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What is the only major planet of the Solar System that takes its English name from Greek mythology? | Planet Names and Greek Mythology Planet Names How do planets and their moons get ther names? With the exception of Earth, all of the planets in our solar system have names from Greek or Roman mythology. This tradition was continued when Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto were discovered in more modern times. Mercury (Hermes) is the god of commerce, travel and thievery in Roman mythology. The planet probably received this name because it moves so quickly across the sky. Venus (Aphrodite) is the Roman goddess of love and beauty. The planet is aptly named since it makes a beautiful sight in the sky, with only the Sun and the Moon being brighter. Earth (Gaia) is the only planet whose English name does not derive from Greek/Roman mythology. The name derives from Old English and Germanic. There are, of course, many other names for our planet in other languages. Jupiter (Zeus) was the King of the Gods in Roman mythology, making the name a good choice for what is by far the largest planet in our solar system Mars (Ares) is the Roman god of War. The planet probably got this name due to its red color. Jupiter was the King of the Gods in Roman mythology, making the name a good choice for what is by far the largest planet in our solar system. Saturn (Cronus) is the Roman god of agriculture. Uranus is the ancient Roman deity of the Heavens, the earliest supreme god. Neptune (Poseidon), was the Roman god of the Sea. Given the beautiful blue color of this planet, the name is an excellent choice! Pluto (Hades) is the Roman god of the underworld in Roman mythology. Perhaps the planet received this name because it's so far from the Sun that it is in perpetual darkness. Natural Satellites For those moons have been known for a long time (such as the Galilean moons of Jupiter), the names were assigned from mythological characters. For example, the moons of Jupiter were named for characters who had roles in the life of Zeus (the Greek mythology counterpart of the Roman God Jupiter). For example: Metis (first wife of Zeus) Copyright 2005-16, Greek-Mythology-Gods.com |
The mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot is best known for his work on the geometry of what unusual shapes? | IBM100 - Fractal Geometry IBM100 Choose your Country and Language: Fractal geometry in They Were There Learn more about Benoit Mandelbrot and fractal geometry in the IBM Centennial film, They Were There. (Beginning at 26:55) The passing of a maverick On October 14, 2010, the scientific community lost a great colleague, visionary and friend as Benoit Mandelbrot passed away at the age of 85 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Dr. Mandelbrot is survived by his wife Aliette; two sons, Laurent and Didier; and three grandchildren. Mandelbrot said “In the whole of science, the whole of mathematics, smoothness was everything. What I did was to open up roughness for investigation.” “While a maverick’s story is not in the least an example to follow, it may carry the following useful message: a good sprinkling of diversity is just as indispensable to the good functioning and survival of science as it is to the welfare of society as a whole.” “I overturned a horn of plenty in which all kinds of things humanity has always known were located.” “It may have become true that people who think best in shapes tend to go into the arts, and that people who go into science or mathematics are those who think in formulas. On these grounds, one might argue that I was misplaced in going into science, but I do not think so. Anyhow, I was lucky to be able—eventually—to devise a private way of combining mathematics, science, philosophy and the arts.” “Bottomless wonders spring from simple rules…repeated without end.” Geometry. Its principles are taught to young students across the world. The Pythagorean theorem. Surface area and volume. Pi. This classical, or Euclidean, geometry is perfectly suited for the world that humans have created. But if one considers the structures that are present in nature, that which are beyond the realm of smooth human construction, many of these rules disappear. Clouds are not perfect spheres, mountains are not symmetric cones, and lightning does not travel in a straight line. Nature is rough, and until very recently this roughness was impossible to measure. The discovery of fractal geometry has made it possible to mathematically explore the kinds of rough irregularities that exist in nature. In 1961, Benoit Mandelbrot was working as a research scientist at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY. A bright young academic who had yet to find his professional niche, Mandelbrot was exactly the kind of intellectual maverick IBM had become known for recruiting. The task was simple enough: IBM was involved in transmitting computer data over phone lines, but a kind of white noise kept disturbing the flow of information—breaking the signal—and IBM looked to Mandelbrot to provide a new perspective on the problem. Since he was a boy, Mandelbrot had always thought visually, so instead of using the established analytical techniques, he instinctually looked at the white noise in terms of the shapes it generated—an early form of IBM’s now-renowned data visualization practices. A graph of the turbulence quickly revealed a peculiar characteristic. Regardless of the scale of the graph, whether it represented data over the course of one day or one hour or one second, the pattern of disturbance was surprisingly similar. There was a larger structure at work. The problem was familiar to Mandelbrot, and he recalled the advice his mathematician uncle, Szolem Mandelbrojt, had given him years ago in France—attempt to make something of the obscure theories of iteration established by French mathematicians Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia. Their work intrigued mathematicians around the world and revolved around the simplest of equations: z = z² + c. With a variable of z and parameter of c, this equation maps values on the complex plane—where the x-axis measures the real part of complex number and the y-axis measures the imaginary part ( i) of a complex number. At the time of the advice, Mandelbrot couldn’t find any breakthrough, but the intellectual freedom he found at IBM allowed him to fully engage this new project. In 1980, bu |
What controversial theory in evolutionary biology proposes that most sexually reproducing species will experience little or no evolutionary change and remain in an extended state called stasis? | 21st Century British Nationalism: Oil and The Great Collapse Cognitive Dissidence, The mechanism of warfare and subversion for intellectual revolutionaries. Monday, 9 November 2009 Oil and The Great Collapse In recent years a challenge to classic Darwinian theory has come via the idea of Punctuated Equilibrium. Punctuated equilibrium is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that most sexually reproducing species will experience little evolutionary change for most of their geological history (in an extended state called stasis). When evolution occurs, it is localized in rare, rapid events of branching speciation (called cladogenesis). Cladogenesis is simply the process by which species split into two distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another. Thus, "punctuated equilibria is a model for discontinuous tempos of change (in) the process of speciation and the deployment of species in geological time." Punctuated equilibrium is commonly contrasted against the theory of phyletic gradualism, which states that evolution generally occurs uniformly and by the steady and gradual transformation of whole lineages (anagenesis). In this view, evolution is seen as generally smooth and continuous. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium This theory demolishes the idea of gradual evolution and instead proposes a theory based on sudden evolutionary spurts, when a species suddenly undergoes change into a new species and is then replaced by this whole new species. Incremental change leads to qualitative change, in a moment of accelerated Punctuated Equilibrium. The same thing occurs in politics. Continuing on from De Benoist and his Convergence of Catastrophies theory we see that a system, such as a political system, undergoes a negative feedback loop. A negative feedback loop is a feedback that reduces the output of a system. In other words a society is no longer undergoing progressive social evolution. More and more energy and money is being spent on sustaining the present social level than could be gained from social expansion. In other words, the system is now so dysfunctional that even if the system expanded to achieve its most efficient expansion capacity, that this rate of expansion would still not match the rate of internal social collapse. Eg the economy could at its very best only expand by 4 % per annum but the social costs of sustaining the present levels of social complexity are deficit debts of around 5 % per annum. In other words, all new growth goes on cutting old debts. Each year the system undergoes reversion, and cuts its levels of social progress eg more people lose their jobs, wages are cut, unemployment rises, benefit cuts are imposed etc etc. Society has entered a negative feedback loop. The ONLY way that societies save themselves from negative feedback loops is by injections of new energy. Human progress is not measured by the GDP but by GEP - the Gross Energy Product of a nation. Any nation that produces more energy by itself than it requires for its own internal needs, is an nation in an ‘ Energy Credit’ situation - and therefore it is a nation that is capable of social and economic progress. Any nation that produces less than it needs in energy terms is in Energy Deficit and is incapable of social and economic progress. For example, because of North Sea oil depletion in 2007 the UK is now a net importer of energy. As a result of that situation the British Army were sent to Iraq to secure Iraqi oil for the US and into Afghanistan to secure the oil and gas pipelines that feed the West its gas and oil. The decision by Winston Churchill as First Lord of The Admiralty in 1912 to switch from coal to oil fired engines for British battleships was the most important decision of the 20th century for Britain and the whole politics of the 20th century. Not only did this open up the Empire, as now Royal Navy ships could be used to protect shipping, it gave birth to the geo-politics of Oil Imperialism. Tanks, planes and lorries could be used to assert British control over |
What substance registered in 1870 and widely used as a replacement for ivory is regarded as the first synthetic plastic? | What does celluloid mean? The genre of cinema; film. Origin: Former trademark of Celluloid Manufacturing Company Webster Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Celluloid(noun) a substance composed essentially of gun cotton and camphor, and when pure resembling ivory in texture and color, but variously colored to imitate coral, tortoise shell, amber, malachite, etc. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry and many small articles, as combs, brushes, collars, and cuffs; -- originally called xylonite Origin: [Cellulose + -oid.] Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Celluloid Celluloids are a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, with added dyes and other agents. Generally regarded to be the first thermoplastic, it was first created as Parkesine in 1862 and as Xylonite in 1869, before being registered as Celluloid in 1870. Celluloid is easily molded and shaped, and it was first widely used as an ivory replacement. Celluloid is highly flammable and also easily decomposes, and is no longer widely used. Its most common uses today are in table tennis balls and guitar picks. Numerology The numerical value of celluloid in Chaldean Numerology is: 8 Pythagorean Numerology |
The Danjon Scale is a five-point scale for measuring the appearance and luminosity of a particular heavenly body during what type of event? | brightness scale - это... Что такое brightness scale? brightness scale brightness sensing device Смотреть что такое "brightness scale" в других словарях: Scale (social sciences) — In the social sciences, scaling is the process of measuring or ordering entities with respect to quantitative attributes or traits. For example, a scaling technique might involve estimating individuals levels of extraversion, or the perceived… … Wikipedia Extragalactic distance scale — The extragalactic distance scale is a series of techniques used today by astronomers to determine the distance of cosmological bodies (beyond our own galaxy) not easily obtained with traditional methods. Some procedures utilize properties of… … Wikipedia Bortle Dark-Sky Scale — The Bortle Dark Sky Scale is a nine level numeric measure of the night sky brightness of a particular location. It quantifies the observability of astronomical objects and the interference caused by light pollution and skyglow. John E. Bortle… … Wikipedia Danjon scale — Two lunar eclipses in 2003; their ratings on the Danjon Scale would be roughly 2 (left) and 4 (right) The Danjon Scale of lunar eclipse brightness is a five point scale useful for measuring the appearance and luminosity of the Moon during a lunar … Wikipedia Richter magnitude scale — Part of a series on earthquakes Types Foreshock • Aftershock • Blind thrust Doublet • Interplate • … Wikipedia Logarithmic scale — A logarithmic scale is a scale of measurement that uses the logarithm of a physical quantity instead of the quantity itself. Presentation of data on a logarithmic scale can be helpful when the data covers a large range of values ndash; the… … Wikipedia Seismic scale — A seismic scale is used to measure and compare the severity of earthquakes. (For a quick review, see the table of seismic scales at the end of this article.)Two fundamentally different but equally important types of scales are commonly used by… … Wikipedia Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure — Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure of the cosmosPre 20th Century* 400s BC Democritus proposes that the bright band in the night sky known as the Milky Way might consist of stars, * 300s BC Aristotle believes the … Wikipedia Ganoid scale — Ganoid Ga noid, a. [Gr. ? brightness + oid.] (Zo[ o]l.) Of or pertaining to Ganoidei. n. One of the Ganoidei. [1913 Webster] {Ganoid scale} (Zo[ o]l.), one kind of scales of the ganoid fishes, composed of an inner layer of bone, and an outer… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Danjon scale — a scale measuring the brightness (or rather, the darkness) of lunar eclipses, devised by the French astronomer André Louis Danjon (1890 1967). A table is provided … Dictionary of units of measurement papermaking — [pā′pər māk΄iŋ] n. the making of paper papermaker n. * * * pa·per·mak·ing (pāʹpər mā kĭng) n. The process or craft of making paper. paʹper·mak er n. * * * Introduction formation of a matted or felted sheet, usually of cellulose fibres,… … Universalium 16+ |
Mesothelioma, a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining of the body's internal organs (the mesothelium) is usually caused by exposure to what substance? | Mesothelioma Info skip to main | skip to sidebar Mesothelioma Info Mesothelioma, more precisely malignant mesothelioma, is a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs, the mesothelium. It is usually caused by exposure to asbestos. Helping Children Cope With Violence Witnessing violence on television or video games really pales in comparison to witness violence in real life situations. Children who are victims of violence such as shootings district, abusive parents, bullying at school, and so on, they may develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, commonly known as PTSD. PTSD leads to poor grades, difficulty concentrating, severe depression, sometimes suicidal, if not adequately control coping. Children who have witnessed violence in real life are in grave danger of mentally and emotionally. Psychologists use a special training method called cognitive behavioral therapy "to teach children the skills necessary to cope with violence. It is not as difficult as it sounds, and many psychologists are trained in the methods of cognitive behavioral therapy. In fact, parents and teachers, these methods all the time without knowing it because there are many sensible ways to educate children who handle difficult situations. Coping Skill # 1: Facing fear in a safe environment Children who do not have to internalize those fears that can destroy their self-image development. These fears must be addressed in a secure environment in support of an adult who can act with a child to understand the fear. For example, if a child is afraid to go to school because of violence created by bullies, an adult can take the child to talk about their feelings. Identify triggers, such as seeing a child who bullies the other children walking alone in the school hall or home, or hear the bell for lunch, helps children and adults to spread fear and understand what is going on in their heads and hearts. Coping skills, children learn through this exercise is the way to distinguish between situations that pose a real threat and situations that do not compromise, but to instill fear. imaginary threats can be resolved through the internal forces of the child. Really bad situations should be resolved through other interventions. Their ability to adapt # 2: A solution of social problems from If children are abused, they may have problems with their peers and adults because of the good models of effective social interaction does not exist in their world. Even small conflicts can cause outbreaks. Cognitive behavioral therapists teach children to manage social interactions. The therapist begins with examples such as stories that problem situations in detail. The child is asked leading questions about how the characters have to solve the problem peacefully. Through these learning exercises, which leads the adult child, considering all sides of the situation before deciding on action. Adequate social problem-solving skills can help children avoid violence, but will certainly help the child to control their reaction to violence if it occurs. There are situations where adaptability not avoid conflict, but most of the time problems can be resolved peacefully. Adaptation Strategy # 3: Create a support network for children Ideally, the child's parents or guardians are actively involved in all efforts to help children cope with violence. This type of support network in which everyone strives towards the goal of a healthy child is much more effective than just teaching a child some strategies, and set him free. All the teaching, who has taught professional should be transferred to the child's daily life. Here is a support network to improve the management of adults with experience and encourages children to think for themselves and solve problems. The support network also provides security for the child. He knows where to go if the only solution is to avoid a violent confrontation. He also knows where to go if fear and conflict becomes unmanageable. These caring adults should never put the baby down t |
Which lady physicist was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission for which her colleague Otto Hahn won the Nobel and is often mentioned as the most glaring example of womens scientific achievement overlooked by the Nobel committee? | 1000+ images about Delicate Particle Logic on Pinterest | Left out, Otto hahn and Organic chemistry Forward Lise Meitner was a physicist who was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission. Her colleague, Otto Hahn, was awarded the Nobel Prize and many believe Meitner is one of the most glaring examples of women's scientific achievement overlooked by the Nobel committee. When she was invited to join the Manhattan Project her response was "I will have nothing to do with a bomb!" See More |
Named for a scientist who discovered it in 1961, what is the term for the number of times a normal cell population will divide before it stops? | Telomeres, Aging & fountain of youth Espanol video de telomeros [ 1:17 mns ]: Telomeros, Envejecimiento Celular - Maria Blasco Telomeres: Telomeres are the protective physical caps or ends of the chromosomes and consist of repeated blocks of the DNA sequence, TTAGGG. The telomere protective cap [ shown in red in the right illustration ] is at the end of each of the 24 chromosomes [ light blue in the illustration ]. Telomere function: Telomeres protect the chromosome from fusing with another and also preventing mutations in DNA. Dr. Bill Andrews 69 has evolved an animation to help us understand how telomeres and aging work. His analogy is to "think of a DNA as a long row of bricks, and of DNA replication as a bricklayer walking backwards on top of a brick wall laying a new layer on top of that row. When the end of the wall is reached, the bricklayer finds himself standing on top of the brick he's supposed to replicate. Since he can't put down a brick where his feet are, he steps back and falls off the wall ---- leaving the very end of the wall bare. As a result, the new copy of the wall is shorter." Just like this brick wall was copied imperfectly, our DNA in a telomere is unable to perfectly copy itself; when a strand is replicated, the new strand is shorter than the old strand. If we lost portions of the information encoded in our DNA every time it replicated, human life would be impossible. Our cells couldn't even divide enough times to allow us to be born. Fortunately, we are born with long, repetitive sequences of DNA at the end of each of our chromosomes, which later shorten during the normal DNA replication process." 69 These repetitive sequences are called "telomeres." Telomeres function by preventing chromosomes from losing base pair sequences [ TTAGGG ] at their ends. Telomeres protect the chromosome from fusing with another and also preventing mutations in DNA. Telomeres become shorter each time cells divide. When we are first conceived, the telomeres in our reproductive single-cell embryos are approximately 15,000 nucleotides long. Our cells divide rapidly in the womb, and by the time we are born, our telomeres have decreased in length to approximately 10,000 nucleotides. Each time a cell divides, some of the telomere is lost ( [ usually 25-200 base pairs per division ]. They shorten throughout our lifetime. When the telomere becomes too short, the chromosome reaches a "critical length" and can no longer replicate. This means that a cell becomes "old" and dies. 3 This wearing out with age process was discovered by DNA researcher, Leonard Hayflick in the 1960s, as the number of times a normal cell population will divide before it stops. Hayflick discovered that non-stem [ i.e. non-telomerase active ] cells in a dish can only divide about 60 times before the telomeres become too short to survive. The limit on a cellâs maximum lifespan is known as its " Hayflick Limit .â When the telomere is depleted, the cell dies. 4 However, telomere life may be extended by an enzyme telomerase. Unfortunately, the part of the DNA that produces telomerase is asleep in our bodies, i.e. the âswitchâ is turned off. We now have the ability to turn the âswitchâ back on to produce telomerase, which can then restore and repair the lengths of the ends of your DNA. The result is a healthier DNA and potentially a reversal of the aging process. Telomerase adds repetitive DNA TTAGGG sequences to telomeres. Instead of gradually getting older and dying, the cells continue living indefinitely. The video below summarizes how telomerase works: [ Flash Player may be required to view the animations.] Source: Telomerase function Telomerase prevents DNA strands from shortening, allowing perfect cells to replicate again and again. Telomerase does this by adding repetitive sequences [nucleotides] to the ends of our chromosomes, thus lengthening our telomeres. Telomerase works by filling the "gap" left by DNA replication thereby lengthening telomeres. This is illustrated [ below l |
"""I am become Death, the shatterer of Worlds."" This quote from the Hindu treatise Bhagavad Gita was famously used at what 1945 event?" | quoting the Bhagawad Gita J.Robert Oppenheimer Quotes - Quotations Book Authors starting with Q Quotes by quoting the Bhagawad Gita J.Robert Oppenheimer J.Robert Oppenheimer : Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is best known for his role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons, for which he is often referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb". In reference to the Trinity test in New Mexico, where the first atomic bomb was detonated, Oppenheimer famously recalled the Bhagavad Gita: "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one." and "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." ... |
There is no such thing as knowing this a little. The 'rabbit test' developed in 1927 by Bernhard Zondek and Selmar Aschheim was used to check for what? | Project MUSE - "A Private Little Revolution": The Home Pregnancy Test in American Culture The Home Pregnancy Test in American Culture Sarah A. Leavitt Abstract The home pregnancy test went from novelty to norm in twenty-five years. This article explores its cultural impact in the context of the women's health movement. Though women had long made do without it, the "private little revolution," as the test was called in an early advertisement, enabled them to take control of their reproductive health care and moved the moment of discovery from the doctor's office (back) to the home. The article introduces the test, explores its acceptance by physicians and by women, looks at the marketing of the test by drug companies, and traces its use in movies, television, and novels. Keywords home pregnancy test, women's health movement, hCG, online survey The e.p.t In-Home Early Pregnancy Test is a private little revolution any woman can easily buy at her drugstore. 1 In March 1978, readers of Mademoiselle found an unusual notice among the mundane assortment of articles on clothing, hairstyles, and relationship advice. Trumpeting a "private little revolution," the advertisement [End Page 317] took up an entire page and featured an image of the apparatus needed to complete the featured procedure, which turned out to be a home pregnancy test. Using scientific language to impress readers with the technology gleaned from "many years of costly research," the text of the advertisement emphasized that the allure of the test was the power of knowledge: "At last," it claimed, "early knowledge of pregnancy belongs easily and accurately to us all." 2 This populist message, coupled with the opening salvo of "revolution," indicated that the marketers of this product were selling more than a plastic test tube: they were promoting a new understanding of pregnancy. "Now, when you call your doctor, you have the results of your test to report," the advertisement concluded, "and time is on your side at last." 3 The home pregnancy test, introduced to American consumers with advertisements like this one in the late 1970s, changed women's relationship with the early knowledge of pregnancy and thus became a part of late twentieth-century reproductive health. Before the widespread use of the test, pregnancy was diagnosed either by waiting for "natural" signs or by a doctor; today, millions of women discover their pregnancies in the privacy of their homes. Scholars have covered much ground in understanding the larger context of the women's health movement, from Sue Rosser's treatment of the ways in which women had been summarily left out of much health-related research to Sandra Morgen's exploration of how women's political involvement in local health clinics and elsewhere changed mainstream medicine. 4 The home pregnancy test forged a much smaller revolution, and can serve as an important example of the impact of the women's health movement by illuminating an area in which women assumed control of knowledge that had previously been in the hands of their doctors. It is an example of the reversing of the medicalization of pregnancy, in fact, for this is a diagnosis that was once in the hands of women and, in the late twentieth century, was returned there. Though the test results will lead most women to the medical establishment—if the test is positive, most will either have an abortion or begin prenatal care—the test returned the moment of discovery to the home, where it had been before the mid-twentieth century moved it to the doctor's office. It is its reconfiguration of the locus of control at the moment of discovery that makes the pregnancy test into a "revolution." [End Page 318] The history of the pregnancy test can also help us understand the history of reproductive technologies, a rich field of inquiry. As technology goes, the test is relatively simple: it can deliver only one of two answers (yes or no), and describes a situation that has already come to pass. Indeed, the feminist writer Naomi Wolf has described taking the test as a kind of "fatalism" |
Used in medical talk (think PET or CAT), what is the name given to a two-dimensional image of a slice through a three-dimensional object? | Magnetic resonance imaging | definition of magnetic resonance imaging by Medical dictionary Magnetic resonance imaging | definition of magnetic resonance imaging by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/magnetic+resonance+imaging Related to magnetic resonance imaging: functional magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Definition Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the newest, and perhaps most versatile, medical imaging technology available. Doctors can get highly refined images of the body's interior without surgery, using MRI. By using strong magnets and pulses of radio waves to manipulate the natural magnetic properties in the body, this technique makes better images of organs and soft tissues than those of other scanning technologies. MRI is particularly useful for imaging the brain and spine, as well as the soft tissues of joints and the interior structure of bones. The entire body is visible to the technique, which poses few known health risks. Purpose MRI was developed in the 1980s. The latest additions to MRI technology are angiography (MRA) and spectroscopy (MRS). MRA was developed to study blood flow, while MRS can identify the chemical composition of diseased tissue and produce color images of brain function. The many advantages of MRI include: Detail. MRI creates precise images of the body based on the varying proportions of magnetic elements in different tissues. Very minor fluctuations in chemical composition can be determined. MRI images have greater natural contrast than standard x rays, computed tomography scan (CT scan), or ultrasound, all of which depend on the differing physical properties of tissues. This sensitivity lets MRI distinguish fine variations in tissues deep within the body. It also is particularly useful for spotting and distinguishing diseased tissues (tumors and other lesions) early in their development. Often, doctors prescribe an MRI scan to more fully investigate earlier findings of the other imaging techniques. Scope. The entire body can be scanned, from head to toe and from the skin to the deepest recesses of the brain. Moreover, MRI scans are not obstructed by bone, gas, or body waste, which can hinder other imaging techniques. (Although the scans can be degraded by motion such as breathing, heartbeat, and normal bowel activity.) The MRI process produces cross-sectional images of the body that are as sharp in the middle as on the edges, even of the brain through the skull. A close series of these two-dimensional images can provide a three-dimensional view of a targeted area. Safety. MRI does not depend on potentially harmful ionizing radiation, as do standard x-ray and CT scans. There are no known risks specific to the procedure, other than for people who might have metal objects in their bodies. MRI is being used increasingly during operations, particularly those involving very small structures in the head and neck, as well as for preoperative assessment and planning. Intraoperative MRIs have shown themselves to be safe as well as feasible, and to improve the surgeon's ability to remove the entire tumor or other abnormality. Given all the advantages, doctors would undoubtedly prescribe MRI as frequently as ultrasound scanning, but the MRI process is complex and costly. The process requires large, expensive, and complicated equipment; a highly trained operator; and a doctor specializing in radiology. Generally, MRI is prescribed only when serious symptoms and/or negative results from other tests indicate a need. Many times another test is appropriate for the type of diagnosis needed. Doctors may prescribe an MRI scan of different areas of the body. Brain and head. MRI technology was developed because of the need for brain imaging. It is one of the few imaging tools that can see through bone (the skull) and deliver high quality pictures of the brain's delicate soft tissue structures. MRI may be needed for patients with symptoms of a brain tumor , stroke, or infection (like meningitis ). MRI also may be needed when cognitive and/or psychol |
In chemistry, what is the common name for the alkane hydrocarbons with the general formula C(n)H(2n+2), the simplest form of which is the methane (CH4) gas? | Organic Chemistry/Alkanes - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Organic Chemistry/Alkanes Jump to: navigation , search Alkanes are the simplest organic molecules, consisting of only carbon and hydrogen and with only single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes are used as the basis for naming the majority of organic compounds (their nomenclature). Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2. Contents 2,2-dimethylpropane or neopentane. An example of an alkane Alkanes are the simplest and least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and hydrogens. They are commercially very important, being the principal constituent of gasoline and lubricating oils and are extensively employed in organic chemistry; though the role of pure alkanes (such as hexanes) is delegated mostly to solvents. The distinguishing feature of an alkane, making it distinct from other compounds that also exclusively contain carbon and hydrogen, is its lack of unsaturation . That is to say, it contains no double or triple bonds, which are highly reactive in organic chemistry. Though not totally devoid of reactivity, their lack of reactivity under most laboratory conditions makes them a relatively uninteresting, though very important component of organic chemistry. As you will learn about later, the energy confined within the carbon-carbon bond and the carbon-hydrogen bond is quite high and their rapid oxidation produces a large amount of heat, typically in the form of fire. As said it is important, not considered very important component in the chemistry. Introductory Definitions[ edit ] Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen by definition and usually other elements (e.g. nitrogen and oxygen) as well. (CO2 is not an organic compound because it has no hydrogen). Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only. Alkanes are hydrocarbons or organic compounds made up of only carbon-carbon single bonds (as opposed to double and triple bonds). The simplest alkane is methane . Methane, (CH4, one carbon bonded to four hydrogens) is the simplest organic molecule. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP) . Methane This is a flattened, two-dimensional representation of methane that you will see commonly. The true three-dimensional form of methane does not have any 90 degree angles between bonded hydrogens. The bonds point to the four corners of a tetrahedron , forming cos-1(-1/3) ≈ 109.5 degree bond angles. A balloon model of the electron clouds repelling each other in a molecule of methane. Ethane[ edit ] Two carbons singly bonded to each other with six hydrogens is called ethane . Ethane is the second simplest hydrocarbon molecule. It can be thought of as two methane molecules attached to each other, but with two fewer hydrogen atoms. There are several common methods to draw organic molecules. You will use them interchangeably although sometimes one will work better for one situation or another. Drawing alkanes[ edit ] When writing out the alkane structures, you can use different levels of shorthand depending on the needs at hand in hand. For example, pentane can be written out. Its formula is C5H12. , or CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3, or CH3(CH2)3CH3, or minimized to Line drawing shorthand[ edit ] Although non-cyclic alkanes are called straight-chain alkanes they are technically made of linked chains. This is reflected in the line-drawing method. Each ending point and bend in the line represents one carbon atom and each short line represents one single carbon-carbon bond. Every carbon is assumed to be surrounded with a maximum number of hydrogen atoms unless shown otherwise. Propane, butane, pentane Structures drawn without explicitly showing all carbon atoms are often called "skeletal" structures, since they represent the skeleton or the backbone of the molecule. In organic chemistry, carbon is very frequently used, so chemists know that there is a carbon atom at the endpoints of every line that is not specifically labeled. Conformations[ edit ] Conformers, also called conformational isomers, or rotational isomers,or r |
Were he alive in 2006, the American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh would have been disappointed as his discovery was 'dwarfed.' What did he discover in 1930? | Learn and talk about Clyde Tombaugh, American Unitarian Universalists, American astronomers, Discoverers of asteroids, Discoverers of trans-Neptunian objects 10 External links Life and career[ edit ] Tombaugh was born in Streator, Illinois , the son of Adella Pearl (Chritton) and Muron Dealvo Tombaugh, a farmer. [1] After his family moved to Burdett, Kansas in 1922, Tombaugh's plans for attending college were frustrated when a hailstorm ruined his family's farm crops. [2] Starting in 1926, he built several telescopes with lenses and mirrors by himself. [2] In order to better test his telescope mirrors, Tombaugh, with just a pick and shovel, dug a pit 24 feet long, 8 feet deep, and 7 feet wide. This cave provided a constant air temperature, free of air currents. It was also used by the family as a root cellar and emergency shelter. [3] He sent drawings of Jupiter and Mars to the Lowell Observatory , which offered him a job. [4] Tombaugh worked there from 1929 to 1945. Following his discovery of Pluto, Tombaugh earned bachelor's and master's degrees in astronomy from the University of Kansas in 1936 and 1938. [2] During World War II he taught naval personnel navigation at Northern Arizona University . [2] He worked at White Sands Missile Range in the early 1950s, and taught astronomy at New Mexico State University from 1955 until his retirement in 1973. The asteroid 1604 Tombaugh , [5] discovered in 1931, is named after him. He discovered hundreds of asteroids, beginning with 2839 Annette in 1929, mostly as a by-product of his search for Pluto and his searches for other celestial objects. [2] Tombaugh named some of them after his wife, children and grandchildren. The Royal Astronomical Society awarded him the Jackson-Gwilt Medal in 1931. [6] In 1980, he wrote a book "Out of the Darkness:The Planet Pluto" with Patrick Moore . [7] In August 1992, JPL scientist Robert Staehle called Tombaugh, requesting permission to visit his planet. "I told him he was welcome to it," Tombaugh later remembered, "though he's got to go one long, cold trip." [8] The call eventually led to the launch of the New Horizons space probe to Pluto in 2006. Following the passage on July 14, 2015 of Pluto by the New Horizons spacecraft the "Cold Heart of Pluto" was named Tombaugh Regio . Death[ edit ] Tombaugh died on January 17, 1997, when he was in Las Cruces, New Mexico , at the age of 90. A small portion of his ashes was placed aboard the New Horizons spacecraft. The container includes the inscription: "Interred herein are remains of American Clyde W. Tombaugh, discoverer of Pluto and the solar system's 'third zone'. Adelle and Muron's boy, Patricia's husband, Annette and Alden's father, astronomer, teacher, punster, and friend: Clyde W. Tombaugh (1906–1997)". [9] Tombaugh was survived by his wife, Patricia (1912–2012), and their children, Annette and Alden. [10] Religion[ edit ] Tombaugh was an active Unitarian-Universalist , and he and his wife helped found the Unitarian Universalist Church of Las Cruces, New Mexico. [11] Family[ edit ] Through the daughter of his youngest brother, Robert M., Tombaugh is the great uncle of Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Clayton Kershaw . [12] Discovery of Pluto[ edit ] Tombaugh created his photographic plates using this 13-inch astrograph While a young researcher working for the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona , Tombaugh was given the job to perform a systematic search for a trans-Neptunian planet (also called Planet X ), which had been predicted by Percival Lowell and William Pickering . Tombaugh used the observatory's 13-inch astrograph to take photographs of the same section of sky several nights apart. He then used a blink comparator to compare the different images. When he shifted between the two images, a moving object, such as a planet, would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects such as stars would appear stationary. Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyon |
What non-technical term is given to a condition where the thumb, when extended (as in a 'thumbs-up'), stretches backwards toward the nail and outwards? | Thumb Tendonitis or Thumb Tenosynovitis? Shooting Pain In The Thumb Thumb Tendonitis or Thumb Tenosynovitis? Shooting Pain In The Thumb by Mark (Santa Ana, CA) I have a shooting pain in my thumb when I do certain activities involving grabbing something. There is no swelling or pain under normal movement but when I stretch the thumb or use it to grab the dog leash for instance, I get a severe shooting pain radiating from the base to the tip. Do I need to see my doctor or a specialist? Thanks, Well, I've never ever told someone they shouldn't see doctor. There could be all sorts of weird, rare medical issues causing that. Still, chances are good that you have some thumb specific Tendonitis or Tenosynovitis . Heeeellllllooooo Pain Causing Dynamic ! So, let's investigate. Questions: 1. Describe the pain, in as great a detail as possible. Just in the thumb? Up the arm? Wrist? Hand? General pain, or could you clearly identify a sharp time. 2. What do you do with your hands all day long? Computer? Musician? Video games? Lots of texting on the cell phone? 3. Other thumb is fine? 4. History of injury or pain? 5. Age? 6. Is there a specific direction of movement that hurts it, but others don't, or do many kinds/angles/directions of movement. Pushing, pulling, thumbs up, pushing against a wall with the thumb in various ways, etc. 7. If you poke around the area, is there a hot spot? Are the muscles in the forearm, thumbpad, etc, sore, painful, or tight? I'm guessing that there is a line of muscle in your thumb pad that is PAINFUL if you press on it. Answer those questions, and let's go from there. ---------------------- Please reply using the comment link below. Do not submit a new submission to answer/reply, it's too hard for me to find where it's supposed to go. And, comments have a 3,000 character limit so you may have to comment twice. ----------------------- |
