the DRC government in 2010, Soco has access to a block of land that includes 1,500 square miles of the park—roughly 50 percent—including much of Virunga's southern and central sectors and the two-thirds of Lake Edward that falls within the DRC's borders. Fishermen haul in their nets near the southern shores of Lake Edward in the village of Vitshumbi. They, along with some 20,000 other residents of Vitshumbi, rely on the lake’s resources to earn a living. Photograph by Brent Stirton, Getty Images On May 1, as de Merode was recovering from the shooting in Nairobi, Kenya, and preparing for his eventual return to the park three weeks later, Soco contractors began recording seismic data from the lake floor. In the coming weeks, data they collect will be used to determine whether there are underground formations that might hold extractable oil. It's a prospect, Kambasu tells me, that worries many in his home village of Vitshumbi, located at the southern end of Lake Edward. Almost entirely dependent on fishing, Vitshumbi's 20,000 residents fear a future of invasive rigs, polluted waters, and disrupted fish-spawning zones. But they also worry about potential violence, which has plagued the area for 20 years as multiple militia groups (some backed by neighboring countries) have fought the Congolese military and each other. Now the villagers see potential threats from powerful political actors vying for a piece of possible oil contracts; by armed groups targeting oil infrastructure for profit; and by local youths who, like many across the region, can't find work and often join militias out of desperation. For now, though, there's little Vitshumbi's fishermen can do but cast their nets and hope. Blocked off Virunga National Park stretches along the Albertine Rift in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and includes parts of Lake Edward’s shore. Almost two-thirds of the lake and about half of the park are within Block 5, an oil and gas exploration area accessible to Soco International. NG Staff. Source: Soco International Emmanuel de Merode was driving to Rumangabo station from Goma on |
"The Montreal Protocol that went into force in 1989 and which was hailed by Kofi Annan as ""... the single most successful international agreement to date ..."" was aimed at protecting what?" | Negotiating the Montreal Protocol on Protecting the Ozone Layer - Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingAssociation for Diplomatic Studies and Training Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History Negotiating the Montreal Protocol on Protecting the Ozone Layer More Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History As global concerns grow over the effect of climate change and the devastating effects it already is beginning to have on agriculture, wildlife and the economies of lesser developed countries, there has been increasing despair that such issues are too great and that the international community will never be able to agree on a robust course of action. And yet, from the not-too-distant past, is a stunning example of just what the world can do when faced with a seemingly intractable environmental problem. Only 30 years ago, scientists were deeply concerned over the growing hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica, which helps absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation and which was caused by man-made chemicals, such as refrigerants . That spurred countries, primarily the U.S. and the European Community, to reach an agreement on limiting and then eliminating these chemicals — the Montreal Protocol. The Protocol supplements the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, a simple framework for cooperation and research which said very little about emissions. It is far more substantive and is designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987; it entered into force on January 1, 1989 and since then, has undergone eight revisions. The two ozone treaties have been ratified by 197 parties, which include 196 states and the European Union, making them the first universally ratified treaties in United Nations history. As a result of the Protocol, recent studies now indicate that the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections show that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070. Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional co-operation. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan called it “perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date.” Key reasons for its success include resourceful ways of reaching compromise between the U.S. and EC positions, effective burden-sharing and solutions which mitigated regional conflicts of interest, and involving industry representatives in the negotiations. This stands in stark contrast to the foundering negotiations on climate change, which have had only government representatives and less buy-in from key countries, such as China and the U.S. Robert Reinstein served with the Department of State as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Environment, Health and Natural Resources from 1990 to 1993 and as chief U.S. negotiator for the UN Convention on Climate Change and for the Montreal Protocol to Protect the Ozone Layer. Prior to that he served as a trade negotiator at the White House Office of the US Trade Representative (USTR), responsible for coordinating US trade policy for energy, chemicals, natural resources and environment. You can also read the extensive three-part Moment on the negotiations on UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Go here to read about the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) , at the 1995 Beijing’s Women Conference and on the Convention on Chemical Weapons . “They’re getting way into trade and they’re over their heads because it’s not just environment” REINSTEIN: At the time I was at the U.S. Trade Representative, responsible for energy, chemicals, and natural resources. I had been doing that for most of the ‘80s. In ’86 a colleague who was working with me was on detail from EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] had been going to meetings at the State Department in preparation for a treaty to limit ozone-depleting substances, chemicals that destroy the stratospheric ozone layer, the biggest ones being the C |
