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A tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially if the item is not consumed in the process. Tool use by humans dates back millions of years, and other animals are also known to employ simple tools.
Tools that are used in particular fields or activities may have different designations such as "instrument", "utensil", "implement", "machine", "device," or "apparatus". The set of tools needed to achieve a goal is "equipment". The knowledge of constructing, obtaining and using tools is technology.
Anthropologists believe that the use of tools was an important step in the evolution of mankind. Because tools are used extensively by both humans and wild chimpanzees, it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species. These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable materials such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools.
Stone artifacts only date back to about 2.5 million years ago. However, a 2010 study suggests the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis ate meat by carving animal carcasses with stone implements. This finding pushes back the earliest known use of stone tools among hominins to about 3.4 million years ago.
A programming tool or software development tool is a computer program that software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and applications. The term usually refers to relatively simple programs, that can be combined together to accomplish a task, much as one might use multiple hand tools to fix a physical object. The ability to use a variety of tools productively is one hallmark of a skilled software engineer.
The most basic tools are a source code editor and a compiler or interpreter, which are used ubiquitously and continuously. Other tools are used more or less depending on the language, development methodology, and individual engineer, and are often used for a discrete task, like a debugger or profiler. Tools may be discrete programs, executed separately – often from the command line – or may be parts of a single large program, called an integrated development environment (IDE). In many cases, particularly for simpler use, simple ad hoc techniques are used instead of a tool, such as print debugging instead of using a debugger, manual timing (of overall program or section of code) instead of a profiler, or tracking bugs in a text file or spreadsheet instead of a bug tracking system.
"Tool" is a 7" single by Baboon that was released in 1993 on Silver Girl Records. Side A is 33rpm while side B is 45rpm.
The song "Tool" also appears on the band's first album, Face Down in Turpentine, though the album version is a different recording. The recording of "Tool" from this single also appears on the Get It Through Your Thick Skull compilation.
In Beijing, shared bikes have been disinfected and some of them are equipped with hand sanitizers recently as COVID-19 precaution measures, for the sake of the riders' health amid the recent COVID-19 resurgence ... A bike-sharing service worker equips shared bikes with hand sanitizers outside a subway station in Beijing, capital of China, May 18, 2022.
Navigating to the “???” location in Cornelia allows one to test our different Jobs, equipment and abilities ... A “Confirm Equipment Optimization” option has also been added to the System Settings. Upon using “Optimize Equipment”, a confirmation screen will now pop up, asking if you’re sure.
The city of Decatur plans to replace Austinville Park’s old playground equipment, but the new equipment likely won’t be installed until next year, a city official said ...The CityCouncil voted against it when Councilman HunterPepper, whose District 4 includes the park, said the residents want playground equipment instead.
"Based on our investigation to date and discussions with our consultants, we are informed and we strongly believe that the failure of the utility's equipment was responsible for the tragic loss of the victims' homes and their displacement," a statement from the firm said.
It’s important to note that while Woods rarely deviates from the equipment script — he still plays traditional entirely through the bag most weeks — he’s embraced more forgiving options at the top of the set in recent years, including a P790 UDI at the 2019 Open Championship and older model UDI in previous years ... Wall-to-Wall Equipment.
The grant was for the Internet Crimes Against ChildrenUnit to add an additional forensic work station, purchase mobile forensic equipment and software, and attend advanced training. Pictured is some ICAC forensic equipment ... equipment and software; and attend advanced training.
Funding from Meridian helps local health provider with purchasing medical equipment ... The team received a $5,000 grant from Meridian for medical equipment as part of an initiative Centene, Meridian's parent company, announced last year to encourage providers nationwide to educate members about the COVID-19 vaccine.
Eyuel Fikru, one of the Ethiopian health experts working as local team coordinator at the Huo-Yan Air Lab, said the company has introduced the latest technologies and equipment to conduct COVID-19 testing and has shared good knowledge on modern COVID-19 testing technology with local health professionals.
New Delhi has long talked of diversifying the suppliers to its huge armed forces, and even making more equipment at home, objectives that have taken on new urgency since Russia's invasion, two government officials and a defence source said ...The IndianArmy is equipped with Russian-made tanks and Kalashnikov rifles.
New Delhi has long talked of diversifying the suppliers to its huge armed forces, and even making more equipment at home, objectives that have taken on new urgency since Russia’s invasion, two government officials and a defence source said ...The IndianArmy is equipped with Russian-made tanks and Kalashnikov rifles.
DALLAS (Reuters) – Construction equipment maker Caterpillar Inc believes demand for critical minerals as the clean energy transition gathers pace will translate to solid returns for its mining business, CEO Jim Umpleby said in an interview on Tuesday ... “That requires more mining equipment, which gives us an opportunity,” he said.
According to eyewitnesses, the two men were not given any safety equipment when they entered the sewer,” a police officer said ... It said it had appropriate machinery, such as super-sucker machines, jetting and suction machines, bolero mounted jetting machines and other equipment, for mechanised cleaning of the sewer tanks.
As in Vietnam decades earlier, the US “spent years and billions of dollars training and equipping” the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) “only to see them quickly collapse in the face of far less-equipped insurgencies once US logistical, equipment-enabler and air support ...
trained and the equipment the U.S ...That's 78 aircraft worth $920 million, some 9,500 air-to-ground munitions worth $6 million, more than 40,000 vehicles, over 300,000 weapons, and nearly all night vision, surveillance, communications, and biometric equipment, according to the Pentagon. . | <urn:uuid:5bca9bb4-bf4f-4342-9c1b-6c46dc406162> | {
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Due: thu 22 jan 2009 10am in the cs245 drop boxes. There are multiple correct answers to some of these questions: (9 marks) express each of the following sentences as a formula in propositional logic. W r where: r it rains, w it is winter. Explain your response and demonstrate that your response is correct using the semantics of propositional logic. No, the premises do not logically imply the conclusion. The following boolean valuation, v, is a counterexample where the premises are t and the conclusion is f. v(a) = f, v(b) = t, v(c) = f. Premise 1: v( (b a)) = not (v(b) imp v(a)) Premise 2: v(b c) = v(b) or v(c) In the above boolean valuation, both evaluate to t: (6 marks) use transformational proof to prove: (a b) (b c) c true. (a b) (b c) c ( (a b) (b c)) c impl. (a b) (b c) c dm. (a b) (b c) c. | <urn:uuid:24957d53-775c-4f16-a149-5ea7e892fb4a> | {
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There can be no equal justice where the kind of trial a man gets depends on the amount of money he has. Since the ancient times, aiding the poor was considered to be a good deed. As time progressed our legislature also brought in many laws and regulations for the betterment of the poor. It is not easy to survive today’s world with insufficient monetary resources. It is especially difficult to get justice owing to increasing corruption and high legal expenses. Thus, the concept of legal aid was born.
Legal aid per se means to provide legal assistance or any kind of help to the people who are in need of it. Legal aid can be considered as an arr angement or tool that helps in the working of the justice administration more accessible for the ones who are need of a legal remedy for obtaining their rights.
History and Development
The pre-litigation legal aid in India be traced since the Vedic times. However, one of the first few regimes of legal aid was during the British reign in India. During this phase, the Bombay Legal Aid Society was formed in the year 1924. It was formed with the objective of making law and justice accessible to the poor of the society. It also strived towards reducing the cost of litigation and legal processes. For qualification under legal aid, an applicant had to satisfy the means test and had to have a bonafide case. Earlier than the Bombay Legal Aid society, the Code of Civil Procedure was established in the year 1908. The C.P.C provided for legal aid and assistance.
Legal Aid Under Various Statutes in India
Independent India was under the dilemma of whether to make legal aid a constitutional force or not. A committee under Shri Swaran Singh was set up. The committee strongly expressed to assertiveness towards including legal aid in the Constitution of India. Subsequently, the Indian parliament inserted the concept of “Free Legal Aid” in the 42nd amendment of the constitution. It was included in Part IV of the same. The Central and State Government both were given the power to make such supplementary provisions as it thinks fir for providing free legal services to those who have been permitted to sue as indigent persons under the Rule 18 of order XXXIII.
The constitution of India also the has several provisions regarding legal aid. The Preamble clearly mentions that the justice shall be provided to all the economic, political and social facets. It further provides for equality of status and of opportunity. The constitution also states that no person shall be denied the right to counsel, and to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice. The Indian constitution follows the rule of natural justice. According to Article 39A of the Indian Constitution, it is the responsibility of the State to overlook that the working of the legal system shall stimulate justice, on fundamentals of equal opportunity to every citizen. Justice must not be denied to any citizen only because of their monetary disabilities.
The Code of Criminal Procedure also deals with legal aid extensively. Section 303 of the said code provides that any person who is accused under any offence before a criminal court or against whom any criminal proceeding is instituted under the Act shall have a right of choosing the pleader. Section 304 of Cr. P.C mentions that if the court assumes that the person who is accused may not have enough monetary means to hire a pleader, in such cases, the court has an authority to appoint a pleader for the defense of the accused. It is further stated in the section that the cost and expenses of the hired pleader shall be borne by the State.
Establishment for Legal Aid
It is first important to know the institutions that have been established to render legal aid to the needful.
- National Legal Service Authority (NALSA): The NALSA is a body that was established by the central Government. This is considered to be the most powerful body to facilitate the legal aid. It was laid down in the legal Service Authorities Act, 1987 under Section 3.
- State Legal Service Authority: It is established under Section 6 of the LSA Act. Section provides the power to the state Government to constitute a body to be called the state Legal Services Authority. This body was designed to work as per the roles that were bestowed upon the body by the said Act.
- District Legal Services Authority: The District Authority is formed by the State Government after consulting and discussing with the Chief Justice of that particular state’s High Court. The Authority shall now be responsible for undertaking the functions as prescribed by the given Act.
- Supreme Court Legal Service Committee: It is framed under Section 3A of the Act. It comes under the working of the Central Authority. The head of such committee shall be judge of supreme court and he shall work with a penal which is elected by the Chief Justice of India.
- High Court Legal Committee: It works in accordance with section 8A of the Act. It is under the framework of the State Authority.
A person wanting to take the benefits of legal aid must fill a form that is made available at all District headquarters and sub-divisional headquarters. These forms are free of cost. Alternatively, a person can send on online application or a written letter for pleading legal aid.
Requisites for such an application are:
- Income proof
- Identity Proof
- An affidavit as prescribed
A person who is approved of legal aid shall be entitled to payment of court fee, process fees, and all other charges payable or incurred in connection with any legal proceedings.
Hussainara Khatoon v State of Bihar
The court affirmed the concept of legal aid by mentioning it as a way for redressal in case the plaintiff is unable to hire an advocate.
Khatri v State of Bihar
The court in this case explained that legal aid shall include every step of legislation including the first appearance before the magistrate. It was further added that financial constraint shall not obstruct the pleader to getting justice.
Providing legal representation is a vital concept in our legislature. A concept like legal aid must not be considered as charity. legal aid is a necessity and an obligation for overlooking equal justice of every single citizen of India. Litigation costs may get very exorbitant and the majority may not be capable to bear such cost. Legal aid comes as a boon for such people. Citizens have stronger faith in law because of such people-friendly legislatures. It works to ensure that the constitutional mandate is fulfilled in its letter and spirit.
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The Global Network of Cities (GNOC) is an emerging concept that is revolutionizing the way cities interact and collaborate with each other. It is a network of cities that are connected, learning, and innovating together in order to build stronger global communities. GNOC has been gaining traction in recent years as more and more cities realize the power of collaboration and global networking. This article will explore the concept of GNOC, its benefits, and its implications for global city networks and international networks of global cities. The Global Network of Cities (GNOC) is an international network of global cities and municipalities that has been established to provide a platform for collaboration and exchange of information among them.
The GNOC’s mission is to promote sustainable urban development, while at the same time ensuring that cities and communities remain connected with each other and their citizens. The network also aims to build capacity and knowledge of cities and local authorities to better manage their resources and develop more effective strategies for addressing global challenges. To achieve these goals, the GNOC has identified four main objectives:Promoting collaboration among cities and municipalities to foster sustainable development; Strengthening the capacity of cities and local authorities to better manage their resources; Developing strategies for addressing global challenges; and Enhancing communication and exchanging information between cities and municipalities. To achieve these goals, the GNOC has established several initiatives that focus on different aspects of urban development. These initiatives include: the Urban Development Platform, which provides a platform for members to share their experiences in urban development; the Knowledge Hub, which is a repository of resources related to urban development; the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Hub, which is an initiative that focuses on implementing the SDGs in cities; the International Dialogue Platform, which provides a platform for discussion and debate on urban issues; and the Capacity Building Program, which provides capacity building opportunities for city leaders to better manage their resources. The GNOC also works with various partners to ensure that the network is effective in achieving its goals.
These partners include the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the European Commission, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and other international organizations. The network has also established a number of regional initiatives that focus on specific areas of urban development. For example, in Africa, there is the African Urban Agenda (AUA), which focuses on promoting sustainable urban development in African countries; in Latin America, there is the Latin American Forum on Sustainable Cities (FLACSO); and in Asia, there is the Asian Forum on Sustainable Cities (AFSC). The GNOC also works with local governments to ensure that their initiatives are successful.
This includes providing technical assistance to local governments in developing their strategies for addressing global challenges, as well as providing capacity building opportunities for city leaders. In addition, the GNOC works with civil society organizations to ensure that their voices are heard in discussions about urban development. Through these partnerships, the GNOC seeks to ensure that all stakeholders have an opportunity to participate in decision-making processes related to urban development, so that their interests are taken into consideration when policies are formulated. Overall, the Global Network of Cities (GNOC) is an important initiative for promoting collaboration among cities and municipalities, strengthening capacity and knowledge of cities and local authorities, developing strategies for addressing global challenges, and enhancing communication and exchanging information between cities and municipalities. Through its initiatives, the network is working to create a more sustainable future for our cities, while at the same time connecting them with each other.
The Benefits of Joining the Global Network of CitiesJoining the Global Network of Cities (GNOC) offers a variety of benefits for cities and municipalities around the world. By joining the network, cities can gain access to resources such as knowledge hubs, capacity building programs, and international dialogues.
Additionally, GNOC members can benefit from increased collaboration with other cities and municipalities in the network, as well as access to funding opportunities from international organizations. The GNOC provides its members with unique opportunities to share best practices and learn from one another. Through a combination of workshops, seminars, and conferences, cities can exchange ideas and develop strategies to solve global challenges. Furthermore, the network offers members access to a network of experts and practitioners, allowing them to take advantage of cutting-edge research and innovations. The GNOC also provides members with access to additional resources, such as funding opportunities from international organizations. This can help cities develop projects that have a global impact and benefit their citizens.
Finally, by joining the GNOC, cities can also benefit from increased visibility and influence on the global stage. The Global Network of Cities (GNOC) is an invaluable resource for cities and local authorities seeking to promote sustainable urban development and ensure that cities remain connected with each other and their citizens. Through the GNOC’s initiatives, cities can benefit from increased access to resources, international funding opportunities, and collaboration and knowledge exchange among members. By joining the GNOC, cities can gain a greater understanding of global challenges and develop effective strategies for addressing them. The GNOC is a great way for cities and local authorities to network, share best practices, and collaborate on solutions to global challenges. Joining the GNOC can provide cities with the tools they need to make their cities more resilient, sustainable, and successful. | <urn:uuid:6e3ece0b-267b-4a71-9694-0d2726e4e24c> | {
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George Wythe would never be mistaken for handsome. He had a hawk-like nose and a badly receding hairline, and he was so slight it seemed that a stiff wind would blow the man down. Painter John Trumbull drew Wythe (pronounced like the word “with”) from life, traveling down to Williamsburg, Virginia for the sitting. Then he put the old man – who was all of 50 – at the far left edge of his canvass, where a frame might hide him in the famous portrait The Declaration of Independence. Patriot George Wythe has been marginalized by history ever since.
Yet Wythe was among the first seeking independence from Great Britain, and long before the age of abolition, he set himself against the prevailing wisdom, arguing that black men held the same natural rights as all others. Wythe not only signed the Declaration of Independence, but the other Virginia signers deliberately left space above their own names for him to lead their delegation. Later Wythe turned the tide in Virginia in favor of ratification of the Constitution. The first law professor in America, Wythe strongly influenced the first generation of American patriots, teaching later U.S. presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe, U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall, and Secretary of State and U.S. Sen. Henry Clay, author of the Missouri Compromise.
Most Americans remember the bellicose Patrick Henry, whose oratorical ability and outrageous conduct overshadowed Wythe in the courtroom and the legislature. But it was Wythe the people trusted and chose to attend the Continental Congress, and it was Wythe who argued for the federal Constitution while Henry opposed it.
Wythe was born in 1726 in Elizabeth City County in what is now Hampton, Va. His planter father died shortly afterward, and Wythe’s mother taught the boy, giving him a lifelong love of learning. He read law with his uncle and began to practice in 1746. At Christmastime that year, Wythe married his partner’s daughter, Ann Lewis. He was heartbroken when she died eight months later.
Wythe’s clientele included the family of Martha Custis, who married George Washington, and an heir of the founder of the College of William and Mary. When the well-known jurist Peyton Randolph went to England as an agent for Virginia, Wythe filled in as attorney general. In 1754 Williamsburg elected Wythe to the House of Burgesses and Wythe married Elizabeth Taliaferro (pronounced Toliver), whose architect father built them a splendid house in Williamsburg which still stands.
The College of William and Mary, where the quiet, academic Wythe felt most comfortably socially, elected him to the House of Burgesses a second time in 1758. Soon Wythe acquired a reputation for honesty and integrity, and his colleagues elevated him to positions of trust in that body.
Wythe and his neighbor, Governor Francis Fauquier, became close friends. Together with Professor William Small, the men met frequently for dinner, which in 1760 began to include the scion of an old and distinguished Virginia family, Thomas Jefferson, then 20. These evenings, Jefferson later said, contained “more good sense, more rational and philosophical conversations, than in my life beside.”
In fact, Jefferson lived with Wythe and studied law under him for the next five years. “Mr. Wythe continued to be my faithful and beloved mentor in youth,” Jefferson said later, “and my most affectionate friend through life.”
Wythe bequeathed Jefferson his personal library, a collection that, together with Jefferson’s own, seeded the Library of Congress with 6,487 volumes after the British burning of Washington in 1814 destroyed the original. Wythe and the other older men could not have failed to make an impression on the future president, who became steeped in their ideas of the Age of Enlightenment. These included ideas echoed in the Declaration of Independence: John Locke’s concept of the natural rights of man – life, liberty and property – and Rousseau’s belief that government derives its power from the consent of the governed.
When Patrick Henry, a failed businessman who had scarcely prepared for a career in law, presented himself as a candidate for the Virginia bar, Wythe refused to sign his application. Henry, whom Jefferson called “the laziest man in reading I ever knew,” nevertheless gained his license. This opened a period in which the outrageous Henry, playing to the crowd, shouted out the reasoned approach of Wythe. In 1763 Wythe opposed Virginia’s Two-Penny Tax affecting the pay of ministers, but as a judge he upheld the legislature’s right to levy it. That December as a lawyer, he defended the unpopular tax and lost to Henry at trial. Henry all but called King George III a tyrant in the courtroom, prompting calls of “Treason!” and winning himself instant celebrity.
After the French and Indian War, the British government began to demand things of the colonies that it had never done before. Parliament prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains and began to tax the colonists directly to help pay the costs of the war in America. The Sugar Act affected merchants and bootleggers primarily, but a pending proposal to tax all things paper placed a burden on everyone in the colonies, raising objections from all quarters.
In the autumn of 1764 Wythe was named to a special committee of burgesses to draft an address to the king, a memorial, and a remonstrance, or objections, to the Stamp Act for King George III and Parliament. Wythe wrote the remonstrance, which many of his colleagues thought was almost treasonous. The document first set forth the principle that “it is essential to British liberty that laws imposing taxes on the people ought not to be made without the consent of representatives chosen by themselves . . .” In other words, it said, “No taxation without representation.” Wythe further warned that “British patriots will never consent to the exercise of anti-constitutional power, which even in this remote corner may be dangerous in its example to the interior parts of the British empire . . .”