What is a type of chemical mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another? | Chemistry for Kids: Chemical Mixtures Chemistry for Kids Chemical Mixtures One of the main aspects of chemistry is combining different substances. Sometimes combining substances can cause a chemical reaction and bonding which creates an entirely new substance called a compound. However, sometimes there is no chemical reaction or bonding. In this case, a mixture is formed from the combined substances. Mixture A mixture is made when two or more substances are combined, but they are not combined chemically. General properties of a mixture: The components of a mixture can be easily separated The components each keep their original properties The proportion of the components is variable Types of Mixtures There are two main categories of mixtures: homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. In a homogenous mixture all the substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture (salt water, air, blood). In a heterogeneous mixture the substances are not evenly distributed (chocolate chip cookies, pizza, rocks) Within the categories of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures there are more specific types of mixtures including solutions, alloys, suspensions, and colloids. Solutions (homogeneous) A solution is a mixture where one of the substances dissolves in the other. The substance that dissolves is called the solute. The substance that does not dissolve is called the solvent. An example of a solution is salt water. These components can be easily separated through evaporation and they each retain their original properties. However, the salt is dissolved into the water to where you can't see it and it is evenly distributed in the water. In this example the water is the solvent and the salt is the solute. What is the difference between a solution and a mixture? In chemistry a solution is actually a type of mixture. A solution is a mixture that is the same or uniform throughout. Think of the example of salt water. This is also called a "homogenous mixture." A mixture that is not a solution is not uniform throughout. Think of the example of sand in water. This is also called a "heterogeneous mixture." Alloys (homogeneous) An alloy is a mixture of elements that has the characteristic of a metal. At least one of the elements mixed is a metal. One example of an alloy is steel which is made from a mixture of iron and carbon. Suspensions (heterogeneous) A suspension is a mixture between a liquid and particles of a solid. In this case the particles do not dissolve. The particles and the liquid are mixed up so that the particles are dispersed throughout the liquid. They are "suspended" in the liquid. A key characteristic of a suspension is that the solid particles will settle and separate over time if left alone. An example of a suspension is a mixture of water and sand. When mixed up, the sand will disperse throughout the water. If left alone, the sand will settle to the bottom. Colloids (heterogeneous) A colloid is a mixture where very small particles of one substance are evenly distributed throughout another substance. They appear very similar to solutions, but the particles are suspended in the solution rather than fully dissolved. The difference between a colloid and a suspension is that the particles will not settle to the bottom over a period of time, they will stay suspended or float. An example of a colloid is milk. Milk is a mixture of liquid butterfat globules dispersed and suspended in water. Colloids are generally considered heterogeneous mixtures, but have some qualities of homogeneous mixtures as well. Interesting Facts about Mixtures Smoke is a mixture of particles that are suspended in the air. Tap water is a mixture of water and other particles. Pure water or H2O is generally referred to as distilled water. Many of the substances we come into contact with every day are mixtures including the air we breathe which is a mixture of gases like oxygen and nitrogen. Blood is a mixture that can be separated by a machine called a centrifuge into its two main parts: plasma and red blood cells. Mixtures can be liquids, gases, |
Literally meaning 'on the kidney', what hormone that participates in the 'fight or flight' response of the body is produced by the adrenal glands? | Fight or Flight - How Fear Works | HowStuffWorks Fight or Flight Prev Next To produce the fight-or-flight response, the hypothalamus activates two systems: the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system. The sympathetic nervous system uses nerve pathways to initiate reactions in the body, and the adrenal-cortical system uses the bloodstream. The combined effects of these two systems are the fight-or-flight response. When the hypothalamus tells the sympathetic nervous system to kick into gear, the overall effect is that the body speeds up, tenses up and becomes generally very alert. If there's a burglar at the door, you're going to have to take action -- and fast. The sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and smooth muscles and tells the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) into the bloodstream. These "stress hormones" cause several changes in the body, including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure . Up Next This is your brain on love: The Science of Love Quiz At the same time, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) into the pituitary gland, activating the adrenal-cortical system. The pituitary gland (a major endocrine gland ) secretes the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH moves through the bloodstream and ultimately arrives at the adrenal cortex, where it activates the release of approximately 30 different hormones that get the body prepared to deal with a threat. The sudden flood of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dozens of other hormones causes changes in the body that include: heart rate and blood pressure increase pupils dilate to take in as much light as possible veins in skin constrict to send more blood to major muscle groups (responsible for the "chill" sometimes associated with fear -- less blood in the skin to keep it warm) blood-glucose level increases muscles tense up, energized by adrenaline and glucose (responsible for goose bumps -- when tiny muscles attached to each hair on surface of skin tense up, the hairs are forced upright, pulling skin with them) smooth muscle relaxes in order to allow more oxygen into the lungs nonessential systems (like digestion and immune system ) shut down to allow more energy for emergency functions trouble focusing on small tasks (brain is directed to focus only on big picture in order to determine where threat is coming from) All of these physical responses are intended to help you survive a dangerous situation by preparing you to either run for your life or fight for your life (thus the term "fight or flight"). Fear -- and the fight-or-flight response in particular -- is an instinct that every animal possesses. |
Woods Hole, Massachusetts is famous for having many institutes in what field of science? | Woods Hole, Massachusetts - HopAmerica.com Massachusetts Author Aleksandar Stevanović data-ad-client="ca-pub-3747382384838434" data-ad-slot="3711430146"> “Equipped with his five senses, man explores the universe around him and calls the adventure Science.” – Edwin Hubble Attribution Some Rights Reserved By Putneypics How would you define charm? Would you say it’s a characteristic of a person you like? Someone you like so much that you’re more than happy to refer to them as charming? Or, is it a more elusive notion? Places can be charming, too. We must have written about dozens of incredibly charming places before. Is it, perhaps, a term you would use to describe that pleasant, yet mysterious feeling you get whenever you’re in the company of an attractive person or an unusual place? We would say both, actually. But the kind of charm we’re talking about here is not one we’ve written about before. We know what you’re going to say: “you already said that many places are charming, what are you on about now”? Well, what we’re referring to is a special kind of charm. A, sort of, addiction, if you will. But for the most part, you’re right. We are talking about a particular place. What might, but shouldn’t surprise you when it comes to this place is the fact that it’s a small town. We love to write about these places because they’re special in their own, hidden kind of way. However, Woods Hole, Massachusetts is a small town unlike any you’ve ever experienced before, and neither have we. Attribution Some Rights Reserved By Vince Smith You also know that we love to write about not so familiar places because they have a lot to offer. And wait till you get a load of everything Woods Hole has to offer! A place so packed with history, knowledge, experience and beauty that it almost sounds like a breathtaking illusion. When you consider what life is like in major metropolis areas in the country, this picturesque town almost feels like a gift from the heavens. With a population of just over 700, you can imagine the peace and serenity of Woods Hole without even visiting the place. However, you’d be passing up an awesome opportunity by doing that. An opportunity to experience the true spirit of knowledge that has been preserved for more than a century and a half. You’ve probably noticed that we keep mentioning knowledge as an important aspect of this place. But, more on that later. For now, we’ll say that Woods Hole is officially classified as a CDP (census-designated place) in Barnstable County. More accurately, it’s in the town of Falmouth, but Woods Hole is a far better known designation than either of the aforementioned. The Cape Cod’s extreme southwest corner is its home, near the Elizabeth Islands and Martha’s Vineyard. Attribution Some Rights Reserved By Katja Schulz If you were to ask us what sets Woods Hole apart from other towns in Cape Cod, it would be really difficult to choose just one answer, but we would have to go with – science. The place is simply incredible when you look at the number of scientific and research institutions in it. For example, one of the places that allows you to get really up close and personal with what we’ve just mentioned is the Marine Biological Laboratory. Founded in 1888, this amazing Woods Hole institution has over 2000 employees during its summer programs, as opposed to the “mere” 300 who work there year-round. It comes as no surprise that a number of Nobel laureates also have a home in the Laboratory. Should you choose to visit this bastion of knowledge, which is something we definitely recommend, you will be granted access to the Robert W. Pierce Exhibit Center, lectures at the Falmouth Forum, as well as many interesting and very detailed tours. It would be just wrong to mention Woods Hole and not turn your attention to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, yet another giant when it comes to science. The importance of this powerhouse lies in the fact that, since 1930, it has been at the very core of marine engineering and exploration. In fact, here’s one you probably didn’t know: in |
Meaning 'indicator' in Greek, what is the part of a sundial that casts the shadow called? | the-parts-of-a-sundial A sundial has a shadow casting device called a gnomon, attached to a dial plate which has markings. The actual shadow used to read the time is created by a part of the gnomon called the"style". The markings almost always have hours, and may or may not be legal clock mean time, often it is local sun time. Local sun time (local apparent time or L.A.T.) must have the longitude factored in, typically somewhere between -30 to +30 minutes. Also, the clock and the sun are not in synch, the difference is called the equation of time ( EOT ) and varies predictably throughout the year, the limits being about plus or minus 16 minutes. Other markings may appear on a sundial, the date ( declination lines or curves ) is common. Sometimes the hours until the next sunset ( Italian lines ) is another. Yet another is the Islamic prayer times. The analemma , and so on. The markings have hour lines or hour points, and sometimes calendar information and the like, collectively called dial furniture. Calendar lines may show specific dates, or the solstice and the equinoxes. The dial furniture is marked on the dial plate. |
In 1931, the American physical chemist Harold Urey demonstrated the existence of what type of 'weighty' liquid that proved important in the development of the atomic bomb? | The Militant Atheist: The Making of the Atomic Bomb --------------------------------------- | | | The Making of the Atomic Bomb | | Richard Rhodes | | | |-------------------------------------| | | | Created: 08/16/2007 | | | | Last modified: 08/17/2007 | | | --------------------------------------- We must be curious to learn how such a set of objects - hundreds of power plants, thousands of bombs, tens of thousands of people massed in national establishments -- can be traced back to a few people sitting at laboratory benches discussing the peculiar behaviour of one type of atom. Spencer R. Weart The atomic bomb and the subsequent hydrogen bomb were inventions that were made before we understood what it was we were making. For better or worse, we cannot forsee the consequences of our technological progress. The first subway on the European continent was dug not in Paris or Berlin, but in Budapest. On November 8, 1895, German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen discovered X-rays radiating from the fluorescing glass wall of a cathode-ray tube. In 1897, he identified what he called the "negative" corpuscle, the electron, and the first atomic particle to be identified. In 1898, Madamme Curie had discovered the radioactive element she called Polonium, after her native country of Poland. In 1907, Albert Einstein derived his famous equation E = MC**2. If the speed of light is a constant, then something else must serve as the elastic between two systems at motion in relation to one another - even if that something else is time. If a body gives off an amount E of energy its mass minutely diminishes. But if energy has mass, then mass must have energy: the two must be equivalent: E = MC**2, E/C**2 = M (i.e. an amount of energy E in joules is equal to an amount of mass M in kilograms multiplied by the square of the speed of light, an enormous number, 3 x 10**8 meters per second times 3 x 10**8 m/s = 9 x 10**16 or 90,000,000,000,000,000 joules per kilogram. Dividing E by C**2 demonstrates how large an amount of energy is contained even in a small mass. In 1908, Hans Geiger and Ernest Rutherford devised the Geiger counter. In 1914, H.G. Wells published the book "The World Set Free" and predicted atomic bombs. Out of the prospering but vulnerable Hungarian Jewish middle class came no fewer than seven of the twentieth century's most exceptional scientists, in order of birth, Theodor Von Karman, George de Hevesy, Michael Polanyi, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner, John von Neuman and Edward Teller. The mystery of such a concentration of ability from so remote and provincial a place has fascinated the community of science. It was like a group of men from Mars had arrived. In October of 1918, Hungary suffered a revolution and the Republic of Hungary was announced on November 16, 1918. On November 20, 1918, the Hungarian Communist party formed and on March 21, 1919, the Republic of Hungary bloodlessly metamorphosed into the Hungarian Soviet Republic. One hundred and thirty three (133) days later, the White Terror of the Horthy regime moved in and installed a violent fascist anti-semitic regime. In 1918, Francis William Aston invented the mass-spectograph which sorted elements and isotopes of elements by mass. It used mixed nuclei projected in a radiant beam through a magnetic field which would bend into separated component beams according to their velocity, which gave a measure of their mass. An electrostatic field bent the component beams differently depending on their electrical discharge which gave a measure of their atomic number. In 1919, Ernest Rutherford achieved the first artificial transmutation (sort of a split) of an atom. In the summer of 1921, a wealthy seventeen-year-old American student, Robert Oppenheimer was colle |
Taking its name from the Latin word for magpie, what medical disorder is characterized by an appetite for non-nutritive substances (e.g., clay)? | Pica | definition of pica by Medical dictionary Pica | definition of pica by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pica Definition Pica is the persistent craving and compulsive eating of nonfood substances. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, classifies it as a feeding and eating disorder of childhood. Description The puzzling phenomenon of pica has been recognized and described since ancient times. Pica has been observed in ethnic groups worldwide, in both primitive and modernized cultures, in both sexes, and in all age groups. The word pica comes from the Latin name for magpie, a bird known for its unusual and indiscriminate eating habits. In addition to humans, pica has been observed in other animals, including the chimpanzee. Pica in humans has many different subgroups, defined by the substance that is ingested. Some of the most commonly described types of pica are eating earth, soil or clay (geophagia), ice (pagophagia) and starch (amylophagia). However, pica involving dozens of other substances, including cigarette butts and ashes, hair, paint chips, and paper have also been reported. In one unusual case, the patient ingested transdermal patches of fentanyl, an opioid medication given for severe pain . Eating the skin patch increased the patient's dose of the drug by a factor of 10. Although pica can occur in individuals of any background, a higher incidence of pica is associated with: developmental delay and mental retardation psychiatric disease and autism poor nutrition or low blood levels of iron and other minerals certain cultural or religious traditions Causes and symptoms Evidence suggests that there may be several causes of pica. One widely held theory points to iron deficiency as a major cause of pica. Several reports have described pica in individuals with documented iron deficiency, although there has been uncertainty as to whether the iron deficiency was a cause of pica or a result of it. Because some substances, such as clay, are believed to block the absorption of iron into the bloodstream, it was thought that low blood levels of iron could be the direct result of pica. However, some studies have shown that pica cravings in individuals with iron deficiency stop once iron supplements are given to correct the deficiency. Another study looked specifically at the rate of iron absorption during pica conditions and normal dietary behavior, and showed that the iron absorption was not decreased by pica. In addition, low blood levels of iron commonly occur in pregnant women and those with poor nutrition, two populations at higher risk for pica. Such findings offer strong support of iron deficiency as a cause, rather than result, of pica. Other reports suggest that pica may have a psychological basis and may even fall into the spectrum of obsessive-compulsive disorder . Pica has a higher incidence in populations with an underlying diagnosis involving mental functioning. These diagnoses include psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, developmental disorders including autism, and conditions with mental retardation. These conditions are not characterized by iron deficiency, which supports a psychological component in the cause of pica. Cultural and religious traditions may also play a role in pica behavior. In some cultures, nonfood substances are believed to have positive health or spiritual effects. Among some African Americans in the south, ingesting a particular kind of white clay is believed to promote health and reduce morning sickness during pregnancy. Other cultures practice pica out of belief that eating a particular substance may promote fertility or bring good luck. The hallmark feature of pica, consistently consuming nonfood substances, often does not present publicly. People may be embarrassed to admit to these unusual eating habits, and may hide it from their family and physician. In other cases, an individual may not report the pica to a physician simply because of a lack of knowledge of pica's potential medical significance. B |
What algebraic system taught in present-day schools is one of the legacies of the philosopher René Descartes to which he lent his name? | René Descartes Explained René Descartes Explained Metaphysics , epistemology , mathematics , physics , cosmology Influences: Plato , Aristotle , Archimedes , Alhazen , Al-Ghazali , [4] Averroes , Avicenna , Anselm , Augustine , Stoics , Aquinas , Ockham , Suarez , Mersenne , Sextus Empiricus , Montaigne , Golius , Beeckman , Duns Scotus [5] Influenced: Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy , especially Spinoza , Leibniz , John Locke , Nicolas Malebranche , Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet [6] Blaise Pascal , Isaac Newton , Immanuel Kant , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Edmund Husserl , Noam Chomsky , Slavoj Zizek , David Chalmers Notable Ideas: Cogito ergo sum , method of doubt , method of normals , Cartesian coordinate system , Cartesian dualism, foundationalism , ontological argument for the existence of God, mathesis universalis , folium of Descartes René Descartes (; [7] in French ʁəne dekaʁt/; Latinized : Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form : "Cartesian"; [8] 31 March 159611 February 1650) was a French philosopher , mathematician , and scientist . Dubbed the father of modern western philosophy, much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, [9] which are studied closely to this day. He spent about 20 years of his life in the Dutch Republic . Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes's influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system —allowing reference to a point in space as a set of numbers, and allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two- or three-dimensional coordinate system (and conversely, shapes to be described as equations)—was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry , the bridge between algebra and geometry, used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis . Descartes was also one of the key figures in the scientific revolution . Descartes refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers, and refused to trust his own senses. He frequently set his views apart from those of his predecessors. In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul , a treatise on the early modern version of what are now commonly called emotion s, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic "as if no one had written on these matters before". Many elements of his philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism , the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine . In his natural philosophy , he differs from the schools on two major points: First, he rejects the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejects any appeal to final ends —divine or natural—in explaining natural phenomena. [10] In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation. Descartes laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism , later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz , and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes , Locke , Berkeley , and Hume . Leibniz, Spinoza [11] and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well. His best known philosophical statement is " Cogito ergo sum " (French: link=no|Je pense, donc je suis; I think, therefore I am), found in part IV of Discourse on the Method (1637; written in French but with inclusion of "Cogito ergo sum") and §7 of part I of Principles of Philosophy (1644; written in Latin). [12] Life Early life Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine (now Descartes , Indre-et-Loire ), France, on 31 March 1596. When he was one year old, his mother Jeanne Brochard died after trying to give birth to another child who also died. His father Joachim was a member of the Parlement of Brittany at Rennes . [13] René lived with his grandmother and with his great-uncle. Although the Descartes family was Roman Catholic, the Poitou region was controlled by the Protestant Huguenots. [14] In 1607 |
What are the four Galilean moons of Jupiter that are named after the lovers of Zeus in Greek myth? | What are the Galilean Moons? - Universe Today Universe Today What are the Galilean Moons? Article Updated: 26 Apr , 2016 by Matt Williams It’s no accident that Jupiter shares its name with the king of the gods. In addition to being the largest planet in our Solar System – with two and a half times the mass of all the other planets combined – it is also home to some of the largest moons of any Solar planet. Jupiter’s largest moons are known as the Galileans, all of which were discovered by Galileo Galilei and named in his honor. They include Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto , and are the Solar System’s fourth, sixth, first and third largest satellites, respectively. Together, they contain almost 99.999% of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter, and range from being 400,000 and 2,000,000 km from the planet. Outside of the Sun and eight planets, they are also among the most massive objects in the Solar System, with radii larger than any of the dwarf planets. Discovery: The Galileans take their name from Galileo Galilee, the famous Italian astronomer who discovered them between January 7th and 13th, 1610. Using his improved telescope , which he designed himself, he observed what he described at the time as “three fixed stars, totally invisible by their smallness”. All three of these luminous objects were close to Jupiter, and lay on a straight line through it. Subsequent observations showed that these “stars” changed position relative to Jupiter, and in a way that was inexplicable as far as the behavior of stars was concerned. On January 10th, Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to it being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days, he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter and were in fact moons. Galileo Galilei’s telescope with his handwritten note specifying the magnifying power of the lens, at an exhibition at The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. Credit: AP Photo/Matt Rourke By January 13th, he had discovered a fourth moon, and named them the Medicean stars, in honor of his future patron – Cosimo II de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany – and his three brothers. However, Simon Marius – a German astronomer who also claimed to have found these four moons – prescribed the names Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (after Zeus’ lovers in the Greek mythology) in 1614. While these names fell out of favor for many centuries, they became commonplace by the 20th century. Together, they also became known as the Galileans, in honor of their discoverer. Io: The innermost is Io , which is named after a priestess of Hera who became Zeus’ lover. With a diameter of 3,642 kilometers, it is the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System. With over 400 active volcanoes , it is also the most geologically active object in the Solar System. Its surface is dotted with over 100 mountains, some of which are taller than Earth’s Mount Everest. This global view of Jupiter’s moon, Io, was obtained during the tenth orbit of Jupiter by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft. Credit: NASA Unlike most satellites in the outer Solar System (which are covered with ice), Io is mainly composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core. Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Europa: The second innermost Galilean moon is Europa , which takes its name from the mythical Phoenician noblewoman who was courted by Zeus and became the queen of Crete. At 3121.6 kilometers in diameter, it is the smallest of the Galileans, and slightly smaller than the Moon. Europa’s surface consists of a layer of water surrounding the mantle which is thought to be 100 kilometers thick. The uppermost section is solid ice, while the bottom is believed to be liquid water, which is made warm due to heat energy and tidal flexing. If true, then it is possible that extraterrestrial life could exist within this subsurface ocean, perhaps near a series of deep-ocean hydrothermal vents . The surface of Europa is also one of the smoothest in the Solar System, a fact which supports the idea of liquid wat |
What mathematical puzzle that consists of three pegs and a number of disks of different sizes in which the objective is to move the entire stack of disks from one peg to another is used in computer science to teach recursion to students of programming? | tower of hanoi tower of hanoi Department of Computer Science ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE : CSE 452 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUBMITTED TO: RAMANDEEP SINGH SIR SUBMITTED BY: PIYUSH RANARA1803A32 10803036 Tower of Hanoi The Tower of Hanoi or Towers of Hanoi is a mathematical game or puzzle . It consists of three rods, and a number of disks of different sizes which can slide ontoany rod. The puzzle starts with the disks in a neat stack in ascending order of sizeon one rod, the smallest at the top, thus making a conical shape.The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying thefollowing rules: Only one disk may be moved at a time. Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the rods and slidingit onto another rod, on top of the other disks that may already be present on thatrod. No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.Is the end of the world near? At a monastery in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam, a groupof monks has made it their life's work to solve the Towers problem, known due toits location as the Towers of Hanoi. Legend has it that the world will end when themonks finally solve the puzzle.The puzzle is this. In the monastery are 3 pegs made of diamond. Resting on these pegs are 64 discs made of solid gold. None of the 64 discs are the same size; infact, disc 1 is slightly larger in diameter than disc 2, which is slightly larger indiameter than disc 3, which is slightly larger in diameter than disc 4, etc. Theinitial configuration of the puzzle has all 64 discs piled in order of size on the first peg with the largest disc on the bottom. To solve the puzzle, all 64 discs must be moved to the third peg. Easy you say?The problem is that due to the fragility of the gold, you are not allowed to rest alarger disc on top of a smaller one, and only one disc may be removed from the pegs at any one time.There are many ways to solve this problem. The first is purely guess and check.Those who fear the end of the world may be hoping that the monks are using thisapproach. However, they're not; in fact, the monks all know the exact sequence of moves to solve the problem.Solving Towers of HanoiOne DiscLet's simplify the problem to clarify our thinking. Let's imagine the Towers of Hanoi problem with only one disc. About |
When it launched the satellite Alouette 1 in 1962, which country became the first non-superpower to enter the space race? | PEACEKEEPING SATELLITES, III. THE TECHNOLOGY III. THE TECHNOLOGY The Case for International Surveillance and Verification A. WALTER DORN (1987) Chapter III - The Technology The technology required for a peace-keeping satellite to maintain "close-look" surveillance already exists. At this moment, several surveillance satellites, belonging to the superpowers, are orbiting the earth doing precisely that. They are able to locate objects smaller than a basketball and they can communicate the information to an earth station within seconds. The operation of these satellites has become a routine but vital part of the information gathering capabilities of the superpowers. This chapter looks at the development of surveillance satellite technology of the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R. and other nations. As background, the basic scientific principles of rocketry and satellite orbit are outlined in a section A. The important dates in the history of satellite launchings are given in Section B. The history of the American reconnaissance program is outlined in this section as well. In Section D, the civilian remote sensing satellite programs are described. Several nations are developing substantial expertise in the field of satellite remote-sensing. Canada, which began its Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) in 1971, has gained considerable expertise in the interpretation of remote-sensing data. The European capabilities are no less impressive. France launched its own remote sensing satellite SPOT and the data is presently being sold commercially. The European Space Agency (ESA), with its membership of eleven European nations, is planning to launch its first remote-sensing satellite in 1990, as is Japan. The technical feasibility and requirements of a peace-keeping satellite are described in section E. III. A. BACKGROUND SCIENCE Satellite Launch & Orbit In order to place a satellite into orbit, it is necessary to use rockets which can reach speeds of thousands of kilometers per hour. The rockets, therefore, usually have several stages. The booster stage brings the rocket from lift-off through a vertical phase for less than a minute. Then the rocket pitches at some angle to the vertical. Several thrust-and-coast periods follow. All the while, the used rocket stages are left to fall back to the earth. The final launch vehicle injects the satellite into its orbit. After less than two hours after launching, the satellite can have completed its first orbit. Some satellites stay in orbit for years, while others stay only for days. Earth-observation satellites travel around the earth in circular or elliptical orbits (figure 3.1) at altitudes ranging from 150 to 1000 km. At the lower distance, which is nearly one hundred miles, nominally considered the beginning of outer space, there is still some atmosphere. Photographic reconnaissance satellites often have highly elliptical orbits and may come as close as 150 km to the target area (at the "perigee" of its orbit). The 1000 km figure represents the farthest distance that most earth observation satellite may travel (the "apogee" of its orbit). The highly elliptical orbit of reconnaissance satellites minimizes atmospheric drag and thus lengthens the lifetime. For comparison, the moon, orbits at a much greater distance (380,000 km - roughly circular). Satellite orbits are often characterized by several elements. The "orbital inclination" is the angle between of the plane of the orbit and the plane of the earth's equatorial belt. The eccentricity (e) describes the shape of the orbit, whether it is highly elliptical (e near 1) or nearly circular (e=0). The semi-major axis of an ellipse is shown in figure 3.1. In elliptical satellite orbits, the earth becomes a focus point, just as the sun is a focus point for motion of the planets. The most common orbit for reconnaissance satellites is the polar orbit. Satellites travel at great speeds. Artificial satellites typically travel at 25,000 km/hr. For comparison, the moon travels at a velocity of about 3,500 km/hr (nearly a kilometer per second). Even slower, the eart |
What non-lethal weapon was named by its inventor Jack Cover after the teen science fiction character Tom Swift? | Ten Tech Items Inspired by Science Fiction – Eclecticism Worth Reading Ten Tech Items Inspired by Science Fiction I WAS going to ask you to research whether or not there have been any women in Sci-Fi but I have answered that myself, having found Flash Gordon’s moll. However it is a Sci-Fi question. Can you list 10 real technological ‘things’ that have reputedly come out of Sci-Fi stuff written in the 20th Century? (Originally posted on [Google Answers][1], I’ve taken the liberty of reformatting this fascinating look at past visions of the future that influenced the technology of today. Note that I am _not_ the author of this piece.) [1]: http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=380625 “For Pinkfreud and Cyndi Yawper” ####Question:#### I WAS going to ask you to research whether or not there have been any women in Sci-Fi but I have answered that myself, having found Flash Gordon’s moll. However it is a Sci-Fi question. Can you list 10 real technological ‘things’ that have reputedly come out of Sci-Fi stuff written in the 20th Century? Here’s an example, computer viruses were reputedly inspired by ‘When Harlie Was One’ by David Gerrold. ####Answer:#### I have chosen ten outstanding technological concepts which had their popular origins in the world of sci-fi. It is debatable, in some cases, whether the science fiction source was the actual originator, but it’s certainly true that each of these ideas was given a boost into reality by an SF writer. #####THE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE: Arthur C. Clarke##### Although this concept was not described in a work of fiction, it was popularized by a man primarily known for his flights of fancy, Arthur C. Clarke: > A geostationary orbit (abbreviated GSO) is a circular orbit in the Earth’s equatorial plane, any point on which revolves about the Earth in the same direction and with the same period as the Earth’s rotation. It is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit, and the one which is of most interest to artificial satellite operators. Geosynchronous orbits and geostationary orbits were first popularised by science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke Sir Arthur C. Clarke in 1945 as useful orbits for communications satellites. As a result they are sometimes referred to as Clarke orbits. Similarly, the ‘Clarke Belt’ is the part of space approximately 35,790 km above mean sea level in the plane of the equator where near-geostationary orbits may be achieved. — [The Free Dictionary: Clarke Orbit][2] [2]: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Clarke%20orbit “Clarke Orbit” #####THE COMPUTER WORM: John Brunner##### > 1975…John Shoch and Jon Hupp at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center discover the computer ‘worm,’ a short program that searches a network for idle processors. Initially designed to provide more efficient use of computers and for testing, the worm had the unintended effect of invading networked computers, creating a security threat. > > Shoch took the term ‘worm’ from the book ‘The Shockwave Rider,’ by John Brunner, in which an omnipotent ‘tapeworm’ program runs loose through a network of computers. Brunner wrote: ‘No, Mr. Sullivan, we can’t stop it! There’s never been a worm with that tough a head or that long a tail! It’s building itself, don’t you understand? Already it’s passed a billion bits and it’s still growing. It’s the exact inverse of a phage – whatever it takes in, it adds to itself instead of wiping… Yes, sir! I’m quite aware that a worm of that type is theoretically impossible! But the fact stands, he’s done it, and now it’s so goddamn comprehensive that it can’t be killed. Not short of demolishing the net!’ (247, Ballantine Books, 1975). — [Computer History Museum: Timeline][3] [3]: http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/timeline.php?timeline_year=1979 “Timeline” #####ORGANLEGGING: Larry Niven##### A few organ transplants were being performed in the 1970s, but author Larry Niven was one of the first to write about some of the social problems that might accompany widespread use of this life-extending technology. Niven wrote several stories which involved hug |
What is the term coined by Brown and Kulik in 1977 to explain a memory that is laid down in great detail during a significant event, often of national or international importance? | Flashbulb memory | Psychology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Cognitive Psychology : Attention · Decision making · Learning · Judgement · Memory · Motivation · Perception · Reasoning · Thinking - Cognitive processes Cognition - Outline Index A flashbulb memory is a memory laid down in great detail during a highly personally significant event, often a shocking event of national or international importance. These memories are perceived to have a "photographic" quality. The term was coined by Brown and Kulik (1977), who found highly emotional memories (e.g. hearing bad news) were often vividly recalled, even some time after the event. For example, a great many people can remember where they were when they heard of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 or the assassination of John F. Kennedy or John Lennon. Despite the great vividness of such memories, research suggests that compared with ordinary memories, flashbulb memories are no more likely to be remembered than ordinary memories (e.g., Weaver, 1993). The most pronounced difference between ordinary and flashbulb memory is that people believe flashbulb memories to be more accurately and vividly remembered. Part of the reason for this may be that people discuss such significant events frequently, and the after-the-fact discussion can modify what people believe they remember about the event. Neisser (1982) believes that flashbulb memories are enduring because they are constantly being reinforced by, for example, the media. Contents |