The terms anadromous and catadromous describe what type of living thing referring to its mode of migration? (hint: 'ana' is up and 'cata' is down in Greek) | The Natural World: Migrating Fish: Anadromous or Catadromous? Wednesday, November 27, 2013 Migrating Fish: Anadromous or Catadromous? According to Merriam-Webster's online edition, the word "anadromous" means "ascending rivers from the sea for breeding." This word is almost always used in conjunction with fish , as they are the main type of animal that do this. There are a number of fish that are defined as anadromous, but of particular import for us are several types of salmon, including the Coho, steelhead, Chinook, and sockeye salmons. You don't have to be in a school (of fish) to hypothesize that there might be a group of fish that behave in an opposite manner from the anadromous fish. "I'll take the bait," you're saying. "What's the opposite of an anadromous fish?" Let's break the word apart. First, we can break off the root "ana," a Greek root which means "up." For you chemistry buffs out there, you might have felt an electric current running up your spine, as you've probably thought of the word "anion," a term used to describe an ion that contains more electrons than it does protons, giving the atom an overall negative charge. If you follow the flow of my logic*, you might be thinking of the opposite of an anion: a "cation," or an ion that contains fewer electrons than it does protons, giving the atom an overall positive charge. So judging from this chemistry example, you can either conclude that, A) The opposite of anadromous is likely something along the lines of "catadromous," or, B) I give really long and tangential comparisons that are neither helpful or correct. Fortunately for you guys, option A is the correct one. The opposite of an anadromous fish is, indeed, a catadromous fish. To learn more about the life cycle of a catadromous fish, let's travel to the eastern coast of North America , and meet Anguilla rostrata, the North American eel. (And yes, eels are a type of fish.) To learn more about the life cycle of the North American eel, I consulted the website of the Penobscot River Restoration Trust . According to the Trust, mature Anguilla rostrata leave their brackish or freshwater homes and migrate to the Sargasso Sea in the fall. The Sargasso Sea is not actually a distinct sea, but instead a large region of the Atlantic Ocean where a holopelagic species of seaweed called Sargassum reproduces. The term "holopelagic" simply refers to the fact that, unlike other seaweeds, Sargassum does not require the presence of the ocean floor to reproduce, and can instead reproduce while just floating around in the ocean, or in the pelagic zone. In turn, the pelagic zone is simply defined as an area of a body of water that is neither close to shore nor close to the bottom. I remember when my family and I went on the Tybee Island Ecology Tour with Dr. Joe Richardson several years ago in Georgia , Dr. Joe commented on the large amount of Sargassum that was on the beach that day. I've recently talked with Dr. Joe about the Sargassum, as well as the North American eel, and this interview will be the subject of our next post. As winter rolls around, the adult eel spawns....then dies. Sad day for the grown up eels. Their eggs , however, hatch after a few days, and the young develop into a larval stage (which are then called leptocephali) that simply drift around for a few months. Their days of floating casually around the ocean end as they enter the Gulf Stream, and are carried north towards North America. Once the larvae find themselves near the continental shelf, they transform into what are called "glass eels," miniature little eels that, as you could probably guess from the name, are transparent! It's not over for these eels yet, though! Next, the young reach the estuaries, transitional areas along the coast where the rivers meet the sea. Once the summer rolls around, it is in the estuaries that the eels enter the next stage of their life. In this phase, the young eels are called "elvers," a name for a juvenile fish that is specific to eels. After making their way into their adult habitat, the |
"What's the missing word in this paraphrase of Stephen Hawking's statement that the universe has not existed forever? ""It's true because if it were not, all things would be the same ___.""" | The Beginning of TIme - Stephen Hawking Stephen Hawking The Beginning of Time This lecture is the intellectual property of Professor S.W.Hawking. You may not reproduce, edit, translate, distribute, publish or host this document in any way with out the permission of Professor Hawking. Note that there may be incorrect spellings, punctuation and/or grammar in this document. This is to allow correct pronunciation and timing by a speech synthesiser. In this lecture, I would like to discuss whether time itself has a beginning, and whether it will have an end. All the evidence seems to indicate, that the universe has not existed forever, but that it had a beginning, about 15 billion years ago. This is probably the most remarkable discovery of modern cosmology. Yet it is now taken for granted. We are not yet certain whether the universe will have an end. When I gave a lecture in Japan, I was asked not to mention the possible re-collapse of the universe, because it might affect the stock market. However, I can re-assure anyone who is nervous about their investments that it is a bit early to sell: even if the universe does come to an end, it won't be for at least twenty billion years. By that time, maybe the GATT trade agreement will have come into effect. The time scale of the universe is very long compared to that for human life. It was therefore not surprising that until recently, the universe was thought to be essentially static, and unchanging in time. On the other hand, it must have been obvious, that society is evolving in culture and technology. This indicates that the present phase of human history can not have been going for more than a few thousand years. Otherwise, we would be more advanced than we are. It was therefore natural to believe that the human race, and maybe the whole universe, had a beginning in the fairly recent past. However, many people were unhappy with the idea that the universe had a beginning, because it seemed to imply the existence of a supernatural being who created the universe. They preferred to believe that the universe, and the human race, had existed forever. Their explanation for human progress was that there had been periodic floods, or other natural disasters, which repeatedly set back the human race to a primitive state. This argument about whether or not the universe had a beginning, persisted into the 19th and 20th centuries. It was conducted mainly on the basis of theology and philosophy, with little consideration of observational evidence. This may have been reasonable, given the notoriously unreliable character of cosmological observations, until fairly recently. The cosmologist, Sir Arthur Eddington, once said, 'Don't worry if your theory doesn't agree with the observations, because they are probably wrong.' But if your theory disagrees with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is in bad trouble. In fact, the theory that the universe has existed forever is in serious difficulty with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Second Law, states that disorder always increases with time. Like the argument about human progress, it indicates that there must have been a beginning. Otherwise, the universe would be in a state of complete disorder by now, and everything would be at the same temperature. In an infinite and everlasting universe, every line of sight would end on the surface of a star. This would mean that the night sky would have been as bright as the surface of the Sun. The only way of avoiding this problem would be if, for some reason, the stars did not shine before a certain time. In a universe that was essentially static, there would not have been any dynamical reason, why the stars should have suddenly turned on, at some time. Any such "lighting up time" would have to be imposed by an intervention from outside the universe. The situation was different, however, when it was realised that the universe is not static, but expanding. Galaxies are moving steadily apart from each other. This means that they were closer together in the past. One can plot the separation of two galaxi |