After the fighting at Lexington and Concord, Wythe went to Philadelphia as a Virginia delegate to the Second Continental Congress. “In what character shall we treat (with England)?” he asked the body. “Why should we be so fond of calling ourselves dutiful subjects? We must declare ourselves a free people.” Wythe approved Jefferson for the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, and it was Wythe who moved that his former pupil Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and Silas Deane be sent to France, the first ambassadors of a newly declared republic.
Though willing to fight the British, at 50 years old Wythe was well beyond the age of bearing arms. He returned to Williamsburg to serve his state, though capture, imprisonment, the loss of his property and possibly his life were always a threat. Wythe helped George Mason draft Virginia’s constitution. He served with Jefferson, Mason and Edmund Pendleton on the committee to revise the state’s colonial laws. He was one of two men who created the state seal, with Virtue triumphant over Tyranny and the motto “Sic Semper Tyrannis” – Thus Ever to Tyrants – made infamous by John Wilkes Booth, who yelled it in Ford’s Theater immediately after shooting President Lincoln.
When Jefferson became governor of Virginia in 1779, he appointed Wythe the first professor in the new law department at William and Mary. Later he served in various judicial roles, including the state supreme court.
In Marbury vs. Madison (1803), Chief Justice John Marshall enunciated the doctrine of judicial review, strengthening the checks and balances of the three branches of government. “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is,” Marshall wrote. In doing so, he simply followed the lead of his mentor. Wythe had set the standard for judicial review in 1782 as a member of Virginia’s supreme court in the case of Commonwealth vs. Caton. In that opinion, Wythe stated, “If the whole legislature . . . should attempt to overleap the bounds prescribed to them by the people, I, in administering the public justice of the country, will meet the united powers at my seat in this tribunal and, pointing to the constitution, will say to them, ‘Here is the limit of your authority; and hither shall you go, but no further’.”
Wythe, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, was forced to come home when his wife became terminally ill. However, he was instrumental in obtaining his state’s slim vote in favor of the Constitution in 1788, making his arguments when ratification by the necessary ninth state was still in doubt. Without Virginia, the most populous state, the Union which the document represented would have looked much different.
Wythe was no less an advocate for individual liberty than he was for national independence. As judge of Virginia’s Court of Chancery, Wythe ruled that the state’s 1776 Declaration of Rights included African Americans among the “all men” born free.
He ruled that “they should be considered free until proven otherwise.” The brave decision was overturned on appeal. Wythe freed several of his slaves after his wife died in 1787 and conveyed others to his wife’s relatives, and he made bequests to his former slaves Michael Brown and Lydia Broadnax.
Wythe’s nephew, George Sweeney, who had forged his uncle’s signature to checks he had cashed and who perhaps hoped to speed his own inheritance, poisoned Brown and Wythe in 1806. Brown died shortly afterward, but the old man lingered for two weeks, long enough to discover the forgeries and revise his will. Indicted for murder, Sweeney escaped trial because the evidence was circumstantial and Broadnax, the cook, who may have seen the poison applied, was not allowed to testify because she was African American.
In his notes for a biography of Wythe, Jefferson employed his knowledge of classical history, comparing his mentor to Cato the Younger, a Roman patriot known for his integrity and defense of the Roman Republic against the perceived tyranny of Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar.
“No man ever left behind him a character more venerated than George Wythe,” Jefferson wrote. “His virtue was of the purest tint; his integrity inflexible, and his justice exact; of warm patriotism, and, devoted as he was to liberty, and the natural and equal rights of man, he might truly be called the Cato of his country.”
Brown, Imogene E. American Aristides: A Biography of George Wythe. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981.
Fineberg, Gail. “Thomas Jefferson’s Library: Library Reconstructs, Displays Founding Collection.” Library of Congress information bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 6. http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0806/jefferson.html. Online June 2008. Acquired 10 July 2012.
“George Wythe.” The Colonial Williamsburg Official History Site. http://www.history.org/almanack/people/bios/biowythe.cfm. Acquired 20 August 2011.
“George Wythe.” The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. http://www.dsdi1776.com/signers-by-state/george-wythe/. Online 11 December 2011.
Acquired 15 April 2016.=1822&mode=small&img_step-
Jefferson, George. Letter to Thomas Jefferson, 22 July 1806. Massachusetts Historical Society: Online Collections. http://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=1822&pid=3
Jefferson, Thomas. Memoirs, Correspondence and Miscellanies, Volume I. Charlottesville: F. Carr, and Co., 1829. http://www.archive.org/stream/memcorrmisc01jeffrich. Acquired 26 August 2011.
“The Remonstrance to the House of Commons.” Wythepedia: The George Wythe Encyclopedia. http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Remonstrance_to_the_House_of_Coimmons. Online: 20 March 2016. Acquired 20 April 2016. | <urn:uuid:a5b56746-77f7-4937-bd17-8a04f781efdf> | {
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What was a provision of the USA Patriot Act?
Specifically, the Patriot Act gave federal officials new surveillance authority in terrorism cases, as well as the ability to conduct searches of property without the consent or knowledge of the owner or occupant. Increased federal authority to freeze financial assets of suspected terror groups and individuals.
Was the Patriot Act Bipartisan?
Congress enacted the Patriot Act by overwhelming, bipartisan margins, arming law enforcement with new tools to detect and prevent terrorism: The USA Patriot Act was passed nearly unanimously by the Senate 98-1, and 357-66 in the House, with the support of members from across the political spectrum.
Is the Patriot Act still law?
The USA Freedom Reauthorization Act restores government powers that expired in March with Section 215 of the Patriot Act. While the Senate adopted an amendment to expand oversight, it shot down a proposal that would have restricted warrantless collection of internet search and web browsing data.
Who authored the Patriot Act?
Bush declared a War on Terror and soon thereafter Senators from both sides of politics started working on legislation that would give law enforcement greater powers and to prevent and investigate terrorism in the United States. The Patriot Act was written by Jim Sensenbrenner.
How has the Patriot Act helped protect the nation quizlet?
How has the Patriot Act helped protect the nation? It has given the government more power to investigate and prosecute acts of terror. It has allowed the government to break laws when acts of terror are suspected. It has made stopping attacks easier because of stricter privacy protections.
Why was the Patriot Act passed quizlet?
The USA Patriot Act was passed by Congress as a response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Patriot Act is an acronym for “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.” You just studied 7 terms!
How does the Patriot Act affect civil liberties?
It undermines the privacy protections of the Fourth Amendment by eroding the line between intelligence gathering and gathering evidence for a criminal proceeding, and expands the ability of the government to spy through wiretaps, computer surveillance, access to medical, financial, business and educational records and …
What action did the United States take in 2003 as part of its war on terror?
March 19, 2003: U.S. and coalition forces invade Iraq following intelligence that the country and its dictator, Saddam Hussein, possessed or were developing weapons of mass destruction.
What powers did the USA Patriot Act grant to the federal government quizlet?
(Eggen) The Patriot Act, passed overwhelmingly by Congress in the weeks after the 2001 terrorist attacks, gave the government significant new powers to conduct searches and surveillance in terrorism investigations and allowed more information sharing among law enforcement agencies.
What was a criticism of the USA Patriot Act when it was first enacted quizlet?
What was a criticism of the USA Patriot Act when first enacted? It went too far in allowing the government to gather intelligence on private conversations of U.S. citizens.
How did the US government increase security after the September 11 2001 attacks quizlet?
How did the US government increase security after the September 11, 2001, attacks? It significantly increased the size of the US military by ordering a draft. It established the Central Intelligence Agency to overthrow terrorist groups. It created the Department of Homeland Security to prevent terrorist attacks.
What is one result of the Patriot Act?
The act ended the bulk collection of all records under Section 215 of the Patriot Act and allowed challenges to national security letter gag orders. It also required better transparency and more information sharing between the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and the American people.
What are some negative impacts of the USA Patriot Act?
According to critics, some federal agents can abuse this authority and simply collect information or accuse anyone of terrorism based on guesses. 2. Anti-immigrants. Another flaw of the Act is the provision on immigration where immigrants who are suspected of terrorism can be held and detained indefinitely.
What changes to US law occurred with the passage of the Patriot Act quizlet?
The Patriot Act updated the law to reflect new technologies and new threats. . . . The Patriot Act increased the penalties for those who commit terrorist crimes. The authorities Congress provided [in this law] have substantially enhanced our ability to prevent, investigate, and prosecute acts of terror.
What was allowed by the USA Patriot Act quizlet?
What does the “Patriot Act” allow the government to do? It allows for the government to conduct mass surveillance of Americans without regard to whether they committed any misdeeds.
Which of the following is a method of quickly intercepting disposable phones or Internet traffic?
roving wiretaps: A method of quickly intercepting disposable phone or Internet traffic. A roving wiretap allows law enforcement officers to monitor new connections without returning to court for another search warrant.
In which ways has the Patriot Act been criticized quizlet?
One criticism of the USA PATRIOT Act is that it removes the protection that a search warrant provides. In other words, a search warrant prevents investigators from barging into someone’s home and searching without a good reason to.
How has the Patriot Act helped protect the nation?
The Act tore down the wall between law enforcement and intelligence officials so that they can share information and work together to help prevent attacks. . The PATRIOT Act has helped us to disrupt terrorist plots and break up cells here in the United States.
What rights does the Patriot Act take away?
Who can they demand it from? Section 215 of the Patriot Act violates the Constitution in several ways. It: Violates the Fourth Amendment, which says the government cannot conduct a search without obtaining a warrant and showing probable cause to believe that the person has committed or will commit a crime. | <urn:uuid:71730d23-dcd6-4ef3-b111-c210a4794993> | {
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More than a century after Jewish American philosopher Horace Kallen developed the concept of cultural pluralism in 1915, it has never been more important. In the simplest terms, cultural pluralism is the idea that diversity is the true genius of American culture. Or as Ralph Ellison put it in 1961, “I believe in diversity, and I think the real death of the United States will be when everyone is just alike.” The concept is rooted in the belief that America is at its best when it welcomes immigrants and allows them to cultivate their distinctive social worlds and create a vivid mosaic of interacting parts. Cultural pluralism visualizes American culture as an ever-changing process rather than a fixed product and America as a constantly emerging nation whose polyglot nature has always been its greatest strength.
Cultural pluralism materialized as a forceful response to the white racism and rabid xenophobia that erupted during the years surrounding World War I. Understanding how a group of men and women confronted such bigotry and persecution more than a century ago can provide a map for thinking and practice as we struggle to respond to these same forces in the present.
A wide array of intellectuals and activists developed versions of cultural pluralism with Kallen, including social worker and activist Jane Addams, philosophers William James, Josiah Royce, and John Dewey, radical journalists Randolph Bourne and Max Eastman, Norwegian American novelist Ole Rolvaag, Jewish intellectuals Judah Magnes and Jesse Sampter, and Black writers W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke. Their perspective was a sharp contrast to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt’s and Woodrow Wilson’s demands that immigrants and minorities fit into a uniform American mold or merge into an obliterating melting pot, as popularized by Jewish British playwright Israel Zangwill’s 1908 play, The Melting Pot.
Seven years after Zangwill’s play appeared, Kallen coined the term “cultural pluralism” in an essay titled “Democracy versus the Melting Pot.” Born in 1882 in the German province of Silesia, Kallen immigrated with his family to Boston in 1887. He grew up in a poverty-stricken household, the oldest child in a large family overseen by an authoritarian father and Orthodox rabbi who expected him to follow in his footsteps. He rebelled, heading to Harvard instead, where he became a favored student of philosophers William James and Josiah Royce, whose respective visions of a “pluralistic universe” and a “wise provincialism” left a deep impression upon the young scholar. Kallen had a long and eventful life. From his first teaching position at Princeton, where he was fired in 1905 for discussing Judaism and atheism in the classroom, to his distinguished tenure as a founding member of the New School for Social Research in New York between 1919 and 1974, Kallen was a multi-talented and influential figure.
The most productive stretch of Kallen’s career occurred during the years he lived and taught at the University of Wisconsin in Madison from 1911 until 1918. This was his first exposure to life west of the Hudson, and his experiences living in and traveling throughout the youthful, culturally diverse Midwest were essential to the birth of his pivotal idea. His exposure to vibrant immigrant communities in Chicago and other Midwestern cities as well as encounters with ethnic enclaves across Wisconsin’s rural landscape provided living examples to push back against the militantly unifying melting pot concept. He was an engaging young man, and personal interactions with a range of Midwestern intellectuals as varied as novelist Theodore Dreiser, Nordic racist Edward A. Ross, and progressive statesman Robert La Follette added texture to his emerging idea. This multitudinous Midwestern experience, combined with the approach of war and anti-immigrant hysteria, precipitated Kallen’s 1915 vision of a polyglot America as a vast symphony orchestra, as “a multiplicity in unity, an orchestration of mankind,” an ideal that stood as a peaceful alternative to the toxic nationalism that had engulfed Europe and threatened the United States.
Similar imagery had been used long before, most significantly by social worker and activist Jane Addams who, based upon her work at Hull House in Chicago, depicted the nation as a grand chorus of many voices and promoted “cosmopolitan neighborhoods” as seedbeds of diversity as early as 1892. Indeed, the hope of truly “achieving our country,” as philosopher Richard Rorty wrote in 1999, and of realizing a society where “individual life will become unthinkably diverse and social life unthinkably free,” had been expressed in various forms across much of the 19th century. A deep-seated belief that America’s true genius lay in its capacity for endless diversity had, for example, been expressed in Frederick Douglass’s 1869 speech, “Our Composite Nationality,” where he envisioned the United States as “a country of all extremes” whose “races range all the way from black to white, with intermediate shades which no man can number.” This prophecy—also projected by Emerson, Melville, and Whitman—held up America’s mixed and piebald character as its greatest strength and highest achievement.
Several generations later, Kallen’s vision of a multitudinous America struck a chord and sparked a widespread debate. Within a year of Kallen’s landmark essay, his close friend, radical journalist Randolph Bourne, projected an image of the United States as “trans-national America” and “a cosmopolitan federation of national cultures, from which the sting of devastating competition has been removed.” With the nation’s entry into war in late 1917 and in response to demands for absolute loyalty—and persecution of those who refused to kneel and kiss the flag—a growing number of pluralists joined Kallen and Bourne in extolling diversity and decrying the menace of unblinking obedience to the state.
This rabid nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment persisted after the war ended; in 1919, President Wilson proclaimed that “any man who carries a hyphen carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic.” In contrast, philosopher John Dewey wrote in 1916 that “the genuine American, the typical American, is himself a hyphenated character.” Meanwhile, Norwegian American novelist Ole Rolvaag believed that immigrants and their children needed multiple roots to flourish in a new land, warning in the early 1920s that due to “the highly praised melting pot…America is doomed to become the most impoverished land spiritually on the face of the earth.”
Kallen was at the core of this pluralist conversation, but it is important to recognize that his original theory was streaked with flaws, the darkest being its narrow frame of reference. Although radical for his time, Kallen’s early focus on European-based ethnic groups at the expense of non-white African- and Asian-based groups constituted a serious myopia shared by many of his otherwise clear-sighted contemporaries. As historian Mike Wallace succinctly put it in 2017, “Kallen’s cultural pluralism… stopped at the color line.” Wallace’s statement underscores fellow historian John Higham’s criticism that “the pluralist thesis from the onset was encapsulated in white ethnocentrism.” But by the 1950s, his theory would evolve far beyond white ethnocentrism and the color line, thanks to Kallen’s nearly life-long interracial friendship with fellow philosopher and founder of the Harlem Renaissance Alain Locke, who deserves credit as co-creator of cultural pluralism.
In 1906, 20-year-old Locke was a student in a class at Harvard taught by 24-year-old Kallen. They exchanged ideas about cultural identity and diversity, and in the process, as Kallen recalled, “The formulae, the phrases developed—‘cultural pluralism,’ ‘the right to be different.’” A year later, their paths crossed again at Oxford, where Locke was the first Black Rhodes scholar and Kallen was doing post-doctoral research. In England, their friendship and cultural pride deepened as Kallen became increasingly aware of anti-Semitism and Locke experienced double prejudice for being both gay and Black.
From almost the beginning of their relationship, Locke would surpass his mentor in the breadth of his vision of diversity. As early as 1908, Locke gave a farsighted speech at Oxford’s Cosmopolitan Club praising, in his words, “a divided nationalism within one political nation, an ideal difference within a geographical unity, and a cosmopolitanism within a nation.” By 1911, he published several articles espousing the cross fertilization of a panoply of cultures—including Black and white—a perspective far broader than Kallen’s.
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Locke prodded his friend to widen his vision of cultural pluralism and include African Americans and other non-European groups in his theory. Kallen’s focus had shifted after World War I to other concerns, among them fighting for wider civil liberties and awakening the public to the rise of fascism. But with the spread of a new war and racial atrocities across Europe and Asia in the early 1940s, Kallen at last heeded Locke’s advice, expanding his vision of pluralism and eventually publicly recognizing his colleague’s original role as the concept’s co-creator. Deeply influenced by Locke, who died in 1954, Kallen’s racial awakening continued to encompass an ever-wider universe of humanity until his own death in 1974.
The fearmongering, hate speech, and demands for 100 percent Americanism that Kallen, Locke, and others witnessed more than a century ago continue in fresh forms today. This new authoritarian era of closing borders and vilifying people of color has made Kallen and Locke’s pioneering work increasingly relevant. For, in order to truly realize our nation as a perpetually unfinished, open-ended project that offers hope to a divisive world, pluralists and the larger public must forcefully reject fearmongering against any and every minority group. By following this path, we might finally begin, in James Baldwin’s words, to “end the racial nightmare, achieve our country, and change the history of the world.”
Barack Obama’s vision, expressed in 2020, of America as “the only great power in history made up of people from every corner of the planet, comprising every race and faith and cultural practice,” echoes such enduring pluralist hopes, as does his faith that we will succeed in this experiment because “we come from everywhere, and we contain multitudes.” | <urn:uuid:be9f440c-7c73-4158-b4ab-60e3c6b132a1> | {
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6.13. Many Parameters¶
Sometimes we will need more than one parameter in our methods. No problema! All we have to do is separate our parameters with a comma or two.
Again, take a look at the
Books class in our Goodreads example:
There is a new method defined on line 31 named
setAuthorName. This method utilizes two parameters,
lastName. We know that there are two parameters in this method because there is a comma that separates them from each other; this is how the compiler knows that there are two parameters in play.
If you forget the comma, your compiler will no longer be able to tell where one parameter ends and the next begins (and it will display an error message telling you that this is a “no no”!).
You can include as many or as few parameters in your methods as you would like! Just make sure that you use your commas in the cases where you use more than one.
What does it look like to call our new method? You could do something like this in
stamped.setAuthorName("Ibram X.", "Kendi");
stamped.setAuthorName("Ibram", "X. Kendi");
You can even tweak the
setAuthorName definition so that it uses three parameters instead of two; one for first name, one for a middle name, and one for a last name. In either of the examples above, it is important to notice the use of commas. Again, a comma is used to separate one argument from the next.
Remember, our computer cannot infer what you intend to happen; instead, it is simply plugging in values based on their position within the method call. Don’t think that our computers can tell that “Ibram” is the author’s first name and “Kendi” his last. Our computer would easily make “Kendi” the author’s first name if you wrote your call statement like this instead:
Our computer only does what it is told, so be very careful about how you pass in your arguments – it could mean the difference between generating the right output instead of the wrong one! | <urn:uuid:bf5761aa-89ab-47aa-bcb9-f6d86ea9bc8e> | {
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Also included in
- This bundle includes 4 geography resources. These fun geography games and activities will help you teach or supplement your social studies curriculum. The bundle includes:Compass Rose Activities Compass Rose GameGeography GamePumpkin Globes Continents OutlinesPlease click the individual resources pi$6.00$8.00Save $2.00
This whole group geography game helps students learn geography vocabulary and concepts. This game can be played multiple times throughout a geography unit. Students like the challenge of being timed and playing again to try to beat their time!