The common name of what African tree comes from the mistaken belief of early settlers who thought that malaria was contracted from being around them? | Global Trees - Tree Data Sheets Global Trees This tree is only found near permanent water sources, such as rivers, swamps and pans. One or two trees may be seen together in an area, and they occur in large numbers near the Pafuri region. No other thorn-tree in this area has a trunk and branches that are yellow-green and covered in yellow powder, making it unique in appearance. It has a straight, smooth, single trunk, and a sparse, roundish, spreading canopy. The trunk and branches "peel" in paper-thin layers. The tree is medium to tall, well shaped, and grows to a height of between 10 and 15 m. Because of growing in low-lying swampy places, these trees are associated with malaria, early pioneers believing that the tree was responsible, rather than the malaria mosquito that breed in them. Links with Animals - The characteristic holes in the bark are caused by woodboreing beetles. Monkey and baboon eat the flowers, young shoots and seeds. Elephant eat the pods, leaves and branches. Human uses - The bark is used for treating fevers and eye complaints. The wood is used in building, being a hard, heavy and a useful general purpose timber; it should be thoroughly seasoned first to avoid it cracking. Gardening - This ornamental tree can be very attractive in indigenous gardens in warmer areas. It need well-watered clay soil and cannot withstand severe frost or drought. It can be grown from seed quite easily, but they are difficult to obtain; when well watered, it is exceptionally fast growing. Leaves - Twice compound, with a single leaflet at the tip, opposite elliptic with a smooth margin. Leaves are smallish and feathery (average 7 feather pairs, 17 pairs of leaflets; leaf 100 m; leaflet 7 x 1 m) Flowers - round, golden balls on slender stalks are found in the axil of the thorns, from September to November (10 mm) Thorns - Straight, white thorns grow on a common base. Some may be under developed or absent. (80 mm) Pods - The flat, bean-like pod is papery and borne in clusters. It is brown when ripe in late summer, January to April. (100 x 15 mm) The fever tree is an attractive, semi-deciduous to deciduous tree approximately 15 to 25 metres tall and has an open, rounded to spreading or flattish crown which is sparsely foliated. The characteristic, almost luminous, lime green to greenish-yellow bark is smooth, slightly flaking, and coated in a yellow powdery substance described by some as sulphurous. If the powdery surface is rubbed away with the finger it will reveal a green bark beneath. Young twigs have a red-brown bark which peels off leaving the twigs sulphur yellow. The long straight white thorns are arranged in pairs and although they are very significant on young trees they often become barely noticeable on mature specimens. Bright yellow, golden, ball-like flowers which are sweetly scented are borne in clusters on shortened side shoots at the nodes and towards the ends of branches. Flowering occurs from August or September to November. Flowers are followed by the production of yellowish- brown to brown pods which split open to reveal the small hard brown seeds, which may be harvested from January to April. The genus name Acacia is derived from the Greek word acantha meaning spine, thorn or prickle and the species name xanthophloea is derived from the Greek words xanthos meaning yellow and phloios meaning bark. The fever tree occurs mainly in depressions and shallow pans where underground water is present or surface water collects after summer rains. It is also found in low-lying swampy areas, along the margins of lakes and on river banks. It often forms pure, dense stands of closed woodland in seasonally flooded areas on alluvial soils. This tree can be found from Kenya in the north to KwaZulu Natal in the south. It is a prominent feature in the lowveld region of South Africa . This tree is popular amongst birds for nest building as the thorns add extra protection against predators such as snakes. Young branches and leaves are eaten by elephant and the leaves and pods are eaten by giraffe and vervet monkeys. Monk |
What term is given to the biological phenomenon where the size of animals isolated on an island increases dramatically over generations? | Glossary part 1 AETHIOPID (Hamitic ( G�nther )) Negrid subtype of northeastern Africa. Aethiopids are dolichocephalic , tall and slender, with generally narrow features, highly variable skin color and hair texture. The nose is high and narrow, and not seldom convex, and the chin is often strong. Whether these arguably Europoid features of the Aethiopid physique are the result of significant Europid ( Mediterranid , Arabid ) influence, or of divergence within the Negrid stock, is a much debated and so far unresolved issue. Aethiopid (Iman) AFALOU BOU RUMMEL A series of skulls excavated at Afalou bou Rummel in Algeria. The skulls are robust , and characterized by brachycephaly , broad- and large-headedness, a low, square face, great bigonial breadth , and a general resemblance to European Cro-Magnoids (they are not unlike the semi- alpinized Borreby crania). Afalou bou Rummel is usually referred to merely as Afalou. Afalou bou Rummel AFGHANIAN The prehistoric skeletal type, so named by Coon , which is reflected in the living Iranid type ( Coon 's Irano-Afghan race). AFRICAN REPLACEMENT HYPOTHESIS ALLELE Alternate forms of a gene . Alleles occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. However, because they are different, their action may result in different expressions of that trait. The term is often used synonymously with gene . ALLEN�S RULE The biological rule, posited by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877, which states that endotherms (mammals and birds) from colder climates usually have shorter and bulkier limbs than the equivalent animals from warmer climates. This process is directly related to the retention (in cold climates) or loss (in warm climates) of heat, in that it effects the ratio of body mass to body surface. Cf. Bergmann's Rule , borealization . ALLOMETRY The study of the relative growth of a part of an organism in relation to the growth of the whole. The �mode� of speciation by which a population splits into two (or more) geographically isolated groups, resulting in divergence and subsequent reproductive isolation (new biological species ). Cf. peripheral isolate speciation . Allopatric speciation ALPINID (Ostisch ("Eastern", G�nther ); West-Alpinid; Western European ( Deniker )) Named by Ripley (Alpine), the Alpinid is an important western and central European Europid type, short- to medium-statured, brachycephalic , characteristically round-headed and -featured, broad-faced, and of intermediate to dark pigmentation. Alpinids predominate in central parts of France, and are common in southern Germany (especially Bavaria) and the Alps. the central European Alpinid is probably derived from Cro-Magnoids through a process of alpinization (cf. Borreby , Gorid ). ANDAMANID (Mincopies (Huxley)) The pygmy -sized Negritid type of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal. Andamanids are slightly built and dark-skinned, with tightly curled hair, and are similar in most respects to the Semang of the Malay Peninsula and the Aeta of the Philippines, all members of the Negritid race. There are several more or less isolated tribes, such as the Onge, the Jarawa, the Great Andamanese and the Sentineli, which may be distinguished by certain (very minor) differences. For instance, the Sentineli (of North Sentinel Island) are slightly taller than the remainder of the group. Andamanid Jarawa ARMENID (Assyroid (Deniker); vorderasiatischer Typus ("Hither-Asiatic type", G�nther )) Mostly b runet , large-headed Taurid type, first carefully described by von Luschan (as Armenoid). It resembles the European Dinarid , with the main exceptions of greater absolute facial dimensions and a larger nose. Armenids are prevalent among Armenians, and common throughout the Middle East, where they blend with Arabid s to produce an easily recognizable Middle Eastern phenotype (cf. Assyrid ). According to |
What potent toxin is extracted from the castor bean? | Fact Sheet About Poisoning From Ricin Toxin Ricin Poisoning Facts Fact Sheet about Poisoning from Ricin Toxin Castor beans are the source of the poison called ricin, but they are also the source of castor oil and other products. You can hold the seeds in your hand and grow the plants in your garden to repel pests. Anne Helmenstine Ricin is a potent toxin extracted from castor beans. There is a lot of fear and misinformation associated with this poison. The purpose of this fact sheet is to help separate fact from fiction regarding ricin poisoning. What Is Ricin? Ricin is a protein that is naturally found in castor beans (Ricinus communis). It is so powerful a poison that the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimate the lethal dose in humans is about the size of a grain of salt (500 micrograms injected or inhaled). How Is Ricin Used as a Poison? Ricin is poisonous if it is inhaled, eaten, or injected. It can be dissolved in water or weak acid and added to a drink. It is not absorbed through the skin, so simply touching ricin or getting ricin powder in your eyes will not cause poisoning. What Are the Symptoms of Ricin Poisoning? Symptoms of ricin poisoning show up a few hours after exposure. The symptoms depend on the route of exposure. Inhalation Symptoms from ricin inhalation would include coughing, shortness of breath, and nausea. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance Fluid would begin to accumulate in the lungs. Fever and excessive sweating would be likely. Low blood pressure and respiratory failure could lead to death. Ingestion Eating or drinking ricin would produce cramping, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea leading to extreme dehydration. Bleeding from the stomach and intestines would occur. The victim may experience hallucinations, seizures, and bloody urine. Eventually (usually after several days) the liver, spleen, and kidneys could fail. Death would result from organ failure. Injection Injected ricin produces swelling and pain in the muscles and lymph nodes near the site of the injection. As the poison worked its way outward, internal bleeding would occur and death would result from multiple organ failure. How Is Ricin Poisoning Detected and Treated? Ricin poisoning is not easy to detect, but it is not necessarily fatal, even though it is unlikely medical staff would identify the underlying cause. Treatment addresses the symptoms of ricin poisoning and includes helping the victim breathe and administering intravenous fluids to combat dehydration and low blood pressure. Death usually occurs 36-48 hours after exposure, but if a victim survives approximately 5 days, he has a good chance of recovering. Victims of ricin poisoning typically sustain permanent organ damage. How Does Ricin Work? Ricin inactivates the ribosomes in cells making them unable to produce proteins. Cells need these proteins to survive and reproduce, so when ribosomes are inactivated, cells die. What Should You Do If You Suspect Ricin Poisoning? If you believe you have been exposed to ricin you should move away from the location of the poison. Seek immediate medical attention, explaining to the medical professional that you believe you were exposed to ricin and the circumstances of the event. Remove your clothing. Cut off clothing rather than pulling it over your head, to minimize further exposure. Remove and discard contact lenses. Glasses may be thoroughly washed with soap and water and re-used. Wash your entire body with soap and water. |
What substance is the basis of the gold refining technique known as 'inquartation and parting' since it can dissolve silver and other base metals but not gold? | Phys.org - gold gold Jan 17, 2017 in Analytical Chemistry 5 Jan 16, 2017 in General Physics 4056 Self-assembly of matter is one of the fundamental principles of nature, directing the growth of larger ordered and functional systems from smaller building blocks. Self-assembly can be observed in all length scales from molecules ... Jan 13, 2017 in Nanomaterials 9 Jan 12, 2017 in Materials Science 7 Jan 05, 2017 in Bio & Medicine 13 Dec 20, 2016 in Materials Science 10 Dec 19, 2016 in Bio & Medicine 11 Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a new device that measures the motion of super-tiny particles traversing distances almost unimaginably small—shorter than the diameter ... Dec 16, 2016 in Nanophysics 11 Dec 08, 2016 in Materials Science report 594 Nov 29, 2016 in Bio & Medicine 81 Next » Gold Gold (pronounced /ˈɡoʊld/) is a chemical element with the symbol Au (Latin: aurum) and an atomic number of 79. It has been a highly sought-after precious metal in jewelry, in sculpture, and for ornamentation since the beginning of recorded history. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile pure metal known. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. It is one of the coinage metals and formed the basis for the gold standard used before the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971. At the end of 2006, it was estimated that all the gold ever mined totaled 158,000 tonnes. This can be represented by a cube with an edge length of just 20.2 meters. Modern industrial uses include dentistry and electronics, where gold has traditionally found use because of its good resistance to oxidative corrosion and excellent quality as a conductor of electricity. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and can form trivalent and univalent cations upon solvation. At STP it is attacked by aqua regia (a mixture of acids), forming chloroauric acid and by alkaline solutions of cyanide but not by single acids such as hydrochloric, nitric or sulfuric acids. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but does not react with it. Since gold is insoluble in nitric acid which will dissolve silver and base metals, this is exploited as the basis of the gold refining technique known as "inquartation and parting". Nitric acid has long been used to confirm the presence of gold in items, and this is the origin of the colloquial term "acid test", referring to a gold standard test for genuine value. This text uses material from Wikipedia , licensed under CC BY-SA |
What controversial form of alternative medicine that aims to treat 'like with like' traces its origins to the late 18th century when it was founded by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann? | Homeopathy Medicine Homeopathy Medicine Sunday, September 30, 2007 Introduction Homeopathy (also homœopathy or homoeopathy; from the Greek , ὅμοιος, hómoios, "similar" + πάθος, páthos, "suffering" or "disease") is a controversial form of alternative medicine that aims to treat "like with like". Substances, which in large quantities would cause symptoms similar to the disease, are administered in heavily diluted formulations, with shaking at each stage of the dilution. Homeopaths contend that the shaking causes some imprint (or memory ) of the diluted substance upon the vehicle, even though in many common homeopathic dilutions no molecules of the original substance are likely to remain. [1] Homeopathy is based on a vitalist world view, which sees the underlying causes of sickness as imbalances in a hypothetical vital force . Proponents claim that homeopathic treatment can harmonize and re-balance the vital force in the body, thus restoring health. This claim is unsupported by modern biology or medicine. Homeopathy traces its origins to the late 18th century when it was founded by German physician Samuel Hahnemann , who noted some similarity of the symptoms of undiluted cinchona bark in healthy individuals with those of malaria , which it is used to treat. Hahnemann decided that an effective drug must produce the symptoms in healthy individuals that are similar to the symptoms of the sick patient which they are supposed to be treating. [7] Based on later experiments, Hahnemann reasoned that using natural doses of substances would generally not help patients because, if they produced effects similar to those of the disease, they would only make symptoms worse, and thus proposed the dilution of substances in water or alcohol , with shaking (known as "succussion") after each dilution, in order to try and imprint the liquid with the memory of the original substance. To account for homeopathic remedies sometimes failing to produce lasting cures of long-standing chronic diseases, Hahnemann proposed that the vital force in the body has the ability to react or adapt to disturbances, referred to as the "law of susceptibility", and that various causes can attract hypothetical disease-causing entities called "miasms", which he claimed could produce symptoms of disease within the body, and formed a deeper, harder to treat cause of illness. History Modern homeopathy was created by German physician Samuel Hahnemann during the late 18th and early 19th century. The system of similars emphasized in homeopathy was first described by doctors of the vitalist school of medicine and one of the most prominent proponents of vitalism was the Renaissance physician Paracelsus . Paracelsus subscribed to many of the same principles as the modern founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann. Vienna physician Anton Freiherr von Störck and Scottish physician John Brown also held similar medical beliefs to Samuel Hahnemann prior to the conception of homeopathy. 18th century medicine In Hahnemann's day, mainstream medicine was a degenerate form of Galenism , with a theory of disease based upon the ancient Greek idea of four humours . Medicine of the time professed to restore the balance of the humours, mostly by employing such measures as bloodletting and purging, use of laxatives , enemas and substances that induced vomiting, as well as suppressing symptoms using complex mixtures of plant and mineral drugs in strong doses. Such measures often made symptoms worse or proved fatal. By contrast, Hahnemann rebelled against these methods, and the use of mixed drugs in strong doses, favoring the use of single drugs in milder doses. He later came to promote an immaterial, vitalistic view of how living organisms function and thought that diseases have spiritual , as well as physical causes. [17] [18] During the 18th century vitalism was part of mainstream science. However, in the twentieth century, medicine discarded vitalism in favor of the germ theory of disease, following the work of Robert Koch , Louis Pasteur , Alexander Fleming , Joseph Lister and many others. Ho |
What is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms? | Great Barrier Reef-world's biggest single structure made by living organisms - YouTube Great Barrier Reef-world's biggest single structure made by living organisms Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Nov 17, 2012 The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (133,000 sq mi). The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. CNN labeled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which helps to limit the impact of human use, such as fishing and tourism. Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish. According to a study published on 1 October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985. The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and is an important part of local groups' cultures and spirituality. The reef is a very popular destination for tourists, especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions. Tourism is an important economic activity for the region, generating $1 billion per year. Category |
In medicine, what is said to occur when an object migrates from one part of the body through circulation and causes a blockage of a blood vessel in another part of the body? | Embolisms | Psychology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Septic embolism – embolism of pus-containing bacteria. Tissue embolism – embolism of small fragments of tissue. Foreign body embolism – embolism of foreign materials such as talc and other small objects. Amniotic fluid embolism – embolism of amniotic fluid, foetal cells, hair, or other debris that enters the mother's bloodstream via the placental bed of the uterus and triggers an allergic reaction. Pathway The pathway of the embolus can be one of three types: Anterograde Retrograde Paradoxical In anterograde embolism, the movement of emboli is in the direction of blood flow. In retrograde embolism, however, the emboli move in opposition to the blood flow direction; this is usually significant only in blood vessels with low pressure (veins) or with emboli of high weight. In paradoxical embolism , also known as crossed embolism, an embolus from the veins crosses to the arterial blood system. This is generally found only with heart problems such as septal defects between the atria or ventricles. Pathophysiology Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed . This article has been tagged since January 2008. In thromboembolism, the thrombus (blood clot) from a blood vessel is completely or partially detached from the site of thrombosis (clot). The blood flow will then carry the embolus (via blood vessels) to various parts of the body where it can block the lumen (vessel cavity) and cause vessel obstruction or occlusion. Note that the free-moving thrombus is called an embolus. [2] A thrombus is always attached to the vessel wall and is never freely moving in the blood circulation. This is also the key difference for pathologists to determine the cause of a blood clot, either by thrombosis or by post-mortem blood clot. Vessel obstruction will then lead to different pathological issues such as blood stasis and ischemia . However, not only thromboembolism will cause the obstruction of blood flow in vessels, but also any kind of embolism is capable of causing the same problem. Fat embolism usually occurs when endogenous (from sources within the organism) fat tissue escapes into the blood circulation. The usual cause of fat embolism is therefore the fracture of tubular bones (such as the femur ), which will lead to the leakage of fat tissue within the bone marrow into ruptured vessels. There are also exogenous (from sources of external origin) causes such as intravenous injection of emulsions . An air embolism, on the other hand, is usually always caused by exogenic factors. This can be the rupture of alveoli , and inhaled air can be leaked into the blood vessels. Other more-common causes include the puncture of the subclavian vein by accident or during operation where there is negative pressure. Air is then sucked into the veins by the negative pressure caused by thoracic expansion during the inhalation phase of respiration. Air embolism can also happen during intravenous therapy, when air is leaked into the system (however this iatrogenic error in modern medicine is extremely rare). Gas embolism is a common concern for deep-sea divers because the gases in our blood (usually nitrogen and helium) can be easily dissolved at higher amounts during the descent into deep sea. However, when the diver ascends to the normal atmospheric pressure, the gases become insoluble, causing the formation of small bubbles in the blood. This is also known as decompression sickness or the Bends. This phenomenon is explained by Henry's Law in physical chemistry . The other embolisms are rather rare. Septic embolism happens when a purulent tissue ( pus -containing tissue) is dislodged from its original focus. Tissue embolism is a near-equivalent to cancer metastasis , which happens when cancer tissue infiltrates blood vessels, and small fragments of them are released into the blood stream. Foreign-body embolism happens when exogenous—and only exogenous—materials such as talc enter the blood stream and cause occlusion or obstruction of blood circulation. Amniotic-fluid embolism is a rare complica |
In mathematics, what is a statement that appears likely to be true but has not been formally proven to be true under the rules of mathematical logic? | WeirsHonorsAdvancedMath1 - Unit 1 Lesson 1 Inductive & Deductive Reasoning Unit 1 Lesson 1 Inductive & Deductive Reasoning Export (PDF) Inductive & Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning: reasoning from patterns based on the analysis of specific cases. You can NOT prove a conjecture using algebraic reasoning. Often times you will use inductive reasoning to come up with a conjecture. Conjecture: In mathematics, a conjecture is a mathematical statement, which appears likely to be true, but has not been formally proven to be true under the rules of mathematical logic. Ex: What is true about the sum of two odd integers? If you were using inductive reasoning you would add some pairs of odd integers and look for a pattern. 1 + 3 = 4 11 + 13 = 24 All of the sums appear to be even. So a possible conjecture would be: If you add two odd integers, then the sum will be an even integer. ➢ Remember this is only a conjecture, by trying six cases or even trying a thousand cases does not prove that this will be true for every two odd integers. Deductive Reasoning: reasoning from facts, definitions, and accepted properties to new statements using principles of logic. By using correct deductive reasoning the conclusions you reach are certain. You can prove a conjectures using deductive reasoning. Note: You should know the following relationships: Even Integers can be written in the form: 2m, where m is an integer. (Even numbers have a factor of two.) Odd Integers can be written in the form: 2n + 1, where n is an integer. (One more than an even number will always be an odd.) Consecutive Integers can be written in the form: n, n + 1, n + 2, etc, where n is an integer. (By adding one more to the previous number you will get the next consecutive integer.) Consecutive Odd Integers can be written in the form: 2n + 1, 2n + 3, 2n + 5, etc, where n is an integer. (By adding two more to the previous number you will get the next consecutive odd integer.) Consecutive Even Integers can be written in the form: 2n, 2n + 2, 2n + 4, etc, where n is an integer. (By adding two more to the previous number you will get the next consecutive even integer.) Write a deductive proof that proves that the sum of two odd integers is even. Let a and b be two odd integers such that a = 2n + 1 and b = 2m + 1, where m and n are integers. (You need to pick different variables when defining a and b, otherwise they would represent the same odd integer and we want to show that this relationship is true for any two odd integers.) If you add a and b then you will get , which is an even integer. Therefore, if you add two odd integers then the sum will be even. Ex: What happens when you multiply two even integers? Use inductive reasoning to form a conjecture (Try some cases): 2 x 4 = 8 Conjecture: If you multiply two even integers then the product will be even. Now use deductive reasoning to prove your conjecture: Three Steps: 2. Use algebra to prove the conjecture. 3. State what you have proven. Let a and b be two even integers such that a = 2n and b = 2m, where m and n are integers. ab = (2n)(2m)=2(2mn) Therefore, if you multiply two even integers then the product will be even. By showing the product has a factor of 2 you are proving that it is even.* Ex: What happens when you multiply two odd integers? Use inductive reasoning to form a conjecture (Try some cases): 1 x 3 = 3 |
What is the term given to uranium that has its isotope uranium-235 removed? | Uranium: Its Uses and Hazards - Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Uranium: Its Uses and Hazards Some of the terms used in this factsheet are defined in IEER’s on-line glossary . First discovered in the 18th century, uranium is an element found everywhere on Earth, but mainly in trace quantities. In 1938, German physicists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann showed that uranium could be split into parts to yield energy. Uranium is the principal fuel for nuclear reactors and the main raw material for nuclear weapons. Natural uranium consists of three isotopes: uranium-238, uranium-235, and uranium-234. Uranium isotopes are radioactive. The nuclei of radioactive elements are unstable, meaning they are transformed into other elements, typically by emitting particles (and sometimes by absorbing particles). This process, known as radioactive decay, generally results in the emission of alpha or beta particles from the nucleus. It is often also accompanied by emission of gamma radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays. These three kinds of radiation have very different properties in some respects but are all ionizing radiation–each is energetic enough to break chemical bonds, thereby possessing the ability to damage or destroy living cells. Summary of Uranium Isotopes 142 245,000 Uranium-238, the most prevalent isotope in uranium ore, has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years; that is, half the atoms in any sample will decay in that amount of time. Uranium-238 decays by alpha emission into thorium-234, which itself decays by beta emission to protactinium-234, which decays by beta emission to uranium-234, and so on. The various decay products, (sometimes referred to as “progeny” or “daughters”) form a series starting at uranium-238. After several more alpha and beta decays, the series ends with the stable isotope lead-206. URANIUM DECAY CHAIN — Main Branch Read from left to right. Arrows indicate decay. Uranium-238 ==> Lead-206 (stable) Uranium-238 emits alpha particles which are less penetrating than other forms of radiation, and weak gamma rays As long as it remains outside the body, uranium poses little health hazard (mainly from the gamma-rays). If inhaled or ingested, however, its radioactivity poses increased risks of lung cancer and bone cancer. Uranium is also chemically toxic at high concentrations and can cause damage to internal organs, notably the kidneys. Animal studies suggest that uranium may affect reproduction, the developing fetus, [1] and increase the risk of leukemia and soft tissue cancers. [2] The property of uranium important for nuclear weapons and nuclear power is its ability to fission, or split into two lighter fragments when bombarded with neutrons releasing energy in the process. Of the naturally-occuring uranium isotopes, only uranium-235 can sustain a chain reaction– a reaction in which each fission produces enough neutrons to trigger another, so that the fission process is maintained without any external source of neutrons. [3] In contrast, uranium-238 cannot sustain a chain reaction, but it can be converted to plutonium-239, which can. [4] Plutonium-239, virtually non-existent in nature, was used in the first atomic bomb tested July 16, 1945 and the one dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The Mining and Milling Process Traditionally, uranium has been extracted from open-pits and underground mines. In the past decade, alternative techniques such in-situ leach mining, in which solutions are injected into underground deposits to dissolve uranium, have become more widely used. Most mines in the U.S. have shut down and imports account for about three-fourths of the roughly 16 metric tons of refined uranium used domestically each year — Canada being the largest single supplier. [5] The milling (refining) process extracts uranium oxide (U3O8) from ore to form yellowcake, a yellow or brown powder that contains about 90 percent uranium oxide. [6] Conventional mining techniques generate a substantial quantity of mill tailings waste during the milling phase, beca |
When all their individual contributions are added up, what insects may constitute up to 15 to 25% of the total terrestrial animal biomass? | Pest Control - Ant and Spider Experts - Gopher and Termite Control Pest Control Fumigation Pest Control Ants and general pest can be, well...pests! Our technicians have been serving Southern California for over 15 years and are experts at getting rid of all those little bugs. During hotter weather ants and bugs tend to look for shelter, food and water in you home, even without your approval. Because of the sheer number of ants and bugs we strongly recommend taking advantage of our monthly pest control program. The inital service will create a barrier around your home to keep the bugs out, and every month your technician will visit your home to reinforce that barrier created on the initial visit. Bugs already inside? No problem! Our trained technicians can take care of the problem no matter how bad. Interior treatment pricing is based on square footage. To find out more call us today ! The best way to defeat them though is with on-going control. Call us to schedule an appointment and put an end to your pest control problems. More Ant Control Info: Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related families of wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. They are a diverse group of more than 12,000 species, with a higher diversity in the tropics. They are known for their highly organized colonies and nests, which sometimes consist of millions of individuals. Individuals are divided into sub-fertile, and more commonly sterile, females ("workers"), fertile males ("drones"), and fertile females ("queens"). Colonies can occupy and use a wide area of land to support themselves. Ant colonies are sometimes described as super organisms because the colony appears to operate as a single entity. Ants have colonized almost every landmass on Earth. The only places lacking indigenous ant species are Antarctica, Greenland, Iceland, and the Hawaiian Islands. When all their individual contributions are added up, they may constitute up to 15 to 25% of the total terrestrial animal biomass. Ants are distinguished from other insects by the following traits: elbowed antennae; the presence of a metapleural gland; a strongly constricted second abdominal segment forming a distinct node-like petiole, a narrow waist between their mesosoma (thorax plus the first abdominal segment, which is fused to it) and gaster (abdomen less the abdominal segments in the petiole). The petiole can be formed by one or two nodes (only the second, or the second and third abdominal segments can form it). Ants have a wingless worker caste. Ant bodies, like those of other insects, have an exoskeleton, meaning their bodies are externally covered in a protective casing, as opposed to the internal skeletal framework of humans and other vertebrates. Ants do not have lungs. Oxygen passes through tiny valves, the spiracles, in their exoskeleton — the same holes through which carbon dioxide leaves their body. Nor do they have a heart; a colorless blood, the hemolymph, runs from their head to rear and back again along a long tube. Their nervous system is much like a human spinal cord in that it is a continuous cord, the ventral nerve cord, from head to rear with branches into each extremity. The three main divisions of the ant body are the head, mesosoma and metasoma or gaster. The head of an ant has many important parts. Ant eyes include the compound eyes, similar to fly eyes: numerous tiny lenses attached together which enables them to see movement very well. They also have three small ocelli on the top of the head, which detect light and dark. Most ants have poor to mediocre eyesight; some are blind altogether. A few have exceptional vision though, such as Australia's bulldog ant. Also attached to the head of an ant are two antennae ("feelers"). The antennae are special organs that help ants detect chemicals, including those used in communication, as well as a sense of touch. Ants release pheromones to communicate with each other and the antennae pick up these chemical signals. The head also has two strong jaws, the mandibles, which are used t |
Who is the British astrophysicist who announced Einstein's Theory of General Relativity to the English-speaking world in 1919? | Eclipse that Changed the Universe - Einstein's Theory of Relativity Poems & Quotes Eclipse that Changed the Universe The story of how a British scientist used an eclipse to provide the evidence for Einstein's theory of general relativity. by Peter Coles A total eclipse of the Sun is a moment of magic: a scant few minutes when our perceptions of the whole Universe are turned on their heads. The Suns blinding disc is replaced by ghostly pale tentacles surrounding a black heart an eerie experience witnessed by hundreds of millions of people throughout Europe and the Near East last August. But one particular eclipse of the Sun, eighty years ago, challenged not only peoples emotional world. It was set to turn the science of the Universe on its head. For over two centuries, scientists had believed Sir Isaac Newtons view of the Universe. Now his ideas had been challenged by a young German-Swiss scientist, called Albert Einstein. The showdown - Newton vs Einstein would be the total eclipse of 29 May 1919. Newtons position was set out in his monumental Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687. The Principia as its familiarly known - laid down a set of mathematical laws that described all forms of motion in the Universe. These rules applied as much to the motion of planets around the Sun as to more mundane objects like apples falling from trees. At the heart of Newtons concept of the Universe were his ideas about space and time. Space was inflexible, laid out in a way that had been described by the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in his laws of geometry. To Newton, space was the immovable and unyielding stage on which bodies acted out their motions. Time was also absolute, ticking away inexorably at the same rate for everyone in the Universe. Sir Isaac Newton by Sir Godfrey Kneller Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London Sir Isaac Newton proposed the first theory of gravity. For over 200 years, scientists saw the Cosmos through Newtons eyes. It was a vast clockwork machine, evolving by predetermined rules through regular space, against the beat of an absolute clock. This edifice totally dominated scientific thought, until it was challenged by Albert Einstein. In 1905, Einstein dispensed with Newtons absolute nature of space and time. Although born in Germany, during this period of his life he was working as a patent clerk in Berne, Switzerland. He encapsulated his new ideas on motion, space and time in his special theory of relativity. But it took another ten years for Einstein to work out the full consequences of his ideas, including gravity. The general theory of relativity, first aired in 1915, was as complete a description of motion as Newton had prescribed in his Principia. But Einsteins description of gravity required space to be curved. Whereas for Newton space was an inflexible backdrop, for Einstein it had to bend and flex near massive bodies. This warping of space, in turn, would be responsible for guiding objects such as planets along their orbits. Royal Observatory Greenwich Albert Einstein and Arthur Eddington: the father of relativity and the man who proved him right. By the time he developed his general theory, Einstein was back in Germany, working in Berlin. But a copy of his general theory of relativity was soon smuggled through war-t |
What biological term from the Greek for 'virgin creation' denotes the growth and development of an embryo or seed without fertilization by a male? | Fertilization - Embryology Fertilization Expand to Translate Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page) Human Fertilization Early Human Zygote Fertilization is the fusion of haploid gametes, egg and sperm, to form the diploid zygote. Note though there can be subtle differences in the fertilization process which occurs naturally within the body or through reproductive technologies outside the body, the overall product in both cases is a diplod zygote. In fertilization research, after humans the mouse is the most studied species followed by domestic and farm animals. The process of fertilization involves components of, and signaling between, both sperm (spermatozoa) and egg (oocyte). In addition to in vivo fertilization there are many new in vitro technologies related to human infertility ( Assisted Reproductive Technology ) and animal production somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to generate a zygote. Note different spelling - USA spelling "Fertilization", Australian spelling "Fertilisation". The first polar body deforms the mammalian egg away from its encapsulating zona pellucida Fertilization Links: Fertilization | Oocyte | Spermatozoa | Cell Division - Meiosis | Zona pellucida | Zygote | Lecture - Fertilization | Cell Division - Mitosis | Lecture - Week 1 and 2 | Hydatidiform Mole | Assisted Reproductive Technology | Lecture - Genital Development | Menstrual Cycle | Morula | Blastocyst Some Recent Findings Versatile action of picomolar gradients of progesterone on different sperm subpopulations [1] "High step concentrations of progesterone may stimulate various sperm physiological processes, such as priming and the acrosome reaction. However, approaching the egg, spermatozoa face increasing concentrations of the hormone, as it is secreted by the cumulus cells and then passively diffuses along the cumulus matrix and beyond. ... The results suggest a versatile role of the gradual distribution of very low doses of progesterone, which selectively stimulate the priming and the acrosome reaction in different sperm subpopulations." Juno is the egg Izumo receptor and is essential for mammalian fertilization "Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg recognize each other and fuse to form a new, genetically distinct organism. The molecular basis of sperm–egg recognition is unknown, but is likely to require interactions between receptor proteins displayed on their surface. Izumo1 is an essential sperm cell-surface protein, but its receptor on the egg has not been described. Here we identify folate receptor 4 (Folr4) as the receptor for Izumo1 on the mouse egg, and propose to rename it Juno. We show that the Izumo1–Juno interaction is conserved within several mammalian species, including humans. Female mice lacking Juno are infertile and Juno-deficient eggs do not fuse with normal sperm. Rapid shedding of Juno from the oolemma after fertilization suggests a mechanism for the membrane block to polyspermy, ensuring eggs normally fuse with just a single sperm." Nature 16 April 2014 Non-genetic contributions of the sperm nucleus to embryonic development [2] "Recent data from several laboratories have provided evidence that the newly fertilized oocyte inherits epigenetic signals from the sperm chromatin that are required for proper embryonic development. For the purposes of this review, the term epigenetic is used to describe all types of molecular information that are transmitted from the sperm cell to the embryo. There are at least six different forms of epigenetic information that have already been established as being required for proper embryogenesis in mammals or for which there is evidence that it may do so. These are (i) DNA methylation; (ii) sperm-specific histones, (iii) other chromatin-associated proteins; (iv) the perinuclear theca proteins; (v) sperm-born RNAs and, the focus of this review; and (vi) the DNA loop domain organization by the sperm nuclear matrix. These epigenetic signals should be considered when designing protocols for the manipulation and cr |
What is the most abundant protein in mammals making up about 25% of their total protein content? | Most Abundant Protein: What Is the Most Common Protein? Most Abundant Protein What Is the Most Common Protein? This is a space-filling model of RuBisCO or ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, the most common protein in the world. ARP, public domain Have you ever wondered what the most abundant protein is? The answer depends on whether you want to know the most common protein in the world, in your body or in a cell. Most Abundant Protein in the World The most abundant protein in the world is RuBisCO , which is an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in carbon fixation. RuBisCO is found in plants, algae, cyanobacteria and certain other bacteria. Carbon fixation is the main chemical reaction responsible for inorganic carbon entering the biosphere. In plants, this is part of photosynthesis, in which carbon dioxide is made into glucose. Most Abundant Protein in the Human Body The most abundant protein in your body is collagen . Around 25% to 35% of protein in your body is collagen. It is the most common protein in other mammals, too. Collagen forms connective tissue. It is found primarily in fibrous tissue, such as tendons, ligaments and skin. Collagen is a component of muscle, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the cornea of the eye, intervertebral discs and the intestinal tract. Most Common Protein in Cells It's a little harder to name a single protein as the most common protein in cells because the protein composition of cells depends on their function. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Actin is a very common "housekeeping" protein that is found in all eukaryotic cells. Tubulin is another important and abundant protein, used in cellular division, among other purposes. Histones, associated with DNA, are expressed in all cells. Ribosomal proteins are abundant, since they are needed to produce other proteins. The type of cell matters. Red blood cells contain high concentrations of the protein hemoglobin, while muscle cells contain high level of the protein myosin. |