On 25 December 1990 while working at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between a HTTP client and server via the Internet. In less than 10 years, Time named him as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century. Who? | Brief History of the Internet - Internet Timeline | Internet Society Brief History of the Internet Home » The Internet » What Is the Internet? » History of the Internet » Brief History of the Internet Brief History of the Internet Authors Introduction The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "[email protected]" and "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street. 1 This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material currently exists about the Internet, covering history, technology, and usage. A trip to almost any bookstore will find shelves of material written about the Internet. 2 In this paper, 3 several of us involved in the development and evolution of the Internet share our views of its origins and history. This history revolves around four distinct aspects. There is the technological evolution that began with early research on packet switching and the ARPANET (and related technologies), and where current research continues to expand the horizons of the infrastructure along several dimensions, such as scale, performance, and higher-level functionality. There is the operations and management aspect of a global and complex operational infrastructure. There is the social aspect, which resulted in a broad community of Internauts working together to create and evolve the technology. And there is the commercialization aspect, resulting in an extremely effective transition of research results into a broadly deployed and available information infrastructure. The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the initial prototype of what is often called the National (or Global or Galactic) Information Infrastructure. Its history is complex and involves many aspects - technological, organizational, and community. And its influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout society as we move toward increasing use of online tools to accomplish electronic commerce, information acquisition, and community operations. Origins of the Internet The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. In spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet of today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at DARPA, 4 starting in October 1962. While at DARPA he convinced his successors at DARPA, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, of the importance of this networking concept. Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on packet switching theory in July 1961 and the first book on the subject in 1964. Kleinrock convinced Roberts of the theoretical feasibility of communications using packets rather than circuits, which was a major step along the path towards computer networking. The other key step was to make the computers talk together. To explore this, in 1965 working with Thomas Merrill, Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Mass. to the Q-32 in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating |
Princess Irene, Carnaval de Nice, Hollandia and Blue Parrot are some of the varieties of what spring beauties? | September 2011 Newsletter - the Dependable Daylily September 2011 Newsletter - the Dependable Daylily September 2011 Newsletter from Mary's Garden Patch THE DEPENDABLE DAYLILY Did you know you can plant Daylilies in both the spring and fall? Daylilies are adaptable and vigorous perennials that are among our most popular flowers. The Daylily, which isn't a lily at all, is a cultivar of the genus Hemerocolis. This Greek word is made up of "hemera" (day) and "Kalos" (beautiful). Since each lily-like flower only lasts one day, it's an appropriate name. To make up for this short life-span each Daylily flower stalk has many flowers. In fact, established clumps can produce 200-400 flowers in a season! Daylily flowers come in many brilliant colors, shades and combinations. They can be full and round and have wide petals with ruffled edges, like Siloam Plum Tree . Other Daylilies have thin spidery petals like Frans Hals , and some have double the number of petals and sepals like Kwanzo . Most Daylilies have narrow and arching leaves. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Why plant Daylilies? Well, many say it's the perfect perennial because they: can survive in a wide range of climates, from Zones 1 through 11 so everyone can grow Daylilies no matter where they live; provide a multitude of brightly colored flowers and a variety of sizes and shapes; multiply quickly, doubling or tripling every year; establish quickly, grow vigorously and survive winters with little or no injury; are low maintenance and have relatively few pests; are suitable for all types of landscapes; are very adaptable to different soils and light conditions and can tolerate a wide range of different growing conditions. Daylilies can be used to fill in difficult spots that fussier plants reject. They are great in the border, planted in masses or as a ground cover on a slope where they form a dense mat in just a few years that will help control soil erosion and suppress weeds. Tall Daylilies like Bengaleer will color up the back of the border throughout the summer if you pick early ( Breathless Beauty ), mid ( Catherine Woodbury ) and late ( Chicago Apache ) season varieties. Daylilies like Stella d'Oro are perfect for planting in front of tulips and daffodils where they hide the dying foliage. Stella d'Oros , which are the single most popular Daylily, will also bloom for months, in some areas blooming from May to October. Daylilies can be planted almost any time the soil can be worked. Before planting, soak them in a bucket of water for 24 hours to make sure the roots have plenty of water to start growing. Dig a hole 6" deep and 12" wide. Add compost and fertilizer and form the soil mix into a mound. Center the plant on the mound and spread the roots over the sides. Fill with soil, water and mulch well to retain moisture. Although they're tough and will grow practically anywhere, all Daylilies prefer full sun and