This resource includes:
- 28 Gamecards
- Guide for the teacher to make sure the game is progressing correctly
- Directions for the teacher
Please follow the honor system and purchase any additional licenses at a reduced rate. This resource may not be posted on any shared site.
*Click the green star above or click HERE to follow my store and be the first to know about new products and sales!
*Did you know that you can earn FREE TpT resources by rating your purchases and earning credits?! Your feedback also helps us continue to provide quality resources for educators.
Thank you for visiting!
Fourth Grade Frenzy | <urn:uuid:8c9f8a33-6cc1-4391-9a86-31b1f6ceed8e> | {
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Creating Silvopasture Out of Woodlands
When we open up thick stands of trees to create silvopasture, our goal is pretty simple: To remove enough tree canopy in order to let sunshine flow through the trees in order to allow grasses, forbs and legumes to grow below. (See previous post on why more open savanna-like landscapes are more the historical norm than open pasture or closed stands of trees.)
Silvopasture is an ancient practice that integrates trees and pasture into a single system for raising livestock. Research suggests silvopasture far outpaces any grassland technique for counteracting the methane emissions of livestock and sequestering carbon under-hoof. Pastures strewn or crisscrossed with trees sequester five to ten times as much carbon as those of the same size that are treeless, storing it in both biomass and soil.Project Drawdown
When we create silvopastures out of thick woods, we leave the best trees, and quite a few of them. Our objective is to remove dying, diseased and dead trees, and we often pile them up to create habitat for ground-dwelling creatures. For the most part, we try to leave the most mature and healthy trees — the opposite of how many forest “thinnings” usually happen, where the most mature trees are harvested for lumber and the understory (mostly genetically inferior stock) is left to regrow. We are selecting for health of the trees, so we want to leave the trees that compete the best for sunlight and resources to propagate more of their own kind.
Most of the trees that we have recently taken out down near the Haw River were not healthy trees. Ideally they would have been thinned over the years with axes, chainsaws and mules, but it is now a much larger job.
How close to the river are you cutting trees? How much land are you opening up?
We are leaving between 165’ to 215’ feet or more from the river untouched by large equipment. The line follows the change in slope and the change in soil type from Piedmont clay to the flood plain’s loamy sand. The flags are set on the topographic change, the vegetative change and the soil change line. Lines in nature are never straight, and we are paying attention to the soil changes rather than a hard-and-fast demarcation.
The total acreage for this project is around 6 acres. A roughly equal amount of land between the site we are working on and the river is going to be left as it is, for the most part. We have plans to collaborate with Hawbridge School students as well as volunteers to hand-remove invasive (non-native) privet bushes to allow the native spice bushes to proliferate.
What are the soils like? Don’t trees get compacted?
Except an area that we initially traversed into the flood plain (the error was ours and not the firm doing the work; we immediately repaired it, see photo below), we are staying off the alluvial soils where high river waters over the centuries have deposited silt and sand. The area where we are taking out trees has the same soil type, Piedmont clay, as our adjacent pastures.
As much as possible, we are leaving mature, healthy trees, and especially trees that provide fodder for livestock and wildlife, such as hickories and oaks. We are staying off the drip line of the trees as much as possible, and not dragging the slash across the bark of the trees that we are leaving. Operators of the equipment company we are working with have listened well to our desire to have as light of a footprint as possible, and to leave the soil surface in place as much as we can.
These types of projects are not common — large machines are usually used to level sites for housing developments and shopping malls — and to their credit, Carroll Contracting has learned quickly what we were after. Instead of grading the site with a bulldozer, they are using logs to level the soil where trees were removed (and fixing old gulleys from where water was not properly managed uphill decades ago, likely because of tilage and row-crop farming). We are keeping as much topsoil in place as we can. I have no desire to lose a precious ounce of it. The whole point of restorative livestock agriculture is to build soil.
Certain trees handle compaction better than others, and we are taking that into account with our selection. Poplars, for example, like compaction less than other trees (primarily because they are heavy consumers of water). They are also faster-growing than oaks, and so all things being equal we will usually elect to keep an oak over a poplar.
Grasses are healing to soil structure, and keeping soil covered is paramount, and to that end we are immediately planting native grasses — and covering the soil with straw loose enough to allow seed emergence. Having the soil covered with vegetative life will help the trees retain moisture through the summer. Covered soils create healthy environments for underground life, which improve water-carrying capacity, fertility and diversity.
Our flood plain is not a wetland
As part of our investigation for this project, we dug with a tile spade for soil classification looking for subsurface water in the alluvial area, which would make the lowland soils less stable. We found no underground water at 40”, the standard test depth for soil classification purposes. We left some Piedmont soil areas in the alluvial flood plain. The 40” hole showed no mottling, thus the soil is technically well-drained, even in the flood plain, although we are not planning to select clear that area except to later remove invasives by hand.
Disturbance is not a perfect process, but healing can and will follow
I will say that cutting trees with a large machine is not a perfect process. Habitat is disturbed. The birds don’t care where our line in the proverbial loamy sand is. We do our best to disturb the area the least, get off the soil quickly and replant. And we’ve already done so on a good portion of the site.
Yet, every one of our choices every day has an impact of a living system. Whether we like it or not, we were designed to eat three meals a day. That food has to come from somewhere. We can choose to buy corn flakes produced thousands of miles away, where no song birds sing anymore because their habitat was destroyed by destructive tillage, herbicides, pesticides and the loss of topsoil and habitat, or we can reconcile ourselves to eat in our foodshed and grapple with the choices therein.
“Solitude is a human presumption. Every quiet step is thunder to beetle life underfoot, a tug of impalpable thread on the web pulling mate to mate and predator to prey, a beginning or an end. Every choice is a world made new for the chosen.”Barbara Kingsolver, Prodigal Summer
The choices are not always simple or easy, and I’m not presuming as much. (Even the device upon which you are reading this is made with minerals that may have been mined by children, at great peril to themselves.) Two-thirds of the earth’s arable land mass cannot grow cultivated crops such as corn, wheat, broccoli and tomatoes because it’s either too steep, too infertile or too far from points of distribution.
If we are going to feed ourselves, we are going to have to come to terms with grass, clover and dandelion leaves as a source of food, and homo sapiens can’t thrive on those alone. We can partner with the mighty dairy cow, whose superpower is turning sunshine into butter through those very plants. Thus, creating a habitat she can dwell in amongst the songbirds, owls, turtles — even coyotes, and hopefully one day again, wolves — is a mighty and worthy task.
Although forests are the lungs of the world, lungs breathe out as well as in, and forests lose their trapped carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere when their leaves decompose. A mixture of trees and grass and herbivores comprise the most ecologically sound and productive ecosystems in the world, more productive and carbon-sequestering than forests, or even grasslands — which may be the only true carbon sinks other than oil left underground.
Grasslands are a net positive carbon sink, as grasses work synergistically with subterranean life to actually sequester carbon and keep it in the ground, provided the soil isn’t repeatedly turned over. Current research points to silvopasture as perhaps the most proven carbon-sequestration ecology.
We estimate that silvopasture is currently practiced on 550 million hectares of land globally. If adoption expands to 720–772 million hectares by 2050—out of the 823 million hectares theoretically suitable for silvopasture—carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by 26.6–42.3 gigatons. This reduction is a result of the high annual carbon sequestration rate of 2.74 tons of carbon per hectare per year in soil and biomass.Project Drawdown | <urn:uuid:a0307a2b-f6e1-4e51-b1e5-0080f734dee9> | {
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How a Toxicologist Is Saving the California Condor With Science
Myra Finkelstein once put her body on the line. Now she wields data.
Sunlight streams through a narrow entryway in Myra Finkelstein’s lab, illuminating the clear plastic bottle that she holds up. Inside sits a rough, coal-colored bullet that looks disfigured—like it crumpled when it hit its target.
Colleagues of Finkelstein had fished the 0.22-caliber lead slug out of a California condor that died, not from a gunshot but because it was poisoned by eating the bullet. The dull metal might have lurked in a deer carcass or a gut pile that a hunter had left behind—appetizing meals to the scavenging bird. Like a forensic detective, Finkelstein had analyzed the chemical fingerprints of the lead in the bullet and the lead that poisoned the condor.
Finkelstein, an environmental toxicologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has seen chronic and potentially deadly levels of lead from ammunition in hundreds of blood and feather samples from California condors. The birds once soared across the American West. But by 1982, the species had dwindled to only 22 individuals. Through intensive efforts to raise them in captivity and keep them alive in the wild, their numbers had crawled to 446 as of December 2016. But lead ammunition is suppressing the condor’s full-fledged recovery.
Finkelstein has been a pivotal figure in the fight to save California’s condors. In 2012, she and her colleagues showed that condors would never rebound if lead ammunition kept going down their gullets. Other studies had documented that lead ammo was poisoning the birds, but Finkelstein’s research team sealed the case.
Their work "made the biggest splash," says Chris Parish, who oversees a different flock of condors in Arizona for the Peregrine Fund, a nonprofit conservation group. “They nailed that stuff down with such great confidence. It's phenomenal.” And so was the payoff. Finkelstein's science, combined with her outreach and government testimony, ultimately led to the first statewide ban on lead ammunition in the country.
“I love figuring stuff out, and trying to generate information that solves problems,” says Finkelstein, a smile rising to her eyes. “I feel like I’m helping to save species.”
Photo by Zeka KuspaFinkelstein, a petite 51-year-old with sienna brown hair that she tucks behind her ears, looks at ease whether she’s wearing a white lab coat or typing up a research manuscript. Few would suspect that decades ago she was a brash activist, risking her safety to get in the way of fishermen and hunters who were killing animals she sought to protect. Eventually, she realized that she could fight more effectively as a scientist. Now, to make a difference, she wields data.
In the 80s, while an undergraduate at the University of California, Davis, Finkelstein joined Sea Shepherd, the confrontational marine conservation activist group, and sailed on missions in Alaskan waters that would last months. The group sought to prevent the use of drift nets—“curtains of death,” Finkelstein calls them—which extend for miles and catch everything in their path, including dolphins, sea turtles, and whales. Confrontations with drift-net fishers could be dangerous. “One ship threw knives at us,” she says.
In 1988, Finkelstein traveled to British Columbia, where the government was culling gray wolves. Government-paid hunters were luring the carnivores onto remote, frozen lakes with deer or caribou carcasses and shooting the wolves from helicopters. Finkelstein and two other leaders of the activist group Friends of the Wolf resolved to prevent the shooting by putting themselves in the potential line of fire.
The plan worked; the media coverage of their actions put a spotlight on the killings, and the government decided to postpone them until the activists left the wilderness. Yet something bigger was brewing. The nonprofit Western Canada Wilderness Committee had teamed up with Friends of the Wolf to sue the B.C. government to stop the aerial wolf kills for good. Finkelstein and her compatriots were dubious of working “through the system,” she recalls; they thought funds would be better spent on a plane to survey and disrupt more hunts. But under the leadership of Paul George, a scientist and founder of the committee, the environmental groups won their case.
That victory was when Finkelstein first began to consider the power of credentials and the limits of activism, she says. Physically interfering with a wolf kill might stop it for a few days in a single area, she says. “But it's not gonna stop it the next year, or the next year. And this [lawsuit] stopped that kill for almost 30 years.” (To her chagrin, the government reinstated the practice of shooting wolves from the skies in 2015. The official reason is to protect endangered caribou, though environmental groups argue that the government’s true motive is to keep more forest habitat available to loggers.)
In 1997, Finkelstein enrolled at UC Santa Cruz to pursue a graduate degree in ocean sciences just as the university’s environmental toxicology program was taking shape.
As a graduate student, Finkelstein investigated how heavy metals and persistent organic chemicals—for instance, mercury and DDE, a breakdown product of DDT—affect Laysan and black-footed albatrosses living on Midway Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. She describes them as amazing birds with personality. On the island, the juveniles get in a circle to dance, practicing for courtship, and they even let human visitors join them.
But Finkelstein found that baby Laysan albatrosses were nibbling the lead paint that was chipping off old military buildings on Midway, a former U.S. Naval territory. She knew a chick was poisoned when its wings drooped and dragged on the ground, Finkelstein says, letting her own arm go limp against her body to demonstrate. It’s a dead chick walking, “because they're not going to survive,” she says. “It was truly heartbreaking to be out there.”
After publishing her observations in 2003, Finkelstein wanted the government to clean up its peeling paint. She met with the Pentagon and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Everyone understood it was a problem, and it seemed so fixable, she recalls. But to her disbelief, the bureaucrats and politicians couldn’t fit the cleanup into their budgets.
Nonetheless, Finkelstein persisted. She teamed with Fish and Wildlife staff to advocate for the cause and published more studies detailing how lead was harming albatross numbers. Those efforts ultimately paid off: In 2010, the Department of the Interior designated Midway a Superfund site.
Finkelstein was thrilled. Fish and Wildlife finally had money to clean up Midway. “It was amazing. I couldn't believe it,” she says.
Photo by Joe Burnett
In 2008, Don Smith, a toxicologist at UC Santa Cruz who advised Finkelstein’s PhD work, recruited her for a different project: lead poisoning in California condors. Smith admired how independent, motivated, and collaborative Finkelstein was. And her track record showed she knew how to get things done.
Finkelstein often talks with a laid-back, California vibe; she thinks condors are “super cool.” A type of vulture, the birds have bald, pink heads and necks, and white patches on the undersides of their wings that interrupt their black plumage. With a 10-foot wingspan, they glide on updrafts and can fly for hundreds of miles.
Lead makes its way into the condor's diet in a few ways. The birds might gulp a whole bullet in a beakful of meat. Or, smaller pellets of metal, including birdshot and buckshot, can shred into a game animal like shrapnel that a scavenging condor then ingests. Lead rifle shot also shatters into hundreds of pieces on impact, scattering in its victim’s tissue.
Since 1999, conservationists have checked condor blood about twice a year for lead levels. And they trap the birds if they’re behaving strangely, a telltale sign of lead poisoning. If scientists find dangerous amounts of the metal, they whisk the bird to a zoo for chelation therapy, which soaks up the lead from the bird’s blood. The stressful treatment can take weeks or months, and such intensive interventions are costly.
Seven years ago, Finkelstein started fleshing out the lead problem by investigating condor feathers. As a feather grows, it records the lead that the bird is exposed to: a timeline of toxicity. A full feather contains about four months of exposure history, while blood only captures the past couple weeks. By snipping bits of feather from free-flying birds and analyzing them, Finkelstein could see how the lead levels were higher, and the exposures more frequent, than researchers had realized. Then in 2012, Finkelstein and colleagues examined more than a thousand condor blood samples and painted the most comprehensive picture of the bird’s plight to date.
They saw an epidemic. A staggering one in five free-flying condors was poisoned at any given time. And half the birds had sublethal levels that would still make them sick. The lead's isotopic composition or signature cemented the link to ammunition.
Some interest groups had clung to an alternative explanation that the main cause of lead poisoning in the birds was coming from trash or paint instead of ammunition, Finkelstein says. “We closed the door on that argument.”
But change doesn't happen on its own; scientists have to interpret their findings for voters and legislators, Finkelstein says. “You can’t just publish your paper. You have to go to them and say, ‘This is what it means, and this is how it’s relevant.’”
To get the lead out of condors, Finkelstein took her research results to the public. In 2013, she coauthored a letter signed by 30 scientists, doctors, and public health experts calling for the end of lead ammunition use. When a legislative bill proposed such a ban, she testified before the California Senate in its support.
The bill passed at the end of that year. “It was a ginormous win,” says Finkelstein. California plans to phase out lead ammunition by 2019. That benefits the health of the whole environment, including children who might be exposed to lead, she says. She hopes other states where condors and other scavengers are being poisoned, like Arizona, will follow California’s example.
Finkelstein continues to study condors, but she’s about to start analyzing lead in another iconic species. “We’re getting bald eagle feathers,” she says, rubbing her hands together in excitement.
What’s more, Finkelstein has her sights set on a big new target: the ubiquitous plastic trash that seabirds end up swallowing. On her desk, wrapped in a clear blue bag, is a black, potato-shaped “bolus”—undigested material that an albatross chick regurgitated. Besides squid beaks, the bolus has pieces of plastic in it, Finkelstein says. Just like every other bolus she has seen.
Plastic contains estrogen-like chemicals, which could be interfering with the birds' hormone signaling and, ultimately, their ability to survive and raise chicks. To study potential toxic effects in the lab, Finkelstein is trying to simulate the way a bird's stomach would leach the chemicals. Her team is currently concocting a recipe that mimics an albatross’s digestive juices.
Although Finkelstein had witnessed plastic pollution on Midway for over a decade, the problem is so widespread, she initially hadn’t thought her line of research could do much to solve it. But in 2013, collaborators approached her about looking at the effects of plastic on seabirds globally. At that scale, she says, “I feel like my work can actually make a difference.” | <urn:uuid:085886e6-0d66-492d-8f58-07a7ecd3380e> | {
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The use of various types of technologies in the classroom and examinations is growing rapidly and is strongly influencing teaching and learning practices. In this paper, we will look at particular situations on how various technologies such as numerically capable calculators, graphics calculators, and technological tools that are CAS enabled or have CAS with Dynamic Geometry, impact students' learning. We also discuss briefly the educational opportunities that are made available by the emergence of graphics calculators with capabilities of handling electronic learning activities, such as Casio’s Class Pad (see ) and Casio’s 9860 graphics calculator.
De Las Peñas, M. L. A. N., Yang, W.C. (2005). The Use and Influence of Technology in Mathematics Education. Proceedings. of the Tenth Asian Technology Conference in Mathematics (eds. S.C. Chu, W.C. Yang and H. Lew), Mathematics and Technology, LLC, Blacksburg VA, USA. 297-306. | <urn:uuid:4a232720-025d-4ef7-a710-3a3245d0f860> | {
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Know why World Health Day celebrated, significance and history
World Health Day 2023: World Health Day is celebrated on April 7 annually as a way to raise awareness of global health issues and promote preventive health care. This day is celebrated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and is an opportunity to draw attention to a specific health issue of particular relevance to people around the world.
This year, World Health Day marks the 75th anniversary of the WHO, and the focus is on building a fairer, healthier world. This year’s theme is “Universal Health Coverage: Everyone, Everywhere.” This theme emphasizes the importance of providing access to quality health care for all people, regardless of their socio-economic background or geographical location.
Universal health coverage (UHC) is about ensuring that all people have access to quality health care services without suffering financial hardship. This includes preventative, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative services, as well as access to safe, effective, and affordable essential medicines and vaccines. UHC is a key part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and World Health Day is an opportunity to raise awareness of this important issue.
Also Read: Covid-19 surge: India records 5,335 new cases in 24 hours
History of World Health Day
The World Health Organisation held the first Health Assembly in 1948, right after two years, it was decided that April 7 will be observed as World Health Day. This day marks the WHO's founding, it also draws global attention towards healthcare.
Including the World Health Day, the WHO campaigns for several other health causes: World Malaria Day, World Chagas Disease Day, World Tuberculosis Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Immunization Week, World AIDS Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Patient Safety Day, World Hand Hygiene Day, World Antimicrobial Awareness Week and World Hepatitis Day, , World Food Safety Day, World Suicide Prevention Day among many.
Know about the significance of World Health Day
Every year, the WHO highlights and bring up and new theme which needs serious attention.
In the year 2021, the world was struggling to free itself from the clutches of the pandemic coronavirus, the WHO World Health Day theme was "Building a fairer, healthier world". Before that, in 2020, it was "Support Nurses and Midwives".
"Today is #WorldHealthDay!
Environmental factors - including climate change - claim 13 million lives every year.
Stop burning fossil fuels like oil, coal and natural gas for a #HealthierTomorrow," the global health agency has urged people.
Also Read: Study finds link between bone health and dementia risk
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How to Become a Medical Microbiologist
Are you fascinated by the microscopic world, curious about how microorganisms affect our lives, and considering a career in medical science? If so, medical microbiology might be the perfect career choice for you!