Found in suitable habitat throughout Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, what is largest of all living reptiles? | Crocodile Skull | Salt Water Crocodile Crocodile skull. Salt Water Crocodile Skull Replica. Crocodylus porosus. SE Asia and Northern Austrailia. The world's largest Crocodilian Private collection. * Size: 27.6 inch (70cm) * Material: Museum quality replicas are cast in durable Polyurethane resins. * Made in USA The Saltwater or Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the largest of all living crocodilians and reptiles. It is found in suitable habitat throughout Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Saltwater crocodiles are known in the Northern Territory of Australia as "salties". The Alligator Rivers are misnamed after the resemblance of the "saltie" to alligators as compared to freshwater crocodiles, which also inhabit the Northern Territory. An average adult male saltwater crocodile is typically 15.75 to 16.6 feet (4.8 to 5 meters) long, and weighs roughly 770 kilograms (1,700 pounds). Females are much smaller than males, with typical female body lengths in the range of 7 to 9 ft (2.1 to 2.7 m). The saltwater crocodile has fewer armor plates on its neck than other crocodilians, and its broad body contrasts with that of most other lean crocodiles, leading to early unverified assumptions that the reptile was an alligator. The largest size saltwater crocodiles can reach is the subject of considerable controversy. The longest crocodile ever measured snout-to-tail was the skin of a deceased crocodile, which was 20.3 ft (6.2 m) long. Since skins tend to shrink slightly after removal from the carcass, this crocodile's living length was estimated at 20.6 ft (6.3 m), and it probably weighed well over 1,200 kg (2,600 lbs). Incomplete remains (the skull of a crocodile shot in Orrissa have been claimed to come from a 25 ft (7.6 m) crocodile, but scholarly examination suggested a length no greater than 23 ft (7 m). The life expectancy of a Saltwater crocodile is approximately 70 years. Shop more Crocodile Skulls Replicas in Crocodylia Skulls Store When will it be shipped? This product is in stock and will ship the same business day. How long will it take to be delivered? Click here to get estimated delivery date. I have a question about this product. Can I talk to a real person? Our experts are standing by to answer your questions 9 am to 5pm Pacific Time. You can email us or call us toll-free at 1-800-970-1128. |
What is the common name of the Adansonia species of tree native to Africa and Australia that is noted for its capacity to store enormous quantity of water? | Africa’s wooden elephant: the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) in Sudan and Kenya: a review | SpringerLink March 2016 , Volume 63, Issue 3 , pp 377–399 Africa’s wooden elephant: the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) in Sudan and Kenya: a review Authors DOI : 10.1007/s10722-015-0360-1 Cite this article as: 252 Downloads Abstract Wild edible fruits hold great potential for improving human diets, especially in agricultural societies of the developing world. In Africa, a well-known supplier of such fruits is the baobab (Adansonia digitata L., Malvaceae), one of the most remarkable trees of the world. Several studies in different African countries have highlighted this indigenous fruit tree as a priority species for domestication and expanded use. However, internationally available information on baobab in East Africa, particularly in Sudan and Kenya, remains scarce. This review aims to shed light on the ecology, diversity and current level of utilization of baobab in East Africa in order to facilitate domestication and conservation of the species. A list of priority research areas is provided at the end of the review to encourage further studies and investment in this unique plant taxon. Keywords Adansonia digitataAgroforestryEthnobotanyFruitIndigenous fruit tree (IFT)NutritionUp-side down treeSub-Sahara Authors between the first and the last author are in alphabetic order according to their last name. Introduction According to recent estimates, about 805 million people around the world are chronically undernourished (FAO 2014 ) and 162 million children under five years of age are stunted, particularly in poor families living in rural areas (UNICEF 2014 ). Out of the 21 high-burden countries with child stunting rates of >40 %, as many as 15 are located in sub-Saharan Africa (UNICEF 2013 ). This frightening situation coincides with rapid biodiversity loss (Jackson et al. 2005 ; Chappell and La Valle 2011 ). Great potential exists in supplementing agriculture-based food supply by promotion of edible wild foods (Chaudhary and Sthapit 2013 ). This also implies potential for the exploration and utilization of the rich diversity of flavours, textures and aromas available in plants (Collins and Qualset 1999 ). In many rural communities of the developing world, livelihoods depend on exploration of natural resources for income, food and other products. In time of hardship, wild products often constitute security options, for example when shortfalls in agricultural crop production are compensated through gathering and processing of wild edible fruits or other products from woodlands and forests (Becker 1986 ; Mithöfer and Waibel 2003 ; Akinnifesi and Leakey 2008 ; Vinceti et al. 2013 ). Worldwide, only about 50 fruit tree species have been highly domesticated so far (Leakey and Tomich 1999 ) and are produced on a commercial scale. Compared to tropical America and Asia, Africa has the highest number of wild edible fruit species (about 1200 species; Paull and Duarte 2011 ). The diversity of Africa’s wild edible fruits indicates high horticultural potential and valuable genetic resources that—after their domestication—could become the basis for integrating new commercial high-value species and cultivars into existing farming systems. Their use and conservation belong to the most important tasks for mankind within the international CWR (Crop Wild Relatives) initiative (Ford-Lloyd et al. 2011 ). Across sub-Saharan Africa wild indigenous fruit trees (IFTs) are used for a wide range of purposes, fulfilling subsistence as well as commercial objectives (Bennett 2006 ; Jamnadass et al. 2011 ; Leakey 2003 , 2012 ). IFTs improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landscape management (Gebauer et al. 2007 ; Mithöfer and Waibel 2008 ; Saied et al. 2008 ; Pye-Smith 2010 ; Ræbild et al. 2011 ). Especially during periods of famine and food scarcity, IFTs provide crucial services to rural communities through the provision of energy and nutrients, including vitamins, minerals and pro |
What organic compound is the primary structural component of green plants and also makes-up their primary cell wall? | An Introduction to Molecular Biology/Macromolecules and Cells - Wikibooks, open books for an open world An Introduction to Molecular Biology/Macromolecules and Cells From Wikibooks, open books for an open world Jump to: navigation , search The term Molecular biology was first used by Warren Weaver in 1938. Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the processes of replication, transcription, translation, and cellular function. A typical animal cell. Within the cytoplasm, the major organelles and cellular structures include: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (6) Golgi apparatus (7) cytoskeleton (8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytosol (12) lysosome (13) centriole. Contents Macromolecules[ edit ] The term macromolecule was coined by Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s, although his first relevant publication on this field only mentioned high molecular compounds (in excess of 1,000 atoms). At that time the phrase polymer as introduced by Berzelius in 1833 had a different meaning from that of today: it simply was another form of isomerism, such as an enzene or acetylene, and had little to do with size. Some examples of organic macromolecules are bio-polymers (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) or polymers (plastics, synthetic fiber and rubber). Carbohydrates[ edit ] A carbohydrate (kɑ:bəˈhaɪdreɪt/) is an organic compound which has the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; that is, consists only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water). Carbohydrates can be viewed as hydrates of carbon, hence their name. Structurally however, it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Historically nutritionists have classified carbohydrates as either simple or complex, however, the exact delineation of these categories is ambiguous. Today, the term simple carbohydrate typically refers to monosaccharides and disaccharides, and complex carbohydrate means polysaccharides (and oligosaccharides). a.Monosaccharides[ edit ] Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar) are the most basic units of biologically important carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), galactose, xylose and ribose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides such as sucrose and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but have different chemical and physical properties. b.Disaccharide[ edit ] A disaccharide or biose is the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides also dissolve in water, taste sweet and are called sugars. The glycosidic bond can be formed between any hydroxyl group on the component monosaccharide. So, even if both component sugars are the same (e.g., glucose), different bond combinations (regiochemistry) and stereochemistry (alpha- or beta-) result in disaccharides that are diastereoisomers with different chemical and physical properties. Depending on the monosaccharide constituents, disaccharides are sometimes crystalline, sometimes water-soluble, and sometimes sweet-tasting and sticky-feeling. Disaccharide c.Oligosaccharide[ edit ] An oligosaccharide (from the Greek oligos, a few, and sacchar, sugar) is a saccharide polymer containing typically three to ten component sugars, also known as many as 8 sugars, or polysaccharides. Oligosaccharides can have many functions; for example, they are commonly found on the plasma membrane of animal cells where they |
Which element is added to rubber in the vulcanization process? | Rubber vulcanization | Article about Rubber vulcanization by The Free Dictionary Rubber vulcanization | Article about Rubber vulcanization by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Rubber+vulcanization vulcanization (vŭl'kənəzā`shən), treatment of rubber rubber, any solid substance that upon vulcanization becomes elastic; the term includes natural rubber (caoutchouc) and synthetic rubber. The term elastomer is sometimes used to designate synthetic rubber only and is sometimes extended to include caoutchouc as well. ..... Click the link for more information. to give it certain qualities, e.g., strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold. Chemically, the process involves the formation of cross-linkages between the polymer chains of the rubber's molecules. Vulcanization is accomplished usually by a process invented by Charles Goodyear Goodyear, Charles, 1800–1860, American inventor, b. New Haven, Conn., originator of vulcanized rubber. He failed in his earlier business ventures and was in jail for debt when he began his experiments with rubber, searching for a way to prevent it from sticking and melting ..... Click the link for more information. in 1839, involving combination with sulfur and heating. A method of cold vulcanization (treating rubber with a bath or vapors of a sulfur compound) was developed by Alexander Parkes in 1846. Rubber for almost all ordinary purposes is vulcanized; exceptions are rubber cement, crepe-rubber soles, and adhesive tape. Hard rubber is vulcanized rubber in which 30% to 50% of sulfur has been mixed before heating; soft rubber contains usually less than 5% of sulfur. After the sulfur and rubber (and usually an organic accelerator, e.g., an aniline compound, to shorten the time or lower the heat necessary for vulcanization) are mixed, the compound is usually placed in molds and subjected to heat and pressure. The heat may be applied directly by steam, by steam-heated molds, by hot air, or by hot water. Vulcanization can also be accomplished with certain peroxides, gamma radiation, and several other organic compounds. The finished product is not sticky like raw rubber, does not harden with cold or soften much except with great heat, is elastic, springing back into shape when deformed instead of remaining deformed as unvulcanized rubber does, is highly resistant to abrasion and to gasoline and most chemicals, and is a good insulator against electricity and heat. Many synthetic rubbers undergo processes of vulcanization, some of which are similar to that applied to natural rubber. The invention of vulcanization made possible the wide use of rubber and aided the development of such industries as the automobile industry. Vulcanization a technological process in rubber production in which raw rubber is made into cured rubber. Vulcanization increases the durability, hardness, elasticity, and heat and cold resistance of raw rubber and lowers its degree of swelling and solubility in organic solvents. The essence of vulcanization is the joining of the linear macromolecules of raw rubber into a single, “sewn” system—the so-called vulcanization network. As a result of vulcanization, cross-links are formed between the macromolecules; the number and structure of the cross-links depend on the method of vulcanization. During vulcanization certain properties of the vulcanized mixture change with time, but they pass through a maximum or minimum rather than change constantly. The degree of vulcanization at which the rubber achieves the best combination of various physical and mechanical properties is called the optimal vulcanization. Mixtures of raw rubber with various substances that ensure the necessary useful qualities of the cured rubber (fillers such as carbon black, chalk, and kaolin; softeners; and preservatives) are usually vulcanized. In most instances, raw rubber for general use (natural rubber, butadiene, or butadiene-styrene) is vulcanized by heating it with elemental sulfur to 140°-160° C (sulfur vulcanization). |
Because of his advocation for the use of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution, Thomas Edison developed a bitter rivalry with which other genius who advocated alternating current (AC)? | Tesla's Biography THE GENIUS WHO LIT THE WORLD Nikola Tesla symbolizes a unifying force and inspiration for all nations in the name of peace and science. He was a true visionary far ahead of his contemporaries in the field of scientific development. New York State and many other states in the USA proclaimed July 10, Tesla�s birthday- Nikola Tesla Day. Many United States Congressmen gave speeches in the House of Representatives on July 10, 1990 celebrating the 134th anniversary of scientist-inventor Nikola Tesla. Senator Levine from Michigan spoke in the US Senate on the same occasion. The street sign �Nikola Tesla Corner� was recently placed on the corner of the 40th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan. There is a large photo of Tesla in the Statue of Liberty Museum. The Liberty Science Center in Jersey City, New Jersey has a daily science demonstration of the Tesla Coil creating a million volts of electricity before the spectators eyes. Many books were written about Tesla : Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla by John J. O�Neill and Margaret Cheney�s book Tesla: Man out of Time has contributed significantly to his fame. A documentary film Nikola Tesla, The Genius Who Lit the World, produced by the Tesla Memorial Society and the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, The Secret of Nikola Tesla (Orson Welles), BBC Film Masters of the Ionosphere are other tributes to the great genius. Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika, which was then part of the Austo-Hungarian Empire, region of Croatia. His father, Milutin Tesla was a Serbian Orthodox Priest and his mother Djuka Mandic was an inventor in her own right of household appliances. Tesla studied at the Realschule, Karlstadt in 1873, the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria and the University of Prague. At first, he intended to specialize in physics and mathematics, but soon he became fascinated with electricity. He began his career as an electrical engineer with a telephone company in Budapest in 1881. It was there, as Tesla was walking with a friend through the city park that the elusive solution to the rotating magnetic field flashed through his mind. With a stick, he drew a diagram in the sand explaining to his friend the principle of the induction motor. Before going to America, Tesla joined Continental Edison Company in Paris where he designed dynamos. While in Strassbourg in 1883, he privately built a prototype of the induction motor and ran it successfully. Unable to interest anyone in Europe in promoting this radical device, Tesla accepted an offer to work for Thomas Edison in New York. His childhood dream was to come to America to harness the power of Niagara Falls. Young Nikola Tesla came to the United States in 1884 with an introduction letter from Charles Batchelor to Thomas Edison: �I know two great men,� wrote Batchelor, �one is you and the other is this young man.� Tesla spent the next 59 years of his productive life living in New York. Tesla set about improving Edison�s line of dynamos while working in Edison�s lab in New Jersey. It was here that his divergence of opinion with Edison over direct current versus alternating current began. This disagreement climaxed in the war of the currents as Edison fought a losing battle to protect his investment in direct current equipment and facilities. Tesla pointed out the inefficiency of Edison�s direct current electrical powerhouses that have been build up and down the Atlantic seaboard. The secret, he felt, lay in the use of alternating current ,because to him all energies were cyclic. Why not build ge |
Endemic to nine islands of an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, what is the largest living tortoise? | Wikiwix » Wikipedia - Galápagos_Islands Galápagos Islands The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón ; other Spanish names: Islas de Colón or Islas Galápagos ) are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed around the equator in the Pacific Ocean , 972 km (525 nmi) west of continental Ecuador , of which they are Galapagos Islands The Galapagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón ; Spanish Galápagos , other Spanish names: Islas de Colón or Islas Galápagos ) are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed around the equator in the Pacific Ocean , 972 km (525 nmi) west of continental Ecuador Galápagos tortoise The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise ( Chelonoidis nigra ) is the largest living species of tortoise , reaching weights of over 400 kg (880 lb) and lengths of over 1.8 meters (5.9 ft). With life spans in the wild of over 100 years, it is one of the longest-lived vertebrates La Cumbre (Galápagos Islands) disrupt and destroy unique flora and fauna of the area. La Cumbre is the most active volcano of the Galapagos Islands , and is a high occupancy volcano. It is a shield volcano, with a height of 1,476 m (4,842 feet). It has experienced several collapses of the caldera floor, often following Bartolomé Island formations. Bartolomé has a volcanic cone that is easy to climb and provides great views of the other islands . Bartolomé is famous for its Pinnacle Rock, which is the distinctive characteristic of this island, and the most representative landmark of the Galápagos . [ citation needed ] Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos) largest island after Isabela . Its capital is Puerto Ayora , the most populated urban centre in the islands . On Santa Cruz there are some small villages, whose inhabitants work in agriculture and cattle raising. This island is a large dormant volcano. It is estimated that the last eruptions Endemism in birds . [ edit ] Patterns of endemism A single tribe, the Geospizini is endemic to the Galápagos Islands . This section requires expansion . [ edit ] Endemic Bird Areas Birdlife International has defined the following Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) in the Galápagos wikipedia.org | 2010/9/27 2:34:08 Darwin's finches During the survey voyage of HMS Beagle , Darwin had no idea of the significance of the birds of the Galápagos . He had learned how to preserve bird specimens while at the University of Edinburgh and had been keen on shooting, but he had no expertise in ornithology and by this stage of the Falkland Islands Wolf The Falkland Islands Wolf ( Dusicyon australis ), also known as the Warrah and occasionally as the Falkland Islands Dog , Falkland Islands Fox or Antarctic Wolf , was the only native land mammal of the Falkland Islands . This endemic canid became extinct in 1876 (on West Falkland Isabela Island (Galápagos) One of the youngest islands , Isabela is located on the western edge of the archipelago near the Galápagos hotspot . At approximately 1 million years old, the island was formed by the merger of 6 shield volcanoes - Alcedo, Cerro Azul, Darwin, Ecuador, Sierra Negra and Wolf . All of these 1 |
What type of viper named for an African country has the highest venom yield of any snake? | MANGAT: A fascinating tour of the snake park - Daily Nation A fascinating tour of the snake park Saturday July 25 2015 A tortoise and a snake in Nairobi Snake Park in central snake pit on July 25, 2015. PHOTO | RUPI MANGAT In Summary The snake park still houses Kenya’s five most venomous snakes besides the Gabon viper – the puff adder, the black mamba, the four species of cobras. The next batch of glass cages are those of the non-venomous reptiles like the rock pythons, sand boas and a monitor lizard. The sand boas snuggle in the sand. A tiny reddish snake coils under the hollowed burrow – it’s a milk snake from America. It was confiscated at the airport probably while being smuggled in as a pet. It’s physically damaging for the snakes to strike the hard glass. Simple warnings by the cages would stop this and updated information would excite the youth more; for instance, information that the Gabon viper is the world’s heaviest viper and has the longest fangs of up to five centimetres and the highest venom yield of any venomous snake. Advertisement Even as a child, the Nairobi Snake Park at the Nairobi National Museum was one of the most fascinating places I had been to. Back then, I would stand transfixed by the glass terrariums, staring at the scales and patterns of snakes in motion and discovering a range of reptiles that I would ordinarily never have known about. One of the most fascinating snakes was the Gabon viper, which my friend recently saw in the wild in Kakamega Forest, its last stronghold. For all my trampling around in that same forest, I have never seen a Gabon viper there. The Gabon viper has a skin pattern that looks like dry fallen leaves on a forest floor. It is such an amazing camouflage that people can pass it without realising it – which is a good thing for the reptile because most people have a fear of snakes (ophidiophobia). It had been 20 years since I last went to the snake park, and my recent visit was disappointing. I remember that the place used to be vibrant and had clean glass cages which housed healthy-looking snakes. Snakes in Nairobi Snake Park in central snake pit on July 25, 2015. PHOTO | RUPI MANGAT THE GLORIOUS PAST While I am reminiscing about the good old days, Raphael Salepal, the snake handler from Baringo, who was trained by Jonathan Leakey, the first curator of the snake park which was opened to the public in 1961, appears with his snake-handling stick, which leads all snakes in the central snake pit to make a beeline towards the stick. Boomslang in Nairobi Snake Park in central snake pit on July 25, 2015. PHOTO | RUPI MANGAT “They think I am bringing food,” he says. This leads me to think that snakes have some intelligence. I move away from the snake pit towards the cage which hosts the Gabon viper. It is a handsome snake slithering slowly in its cage. Being a Thursday when hordes of schoolchildren visit the museum, the few snake guides are outnumbered by the crowd. The youngsters are fascinated by the snakes, but being ill-informed, they ignorantly tap the glass, leading the snakes to strike. It’s physically damaging for the snakes to strike the hard glass. Simple warnings by the cages would stop this and updated information would excite the youth more; for instance, information that the Gabon viper is the world’s heaviest viper and has the longest fangs of up to five centimetres and the highest venom yield of any venomous snake. The snake park still houses Kenya’s five most venomous snakes besides the Gabon viper – the puff adder, the black mamba, the four species of cobras (black-necked spitting cobra, the red spitting cobra, the forest cobra and the Egyptian cobra), the boomslang and the green mamba. In 2007, the world’s largest spitting cobra was discovered in Kenya and named Naja ashei, after the legendary James Ashe, who was the curator of the snake park at that time. He later started Bio-Ken Snake Farm in Watamu. Blood and tissue samples from the Naja ashei helped to confirm what James Ashe long believed – that the cobra was a different species. To see it you have to |
Due to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and for its potency and discreetness, which element has been called the 'Poison of Kings'? | Arsenic | Exodus3000 Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The word arsenic is borrowed from the Persian word Zarnikh meaning "yellow orpiment". Zarnikh was borrowed by Greek as arsenikon. Also from the similar Greek word "arsenikos" which means masculine or potent. Arsenic compounds (orpiment, realgar) have been known and used since ancient times. As the symptoms of arsenic poisoning were somewhat ill-defined, it was frequently used for murder until the advent of the Marsh test, a sensitive chemical test for its presence. (Another less sensitive but more general test is the Reinsch test.) Due to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and its potency and discreetness, arsenic has been called the Poison of Kings and the King of Poisons. During the Bronze Age, arsenic was often included in bronze, which made the alloy harder (so-called "arsenical bronze"). Arsenic was first isolated by Geber (721–815), an Arabian alchemist Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great, 1193–1280) is believed to have been the first European to isolate the element in 1250 by heating soap together with arsenic trisulfide. In 1649, Johann Schröder published two ways of preparing arsenic. Cadet's fuming liquid (impure cacodyl), the first organometallic compound, was synthesized in 1760 by Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt by the reaction of potassium acetate with arsenic trioxide. In the Victorian era, "arsenic" (colourless, crystalline, soluble "white arsenic" trioxide) was mixed with vinegar and chalk and eaten by women to improve the complexion of their faces, making their skin paler to show they did not work in the fields. Arsenic was also rubbed into the faces and arms of women to "improve their complexion". The accidental use of arsenic in the adulteration of foodstuffs led to the Bradford sweet poisoning in 1858, which resulted in approximately 20 deaths and 200 people taken ill with arsenic poisoning. Value The base value of each unit of ranges between 1 and 15Ð per unit, with up to 3 units being found at any one time. Presence on Mars: Common |
What 'Z' mineral found in Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia with an age of 4.404 billion years might be the oldest mineral on earth? | Welcome to WWW.RMCGEMS.com || Specialized in Swiss Blue Topaz, Sky Blue Topaz, Tourmaline, Tourmaline Beads, Semi Precious Stones, Precious Beads, Gemstones, AMETHYST, CITRINE, GARNET, IOLITE, PERIDOT, PINK TOURMOULINE, RHODOLITE, SWISS BLUETOPAZ, SKY BLUE-TOPAZ, WHITE TOPAZ, IOLITE SMALLROUND, SWISS BLUETOPAZ SMALLROUND, CABOUCHONES, TOURMOULINE BEADS, SEMI-PRECIOUS BEADS, PRECIOUS BEADS .Zircons and the age of Earth An Overview of Zircon Zircon is a beautiful gemstone with a high refractive index and strong dispersion. (It should not be confused with Cubic Zirconia because the two are completely unrelated.) Zircon exhibits a range of colors including yellow, brown, orange, red, violet, blue, green and colorless. On Mohs’ scale of hardness, it is 6.5-7. It has a vitreous to brilliant luster and sources include Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Australia, Brazil, Korea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania and Vietnam. Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is ZrSiO4. Hafnium is almost always present in quantities ranging from 1 to 4%. The crystal structure of zircon is tetragonal crystal class. The natural color of zircon varies between colorless, yellow-golden, red, brown, and green. Colorless specimens that show gem quality are a popular substitute for diamond; these specimens are also known as "Matura diamond". It is not to be confused with cubic zirconia, a synthetic substance with a completely different chemical composition. The name either derives from the Arabic word zarqun, meaning vermilion, or from the Persian zargun, meaning golden-colored. These words are corrupted into "jargoon", a term applied to light-colored zircons. Yellow zircon is called hyacinth, from a word of East Indian origin; in the Middle Ages all yellow stones of East Indian origin were called hyacinth, but today this term is restricted to the yellow zircons. Zircon is regarded as the traditional birthstone for December. Properties Zircon is a remarkable mineral, if only for its almost ubiquitous presence in the crust of Earth. It is found in igneous rocks (as primary crystallization products), in metamorphic rocks and in sedimentary rocks (as detrital grains). Large zircon crystals are seldom abundant. Their average size, e.g. in granite rocks, is about 100–300 µm, but they can also grow to sizes of several centimeters, especially in pegmatites. Owing to their uranium and thorium content, some zircons may undergo metamictization. This partially disrupts the crystal structure and explains the highly variable properties of zircon. Zircon is a common accessory mineral and found worldwide. Noted occurrences include: in the Ural Mountains; Trentino, Monte Somma; and Vesuvius, Italy; Arendal, Norway; Sri Lanka, India; Thailand; Ratanakiri, Cambodia; at the Kimberley mines, Republic of South Africa; Madagascar; and in Canada in Renfrew County, Ontario, and Grenville, Quebec. In the United States: Litchfield, Maine; Chesterfield, Massachusetts; in Essex, Orange, and St. Lawrence Counties, New York; Henderson County, North Carolina; the Pikes Peak district of Colorado; and Llano County, Texas. Thorite (ThSiO4) is an isostructural related mineral. Zircon can come in red, brown, yellow, green, black, or colorless. The color of zircons below gem quality can be changed by heat treatment. Depending on the amount of heat applied, colorless, blue, and golden-yellow zircons can be made. Uses Zircons are commercially mined for the metal zirconium, and are used for abrasive and insulating purposes. It is the source of zirconium oxide, one of the most refractory materials known. Crucibles of ZrO are used to fuse platinum at temperatures in excess of 1755 oC. Zirconium metal is used in nuclear reactors due to its neutron absorption properties. Large specimens are appreciated as gemstones, owing to their high refractive index Occurrence Zircon is a common accessory to trace mineral constituent of most granite and felsic igneous rocks. Due t |
What nutrients required by the human body for metabolic reactions are classified as water-soluble and fat-soluble? Did you take yours today? | Micronutrients | Learn All About Essential Vitamins & Minerals Trace Minerals Water-Soluble Vitamins If you look to vitamins for a jolt of energy, you are looking in the wrong place – even if a supplement bottle says, “promotes energy,” or makes some other similar vague statement. Vitamins are not energy boosters. Many B vitamins do, however, participate in energy-yielding chemical reactions in the body. This is confusing because calorie is another word for energy. It’s clearer to say that B vitamins help the body get calories from food. While you’re unlikely to get more pep by taking vitamins, eating vitamin-rich foods will certainly help you maintain health. Vitamin B1 - Thiamin Functions: Assists in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism Recommended Intakes of Thiamin: Your thiamin needs are proportional to your energy or calorie needs. The more calories you consume, the greater your need for this vitamin. The beauty is that the more calories you consume, the more thiamin you automatically consume anyway. The RDA for adult women and men is 1.1 and 1.2 mg, respectively. Sources of Thiamin: Though thiamin is found in most food groups, Americans get most of their thiamin from fortified breakfast cereals and enriched grains such as rice and pasta. Pork, beans and peas are additional sources. When You Get Too Much or Too Little Thiamin: There are no known toxicity symptoms of thiamin. Thiamin deficiency is not common in the U.S., however alcoholics and those who eat a junk food-heavy diet are at risk. A diet of highly processed, but unenriched foods provides ample calories with little thiamin. Additionally, alcohol contributes calories without providing good nutrition, and it interferes with thiamin absorption. Thiamin deficiency disease is called beriberi and is characterized by weight loss, confusion, irritability, nerve damage and muscle wasting. Beriberi became understood in the nineteenth century when refining grains became popular. Populations whose major source of energy was white or polished rice became inflicted with a fatal nerve disease thought to be an infection, but it was really a lack of this B vitamin. Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin Functions: Assists in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Recommended Intakes of Riboflavin: The RDA for riboflavin also reflects energy needs with higher riboflavin intakes recommended for those whose calorie needs are higher. The RDA for adult women and men is 1.1 and 1.3 mg, respectively. Sources of Riboflavin: Diary products, fortified cereals and enriched grains are major contributors of dietary riboflavin. Mushrooms and organ meats such as liver are additional sources. When You Get Too Much or Too Little Riboflavin: The body readily excretes excess riboflavin, so there are no apparent toxicity symptoms. Like thiamin deficiency, riboflavin deficiency is uncommon, but alcoholism increases an individual’s risk. The symptoms include swollen mouth and throat, dermatitis and anemia. Niacin - Nicotinamide, Nicotinic Acid Plays a role in immune function Assists in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, DNA and hormones Special interest in vitamin C in the treatment or prevention of the common cold: A review of the research does not suggest that vitamin C supplements prevent colds in the general public. However, among those subjected to extreme cold or engaging in extreme physical activity, vitamin C doses ranging between 250 mg/day to 1000 mg/day reduced the incidence of colds by 50%. Taken before the onset of a cold, supplemental vitamin C appears to slightly reduce the length of the cold. Recommended Intakes of Vitamin C: The RDA for men and women is 90 and 75 milligrams respectively. Smokers should add and additional 35 milligrams per day. Sources of Vitamin C: Vitamin C is present in fruits and vegetables. Rich sources include bell peppers, citrus fruits, strawberries, pineapple, kiwifruit, potatoes, tomatoes, broccoli and leafy greens. When You Get Too Much or Too Little Vitamin C: The UL is 2,000 mg. Excess vitamin C may cause nosebleeds, nausea and gastrointestinal distress including cra |
What is the largest living sub-species of the tiger? | Iconic Cats: All 9 Subspecies of Tigers Iconic Cats: All 9 Subspecies of Tigers By Live Science Staff | November 16, 2010 02:39pm ET MORE Sumatran Tiger Credit: © Iorboaz, dreamstime Tigers are the largest members of the cat family (Felidae) and one of the most charismatic endangered species on the planet. Over the last century, tiger numbers have fallen by about 95 percent and tigers now survive in 40 percent less of the area they occupied just a decade ago, according to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Tigers have the species name Panthera tigris. There are nine subspecies of tigers, three of which are extinct. A meeting set to begin in Russia on Sunday (Nov. 21) will examine some of the issues facing tigers in the wild and efforts to better conserve the six surviving tiger subspecies. Here we look at what sets each of these species apart. Amur (or Siberian) tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) Credit: David Lawson / WWF-UK. Amur tigers (also known as Siberian, Manchurian, Ussurian, or Northeast China tigers) are the largest of the tiger subspecies. Males can grow up to more 10.5 feet (3.3 m) from head to tail and weigh up to 660 pounds (300 kilograms). Females are smaller, reaching just 8.5 feet (2.6 m) in length and about 200 to 370 pounds (100 to 167 kilograms) in weight. Amur tigers have paler orange fur than the other tiger species and brown instead of black stripes. They have white chests and bellies and a white ruff of fur around their necks. According to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation's Save the Tiger Fund, wild Amur tigers are found in two main populations in in the Russian Far East, the primary population of about 450 individuals covers 60,000 square miles (156,000 sq km) in Primosky and Khabarovski Krais, and another small population of about 35 individuals occurs on the Russia-China border and into northeast China. Officials representing China's Jilin province and Russia's Primorsky province, areas just north of the Korean peninsula, recently signed an agreement to set up a protected area straddling their countries' common border to safeguard the tiger, which is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species. Like many other threatened species, Amur tigers are being bred in zoos around the world to boost their populations and maintain healthy genetic stocks. Amur tiger triplets born in September recently made their public debut at the Pittsburgh Zoo. The Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo also has a set of Amur tiger cubs. Indian (or Bengal) tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Credit: stock.xchng The most numerous of the tiger species, the Bengal tiger is found in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. India is home to the largest population, estimated to between 2,500 and 3,750 individuals, according to the Save the Tigers Fund. While most Bengal tigers have the coloration typically associated with their species, a recessive gene for coloration causes some to be cream or white in color instead of orange, according to the WWF. These "white" tigers are rarely found in the wild. Wild tigers dwell in dry and wet deciduous forests, grassland and temperate forests and mangrove forests. While this subspecies has more individuals left in the wild than its brethren, it is still listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) Credit: © Xiaobin Qiu, dreamstime Found in central and eastern China, the South China tiger is listed as Critically Endangered on the Red List one step higher than Endangered. According to the WWF, the South China tiger is estimated to be functionally extinct. Currently 47 South China tigers live in 18 zoos, all in China, the WWF says. Exact numbers of wild tigers, if there are any left, are unknown. Only 40 years ago there were reputed to be more than 4,000 tigers, but the government declared them pests, and they were hunted, according to the Save the Tigers Fund. Field surveys conducted in 1987 and 1990 found evidence of a few tigers in the remote mountains of Guangdong, Hunan, and F |
What is the largest species of the salmon family that also shares its name with an Indian tribe? | Chinook Salmon - National Wildlife Federation Chinook Salmon Genus: Oncorhynchus Species: tshawytscha The Chinook salmon is an important keystone species of the Pacific Northwest. It is a vital food source for a diversity of wildlife, including orca whales, bears, seals and large birds of prey. Chinook salmon is also prized by people who harvest salmon both commercially and for sport. The health of Chinook salmon depends entirely on your location – Alaskan stocks are very healthy, while those in the Columbia River are in danger. Protection of Chinook salmon is crucial to maintain healthy Pacific Northwest ecosystems and to provide a delicious food source for years to come. Description: Chinook salmon are blue-green on the head and back. The sides are silvery. The tail, back and upper fin have irregular, black spots. There are also black markings around the gums. During the mating season the salmon develop a reddish tint around the back fins and tail. It is possible to tell the difference between males and females. Male Chinook salmon have a distinctive hooked nose at the top of the mouth. Less noticeable is the male's ridged back. Females do not have a ridge. Size: Chinook salmon are big fish! They are the largest Pacific salmon species. On average, Chinook salmon are 3 feet long and approximately 30 pounds. But some Chinook salmon can grow to over 5 feet long and 110 pounds! Diet: Young Chinook salmon will eat small invertebrates, including crustaceans, and amphipods. Adult salmon dine on smaller fish. Typical Lifespan: Chinook salmon live about 3-7 years. For the first year or so the juvenile salmon stays in freshwater habitat. Soon it will move to the estuaries and then the open ocean. Estuaries provide a lot of food and nutrients to the developing salmon. The fish will spend approximately 2-4 years feeding in the ocean before returning to the spawning grounds to breed and die. Habitat: Chinook salmon utilize many different habitats during their lives. Adults lay salmon eggs in fast moving, freshwater streams and rivers. Juvenile salmon spend some time in the freshwater streams before moving to mixed salt and freshwater estuaries. As the salmon reach adulthood, they move out into the open ocean. Range: Chinook salmon live in the colder, upper reaches of the Pacific Ocean. They live around the coasts of Alaska, western Canada, Oregon, Idaho, Washington and northern California. Chinook salmon can also be found in Russian and Japanese waters. Chinook salmon breed in the freshwater rivers and streams of the Pacific Northwest. Chinook salmon have been introduced into numerous water bodies including the Great Lakes, where it is not native. Life History and Reproduction: Chinook salmon are diadromous, which means that they spend part of their life in the salt-water of the ocean and the other part of their life in freshwater rivers and streams. Chinook salmon are born in freshwater streams and they travel to the open ocean to grow into adulthood. At reproductive maturity, they will swim back to their birth stream and produce young. When an adult Chinook salmon reaches maturity at about 3-7 years of age, it makes the long migratory journey back to the site of its birth. After so many years, some salmon can be hundreds of miles away from their birth stream. The time of the breeding depends on the river and population of salmon. Typically, they breed in the summer and autumn. At their birth stream, male and female salmon pair up to breed. The female digs a nesting hole (also called a redd). She deposits thousands of eggs in the redd before the male releases his sperm. After mating, the male and females stand guard over the eggs to protect them from predators. Chinook salmon burn a lot of energy migrating to the nesting grounds, breeding and protecting the eggs. Both parents will die before the eggs even hatch. Threats to Chinook Salmon: |