well-drained soil. Plant short varieties 1 foot apart and tall ones 2 feet apart, and they will quickly fill in the gaps. Daylilies multiply very quickly, so after 4 or 5 years your daylilies will need to be divided. A good sign is that the center of the clump has little to no flowers or foliage. Although Daylilies are very hardy and can be divided early spring to fall, the best time to divide is in early fall to give your transplants time to form new roots before the ground freezes. Dig the whole clump up - a garden fork is good for this. The clump can then be divided in two or more pieces with a spade or even an ax. After re-planting, water well, mulch and cut the foliage back to around 8 inches. Divisions should have at least 2 or 3 stems or fans of leaves with roots attached to thrive. Finally, Daylilies have very few pests. A spring application of manure or compost will help ensure a good blooming season for your daylilies, as will deadheading the spent flowers. With just a little care, you can count on these rugged perennials t last for many years. There's a spot in every garden for these bright and carefree beauties. Newsletter Special: Sa |
What wishing program has become the traditional first program that people see when starting to learn a new programming language? | Chapter 1. C# and .NET Programming Chapter 1. C# and .NET Programming Collapse the table of content Expand the table of content This documentation is archived and is not being maintained. This documentation is archived and is not being maintained. This documentation is archived and is not being maintained. C# and .NET Programming This chapter is excerpted from Learning C# 3.0: Master the fundamentals of C# 3.0 by Jesse Liberty, Brian MacDonald, published by O'Reilly Media Welcome to Learning C# 3.0. We're here to teach you the C# language from the ground up. If you've never done any programming before, in any language, start here in Chapter 1, C# and .NET Programming, and we'll have you writing real working applications in no time flat-before you reach the end of this chapter. If you have a little programming background in VB 6, PHP 4, or another non-object-oriented language, you'll find a lot in this book that's familiar, but also a lot that's new. You'll probably find the code in the first few chapters to be recognizable, but you may want to read the chapters anyway to get the hang of the syntax. Classes and objects are at the core of how C# works, though, so we'll get to those quickly, once we've covered the basics. Tip If you're a programmer migrating from Java or C++, you may find the material in Programming C# 3.0 by Jesse Liberty and Donald Xie (O'Reilly) a more appropriate fit for your skills. To start at the very beginning, C# is a modern language created by Microsoft as part of its .NET platform of languages. .NET is a layer of software that makes it easier for you to write programs that can communicate with the operating system (in this case, Windows). As the name implies, C# has its roots in C++, but over three versions, it has evolved its own techniques and elements that make it distinct. Most important, C# has the backing of the .NET Framework behind it, which we'll get into shortly. We're not going to assume that you have any C++ experience, so we won't frame our discussions of C# in terms of C++, or any other programming language. What you need to know right now is that you can write applications in C# that will do just about anything you need to do. You can write applications to manage your company's inventory (interacting with a database); you can write applications to analyze documents; you can write games; you can create an entire operating system in C# if you have a mind to. The .NET Framework allows C# to operate seamlessly with Windows, and take advantage of the familiar Windows features that users all over the world already know. You can also create C# applications that you can use on the Web, in much the same way. To be completely honest, most modern object-oriented languages are rather similar underneath. The choice of one over the other is usually just a matter of personal preference. C# and Visual Basic have the advantage of the .NET Framework, but third-party languages can interact with the framework, too. C#'s similarity to C++ and Java makes it easy to learn for programmers familiar with those languages, but it's also easy to learn as your first language. Once you have the basics of C# down, you'll find it much easier to learn any other language you want to. Unless we specifically say otherwise, when we refer to C# in this book, we mean C# 3.0; when we refer to .NET, we mean the .NET 3.5 Framework; and when we refer to Visual Studio, we mean Visual Studio 2008. We could spend some time telling you about the cool new features of C# 3.0 over its predecessors-and we're pretty excited about them-but if you're new to the language, it's all new to you, so there's little point in calling attention to specific features. Finally, when we refer to using Visual Studio 2008, you may be using Visual C# 2008 Express Edition instead. C# Express is the free version of Visual Studio, designed for students and home users, but that doesn't mean it's a toy. In fact, the examples in this book were written and tested using C# Express. C# Express has the same compiler and libraries as Visual Studio, and within th |
In the hardware industry, what 'stirring' word describes the process of coating of iron/steel with zinc to prevent rusting? | Patent US8182874 - Method for coating metallic surfaces with an aqueous composition - Google Patents Method for coating metallic surfaces with an aqueous composition US 8182874 B2 Abstract A process for coating a metallic surface by contacting the metallic surface with a first coating composition to form a first coating on the metallic surface, wherein the first coating composition contains water and at least one compound a) selected from a silane, a silanol, a siloxane and a polysiloxane. The first coating is the rinsed with an aqueous surfactant-containing fluid without drying so that the at least one compound a) does not condense before the rinsing step. The silane, silanol, siloxane or polysiloxane is capable of condensation. Images(15) Claims(38) 1. A process comprising the steps of contacting a metallic surface with a first coating composition to form a first coating on the metallic surface, wherein the first coating composition consists of: water; and at least one compound a) selected from the group consisting of a silane, a silanol, a siloxane and a polysiloxane, wherein the at least one compound is capable of condensation; and rinsing the first coating with an aqueous surfactant-containing fluid without drying so that the at least one compound a) does not condense before the rinsing step. 2. The process of , further comprising applying a second coating on the first coating. 3. The process according to claim 2 , comprising rinsing the first coating with a fluid before applying the second coating. 