What is Medical Microbiology?
Medical microbiology is the study of microorganisms – such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites – and how they affect human health. This field plays a vital role in diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases caused by microorganisms. By understanding the complex interactions between these microscopic organisms and the human body, medical microbiologists develop strategies to combat disease and improve overall public health.
Steps to Becoming a Medical Microbiologist
Now that you have a better understanding of the field let’s dive into the step-by-step process of pursuing a career in medical microbiology.
1. Complete High School or a GED Equivalent
To pursue a career in medical microbiology, you’ll first need to complete high school or obtain a GED equivalent. During this time, focus on excelling in your science and mathematics classes, as these subjects will provide a solid foundation for your future work in microbiology.
2. Get Involved
By getting involved in extracurricular activities and other programs both inside and outside of school, you’re able to gather more experience within the field and learn while having fun. See if your school has any clubs or higher-level science courses, look for volunteer opportunities within your community (like in a hospital or lab), or even reach out to a medical microbiologist near to to shadow them.
Another great opportunity to get involved is with the San Diego Squared Fellows program! If you’re a 10th-12th grade student in the San Diego area, you’re welcome to apply for the year-long mentorship program- learn more here.
3. Obtain a Bachelor’s Degree in a Relevant Field
Next, you’ll need to pursue a Bachelor’s degree in a relevant field such as biology, microbiology, or biochemistry. A strong college education will provide you with a deeper understanding of fundamental concepts in microbiology and prepare you for more advanced coursework in the field.
4. Attend Graduate School
While some entry-level positions in medical microbiology might only require a Bachelor’s degree, the majority of jobs within the field will require further education. Pursuing a Master’s or Ph.D. in medical microbiology or a closely related field will build upon your undergraduate education and develop your expertise in the field.
5. Complete Any Necessary Certifications or Training
Depending on your specific career goals, additional certifications or training may be necessary. For example, if you aspire to work in a clinical laboratory, it is common to obtain a professional certification from organizations such as the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP).
6. Gain Work Experience
Finally, you’ll need to gain hands-on experience in the field. Internships, research assistant positions, and entry-level jobs are all great opportunities to build your knowledge and skills in medical microbiology.
Essential Skills for Medical Microbiologists
Having covered the educational pathway, let’s discuss the key skills that will help you excel as a medical microbiologist:
Attention to detail: Medical microbiologists must be meticulous in their work, as even the smallest errors can lead to incorrect diagnoses and improper treatment.
Critical thinking: Sound analytical skills are crucial when interpreting research data, troubleshooting issues, and devising strategies to combat diseases.
Interpersonal and communication skills: Medical microbiologists often collaborate with other healthcare professionals, so effective communication and teamwork are essential.
Lab skills: The majority of the work in medical microbiology takes place in a laboratory setting, so proficiency in lab techniques is a must.
Problem-solving: In this field, you will face numerous challenges that require quick thinking and creative solutions.
As you can see, becoming a medical microbiologist requires dedication and hard work, but it is an incredibly fulfilling career path for those with a passion for the microscopic world. With hard work and determination, there’s no limit to what you can accomplish!
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School Continuous Improvement Plan (SCIP)
Title I is a program from the U.S. Department of Education that provides extra help for students to learn at their grade level.
The school reviews student data to make a plan for the extra help needed each year. In Saint Paul Public Schools, this plan is called the School Continuous Improvement Plan, or SCIP.
Our SCIP is also used when we create our Grade Level Compacts. Grade Level Compacts are developed by parents and teachers working together. Compacts identify academic focus areas for each grade level and provide tools, or ideas, to build the partnership between home and school. | <urn:uuid:2dc5bd22-ea3a-4874-b1e9-00d0230ac39a> | {
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Group study in and out of the classroom is strongly advocated in this article. Group study improves students intellectually; when done effectively, it stimulates interest and increases confidence; effective group dynamics also improve classroom management strategies.
Group study is typically resisted by students until they are exposed to, understand, and experience its benefits (1) Group study involves sharing of: ideas, personal and collective time management, and task preparation; cooperation amongst group members; collective responsibility both for the group task and for each other's welfare; and a willingness to be an active group participant. (2) These attributes are needed for truly successful group participation.
Group study has benefits that fall into the cognitive [what we think and know] and affective [how we feel and express our feelings] domains. (3) Such study enhances student social skills, helps bolster student confidence, and helps students practice assertiveness. Group study skills are transferable to other tasks. Learning quality group study skills prepares students to enter expanding work arenas where teamwork is demanded. (4)
Group study requires students to articulate what they know to fellow group members. It also requires students to listen to fellow members' ideas. (5) These group activities sharpen members' communication skills as well as enhancing their cognitive skills. Well prepared group members likely will have read, observed, or thought about assignments in variant ways. Such diversity awareness, tolerance, and acceptance is another group study benefit. Being aware of, understanding, and applying diverse learning styles and learning outcomes implicitly prepares students for later vocational and community realities.
Group study validates what students really know if they are required to articulate in the presence of others what they have learned. When they are able to...
This is a preview. Get the full text through your school or public library. | <urn:uuid:89a420b9-a343-40f5-9519-4762c0931009> | {
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Hagfish is an eel-shaped, slime-producing marine fish and has the ability to generate massive amounts of slime in a matter of seconds. The slime rapidly expands and creates huge volumes when combined with seawater. Actually it is a protective system of this fish and produces slime to sliding itself from predators. When it is attacked by its predator, the hagfish releases quantities of this milky and fibrous slime that clogs the gills of predator fish, such as sharks, disabling their ability to respire. Because of this defense mechanism, predators don\’t want to attack them. The predators are tangled by the slime that gets elasticity with it comes contact with water.
Like some animals and fishes, this fishes also use slime to mark their territory. They are called “slime eels”- but actually they are not eels. They are in the class Agnatha, designated for fish without jaws. Generally they cover the carcass, preventing other scavengers from creeping in on their turf. Hagfish slime is made up of microscopic pockets of mucus and tightly wound bundles of stringy fiber dubbed “skeins.” When a drop of goo hits the water, the skeins inside can unravel into strings several centimeters long in less than half a second.
In many Asian countries, especially South Korea, the hagfish is a delicacy. Many don\’t want to eat this fish because of its unpleasant aftertaste. This slime is used in many Asian cuisines the same way egg whites are used. They produce the slime keeping them alive and irritated by rattling its container with a stick, causing it to produce large quantities of slime.
After being overturned of the containers, the Oregon highway is coated with slime. The containers were probably full of slime when it overturned. The final act most likely triggered an intense slime producing reaction covering the cars on the highway with muck.Many scientists are starting to understand the secrets of the slime, and some of them are attempting to synthesize it in the lab to create new super materials with a wide range of applications. Benthic Labs is trying to develop a biodegradable polymer made out of components of the slime itself. They think the slime could be used in everything from protective clothing to food packaging, bungee cords to bandages. | <urn:uuid:d7a94804-22be-4045-a4c6-da9fbb105626> | {
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Fleas (ctenocephalides felis) are small irritating bugs that breed on cats and live on biting for blood. They inflict pain on your cat and you yourself if given the opportunity.
A few fleas on adult cats cause little harm unless the cat becomes allergic to substances in saliva. The disease that results is called flea allergy dermatitis. Small cats with large infestations can lose enough bodily fluid to fleas feeding that dehydration may result.
It is best to consult with your veterinarian on the best medicine for your cat.
There are a variety of flea medicines from liquids to pills to shampoos and topical liquids. Carefully follow the correct dosage, keep the medicine out of reach of children and wash your hands thoroughly after administering the medicine to your cat.
The most effective procedure against fleas is regular grooming of your friendly feline with Cat(s) Grooming Brush, Feline(s) Grooming and Kitten(s) Grooming products.
When your cats ventures outdoors they are susceptible to ticks. Ticks reside on the tips of grasses waiting for a host to pass by to attach to. They have a special sensory organ called Haller’s organ that is sensitive to odors, heat, humidity and movement. When your cat passes by the tick attaches to your cat’s skin and burrows it’s head into the body and gorges itself on your cat’s blood.
Tick disease can be transferred to humans.
To remove ticks from your cat, wear protective gloves, apply alcohol or Vaseline to the tick. This will cause the tick to retract its head from your cat. Use thumb tweezers to grab and remove the tick.
Regular grooming with Cat(s) Grooming Brush, Feline(s) Grooming and Kitten(s) Grooming will help prevent diseases. You should consider taking the tick to your veterinarian for identification and appropriate treatment. | <urn:uuid:e3ecd00e-d574-4837-86d1-86a032d1a4fe> | {
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Satellite data show different trends for the federal states („Bundeslaender")
The nights in the German federal states („Bundesländer") have been getting brighter and brighter - but not everywhere at the same rate and with one peculiar exemption: light emissions from Thuringia decreased between 2012 and 2017.
This is the result of a recent study by scientists Chris Kyba and Theres Küster from the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences together with Helga Kuechly from "Luftbild - Umwelt - Planung, Potsdam". Kyba and colleagues published the study in the International Journal of Sustainable Lighting IJSL. This week, they updated the maps by including the 2017 data from a satellite-born instrument.
The team measured the change of light emissions for every German state, studying both the lit area and total radiance. The trends in the lit area show a clear distinction between East and West. The lit area of the states of the former GDR including Berlin stayed basically the same (growth less than 1 per cent), whereas the states in the western part of Germany increased in the area that is lit in the night.
The lit area in Thuringia decreased by about 7%. With respect to the intensity of the lighting, the picture is more complex. Large areas in both East and West Germany show only marginal changes, while some states show growth rates of three to four per cent annually. Once again, Thuringia decreased in radiance.
The trend towards increasing night light emissions could be explained by a widespread change in outdoor lighting: LED lamps are replacing older technologies, and changing the ways in which light is used in both public and private lighting.
The researchers are still in the dark as to the reason why Thuringia shows a decreasing trend. In the study in IJSL which did not include the 2017 data, two other states appeared to decrease from 2012 to 2016: Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. This trend, however, vanished after the team re-calculated the changes with the latest data from 2017.
Chris Kyba can only guess why Thuringia sticks out. "Maybe the data reflect the fact that older high pressure sodium lights are aging and decreasing in brightness," says Kyba. On the other hand, it could as well be that municipalities have already changed to LED lights, which appear darker to the satellite. The instrument that measured the changes, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day Night Band (DNB), detects light with wavelengths between 500 and 900 nanometers, corresponding to the colours green to red, and including invisible infrared.
White LED light includes a large component of blue light that the DNB instrument is not sensitive to. "So maybe Thuringia only looks darker simply because of the satellite's inability to see the blue light emitted from LEDs", says Kyba. He adds: "We definitely intend to follow up on this in the next years to understand the reasons behind lighting change in all of the states."
Original study: C. Kyba et al.: Changes in outdoor lighting in Germany from 2012-2016, in: International Journal of Sustainable Lighting IJSL (2017) http://www.
Josef Zens | EurekAlert!
Geochemists measure new composition of Earth’s mantle
17.09.2019 | Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Low sea-ice cover in the Arctic
13.09.2019 | Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung
Researchers from the Department of Atomically Resolved Dynamics of the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD) at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science in Hamburg, the University of Hamburg and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) outstation in the city have developed a new method to watch biomolecules at work. This method dramatically simplifies starting enzymatic reactions by mixing a cocktail of small amounts of liquids with protein crystals. Determination of the protein structures at different times after mixing can be assembled into a time-lapse sequence that shows the molecular foundations of biology.
The functions of biomolecules are determined by their motions and structural changes. Yet it is a formidable challenge to understand these dynamic motions.
At the International Symposium on Automotive Lighting 2019 (ISAL) in Darmstadt from September 23 to 25, 2019, the Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP, a provider of research and development services in the field of organic electronics, will present OLED light strips of any length with additional functionalities for the first time at booth no. 37.
Almost everyone is familiar with light strips for interior design. LED strips are available by the metre in DIY stores around the corner and are just as often...
Later during this century, around 2060, a paradigm shift in global energy consumption is expected: we will spend more energy for cooling than for heating....
Researchers from the Department of Atomically Resolved Dynamics of the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD) at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science in Hamburg, the University of Potsdam (both in Germany) and the University of Toronto (Canada) have pieced together a detailed time-lapse movie revealing all the major steps during the catalytic cycle of an enzyme. Surprisingly, the communication between the protein units is accomplished via a water-network akin to a string telephone. This communication is aligned with a ‘breathing’ motion, that is the expansion and contraction of the protein.
This time-lapse sequence of structures reveals dynamic motions as a fundamental element in the molecular foundations of biology.
Two research teams have succeeded simultaneously in measuring the long-sought Thorium nuclear transition, which enables extremely precise nuclear clocks. TU Wien (Vienna) is part of both teams.
If you want to build the most accurate clock in the world, you need something that "ticks" very fast and extremely precise. In an atomic clock, electrons are...
10.09.2019 | Event News
04.09.2019 | Event News
29.08.2019 | Event News
18.09.2019 | Innovative Products
18.09.2019 | Physics and Astronomy
18.09.2019 | Materials Sciences | <urn:uuid:7fe7b1f5-0623-4278-908b-b6138bbf57d1> | {
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Brachylophosaurus facts for kids
Quick facts for kidsBrachylophosaurus
Temporal range: Upper Cretaceous, 76.5Ma
|Fossil nicknamed Roberta|
Brachylophosaurus was a mid-sized herbivorous dinosaur, a member of the hadrosaur family. It is known from several skeletons and bonebed material from the Judith River Formation of Montana (U.S.) and the Oldman Formation of Alberta province in Canada. They lived about 76.5 million years ago.
This animal had a bony crest, a flat, paddle-like plate over the top of the skull. Some individuals had crests that covered nearly the entire skull roof, while others had shorter, narrower crests. Other notable features are the unusually long forelimbs and the beak of the upper jaw being wider than other contemporary hadrosaurs.
Otherwise, Brachylophosaurus was a typical hadrosaur. It reached an adult length of 9 meters (30 ft). Like other hadrosaurs, Brachylophosaurus had cheeks to keep food in the mouth while it chewed with its hundreds of close-fitting teeth. These teeth could be used to chew efficiently, a feature rare among reptiles, but common among ornithischia like Brachylophosaurus.
In 2003, evidence of tumors, including metastatic cancer, was discovered in fossilized Brachylophosaurus skeletons. Rothschild and co-workers tested dinosaur vertebrae for tumors using computerized tomography and fluoroscope screening. Several other hadrosaurs, including Edmontosaurus, Gilmoreosaurus, and Bactrosaurus, also tested positive. Although more than 10,000 fossils were examined in this manner, the tumors were limited to Brachylophosaurus and closely related genera. The reason for this is not known.
Complete dinosaur fossils
In 1994, amateur paleontologist Nate Murphy discovered an immaculate, complete and uncrushed brachylophosaur skeleton which he nicknamed "Elvis". More impressive finds lay ahead for Murphy and his team from the Judith River Dinosaur Institute. In 2000, "Leonardo", a fully articulated and partially mummified skeleton of a young adult brachylophosaur, was discovered. It is considered one of the most spectacular dinosaur finds ever, and was included in the Guinness Book of World Records. They subsequently excavated "Roberta", an almost complete slender skeleton, and "Peanut", a partially preserved juvenile with some skin impressions.
Images for kids
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Have you ever been asked a question but didn’t understand exactly what was being asked? Have you ever been prepared to ask a question but didn’t know how to frame that answer? Why are questions so important in the communication process, anyway? Is it simply a matter of insatiable curiosity or is there a specific purpose?
The asking of questions is essentially a drive for knowledge — for an explanation, for information, and for learning. It starts at a young age and keeps on growing as we become adults. Questions help us to clarify our world, solve a variety of problems and provide information to make good decisions.
Believe it or not, there is a strategy to asking and answering questions.
In fact, there are many types of questions that can be used to enhance communication.
We simply must learn to ask the right questions at the right time and to ensure our questions will solicit the answers we are seeking.
There are questions to simply find out information, express an interest in someone, begin a longer conversation, gain control of a conversation, clarify something, or to test someone’s knowledge. Questions also can be asked simply to generate interest in a topic, create attention, or create focus for an inquiry.
These strategies include:
- Closed questions — a closed question usually invites a brief yes/no response and/or a short phrase. These questions are often used to get confirmation regarding a choice of some sort ranging from "Is that your name?" to "Do you want green or yellow vegetables?" Or, they can ask for a specific fact such as, "Where do you live?" Closed questions can be used to open up a conversation while preventing the communicator to be seen as invasive and/or to simply clarify some facts.
- Open questions — open-ended questions require the respondent to think about an answer and respond with their opinion and/or feelings regarding a situation. The question allows a broader answer about a situation and often uses words such as "what, where, how, why" or the word "describe."
- Probing questions — probing questions are used to follow up and discover more information and/or specific details, especially when the answer wasn’t clear. An example might be, "Can you tell me more about that situation?" Or, "What more can you tell me about that?" However, there is a challenge with probing questions in that the listener might become resentful and fearful of your intrusion.
- Hypothetical questions — hypothetical questions typically propose a scenario for the listener to think about and explore, then provide feedback on the opinion on the situation stated. A question could be stated as follows: "if you were a movie producer, what would your first script be about?"
- Process questions — a process question helps to outline how to complete a task or to gather information on how a task will be carried out. For instance, "How will this change be communicated?" or "What changes can I make so that the task is easier?"
- Reflective questions — this type of question asks for follow-on information and shows that an earlier response was heard. The question encourages the respondent to think before responding. For instance, "You mentioned you were going to take a university course. Which one did you decide on?"
- Leading questions — this type of question is somewhat manipulative in that it is structured to lead the listener toward your favoured idea. The speaker is basically offering the listener how they feel about a subject and they are looking for concurrence.
- Deflective questions — a deflective question is carefully structured to defuse an aggressive situation and to hit it head-on so that you can move ahead. The goal is to transform a negative situation into a positive one by inserting the word "we" into the question. For instance, if a person complains, the speaker may say, "What can we do about it?"
- Negotiation questions — questions are also powerful negotiation tools that are usually used to discover the technical aspects behind a counterpart’s proposal and/or how committed that person is to an expressed point of view. An example is a question such as, "Why is this provision important to you?" Whereas questions are used to gather information, good communicators use a technique called "question funneling." The questions begin with a broad open question followed by probing and/or hypothetical and reflective questions and ending with a closing question. Specific questions should be used for diagnosing a situation, exploring impacts and/or visualizing what could happen in the future. Other questions will be used to control the conversation while still others will confirm direction.
Communicators need to seriously think through their conversation, writing down questions and potential responses until there is a clear path to achieving the outcome you seek.
Marilee Adams, author of Change Your Questions, Change Your Life, suggests that communicators need to determine the purpose of their questions. For instance, are you attempting to learn something and/or are you trying to make a judgment regarding a specific choice? Adams suggests a "learner path" of thinking takes us into a whole new direction from a "judgment path."
She also suggests that a communicator must be constantly mindful of their thoughts and feelings and be aware of whether they start moving a conversation into a judgment path.
A judgment path asks questions that are more blame focused by using win/lose questions.
The learner path asks questions that provokes thoughts about choices and are solution focused. Usually, communicators bounce back and forth between the two but the issue is to be much more cognizant of where you stand as the person framing the questions.
The art of asking questions is exactly that — an art. It’s all about getting the right information by asking the right questions. And, yes, asking good questions can be learned.
Source: Active Listening and Effective Questioning, Mosaic Projects, White Paper; Change Your Questions, Change Your Life: 10 Powerful Tools for Life and Work, Marilee Adams, Barett-Koehler Publishers, 2009 | <urn:uuid:e3b1a703-e1f9-4083-a0df-6783663d79b0> | {
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Windows Passwords: What IT Admins Need to Know
IT administrators are responsible for the security of their organization’s network and data. Windows passwords are one of the most important components of an organization’s security, and it is essential that IT admins understand how these passwords are handled in order to ensure their organization’s safety.