What was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 when he was studying the resistance of solid mercury at cryogenic temperatures? | ��ࡱ� > �� c e ���� b �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� %` �� �: bjbj�ٕ� 8P �� �� �2 % �� �� �� � B B B B B B B V 8 V < � V � � � h " � � � e � � � � � � � � � $ � h -! � � B � e e � � � B B � � � � � � � � � B � B � � � � � � � B B � � � `�.L��� ^ | � � � 0 � �! � v �! � � r �! B t � > � , � $ ' k � � � � � P X � � � � � � � V V V D � � V V V � V V V B B B B B B ���� History of superconductivity Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" \o "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes" Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who was studying the resistance of solid HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29" \o "Mercury (element)" mercury at HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic" \o "Cryogenic" cryogenic temperatures using the recently-discovered liquid HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" \o "Helium" helium as a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant" \o "Refrigerant" refrigerant. At the temperature of 4.2 K, he observed that the resistance abruptly disappeared. In subsequent decades, superconductivity was found in several other materials. In 1913, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" \o "Lead" lead was found to superconduct at 7 K, and in 1941 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_nitride" \o "Niobium nitride" niobium nitride was found to superconduct at 16 K. The next important step in understanding superconductivity occurred in 1933, when HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Meissner" \o "Walter Meissner" Meissner and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ochsenfeld" \o "Robert Ochsenfeld" Ochsenfeld discovered that superconductors expelled applied magnetic fields, a phenomenon which has come to be known as the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect" \o "Meissner effect" Meissner effect. In 1935, F. |
In 1949, what process developed by Willard Libby revolutionized archaeology? | Willard Libby, Scientist • Biography & Facts Willard Libby Scientist Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980) was an American physical chemist noted for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology. For his contributions to the team that developed this process, Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960. |
During WWII, troops stationed in New Guinea were warned to steer clear of what bird that was also listed by the 2007 edition of the Guinness Book as the world's most dangerous? | Animal attacks in Australia - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki Animal attacks in Australia: Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Brown snake is not the most venomous Australian snake, but it has caused the most deaths. [1] There have been animal attacks in Australia from several different species. [2] [3] One of the dangers in the bush is from snakes , including the brown snake and tiger snake . In the wetland and river areas of northern Australia, crocodiles are a threat. In the cities and also in the bush, spiders such as the funnelweb and redback have bitten people. On the coast, the blue-ringed octopus , and several species of shark have been known to attack humans. Other marine creatures such as the bluebottle , cone shell , jellyfish , stingray and stonefish can sting people. Contents Blue-ringed octopus from New South Wales, Australia The Blue ringed octopus is 5 to 8 inches, but its venom is powerful enough to kill. There is no blue-ringed octopus antivenom available. [4] There have been two recorded fatalities. On 23 June 1967, a 23 year old soldier was stung by a blue-ringed octopus at Camp Cove in Sydney harbour . He found the octopus and put it on his arm to bring back to barracks, dying 90 minutes after picking it up. [5] On 21 September 1954 a 21 year old male from Darwin picked up an octopus and let it crawl over him. He didn't notice the bite because they are often painless and died two hours later in hospital. [6] Bluebottle Bluebottle Bluebottle stings in Australia rarely cause death, although it has occurred, usually in young children. Outside Australia, bluebottles are known as "Portuguese man o war". The bluebottle is responsible for between 10,000 and 30,000 stings on the eastern coast of Australia each summer, with only around 500 in Western Australia and South Australia combined. [7] In 2006, there were 26,000 stings in New South Wales , with 4,256 in Queensland . [8] There have only been a few recorded fatalities. In December 1939 a three year old boy was stung on the leg while walking in 200 millimetres (8 in) of water at Proserpine . His death was described as the fifth death from a Portuguese man-o-war in 32 years). [9] An eleven year old male was stung in March 1938 by a bluebottle near Darwin , dying a few minutes after being stung. [10] A nineteen year old male was stung in January 1937 by a bluebottle at Branston, near Cairns . He was waist deep in water when stung and after moving 9 metres (30 ft) he collapsed and died. [11] Salvatore Cantarelle, an Italian cane farmer received a fatal sting in December 1934 by a bluebottle at Coogarra Beach, near Tully [12] Another youth also died in January 1930 from a fatal bluebottle sting at Picnic Bay , Magnetic Island , stung while bathing. [13] Cone shells Cone shell There are around 80 species of cone shell in Australian waters, some of which carry highly toxic venom when they are alive. [14] One Conus geographus caused the death of a 27 year old male in Hayman Island in 1935. [15] [16] While examining a live cone snail, the animal responded by launching an attack, the radular tooth pierced his hand, injecting venom; he was unconscious by the time the launch returned to the mainland, and died on reaching the hospital. [16] Crocodiles Main article: Crocodile attacks in Australia Warning sign on the Daintree River in Queensland about the danger from crocodile attacks. Crocodile attacks in Australia have occurred in the Northern Territory [17] and Queensland [18] / Nearly all crocodile attacks are caused by the Saltwater Crocodile , with the Freshwater Crocodile being smaller and less likely to attack.[citation needed] Between 1971 and 2004 there were 62 crocodile attacks recorded, 17 of which were fatal. 39 of the attacks were in the Northern Territory (10 fatal), 15 in Queensland (5 fatal) a |
Olympus Mons is the tallest known volcano and mountain in our Solar System. Where is it located? | Olympus Mons | Exodus3000 Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Share Olympus Mons is the tallest known volcano and mountain in our solar system, located on the planet Mars at approximately 18° N 133° W. Olympus Mons is located in the Tharsis bulge, a huge swelling in the Martian surface that bears numerous other large volcanic features. Among them are a chain of lesser shield volcanoes including Arsia Mons , Pavonis Mons and Ascraeus Mons , which are small only in comparison to Olympus Mons itself. Olympus Mons is a shield volcano, which means that it is the result of highly fluid lava flowing out of volcanic vents over a long period of time, and is much wider than it is tall; the average slope of Olympus Mons' flanks is very gradual. In 2004 the Mars Pathfinder orbiter imaged old lava flows on the flanks of Olympus Mons. Based on crater size and frequency counts, the surface of this western scarp has been dated from 115 million years in age down to a region that is only 2 million years old. This is very recent in geological terms, suggesting that the mountain may yet have some ongoing volcanic activity. The central edifice of Olympus Mons stands 17 miles (27 Km) high above the planet's surface level (about three times the elevation of Mount Everest above sea level). It is 342 miles (550 Km) in width, flanked by steep cliffs, and has a caldera complex that is 53 miles (85 Km) long, 37 miles (60 Km) wide, and up to 1.8 miles (3 Km) deep with six overlapping pit craters. Its outer edge is defined by an escarpment up to 4 miles (6 Km) tall; unique among the shield volcanoes of Mars . The Hawaiian Islands are examples of similar shield volcanoes on a smaller scale (see Mauna Kea). The extraordinary size of Olympus Mons is likely due to the fact that Mars does not have tectonic plates. Thus, the crust remained fixed over a hot spot and the volcano continued to discharge lava, bringing it to such a height. A person standing on the surface of Mars would be unable to view the upper profile of the volcano even from a distance as the curvature of the planet as the volcano itself would obscure it. However, one could view parts of 'Olympus Mons;' standing on the highest point of its summit, the slope of the volcano would extend beyond the horizon, a mere 1.8 miles (3 Km) away; from the 1.8 miles (3 Km) elevated caldera rim one could see 50 miles (80 Km) to the caldera 's other side; from the southeast scarp highpoint (about 3 miles (5 Km) elevation) one could look about 112 miles (180 Km) southeast; from the northwest scarp highpoint (about 5 miles (8 Km ) elevation) one could look upslope possibly 149 miles (240 Km) and look northeast possibly 143 miles (230 Km). The caldera at the peak of the volcano was formed after volcanism ceased and the roof of the emptied magma chamber collapsed. During the collapse the surface became extended and formed fractures. Later additional caldera collapses were formed due to subsequent lava production. These overlapped the original circular caldera , giving the edge a less symmetrical appearance. Two of the craters on Olympus Mons have been provisionally assigned names. These are the 9.6 mile (15.6 Km) diameter Karzok crater (18°25′N, 131°55′W) and the 6.4 mile (10.4 Km) diameter Pangboche crater (17°10′N, 133°35′W). The land immediately surrounding Olympus Mons is a depression in the bulge 1.2 miles (2 Km) deep. The name Olympus Mons devires from the Latin, "Mount Olympus". |
Which element gets its name from the Greek for 'acid producer' because the scientist Lavoisier who named it erroneously thought that it was a constituent of all acids? | Oxygen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Oxygen General Name , Symbol , Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals , chalcogens Group , Period , Block 16 , 2 , p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) O is stable with 8 neutrons 17O O is stable with 9 neutrons 18O For other uses, see Oxygen (disambiguation) . In science , oxygen ( IPA : /ˈɒksɪdʒən/) is a chemical element with the chemical symbol O and atomic number 8. The word oxygen derives from two roots in Greek , οξύς (oxys) (acid, lit. sharp) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, lit. begetter). In 1777 , Antoine Lavoisier coined the name oxygen from the Greek roots mentioned above because he erroneously thought that it was a constituent of all acids. (The definition of acid has since been revised). Oxygen has a valency of 2. On Earth it is usually bonded to other elements covalently or ionically . Examples for common oxygen-containing compounds include water (H2O), sand (silica, SiO2), and rust (iron oxide, Fe2O3). Diatomic oxygen (O2) is one of the two major components of air (20.95%). It is produced by plants during photosynthesis , and is necessary for aerobic respiration in animals. It is toxic to obligate anaerobic organisms and was a poisonous waste product for early life on Earth . Triatomic oxygen ( ozone , O3) forms through radiation in the upper layers of the atmosphere and acts as a shield against UV radiation . Contents 12 External links Characteristics The colour of liquid oxygen is a blue similar to sky blue . The phenomena are not related; the colour of the sky is due to Rayleigh scattering . Dioxygen, O2, is a gas at standard conditions, consisting of 2-atom molecules. Elemental oxygen is most commonly encountered in this form, as 21% of Earth's atmosphere. Note that the double bond depicted here is an oversimplification; see triplet oxygen . Ozone, O3, is a gas at standard conditions, consisting of 3-atom molecules. This oxygen allotrope is rare on Earth and is found mostly in the stratosphere. The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth, O2, is known as dioxygen . At standard temperature and pressure , oxygen exists as a diatomic molecule with the formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are bonded to each other with the electron configuration of triplet oxygen . This bond has a bond order of two, and is thus often very grossly simplified in description as a double bond . [1] Triplet oxygen is the ground state of the oxygen molecule. The electron configuration of the molecule has two unpaired electrons occupying two degenerate molecular orbitals. These orbitals are classified as antibonding , so the diatomic oxygen bond is weaker than the diatomic nitrogen bond, where all bonding molecular orbitals are filled. Though unpaired electrons are commonly associated with high reactivity in chemical compounds, triplet oxygen is relatively (and fortunately) nonreactive by comparison with most radicals. Singlet oxygen , a name given to several higher energy species of molecular oxygen in which all the electron spins are paired, is much more reactive towards common organic molecules. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. It is also produced by the immune system as a source of active oxygen. Carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms and possibly also in animals, play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state, before it can cause harm to tissues. Liquid O2 and solid O2 are clear substances with a light sea-blue color. In normal triplet form they are paramagnetic due to the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O2 molecules. Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet, in laboratory demonstrations. Liquid O2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Oxygen is slightly soluble in water, but n |
What rare form of headache whose name refers to its tendency to occur periodically has been called by some experts as the most painful condition known to medical science? | Cluster headaches australia- severe head pain in temple behind eye same time every day watering eye, running nose one side sumatriptan Imigran australia NSW QLD VIC Tasmania WA SA Sydney Brisbane Melbourne Adelaide Perth Darwin Hobart Canberra What Are They What are they? Cluster headaches are exceptionally severe headaches that occur for no known cause. Cluster headaches are rarer than migraines, affecting only 69 out of every 100,000 people (less than one percent). Men are six times more likely to develop cluster headaches than women. Cluster headaches can strike at any age, but usually develop in men between the ages of twenty and fifty. Women are more likely to develop severe cluster headaches after age fifty. Cluster headaches are excruciating unilateral headaches of extreme intensity. The duration of the common attack ranges from as short as 15 minutes to three hours or more. The onset of an attack is rapid, and most often without the preliminary signs that are characteristic of a migraine. However, some sufferers report preliminary sensations of pain in the general area of attack, often referred to as "shadows", that may warn them an attack is imminent. Though the headaches are almost exclusively unilateral, there are some documented as cases of "side-shifting" between cluster periods, or, even rarer, simultaneously (within the same cluster period) bilateral headache Cluster headaches are so named because attacks "cluster" in four to eight week cycles. Frequency of attacks vary among individuals. Some people experience as many as six severe headaches a day, while others report only one cluster headache a week. On average, cluster headache sufferers can expect one to two severe headaches a day for the duration of the cycle. Often the severe headaches that characterize cluster headaches can be predicted ahead of time. In 85 percent of cases cluster headaches will occur at the same time of day for an entire cycle. The Pain The pain of cluster headaches is markedly greater than in other headache conditions, including severe migraines; experts have suggested that it may be the most painful condition known to medical science. Female patients have reported it as being more severe than childbirth. Dr. Peter Goadsby, Professor of Clinical Neurology at University College London, a leading researcher on the condition has commented: "Cluster headache is probably the worst pain that humans experience. I know that’s quite a strong remark to make, but if you ask a cluster headache patient if they’ve had a worse experience, they’ll universally say they haven't. Women with cluster headache will tell you that an attack is worse than giving birth. So you can imagine that these people give birth without anesthetic once or twice a day, for six, eight, or ten weeks at a time, and then have a break. It's just awful." It is a headache, in that the pain is in the head, but that is really where the similarity ends. The name itself leads to confusion, as people immediately think of it as something that can be cured by taking a pill, or by thinking of it as a migraine. As one who has had both conditions, clusters are nothing like migraine. It is stated by neurologists to be the most severe pain experienced by human beings - female sufferers say that it is more painful than childbirth. Imagine that for several weeks at a time. Or imagine an ice-cream headache in your temple or behind your eye that is 10 times worse, 10... times... worse... and lasts from 20 minutes up to 3 hours. Another analogy is being hit with a baseball bat on the side of the head - take that instant of impact but extend it to be continuous for 30, 60 90 minutes. try 3 hours. Imagine how physically and emotionally exhausting dealing with that kind of pain in your head would be, along with the fear that it might not stop. Cluster Headache Symptoms Cluster headaches start suddenly, with little warning. Within two to fifteen minutes of symptom onset the pain become excruciatingly severe. Cluster headaches usually start around or above the eye |
The Klein bottle which has no distinction between inside and outside surfaces can be made by gluing two of what similar objects? | Manifold - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Manifold Jump to: navigation , search A sphere can be represented by a collection of two dimensional maps; therefore a sphere is a two dimensional manifold. For other uses, see Manifold (disambiguation) . In mathematics , more specifically in differential geometry and topology , a manifold is a mathematical space that on a small enough scale resembles the Euclidean space of a certain dimension, called the dimension of the manifold. Thus a line and a circle are one-dimensional manifolds, a plane and the surface of a ball are two-dimensional manifolds, and so forth. More formally, every point of an n-dimensional manifold has a neighborhood homeomorphic to the n-dimensional space Rn. Although manifolds resemble Euclidean spaces near each point, or locally, the overall, or global, structure of a manifold may be more complicated. For example, any point on the usual two-dimensional sphere is surrounded by a circular region that can be flattened to a circular region of the plane, as in a geographical map. However, the sphere differs from the plane "in the large": in the language of topology, they are not homeomorphic. The structure of a manifold is encoded by a collection of charts that form an atlas , in analogy with an atlas consisting of charts of the surface of the Earth. The concept of a manifold is central to many parts of geometry and modern mathematical physics . Typically, a manifold is endowed with an additional structure: a differentiable structure that allows one to do calculus , Riemannian metric that allows one to measure distances and angles . Symplectic manifolds serve as the phase spaces in the Hamiltonian formalism of classical mechanics , while four-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds model space-time in general relativity . Contents Main article: Circle Figure 1: The four charts each map part of the circle to an open interval, and together cover the whole circle. After a line, the circle is the simplest example of a topological manifold. Topology ignores bending, so a small piece of a circle is exactly the same as a small piece of a line. Consider, for instance, the top half of the unit circle , x2 + y2 = 1, where the y-coordinate is positive (indicated by the yellow arc in Figure 1). Any point of this semicircle can be uniquely described by its x-coordinate. So, projection onto the first coordinate is a continuous , and invertible , mapping from the upper semicircle to the open interval (−1,1): Such functions along with the open regions they map are called charts. Similarly, there are charts for the bottom (red), left (blue), and right (green) parts of the circle. Together, these parts cover the whole circle and the four charts form an atlas for the circle. The top and right charts overlap: their intersection lies in the quarter of the circle where both the x- and the y-coordinates are positive. The two charts χtop and χright each map this part into the interval (0, 1). Thus a function T from (0, 1) to itself can be constructed, which first uses the inverse of the top chart to reach the circle and then follows the right chart back to the interval. Let a be any number in (0, 1), then: Such a function is called a transition map. Figure 2: A circle manifold chart based on slope, covering all but one point of the circle. The top, bottom, left, and right charts show that the circle is a manifold, but they do not form the only possible atlas. Charts need not be geometric projections, and the number of charts is a matter of some choice. Consider the charts and Here s is the slope of the line through the point at coordinates (x,y) and the fixed pivot point (−1, 0); t is the mirror image, with pivot point (+1, 0). The inverse mapping from s to (x, y) is given by It can easily be confirmed that x2 + y2 = 1 for all values of the slope s. These two charts provide a second atlas for the circle, with Each chart omits a single point, either (−1, 0) for s or (+1, 0) for t, so neither chart alone is sufficient to cover the whole circle. It can be proved that it is not possible to cov |
The Indian astronomer Brahmagupta who lived in the 7th century is credited with introducing what fundamental mathematical concept? | Indian Mathematics - The Story of Mathematics The Story of Mathematics INDIAN MATHEMATICS The evolution of Hindu-Arabic numerals Despite developing quite independently of Chinese (and probably also of Babylonian mathematics), some very advanced mathematical discoveries were made at a very early time in India. Mantras from the early Vedic period (before 1000 BCE) invoke powers of ten from a hundred all the way up to a trillion, and provide evidence of the use of arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, fractions, squares, cubes and roots. A 4th Century CE Sanskrit text reports Buddha enumerating numbers up to 1053, as well as describing six more numbering systems over and above these, leading to a number equivalent to 10421. Given that there are an estimated 1080 atoms in the whole universe, this is as close to infinity as any in the ancient world came. It also describes a series of iterations in decreasing size, in order to demonstrate the size of an atom, which comes remarkably close to the actual size of a carbon atom (about 70 trillionths of a metre). As early as the 8th Century BCE, long before Pythagoras , a text known as the �Sulba Sutras� (or "Sulva Sutras") listed several simple Pythagorean triples, as well as a statement of the simplified Pythagorean theorem for the sides of a square and for a rectangle (indeed, it seems quite likely that Pythagoras learned his basic geometry from the "Sulba Sutras"). The Sutras also contain geometric solutions of linear and quadratic equations in a single unknown, and give a remarkably accurate figure for the square root of 2, obtained by adding 1 + 1⁄3 + 1⁄(3 x 4) - 1⁄(3 x 4 x 34), which yields a value of 1.4142156, correct to 5 decimal places. As early as the 3rd or 2nd Century BCE, Jain mathematicians recognized five different types of infinities: infinite in one direction, in two directions, in area, infinite everywhere and perpetually infinite. Ancient Buddhist literature also demonstrates a prescient awareness of indeterminate and infinite numbers, with numbers deemed to be of three types: countable, uncountable and infinite. Like the Chinese , the Indians early discovered the benefits of a decimal place value number system, and were certainly using it before about the 3rd Century CE. They refined and perfected the system, particularly the written representation of the numerals, creating the ancestors of the nine numerals that (thanks to its dissemination by medieval Arabic mathematicans) we use across the world today, sometimes considered one of the greatest intellectual innovations of all time. The earliest use of a circle character for the number zero was in India The Indians were also responsible for another hugely important development in mathematics. The earliest recorded usage of a circle character for the number zero is usually attributed to a 9th Century engraving in a temple in Gwalior in central India. But the brilliant conceptual leap to include zero as a number in its own right (rather than merely as a placeholder, a blank or empty space within a number, as it had been treated until that time) is usually credited to the 7th Century Indian mathematicians Brahmagupta - or possibly another Indian, Bhaskara I - even though it may well have been in practical use for centuries before that. The use of zero as a number which could be used in calculations and mathematical investigations, would revolutionize mathematics. Brahmagupta established the basic mathematical rules for dealing with zero: 1 + 0 = 1; 1 - 0 = 1; and 1 x 0 = 0 (the breakthrough which would make sense of the apparently non-sensical operation 1 � 0 would also fall to an Indian, the 12th Century mathematician Bhaskara II). Brahmagupta also established rules for dealing with negative numbers, and pointed out that quadratic equations could in theory have two possible solutions, one of which could be negative. He even attempted to write down these rather abstract concepts, using the initials of the names of colours to represent unknowns in his equations, one of the earliest in |
What breed of sheep that is also the most numerous in the world is prized for its wool? | Sheep Breed Facts - List Of Sheeps In The UK Here are a few popular sheep breeds from the UK. East Friesian Sheep The East Friesian is a large framed sheep with ewe weighing between 85 to 95 kilograms and rams weighing up to 100 – 125 kilograms. They have pink noses and head and legs are clear of wool. It is the most milk productive sheep in the world. Balwen Sheep A Welsh mountain breed with close wool. Originating from a small area in Wales – Tywi Valley, the Balwen is distinguished by its white blaze, socks and white tail on an otherwise dark chocolate / black fleece. Merino Sheep The merino is the most numerous breed of sheep in the world. It is a breed prized for its very soft wool. There are 2 varieties: Poll – having no horns and Horned – having long, spiral horns which grow close to the head. Merinos are excellent grazers and very adaptable. English Leicester Sheep English Leicester sheep date back to the 1700’s and were found in the Midland Counties of England. It has a wedge shaped face covered in white hairs and sometimes having a blue tint. Their wool is dense but very shiny. Cotswold Sheep Cotswold sheep are a breed of sheep originating in the Cotswold hills of the southern midlands of England. It descended from sheep introduced to these hills by the Romans. In the Middle Ages this area was a thriving and profitable wool industry. Greyface Dartmoor Sheep The Greyface Dartmoor is a descendant of sheep that grazed on the exposed uplands of Dartmoor, in the south west of the UK, in the 17th and 18th centuries. Bred for wool, its fleece is long and coarse and used for carpets and blankets. Lincoln Longwool Sheep The Lincoln is a breed of sheep from England that has been significantly altered by selective breeding in the later part of the eighteenth century. Cross-Breeding with Leicesters improved the breed’s meat production qualities. Shropshire Sheep The Shropshire breed of sheep originated from the hills of Shropshire, England during the 1840’s. A medium sized sheep that produces good wool and meat. Its gentle nature and medium size makes it very popular. |
In the general theory of relativity, what is the term for a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect the observer? | Black Hole - Stock Image C024/4803 - Science Photo Library Credit: DAVID PARKER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Conceptual fractal illustration of a black hole. Black holes are objects of extreme density, with such strong gravitational attraction that even light cannot escape from their grasp if it comes near enough. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact black hole can deform spacetime. Quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation. Hawking radiation is black body radiation that is predicted to be released by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon. In general relativity, an event horizon is a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. It is defined as "the point of no return", i.e., the point at which the gravitational pull becomes so great as to make escape impossible. Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916 with his general theory of relativity. Release details: Model release not required. Property release not required. |
It is common knowledge that hurricanes in the US are rated on a scale of 1 to 5. But what is the name of the scale? | Hurricanes and Tornadoes Hurricanes and Tornadoes HC > FAQ > Hurricanes and Tornadoes Hurricanes and Tornadoes 1. How are tropical cyclones different from tornadoes ? While both tropical cyclones and tornadoes are atmospheric vortices, they have little in common. Tornadoes have diameters on the scale of 100s of meters and are produced from a single convective storm (i.e. a thunderstorm or cumulonimbus). A tropical cyclone, however, has a diameter on the scale of 100s of kilometers and is comprised of several to dozens of convective storms. Additionally, while tornadoes require substantial vertical shear of the horizontal winds (i.e. change of wind speed and/or direction with height) to provide ideal conditions for tornado genesis, tropical cyclones require very low values (less than 10 m/s [20 kt, 23 mph]) of tropospheric vertical shear in order to form and grow. These vertical shear values are indicative of the horizontal temperature fields for each phenomenon: tornadoes are produced in regions of large temperature gradient, while tropical cyclones are generated in regions of near zero horizontal temperature gradient. Tornadoes are primarily an over-land phenomena as solar heating of the land surface usually contributes toward the development of the thunderstorm that spawns the vortex (though over-water tornadoes, or waterspouts do occurr). In contrast, tropical cyclones are purely an oceanic phenomena - they die over land due to the loss of a moisture source. Lastly, tropical cyclones have a lifetime that is measured in days, while tornadoes typically last on the scale of minutes. For more information on tornadoes you can go to the Storm Prediction Center's FAQ maintained by Roger Edwards. Tropical cyclones at landfall often provide the conditions necessary for tornado formation. As the tropical cyclone makes landfall and begins decaying, the winds at the surface die off quicker than the winds at, say, 850 mb. This sets up a fairly strong vertical wind shear that allows for the development of tornadoes, especially on the tropical cyclone's right side (with respect to the forward motion of the tropical cyclone). For the southern hemisphere, this would be a concern on the tropical cyclone's left side - due to the reverse spin of southern hemisphere storms. (Novlan and Gray 1974) . 2. Why do tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes? Tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes when certain instability and vertical shear criteria are met, in a manner similar to other tornado-producing systems. However, in tropical cyclones, the vertical structure of the atmosphere differs somewhat from that most often seen in midlatitude systems. In particular, most of the thermal instability is found near or below 10,000 feet altitude, in contrast to midlatitude systems, where the instability maximizes typically above 20,000 feet. Because the instability in tropical cyclones is focused at low altitudes, the storm cells tend to be smaller and shallower than those usually found in most severe midlatitude systems. But because the vertical shear in tropical cyclones is also very strong at low altitudes, the combination of instability and shear can become favorable for the production of small supercell storms, which have an enhanced likelihood of spawning tornadoes compared to ordinary thunderstorm cells ( Novlan and Gray 1974 , Gentry 1983 , McCaul 1991 ). 3. What percentage of tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes ? Almost all tropical cyclones making landfall in the United States spawn at least one tornado, provided enough of the tropical cyclones circulation moves over land. This implies that Gulf coast landfalling tropical cyclones are more likely to produce tornadoes than Atlantic coast tropical cyclones that sideswipe the coastline. The rate at which tropical cyclones produce waterspouts over the ocean is unknown, although Doppler radars have identified many cases where storm cell rotation suggestive of the presence of tornadoes was observed over water ( Novlan and Gray 1974 , Spratt et al. 1997 ). 4. What parts of a tropical cyclone are most favored for t |
Which phrase, also the title of a 2004 Ashton Kutcher movie, encapsulates the notion of 'sensitive dependence on initial conditions' of Chaos theory? | Urban Dictionary: The Butterfly Effect The Butterfly Effect A part of the chaos theory that states that one small change in a situation(expieramental noise) can drastically change the outcome of an event. Butterfly comes from the example of the flap of a butterfly's wing altering the atmosphere around it causing(or preventing) a major event somewhere else. Also a movie with that Ashton Cootchie Example 1: The Butterfly effect is a cool mathematical theory. Example 2: The Butterfly effect was supposedly based on Chaos Theroy although there is no correlation whatsoever. by Ryan July 26, 2004 Create a mug The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the t-shirt The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton). The Butterfly Effect The butterfly effect is a phrase that encapsulates the more technical notion of sensitive dependence on initial conditions in chaos theory. Small variations of the initial condition of a dynamical system may produce large variations in the long term behavior of the system. This is sometimes presented as esoteric behavior, but can be exhibited by very simple systems: for example, a ball placed at the crest of a hill might roll into any of several valleys depending on slight differences in initial position. sensitive dependence on initial conditions in chaos theory is commonly presented in this. "A butterfly flaps its wings in Japan which causes tiny changes in the atmosphere, which ultimately cause a tornado to appear half way across the world. This is where the term "The Butterfly effect" comes from. The Butterfly Effect A phenomenal movie, probably the best thing Ashton Kutcher ever did. Forwned upon by stupid frat boys who can't handle Ashton Kutcher trying to do something serious, and always need visual effects to entertain their brains. Despite this, The Butterfly Effect (2004) is an amazing movie, with real feeling, complexity, message, and unfortunately, some shitty straight-to-DVD sequels. 1: uuugggh "the butterfly effect" sucked, it had message and complexity, and was a great exception for Ashton kutcher, waaaa! I wanted boobies and football and robots in the movie so I didn't have to think! *pouts* 2: Yeah....you're a moron. No comment. The Butterfly Effect Australian hard rock band from Brisbane, Australia. Released their debut EP in 2001 "The Butterfly Effect" which features their debut single "Take It Away", followed up with their debut album in 2002 "Begins Here" which features the singles "Crave", "One Second of Insanity" and "Always". In 2005 they recorded their next single "Phoenix" which isn't featured on any of their albums. In 2006 they released their 2nd studio album "Imago" which debut at number 2 on the ARIA charts, and features the ARIA top 10 single "A Slow Descent" as well as the singles "Gone" and "Reach". I saw The Butterfly Effect on NYE, awesome Aussie band live and in the studio! Check them out! |
How many operational space shuttles were built by NASA? | The Space Shuttle – A Thirty-Year Engineering Legacy | NASA The Space Shuttle – A Thirty-Year Engineering Legacy Hosting Center(s): Glenn Research Center Subject Category: Physical Science Unit Correlation: Exploring NASA Missions, Exploring Engineering and Technology Grade Level(s): Minimum Delivery Time: 030 min(s) Maximum Connection Time: 060 min(s) Event Focus Movies have portrayed the Orbiter (commonly called the Space Shuttle) flying like an airplane through space and even going to our Moon. Do you think this is possible? What was the real purpose of the Space Shuttle and how did it accomplish this mission? Description This module is appropriate for video conference AND web conference presentation. For over thirty years, the only American spacecraft carrying humans into orbit was the Space Transport System (STS) commonly called the Space Shuttle. What important roles did the Space Shuttle play in placing men and materials into space? Topics for discussion will include various aspects of Shuttle flights, the dangers present during launch and landing, NASA's safety program, the large support team for Shuttle flights, the differences between the reusable Shuttle and expendable rockets, some of the missions that the Shuttle supported, including the International Space Station and the Hubble Space Telescope, and why the Shuttle was retired. Instructional Objectives Before the videoconference, try and answer the following questions; Why do you suppose the Space Shuttle program came into being? How many Shuttles were built? How many people could the Space Shuttle carry? Why do you suppose the Space Shuttle had wings? Did the Space Shuttle fly in space like an airplane? Could the Space Shuttle go to the Moon? Why do you think the Shuttle had a large orange tank and two white external solid rockets on the sides? Now view this video and revisit your answers. VIDEO How close where you? What other questions do you have about the Shuttle? VOCABULARY Atmosphere: the gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth; the air. The Orbiter landed by gliding through the atmosphere. Docking: the joining together of two spacecraft in space. The Orbiter docked with the International Space Station. Drag: the aerodynamic force exerted on an airfoil, airplane, or other aerodynamic body that tends to reduce its forward motion. Drag on the Orbiter helped it slow down in the atmosphere. Glider: an engineless aircraft supported only by the action of air against its surfaces. The Orbiter reentered the atmosphere and lands as a glider. Heat Shield: a protective structure of tiles, mainly on the bottom of the Orbiter, which dissipated heat on atmospheric reentry. Orbiter: the correct name for the portion of the Space Transportation System that returned the astronauts to Earth, often referred to as the Space Shuttle. Main Tank: the large orange tank containing the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that were burned in the main engines on takeoff. It is the only major component of the Space Transportation System that was not reused. Re-entry: the return from outer space into the earth's atmosphere. The Orbiter underwent re-entry. Space Transportation System (STS): NASA's space vehicle composed of the solid rocket boosters, main fuel tank, and Orbiter SRB: solid rocket booster. These two white solid-fuel rockets were recovered and reused. Zero G: the condition in which the apparent effect of gravity is zero, as in the case of a body in free fall or in orbit. The Orbiter orbited the Earth in free fall. Videoconference Activities At the start of this videoconference the presenter will question the students about their knowledge of the Space Shuttle (formally called the Space Transport System, or STS) and its uses. The presenter will use pictures, graphics, and video to help students develop their understanding of the Space Shuttle. During the videoconference the presenter will start the students thinking about the forces required to leave the Earth's surface and enter into Earth orbit. He will build on the student’s concepts of gravity and speed by using th |