4. The process according to claim 3 , wherein the second coating is a conversion coating, a coating resulting from the application of an after-rinsing solution, a coating based on a lacquer, a primer or an adhesive. 5. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the second coating is a conversion coating, a coating resulting from the application of an after-rinsing solution, a coating based on a lacquer, a primer or an adhesive. 6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the pH of the first coating composition is greater than 1.5 and less than 9. 7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein compound a) is present in an amount of from 0.005 to 80 g/l, calculated on the basis of a corresponding silanol. 8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein compound a) contains at least one member selected from the group consisting of an amino group, an urea group and an ureido group. 9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous surfactant-containing fluid contains demineralized water. 10. A process comprising the steps of contacting a metallic surface with a first coating composition to form a first coating on the metallic surface, wherein the first coating composition consists of: water; at least one compound a) selected from the group consisting of a silane, a silanol, siloxane and a polysiloxane, wherein the at least one compound is capable of condensation; and at least one compound b) selected from the group consisting of titanium, hafnium, zirconium, aluminum and boron; and rinsing the first coating with an aqueous surfactant-containing fluid without drying so that the at least one compound a) does not condense hefbre the rinsing step. 11. The process of , further comprising applying a second coating on the first coating. 12. The process according to claim 11 , comprising rinsing the first coating with a fluid before applying the second coating. 13. The process according to claim 12 , wherein the second coating is a conversion coating, a coating resulting from the application of an after-rinsing solution, a coating based on a lacquer, a primer or an adhesive. 14. The process according to claim 11 , wherein the second coating is a conversion coating, a coating resulting from the application of an after-rinsing solution, a coating based on a lacquer, a primer or an adhesive. 15. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the pH of the first coating composition is greater than 1.5 and less than 9. 16. The process according to claim 10 , wherein compound a) is present in an amount of from 0.005 to 80 g/l, calculated on t |
A hypothetical elementary particle called the Higgs boson that is the subject of studies using the Large Hadron Collider has been given what 'divine' name by the mainstream media? | Higgs boson - 必应 Sign in Higgs boson The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. It is the quantum excitation of the Higgs field—a fundamental field of crucial importance to particle physics theory, first suspected to exist in the 1960s, that unlike other known fields such as the electromagnetic field, takes a non-zero constant value almost everywhere. The question of the Higgs field's existence has been the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics and, according to some, "the central problem in particle physics". The prese ... (展开) nce of this field, now believed to be confirmed, explains why some fundamental particles have mass when, based on the symmetries controlling their interactions, they should be massless. The existence of the Higgs field would also resolve several other long-standing puzzles, such as the reason for the weak force's extremely short range. Although it is hypothesized that the Higgs field permeates the entire Universe, evidence for its existence has been very difficult to obtain. In principle, the Higgs field can be detected through its excitations, manifest as Higgs particles, but these are extremely difficult to produce and detect. The importance of this fundamental question led to a 40 year search, and the construction of one of the world's most expensive and complex experimental facilities to date, CERN 's Large Hadron Collider, in an attempt to create Higgs bosons and other particles for observation and study. On 4 July 2012, the discovery of a new particle with a mass between 125 and 127 GeV/c2 was announced; physicists suspected that it was the Higgs boson. Since then, the particle has been shown to behave, interact, and decay in many of the ways predicted by the Standard Model. It was also tentatively confirmed to have even parity and zero spin, two fundamental attributes of a Higgs boson. This appears to be the first elementary scalar particle discovered in nature. More studies are needed to verify that the discovered particle has properties matching those predicted for the Higgs boson by the Standard Model, or whether, as predicted by some theories, multiple Higgs bosons exist. The Higgs boson is named after Peter Higgs, one of six physicists who, in 1964, proposed the mechanism that suggested the existence of such a particle. On December 10, 2013, two of them, Peter Higgs and François Englert, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work and prediction (Englert's co-researcher Robert Brout had died in 2011 and the Nobel Prize is not ordinarily given posthumously). Although Higgs's name has come to be associated with this theory, several researchers between about 1960 and 1972 independently developed different parts of it. In mainstream media the Higgs boson has often been called the "God particle", from a 1993 book on the topic; the nickname is strongly disliked by many physicists, including Higgs, who regard it as sensationalistic. In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a boson with no spin, electric charge, or colour charge. It is also very unstable, decaying into other particles almost immediately. It is a quantum excitation of one of the four components of the Higgs field. The latter constitutes a scalar field, with two neutral and two electrically charged components that form a complex doublet of the weak isospin SU(2) symmetry. The Higgs field is tachyonic (this does not refer to faster-than-light speeds, it means that symmetry-breaking through condensation of a particle must occur under certain conditions), and has a "Mexican hat" shaped potential with nonzero strength everywhere (including otherwise empty space), which in its vacuum state breaks the weak isospin symmetry of the electroweak interaction. When this happens, three components of the Higgs field are "absorbed" by the SU(2) and U(1) gauge bosons (the "Higgs mechanism") to become the longitudinal components of the now-massive W and Z bosons of the weak force. The remaining electrically neutral component separately couples to other particl |