Windows passwords are used to authenticate a user and provide access to the system. When a user logs into a Windows system, their credentials (username and password) are sent to the server, which then verifies the user. The server then grants the user access to the system based on the user’s permissions.
In order to protect the security of the system, Windows passwords are stored in an encrypted form. This encryption is done using a one-way hash algorithm, which is a mathematical process that takes the user’s password and produces a unique output. This output is then stored in the system in an encrypted form, which cannot be reversed.
The one-way hash algorithm is designed to protect the user’s password from being revealed. The algorithm ensures that even if the encrypted password is stolen, it is impossible to reverse the encryption and determine the original password. This means that a hacker cannot gain access to the system by simply knowing the user’s password.
In addition to the one-way hash algorithm, Windows also uses a salt value to protect user passwords. A salt value is a random string of characters that is added to the user’s password before it is encrypted. This random string makes it more difficult for hackers to use brute-force attacks to gain access to the system.
Windows also has measures in place to protect user passwords from being guessed. If a user attempts to enter their password more than a certain number of times without success, the system will lock them out and require them to reset their password. This is intended to prevent hackers from guessing a user’s password and gaining access to the system.
In addition to the measures that Windows takes to protect user passwords, IT admins can also take steps to further secure their organization’s network. This can include implementing a password policy that requires users to create strong passwords that are difficult to guess. It can also include implementing two-factor authentication, which requires users to provide two forms of authentication in order to gain access to the system.
By understanding how Windows passwords are handled and taking steps to secure their organization’s network, IT admins can ensure that their organization’s data remains safe and secure. Windows passwords are an essential component of an organization’s security, and IT admins need to ensure that they are properly managed and protected. | <urn:uuid:e76082dc-5f87-4e11-9af5-ac1585e468a6> | {
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A scientific exploration has found some new biological species in a rainforest of Yinggeling Nature Reserve in China's southernmost Hainan Province.
The one-week exploration in mid-January discovered a new insect called Dolichothyreus stigmatus, rare tree Trigonobalanus verticillata and the Wax Plant, previously known only from peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra.
The exploration team was composed of experts from the Hainan Yinggeling Nature Reserve, Hong Kong Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden and South China Agricultural University.
"Biodiversity is extremely high in Yinggeling's tropical rainforest and it is a vital wildlife refuge. We basically made new discoveries in every scientific exploration in this forest, which is on a par with other biodiversity hot spots worldwide," said Dr. Bosco Chan, zoologist from the Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.
Yinggeling mountain range is located in the center of the island province and covers 500 square kilometers. Thanks to its remoteness and inaccessibility, it has avoided human disturbances and has a relatively intact tropical rainforest ecosystem preserving rich fauna and flora resources.
Since 2005, Chinese and foreign scientists have conducted several scientific expeditions in the area, and discovered 14 new species.
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In a situation like the one the world is experiencing now, where there is an epidemic or a pandemic, we must know how to read and deal with data on the WHO website. Most of the data and diseases on the WHO websites and represented through standard codes. International classification of diseases (ICD) is one of the most important standardized codes as it is relevant to the diagnostic classification of diseases.
This blog will introduce a primer to the WHO Family of International Classifications with a focus on ICD.
An introduction to FIC and ICD
ICD is a member of the family that became the main pillar for healthcare research, especially when it comes to studies assessing common patterns and forecasting. It has been translated into 43 languages. ICD is being used in 117 countries to report mortality data and for monitoring health status.
It can be considered a context for coding of the causes of illness and injury that is done on a global scale under the supervision of the WHO. According to the WHO, ICD can be defined as “International standard diagnostic classification for all general epidemiological and many health purposes”.
ICD is revised periodically to include changes in the medical field.
The scope of WHO-FIC includes:
- Health status Environmental health.
- Health care (including rehabilitation) Food standards and hygiene.
- Health policy and planning Health screening.
- Disability policy and planning Prevention of hazardous and harmful drug use.
- Communicable disease control Public health research.
- Selected health promotion External causes of injury.
- Organized immunization Occupational health.
The following diagram is a simple representation of the FIC, followed by a table describing the acronyms used in the diagram.
Different revisions of ICD were released. There are differences between each release and the other. Currently, the most adopted revisions in the world are ICD-9, ICD-10, and ICD-11.Table 1: Acronyms related to the WHO Family of International Classification
How ICD-10 is different from ICD-9?
- ICD-10 is included in 3 Volumes while ICD-9 is included in 2 volumes only.
- ICD-10 codes are Alpha-Numeric while ICD-9 codes are numeric-only.
- Some chapters of ICD-9 are rearranged in ICD-10.
- Some titles that were used in ICD-10 are changed in ICD-10.
- Conditions are regrouped in ICD-10.
- ICD-10 has twice the number of categories than ICD-9.
- Minor changes in the coding rules for mortality took place.
What is new in ICD-11?
- ICD-10 contained 14,400 items. There are 55,000 in the ICD-11.
- 31 countries were involved in field testing for ICD-11. 1,673 participants are taking part in 112,383 code assignments.
- ICD-11 includes circumstances affecting health (dissatisfaction with the situation at school and low levels of personal hygiene).
- In ICD11, diseases that occur on the background of HIV infection have a special code.
- All types of diabetes are described in detail.
- ICD-11 includes a section for “Objects involved in the injury”. Doctors can encode any event in your life that affected your health.
- “Transsexualism” and other “gender identity disorders” are mentioned in a new section concerned with sexual health instead of mental and behavioral disorders.
- The diagnosis of “hermaphroditism” is not present anymore. Instead, this condition is pointed to as a “violation of gender formation”.
Uses of ICD
ICD is used to classify diseases recorded in different records like death certificates and medical records.
Moreover, it can be used in analyzing general health for population groups, monitoring incidence, the prevalence of diseases, determining characteristics and circumstances of individuals affected by a specific disease for evidenced-based decision-making. It can also help in observing reimbursements and enforcing quality standards.
Its uses according to the WHO:
- It can be used to Classify epidemiological and healthcare problems, enable storage and retrieval of diagnostic information (clinical & epidemiological).
- Compilation of national mortality and morbidity.
Its uses according to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention):
- Promoting international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of mortality statistics.
- Reporting causes of death of the death certificate.
Clinical Classifications Software (CCS)
Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) for the ICD-10-CM database is available on the HCUP website in raw form, on John Snow Labs (JSL) repository website, where the reader can get it in a clean and normalized form.
The previously mentioned data package should be of great use to decision-makers, healthcare researchers, medical students, and even for those who are unfamiliar with the medical terminologies as all abbreviated terms are replaced with full form, unlike the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) original datasets which are full of abbreviations.
The provided link offers 6 datasets:
- Clinical Classification Software for ICD-10 CM.
- Clinical Classification Software for ICD-10 PCS.
- Clinical Classification Software for Mortality Reporting Program.
- Multi-Level Clinical Classification Software ICD-10 CM and PCS Codes.
- Single Level Clinical Classification Software ICD-9 Diagnosis Codes.
- Single Level Clinical Classification Software ICD-9 Procedure Codes.
You can make a difference
The WHO has designed a web platform for ICD-11 where you can add your inputs. Your inputs may include your comments regarding the classification structure and content. You can also provide proposals to change ICD categories, definitions of diseases, or participate in field testing. | <urn:uuid:7be3fd91-3f75-454a-a6c3-1eca90251992> | {
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The simple dust mask is becoming more commonplace. You can now see people wearing them to the mall in an effort to protect their lungs. The standard mask looks boring and uninspired. It does however offer a platform for dynamic alteration of your personality...
I Chose the Kyuubi!
Teachers! Did you use this instructable in your classroom?
Add a Teacher Note to share how you incorporated it into your lesson.
Step 1: You Will Need
A desire to be different... plus...
A hot glue glue gun
Several sheets of craft foam I used 2 orange, 1 white and 1 black
and a disposable dust mask. (Niosh 95 works nicely) Acklands sells 12 for $10...
Some scrap paper will help as well.
Step 2: Estimate the Materials
Using some scrap paper make a rough cone about the mask leaving a 2 inch hole at the end. This will form the snout of the fox. If you choose a different animal then adjust the scheme appropriately...
The cone is then flattened and cut in half along the propose jaw line.
Step 3: Cut the Material
using the pattern cut the foam sheets and leave extra material for the final forming...
Trim the foam to get a tight fit at the front.
Step 4: Fasten the Lower Jaw
Trim off some material from the base of the lower jaw to fit the mask. Shown is a 1/4 of an inch but I would recommend at least 1 inch of trim for a better jaw open effect.
Hot glue the center of the lower jaw tot he mask and continue to glue at the right and left sides until the lower jaw is fastened securely to the mask.
Step 5: Make the Upper Jaw
The upper jaw is formed from the remaining piece of scrap paper pattern.
Roughly form the shape then cut and fold the last 1 inch to form a snout. Glue the pieces together to make a rigid shape.
Attach the top snout to the mask as shown...
Step 6: Make the Nose.
The nose is a simple triangle of black foam with the side points cut off as shown.
Attach the nose with hot glue as shown...
Step 7: Make Some Teeth
The teeth are made by cutting a jagged pattern from the white foam material. The upper and lower teeth are made from the same cut. Be sure to leave a little space before cutting off the lower jaw line.
Fold the foam before you begin to cut to get an even line... The lower jaw front tooth will need to be cut out after the top teeth section is removed.
Step 8: Attach the Teeth
The teeth are glued in beginning at the center point and moving backwards. This is the same for the upper and lower jaws...
Step 9: Enjoy the Persona
The mask is now complete and you can enjoy being someone else for a short while...
Participated in the
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Friday, January 24, 2020
Creamy or chunky, with chocolate or with jelly, peanut butter has been an American staple for generations. National Peanut Butter Day is observed annually on January 24th.
The early peanut butter made by the Aztecs and Incas around 1000 BC was more of a paste and not nearly as creamy as the peanut butter we know now.
Peanut butter didn’t become widely used until the 20th century. First, the peanut had to be considered more than animal feed, which it was until the late 1800s. At the turn of the century, inventions that made planting, cultivating and harvesting the legume (the peanut isn’t a nut at all) made it possible to see the peanut as a retail and wholesale food item. (See more by visiting National Peanut Day -September 13)
Peanut butter is a good source of vitamin E, B6, niacin, calcium, potassium and iron, is packed with protein and is rich in healthy monounsaturated fat.
We can thank four men for the inventions and processes that bring us the creamy, smooth peanut butter we enjoy today: Marcus Gilmore Edson of Canada, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, Dr. Ambrose Straub of St. Louis, Missouri and chemist Joseph Rosefield.
In 1884, Edson developed a process to make peanut paste from milling roasted peanuts between two heated plates. The famous cereal maker and health food specialist of the time, Kellogg, patented a process with raw peanuts in 1895. Dr. Straub is responsible for patenting a peanut butter making machine in 1903.
Peanut butter was introduced to audiences at the 1904 Universal Exposition in St. Louis at C.H. Sumner’s concession stand.
But the man who brought us the peanut butter we know and love today was Joseph Rosefield. In 1922, through homogenization, Rosefield was able to keep peanut oil from separating from the peanut solids. He later sold the patent to a company that began making Peter Pan peanut butter. He went into business for himself selling Skippy peanut butter through Rosefield Packing. He also supplied peanut butter for military rations during World War II.
HOW TO OBSERVE
Following are a few recipes for you to enjoy:
Use #NationalPeanutButterDay to post on social media.
Within our research, we were unable to find the creator of National Peanut Butter Day.
Viewers of Real Housewives of Beverly Hills have finally turned on Kyle Richards -- accusing her of setting up the awkward face to face with Denise Richards and Brandi Glanville.
Friday, October 23, 2020
Grab a fork and knife, because October 23 is National Boston Cream Pie Day! If you’ve never heard of Boston cream pie before, it’s a yellow butter cake, filled with custard or cream and topped with chocolate glaze. (Yum!) These are fantastic! Try this Outrageous Boston Cream Pie Cupcakes recipe listed below.
Winter weather is not fun for skin. Cold weather and low humidity levels result in dry air, which then steals moisture away from the skin every second of every day. Without immediate care, dry skin can lead to cracking and bleeding, and harsh winter wind makes the problem worse. Indoor heat further robs the air of moisture, as do hot showers or baths and harsh cleansers.
Reach for one of these healthy ingredients the next time your head is pounding.
When a headache strikes, you may run through your usual routine: Turn out the lights, lie down and pop a pain pill. But did you know that certain foods may ease, and even prevent, headaches? Add these soothing foods to your shopping list and find out for yourself.
Are you living paycheck to paycheck and still struggling to pay your bills? What do you do when you max out your unemployment? Is there anything worse than not knowing where your next meal is going to come from? We don’t think so; this is why we’ve put together a list of places that you can find help when you really need it.
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Each year on December 1, dessert lovers across the United States observe National Pie Day. This is the 2nd time in a year this national treasure has a day. The first and more popular designation falls on January 23. This treat is one of the yummiest things on earth and this is a great one try this Banana Cream Pie recipe listed below. | <urn:uuid:309703ff-68f0-4165-a00b-0fc4dc7323d2> | {
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NASA Observes 4 Black Holes About to Collide
NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory has detected pairs of dwarf galaxies that are about to collide and merge. Due to these mergers, black holes at the center of galaxies will also collide.
Black holes, which have a gravitational field strong enough to attract all kinds of matter and light, and whose masses are quite large, still remain a mystery today.
NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory has observed pairs of dwarf galaxies about to collide and merge.
The first pair was found to be in a cluster 760 million light-years away, and the second pair 3.2 billion light-years away.
Black Holes Will Collide
Due to these mergers, black holes at the center of galaxies will also collide. The result will be larger galaxies and higher-mass black holes.
The new observations will provide a better understanding of the early universe. It is thought that the universe was filled with these dwarf galaxies in the years after the Big Bang, which is supposed to have formed the universe.
According to astronomers, these dwarf galaxies merged over time to form larger galaxies like the Milky Way. | <urn:uuid:b5372b2e-d498-47d0-8ca0-d153cedc4c50> | {
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CS Deepak Pratap Singh
The last decades have been one of the most important decades in human history. In these decades the internet and World Wide Web has been invented. The internet and www are the two boon of the modern humanity. They became essential part of every one’s life.
As we know the idea of internet was emerged or bloomed in the mind of scientists and computer engineers, how to communicate in the case of nuclear attack in the year of 1960.
Majority of engineers and government officers are thinking day and night to discover a system for communication and free flow of resources at the time of destructive nuclear attack. They have come to conclusion that by using computers at that time they can manage the activities and will able to maintain global network.
Now today a computer has come a long way and we have developed various types of computers as well as super computers to assist us in various types of activities. These machines provide us ease of doing all things. Though a computer was developed by human being but it can act better than us.
Let us consider the definition of a “Computer”
Section 2(1) (i) of the Information Technology Act, 2002 define a “Computer” means any electronic magnetic, optical or other –high speed data processing device or system which performs logical, arithmetic, and memory functions by manipulations of electronic, magnetic or optical impulses, and includes all input, output, processing, storage, computer software or communication facilities which are connected or related to the computer in a computer system or computer network”
Now let us consider the concept of “ Cyber Law” , since there is no definition give in the act or ease where , we can put , Cyber law is a term which refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and the World Wide Web.
Anything concerned with or related to, or instigating from, any legal aspects or issue concerning any activity of citizen and others, in Cyberspace comes within the ambit of Cyber law.
The Cyber law is a constantly evolving process, it grows with the growth of internet and uses of modern devices and services based on the internet. There may issues arises by using internet such as Domain name, IPRs, Electronic Commerce, Electronic Trading, Electronic Retail Trading, Electronic Banking, Encryption, Electronic Contracts, Spamming and so on.
As there are two parts of a coin and both travel together, same way there is also Cyber Crime along with development of Cyber Advantages. These Cyber Crimes held by using internet and computer devices.
What is Cyber Crime?
The United Nation’s Definition;
“Cyber Crime spans not only state but national boundaries as well. “
In narrows sense:
“Any illegal behaviour directed by means of electronic operations that targets the security of computer system and the data processed by them.”
In a broader sense:
Any illegal behaviour committed by means of, or in relation to a computer system or network, including such crimes as illegal possession and offering or distributing information by means of computer system or network.
The Cyberspace is, in fact governed by a system of law and regulations called Cyber law. This controls all lea gel aspects of Internet and World Wide Web.
First Cyber Crime came in picture in 1820, when Joseph-Marie Jacquard a textile manufacturer in France produced a loom. Being afraid of losing employment the workers of his factory committed act of sabotage to prevent him to use new technology in the factory.
One major Cyber Crime took place in Citibank by a renowned hacker who had transferred $10 Million from an account to another account in Switzerland’s bank by using his office computer.
The growth of electronic commerce (e-commerce) has created a need for vibrant regulatory mechanism, which contain effective powers to curb and check the Cyber Crimes and save people from unscrupulous criminals.
Cyber law will touch every aspect of internet and WWW. Every aspect of Cyberspace should have Cyber legal perspectives.
Many countries have promulgated their Cyber Laws keeping in mind the development of e-commerce and there is a growing realization among different nations that their laws must be harmonized and international best practices and principals must guide implementation.
The Government of India has enacted the Information Technology Act, 2000 to control the uses of internet and www and to promote fare play in the e commence.
The IT Act, 2002 received accent of president on 17th October, 2000, the objective of act would be to provide legal recognition for transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as electronic method of communication and storage of information.
The Information Technology Act, 2002 stipulates various provisions in order to provide for the legal framework so that legal sanctity is accorded to all electronic records and other activities carried out by electronics means. It also regulate contracts in which electronic means are used. It facilitates electronic intercourse in trade and commerce; eliminate barriers and obstacles to electronic commerce. The act regulates various types of Certifying Authorise and regulates their activities. The act legalise use of digital signatures and authentication of electronic records. This act creates a good environment for development of internet, www and e-commerce. There strict penalties provided for contravention of law.
Note: We shall discuss other provisions of Information Technology Act, 2000 in my next article.