What scale measures cola at 2.5, orange juice at 3.5, beer at 4.5, coffee at 5.0, tea at 5.5, milk at 6.5 and blood at nearly 7.4? | Water Alive and Fresh Discover Ionized Microcluster Alkaline Water A pH of 7 is neutral. Acids have pH values less than 7 while alkaline bases have values greater than 7. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes performs optimally around a biologically weak alkaline pH of 7.4. Normal pH of human arterial blood has a pH of 7.35 ~ 7.45, also a weak alkaline solution. By falling below a pH of 7.35, the blood is acidic, highly likely with disease. Blood Color In 1931, Dr. Otto Heinrich Warburgg was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering that primary cause of cancer is the lack of oxygen in a cell. Acidity in body creates the lack of oxygen. The following microscope pictures show the proven results after drinking Water80 ionized microcluster alkaline water. Blood sample before drinking our water: Red blood cells are de-hydrated and clump together. They cannot carry oxygen you need. Blood sample 30 minutes after drinking Water80 alkaline water: Red blood cells become healthy. They are far apart, wrapped in a layer of oxygen and move freely in the entire body. "Water-related diseases responsible for 80 per cent of all illnesses, deaths in developing world." Clean, alkaline, small water clusters, healthy minerals, environmentally friendly What is Ionized Microcluster Alkaline Water? Our water purification system turns tap water into ionized microcluster alkaline water. It is the next generation water ionizer because it does not require plug-in or power, does not waste acidic water, is more affordable and more environmentally friendly. Unlike other electric water ionizers that produce unstable alkaline water which lasts for 24 hours, our system produces stable alkaline water which lasts for several months. Not just clean: Underground tap water pipes are usually over 100 years old. This aged pipe system never gets replaced by the city. Like smoking, daily intake of tap water contaminants such as rust, chlorine and THMs can cause cancers and many chronic diseases in a long run. Water80 purification system retains healthy minerals such as calcium and zinc in water and removes harmful contaminants, e.g., chlorine, total trihalomethanes, rust, lead, heavy metals, bacterium and virus. but also healthy: Water is often considered as the best medicine. When you caught a cold, the most common advice from doctor is "drink more water". Testimonials show that our ionized microcluster alkaline water can help fight diabetes, constipation, high blood pressure, digestive distress, acid stomach, urea stones, arthritis, joint pain, kidney problem and many other diseases, and this is because our water has the following characteristics: Small Hexagonal Water Clusters Regardless what kind of nutrition or vitamin you take, it is water that carries them into cells. Water80 purification system breaks down water hydrogen that bond together into small water molecule clusters that are easily absorbed into the body's cells. Not only does that make the skin and cells better hydrated, but also more nutrients can get directly into the cells. As another benefit, wastes and toxins are more easily eliminated from the cells. The process of aging is a process of losing water in cells. As people get older, not only skin becomes drier, the body starts to lose water from inside too. Improved hydration makes you look and feel better from both inside and outside. Alkaline and Proper pH Balanced Tap water, bottled water, ordinary filtered water is all acidic. Most foods we eat are also acidic, for example, meat, cheese, egg, sweets, cooked grain, coffee, tea and milk. Over-acidification of the body is the single underlying cause of all disease. Water80 ionized microcluster alkaline water helps you neutralize the acidic foods and maintain healthy acid-base balance. Ionized Our water is also ionized. It contains rich anions, negatively charged ions, such as chloride - a chemical the human body needs for metabolism and it also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. More Details In just 3 days, the onion root in Water80 ionized microcluster alkaline water gr |
It is considered to be the first of its kind in the world of computers and has been alternately called 'Lahore', 'Pakistani' and 'UIUC', among others. What is it? | Thinking Pipe | #162 It is considered to be the first of its kind in the world of computers and has been alternately called ‘Lahore’, ‘Pakistani’ and ‘UIUC’, among others. What is it? Show Answer (c)Brain, considered the first computer virus for the PC (c)Brain was written by two brothers, Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi, who lived in Lahore, Pakistan. The brothers told TIME magazine they had written it to protect their medical software from piracy and it was supposed to target copyright infringers only. About Thinking Pipe Questions on anything from the world of business to sports, from science and technology to current affairs. You'll find it all. Updates (almost) daily! |
The name of which artificial satellite constellation system was taken from the name of the element with atomic number 77? | The History of the Telephone By Chelsea Henderson, [email protected] Communication has certainly changed a lot over the past 150 years. When our founding fathers first came to America, the only form of communication they had with one another was through letters, which could take days or even weeks to reach its destination. Sending letters to England could take months. But even before that Native Americans actually used smoke signals to communicate with one another. Native Americans are not the only group of people who have used smoke signals to communicate. The Chinese have also used smoke signals as well as the Boy Scouts of America. This form of communication is used by creating puffs of smoke using a fire and a blanket. The smoke signals must be used in an area where they will be visible to the receiver and is usually transmitted on top of a hill or mountain (http://www.indians.org/articles/smoke-signals.html). It was evident that something had to be developed to make communicating with one another easier and faster. That’s where the telephone comes in. It could actually be considered the greatest invention of the nineteenth century. It not only made communicating with others who were miles away much quicker, it also spawned the growth of many businesses since it made communication much easier. Surprisingly, there were two people in the running to patent the telephone, not just one person as the majority of people believe. In the 1870s, two relatively unheard of inventors of this time, Alexander Graham Bell and the less known Elisha Gary, both independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically. This would later be known as the telephone, of course. Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office within hours of each other, but Bell patented his telephone first. Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone, which as most people know, Bell won. Some of the first telephones The telephone was actually discovered by Bell accidentally in his attempts to improve the telegraph. The telegraph was a highly successful system with its dot-and-dash Morse code, but it was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, Bell offered his own harmonic approach as a possible practical solution. His "harmonic telegraph" was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch (http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone.htm). The definition of the telephone is, “An instrument which converts sound, specifically the human voice, to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice (http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/telephone.htm).” Cellular phones are one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more than 45 million cellular subscribers worldwide, and nearly 50 percent of those subscribers are located in the United States. It is predicted that cellular systems using a digital technology will become the universal method of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters predicted that there would be more than 100 million ce |
In the human brain, what is the area that is involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension? | Language Processing In The Human Brain | Brain World Language Processing In The Human Brain Posted on July 22, 2011 by Erin Harte ■ “My own brain is to me the most unaccountable of machinery—always buzzing, humming, soaring roaring diving, and then buried in mud. And why? What’s this passion for?” said Virginia Woolf, who was so talented at emulating consciousness and the duplicity of the human mind on the page. __Most writers forget that our brains have anything to do with the words we write, that writer’s block, passion and creativity are not solely the property of our suspicious unconscious. Arranging words in an artfully syntactical manner is but one aspect of language processing—the way human beings process speech or writing and understand it as language, which is made completely by and inside the brain. __So how do we humans process language? And how does that neural activity translate into the art of writing? The History of Language Processing Scientists have been studying the relationship of language and speech for nearly 150 years. In 1861, while Abraham Lincoln was penning his famous inauguration address, French neurologist Pierre Paul Broca was busy discovering the parts of the brain behind Lincoln’s speech—the parts that handle language processing, comprehension and speech production (along with controlling facial neurons). __What we now know as “Broca’s area” is located in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus. It’s where expressive language takes shape. Broca was the first person to associate the left hemisphere with language, which remains true for most of us today. (This can’t be said about every brain—it’s possible to have a language center on the right side, which is where the language loop lies in the brains of about 30% of left-handed people and approximately 10% of right-handers.) __Tucked in the back of Broca’s area is the Pars triangularis, which is implicated in the semantics of language. When you stop to think about something someone’s said—a line in a poem, a jargon-heavy sentence—this is the part of your brain doing the heavy work. Because Broca studied patients who had various speech deficiencies, he also gave his name to “Broca’s aphasia,” or expressive aphasia, where patients often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg due to lesions to the medial insular cortex. (Another of Broca’s patients was a scientist who, after surgery, was missing Broca’s area. Though the scientist suffered minor language impediments, such as the inability to form complex sentences, his speech eventually recovered—which implied some neuroplacticity in terms of where language processing can take place.) __Ten years after Broca’s discoveries, German neurologist Carl Wernicke found that damage to Broca’s area wasn’t the only place in the brain that could cause a language deficit. In the superior posterior temporal lobe, Wernicke’s area acts as the Broca’s area counterpart, handling receptive language, or language that we hear and process. __The arcuate fasciculus links Broca’s area to Wernicke’s area. If you damage this bundle of nerves you’ll find yourself having some trouble repeating what other people say. __Wernicke was also the first person to create a neurological model of language, mapping out various language processes in the brain—speech-to-comprehension, cognition-to-speech and writing-to-reading—a model that was updated in 1965 by Norman Geschwind. Much of modern neurology as it relates to language is modeled on the Wernicke-Geschwind model, although the model is somewhat outdated today—it gives a broad overview but contains some inaccuracies, including the idea that language processing happens in sequential order, rather than in various parts of the brain simultaneously, which is what know today. __In the 1960s, Geschwind discovered that the inferior parietal lobule has something important to do with language processing. Now, thanks to much improved imaging technology, we know there’s another route through which language travels between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area in the inferior pari |
What neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning is named after a Japanese city where it was first discovered? | Minamata disease dictionary definition | Minamata disease defined after Minamata, Japanese fishing village where first diagnosed Minamata disease noun A degenerative neurological disorder caused by poisoning with a mercury compound found in seafood obtained from waters contaminated with mercury-containing industrial waste. Origin of Minamata disease After Minamata, a town of western Kyushu, Japan. minamata-disease |
What is the term for the time that it takes an object to make one full orbit around the Sun, relative to the stars? | Orbital period Main Page | See live article | Alphabetical index Orbital period The orbital period is the time it takes a planet (or another object) to make one full orbit . There are two main kinds of orbital periods of objects orbiting the sun : The sidereal period is the time that it takes the object to make one full orbit around the sun, relative to the stars . This is considered to be an object's true orbital period. The synodic period is the time that it takes for the object to reappear at the same spot in the sky, relative to the sun , as observed from Earth . This is the time that elapses between two successive conjunctions with the sun and is the object's apparent orbital period. The synodic period differs from the sidereal period since Earth itself revolves around the sun. Relation between sidereal and synodic period Copernicus devised a mathematical formula to relate a planet's sidereal period with its synodic period. Using the abbreviations |
What term describes the use of the gravity of a planet to alter the path and speed of an interplanetary spacecraft? | Quarkology - 92D Launches 9.8 Quanta 9.2.D - Launches A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust from a rocket engine. In all rockets, the exhaust is formed entirely from propellants carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by action and reaction. Rocket engines push rockets forwards simply by throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast. Rockets for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th century China. Significant scientific, interplanetary and industrial use did not occur until the 20th century, when rocketry was the enabling technology of the Space Age, including setting foot on the moon. Rockets are used for fireworks, weaponry, ejection seats, launch vehicles for artificial satellites, human spaceflight and exploration of other planets. While comparatively inefficient for low speed use, they are very lightweight and powerful, capable of generating large accelerations and of attaining extremely high speeds with reasonable efficiency. In this unit you will learn about: The launch velocity needed to escape the gravitational field of a planet The changing forces and acceleration during a typical rocket launch Ways to increase a rockets velocity using the Earth's rotational and orbital motion Factors that must be considers to ensure the safety of astronauts re-entering the Earth's atmosphere How the motion of planets can be used to enhance the velocity of a deep space probe Escape Velocity Newtons Ideas on Escape Velocity Newton's ideas on escape velocity show that only object E will have enough kinetic energy to escape the Earth's gravitational field completely. Isaac Newton surmised that if you climb to the top of a mountain and fire a cannon, the cannon ball will travel a certain distance and then hit the ground (A). If you fired the cannon so that the cannon ball had a larger velocity it would travel even further (B). If you kept increasing the velocity of the cannon ball and there was no air resistance, a point would come when the cannon ball would be travelling part-way around the world. If the ball could be fired at just the right velocity, it would travel completely around the Earth and hit you in the back of the head (C). In this case it would fall at exactly the same rate as the Earth curves so its also undergoing projectile motion. If it was fired much faster than that, the canon ball would go into an elliptical orbit (D) or even faster it would travel off into space and never return (E). The smallest speed at which this can occur (E) is known as the escape velocity. Escape Velocity kilograms (kg) metres (m) Use this equation when determining the orbital velocity required for a stable orbit at a certain radius. Some other things to note about escape velocity: After being given the escape velocity initially, an object will come to rest and infinity where GPE is maximum (GPE=0). All of the initial kinetic energy is converted into gravitational potential energy. Escape velocity will always be greater than the orbital velocity as it will take an object out of a stable (closed) orbit to infinity. Weight and thrust forces add to give a net force that gives a rocket its acceleration. During the launch of the space shuttle two solid rocket boosters each provide a whopping 12.5 million newtons of thrust at lift-off. Shown in white in the diagram on the right, these rockets sit either side of the external fuel tank (red) which delivers the liquid oxygen and hydrogen fuel to the engines. The solid rocket boosters provide 83% of the total thrust needed for lif-off, the remaining 17% coming from the three engines mounted on the orbiter itself. These massive forces are needed for two things. Firstly, to overcome the force of gravity (weight) of the spacecraft needed to get it into orbit around the Earth and secondly to provide the acceleration needed to get the space shuttle to the speed required for a stable orbit. In the case of deep space probes or spacecraft destined for the moon, the force produced by the |
True versatility! Which actress achieved her biggest success in Samson and Delilah and co-invented the first form of spread spectrum, a key to modern wireless communication? | Astrology: Hedy Lamarr, date of birth: 1914/11/09, Horoscope, Astrological Portrait, Dominant Planets, Birth Data, Biography 1st Fire sign - 1st Cardinal sign (spring equinox) - Masculine In analogy with Mars, his ruler, and the 1st House Aries governs the head. His colour is red, his stone is the heliotrope, his day is Tuesday, and his professions are businessman, policeman, sportsman, surgeon... If your sign is Aries or your Ascendant is Aries: you are courageous, frank, enthusiastic, dynamic, fast, bold, expansive, warm, impulsive, adventurous, intrepid, warlike, competitive, but also naive, domineering, self-centred, impatient, rash, thoughtless, blundering, childish, quick-tempered, daring or primitive. Some traditional associations with Aries: Countries: England, France, Germany, Denmark. Cities: Marseille, Florence, Naples, Birmingham, Wroclaw, Leicester, Capua, Verona. Animals: Rams and sheeps. Food: Leeks, hops, onions, shallots, spices. Herbs and aromatics: mustard, capers, Cayenne pepper, chilli peppers. Flowers and plants: thistles, mint, bryonies, honeysuckles. Trees: hawthorns, thorny trees and bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: diamonds, iron, potassium phosphate. Signs: Taurus 1st Earth sign - 1st Fixed sign - Feminine In analogy with Venus, his ruler, and the 2nd House Taurus governs the neck and the throat. Her colour is green or brown, her stone is the emerald, her day is Friday, her professions are cook, artist, estate agent, banker, singer... If your sign is Taurus or your Ascendant is Taurus: you are faithful, constant, sturdy, patient, tough, persevering, strong, focused, sensual, stable, concrete, realistic, steady, loyal, robust, constructive, tenacious. You need security, but you are also stubborn, rigid, possessive, spiteful, materialistic, fixed or slow. Some traditional associations with Taurus: Countries: Switzerland, Greek islands, Ireland, Cyprus, Iran. Cities: Dublin, Palermo, Parma, Luzern, Mantua, Leipzig, Saint Louis, Ischia, Capri. Animals: bovines. Food: apples, pears, berries, corn and other cereals, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans. Herbs and aromatics: sorrels, spearmint, cloves. Flowers and plants: poppies, roses, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, daisies. Trees: apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses, ash trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: copper, calcium and potassium sulphate, emeralds. Signs: Gemini 1st Air sign - 1st Mutable sign - Masculine In analogy with Mercury, his ruler, and the 3rd House Gemini governs the arms, the lungs and the thorax. His colour is green or silver, his stone is the crystal, his day is Wednesday, his professions are journalist, lawyer, presenter, dancer, salesman, travel agent, teacher... If your sign is Gemini or if your Ascendant is Gemini: you are expressive, lively, adaptable, quick-witted, humorous, sparkling, playful, sociable, clever, curious, whimsical, independent, polyvalent, brainy, flexible, ingenious, imaginative, charming, fanciful but also capricious, scattered, moody, shallow, inquisitive, opportunistic, unconcerned, selfish, fragile, ironical or changeable. Some traditional associations with Gemini: Countries: Belgium, Wales, United-States, Lower Egypt, Sardinia, Armenia. Cities: London, Plymouth, Cardiff, Melbourne, San Francisco, Nuremberg, Bruges, Versailles. Animals: monkeys, butterflies, parrots, budgerigars. Food: dried fruits, chestnuts, ground-level vegetables: peas, broad beans, etc. Herbs and aromatics: aniseed, marjoram, lemon balm, cumin. Flowers and plants: lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtle, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets. Trees: nut trees such as chestnut trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: agates, mercury, silicas and potashes. Signs: Cancer 1st Water sign - 2nd Cardinal sign (summer solstice) - Feminine In analogy with the Moon, her ruler, and the 4th House Cancer governs the stomach and the breast. Her colour is white or black, her stone is the moonstone, her day is Monday, her professions are catering, the hotel trade, property, antique dealer, archaeologist... If your sign is Cancer or |
What appropriately named spacecraft launched in 1972 has become the first artificial object to leave the Solar System? | SPACE TODAY ONLINE - Space Today Online - The Millennium - A Space and Astronomy Timeline The Millennium: A Space and Astronomy Timeline The Second Millennium (1001 - 2000AD) 20th Century (1901 - 2000) 1951: Bernard Lovell founds the Jodrell Bank Experimental Station in England and directs the Jodrell Bank Observatory there until 1981. 1951: Color television is introduced in U.S. 1951: American physicists Edward Mills Purcell and Harold Ewan discover electromagnetic radiation from interstellar hydrogen at a radio wavelength of 21 cm. Purcell and Felix Bloch independently develop the analytical technique of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for which both receive the 1952 Nobel Prize for physics. 1954: Last observations at Greenwich Royal Observatory. 1957: British-born American astronomer Eleanor Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, American nuclear physicist William Alfred Fowler and English astronomer, cosmologist and astrophysicist Fred Hoyle show how stars create heavy elements. Margaret Burbidge, known for her work on the composition of the interior of stars, will direct the Greenwich Royal Observatory 1972-1973. Fowler will share a 1983 Nobel Prize for research on the evolution of stars. Hoyle proposes that eleven elements, including the heaviest, are produced from hydrogen. 1957: The Space Age dawns. 1957: The U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union) launches Sputnik 1 and 2, Earth's first artificial satellites. 1958: The U.S. Army's Jupiter-C rocket fires Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite, to orbit. 1958: Explorer 1 discovers Van Allen radiation belts -- two zones of high-intensity particulate radiation trapped in Earth's magnetic field and surrounding our planet, beginning at an altitude of about 500 miles and extending tens of thousands of miles into space, named for American physicist James Alfred Van Allen . 1958: The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is created. 1958: George Abell publishes his comprehensive catalog of galaxy clusters. 1959: The U.S.S.R. accomplishes numerous spaceflight firsts. 1959: The U.S.S.R. probe Luna 1 is the first human-made object to leave Earth's gravity. 1959: The U.S.S.R. probe Lunik 2 is the first human-made object to reach another world when it crashes into the rim of the crater Autolycus on the Moon. 1959: The U.S.S.R. probe Lunik 3 is the first spacecraft to go behind the Moon and snap photos of that previously-unknown region of the Moon. 1959: The integrated circuit is introduced. An integrated circuit (IC) is a tiny slice or chip of material on which is etched or imprinted a complex of electronic components and their interconnections. 1960: A laser is constructed by Theodore Maimon. 1960: Echo, the first communication satellite, is launched by the U.S. 1960: The U.S. launches TIROS-1, the first weather satellite in orbit. 1960: The USSR launches Cosmos-4, its first weather satellite and photo-reconnaissance spysat. 1962: NASA launches Telstar-1. Continents previously have been linked only by copper cables. TV film footage has been sent across oceans by airplane. Long-distance telephone calls have been special occasions. Telstar is the first active real-time communications satellite. 1962: The U.S. probe Mariner 2 completes the first successful flyby of another planet, Venus. 1963: Maarten Schmidt discovers quasars are extremely energetic objects at a great distance away across the Universe. 1965: Previously predicted cosmic background radiation, a fading echo of the original "Big Bang" that may have originated the Universe, is discovered by German-born American physicist Arno Allan Penzias and American physicist and radio astronomer Robert Woodrow Wilson using a radio antenna at Holmdel, New Jersey. Penzias and Wilson share a 1978 Nobel Prize for work on cosmic microwave radiation. 1965: The U.S.S.R. spacecraft Venera 3 is the first to reach another planet when it crashes into Venus. 1965: The U.S. probe Mariner 4 completes the first successful flyby of Mars. 1966: The Leonid meteor shower, displaying 100,000 hits per hour, is the greatest of the 20th century. 19 |
What did Edwin Land invent because of his daughters' wish for instant and 'snappy' results? | Articles About Tarlow Design | San Francisco Bay Area Marin Independent Journal Ken Tarlow demonstrates a new style of coat hanger to fourth graders on Tuesday, May 31, 2011. KEN TARLOW has invented products since he was a young boy, selling homemade toys to classmates as a 7-year-old and appearing in a Newsday article after he designed a walking, talking robot at 14. For the past 15 years, the 63-year-old Corte Madera resident — who runs product development company Tarlow Design — has brought his love of tinkering, creative thinking and gadgets to fourth-grade students at Neil Cummins Elementary School via his annual "Invention Convention." This year the entire fourth-grade class is participating for the first time, with approximately 150 students coming up with their own inventions to be unveiled next Tuesday afternoon. "When my daughter was in fourth grade, her teacher Michael Arrow found out what I did and he said, 'Let's do a convention thing with the kids,'" Tarlow said. "It started out just his class and slowly but surely the entire fourth grade. "It's a great age because they're around 10 so they're old enough to think about things," he said. "They have some motor skills so they can sort of put things together, but they're also young enough that they're wide open so they just go for it." Tarlow meets with students four times before the convention, teaching them about what kinds of products might make good inventions, how to find out if anyone else has come up with a similar idea, the basics of market research — and, finally, how to create a prototype or design drawing. On Tuesday morning Tarlow spent nearly three hours speaking with students about their prototypes and fielding questions about plastic, glue and general design principles. Tarlow showed children various inventions he'd designed for clients at his company, including a plastic face-protector that attaches to a baseball cap for outdoor work, a DVD player with a sun visor that hooks onto a stroller and a plastic strip that can determine whether a coin's made of real gold. "That's cool!" 10-year-old Parke Moorhead exclaimed as Tarlow demonstrated how a plastic ring with a remote control device inside could mute a television set. Avery Briggs, 9, had already built his invention, "The Magnetic Road System," an elaborate model of an intersection with miniature trees, buildings and cars. The vehicles had magnets on both ends, so they would repel each other and avoid crashing. Avery had attached magnets with the opposite charge to police cars so they could tow other vehicles. "I looked on the news and there was a car crash, and I said, 'What if I find a way to stop the car crash?'" Avery said. "I used the magnets and attached them to cars so they repel." Other inventions included a grill that children can bring to school in their lunch boxes to heat up pizza and other hot treats, a garden tool that combines a rake and weed hacker and a spatula that flips burgers on its own and even has a drink holder built in. Madeleine Remy, 10, said she was working on a sleeping mask with lavender inside and attached ear muffs that play restful sounds. "Most people have trouble sleeping, and this is to help them sleep," she said. Meanwhile, 10-year-old Sydney Segal said her grandmother wants to use the page turner she's designing because of her arthritis. "My brother said he would use it if he's eating," she added. Past students have designed a fork with a special tube that, when tilted upward, funneled unwanted food to the family dog under the table, as well as a partition that kept one boy's brother from pestering him in the back of the car, Tarlow said. The project "gives them a chance to be creative, to build something that's useful, and it means something to them," said Arrow, the fourth-grade teacher who has been working with Tarlow for 15 years. "Kids who may not be so good at academics ... this gives them a great opportunity to succeed in something cool and come up with some awesome ideas." Author of "Invention Mysteries" Syndicated newspaper co |
What type of diet is ophiophagy, notably practiced by the king cobra? | All About the King Cobra The Charming King Cobra written by: Matt Schelke•edited by: Niki Fears•updated: 12/14/2008 The king cobra is one of the most famous snakes in the world. Discover some interesting facts about its biology and life, and learn about its use in the mystical practice of snake charming. slide 1 of 8 Marriages in the village of Vadinagar in India used to have interesting dowries. Fairly often, the husbands would receive no gold, jewels, or similar presents. They would receive snakes- obsidian-black king cobras that formed the foundations of the family’s livelihood. You see, Vadinagar was a town of snake charmers. Snake charming has its roots in Ancient Egypt, where charmers were thought to have magical healing skills. Modern charmers are nomads who wander from town to town, trying to find markets and festivals where they can perform. While the practice is certainly interesting, the snakes themselves are equally, if not more, fascinating. In this Species Spotlight, we’ll discover why the king cobra has intrigued humans for thousands of years. slide 2 of 8 Biology The king cobra is one of the world’s longest snakes, growing to over eighteen feet in length. Its scales are usually green or light brown, and it has yellow bands along its whole body. The cobra’s head is famous for its distinctive flaring, giving it the “king" moniker. The head itself is small, but like other snakes, can expand to swallow large prey. The cobra’s venom, which can kill a human in a matter of minutes, is injected into they prey through the snake’s teeth. slide 3 of 8 Habitat and Diet The cobra has a large range, including much of South and Southeast Asia. It prefers densely forested areas with many bodies of water. The cobra eats other snakes, a practice known as ophiophagy; however, if there are few available snakes, it will consume small rodents and amphibians. slide 4 of 8 Reproduction King cobras are highly competitive maters. Males will fight over a female using a technique called “head wrestling", where two males entwine each other. The successful male then woos the female by rubbing against her body. Humans, clearly, aren’t the only racy creatures on the planet. After mating, the female lays up to fifty eggs in a nest made from organic (sticks, leaves, soil, etc.) materials. Juveniles are about 19 inches long and have black scales with bright yellow bands. The parent cobras are extremely protective of their young. slide 5 of 8 Navigation and Hunting The cobra’s forked tongue is its main sensory organ. The prey emits sense particles, which then float through the air until they contact the snakes’ tongue. The fork allows directional navigation, like our ears allow us to locate a sound around us. The cobras also have terrific eyesight and can sense vibrations in the earth, but these senses are secondary to the tongue. Cobras hunt throughout the day. slide 6 of 8 Interaction With Humans Snake catching for display or charming has been forbidden in India through the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, but charmers can still be seen on the streets of many major cities. In addition, the king cobra is worshipped in India because it is seen as the earthly representation of the snake god. Deaths from king cobras aoccur far less frequently than deaths from other cobras. So while the king cobra is a central object of Asian culture and myth, the creature itself is a unique and beautiful species. Many people are terrified of seeing a cobra, as they have gotten a vicious reputation. But, as with most animals, the key is not to anger it. If you appreciate the king cobra. the cobra will appreciate you. slide 7 of 8 |
Endemic to New Zealand and currently listed as critically endangered, the kakapo is world's only flightless species of which common bird? | Flightless Birds of New Zealand : Birds.com: Online Birds Guide with Facts, Articles, Videos, and Photos Browse > Home / Features / Flightless Birds of New Zealand Flightless Birds of New Zealand April 9, 2013 by Editor Leave a Comment There are around forty species of flightless birds in the world today, with New Zealand being home to the greatest number of these species. Among New Zealand’s flightless birds are the kiwi , takahe, kakapo and several species of penguins. It is thought that these New Zealand birds never developed the ability to fly because they had no land-based predators to escape from – until the arrival of human beings. Isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years, these flightless birds adapted to their environment in a way that would most benefit them. Endemic to New Zealand, the kakapo (Strigops habroptila) is a flightless parrot with nocturnal habits. Its speckled yellow-green plumage acts as a camouflage for the ground-dwelling herbivorous kakapo. It is the world’s only flightless parrot, as well as being the heaviest parrot in the world, and very possibly the longest-living bird with an average life expectancy of 95 years. It is also the only parrot to have a lek courtship and breeding system, where males gather in an arena and compete with one another to attract available females. The female chooses her mate, presumably based on his performance, they mate and go their separate ways, with the female raising the young. Up to three eggs are laid on the ground or in cavities of tree trunks, with the female incubating them. As she has to leave the eggs at night to search for food , they are subject to plundering by predators, and embryos may die of cold. Chicks that make it through to see the light of day are also vulnerable and remain in the nest until 10 to 12 weeks of age. They stay with their mother for the first six months of their lives. The kakapo is listed as ‘critically endangered’ by the IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature. Once thought to be extinct, and rediscovered in 1948, the takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri) is another of New Zealand ‘s flightless birds. Primarily deep purple-blue in color, the adult bird has a red frontal shield and reddish-pink bill, with pink legs. These monogamous birds are very territorial, laying their eggs in nests under bushes. Conservationists have relocated small groups of the birds to some offshore islands – Kapiti, Maud, Mana and Tiritiri Matangi – considered to be predator-free, where birding enthusiasts can view them in the wild. Thanks to intervention by conservationists , this unusual bird has made a comeback from near extinction to being listed as ‘endangered’ on the IUCN red list. Tags: |
Think outside Scandinavia. What is the only country that won a gold medal at every Winter Olympics? | Jeopardy: Insatiable Edition Jeopardy Template 100 What is the USA (Complementing Great Britain that won a gold at every Summer Games.) Think outside Scandinavia. What is the only country that won a gold medal at every Winter Olympics? 100 What is 'Gone with the Wind'? Scarlett O'Hara Hamilton Kennedy Butler was the main character of this best-selling novel with this moving title. 100 Therapeutic Foot Cream helps heal dry, rough and cracked feet and heels. 100 Who is Robert Harold Ogle? He proposed the fraternity colors. 100 What is the Southern Ocean? The Southern Ocean is the 'newest' named ocean. It is recognized by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names as the body of water extending from the coast of Antarctica to the line of latitude at 60 degrees South. The boundaries of this ocean were proposed to the International Hydrographic Organization in 2000. Historically, there are four named oceans: the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic. However, most countries - including the United States - now recognize this body of water as the fifth ocean. 200 What is US Basketball team at the Olympics, the original Dream Team? This statement was made by Chuck Daly. The 1992 team consisting of Larry Bird, Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson is often regarded as the greatest collection of talent on one team in basketball history. "If we lose, it will be the biggest upset in the history of sports." This was the modest statement of a coach in 1992, an Olympic year. Who is 'we'? 200 What is Achilles tendon! Pitt of course played the role of the warrior Achilles in the movie. During the production of the 2004 movie Troy, Brad Pitt suffered an injury of what body part? 200 A smartphone made by the Canadian company Research In Motion. 200 Who is Vertner W. Tandy? He designed the fraternity pin with this initials hidden inside. 200 What is Red Cross? The Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering and is also known by this name. 300 What is the national sport of Japan? 300 What is 'Stomp the Yard'? Will Packer is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc and the producer of this movice 300 This is the third largest United States-based producer of socks, known for its colorful name. 300 Who is Moses Alvin Morrison? He didn't split the Red Sea, nor was he a chipmunk but he did serve as the first General President. 300 Who is Lance Armstrong? In 2012 Travis Tygart was chiefly instrumental in leading the expose of this, now fallen, athlete. 400 What is Fencing? In which Olympic sport do participants wear an electrically conductive jacket called a lamé to define the scoring areas? 400 What is a horse head? In “The Godfather,” what does Jack Wolz find in his bed when he wakes up? 400 What is Black & Decker An American manufacturer of power tools and accessories, hardware and home improvement products, and technology based fastening systems. 400 What is Louisville, KY? "L1C4" may serve as an unofficial motto of The Alpha Lambda chapter located in this U.S. city. 400 What is Holocaust Museum? In 2014, CNN reported that FBI and other law enforcement agencies send their trainees to what Washington, D.C. museum so they can see for themselves how not protecting civil liberties can lead to bigger horrors? 500 What is 'The Lord of the Rings' In 1992 British journalists Andrew Jennings and Vyv Simson wrote a controversial book about the International Olympic Committee chairman Juan Samaranch. Taking a cue from fantasy literature, what did they call it? 500 What is Biltmore Estate near Asheville, North Carolina? This location was chosen by Ridley Scott to signify the huge personal wealth of the character Mason Verger. It built by George Washington Vanderbilt II between 1888 and 1895 and occupies 175,000 square feet. Still owned by Vanderbilt's descendants, it stands today as one of the most prominent remaining examples of the Gild |
"Who along with Mel Hausner, Lloyd S. Shapley and Martin Shubik invented a board game called ""So Long Sucker"" in 1950 which involves game theory strategies?" | Lloyd Shapley Lloyd Shapley For United States navy captain, see Lloyd Stowell Shapley . Lloyd Shapley John von Neumann Theory Prize (1981) Lloyd Stowell Shapley (June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and Nobel Prize -winning economist . He contributed to the fields of mathematical economics and especially game theory . [1] [2] Since the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1940s, Shapley has been regarded by many experts as the very personification of game theory. [3] With Alvin E. Roth , Shapley won the 2012 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design ." Contents 8 External links Life and career[ edit ] Lloyd Shapley was born on June 2, 1923, in Cambridge, Massachusetts , one of the sons of Martha (Betz) and the distinguished astronomer Harlow Shapley , both from Missouri. [4] He attended Phillips Exeter Academy and was a student at Harvard when he was drafted in 1943. He served in the United States Army Air Corps in Chengdu, China and received the Bronze Star decoration for breaking the Soviet weather code. [5] After the war, Shapley returned to Harvard and graduated with an A.B. in mathematics in 1948. After working for one year at the RAND Corporation , he went to Princeton University where he received a Ph.D. in 1953. [6] His thesis and post-doctoral work introduced the Shapley value and the core solution in game theory . Shapley defined game theory as "a mathematical study of conflict and cooperation." After graduating, he remained at Princeton for a short time before going back to the RAND corporation from 1954 to 1981. In 1950, while a graduate student, Shapley invented the board game So Long Sucker , along with Mel Hausner , John Forbes Nash , and Martin Shubik . [7] Israeli economist Robert Aumann said Shapley was "the greatest game theorist of all time." [8] Lloyd Shapley in Stockholm 2012 From 1981 until his death, Shapley was a professor at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), serving at the time of his death as a professor emeritus there, affiliated with departments of Mathematics and Economics. He died on March 12, 2016, in Tucson, Arizona , after suffering from a broken hip , at the age of 92. [1] Shapley was an expert Kriegspiel player, and an avid baseball fan. [8] Contribution[ edit ] Along with the Shapley value , stochastic games , the Bondareva–Shapley theorem (which implies that convex games have non-empty cores), the Shapley–Shubik power index (for weighted or block voting power), the Gale–Shapley algorithm (for the stable marriage problem ), the concept of a potential game (with Dov Monderer ), the Aumann–Shapley pricing, the Harsanyi –Shapley solution, the Snow–Shapley theorem for matrix games, and the Shapley–Folkman lemma & theorem bear his name. [9] According to The Economist , Shapley "may have thought of himself as a mathematician, but he cannot avoid being remembered for his huge contributions to economics". [10] The American Economic Association noted that Shapley was "one of the giants of game theory and economic theory". [9] Besides, his early work with R. N. Snow and Samuel Karlin on matrix games was so complete that little has been added since. He has been instrumental in the development of utility theory , and it was he who laid much of the groundwork for the solution of the problem of the existence of Von Neumann–Morgenstern stable sets . His work with M. Maschler and B. Peleg on the kernel and the nucleolus, and his work with Robert Aumann on non-atomic games and on long-term competition have all appeared in economic theory. [11] Shapley argued with his sons about whether he should accept the Nobel Prize at all. He opined that his father, the astronomer Harlow Shapley , deserved it more. His sons persuaded him to accept it and accompanied him to Stockholm . [12] Awards and honors[ edit ] Selected publications[ edit ] A Value for n-person Games [1953], In Contributions to the Theory of Games volume II, H. W. Kuhn and A. W. Tucker (eds.). Stochastic Games [1953], Proceedings of Nat |