In biology, what 3-letter word derived from the Swedish for 'play' is a gathering of males of certain bird species for the purposes of mating display? | Evolution: Glossary A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z acquired trait: A phenotypic characteristic, acquired during growth and development, that is not genetically based and therefore cannot be passed on to the next generation (for example, the large muscles of a weightlifter). adaptation: Any heritable characteristic of an organism that improves its ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Also used to describe the process of genetic change within a population, as influenced by natural selection . adaptive landscape: A graph of the average fitness of a population in relation to the frequencies of genotypes in it. Peaks on the landscape correspond to genotypic frequencies at which the average fitness is high, valleys to genotypic frequencies at which the average fitness is low. Also called a fitness surface. adaptive logic: A behavior has adaptive logic if it tends to increase the number of offspring that an individual contributes to the next and following generations. If such a behavior is even partly genetically determined, it will tend to become widespread in the population. Then, even if circumstances change such that it no longer provides any survival or reproductive advantage, the behavior will still tend to be exhibited -- unless it becomes positively disadvantageous in the new environment. adaptive radiation: The diversification, over evolutionary time, of a species or group of species into several different species or subspecies that are typically adapted to different ecological niches (for example, Darwin's finches). The term can also be applied to larger groups of organisms, as in "the adaptive radiation of mammals ." adaptive strategies: A mode of coping with competition or environmental conditions on an evolutionary time scale. Species adapt when succeeding generations emphasize beneficial characteristics. agnostic: A person who believes that the existence of a god or creator and the nature of the universe is unknowable. algae: An umbrella term for various simple organisms that contain chlorophyll (and can therefore carry out photosynthesis ) and live in aquatic habitats and in moist situations on land. The term has no direct taxonomic significance. Algae range from macroscopic seaweeds such as giant kelp, which frequently exceeds 30 m in length, to microscopic filamentous and single-celled forms such as Spirogyra and Chlorella. allele: One of the alternative forms of a gene. For example, if a gene determines the seed color of peas, one allele of that gene may produce green seeds and another allele produce yellow seeds. In a diploid cell there are usually two alleles of any one gene (one from each parent). Within a population there may be many different alleles of a gene; each has a unique nucleotide sequence. allometry: The relation between the size of an organism and the size of any of its parts. For example, an allometric relation exists between brain size and body size, such that (in this case) animals with bigger bodies tend to have bigger brains. Allometric relations can be studied during the growth of a single organism, between different organisms within a species, or between organisms in different species. allopatric speciation: Speciation that occurs when two or more populations of a species are geographically isolated from one another sufficiently that they do not interbreed. allopatry: Living in separate places. Compare with sympatry . amino acid: The unit molecular building block of proteins , which are chains of amino acids in a certain sequence. There are 20 main amino acids in the proteins of living things, and the properties of a protein are determined by its particular amino acid sequence. amino acid sequence: A series of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins , usually coded for by DNA . Exceptions are those coded for by the RNA of certain viruses, such as HIV. ammonoid: Extinct relatives of cephalopods (squid, octopi, and chambered nautiluses), these mollusks had coiled shells and are found in the fossil reco |
Global warming be damned. The 19th century biologist Louis Agassiz who studied Alpine glaciers was the first to propose that the Earth had been subject what phenomena in the past? | Global Warming and the Age of the Earth: a Lesson on the Nature of Scientific Knowledge | Watts Up With That? Watts Up With That? The world's most viewed site on global warming and climate change Menu In the wake of Karl et al. 2015, which revises data to match a consensus, we can all take a lesson from how scientific consensus has operated in the past Guest essay by Dr. David Deming The world stands on the verge of committing itself to limits on the emission of carbon dioxide that would drastically reduce the use of fossil fuels. If this fateful decision is made, the economies of developed nations will be strangled. Human prosperity will be reduced. Our ability to solve pressing problems, both human and environmental, will be severely limited. We have been told that these shackles must be imposed to forestall a hypothetical global warming projected to occur some time in the distant future. But to date the only unambiguous evidence for planetary warming is a modest rise in temperature (less than one degree Celsius) that falls well within the range of natural variation. The validity of warming predictions depends upon the questionable reliability of computer models of the climate system. But Earth’s climate system is complex and poorly understood. And the integrity of the computer models cannot be demonstrated or even tested. To anyone with an awareness of the nature and limitations of scientific knowledge, it must appear that the human race is repeating a foolish mistake from the past. We have been down this road before, most notably in the latter half of the nineteenth century when it appeared that mathematics and physics had conclusively answered the question of the Earth’s age. At that time, a science that had been definitely “settled” fell apart in the space of a few years. The mathematical models that appeared to be so certain proved to be completely, even ridiculously wrong. The age of the Earth is one of the great questions that has puzzled people for thousands of years. In Meteorologica, Aristotle (384-322 BC) asserted that the world was eternal. But with the advent of Christianity and Islam, scholars began to assume that humanity was coeval with the Creation of the world. It followed that the age of the Earth could be estimated from a careful examination of sacred writings. The first person to make a quantitative estimate of the Earth’s age was the Islamic scientist al-Biruni (c. 973-1050). al-Biruni based his chronology on the Hindu, Jewish, and Christian religious scriptures. He divided the history of the world into eras, and concluded that it had been less than ten thousand years since the Creation. Working in the tradition begun by al-Biruni, Bishop James Ussher (1581-1686) estimated the age of the Earth by meticulously studying the Bible and other historical documents. In The Annals of the