(Author can be reached at [email protected]) | <urn:uuid:4b0276cd-8e67-43c3-bfe2-90dfc6bd2b1f> | {
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Webb: The effects of synonymy on second language vocabulary learning 121 Reading in a Foreign Language 19(2) The present study was designed to determine whether learning synonyms for known second language (L2) words is easier than learning non synonyms. The reason for this was not to advocate the teaching of synonyms but rather to improve our understanding of the vocabulary acquisition process. If words with known synonyms are learned more easily than words without known synonyms, learning new words would become easier as a learner's vocabulary size increases because more and more words are likely to have known synonyms. Vocabulary difficulty would thus be affected by the amount of prior learning. Learners with larger vocabularies would be able to learn words more easily than learners with smaller vocabularies because increased vocabulary knowledge would help to facilitate learning. Literature Review In the only study that investigated the effects of synonymy on vocabulary learning, Higa (1963) found that pairs of synonyms took longer to learn than pairs of unrelated words. The results suggested that learners are more likely to confuse words that are similar in meaning than words that do not have close semantic links. Higa (1963, 1965) reported that the closer the semantic relationship between words, the more difficult it may be to learn the words in a set. Studies by Tinkham (1993) and Waring (1997) also indicate that learning sets of semantically related words is more difficult than learning words that are not linked by meaning. Together, these studies suggest that learning synonyms together may reduce the likelihood of acquisition. While this is a very useful finding, it may not apply to the way in which synonyms are usually learned. Teachers are unlikely to teach pairs of unknown synonyms together for the simple reason that it is confusing for learners, as Higa's research suggests, and learners are unlikely to learn synonyms together because they may lack the motivation to learn two words that convey similar information. Instead, a synonym for a known word may be easier to learn in the later stages of vocabulary learning. At present, no research appears to have investigated the difficulty of learning the synonyms of known words versus learning non synonyms. Laufer (1990) reported that synonymy is one of seven interlexical factors that can reduce the chances of vocabulary acquisition. She gave two reasons that synonyms may be more difficult to learn than other words. First, learners often make mistakes using synonyms because some of them may be substituted effectively in some contexts but not in others. For example, strong and powerful have similar meanings, but usually tea is only strong, and engines may be powerful but are rarely strong. This is an important point and demonstrates that some synonyms might be more difficult to learn than others because synonyms with similar meanings do not always have the same collocates. Certainly, some words such as good and nice are synonymous in many contexts, while others such as powerful and strong are synonymous to a lesser degree. The second reason she gave is that less advanced learners are unlikely to try to learn words with similar meanings when they have a greater need to learn unknown L2 meanings. Learning words with known synonyms may be easier than learning words without known synonyms because learners may be able to transfer their knowledge of syntax and collocation from known synonyms to less frequent synonyms. Typically, when learning a non synonym, L2 learners use their first language (L1) knowledge of that item and information from the context in which it was encountered to help learn that word. While on some occasions, this combination of
Webb: The effects of synonymy on second language vocabulary learning 122 Reading in a Foreign Language 19(2) L1 and L2 knowledge may be sufficient to use or understand the word quickly, more often, learning the word is likely to be a slow process that involves repeated encounters of the word in context. Learning the synonyms of known words may be faster than learning non synonyms because learners may gain substantial L2 vocabulary knowledge from known synonyms. Learners may gain L2 knowledge of syntagmatic association and collocation, paradigmatic association, and grammar from known synonyms. A transfer of L2 knowledge from known words to their less frequent synonyms could make using and understanding the synonyms relatively easy. Nation's (2001) discussion of "learning burden" also suggests that learning a synonym for a word that is already known may be easier than learning a non synonym. He argued that the amount of effort required to learn a word is different for different words and for different learners. He referred to the effort needed to learn a word as its learning burden and stated The general principle of learning burden is that the more a word represents patterns and knowledge that the learners are already familiar with, the lighter its learning burden. These patterns and knowledge can be from the first language, from knowledge of other languages, and from previous knowledge of the second language. So, if a word uses sounds that are in the first language, follows regular spelling patterns, is a loan word in the first language with roughly the same meaning, fits into roughly similar grammatical patterns as in the first language with similar collocations and constraints, then the learning burden will be very light. (pp. 23 24) The concept of learning burden provides a reasonable explanation as to why L2 words that have known L2 synonyms may be easier to learn than those that do not. Synonyms may represent different aspects of knowledge that have already been acquired. For example, if learners are faced with learning the low frequency words revolver and spear, learning revolver may be easier because it has a high frequency synonym (gun) that represents vocabulary knowledge that can be used to learn revolver. The word revolver can be substituted for gun in many sentences, allowing learners to produce sentences such as he held the revolver tightly in his hand, he pointed the revolver and fired, and she took out her revolver and shot him three times in the head. If a newly learned word can be substituted in a sentence for a known synonym, then collocations and syntagmatic associates might be acquired when meaning and form are learned. Because spear does not have a high frequency synonym, a greater amount of vocabulary knowledge may need to be acquired, and therefore, it may be more difficult to produce in a sentence. Although the degree of overlap of vocabulary knowledge varies from synonym to synonym, at least partial overlap may help facilitate acquisition. Further research examining the difficulty of learning words that have known L2 synonyms versus learning words that do not would be valuable for three reasons. First, it would help researchers better understand the vocabulary acquisition process. If vocabulary knowledge gained from knowing words may facilitate the future learning of their synonyms, unknown words may become easier to learn as a person's vocabulary develops. Second, it would provide some support for L2 incidental vocabulary learning through reading. L2 research has shown that learners may incidentally acquire vocabulary through reading and suggests that it may play a large role in L2 vocabulary development (Day, Omura, & Hiramatsu, 1991; Dupuy & Krashen,
Webb: The effects of synonymy on second language vocabulary learning 123 Reading in a Foreign Language 19(2) 1993; Pitts, White, & Krashen, 1989). However, little evidence supports the position that incidental learning is responsible for the huge number of words acquired in L1 learning. L2 studies examining incidental learning have shown that vocabulary gains are extremely small and that incidental learning is a gradual process in which repeated encounters in context are needed to learn words (Horst, Cobb, & Meara, 1998; Rott, 1999; Waring & Takaki, 2003). As a learner's vocabulary increases, the number of synonyms for known words that they learn is also likely to increase. If learning the synonyms of known words is easier than learning words without known synonyms, it would help to explain how some L2 learners may incidentally learn great numbers of words in the later stages of language learning through reading and listening. Third, determining whether synonyms are acquired more easily than other words would be very useful for teachers and learners. Knowing which words are easier or more difficult to learn would allow them to develop more efficient vocabulary teaching and learning strategies. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of synonymy on vocabulary learning. Two sets of target words 10 low frequency words with high frequency synonyms and 10 low frequency words without high frequency synonyms were used to determine whether words with high frequency synonyms are more easily learned than non synonyms. Disguised forms replaced the L2 forms of the target words to eliminate the possibility that the learners knew the target words. The target words were learned in two tasks: learning word pairs and learning glossed sentences. The effects of the two tasks on the different aspects of vocabulary knowledge are discussed in detail in Webb (2007). Using L2 target words with high frequency synonyms allowed the participants the possibility of gaining L2 knowledge from their L1 translations, their L2 synonyms, and the contexts in which they were presented in the glossed learning task. In contrast, using target words without high frequency synonyms ensured that participants could only gain knowledge of those words from their L1 translations or the glossed sentences. Because synonymy may affect several aspects of vocabulary knowledge, each target word was tested in 10 different ways. The tests were designed to measure receptive and productive knowledge of (a) orthography, (b) syntagmatic association, (c) paradigmatic association, (d) grammatical functions, and (e) meaning and form. Researchers tend to agree that knowing a word is much more than simply knowing its meaning (Aitchison, 1994; Laufer, 1997; McCarthy, 1990; Miller, 1999; Nation, 1990, 2001; Richards, 1976), and measuring multiple aspects of vocabulary knowledge may provide a more accurate assessment of the effects of synonymy on vocabulary knowledge than simply testing meaning. Specifically, the present study examined the following questions: 1. Are synonyms for known words easier to learn than words that do not have known synonyms? 2. How are different aspects of vocabulary knowledge affected by synonymy? If learners can substitute a synonym for a word in a text, the learners could be expected to score higher on tests measuring knowledge of syntagmatic association, paradigmatic association, and grammatical functions for target words with known synonyms than target words without them.
Webb: The effects of synonymy on second language vocabulary learning 124 Reading in a Foreign Language 19(2) Method Participants The participants were 84 Japanese students of English as a foreign language from two first year classes at a university in Fukuoka, Japan. All of the students had scored 80% or higher on the 2000 word level of Version 1 of the Vocabulary Levels Test (Schmitt, 2000). Their average raw score was 27.1/30, indicating that they were well in control of that level and that they had receptive knowledge of almost all of the 2,000 most frequent words (Schmitt, Schmitt, & Clapham, 2001). Design Two sets of words were used: 10 low frequency words with high frequency synonyms and 10 low frequency words without high frequency synonyms. Disguised forms replaced the L2 forms of the low frequency words and were matched with their L1 meanings to create the target words used in the experiment. Using the disguised forms ensured that the participants would have no prior knowledge of the target words. The use of the disguised forms also eliminated the need to use pre tests. Pre tests may not be sensitive enough to measure for partial knowledge of target words and may also tip students off as to the nature of a study. The participants were randomly assigned to two learning conditions. In one condition, the participants encountered the target words in glossed sentences, and in the other, the participants encountered the target words in word pairs. In each condition, the participants attempted to learn all 20 target words. The participants were given 8 minutes to learn the target words in both conditions. After the conclusion of the treatment, a surprise vocabulary test was administered. Five types of word knowledge orthography, paradigmatic association, meaning and form, syntagmatic association, and grammatical functions were isolated and measured in a series of 10 tests. The experiment was conducted within one 90 minute class period. Materials Target words. Twenty low frequency words were selected from the fifth frequency band in the COBUILD dictionary. It accounts for the 6,601 st to 14,700 th most frequent words. Ten were low frequency words with high frequency synonyms, and the other 10 were low frequency words without high frequency synonyms. Both sets of target words comprised six nouns and four verbs. This ratio of nouns to verbs was used because nouns and verbs are the most common parts of speech found in natural text, and the 6:4 ratio approximates their proportional frequency of occurrence (Kucera & Francis, 1967). The target words with high frequency synonyms were locomotive, visage, lane, abode, boulder, crave, doze, sob, abhor, and dagger. The target words without high frequency synonyms were lick, spear, recluse, pawn, landfill, mourn, convent, pier, reef, and marinate. Two sets of 10 disguised forms were created and replaced the L2 forms of the 20 low frequency words. All of the disguised forms were two syllables and resembled English words phonetically and orthographically. Because the participants could have mistaken the disguised forms for real
Webb: The effects of synonymy on second language vocabulary learning 125 Reading in a Foreign Language 19(2) words that were orthographically similar, the spellings of the disguised forms did not always conform to common spellings. However, in pilot tests, Japanese learners were able to pronounce all of the words correctly and reported that they believed the disguised forms to be authentic English words. Because the participants in the experiments did not know that disguised forms were used, learning the disguised forms simulated for the learners the experience of learning actual words. In each frequency group, seven of the disguised forms were five letters long, and three were six letters long. The 20 disguised forms were ancon, cader, dangy, denent, faddam, hodet, masco, pacon, sagod, tasper, copac, gishom, hattaw, ictay, mesut, nasin, nuggy, tagon, toncop, and dapew. Two versions of each learning condition were prepared to ensure that the disguised forms paired with one set of target words were not easier to learn than the other set of disguised forms. The first version of the learning tasks presented the first 10 disguised forms (ancon, cader, dangy, denent, faddam, hodet, masco, pacon, sagod, and tasper) paired with the L1 meanings of the words with high frequency synonyms and the second 10 disguised forms (copac, gishom, hattaw, ictay, mesut, nasin, nuggy, tagon, toncop, and dapew) paired with the L1 meanings of the words without high frequency synonyms. In the second version, the pairings were reversed. Because the disguised forms used in the experiment were the same for both sets of target words (using two versions of each task), the factors affecting word difficulty pronounceability, orthography, morphology, and synformy could not affect any differences found between the variables. Two other factors affecting word difficulty, specificity and register constraints, are more likely to affect the later stages of acquisition and were therefore unlikely to be a factor in this study. To ensure that idiomaticity and multiple meanings did not influence vocabulary learning, none of the disguised forms encountered in sentence contexts involved idioms and only one sense of a target word's L1 and L2 meaning was presented in the contexts. Tasks Word pairs. In this task the 20 disguised forms were presented on the right of their L1 translations on one page. In the following example, the target word locomotive was replaced with the disguised form masco and paired with the Japanese translation of locomotive: masco The order of the word pairs, those with and without high frequency synonyms, was controlled to ensure that it did not affect learning. The target words with high frequency synonyms were alternated with the target words without high frequency synonyms. For half of the participants, a disguised form with a high frequency synonym was presented first. For the others, a disguised form without a high frequency synonym was first. Sentence contexts. In the task of learning from glossed sentences, the 20 target words were presented with their L1 meanings and one sentence containing each target word followed each word pair (see Appendix). The following example is for the target word masco, which was matched with the L1 meaning of locomotive: masco The driver got off the masco .
Webb: The effects of synonymy on second language vocabulary learning 126 Reading in a Foreign Language 19(2) The sentences were selected from the British National Corpus. Pilot studies and the participants' scores on the Vocabulary Levels Test indicated that the participants would know all of the running words in the sentences and would be able to quickly understand the sentences. The order of the contexts was controlled in the task. Half of the participants received contexts containing target words with high frequency synonyms first, and half of the participants received contexts without high frequency synonyms first. Dependent measures Ten tests measuring knowledge of orthography, paradigmatic association, syntagmatic association, grammatical functions, and meaning and form were administered after the treatment. Each test was created to isolate a specific aspect of knowledge. Five of the tests measured productive knowledge, and five measured receptive knowledge. The tests were carefully sequenced to avoid earlier tests affecting the participants' answers on later tests. Each test was on one page. The first test, measuring productive knowledge of orthography, was administered to all of the participants at one time because it involved aural cues spaced 12 seconds apart. The learners were given as much time as they needed to complete the rest of the tests. When a participant finished a test, it was collected, and the next test was handed out. Webb (2005) described the tests as follows: Test 1: Productive knowledge of orthography. On the first test the learners heard each disguised form pronounced twice and then had 10 seconds to write it correctly. Any spelling mistakes caused an answer to be marked incorrect. Because the learners were at the intermediate level and were likely to have learned most if not all of the rules of spelling, aural cues would be enough to lead them to write at least a close approximation of the target words. If responses with minor spelling mistakes were marked as correct, then whether the spelling was due to the learning task or the aural prompt could not be determined. On all of the other productive tests, spelling was not a determining factor in the scoring if the response could be clearly understood. Test 2: Receptive knowledge of orthography. On the second test the learners had to circle the correctly spelled target words, which appeared with three distracters. The distracters were created to resemble the target words both phonetically and orthographically. The following examples are for the target words dangy and hodet. (a) dengie (b) dengy (c) dungie (d) dangy (a) hodet (b) holat (c) halet (d) hedet Usually, all productive tests need to be completed before receptive tests to avoid a learning effect. However, the receptive test of orthography was highly unlikely to contribute to a learning effect in this study for two reasons: the target words were used as cues on three of the four remaining productive tests, and the determining factor on the other test measuring productive knowledge of meaning and form was whether the learners could link the L2 form with its L1 meaning rather than spelling the L2 form correctly. Test 3: Productive knowledge of meaning and form. On the third test, productive knowledge of
Webb: The effects of synonymy on second language vocabulary learning 127 Reading in a Foreign Language 19(2) meaning and form was measured using a translation test. The learners were given the L1 meanings and asked to write the words that the meanings had been paired with in the treatment. The aim of this test was to determine whether the learners could link the L2 forms of the target words with their L1 meanings. For example, to get the following answer correct, the learners had to write the target disguised form masco beside the L1 translation with which it was paired. Because the aim of the first two tests was to determine whether learners could write the target words correctly and recognize the correct spellings of the target words, spelling was not the determining factor for a correct answer on this test. Therefore, spellings that demonstrated that the learners could link an L2 form with its L1 meaning were marked correct. In the example above, close approximations of the target word masco (e.g., mosco, masko, or mascoe) were acceptable responses. Close approximations that were real English words were marked as incorrect because whether the participants had intended to write the target words could not be ascertained. Test 4: Productive knowledge of grammatical functions. This was essentially a sentence construction test. The learners were cued with the target words and had to write each one in a sentence. The instructions made clear that the determining factor for a correct response was using the target words with grammatical accuracy. For example, the target word masco (locomotive) would have been scored as incorrect in The girl mascoed to school and correct in both The masco left the station early and It is a masco. Test 5: Productive knowledge of syntagmatic association. In word association research, responses are often classified as either paradigmatic (demonstrating productive knowledge of the semantic relationships between words) or syntagmatic (demonstrating productive knowledge of syntax; Soderman, 1993). On this test the learners had to produce L2 syntagmatic associates beside the cues, which were the target words. For example, for the target word masco, which had been paired with the Japanese translation of locomotive, acceptable responses were words commonly encountered in context with locomotive, such as station, tracks, left, and arrived. Words less frequently found in context with locomotive, such as clock, ate, and hard, were marked as incorrect. Two native speakers of English evaluated the responses. Their inter rater reliability was 94%. Because the following test measured productive knowledge of paradigmatic association, paradigmatic associates were marked as incorrect. This was carefully explained in the instructions. Test 6: Productive knowledge of paradigmatic association. In this test learners were presented with the target words and asked to write an associate beside each item. Coordinates, superordinates, subordinates, antonyms, and synonyms were all scored as correct. Because the previous test measured productive knowledge of syntagmatic association, syntagmatic associates were marked as incorrect, as was carefully explained in the instructions. Examples of acceptable responses for masco (locomotive) are train, airplane, and vehicle. Two native speakers of English evaluated the responses, and their inter rater reliability on this test was 98%. Test 7: Receptive knowledge of grammatical functions. A multiple choice test was used to
Webb: The effects of synonymy on second language vocabulary learning 128 Reading in a Foreign Language 19(2) measure receptive knowledge of grammatical functions. The learners were presented with three sentences containing each target word and had to choose the correct one. Knowledge of the target word's part of speech enabled the learners to select the correct answer. Because the productive test of grammatical functions was perhaps the most demanding test, the receptive test of grammatical functions needed to be sensitive to smaller gains. If the learners knew that masco (locomotive) was a noun, they would be able to choose (a) as the correct answer in the following example. (a) It is a masco. (b) It mascoed. (c) It is very masco. Test 8: Receptive knowledge of syntagmatic association. On this test the learners circled the responses that were most likely to appear in context with the target words. All distracters were words that the learners were likely to know and were the same parts of speech as the correct answers. The following examples are for the target words dangy (boulder) and hodet (lane). dangy (a) fall (b) wash (c) walk (d) catch hodet (a) drive (b) sit (c) take (d) know Test 9: Receptive knowledge of paradigmatic association. On this test, the learners had to circle the responses that were paradigmatic associates of the target words. All distracters were words that the learners were likely to know and were the same parts of speech as the correct answers. This is illustrated for the target words dangy (boulder) and hodet (lane) in the following examples. dangy (a) stone (b) plant (c) tree (d) person hodet (a) park (b) highway (c) garden (d) building Test 10: Receptive knowledge of meaning and form. This was a receptive translation test in which the target words cued responses in the L1. An argument can be made that a receptive translation test involves both receptive and productive processes (Waring, 1999); however, the same argument can be made for most receptive tests. Because the learners had learned the answers in the treatments, a recognition test would have been extremely easy. The receptive translation test was better suited for this experiment because it was more demanding, requiring learners to recall rather than recognize meanings. In the following example, the learners were required to write the Japanese translation of locomotive beside the target disguised form masco. masco ____________ Results The descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, and numbers of participants) of the vocabulary knowledge scores on the 10 dependent measures for words with and without high frequency synonyms are reported in Table 1. A repeated measures MANOVA was performed
Webb: The effects of synonymy on second language vocabulary learning 129 Reading in a Foreign Language 19(2) using the scores on the 10 dependent measures to analyze the within subjects factor (synonymy words with and without known synonyms), and the two between subjects factors (test version and learning condition). The MANOVA showed an overall statistically significant difference for synonymy, F(10, 71) = 9.74, p < .001, 2 = .58. However, the different versions of the treatment showed no significant difference, F(10, 71) = 1.50, p = .16, 2 = .17, nor did the learning conditions, F(10, 71) = 1.50, p = .59, 2 = .11. Table 1. Means and standard deviations of learning conditions on dependent measures for words with and without high frequency synonyms Word pairs (N = 43) Context (N = 41) Word pairs and context combined (N = 84) M SD M SD M SD PO Synonyms 5.56 (2.24) 5.37 (2.61) 5.46 (2.41) Non synonyms 5.42 (2.27) 4.95 (2.52) 5.19 (2.39) RO Synonyms 7.53 (2.02) 7.71 (1.82) 7.62 (1.91) Non synonyms 7.16 (2.16) 7.12 (2.01) 7.14 (2.08) PM Synonyms 5.51 (2.85) 5.41 (2.59) 5.46 (2.71) Non synonyms 5.70 (2.73) 5.05 (2.86) 5.38 (2.80) RM Synonyms 5.60 (2.93) 6.05 (2.77) 5.82 (2.85) Non synonyms 5.56 (2.81) 5.78 (3.11) 5.67 (2.94) PA Synonyms 4.88 (2.58) 5.37 (2.77) 5.12 (2.67) Non synonyms 3.47 (2.21) 3.51 (2.66) 3.49 (2.42) RA Synonyms 5.95 (2.50) 6.66 (2.09) 6.30 (2.32) Non synonyms 6.05 (2.54) 6.27 (2.31) 6.15 (2.42) PS Synonyms 4.37 (2.64) 4.27 (2.76) 4.32 (2.68) Non synonyms 3.74 (2.51) 3.39 (2.31) 3.57 (2.41) RS Synonyms 5.98 (2.61) 6.56 (2.26) 6.26 (2.45) Non synonyms 5.72 (2.58) 6.78 (2.13) 6.24 (2.41) PG Synonyms 4.88 (2.76) 5.12 (2.64) 5.00 (2.69) Non synonyms 4.91 (2.78) 4.71 (3.04) 4.81 (2.90) RG Synonyms 6.86 (2.60) 7.66 (1.62) 7.25 (2.20) Non synonyms 6.95 (2.49) 7.15 (2.07) 7.05 (2.28) Note. Maximum score = 10. PO = productive knowledge of orthography, RO = receptive knowledge of orthography, PM = productive knowledge of meaning and form, RM = receptive knowledge of meaning and form, PA = productive knowledge of paradigmatic association, RA = receptive knowledge of paradigmatic association, PS = productive knowledge of syntagmatic association, RS = receptive knowledge of syntagmatic association, PG = productive knowledge of grammar, RG = receptive knowledge of grammar. The results of the MANOVA indicate that synonymy may facilitate an increase in vocabulary knowledge. Significant differences were found on the productive tests of paradigmatic association, F(1, 80) = 75.30, p < .01, 2 = .49, and syntagmatic association, F(1, 80) = 13.06, p < .01, 2 = .14, and the receptive test of orthography, F(1, 80) = 5.15, p < .05, 2 = .06. A summary of the findings on the repeated measures MANOVA is shown in Table 2. | <urn:uuid:3f182573-fa68-46d0-a8d6-03f2ae798522> | {
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Google Colab :
Google Colab is a free online platform for running and executing Jupyter notebooks. It is a cloud-based service that allows users to write and run code in a variety of programming languages including Python, R, and TensorFlow. Colab offers a number of benefits over traditional desktop-based programming environments, including the ability to collaborate with other users in real-time, access to a powerful suite of machine learning libraries, and the ability to run code on powerful cloud-based hardware.