Which land-locked European country whose teams have excelled in water polo and fencing holds the record for having won the most medals of any nation to never host the Olympics? | The Olympics: background and London update – Parliament of Australia Summer and Winter Games venues Executive Summary This paper provides brief background information for Australian Parliamentarians on the origins of the Olympics and a snapshot of the development of the Games since the first modern Olympics were held in 1896. Particular reference is made to the Melbourne Olympics in 1956 and the Sydney Olympics in 2000. The achievements of Australian Olympians are also a special focus of the paper. The paper also provides an insight into some of the many social and political dimensions of the Olympics. Introduction The Olympic Games, it is said, represent ‘ideals of humanity's highest callings—a universal quest for peace, moral integrity, and an exalted mix of mind, body, and spirit that transcends culture’. [1] Since the first modern Games were held in 1896 however, the Olympics have regularly been the subject of controversy and scandal. They have also been used as a tool to promote political agendas, racism and nationalism and, in recent times, they have been criticised for excessive commercialisation and ongoing drug controversies have tarnished their reputation. Some Games issues, like those concerning the amateur status of athletes, are less relevant today as the result of changes to the rules of competition. Others, such as accusations relating to the bribery of officials, remain contentious. Blatant nationalist attempts to hijack the Games, which include the Nazi propaganda Games of 1936, have been relegated to the past. But the Games continue as a tool to promote nationalism, albeit of a less virulent type. Since the 1984 Olympics held in Los Angeles, the opening ceremonies of the Games have increasingly become massive publicity campaigns for each host city’s accomplishments and the cultural significance of host countries. While the intensity of Cold War politics no longer influences the Games, other political issues, like human rights, endure. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has consistently argued that politics plays no part in Olympic competition and it has banned athletes for so called political protest. Yet despite the IOC’s attempt to disregard politics, it has not been able to operate in a political vacuum. Its responses to incidents which have reflected world circumstances have clearly involved a political dimension or stance, for example, its decision to continue the Games following the massacre of athletes in Munich in 1972. Indeed, it can be argued that the vision expounded by Baron de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Games, that the Olympics should be a catalyst for cooperation between nations, has ensured that politics is inseparable from the Games and that IOC attempts to distance the Games from politics or to reconfigure political incidents in other terms are in themselves political statements. At the same time, the IOC has championed an ancient tradition of an Olympic truce under which the cessation of all hostilities and warfare occurs during the period of the Games. Some have suggested that conducting the Olympics on a neutral site may go further towards this aim than the current practice of choosing host cities, as this move may produce more friendly competition and better cooperation between the nations of the world. [2] But adopting such as alternative could mean that that we lose something of the essence of the Olympics. As one commentator muses: Every four years, as the Olympics approach, or more tragically, disappoint our ideals, they provide us with a dramatic indication of who we are. Perhaps that is the best argument for their continuation. [3] It is not possible in this brief snapshot of the Olympics to discuss all the highlights (and lowlights) of the Olympics of the modern era. Nor is it possible to discuss all the issues that now preoccupy Olympic officials, or general or particular criticisms of the Games. The paper seeks instead to provide some insight for Australian Parliamentarians into the many dimensions of the Olympics. This in turn may i |
When legendary Finnish athlete Paavo Nurmi was asked about the reason for his success at the 1924 Olympics despite high-heat conditions, he mentioned what tradition of his country as part of his training? | Engaging Musings Engaging Musings Today in History for 24th September 2015 Historical Events Events 1 - 100 of 206 312 - Start of Imperial Indication 366 - Liberius ends his reign as Catholic Pope 673 - Synod of Hertford opens; canons made for English Church 787 - 2nd Council of Nicaea (7th ecumenical council) opens in Asia Minor 1180 - Manuel I Komnenos, last Emperor of the Komnenian restoration dies. The Byzantine Empire slips into terminal decline. 1493 - Columbus' 2nd expedition to New World 1537 - Uprising in Lubeck fails 1625 - Dutch attack San Juan, Puerto Rico 1629 - Jacques Specx appointed governor-general of Dutch-Indies 1657 - First autopsy & coroner's jury verdict is recorded in Maryland 1664 - Dutch Fort Orange (New Netherland) in present day Albany NY surrenders to the English 1683 - King Louis XIV expels all Jews from French possessions in America 1688 - France declares war on Germany 1706 - Treaty of Altranstdt: Charles XII of Sweden & August II of Saksen 1742 - Faneuil Hall, Boston, opens to public 1776 - First St Leger horesrace held at Doncaster The Sun King of France Louis XIV1786 - American American slave Jupiter Hammon makes his "Address to the Negroes of the State of New York" speech advocating emancipation at meeting of African Society in NY 1789 - US Congress establishes Post Office Department following the new constitution 1789 - US Federal Judiciary Act is passed & creates a six-person Supreme Court 1789 - President George Washington nominates John Jay the 1st Chief Justice 1789 - US Attorney General Office is created 1829 - Russia & Ottoman Empire sign Peace Treaty of Adrianople 1838 - Anti-Corn-Law League forms to repeal English Corn Law 1841 - British adventurer James Brooke obtains lands around the Sarawak river from the Sultan of Brunei 1850 - Papal Bull issued, establishes Roman Catholic hierarchy in England 1852 - Henri Giffard, a French engineer, makes 1st engine powered dirigible/airship flight with steam power 1st White Rajah of Sarawak James Brooke1853 - 1st round-the-world trip by yacht (Cornelius Vanderbilt) 1853 - France annexes New Caledonia 1853 - Northern Daily Times, 1st provincial daily newspaper, starts in London 1862 - Confederate Congress adopts confederacy seal 1865 - James Cooke walks tightrope from Cliff House to Seal Rocks, SF 1869 - Black Friday; Wall St panic after Gould & Fisk attempt to corner gold 1872 - Franz Grillparzer's "Ein Bruderzwist in Habsburg" premieres in Vienna 1877 - Battle of Shiroyama, decisive victory of the Imperial Japanese Army over the Satsuma Rebellion 1881 - Henry Morton Stanley signs contract with Congo monarch 1883 - National black convention meets in Louisville, Kentucky 1884 - Dixey, Rice & Gill's musical "Adonis" premieres in NYC 1885 - Five German warships depart to Zanzibar 1889 - Alexander Dey patents dial time recorder 1890 - President of Mormon Church in Salt Lake City issues a manifesto advising members that teaching & practice of polygamy should be abandoned 1895 - 1st round-the-world trip by a woman on a bicycle (took 15 months) 1902 - Start of Sherlock Holmes "Adventure of Red Circle" (BG) 1903 - Alfred Deakin succeeds Edmund Barton as Australia premier 1903 - Bill Bradley becomes 1st Cleveland baseball player (Cleveland Naps) to hit for cycle 1906 - St Louis Card Stony McGlynn no-hits Dodgers, 1-1 in 7 inning game 1906 - V Herbert & H Blossom's musical "Red Mill" premieres in NYC 1906 - Prince George of Greece, convinced that he can no longer serve the cause of Crete, resigns as High Commissioner 1908 - Robert B Rhoads becomes 1st Cleveland pitcher (Cleveland Naps) to toss a no-hit game, Cleveland 2, Boston 1 1916 - Indians' Marty Kavanaugh, hits AL's 1st pinch-hit grand slam Baseball Legend Babe Ruth1919 - Babe Ruth sets season homer mark at 28 off of Yankee Bob Shawkey 1922 - Nuremberg fusion congress USDP-SPD; picks Karl Kautsky 1922 - Roger Hornsby sets NL HR mark at 42 1923 - Premiere of 1st celluloid film "Das Leben auf dem Dorfe" (Berlin) 1924 - Boston, Massachusetts, opens its airport 1926 - Cardinals clinch NL pennant |
"In the 2014 Soccer World Cup, which country's players celebrated a victory by dancing to ""Hips Don't Lie""?" | Hips Don't Lie: Colombia Has the Best World Cup Celebration Hips Don't Lie: Colombia Has the Best World Cup Celebration 11.1k Share What's This? Colombia's World Cup team celebrates after their victory against Cote D'Ivoire at Estadio Nacional on June 19, 2014 in Brasilia, Brazil. Image: Adam Pretty 2014-06-19 19:41:00 UTC Colombia danced its way to a World Cup win on Thursday against the Ivory Coast. After Colombian midfielder James Rodriguez scored a beautiful header to put the team up 1-0, the South American squad assembled to celebrate. The World Cup announcers basically sum it up: "Move over, Shakira. There's a new Colombian No. 1." Was it spontaneous? Was it rehearsed? Just ask their hips — they won't lie. Sure, they've mastered one step. But can those boys do this? 1. David Blaine and Clint Dempsey Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, Charles Eshelman, Tom Szczerbowski 2. Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Niko Kovac Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, DIMITAR DILKOFF, Jeff Vespa 3. Common and Tim Howard Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, Andrew H. Walker, EMMANUEL DUNAND 4. Dustin Hoffman and Lionel Messi Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, David Ramos 5. Kevin Bacon and Aron Johannsson Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, Barry King, Kevin C. Cox 6. Jason Momoa and Graham Zusi Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, Alberto E. Rodriguez, DON EMMERT 7. Steve Buscemi and Mesut Ozil Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, Bob Berg, Denis Doyle 8. Shia Lebeouf and Karim Benzema Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, JB Lacroix, FRANCK FIFE 9. Chuck Norris and Andrea Pirlo Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, CBS Photo Archive, Valerio Pennicino 10. Mark Consuelos and Sergio Aguero Image: Mashable Composite, Getty, Debra L Rothenberg, Jamie McDonald 13. Bruno Mars and Giovani Dos Santos Image: Mashable Composite Getty Images, Larry Busacca, Globo 12. Jamie Dornan and Thomas Mueller Image: Mashable Composite Getty, Jon Furniss, Lennart Preiss 11. Guy at a Phish Concert and Kyle Beckerman 14. Liam Hemsworth and Gerard Pique Image: Mashable composite Toby Canham/Getty Images, David Ramos/Getty Images 15. Shrek and Wayne Rooney (H/T Internet) |
Bonspiel is a tournament of what Olympic sport that many people may not even consider a sport, at first glance? | Spencer's Curling Season'14-15 by Spencer Stevens - GoFundMe Spencer Stevens SILVER SPRING, MD Hi everyone, Many of you know that I am very involved in the sport of curling and have aspirations of following the Olympic dream. Fewer of you know that I’m currently disadvantaged on a financial level. I would like to humbly ask for your assistance in subsidizing my costs this year. Any funds I receive will ONLY be used towards my annual dues, tournament entry fees, equipment costs, and other costs directly associated with the sport. This season’s annual dues are $490 and tournament entry fees can be upwards of $65 for an individual. Upon reaching my goal of $500, I will open a dedicated blog to chronicling my curling adventures. Pictures, videos, and game scores will be posted regularly. I include rewards levels, but even giving a few dollars is greatly appreciated just the same. If you are unable to give at this time, please like and share to help spread the word! Thank you all for your support and Good Curling! My bio: I began curling in 2010 at the Potomac Curling Club in Laurel, Maryland after watching the Vancouver Olympics on television. My interest in curling started after finding an offshoot minigame in the Digimon World game for Playstation. I typically throw Second stones and will likely move on to Vice this year. So far, my accolades include being on the winning team for the PCC’s Saturday Afternoon League season 2011-2012 1st Half, 2nd Half, and overall season. This season will mark my fourth season of curling. My dream of competing in the Olympics goes beyond the glory and prestige. I aim to qualify specifically for the 2018 Winter Olympics, hosted in Pyeongchang, South Korea, so I may find my birth family and help support many other adoptees in their search by raising awareness and opening dialogue in South Korea about international adoptees’ return to the homeland. Toby Dawson (US Olympic mogul skier and Korean adoptee) and Jessica Long (US Paralympic swimmer and Russian adoptee) are two of my personal adopted heroes that have inspired me to achieve my dream. Potomac Curling Club website - http://www.curldc.org/ |
Sprint events at the Olympics are usually dominated by countries from the western hemisphere. As of 2012, Susanthika Jayasinghe is the first and only Asian to win an Olympic medal in any of 100 m, 200 m or 400 m sprint events. What country did she represent? | Sri Lanka - Unionpedia, the concept map Yes, please No, thanks Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (or; Sinhalese Śrī Laṃkāva, Tamil Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and known from the beginning of British colonial rule until 1972 as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia near south-east India. [1] Acacia Acacia, known commonly as acacia, thorntree, whistling thorn, or wattle, is a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1773 based on the African species Acacia nilotica. Adam's Bridge Adam's Bridge (Tamil: ஆதாம் பாலம்), also known as Rama's Bridge or Rama Setu (Tamil: இராமர் பாலம், Sanskrit: रामसेतु), is a chain of limestone shoals, between Pamban Island, also known as Rameswaram Island, off the southeastern coast of Tamil Nadu, India, and Mannar Island, off the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka. Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the conflict in 2009. Bandung Conference The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference—also known as the Bandung Conference (Indonesian: Konferensi Asia-Afrika) —was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on April 18–24, 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia. Batatotalena Cave The Batatotalena Cave also known as the Diva Guhava in Buddhist literature,(Do not mistake it as the Batadombalena. Batandomba lena is a pre historic cave/settlement), is a cave system in Sudagala, away from the town of Kuruwita, in the Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka. Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte Bhuvanekabahu VI (Sapumal Kumaraya) (Sinhala:සපුමල් කුමාරයා) or Chempaha Perumal Gnanaprakasar, S A critical history of Jaffna, p.103 (died 1480) was by self admission an adopted son of Parakramabâhu VI whose principal achievement was the conquest of Jaffna Kingdom in the year 1447 or 1450. Bodhi Tree The Bodhi Tree, also known as Bo (from Sinhalese: Bo) and "peepal tree" in Nepal and Bhutan, was a large and very old sacred fig tree (Ficus religiosa) located in Bodh Gaya, India, under which Siddhartha Gautama, the spiritual teacher later known as Gautama Buddha, is said to have attained enlightenment, or Bodhi. Caesarion Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar (Πτολεμαῖος ΙΕʹ Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ Καῖσαρ, Ptolemaios IEʹ Philopatōr Philomētōr Kaisar; Ptolemaeus XV Philopator Philomētor Caesar; June 23, 47 BC – August 23, 30 BC), better known by the nicknames Caesarion (Καισαρίων, Kaisariōn, literally "little Caesar"; Caesariō) and Ptolemy Caesar (Πτολεμαῖος Καῖσαρ, Ptolemaios Kaisar; Ptolemaeus Caesar), was the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, who reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 44 BC. Che Guevara Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14,The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted by Jon Lee Anderson), asserts that he was actually born on May 14 of that year. Constenla alleges that she was told by Che's mother, Celia de la Serna, that she was already pregnant when she and Ernesto Guevara Lynch were married and that the date on the birth certificate of their son was forged to make it appear that he was born a month later than the actual date to avoid scandal. (Anderson 1997, pp. 3, 769.) 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as el Che or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. Chola rule in Sri Lanka The period of Chola rule in the island of Sri Lanka began in 993 when Raja Raja Chola sent a large Chola army which conquered the Anuradhapura Kingdom, in the north, and added it to the sovereignty of the Chola Empire. Civil law (legal system) Civil law, civilian law or Roman law is a legal system originati |
Achieving a score of 147 is equivalent to perfection in what sport? | 147 Is Not Snooker's Maximum Break - Pundit Arena Email Shares 257 Akin to Darts’ 9-dart finish, Cricket’s six sixes, or Bowling’s 300, Snooker’s maximum 147 break is renowned and revered worldwide. Those with only the slightest interest in the sport will tune in to see a replay of a player potting 15 reds paired with 15 blacks, before cleaning up the remaining colours. A player by the name of Murt O’Donoghue recorded the first ever maximum back in 1934. When Steve Davis achieved the first televised 147 in 1982, it was an unforgettable occasion. Several records have fallen since. In 1997, Ronnie O’Sullivan made his 36 perfect pots in just 5 minutes and 20 seconds. The history books have been rewritten multiple times over the last hundred odd years. But some snooker fans may be surprised to learn that this is not technically perfection, and a break greater than 147 is perfectly possible. After a foul, if the cue-ball is snookered, the referee shall state a free ball. The player may then treat a coloured ball as if it were a red. Therefore, this can artificially create a 16th red on the table. Although improbable, if a free ball is to be called before the first red is potted in a frame, then it is possible to achieve a break of up to 155. In a club match in 1976, Wally West is reported to have scored a 151 break in West London. 17 years later, a certain Stephen Hendry made a 148 in practice. However, Malta’s Tony Drago, in practice, scored a 149, comprising of a free ball plus brown, followed by 15 reds, 13 blacks, a pink, and a blue, plus the remaining colours. His feat was credited by the Guinness World Book of Records. ‘The Tornado’ went down officially as the highest break ever at the time, which was 1995. The coveted 155 was not achieved until the summer of 2005, when Jamie Cope accomplished the endeavour. 16 reds, 16 blacks, and the colours. This was made in a witnessed practice frame. Although never witnessed in competition, a break of 155 is true snooker perfection. It should not, and does not, take anything away from the 147 break, but we can always dare to dream of experiencing a free ball perfect frame on our screens. The word ‘maximum’ is defined as “the greatest amount, extent, or intensity possible, permitted, or recorded.” Therefore a 147, however majestic and skillful as it may be, is not actually the maximum break in snooker. Brian Barry, Pundit Arena |
What is the only sports team in the Big Four leagues of the US from the most religiously homogeneous state? You get one, you get the other! | 8018608781 USA Telephone S Salt Lake, UT 801-860-8781 1.4% Scotch Irish 1.3% Swiss Most Utahns are of Northern European descent. Interestingly, a full third of Utah's workforce is bilingual. In 2011, 28.6% of Utah's population younger than the age of one were minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. Religion A majority of the state's residents are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). As of 2012, 62.2% of Utahns are counted as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, although only 41.6% of them are active members. Mormons now make up about 34%–41% of Salt Lake City, while rural and suburban areas tend to be prominently Mormon. The religious body with the largest number of congregations is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (with 4,815 congregations). Though the LDS Church officially maintains a policy of neutrality in regards to political parties, the church's doctrine has a strong regional influence on politics. Another doctrine effect can be seen in Utah's high birth rate (25 percent higher than the national average; the highest for a state in the U.S.). The Mormons in Utah tend to have conservative views when it comes to most political issues and the majority of voter-age Utahns are unaffiliated voters (60%) who vote overwhelmingly Republican. Mitt Romney received 72.8% of the Utahn votes in 2012, while John McCain polled 62.5% in the United States presidential election, 2008 and 70.9% for George W. Bush in 2004. In 2010 the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) reported that the three largest denominational groups in Utah are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 1,910,504 adherents; the Catholic Church with 160,125 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 12,593 adherents. There is a growing Jewish presence in the state including Chabad and Rohr Jewish Learning Institute. According to a report produced by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life the self-identified religious affiliations of Utahns over the age of 18 as of 2008 are: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 58% (labeled as Mormon on survey) Unaffiliated 16% Other World Religions <0.5% Margin of error +/− 6% According to results from the 2010 United States Census, Mormons (members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) represented 62.1% of Utah's total population. The Utah county with the lowest percentage of Mormons was Grand County, at 26.5%, while the county with the highest percentage was Morgan County, at 86.1%. In addition, the result for the most populated county, Salt Lake County, was 51.4%. According to a Gallup poll, Utah had the 2nd-highest number of people reporting as "Very Religious" in 2011, at 57% (trailing only Mississippi). However, it also had a higher rate of people reporting as "Nonreligious" (28%) than any of the other "most religious" states, and the smallest percentage of people reporting as "Moderately Religious" (15%) of any state. Age and gender Utah has the highest total birth rate and accordingly, the youngest population of any U.S. state. In 2010, the state's population was 50.2% male and 49.8% female. Economy According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the gross state product of Utah in 2012 was $130.5 billion, or 0.87% of the total United States GDP of $14.991 trillion for the same year. The per capita personal income was $45,700 in 2012. Major industries of Utah include: mining, cattle ranching, salt production, and government services. According to the 2007 State New Economy Index, Utah is ranked the top state in the nation for Economic Dynamism, determined by "the degree to which state economies are knowledge-based, globalized, entrepreneurial, information technology-driven and innovation-based". In 2014, Utah was ranked number one in Forbes' list of "Best States For Business". A November 2010 article in Newsweek highlighted Utah and particularly the Salt Lake City area's economic outlook, calling it "the new economic Zion", and examined how the area has |
If the Eastbourne International serves as a warm-up event for women for Wimbledon, what is the equivalent tournament for the men? | Simona Halep injured in Wimbledon warmup at Hertogenbosch Open | The National Simona Halep serves during her first round match at the Hertogenbosch Open on Tuesday. She had to retire with a shoulder injury during her second round match on Wednesday. Koen Syuk / EPA / June 17, 2014 Simona Halep injured in Wimbledon warmup at Hertogenbosch Open Agence France-presse Updated: June 19, 2014 03:48 AM Related Wimbledon Simona Halep’s preparations for Wimbledon were cut short at the WTA/ATP‘s-Hertogenbosch Open on Wednesday as she retired from her second-round match against Germany’s Annika Beck with a shoulder injury. Top seed Halep, who reached the final of the French Open where she was narrowly defeated by Maria Sharapova, won the first set 7-5, but the defending champion brought a premature end to the contest as she pulled out trailing 2-3 in the second set. The Romanian received treatment on her right shoulder before retiring and will be hoping for a swift recovery ahead of next week’s Grand Slam at the All England Club where she is the third seed. Fourth seed Carla Suarez Navarro was another injury casualty as the Spaniard was forced to retire with a back problem having lost the first set to China’s Zheng Jie, 7-5. The seeds continued to fall on Wednesday as Belgium’s Kirsten Flipkens, the sixth seed, succumbed to a 7-6 (7/4), 6-4 defeat against Ukrainian Elina Svitolina. Klara Koukalova was the lone seeded player to advance to the quarter-finals on Wednesday after beating German qualifier Mona Barthel 6-2, 7-6 (8/6). The eighth-seeded Czech joins seventh seed Garbine Muguruza Blanco, the highest-ranked player left in the draw, in the last eight and will face Yaroslava Shvedova for a place in the semis after the Kazakh beat Dutchwoman Michaella Krajicek 7-6 (8/6), 7-6 (7/4). World No 27 Muguruza, who reached her first Grand Slam quarter-final at Roland Garros, will play Coco Vandeweghe as the American progressed following the third-set retirement of compatriot Vania King. Fernando Verdasco is through to the men’s quarter-finals after seeing off Dutchman Jesse Huta Galung 7-5, 6-3. The 23rd-ranked Spaniard, the top player in the draw, will face Jurgen Melzer of Austria next after the eighth seed recovered from a set down to beat Slovak qualifier Lukas Lacko 5-7, 6-3, 6-3. Also through to the last eight was third seed Roberto Bautista Agut, who was a 7-5, 7-6 (7/1) winner over Australian Matthew Ebden. Defending champion Nicolas Mahut of France remained in the running to retain his title after defeating American Steve Johnson 6-2, 7-6 (7/4). However, fifth seed Dmitry Tursunov withdrew from his tie against home hopeful Thiemo de Bakker with a foot injury. Benjamin Becker (d Dudi Sela), Joao Sousa(d Mate Pavic) and six seed Vasek Pospisil (d Jan-Lennard Struff) also moved on. At the Eastbourne International, top seed Richard Gasquet turned 28 with a 6-4, 3-6, 6-3 defeat of Bernard Tomic to make a winning start in that Wimbledon warmup tournament. Gasquet, competing in his third tournament since April after injury, moved into the quarter-finals after an opening bye as he bids for a third career trophy on grass. Former world No 1 Caroline Wozniacki and second seed Petra Kvitova also advanced in the women’s event at Devonshire Park. Frenchman Gasquet, winner in 2005 and 2006, fired eight aces and saved nine of ten break points to win through in 1hr 45mins. Tomic sent down 16 aces and goes into Wimbledon with confidence after his start to the season was hampered by double hip surgery. The Australian, a Wimbledon quarter-finalist in 2011, is looking forward to stepping onto the grass at the All England club for a sixth time after what he considers a decent preparation. "I’ve had two good weeks, I’m happy with the way it’s been going leading up into this. Wimbledon is my favourite tournament, so if I can get a good draw, first, second round will be very important for me." Tomic knows what is missing in his game after going down to Gasquet, who won his first Eastbourne match after losing in 2012. "I’m struggling to convert the break |
British politician Norman Tebbit created controversy in 1990 commenting on the perceived lack of loyalty of South Asian and Caribbean immigrants towards the English team playing which game? | McDougall NewsLetter Archive, Spring 1999 The William McDougall NewsLetter For NEOLIBERALISM -- Realism, Individualism, Contract and Choice [incl. Kids' Lib.] EDITOR: CHRIS BRAND ([email protected]) -- THE BRITISH ACADEMIC PSYCHOLOGIST WHO DECRIED IGNORACISM, ENVIRONMENTOSTALINISM, FEMINAZISM AND PAEDOHYSTERIA (THE MAIN INGREDIENTS OF INNOCUOUS-SOUNDING 'POLITICAL CORRECTNESS'). GUESS WHAT HAPPENED? CHRIS BRAND'S BOOK, The g Factor , WAS DE-PUBLISHED by Wiley Inc. [New York] (1996) AND BRAND WAS FIRED by Edinburgh University (1997) (and stayed fired after an internal Appeal , 1998). Latest Press, Evening News [Edinburgh] 9 ii '99. For 'Current State of Play in CB and GB versus PC', see the end of this NewsLetter. Edinburgh, Spring 1999 Weekly News of Personality and Individual Differences This newsletter for differential psychology appears on Tuesdays. See its Archives and related articles on psychology, heredity, individual liberty and William McDougall FRS. Only the McDNL gives the up-to-date answers of genes-realistic psychology to the tired social-environmentalism and political correctness of egalitarian ideologues and hysterical feminists. Only the McDNL challenges the media's worship of: (London) Profs Susan Greenfield, Germaine Greer, Steve Jones and Steven Rose; and (New York) Profs Jared Diamond, Ronald Dworkin, Howard Gardner, Daniel Goleman, Stephen Jay Gould and Leon Kamin. Only the McDNL has backed Nobelist Daniel Carlton Gajdusek , multivariate psychologist Raymond Cattell (1905-1998), and social philosopher Arthur Koestler * (1905-1983) as their names have given offence to today's neosocialists and kindred hysterics. * After leaving the Communist Party in 1938, Koestler ran the anti-Nazi weekly paper Die Zukunft [The Future, with contributions from Thomas Mann, E. M. Forster and Aldous Huxley] and remained a man of the left. He helped lead the British campaign to abolish hanging in the 1960's. Yet Koestler -- like William McDougall -- made a place in his thinking for science as well as for politics and philosophy. In particular, he recognized the force of biologically based intra-specific aggression in man (having a particular connection with "the hypnotic suggestibility of the mass mind"). ("The most persistent sound which reverberates through men's history is the beating of war drums," Koestler wrote.) Like McDougall, Koestler believed that life was richly imbued with creative purpose; and he hoped that some confirmation might be found for Lamarck's idea of the transmission of learning between generations or for parapsychological phenomena. His book The Thirteenth Tribe speculated that Ashkenazi Jewry descended from Caucasian rather than Semitic stock. In 1968, Koestler followed Winston Churchill, Bertrand Russell and Laurence Olivier as the fourth recipient of Copenhagen University's Sonning Prize for his "contribution to literature and European culture." The philosopher [now Dame] Mary Warnock compared Koestler's intellectual quest to the wide-ranging inquiries of Descartes, Leibniz, Goethe, Teilhard de Chardin, Jacques Monod and George Steiner: "
how extremely un-English it all is," she wrote. Unlike William McDougall, Koestler was a Babe Bagger -- marrying at 59 his South African-born secretary, Cynthia, 37 (PaedoScore 22)
. For defences of Koestler -- whose womanizing (aka "serial rapism") has appalled feminazie students at Edinburgh LUniversity -- see these NewsLetters, e.g. 9 iii '99. Go back to LATEST 1999 McDNL issue? Go to Jan/Feb 1999 issues? Go to HELP FOR STUDENTS ? MARCH 2 IS ABANDONED -- Only Emperor Blair can now halt Antiracialunacy -- Without a written constitution, it has always been unclear how the liberties of British citizens (actually subjects of Her Majesty the Queen) were to be defended. Over the past week, everyone saw that there is in fact NO LINE OF DEFENCE FOR LIBERTY IN BRITAIN. As the Macpherson Report proposed the withdrawal of historic liberties, barely a cheep was heard for days from the supposedly freedom-loving press (despite newsies being well prepared |
"""You, sir, are the greatest athlete in the world."" ""Thanks, King."" Which athlete?" | Jim Thorpe The World's Greatest Athlete Facebook Describing Jim Thorpe as a great athlete would be doing him a severe injustice. A better description would be calling him the greatest athlete of the 20th Century. This label will probably be debated by many, but Thorpe's accomplishments speak louder than words. King Gustav V of Sweden told Thorpe: "Sir, you are the greatest athlete in the world." James Francis Thorpe was born on May 28, 1887 in a one-room cabin near Prague, Oklahoma. Although there is much confusion on Thorpe's date of birth, this is the date according to his estate. He was born to Hiram Thorpe, a farmer, and Mary James, a Pottawatomie Indian and descendant of the last great Sauk and Fox chief Black Hawk, a noted warrior and athlete. Jim was actually born a twin, but his brother Charlie died at the age of nine. His Indian name, Wa-Tho-Huk, translated to "Bright Path", something that Thorpe definitely had ahead of him. In 1904, Thorpe started school at Carlisle Industrial Indian School in Pennsylvania. The establishment offered American Indians the opportunity to gain practical training in over 20 trades, in addition to off-campus employment at local farms, homes or industries. Thorpe began his athletic career at Carlisle, both playing football and running track. He was triumphantly selected as a third-team All-American in 1908, and in 1909 and 1910 he made the first team. Iconic football legend Glenn "Pop" Warner coached Thorpe at Carlisle and was able to see the young phenomenon evolve in his pursuant excellence with athletics. At the tender age of 24, Thorpe sailed with the American Olympic team to Stockholm, Sweden for the 1912 Olympic Games. Remarkably, he trained aboard the ship on the journey across sea. He blew away the competition in both the pentathlon and the decathlon and set records that would stand for decades. King Gustav V presented Thorpe with his gold medals for both accomplishments. As stated in Bob Berontas' "Jim Thorpe, Sac and Fox Athlete": "Before Thorpe could walk away, the king grabbed his hand and uttered the sentence that was to follow for the rest of his life.’Sir,' he declared, 'you are the greatest athlete in the world,' Thorpe, never a man to stand on ceremony, answered simple and honestly, 'Thanks King.'" Thorpe's glorious Olympic wins were jeopardized in 1913 when it came out that he played two semi-professional seasons of baseball. The Olympics Committee had strict rules about Olympians receiving monetary compensation for participating in professional athletics. Thorpe, who stated he played for the love of the game and not the money, was put under the microscope. Ultimately, it was decided that his baseball experience adversely affected his amateur status in the track and field events. His name was removed from the record books and his gold medals were taken away. Thorpe moved on after the Olympic ordeal and signed to play baseball for the New York Giants. He played outfield with New York for three seasons before relocating and playing with the Cincinnati Reds in 1917. He played 77 games with the Reds before finally returning to the Giants for an additional 26 games. In 1919 he played his final season in major league baseball, ending on the Boston Braves team. During much of his baseball years, Thorpe was also immersed in professional football. He played for the Canton (Ohio) Bulldogs from 1915 until 1920 and the Cleveland Indiana (Indians) in 1921. In the years following, he organized, coached and played with the Oorang Indians, a professional football team comprised completely of American Indians. Additionally, he was instrumental in forming the American Professional Football Association, and eventually became the president of the group. Through the years, the association evolved into today's NFL. In all, Thorpe played with six different teams during his career in pro football, ending with a stint with the Chicago Cardinals in 1929. Life after professional athletics was exciting for Thorpe. He worked as an extra in movies, served as superintendent of recreation in the Ch |
The strategy board game Reversi played on a 8*8 board is marketed under the name of which Shakespearean character? | Box-jn23 - Pressman 1990 Mint Board Original Game Othello - Box-jn23 Pressman 1990 Mint Board Original Game Othello Character Family (OTHELLO BOARD GAME), Brand (Pressman), Recommended Age Range (8 to Adult), Gender (ALL), Year (1990), Review (mpn:box-jn23 for sale) - Mint Pressman Box-jn23 1990 Original Othello Game Board . Chesterton Phone great seller, fast shipping, thanks. Reversi is marketed by pressman under the trade name othello origins the modern version is based on the game reversi that was invented in 1883 by either of two english men each claiming the other a fraud , lewis waterman 1 or john w. I don t list items with damages. Players take turns placing disks on the board with their assigned color facing up. Buyer member id bjsptcruiser feedback score of 80 during past month selene 2x ladies blouse blue metallic sport casual long sleeves l k. So remember to appeal first to the process usps provides you to get your package if you have any problem before blackmailing the seller. 99 view item 1x 2x mr. K. Otello japanese game mint new othello. Usps is the carrier. 75 view item embellished native american ladies tee top l xl short sleeves unique tee top buyer member id maverick vikki feedback score of 63 during past month l xl xxl new embellished painted ladies blue tee top short sleeves Phone us 7. 50 view item no layaways please all items have been previously inspected for fine quality. 99 us Phone view item jane ashley 1x woman embellished fashion blouse top black excellent seller buyer member id jasonc4182 feedback score of 19 during past month boom boom girls size 8 chick fading denim jeans. Mint l k. Even if internal. L k. Note economy and first class provides you with an internal tracking number given by the usps. Please note that some people posted me negative feedback and i have evidences of the items shipped and arrived at those people addresses. Buyer member id bjsptcruiser feedback score of 80 during past month susan hutton size Phone woman purple blouse formal wear long sleeves embroidery Phone us 5. Thank you. It is a federal policy that usps is responsible for the missing item if the sender has evidences that the item was shipped. Thank you. I like my customers happy so you enjoy your purchase. Please bid seriously. All are of excellent quality. L k nice buyer member id dixieandal12 feedback score of Phone during past month beautiful vintage new 3 white elves in package christmas ornaments l k. 50 view item boom boom girls size 8 chick fading denim jeans. 99 best offer price was accepted view item l xl xxl new embellished painted ladies blue tee top short sleeves beautiful shirt buyer member id maverick vikki feedback score of 63 during past month new embellished painted ladies blue tee top l xl fringes short sleeves Phone us 3. Great buy. Just like the pic. L k. L k. Please visit and see if you can find something you may like at shops. There are sixty four identical game pieces called disks often spelled discs , which are light on one side and dark on the other. Alex by alex colman exotic ladies vintage shirt mint. Feedback from when perfect transaction. Inspection of garments for quality it is the most important part. If i state mint, it means a lot better than mint. Buyer member id bjsptcruiser feedback score of 80 during past month haband 2xl. A closeup is provided to give you a better idea of the quality provided. 99 view item philip noel l xl silver golden leather buckles embellished ladies blue top great skirt. 99 best offer price was accepted view item beautiful vintage new 3 white elves in package christmas ornaments l k. Please ask for combining shipping of clothing items. A seller. 88 us 4. K. Grey pleated sexy mini skirt l k. Ladies fashion tour embroidered khaki blazer light jacket long slv Phone us 6. All auctions are sold as is i am a book seller online through half. Perfect condition. As all sellers incur in expenses for shipping such as gas, time packing, and packing material, handling fees a very small cost is included in shipping costs. Usps has a form to complete for missing it |