World Deduced from the Origin of Time, Ussher pinpointed the date of Creation as the “night preceding the 23rd of October, 4004 BC.” Ussher’s scholarship was impressive, and his dates were accepted as the standard chronology. Bible editors began to place Ussher’s dates in the margins of their texts. Isaac Newton (1642-1727), the greatest scientist of the age, was also a Biblical fundamentalist who believed in a young Earth. Newton explained to his nephew, John Conduitt, that the Earth could not be old because all human technology was of recent invention. Like Ussher, Newton wrote his own universal history, Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended, that was published posthumously in 1728. The procedures for establishing a scientific estimate of the age of the Earth were laid out in the seventeenth century by the Danish anatomist, Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686). Steno was the first person to state unequivocally that the history of the Earth was not to be found in human chronicles, but in the Earth itself. Steno’s principles of geologic investigation became the basis for establishing the relative age of rock sequences and the foundation of historical geology. Armed with Steno’s principles, eighteenth century naturalists began to s |
If Jane Goodall is to chimpanzees, Birutė Galdikas, who worked for a long time in Borneo is to what animal? | Dr. Biruté Mary Galdikas Bio | Orangutan Foundation International | Orangutan Foundation International Dr. Galdikas' Biography Search for: Scientist, conservationist, educator: for over four decades Dr. Biruté Mary Galdikas has studied and worked closely with the orangutans of Indonesian Borneo in their natural habitat, and is today the world’s foremost authority on the orangutan. [Update: Dr. Galdikas has a twitter account here. ] Galdikas was born after the end of World War II, while her parents were en route to Canada from their homeland of Lithuania. Galdikas grew up and went to school in Toronto. After checking out her first library book, Curious George, at the age of six, Galdikas was inspired by the man in the yellow hat and his unruly monkey. By the second grade, she had decided on her life’s work: she wanted to be an explorer. When her family moved from Canada to the United States in 1964, Galdikas had completed a year of studies at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Vancouver. She continued her studies of natural sciences at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), quickly earning her bachelor’s degree in psychology and zoology in 1966 and her master’s degree in anthropology in 1969. It was there as a graduate student that she first met Kenyan anthropologist Dr. Louis Leakey and spoke with him about her desire to study orangutans. Although Dr. Leakey seemed disinterested at first, Galdikas persuaded him of her passion. After three years, Dr. Leakey finally found the funding for Galdikas’ orangutan studies, as he had previously done with both Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey for their respective studies on chimpanzees and mountain gorillas. In 1971, Galdikas and her then husband, Rod Brindamour, arrived in one of the world’s last wild places, Tanjung Puting Reserve in Indonesian Borneo. There were no telephones, roads, electricity, television, or regular mail service at that time. Before she left the U.S., she was told by her professors and others that it “couldn’t be done”; she wouldn’t be able to study orangutans in the wild. They were too elusive and wary, living almost entirely in deep swamps. Before long, however, her hard work and determination had paid off. She set up “Camp Leakey,” named after her mentor and began documenting the ecology and behavior of the wild orangutans. Four years later, she wrote the cover article for National Geographic Magazine, bringing orangutans widespread international public attention for the first time. The article was illustrated with Brindamour’s photographs. Although Dr. Leakey seemed disinterested at first, Galdikas persuaded him of her passion. After three years, Dr. Leakey finally found the funding for Galdikas’ orangutan studies. Dr. Galdikas has lectured extensively on the orangutans and their tropical rain forest habitat to thousands of people and numerous institutions in Indonesia and throughout the world. Her dedication not only to understand the nature of the orangutan but also to preserve the creature’s rapidly diminishing natural habitat extends to the people, culture, and environment as well. After 40 years in Tanjung Puting , now a national park, Galdikas has conducted the longest continuous study by one principal investigator of any wild mammal in the world. Galdikas was the first to document the long orangutan birth interval which averaged 7.7 years at Tanjung Puting. She recorded over 400 types of food consumed by orangutans, providing unprecedented detail about orangutan ecology. She also helped elucidate the nature of orangutan social organization and mating systems. To support her work at Camp Leakey and to help support orangutans around the world, Dr. Galdikas and her colleagues set up Orangutan Foundation International (OFI) in 1986 with its home base in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Galdikas and her husband, Borneo native Pak Bohap bin Jalan, were also instrumental in establishing sister organizations in Australia, Indonesia, and the United Kingdom. A Lithuanian bank, Ukio Bank, established the Biruté Galdikas Ecology and Support Fo |
In biology, the theory that states that an animal's development from embryo to adult resembles the stages in the evolution of its ancestors is commonly expressed as what three word phrase? | Evolution: Glossary A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z acquired trait: A phenotypic characteristic, acquired during growth and development, that is not genetically based and therefore cannot be passed on to the next generation (for example, the large muscles of a weightlifter). adaptation: Any heritable characteristic of an organism that improves its ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Also used to describe the process of genetic change within a population, as influenced by natural selection . adaptive landscape: A graph of the average fitness of a population in relation to the frequencies of genotypes in it. Peaks on the landscape correspond to genotypic frequencies at which the average fitness is high, valleys to genotypic frequencies at which the average fitness is low. Also called a fitness surface. adaptive logic: A behavior has adaptive logic if it tends to increase the number of offspring that an individual contributes to the next and following generations. If such a behavior is even partly genetically determined, it will tend to become widespread in the population. Then, even if circumstances change such that it no longer provides any survival or reproductive advantage, the behavior will still tend to be exhibited -- unless it becomes positively