One example of using Google Colab is for machine learning research. By using Colab, researchers can easily access a range of machine learning libraries and frameworks, as well as powerful hardware resources, without the need to install and configure these tools on their own machines. This allows researchers to focus on developing and testing their models, without worrying about the technical details of setting up and maintaining a machine learning environment.
Another example of using Google Colab is for education and training. By providing students with access to Colab, educators can give students a hands-on experience of programming and data analysis, without the need for them to install and configure software on their own computers. This can be particularly useful for teaching students who may not have access to powerful hardware, or for providing a collaborative environment for group projects.
In addition to these examples, Google Colab can be used for a wide range of applications, including data visualization, natural language processing, and image recognition. Overall, Colab provides users with a convenient and accessible platform for running and executing code, making it an increasingly popular tool among researchers, educators, and data scientists. | <urn:uuid:e8d2b51d-a150-4976-bd61-c7185268c48b> | {
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Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the HBV virus that causes inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis B is spread through secretions and body fluids, including genital secretions, saliva, and blood. The initial infection with hepatitis B often goes unnoticed but can appear in its typical form through a fever, fatigue, muscle aches and joint pain, head pain or cramps, nausea, and jaundice, or yellowing of the skin. Most of the time, the infection disappears on its own, but hepatitis B can sometimes become chronic and lead to cirrhosis. The diagnosis is confirmed by a blood test. In cases of chronic hepatitis B, treatments exist but do not cure the disease and are there to improve symptoms and prevent progression to the complications; interferon is also used. There is a vaccine against hepatitis B, recommended for the entire population, but mandatory for some people, such as the medical staff.
Published by Jeff
Latest update on December 3, 2013 at 11:56 AM by Jeff. | <urn:uuid:50c01d61-d85b-413f-b735-9e872d0f3625> | {
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still done like this in countries all over the world
is essential to life, for drinking, washing and heating. We take it for
granted in developed countries, but then you should try surviving from a
water hole. I have. I raised water by hand using buckets and rope, just
as millions of people still do in undeveloped lands. I know that a
modern well takes us one stage further
and a well pump and storage tank, brings us into the 20th Century. You
can see the stages of reconstruction of a traditional well head below.
A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring, or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets, that are raised mechanically or by hand.
Well, that was in days gone by. These days an electric pump linked to a
float switch does the job.
Wells can vary greatly in depth, water volume, and water quality. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require treatment to soften the water.
very old well head - Galle, Sri Lanka
The world's oldest known wells, located in Cyprus, date to 7500 BC. Two wells from the Neolithic period, around 6500 BC, have been discovered in Israel. One is in Atlit, on the northern coast of
Israel, and the other is the Jezreel Valley.
Wood-lined wells are known from the early Neolithic Linear Pottery culture, for example in Kückhoven (an outlying centre of Erkelenz), dated 5090 BC and Eythra, dated 5200 BC in Schletz (an outlying centre of Asparn an der Zaya) in Austria.
Australian Aborigines relied on wells to survive the harsh Australian desert. They would dig down, scooping out sand and mud to reach clean water, then cover the source with spinifex to prevent spoilage. Non-Aborigines call these native wells, soaks or soakages.
Stepwells are common in the west of India. In these wells, the water may be reached by descending a set of steps. They may be covered and are often of architectural significance. Many stepwells were also used for leisure, providing relief from the daytime heat.
above are more fine examples of traditional well-heads from around the
NOVEMBER 2015 - Is there is a pot of gold at the end of this rainbow or
is this a sign from above of good things to come? Herstmonceux Museum is
the home of innovation in much need of some TLC. Our curator had been
doing some roof repairs, trying to beat the rain on a chilly afternoon and this beautiful
sight suddenly appeared in between the dark clouds passing overhead.
NOVEMBER 2015 - The rainbow went from the well on one side of the
building to the other side, forming a complete arc across the site. It
was a sight to behold and one that proved difficult to capture with an
ordinary lens. The museum needs a new roof, but at the moment the
building generates no income for repairs and the position is unlikely to
change - with a council that refuses to admit that they got it wrong as
to the obvious historic value of this unique site in Sussex. The Trust
also need to take down the WW2 corrugated iron and repair the timber
RECONSTRUCTION - SUSSEX ENGLAND
A well in Herstmonceux in Sussex was rediscovered in 1982, and although
put back into use immediately, for the last fifteen years all that had
been done to preserve it is the rebuilding of the brick head and the making of a
wooden hatch cover - to
among other things prevent people and objects falling in.
June of 2013 a draughtsman got to work designing a suitable frame;
producing the drawings below from which to work to. They went through
several gestations until finally the scale seemed right in the context
of an estate that dated from C. 1800.
in progress June 2013 - A well head at Herstmonceux Museum, Sussex, England.
bell for this well is dated 1898. During the re-build some slight modifications
were necessary to the timber framework. The height was raised by 3"
and the roof was lengthened. The 6" timber uprights were slotted
into the base timbers with a hand cut mortise and tenon joint
3"x3" using chisels and drills as seen below.
old timbers had lain around on site for some 30 years waiting for their
time to be carved into the frame for the well roof. Timbers of this size
take time to cut and shape. The same skills as the shipwrights of old
view of the Sussex countryside at Herstmonceux - an area of outstanding
natural beauty (AONB), and an iconic 'Roman' silhouette of the well roof taking
shape as seen from the courtyard below. Herstmonceux Museum was
listed on an English Heritage Monument Protection Programme from 2003.
The Trust that manages this site get no help from English Heritage or
the National Lottery towards the considerable cost of restorations. This
is the only working well in the village - used daily for water supplies.
it has been in use since before Augustus Hare lived in Lime Park (C.
picture of the base triangulating support timbers. These are important
to stabilise the structure in high winds.
Similar cross bracing is used to support the longitudinal roof timbers,
known as purlins when used in the roof of a house - you can see the roof
cross bracing in the pictures below.
pours through an adjacent sycamore tree, blessing the structure.
timbers supporting the ridge beam, two more to go. The well is taking
shape. The ridge beam was raised a further 6" over and above that
raised already, another incremental improvement
on the original drawings above, to increase clearance for the well bell.
If you need a well head built, the builder of this structure will be
pleased to suggest a design and quote for the construction for your
dream house. This well feeds a raised storage tank via a three stage
single phase pump. The pump is controlled via a bespoke magnetic sensor,
in turn feeding from a float, made from an old soda-pop bottle attached
to a thin stainless-steel wire arm (316 grade welding rod). The magnetic
sensor switches a Maplin solenoid operated relay to amplify the signal
for 240 volt switching. Simples
view of the well in context with the generating buildings that it has served
since long before C. 1900 - seen from the adjacent field, looking from Herstmonceux
village. The well reconstruction is part of the restorations planned for
this unique turn of the century wooden building. A wind turbine is to be added and a solar
conservatory. Not of course on the roofs of the historic section of this
idea is to blend new and old, and breath life back into a building that
was decommissioned as an electricity utility in 1936. A truly
well is complete without a bell. This is the original bell found on site
in 1982, tucked away and long forgotten. It was in a sorry state, with
white paint flaking off and some metal parts crumbling to rust. The oak
yoke was sanded back to wood and the loose rust removed. Then the timber
was liberally treated with lashings of preservatives. All the moving metal parts were
soaked in WD40 then greased.
we needed to make two bearing carriers, to attach the brass bell bearing
blocks, which assembly is in turn fitted to the main beam carriers that
go across the two low purlins. Treated 3" x 3" timber was
used. Recycled of course from old garden gate posts that had rotted away
at the base. The rotten ends were cut off to reveal sound wood.
bearing carrier blocks are test fitted to the well yoke. Don't try to
fit a heavy item like a bell without first making sure that everything
fits at ground level.
bearing carriers are bolted to the beams supporting the bell. Once
again, mark and drill everything accurately at ground level, before
fitting up high. Our carpenter uses a builders leather belt to carry a hammer, tape
measure, nails, set square and pen/pencil, with plenty more spare
pockets for pliers, screwdrivers and anything else to get the job done.
We still have the roof and a beautiful cast iron well wheel to fit.
yoke has been treated with preservative against woodworm, wet & dry
rot. The ironwork has been oiled and painted with two coats of black and
the oak yoke has been varnished. Rather than polish the bell, we thought
we'd simply clean her up and give her a protective coat of lacquer that
could easily be removed without damaging the bronze, should the need
ever arise. The bell is after all an antique.
bearings are greased liberally. Once the roof is on, it's unlikely that
you'll want to poke your head in the belfry too often - that is why a
lot of bell towers are ruined.
the workings are installed and operable, the roofing proceeds with
fitting of treated battens. The well head looks a bit like a
mini-house. The roof will most probably have tiles (or slates)
eventually. For now though we are going to recycle some of the
corrugated iron that had been used to clad the generating buildings
during World War II.
starting to look like something, blending into the Sussex scenery as if
she'd never gone. We are looking forward to fitting the well wheel as
time allows. We will
treat all of the timber frame eventually, even though the new timbers
are tanalised. This structure is going to last another 150 years.
Walkers from the village (Cuckoo Trail) have been commenting on the work done so far.
WATER CONTAMINATION - You can see from the levels in this photograph
that the ancient well used by Herstmonceux
Museum for all of its water supply is subject to contamination that
will arise if houses are built above the water table. If you check out
the plans for the proposed application from December 2014 and January
2015 (they are identical save for the name of the applicant) you will
see that houses are suggested on the slope leading to the Museum. It is
thus inevitable that the water supply to this unique heritage asset will
become contaminated if the proposed development is allowed to proceed.
Herstmonceux Museum is the building above and to the left of the magic
blue mushroom in the foreground.
look, we've an inquisitive visitor to the well. No wonder all the mice
have skidaddled. Ding, dong, bell. Who put pussy down the well?
Fortunately, for this curious feline there is a hatch cover to prevent
furry backpackers from involuntarily practicing their freefall diving
skills. Cats hate water.
Ding, dong, bell,
Pussy’s in the well.
Who put her in?
Little Johnny Flynn.
Who pulled her out?
Little Tommy Stout.
What a naughty boy was that,
To try to drown poor pussy cat,
Who ne’er did him any harm,
But killed all the mice in the farmer's barn.
CAT, PUSSY CAT
Pussy cat, pussy cat, where have you been?
I've been to London to look at the Queen.
Pussy cat, pussy cat, what did you do there?
I chased a little mouse right under the chair.
A qanat is an ancient water collection system made up of a series of wells and linked underground water channels that collects flowing water from a source usually a distance away, stores it, and then brings the water to the surface using gravity. Much of the population of Iran and other arid countries in Asia and North Africa historically depended upon the water from qanats; the areas of population corresponded closely to the areas where qanats are possible.
In Egypt, shadoofs and sakiehs are used. When compared to each other however, the Sakkieh is much more efficient, as it can bring up water from a depth of 10 metres (versus the 3 metres of the shadoof). The Sakieh is the Egyptian version of the
From the Iron Age onwards, wells are common archaeological features, both with wooden shafts and shaft linings made from wickerwork.
Until recent centuries, all artificial wells were pumpless hand-dug wells of varying degrees of formality, and they remain a very important source of potable water in some rural developing areas where they are routinely dug and used today. Their indispensability has produced a number of literary references, literal and figurative, to them, including the Christian Bible story of Jesus meeting a woman at Jacob's well (John 4:6) and the "Ding Dong Bell" nursery rhyme about a cat in a well.
Hand-dug wells are excavations with diameters large enough to accommodate one or more persons with shovels digging down to below the water table. They can be lined with laid stones or brick; extending this lining upwards above the ground surface to form a wall around the well serves to reduce both contamination and injuries by falling into the well. A more modern method called caissoning uses reinforced concrete or plain concrete pre-cast well rings that are lowered into the hole. A well-digging team digs under a cutting ring and the well column slowly sinks into the aquifer, whilst protecting the team from collapse of the well bore.
Hand dug wells provide a cheap and low-tech solution to accessing groundwater in rural locations in developing countries, and may be built with a high degree of community participation, or by local entrepreneurs who specialize in hand-dug wells. They have been successfully excavated to 60 metres (200 ft). Hand dug wells are inexpensive and low tech (compared to drilling) as they use mostly hand labour for construction. They have low operational and maintenance costs, in part because water can be extracted by hand bailing, without a pump. The water is often coming from an aquifer or groundwater, and can be easily deepened, which may be necessary if the ground water level drops, by telescoping the lining further down into the aquifer. The yield of existing hand dug wells may be improved by deepening or introducing vertical tunnels or perforated pipes.
Drawbacks to hand-dug wells are numerous. It can be impractical to hand dig wells in areas where hard rock is present, and they can be time-consuming to dig and line even in favourable areas. Because they exploit shallow aquifers, the well may be susceptible to yield fluctuations and possible contamination from surface water, including sewage. Hand dug well construction generally requires the use of a well trained construction team, and the capital investment for equipment such as concrete ring moulds, heavy lifting equipment, well shaft formwork, motorized de-watering pumps, and fuel can be large for people in developing countries. Construction of hand dug wells can be dangerous due to collapse of the well bore, falling objects and asphyxiation, including from dewatering pump exhaust fumes.
Woodingdean well, hand-dug between 1858 and 1862, is claimed to be the world's deepest hand-dug well at 1,285 feet (392 m). The Big Well in Greensburg, Kansas is billed as the world's largest hand-dug well, at 109 feet (33 m) deep and 32 feet (9.8 m) in diameter. However, the Well of Joseph in the Cairo Citadel at 280 feet (85 m) deep and the Pozzo di S. Patrizio (St. Patrick's Well) built in 1527 in Orvieto, Italy, at 61 metres (200 ft) deep by 13 metres (43 ft) wide are both larger by volume.
well, well - types of well
Drilled wells are typically created using either top-head rotary style, table rotary, or cable tool drilling machines, all of which use drilling stems that are turned to create a cutting action in the formation, hence the term 'drilling'.
Drilled wells can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods (augering, sludging, jetting, driving, hand percussion) or machine drilling (rotary, percussion, down the hole hammer). Deeprock rotary drilling method is most common. Rotary can be used in 90% for formation types.
Drilled wells can get water from a much deeper level than dug wells can - often up to several hundred metres.
Drilled wells with electric pumps are used throughout the world, typically in rural or sparsely populated areas, though many urban areas are supplied partly by municipal wells. Most shallow well drilling machines are mounted on large trucks, trailers, or tracked vehicle carriages. Water wells typically range from 3 to 18 metres (9.8–59 ft) deep, but in some areas can go deeper than 900 metres (3,000 ft).
Rotary drilling machines use a segmented steel drilling string, typically made up of 6 metres (20 ft) sections of galvanized steel tubing that are threaded together, with a bit or other drilling device at the bottom end. Some rotary drilling machines are designed to install (by driving or drilling) a steel casing into the well in conjunction with the drilling of the actual bore hole. Air and/or water is used as a circulation fluid to displace cuttings and cool bits during the drilling. Another form of rotary style drilling, termed 'mud rotary', makes use of a specially made mud, or drilling fluid, which is constantly being altered during the drill so that it can consistently create enough hydraulic pressure to hold the side walls of the bore hole open, regardless of the presence of a casing in the well. Typically, boreholes drilled into solid rock are not cased until after the drilling process is completed, regardless of the machinery used.
The oldest form of drilling machinery is the cable tool, still used today. Specifically designed to raise and lower a bit into the bore hole, the 'spudding' of the drill causes the bit to be raised and dropped onto the bottom of the hole, and the design of the cable causes the bit to twist at approximately ¼ revolution per drop, thereby creating a drilling action. Unlike rotary drilling, cable tool drilling requires the drilling action to be stopped so that the bore hole can be bailed or emptied of drilled cuttings.
Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe, typically steel (in air rotary or cable tool drilling) or plastic/PVC (in mud rotary wells, also present in wells drilled into solid rock). The casing is constructed by welding, either chemically or thermally, segments of casing together. If the casing is installed during the drilling, most drills will drive the casing into the ground as the bore hole advances, while some newer machines will actually allow for the casing to be rotated and drilled into the formation in a similar manner as the bit advancing just below. PVC or plastic is typically welded and then lowered into the drilled well, vertically stacked with their ends nested and either glued or splined together. The sections of casing are usually 6 metres (20 ft) or more in length, and 6 to 12 in (15 to 30 cm) in diameter, depending on the intended use of the well and local groundwater conditions.
Surface contamination of wells in the United States is typically controlled by the use of a 'surface seal'. A large hole is drilled to a predetermined depth or to a confining formation (clay or bedrock, for example), and then a smaller hole for the well is completed from that point forward. The well is typically cased from the surface down into the smaller hole with a casing that is the same diameter as that hole. The annular space between the large bore hole and the smaller casing is filled with bentonite clay, concrete, or other sealant material. This creates an impermeable seal from the surface to the next confining layer that keeps contaminants from traveling down the outer sidewalls of the casing or borehole and into the aquifer. In addition, wells are typically capped with either an engineered well cap or seal that vents air through a screen into the well, but keeps insects, small animals, and unauthorized persons from accessing the well.
At the bottom of wells, based on formation, a screening device, filter pack, slotted casing, or open bore hole is left to allow the flow of water into the well. Constructed screens are typically used in unconsolidated formations (sands, gravels, etc.), allowing water and a percentage of the formation to pass through the screen. Allowing some material to pass through creates a large area filter out of the rest of the formation, as the amount of material present to pass into the well slowly decreases and is removed from the well. Rock wells are typically cased with a PVC liner/casing and screen or slotted casing at the bottom, this is mostly present just to keep rocks from entering the pump assembly. Some wells utilize a 'filter pack' method, where an undersized screen or slotted casing is placed inside the well and a filter medium is packed around the screen, between the screen and the borehole or casing. This allows the water to be filtered of unwanted materials before entering the well and pumping zone.
holes from around the world: India, Afghanistan & Africa - we all need water to survive, a basic
ingredient of human life. The methods are different, so are the
container materials, but the need is as old as time itself.