The baseball player Glenn Burke is credited with pioneering what form of now ubiquitous gesture? | How Sandwich Bags Can Solve Schools’ Cellphone Dilemma http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/01/07/new_york_city_lifts_school_cellphone_ban_here_s_how_to_solve_the_problem.html <p>The New York City Department of Education <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/07/nyregion/ban-on-cellphones-in-new-york-city-schools-to-be-lifted.html?_r=1">announced the end of its Bloomberg-era ban on cellphones</a> in the classroom on Wednesday. The ban, touted as a solution to classroom disruption and potential cheating, was sporadically enforced and roundly criticized by students and parents alike. Schools Chancellor Carmen Fariña writes in the <em><a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/education/guest-column-cellphones-educational-benefits-article-1.2068383">New York Daily News</a></em> that the new rules will go into effect on March 2 and will allow better communication between parents and students. Plus, she says, “there are real educational benefits in incorporating phones and devices into our schools and classrooms.”</p> <p>On Tuesday, Mayor Bill de Blasio—who previously voiced his displeasure with the ban and said he <a href="http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/09/de-blasio-end-school-phone-ban.html">lets his son bring his cellphone to school</a>—said that parents and students should be able to contact one another during the school day. (Encouraging parent-child communication? How progressive!) Critics of allowing phones in school remain adamant that those newfangled smartphone thingamabobs will empower young whippersnappers to cheat and rabble-rouse and probably <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/11/why-kids-sext/380798/">sext all over the place</a>. But there is a solution. Sandwich bags can solve it all.</p> <p>While de Blasio’s renouncement still allows individual schools to set their own policy, it still asks students to keep their phones hidden. This is a bad idea. In fact, for the first time in my life, I’m totally supportive of an open-carry policy. If teachers want to prevent students from cheating, they should require the tools used to cheat to be in full view. Set on silent, stored in a clear plastic zipper bag, and taped to or placed on the side of the desk. Students won’t be able to cleverly hide their phones, and teachers will be able to detect unauthorized unzipping.</p> <p>According to an unnamed principal at a school with (gasp!) metal detectors, “<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/07/nyregion/ban-on-cellphones-in-new-york-city-schools-to-be-lifted.html?_r=1">Kids are going to stage fights so they can put up posts on social media.</a>” One can only presume the principal, speaking on the condition of anonymity, retreated home on his horse and buggy to churn butter for supper. While Luddites may object, allowing phones presents an opportunity to encourage responsible social media use and educate kids about living in a digital age. And as the mayor’s son Dante de Blasio demonstrates, it’s not like kids and parents were respecting the ban anyway.</p> <p>In a city that has experienced everything from terrorist attacks to blackouts, it seems unwise to prevent kids from staying in touch with their families. Allowing them to use those devices responsibly is more than reasonable—it’s essential. And something as low-tech as a humble sandwich baggie can solve this digital dilemma.</p> Wed, 07 Jan 2015 18:51:28 GMT http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/01/07/new_york_city_lifts_school_cellphone_ban_here_s_how_to_solve_the_problem.html How Sandwich Bags Can Solve Schools’ Cellphone Dilemma How Sandwich Bags Can Solve Schools’ Cellphone Dilemma Photo by Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock The New York City Department of Education isn't banning cellphones any more, but individual schools still could. The Rain in Spain Falls Mainly on Google http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/12/11/google_news_is_ditching_spain_because_of_the_terrible_google_tax.html <p>Google News, responsible for aggregating news media and making it searchable for users, will soon become |
The Connecticut-based indie rock band The Zambonis write and sing exclusively about what? | The Zambonis | 100% Hockey...and Other Stuff | CD Baby Music Store 100% Hockey...and Other Stuff MORE ALBUMS BY THIS ARTIST Recommended if You Like Devo Jonathan Richman The Kinks Album Links There are no items in your wishlist. 100% Hockey...and Other Stuff Power Pop/ New Wave/ Punk/ Hockey ROCK/ Classic old school Country/ Psychedelic/ Ska/ Lounge...lots of musical styles, but one theme that threads them all together: EVERY SONG IS ABOUT HOCKEY. Genre: Release Date: 1995 We'll ship when it's back in stock Order now and we'll ship when it's back in stock, or enter your email below to be notified when it's back in stock. Sign up for the CD Baby Newsletter Your email address will not be sold for any reason. To listen to tracks you will need to update your browser to a recent version . Tracks 4. I Wanna Drive the Zamboni® Share this song! 6. Head in the Game Share this song! 8. The Goalie Is Drunk Share this song! 12. Take Off That Mask Share this song! 14. Zamboni® Race in Outer Space Share this song! 15. Hockey On the Moon (the Cold War) Share this song! THE ZAMBONIS Rock's Lord of the Rinks Billboard wrote: "On paper, it sounds like a novelty: an album of songs that celebrate hockey. But in the hands of The Zambonis (a pop-rock quartet named after the ice-grooming machine), the concept is elevated to an art form that won't melt under the heat of critics or music fans. Despite the specificity of the album's theme, The Zambonis rock out like the best power pop units. What's more, they have a sense of humor about themselves...A timely and surprisingly appealing release." Few rock bands have been featured in both Sports Illustrated and Billboard. But the lovably quirky all-hockey-rock Zambonis have managed the hat trick of impressing music fans, sports freaks and critics simultaneously. The Zambonis were formed in 1991 when defenseman/guitarist/singer Dave Schneider imagined a group that played nothing but songs about hockey. What was once a joke is now the most popular sports-rock band in North America (not that the field is a crowded one). Explaining his band's edge, Dave says, "We're the only band in the world whose two biggest influences are The Beatles and Wayne Gretzky!" In 1996, The Zambonis' first full-length CD, 100% Hockey...and other stuff, cracked the Top 25 on both the CMJ and Gavin charts, spent 13 weeks on the CMJ Top 200 and worked its way onto NHL and NCAA arena playlists nationwide. Commenting on the disc, The Los Angeles Times wrote, "Slapstick meets slapshots...For the true hockey fan, this is a must. For the casual fan, it's still one big smile." While Time Out New York anointed the band "The Pearl Jam of hockey rock." The band followed up their first CD with a single entitled "Avalanche!" that exploded their popularity. The anthem was the rallying cry for the Colorado Avalanche's 1996 Stanley Cup playoff run and appears on the band's 1997 EP, Playoff Fever. The song, which received incessant Denver radio airplay, also led to a pre-playoff game command performance at Denver's McNichols Arena (now known as the Pepsi Center). Meanwhile, the band began to attract attention from mainstream publicity outlets that found The Zambonis' unique approach an irresistible story. The band was profiled and featured on CNBC, MTV, ESPN2, FOX Sports, WNBC-TV's "Live at Five", such syndicated puck programs as Hockey Week and Cool Shots, as well as New York magazine, Hockey Digest, New York Post, Nickelodeon, and dozens more. Playoff Fever expanded their following with additional airplay and inclusion as the only musical group featured in the official NHL merchandise catalog, Hot Off the Ice. In October 1999, the band's second full-length CD, More Songs About Hockey...and buildings and food took the ice and brought the band even more friends and fans, plus a feature story in The New York Times, a Random Notes photo in Rolling Stone and more. "More Songs is our Pet Sounds," says goalie/guitarist/bassist Jon "Puck" Aley. A deliriously delightful 17-track collection of head-spinningly good pop-rock, More Songs includes wink |
In a 1914 chess tournament in St. Petersburg, what did Tsar Nicholas II call the five finalists Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Frank Marshall? | Chess Grandmasters by Edward Winter Chess Grandmasters Edward Winter From page 132 of the Oxford Companion to Chess by D. Hooper and K. Whyld (Oxford, 1984), in the entry on �Grandmaster�: �A correspondent writing to Bell�s Life 18 Feb. 1838 refers to Lewis as �our past grand master�, probably the first use of this term in connection with chess.� (848) In an article on page 19 of the March 1989 CHESS Nigel Davies writes: �The original grandmasters, however, were created by the Tsar at the great St Petersburg tournament of 1914. They were Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Marshall and Rubinstein, arguably the five best players of the day, and of whom three held the world championship at one time or another.� For Rubinstein read Tarrasch; A.K.R. came nowhere in the St Petersburg tournament. The Tsar�s conferment of the five Grandmaster titles is a recurrent story in historical works, but what proof of it is there in Russian literature of the time? (1810) Louis Blair (Knoxville, TN, USA) believes that the source of the Tsar story is almost certainly page 21 of Marshall�s My Fifty Years of Chess (New York and Philadelphia, 1942), a book in which Fred Reinfeld is known to have played an extensive role. Our correspondent quotes a passage (referring to the period of the St Petersburg, 1914 tournament) from page 198 of Nicholas II by Dominic Lieven (New York, 1993): �The imperial family spent April and May 1914 in the Crimea. The Council of Ministers no longer had an effective chairman, but the monarch was hundreds of miles from his capital with communications passing by post and courier.� (2080) We note that both the Wiener Schachzeitung and the Deutsche Schachzeitung were using the term �grandmaster (Gro�meister) tournament� to describe St Petersburg, 1914 before the event began. Page 28 of the January 1914 Deutsche Schachzeitung called Capablanca �der kubanische Gro�meister�. (This news item also reported that in a simultaneous display at St Petersburg, in 1913, a draw had been scored by a ten-year old, Prince Gedroiz, who was �the son of a lord-in-waiting of the Imperial Court�.) (2101) Page 119 of the second volume of Complete Games of Alekhine by V. Fiala and J. Kalendovsk� (Olomouc, 1996) offers a strange twist to the question of whether Tsar Nicholas II conferred the title of �grandmaster� on the finalists of the St Petersburg, 1914 tournament. The book quotes an interview with Alekhine in El Debate of 28 May 1922. Asked whether he had started to play chess at a very early age, he replied: �I have played chess since the age of seven and when I was 14 I was named a master by the Tsar himself when I won the national tournament in St Petersburg.� For 14 read 16. The event in question was the St Petersburg, 1909 All-Russian tournament, but is there any more evidence of the Tsar�s involvement in that event than there is, at present, concerning St Petersburg, 1914? (2139) On page 265 of Chess Digest Magazine, December 1974 Larry Evans, a chess writer not famed for accuracy, stated: �Czar Nicholas I coined the title of �Grandmaster� when he sponsored the great St Petersburg tournament in 1914.� Nicholas I lived from 1796 to 1855. With regard to the origin of the term �grandmaster�, Znosko-Borovsky dealt with the issue extensively on pages 221-222 of the November 1925 L�Echiquier. His conclusion was that the title was over-used: �In truth, the only players whom we should consider grandmasters are Capablanca, Alekhine, Lasker, perhaps Marshall (if we wish to forget his misfortunes in match play) and, on account of their former successes, Tarrasch and Rubinstein. All the others should be regarded as plain masters.� In |
What word completes this unique and 'grand' list? Plexicushion, Clay, ___, Decoturf | Official tournament surfaces 2008 | Talk Tennis Official tournament surfaces 2008 Looking up some info, I gathered a small list of the official surfaces used in 2008. The entire list ain't complete, but with your help, maybe we can do it. Grand Slams: Paris: Indoor Carpet (Gerflor Taraflex) Internacional Series Gold Auckland: Zelanda Hardcourts (Rebound Ace) Viña del Mar: Red clay Costa do Sauipe: Red clay Delray Beach: Hardcourts (Plexipave) San José: Indoor Hardcourts (Premier Court) Zagreb: Indoor Carpet(RuKortHard) Indianapolis: Hardcourts (Deco Turf II) Los Ángeles: Hardcourts Lyon: Indoor Carpet (Taraflex) St Petersburg: Indoor Carpet (Gerflor Taraflex) If you want to add anything, feel free to. Remember, this is the 2008 surface list. There are some differences compared to previous years. This is what the ITF says about the speed of those particular surfaces: Category 1 - Slow Gerflor Taraflex (Lyon, MS Paris): 5 - Fast Greenset (MS Madrid) : 3 - Medium Plexipave (Stockholm): 3 - Medium Decoturf II (Indianapolis): 4 - Medium-Fast Rebound Ace (Former AO): 4/5 - Medium-Fast / Fast Premier Court: (Not listed) Play Pave (Chennai): 3 - Medium Plexicushion (AO): 3/4 - Medium / Medium-Fast Decoturf (USO): 4 - Medium-Fast Of the listed hardcourts and carpets, there are no SLOW nor MEDIUM-SLOW surfaces. They're all medium, medium-fast, or fast. Thanks for the info. So this tourny in Paris is the fastes around right now? And there is no difference in speed in the clay courts I gather? I would think preparation of the surfaces might chance surface speeds though. JW10S , Oct 28, 2008 It may just be a matter of symantics but having played on all the surfaces listed I have a hard time defining Teraflex as a 'carpet'. It plays nothing like the old 'Supreme' courts that used to be used so commonly in indoor arenas. Teraflex is a bit different than standard cement based hardcourts but calling it a 'carpet' is a little misleading in my view. As I said I think of the Supreme courts and the like as carpet courts--the balls didn't bounce and the shoes didn't squeak on Supreme like they do a Teraflex. The ATP website classifies the Paris Indoors going on this week as a hard court event. Also I saw that on the list the Basel event is listed as a carpet but the surface is listed as 'Greenset'--which is a hardcourt. NamRanger , Oct 28, 2008 JW10S said: ↑ It may just be a matter of symantics but having played on all the surfaces listed I have a hard time defining Teraflex as a 'carpet'. It plays nothing like the old 'Supreme' courts that used to be used so commonly in indoor arenas. Teraflex is a bit different than standard cement based hardcourts but calling it a 'carpet' is a little misleading in my view. As I said I think of the Supreme courts and the like as carpet courts--the balls didn't bounce and the shoes didn't squeak on Supreme like they do a Teraflex. The ATP website classifies the Paris Indoors going on this week as a hard court event. Also I saw that on the list the Basel event is listed as a carpet but the surface is listed as 'Greenset'--which is a hardcourt. Click to expand... Yea, the old Supreme courts were so blindingly fast though, even in the woodie days. JW10S said: ↑ The ATP website classifies the Paris Indoors going on this week as a hard court event. Also I saw that on the list the Basel event is listed as a carpet but the surface is listed as 'Greenset'--which is a hardcourt. Click to expand... True about Greenset. The list is faulty at times. It lists Metz as indoor hardcourts (greenset) and Basel as indoor carpet also with Greenset. Greenset IS a hardcourt. But the ATP website does not classify the Paris indoors as a hardcourt event. It's listed as carpet. And you can see the word 'GERFLOR' on the floor, which is the brand that manufactures the Taraflex. zagor , Oct 29, 2008 GOD_BLESS_RAFA said: ↑ Yes it seems to me they hardly want to reckon Nadal's success and want a number one from fastcourts/hard courts ... There are too MANY HARD COURT events! Enough said. Click to expand... If you whin |
The aquatics discipline at most Olympics and related events usually features diving, swimming, synchronized swimming and what other sport? | FINA | Aquatic Canada Aquatiques FINA The International Swimming Federation (French: Fédération Internationale de Natation) (FINA) is the International Federation (IF) recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for administering international competition in aquatic sports. It is one of several IFs which administer a given sport/discipline for the IOC and/or international community. It is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. FINA currently oversees competition in five aquatics sports: swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, water polo and open water swimming. HISTORY OF FINA FINA was founded on July 19, 1908 in the Manchester Hotel in London, UK at the end of the 1908 Summer Olympics by the Belgian, British, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian and Swedish Swimming Federations. The FINA membership meets every two years, usually coinciding with the World Championships. There are two types of normal or “ordinary” congress: General and Technical. FINA’s highest authority is the General Congress. Any technical issues concerning FINA’s five aquatic disciplines are decided by the Technical Congress. Each Congress has two voting members from each Member federation, plus the following non-voting members: the 22 members of the Bureau, the Honorary Life President, and all Honorary Members. The Technical Congress has the following additional non-voting members: all members from the respective Technical Committees. “Extraordinary” Congress are also called from time to time, to deal with a specific topic or area of concern. All Congress meetings are chaired by FINA’s president. Between Congress meetings of the entire membership, a smaller 22-member representative board, called the FINA Bureau, meets to act in a timely manner on items which cannot wait until the entire body can meet. It is the Bureau that elects the FINA Executive Officers. Various Committees and Commissions also help with the oversight of individual disciplines (e.g. the Technical Open Water Swimming Committee helps with Open Water), or topic-related issues (e.g. the FINA Doping Panel). Presidents: Each Presidential term is four years, beginning and concluding with the year following the Summer Olympics. Name MEMBER World Championships: The biggest FINA event is the biennial World Championships, currently held every odd year. It features competitions in all five aquatic disciplines. Prior to 2000, the event was held every 4 years, in the even year between (summer) Olympic Games. World Championship Dates, Locations & Medal Count (click here for pdf) Discipline Championships Swimming: World Swimming Championships (25m), (aka “Short Course Worlds”). Bi-annual event (in even years), swum in 25-meter length pool (Olympic and World Championships are in a 50m pool). Water Polo: Water Polo World Leagues (men’s and women’s). Diving: Diving World Series Open Water: World Open Water Swimming Championships (aka “Open Water Worlds”). Even years from 2000-2010. Synchronized Swimming: Synchro World Cup. Masters: World Masters Championships (aka “Masters Worlds”). Bi-annual, in even years. “Masters” competition is for adults (20 years old and up). This championships features all 5 disciplines. Other events: In addition to the Championships events listed above, FINA also organizes the following annual events, and sub-championships: World Cups: in swimming, water polo (men’s, women’s), diving, open water (10Ks) and synchro. Grand Prix: Annual race/competition series of multiple events in open water (races over 10-kilometers). Junior Worlds: A world-level championships restricted to a younger age population (typically under-18, though can vary by discipline/gender). Held in swimming, water polo, diving, and synchronized swimming. Open Water is to begin in 2012. World Men’s Water Polo Development Trophy For more information go to: www.fina.org Aquatics Canada is an excellence-driven organization, emphasizing champions' podium performances. |
The policy of banning weapons enforced in Okinawa in medieval Japan influenced the development of what combat technique from Ryukyu Islands? | HISTORY OF OKINAWA KARATE WAY OF BUDO HISTORY OF OKINAWA KARATE According to ancient Okinawan legend, Karate had its beginnings in India with a Buddhist monk named Daruma. Tradition says that Daruma traveled across the Himalayan Mountains from India to the Shaolin Temple in Honan Province of China. There he began teaching the other monks his philosophies of physical and mental conditioning. Legend has it that his teachings included exercises for maintaining physical strength and self defense.This same monk known as Bodhidharma in India and as Ta Mo in China, is credited with founding the school of Buddhist philosophy known as "Ch´an" in China and as "Zen" in Japan.The Okinawans believe that the art known as Karate today came from those original teachings of Daruma through an Okinawan who visited or lived for some time in China at the Shaolin Temple. Whether or not this is true, it is obvious that there are similarities in the Okinawan art of Karate and the language and martial arts of China.Further, we must assume that the Karate of Okinawa developed from trial and error of fighting experiences into a different and unique martial art. Karate (空手)is a martial art developed in the in what is now Okinawa, Japan. It was developed from indigenous fighting methods called te (手, literally "hand"; Tii in Okinawan) and Chinese kenpō. Karate is a striking art using punching, kicking, knee and elbow strikes, and open-handed techniques such as knife-hands. Grappling, locks, restraints, throws, and vital point strikes are taught in some styles.A karate practitioner is called a karateka (空手家). Karate was developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom prior to its 19th-century annexation by Japan. It was brought to the Japanese mainland in the early 20th century during a time of cultural exchanges between the Japanese and the Ryukyuans. In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924 Keio University established the first university karate club in Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities had karate clubs. In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,the name was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese hand") to 空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.After the Second World War, Okinawa became an important United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there. The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase its popularity and the word karate began to be used in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Oriental martial arts. Karate schools began appearing across the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art. Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo, opined "that the majority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques...Movies and television...depict karate as a mysterious way of fighting capable of causing death or injury with a single blow...the mass media present a pseudo art far from the real thing." Shoshin Nagamine said "Karate may be considered as the conflict within oneself or as a life-long marathon which can be won only through self-discipline, hard training and one's own creative efforts." For many practitioners, karate is a deeply philosophical practice. Karate-do teaches ethical principles and can have spiritual significance to its adherents. Gichin Funakoshi ("Father of Modern Karate") titled his autobiography Karate-Do: My Way of Life in recognition of the transforming nature of karate study. Today karate is practiced for self-perfection, for cultural reasons, for self-defense and as a sport. In 2005, in the 117th IOC (International Olympic Committee) voting, karate did not receive |
In sailing, if tacking is the maneuver by which the vessel turns its bow (front side) so that the direction from which the wind blows changes sides, what is the term for doing so by turning the stern (rear)? | How to Sail a Boat (with Pictures) - wikiHow Gain a Basic Knowledge of Sailing 1 Know the different parts of a sailboat. It is important to know the different parts both for safety reasons and to be able to sail your boat as efficiently as possible. If you don’t know what to do when someone suddenly yells, “prepare to tack” or “watch the boom!” you may be in trouble. Block: This is the nautical term for a pulley. Boom: The horizontal support for the foot of the mainsail which extends aft of the mast. This is what you want to watch out for when changing directions in a sailboat. It can give you quite a wallop on the head if it hits you. Bow: This is what the front of the boat is called. Centerboard: This is a (usually fibreglass) plate that pivots from the bottom of the keel in some boats and is used to balance the boat when under sail. Cleat: Cleats are what lines (or ropes) get fastened to when they need to be kept tight. Halyard: Lines that raise or lower the sails. (Along with the sheets, aka running rigging.) Hull: The hull is the body of the boat and consists of everything below the deck. Jib: This is the sail at the bow of the boat. The jib helps propel the boat forward. Genoa: A foresail which is larger in size than a jib. Keel: The keel is what prevents a boat from sliding sideways ("making leeway") in whatever way the wind is blowing and stabilizes the boat. Line: Lines are ropes. They are everywhere on boats. There is only one "rope" on a sailboat, the bolt rope which runs along the foot of the mainsail. Mainsail: As the name implies, this is the mainsail of the boat. It is the sail attached to the back of the mast. Mast: The mast is a large, vertical pole that holds the sails up. Some boats have more than one mast. Painter: This is a line positioned at the front of small boats. It is used to tie the boat to a dock or another boat. Rudder: The rudder is how the boat is steered. It is movable so that when you turn the wheel or tiller, the rudder directs the boat in the direction you would like the boat to go. Sheets: The lines that control the sails. (aka running rigging.) Spinnaker: The usually brightly colored sail used when sailing downwind or across the wind. Stays and Shrouds: There are wires that make sure the mast stays upright, even in very heavy winds. (aka standing rigging.) Stern: This is the term for the back of the boat. Tiller: The tiller is a stick attached to the rudder and is used to control the rudder. Transom: This is what we would call the butt of the boat. It is the back part of the boat that is perpendicular to its centerline. Wheel: The wheel works the rudder, steering the boat. Winch: Winches help tighten the sheets and halyards. When these lines are wrapped around a winch (in a clockwise direction) , a sailor can turn the winch with a winch handle, providing mechanical advantage which makes it easier to bring in the lines. 2 Know about the different kinds of sailboats. In general, if you are a beginning sailor you will most likely not be operating your own schooner. You will probably be working with a catboat, cutter, or sloop. Sloop: Sloops are the most common type of sailboat (when you think of a sailboat this is probably the one you picture in your mind.) It has a single mast and is rigged up with a jib in the front and a mainsail attached to back of the mast. They can range in size and are ideal for sailing upwind. Catboat: A Catboat has a mast set up near the front of the boat and is a single-sail boat. They are small (or large, for that matter) and easily operated by one or two people. Cutter: Cutters have one mast with two sails in the front and a mainsail on the back of the mast. These boats are meant for small crews or groups of people and can be handled relatively easily. Ketch: A Ketch has two masts, with the second mast called the mizzen mast. The mizzen is shorter than the mainmast and is in front of the rudder. Yawl: Yawls are similar to ketches with the difference being that their mizzen masts are located behind the rudder. The reason for this placement is that the mizzen |
On April 30 1993, a knife wielding Günter Parche in Hamburg had a debilitating effect on the career of whom? | Barbara's Creative Accomplishments - Available Challenges JUMPERS: The Year You Were Born challenge (showing 1-39 of 39) ❇ Rocking Pneumonia & the Boogie Woogie Flu Level II: Scavenger Hunt 1. Cost of Living - Average cost of new house $12,220; average monthly rent $90; average yearly wages $4.550; a gallon of Gas 24 cents ; and a HI FI portable record player $79.95. Read a book that you got cheaper than expected (free, on sale, etc) OR book with a time travel theme. 2. 1957 saw the continued growth of bigger, taller tail fins on new cars and more lights with bigger and more powerful engines. Toyota starts selling cars in the US, the first is the Toyopet Crown and an average car sold for $2,749. Read a book with a car on the cover, a book with "crown" in the title OR a book set in Japan. 3. In the U.S., portable radar devices used to enforce speed limits. Read a book with a character in law enforcement; a book with "speed" in the title OR a book with the letters R-A-D-A-R in the title (any order). 4. On October 4th, the Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1. The Soviet Union also launches Sputnik 2 and the first animal to enter space is a dog named Laika. Read a book set in space, a book with a space pirate OR a book with a dog on the cover. 5. Television - Television showed Perry Mason and Maverick for the first time and American Bandstand, the teenagers chart music show makes its network debut on ABC. Leave It to Beaver premieres on CBS, ushering in an era of television shows that depict the ideal American. Read a book where someone watches television, a book where the hero or heroine have a happy home life OR a mystery or western novel. 6. Independence - Malaya gains independence from Britain. Singapore gains self rule from the United Kingdom. Ghana gains independence from Great Britain. Read a book where the characters fight for independence, a book starting with "I" OR a book set in any of the listed countries. 7. Diseases - Asian avian influenza pandemic begins in China and the world-wide death toll reaches 1 million. Foot and Mouth in England reaches epidemic proportions with 30,000 animals slaughtered. Read a post-apocalyptic book that was caused by a disease, a book with an animal on the cover OR a book where a disease/epidemic happens. 8. On October 10th in the UK, the graphite core of the nuclear reactor at Windscale, Cumbria, catches fire, releasing substantial amounts of radioactive contamination into the surrounding area. Read a book with fire on the cover or in the title OR a book set in England. 9. In Vietnam, Viet Cong guerrillas begin a terrorist bombing campaign and assassinate more than 400 South Vietnamese officials in Saigon. Read a book set during the Vietnam War, a book with a mention of gorillas (or monkeys) OR a book with a terrorist theme. 10. The Treaty of Rome, officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC), was an international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) on January 1, 1958. The TEEC proposed the progressive reduction of customs duties and the establishment of a customs union. It was signed on March 25, 1957 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. Read a book set in one of these countries, a book where something happens that has world-wide consequences OR a book originally published in 1957. 11. 1957 was the peak of the Baby Boomer years. Most other allied countries followed similar routes creating an environment where couples felt the confidence to set up homes and new families, the increased numbers of children helped to fuel the economic growth with even more consumer demand. Read a book where family plays an important role, a book with the letters B-A-B-Y in the title (any order) OR a book where the hero or heroine has a child. 12. Martin Luther King Jr heads a nationwide resistance to racial segregation and discrimination in the US. Read a book with an African American main character, a book where racial tensions are part of the plot OR a boo |
When ultra-marathoner Dean Karnazes ran across the entire United States in 2011, a blog headlined it by comparing him to what movie character? | Ultramarathon Man: Amazon.de: Dean Karnazes: Fremdsprachige Bücher Fremdsprachige Bücher Verkauft von Greener Books DE Zustand: Gebraucht: Gut Kommentar: Wir glauben, dass Sie vollständig mit unseren schnellen und zuverlässigen Service zufrieden sein werden. Alle Bestellungen werden so schnell wie möglich versendet! Kaufen Sie mit Vertrauen! In den Einkaufswagen Zur Rückseite klappen Zur Vorderseite klappen Hörprobe Wird gespielt... Angehalten Sie hören eine Hörprobe des Audible Hörbuch-Downloads. Ultramarathon Man (Englisch) Gebundene Ausgabe – 17. März 2005 von Finden Sie alle Bücher, Informationen zum Autor und mehr. Kunden, die diesen Artikel angesehen haben, haben auch angesehen Seite 1 von 1 Zum Anfang Seite 1 von 1 Diese Einkaufsfunktion wird weiterhin Artikel laden. Um aus diesem Karussell zu navigieren, benutzen Sie bitte Ihre Überschrift-Tastenkombination, um zur nächsten oder vorherigen Überschrift zu navigieren. Taschenbuch EUR 12,95 Prime Es wird kein Kindle Gerät benötigt. Laden Sie eine der kostenlosen Kindle Apps herunter und beginnen Sie, Kindle-Bücher auf Ihrem Smartphone, Tablet und Computer zu lesen. Apple Geben Sie Ihre Mobiltelefonnummer ein, um die kostenfreie App zu beziehen. oder Alle kostenlosen Kindle-Leseanwendungen anzeigen. Jeder kann Kindle Bücher lesen — selbst ohne ein Kindle-Gerät — mit der KOSTENFREIEN Kindle App für Smartphones, Tablets und Computer. Sie haben keinen Kindle? Hier kaufen oder eine gratis Kindle Lese-App herunterladen. Produktinformation Verlag: TarcherPerigee (17. März 2005) Sprache: Englisch Produktbeschreibungen Amazon.de Ultra-marathoner Dean Karnazes claims "There is magic in misery." While it would be easy to write off his habit of running for 100 miles at a timeor longeras mere masochism, it's impossible to not admire his tenacity in pushing his body to reach one extreme goal after another. Sure, it's gory to read about how he lost one of his big toenails from shoe friction during the Western States Endurance Run. But what registers more is that here's a guy competing in an event that includes 38,000 feet of elevation change--the equivalent of scaling the Empire State Building 30 times. Despite his considerable athleticism, "Karno" argues that the first half of any race is run with one's body, and the second half with the mind. Without delving into excessively touchy-feely territory, he explores "the possibilities of self" as he completes an ultra-marathon in 120-degree heat in Death Valley, and later the first-ever marathon at the South Pole. It's an odd combination: a California surfer dude contemplating how, as Socrates said, "Suffering leads to wisdom." But Karnazes's self-motivation is utterly intriguing, and it's impossible to read this memoir without wanting to go out and run a marathon yourself.--Erica Jorgensen Pressestimmen "Heart-stopping stuff. The world's #7 biggest sports bestseller." --The Economist "Fascinating" --Sports Illustrated "Full of euphoric highs. Rusisng with Karnazes [is] like setting up one's easel next to Money or Picasso... His book describes a journey into distance running that is much less about sweat than about the emotional terrain that unfolds at the frontier of endurance." --The New York Times "Buzz book." --People "[Karnazes'] spirited memoir... can help mere mortals who want to push past their perceived limits or simply jump-start their sedentary lives." --Chicago Tribune "There is clearly something Nietzschean in Karnaze's makeup...that whatever doesn't kill you makes you stronger.' --Los Angeles Times "Iron man Dean Karnazes is no mere mortal." --Time "Makes the extraordinary look easy." --GQ "An exhibition of unadulterated courage and mental and physical stamina [for] anyone who likes to read about ordinary people doing extraordinary things." --Boston Globe "Dean's masochism is a reader's pleasure." --Publishers Weekly "The perfect escapist fantasy for couch potatoes and weekend warriors alike." --Kirkus Reviews "Eye-popping." --Asociated Press "[Dean is] like a comic book superhero who remains undercover by day, ever |
What 'intoxicating' practice of the sporting world was started in 1967 by 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Dan Gurney? | 24 Hours of Le Mans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 24 Hours of Le Mans From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the sports car race. For the motorcycle race, see 24 Hours of Le Mans (motorcycle race) . For other uses, see 24 Hours of Le Mans (disambiguation) . For the 2015 race, see 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans . This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . This article's introduction may be too long for the overall article length. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. For more information please read the layout guide and Wikipedia's lead section guidelines . (July 2014) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) Porsche (16) The pits at dawn The 24 Hours of Le Mans ( French : 24 Heures du Mans) is the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing , held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans , France . [1] It is one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world and is often called the "Grand Prix of Endurance and Efficiency". Racing teams have to balance speed with the cars' ability to race for 24 hours without sustaining mechanical damage, and manage the cars' consumables, primarily fuel , tyres , and braking materials. It also tests endurance, with drivers frequently racing for over two hours before a relief driver can take over during a pit stop while they eat and rest. Current regulations mandate that three drivers share each competing vehicle. The race is organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) and runs on the Circuit de la Sarthe , which contains a mix of closed public roads and a specialist racing circuit that tests both speed and endurance. Competing teams race in groups called "classes", or cars of similar specification, while also competing simultaneously for outright placing amongst all classes. Originally, the race showcased cars as they were sold to the general public, then called "Sports Cars", compared to the specialised racing cars used in Grand Prix motor racing . Over time, the competing vehicles evolved away from their publicly available road car roots, and today the race is made of two classes—enclosed-bodywork two-seat prototypes, and two classes of Grand Touring cars similar to sports cars sold to the public). [2] Competing teams have had a wide variety of organisation, ranging from competition departments of road car manufacturers (eager to prove the supremacy of their products) to professional motor racing teams (representing their commercial backers, some of which are also car manufacturers who want to win without paying for their own teams) to amateur teams (racing as much to compete in the famous race as to claim victory for their commercial partners). The race is held in June, leading at times to very hot conditions for drivers, particularly in closed vehicles with poor ventilation; rain is not uncommon. The race begins in mid-afternoon and finishes the next day, at the same hour the race started. [3] Over the 24 hours, modern competitors often cover distances well over 5,000 km (3,110 mi). The record is 2010's 5,410 km (3,360 mi),six times the length of the Indianapolis 500 , or approximately 18 times longer than a Formula One Grand Prix. [4] The race has over the years inspired imitating races all over the globe, popularising the 24-hour format at places like Daytona , Nürburgring , Spa-Francorchamps , and Bathurst . The American Le Mans Series and Europe's Le Mans Series of multi-event sports car championships were spun off from 24 Hours of Le Mans regulations. Other races include the Le Mans Classic , a race for historic Le Mans race cars of years past held on the Circuit de la Sarthe, a motorcycle version of the race which is held on the shortened Bugatti version of the same circuit, a kart race (24 Heures Karting), and a truck race (24 Heures Camions). The race has also spent long period |
In 1924, what did Grantland Rice collectively call Harry Stuhldreher, Don Miller, Jim Crowley and Elmer Layden, the name now a part of American sports lore? | Uncle Mike's Musings: A Yankees Blog and More: October 18, 1924: The Four Horsemen and the Galloping Ghost This is mostly about sports, and then mostly about baseball. It will favor the New York Yankees, the New Jersey Devils, Rutgers University football, and the London soccer club Arsenal. You got a problem with that? Make your own blog. Saturday, October 18, 2014 October 18, 1924: The Four Horsemen and the Galloping Ghost October 18, 1924, 90 years ago: Two of the most iconic games in the history of college football are played. At the Polo Grounds in New York, the South Bend, Indiana-based University of Notre Dame beats Army -- the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York -- 13-7, led by their 4-man backfield: Quarterback Harry Stuhldreher, left halfback Jim Crowley, right halfback Don Miller and fullback Elmer Layden. Layden scored a touchdown in the 2nd quarter, Crowley in the 3rd. Army was favored to win, but there was precedent: Notre Dame had shocked them in 1913, with quarterback Gus Dorais and end Knute Rockne, for all intents and purposes, introducing the passing game to a wide audience, and making Notre Dame more than just what we would now call a "mid-major" Catholic school in the Midwest like DePaul or Marquette. Now, with Rockne as head coach, the Fighting Irish -- although Miller was of English descent, and Stuhldreher, German -- pulled off a much less surprising upset. George Strickler, a Notre Dame student, was what we now call a publicity director. At halftime, he mentioned Rudolph Valentino's 1921 silent film epic The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, (although that term comes from the Bible's Book of Revelation), in the press box. The great syndicated sports columnist Grantland Rice, based out of the New York Herald Tribune, ran with it, and wrote this opening paragraph, the most famous piece of sportswriting ever: Outlined against a blue-gray October sky, the Four Horsemen rode again. In dramatic lore their names are Death, Destruction, Pestilence, and Famine. But those are aliases. Their real names are: Stuhldreher, Crowley, Miller and Layden. They formed the crest of the South Bend cyclone before which another fighting Army team was swept over the precipice at the Polo Grounds this afternoon as 55,000 spectators peered down upon the bewildering panorama spread out upon the green plain below. They don't write 'em like that anymore: Not only was the 1920s, as Rice himself later billed it, the Golden Age of Sports, it was the golden age of sportswriting, with Rice joined by such men as Ring Lardner, Paul Gallico, Jimmy Cannon and Damon Runyon. To further plant the idea of the Four Horsemen in people's minds, the 4 of them were posted on horseback, wearing full uniforms and holding footballs. (But nobody ever asked Red Grange to pose as a ghost, or on a galloping horse.) From left to right: Miller, Layden, Crowley, Stuhldreher. A set of statues representing that photo is now at Notre Dame's Guglielmo Athletic Complex. Over their 3 seasons -- freshmen were not eligible to play varsity football at the time -- Notre Dame won 27 games and lost only 2, both away to Nebraska, plus a tie in an earlier game with Army. They won the 1924 National Championship, defeating Ernie Nevers' Stanford squad in the 1925 Rose Bowl, with Layden returning 2 interceptions for touchdowns. (Notre Dame would then refuse all bowl invitations until 1970 -- having been shamed into it because they refused to take on Texas for the National Championship in the previous year's Cotton Bowl.) None of the 4 was over 6 feet tall, and none weighed more than 162 pounds. But this was typical of football players of the Roaring Twenties. And no one today can question their toughness: In their 30 games together, they played in primitive protective equipment, played offense and defense, excelling on both sides, and played all 60 minutes with no substitutions. The line that protected them was nicknamed the "Seven Mules," to emphasize their crucial but less glamorous function. * How did the Four Horsemen do in the pros? Not especially well. P |
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