disadvantageous in the new environment. adaptive radiation: The diversification, over evolutionary time, of a species or group of species into several different species or subspecies that are typically adapted to different ecological niches (for example, Darwin's finches). The term can also be applied to larger groups of organisms, as in "the adaptive radiation of mammals ." adaptive strategies: A mode of coping with competition or environmental conditions on an evolutionary time scale. Species adapt when succeeding generations emphasize beneficial characteristics. agnostic: A person who believes that the existence of a god or creator and the nature of the universe is unknowable. algae: An umbrella term for various simple organisms that contain chlorophyll (and can therefore carry out photosynthesis ) and live in aquatic habitats and in moist situations on land. The term has no direct taxonomic significance. Algae range from macroscopic seaweeds such as giant kelp, which frequently exceeds 30 m in length, to microscopic filamentous and single-celled forms such as Spirogyra and Chlorella. allele: One of the alternative forms of a gene. For example, if a gene determines the seed color of peas, one allele of that gene may produce green seeds and another allele produce yellow seeds. In a diploid cell there are usually two alleles of any one gene (one from each parent). Within a population there may be many different alleles of a gene; each has a unique nucleotide sequence. allometry: The relation between the size of an organism and the size of any of its parts. For example, an allometric relation exists between brain size and body size, such that (in this case) animals with bigger bodies tend to have bigger brains. Allometric relations can be studied during the growth of a single organism, between different organisms within a species, or between organisms in different species. allopatric speciation: Speciation that occurs when two or more populations of a species are geographically isolated from one another sufficiently that they do not interbreed. allopatry: Living in separate places. Compare with sympatry . amino acid: The unit molecular building block of proteins , which are chains of amino acids in a certain sequence. There are 20 main amino acids in the proteins of living things, and the properties of a protein are determined by its particular amino acid sequence. amino acid sequence: A series of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins , usually coded for by DNA . Exceptions are those coded for by the RNA of certain viruses, such as HIV. ammonoid: Extinct relatives of cephalopods (squid, octopi, and chambered nautiluses), these mollusks had coiled shells and are found in the fossil reco |
The common basilisk is a lizard found in Central and South American rain-forests and is known for its ability to run on water. What is its appropriate nickname? | Basilisk Lizard - Basiliscus basiliscus - Details - Encyclopedia of Life 9 External links Taxonomy and etymology[ edit ] The common basilisk is named for the creature of Greek mythology made up of parts of a rooster , snake , and lion which could turn a man to stone by its gaze: the basilisk . [2] Its generic , specific and common names all derive from the Greek basilískos (βασιλίσκος) meaning "little king". The specific epithet was given in Carolus Linnaeus ' 10th edition of Systema Naturae . [2] When startled, the common basilisk escapes by speeding to the nearest edge of water—and continues sprinting. The lizard runs on only its hind legs in an erect position, holding its fore legs to its sides. This basilisk is so adroit on water because its feet are large and equipped with flaps of skin along the toes; when moving quickly, the lizard can cross a surface of water before sinking. On water, it runs an average speed of 8.4 km/h (or 5.2 mph), which is just a little slower than its speed on land. Younger basilisks can run 10 to 20 meters on water, while adults cross only a few meters before sinking. Adults do not move slowly, but they weigh more and cannot sprint for as long a time. Once a basilisk submerges, it continues swimming until it is sufficiently far from its pursuer—if the predator has followed past the bank. Although this lizard stays close to water to escape terrestrial predators, it swims only when necessary because some other aquatic animals would eat the basilisk given the chance. Range and habitat[ edit ] The common basilisk is found throughout Central America and in northwestern South America, usually living in low elevations, from sea level to 600 m. In Costa Rica , this basilisk can be found as high as 1,200 m in some places. The species ranges from southwestern Nicaragua to northwestern Colombia on the Pacific side, and from central Panama to northwestern Venezuela on the Atlantic side. In Costa Rica, it is mostly found on the Pacific side of the country. The equivalent species on the Atlantic side is the green basilisk, which occupies similar habitats and has similar biology. [2] It has been introduced to Florida as a feral species. [3] Description[ edit ] The common basilisk can be distinguished from similar species within its range by its large size and the high fin-like crests down its back. Most are brown and cream in colour. Males also have high crests on their heads and tails. Both sexes are brown to olive, and have a white, cream or yellow stripe on the upper lip and a second stripe along either side of their bodies; these stripes have higher contrast in juveniles and fade as the lizards age. Hatchlings weigh a mere 2 g and are 37 to 43 mm long. Adults can grow up to two and a half feet long. Females are generally 135 to 194 g, and weigh half as much as males. The tails of these lizards comprise 70 to 75% of their total length: for example, on an 800-mm-long (31.5-in-long) lizard, 600 mm of its length is tail. The common basilisk has a large mouth with saw-like teeth on the inner sides of the jaw. They have been known to run up to 7 mph (11 km/h). While the basilisk is most known for its ability to run on water, it is also an excellent climber and swimmer; the basilisk has been known to stay under water for up to half an hour. The average lifespan is seven years in captivity; in the wild, it tends to be less because of predators. Diet[ edit ] This basilisk is an omnivore ; its diet consists of insects , flowers, and small vertebrates such as snakes , birds , eggs , and fish . [2] Predators[ edit ] The common basilisk has many natural predators - large reptiles, birds, and some mammals. To avoid predators, it can conceal itself under leaves on the forest floor and can remain motionless for a long time. When the common basilisk must flee, though, its skill of running on water can help it avoid many predators. Reproduction[ edit ] Females lay three to four clutches of 10–20 eggs a year. [2] Eggs hatch after about three months and the young weigh about two grams and are up to three inches long. The |
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