LADDER | MORALS
| PROPERTY |
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Statistical Analysis: Identifying Patterns
More advanced statistical analysis aims to identify patterns in data, for example, whether there is a link between two variables, or whether certain groups are more likely to show certain attributes.
This is in order to draw lessons from the sample that can be generalised to the wider population.
For more on making sure that your sample is large enough to allow you to generalise, see our page on Samples and Sample Design.
Relationships vs Differences
Research hypotheses can be expressed in terms of differences between groups, or relationships between variables. However, these are two sides of the same coin: almost any hypothesis could be set out in either way.
There is a relationship between gender and liking ice cream OR
Men are more likely to like ice cream than women.
Your first step is to identify your two or more groups. This will obviously depend on your research question or hypothesis.
So if your hypothesis was that men are more likely to like ice cream than women, your two groups are men and women, and your data is likely to be something like self-expressed liking for ice cream on a scale of 1 to 5, or perhaps the number of times that ice creams are consumed each week in the summer months.
You then need to produce summary data for each group, usually mean and standard deviation. These may or may not look quite similar.
In order to decide whether there is a genuine difference between the two groups, you have to use a reference distribution against which to measure the values from the two groups.
The most common source of reference distributions is a standard distribution such as the normal distribution or t- distribution. These two are the same except that the standard deviation of the t-distribution is estimated from the sample, and that of the normal distribution is known.
You then compare the summary data from the two groups and decide the probability of achieving that difference by chance. The lower the probability, the more likely it is that your result is correct. This is referred to as statistical significance.
Types of Error
There are four possible outcomes from statistical testing:
- The groups are different, and you conclude that they are different (correct result)
- The groups are different, but you conclude that they are not (Type II error)
- The groups are the same, but you conclude that they are different (Type I error)
- The groups are the same, and you conclude that they are the same (correct result).
Type I errors are generally considered more important than Type II, because they have the potential to change the status quo.
For example, if you wrongly conclude that a new medical treatment is effective, doctors are likely to move to providing that treatment. Patients may receive the treatment instead of an alternative that could have fewer side effects, and pharmaceutical companies may stop looking for an alternative treatment.
Choosing the Right Test
The test that you use to compare your groups will depend on how many groups you have, the type of data that you have collected, and also how good it is. In general, different tests are used for comparing two groups, and for comparing three or more.
Our page Surveys and Survey Design explains that there are two types of answer scale, continuous and categorical. Age, for example, is a continuous scale, although it can also be grouped into categories.
Gender is a category scale.
- For a continuous scale, you can use the means of the two groups that you are comparing.
- For a category scale, you need to use the medians.
If you are not very confident about the quality of the data collected, for example because the inputting was done quickly and cheaply, or because the data have not been checked, then you may prefer to use the median even if the data are continuous to avoid any problems with outliers. This makes the tests more robust, and you can rely on the results more.
|Purpose||Data Scale||Average||Test||Test Statistic||Reference Distribution|
|Compare two groups||Continuous||Mean||t-test||t||t|
|Category||Median||Mann-Whitney U test||U statistic||All combination of ranks|
|Compare three or more groups||Continuous||Mean||Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)||F-ratio||F|
|Category||Median||Kruskal-Wallis Test||W statistic||All combination of ranks|
Source: Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson, Management Research 4th Edition
One- or Two-Tailed Test
The other thing that you have to decide is whether you are confident of the direction of the distance. In practice, this boils down to whether your research hypothesis is expressed as ‘x is likely to be more than y’, or ‘x is likely to be different from y’. If you are confident of the direction of the distance, then your test will be one-tailed. If not, it will be two-tailed.
Calculating the Test Statistic
For each type of test, there is a standard formula for the test statistic. For example, for the t-test, it is:
M1 is the mean of the first group
M2 is the mean of the second group
SE (diff) is the standard error of the difference, which is calculated from the standard deviation and the sample size of each group.
The final part of the test is to compare the test statistic to that required to meet the desired level of significance (usually 5% or 1%). This value is available from published statistical tables. If the test statistic is that value or more, then the difference between groups is said to be statistically significant at the 5% or 1% level.
NOTE: the significance level is sometimes called the p value, and expressed as p < 0.05 or p < 0.01.
Sometimes, you may want to know if there is a link between two variables. If so, you can predict someone’s response to one variable by their response to the other.
- A positive association means that high scores for one variable tend to occur with high scores for the other.
- A negative association means that high scores for one variable tend to occur with low scores for the other.
- There is no association when the score for one variable does not predict the score for the other.
Such associations are also called correlations.
Seeing an Association
One of the best ways of checking for an association is to draw a line graph of the data with the two variables on the x and y axes. Broadly speaking, if there is an association, you will see it from the graph.
Drawing a graph will also help you identify if there is a peculiar relationship, such as a positive association for part of the data and a negative for the rest, as shown below. This will show in a test as no correlation, but there is clearly some sort of a relationship in this case.
Statistical Tests for Associations
Again, there are specific tests depending on whether you are using continuous, categorical or ranked data.
- For categorical data, you use the chi-squared test (also written χ2)
- For continuous data it is the Pearson product-moment correlation
- For ranks, use the Kendall rank order correlation.
Again, you need to work out the test statistic, and compare that with the value needed to obtain the desired level of significance.
Warning! The Difference Between Correlation and Causation
A correlation is an association between two variables. It does not necessarily imply that one causes the other. Both could be caused by something completely different, or it could simply be that people who show one characteristic often show the other.
For example, it could be that people who shop for groceries online buy more ready-made meals than those who shop in store. However, it is unlikely that the act of buying online causes the purchase of more ready-meals. It is more likely that those who shop online are short of time, and so buy more convenience food, or possibly simply that younger people are both more likely to shop online and more likely to buy convenience food.
A Word of Advice
There are statistical packages available, such as SPSS, which will carry out all these tests for you. However, if you have never studied statistics, and you’re not very confident about what you’re doing, you are probably best off discussing it with a statistician or consulting a detailed statistical textbook.
Badly-done statistical analysis can invalidate very good research. It is much better to find someone to help you. | <urn:uuid:7e1d4449-b9fe-440a-8155-2fdf7f25d50a> | {
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Los Angeles, London, New Delhi or Beijing – all are mega cities in which millions of people suffer from breathing problems and burning eyes. The cause is smog. Often it is so thick that the tops of the skyscrapers disappear and the sun cannot be seen for days.
A big smog layer is visible over the American mega city Los Angeles.
Steve Buss, from flickr
Under certain weather conditions smog – a mixture of particles and gaseous pollutants like ozone - develops due to traffic, industrial activities, or combustion of biomass, coal and wood. The main component of urban smog is the so-called secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The SOA particles develop from organic compounds oxidized by ozone and hydroxyl radicals. The organic molecules are for example released by burning fossil and renewable fuels.
The processes and mechanisms for the formation of these smog particles are still poorly understood. It has been difficult to accurately predict size and mass of the particles, which determines atmospheric visibility, i.e. the smog thickness and the extent of adverse health effects.
An improved view on smog has now been obtained by a team led by the Max Planck researcher Manabu Shiraiwa. "So far, it is considered that only the gas reactions are important for smog formation," says Shiraiwa, lead author of a recently published study. "We found out that it is more important what happens inside the particles, which is a typical multiphase reaction and needs to be included in the model forecasts," adds the 30 years old Japanese scientist, who conducted the study at the California Institute of Technology in the U.S. and who came back to the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz in April 2013 where he had working before.
The researchers generated smog which mimicked the urban air in the laboratory. They used the volatile organic molecule dodecane as particle source. Dodecane belongs to the alkanes, which consist only of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and is also emitted into the atmosphere by incomplete combustion of biomass. In a giant special reaction chamber they added hydroxyl radicals (OH) for photooxidation leading to the formation of smog particles. Hydroxyl radicals are a kind of cleaning agent of the atmosphere, which quickly reacts with volatile organic molecules such as methane or alkanes. After the oxidation the researchers measured the size of the SOA particles developed in the chamber. About five hours later they observed a steep increase in mass and size of the particles.
The traditional model however predicts a much slower increase. Shiraiwa and his colleagues concluded that the gase phase reactions are not sufficient enough for the particle growth. Mass spectrometry measurements confirmed that the small volatile organic molecule dodecane reacts to bigger, less volatile organic molecules. As these molecules do not evaporate from the particle phase the particles grow bigger. Since these multiphase reactions have so far never been considered in air quality models the researcher hope that including the findings will lead to better prediction of air quality in the urban air.
Shiraiwa who currently establishes a research group at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry will continue studying the chemical aging of organic aerosols and related topics. He received his Bachelor and Master degree at the University of Tokyo, and his Ph.D. degree at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz where he developed the kinetic model for the reactions of atmospheric particles. In 2012 he has been awarded the Otto Hahn Medal of the Max Planck Society and Paul Crutzen Prize of German Chemical Society for his path-breaking discoveries about the progression of chemical reactions on the surface of and inside aerosol particles.Original publication
PNAS, 110(29), 11746-11750, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1307501110
Dr. Susanne Benner | Max-Planck-Institut
Algae: The final frontier
22.06.2017 | Carnegie Institution for Science
Flipping the switch to stop tumor development
22.06.2017 | Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau
Heatwaves in the Arctic, longer periods of vegetation in Europe, severe floods in West Africa – starting in 2021, scientists want to explore the emissions of the greenhouse gas methane with the German-French satellite MERLIN. This is made possible by a new robust laser system of the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT in Aachen, which achieves unprecedented measurement accuracy.
Methane is primarily the result of the decomposition of organic matter. The gas has a 25 times greater warming potential than carbon dioxide, but is not as...
Hydrogen is regarded as the energy source of the future: It is produced with solar power and can be used to generate heat and electricity in fuel cells. Empa researchers have now succeeded in decoding the movement of hydrogen ions in crystals – a key step towards more efficient energy conversion in the hydrogen industry of tomorrow.
As charge carriers, electrons and ions play the leading role in electrochemical energy storage devices and converters such as batteries and fuel cells. Proton...
Scientists from the Excellence Cluster Universe at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich have establised "Cosmowebportal", a unique data centre for cosmological simulations located at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The complete results of a series of large hydrodynamical cosmological simulations are available, with data volumes typically exceeding several hundred terabytes. Scientists worldwide can interactively explore these complex simulations via a web interface and directly access the results.
With current telescopes, scientists can observe our Universe’s galaxies and galaxy clusters and their distribution along an invisible cosmic web. From the...
Temperature measurements possible even on the smallest scale / Molecular ruby for use in material sciences, biology, and medicine
Chemists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in cooperation with researchers of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)...
Germany counts high-precision manufacturing processes among its advantages as a location. It’s not just the aerospace and automotive industries that require almost waste-free, high-precision manufacturing to provide an efficient way of testing the shape and orientation tolerances of products. Since current inline measurement technology not yet provides the required accuracy, the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT is collaborating with four renowned industry partners in the INSPIRE project to develop inline sensors with a new accuracy class. Funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the project is scheduled to run until the end of 2019.
New Manufacturing Technologies for New Products
19.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
22.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
22.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
22.06.2017 | Materials Sciences | <urn:uuid:53af1d57-0e87-4f93-bebf-ffa7c55bdfe5> | {
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Astronauts aboard the International Space Station noticed a serious leak of ammonia coolant fluid on Thursday (May 9). NASA is still investigating the problem and a potential solution. Here's what we know now:
When did this problem first begin?
An ammonia coolant leak was first discovered on the station in 2007. At that time the leak was so slow it didn't require immediate action. During a November 2012 spacewalk, two NASA astronauts rewired coolant lines and installed a spare radiator in an attempt to stop the leak, which appeared to succeed, for a while.
When did astronauts notice the leak had worsened?
On Thursday (May 9), around 11:30 a.m. EDT (1530 GMT), the crew on the International Space Station noticed a stream of white flakes — frozen ammonia coolant — coming from the same area as the original leak. [Graphic: How the Space Station's Cooling System Works]
Are the astronauts in danger?
NASA officials say the leak poses no danger to the six-person crew of the space station.
What can be done to stop the leak?
NASA astronauts Tom Marshburn and Chris Cassidy may venture outside the station on an emergency spacewalk Saturday (May 11) to investigate the problem and attempt a repair. NASA officials have not yet made an official decision on the spacewalk, and are still investigating options.
Where is the leak located?
The leak appears to be coming from the space station's Port 6 truss, part of the scaffolding-like backbone of the orbiting laboratory.
What is the ammonia coolant used for?
Liquid ammonia is used to cool the power systems on each of the space station's eight giant solar array panels, which must stay chilled to operate. These systems convert energy from the sun into electricity to power the orbital outpost. The coolant system is officially called the Photovoltaic Thermal Control System (PVTCS).
How does the coolant system work?
Liquid ammonia is an efficient transporter fluid for heat. It is used on the International Space Station to absorb heat generated from electronic equipment and transfer it to radiator panels that dissipate the heat into space. This keeps the electronic power systems on the solar arrays cool, so they can convert energy absorbed from the sun into usable electricity for the space station
Is this the same leak as the one noticed in 2007?
Right now it's unclear whether the same leak that was addressed in the 2012 spacewalk has worsened, or if the same ammonia coolant loop has sprung a new leak.
What can cause coolant leaks?
In the case of the earlier leak, NASA engineers suspected that the system might have been damaged by a micrometeoroid impact. Tiny bits of rock or debris in orbit can be dangerous because of their great speed.
Has the coolant system ever acted up before?
In an unrelated issue in July 2010, an electrical short shut down one of the two 780-pound (353 kilograms) pumps that move the liquid ammonia coolant through loops around the station. During a series of complex spacewalks, astronauts replaced the failed pump with a spare, which fixed the problem. | <urn:uuid:4392c5dc-6f97-4cd4-8822-3e1f42a44a60> | {
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Questions/Goals for this :
In this module, our attention turns to the passage of anti-miscegenation statutes and their significance in the Asian American experience. The term “miscegenation” itself refers to interracial marriage or relationships, and consequently, “anti-miscegenation laws” were historically designed to discourage interracial marriage. Keep in mind that anti-miscegenation laws — and the regulation of marriage in general — are determined at the level of the state. Similar to alien land laws, each state determined the necessity of having such legislation on the books, in response to the views of the state’s constituents. (For a more contemporary example, a good parallel is to think of how some states allowed same-sex marriage while others denied such unions until the Supreme Court of the United States struck down all state bans of same-sex marriage in 2015 (Links to an external site.)).
The earliest attempts at regulating interracial relationships in America originates in the colonial era. Maryland, concerned about intermarriage with black slaves, was the first colony to pass a statute addressing interracial relationships in the 1660s. The legal language of the time specified:
“Foreasmuch as divers free-born English women, forgetful of their free conditions, and to the disgrace of our nation, do inter-marry with negro slaves…be it enacted: that whatsoever free-born woman shall intermary with any slave, from and after the last day of the presentassemb ly, shall serve the master of such slave during the life of her husband; and that all the issues of such free-born women, so married, shall be slaves.”
Other colonies, and later states, followed suit with various statutes of their own to regulate relationships between whites and blacks, and in both language and implementation, specifically targeted relationships between white women and black men. In the context of this course though, our focus is on how laws were implemented to target Asian communities, and an excellent case example is the state that saw the largest populations of early Asian immigrants: California.
California’s earliest anti-miscegenation statute in 1850 stated that “all marriages of whites with negroes or mulattoes are declared to be null and void.” However, the arrival of Chinese men in the 1850s and ensuing racial anxiety resulted in amended language in 1880 that prohibited “intermarriage of white persons with Chinese, negroes, mulattoes, or persons of mixed blood, descended from a Chinaman or negro from the third generation, inclusive.” Keep in mind that early Asian immigrant populations were predominantly male, and federal immigration law and policy often imposed limitations based on gender. Later, with the arrival of Japanese farmers and laborers, California once again revisited its anti-miscegenation statute to forbid marriages with “Mongolians” in 1905 — a broader racial categorization that not only maintained restrictions on Chinese from marriage with whites but now affirmatively included the Japanese as well. In “Asians and California’s Anti-Miscegenation Laws,” legal scholar Megumi Dick Osumi notes that a California Assembymember at the time testified his dismay at the sight of white girls “sitting side by side in the schoolroom with matured Japs, with base minds, their lascivious thoughts…”
In this climate of xenophobia and the sexual menace of Chinese and Japanese men, Filipino men became the next population of concern. One aggravating factor for nativists was that the Filipinos were American nationals — a status that Filipino laborers enjoyed because the United States retained territorial control over the Philippines. As American nationals, Filipinos were not constrained by the immigration laws that excluded other Asian groups. Moreover, not only were more interactions between Filipino men and white women due to a changing social climate in the early twentieth century, but there were also confounding questions as to how Filipinos should be racially classified, which complicated the deployment of anti-miscegenation statutes — the focus of this module’s primary reading.
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Margaux Noor August 8, 2020 worksheets
There are also teachers who use these kinds of techniques to teach in a more animated manner. The idea is to keep.children interested because without their attention, it is difficult to make them absorb what you are trying to teach.There are many types of worksheets you can use as a teaching aid. First is coloring pages. This is good in teaching kids the different colors and their names, and the proper way to color. With First Crafts, kids learn how to make simple crafts and enjoy the fruits of their hard work.
2. To Pay or Not to Pay?
Then along came digital copiers and the purple-ink mimeograph machine disappeared. But the teaching tool that the mimeograph machine spawned – the worksheet – has lived on… and on… and on. For decades – literally decades – teachers have been enamored with worksheets. So what is the bottom line? Are worksheets a serious teaching tool or an over-used form of busy work? The answer, of course, is both.
These writing worksheets have traceable patterns of the different strokes of writing letters. By tracing these patterns, kids slowly learn how a letter is structured. When you are a parent, and you want to teach your kids ahead of time just before he would go to school, you can use the free online worksheets. There are lots of them available. You can let your kids learn online. Through this, your kids will be ready for school.These online materials are readily downloadable and can be printed for use. And the good thing about this is that you can produce as many copies as you want, until your kid learns and perfect the craft of writing.
Other activities for kindergarten include jigsaw puzzles. There are also worksheets that teach children about some biblical characters, and how to help a community. These activities are not limited to individual work. There are also worksheets that require a group effort to finish the task. This way, children learn to work in a team. This is a very effective group activity in helping them realize the importance of cooperation and teamwork.At a young age, kids are first taught to write letters in print only. When kids reach the age of eight to ten, they are taught how to write in cursive. They may find this quite difficult and boring at first. But one fun way to teach them this is to use worksheets also.
Shirley Slick, ”The Slick Tips Lady,” is a retired high school math teacher and tutor with degrees in Mathematics and Psychology and additional training in brain-based learning/teaching. Her goals: (1) to help parents help their children with math, (2) to help eliminate the horrendous Algebra failure rate, and (3) to inform the general public about problematic issues related to the field of education. For your free copy of ”10 Slick Tips for Improving Your Child’s Study Habits
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Bowhead whales are robust-bodied, dark-colored animals with no dorsal fin and a strongly bowed lower jaw and narrow upper jaw. The baleen plates, exceeding three meters and the longest of the beleen whales, are used to strain tiny prey from the water. The whales have massive bony skulls which they use to break from beneath the ice to breathe. Some Inuit hunters have reported whales surfacing through 60 cm (2ft.) of ice in this method. Bowheads may reach lengths of up to 20 meters and females are larger than males. The blubber layer of whale flesh is thicker than in any other animal, averaging 43–50 cm (17–20 in).
Bowhead whales are the only baleen whales that spend their entire lives in and around Arctic waters. The Bowhead whales found off Alaska spend the winter months in the southwestern Bering Sea. They migrate northward in the spring, following openings in the pack ice, into the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, hunting krill and zooplankton. Bowheads are slow swimmers and usually travel alone or in small herds of up to six animals. Although they may stay below the water surface for as long as forty minutes in a single dive, they are not thought to be deep divers.
The Bowhead spends all of its life in fertile Arctic waters, unlike other whales that migrate for feeding or reproduction. Bowheads are social and nonaggressive, and will retreat under the ice when threatened. Their only predators are humans and killer whales.
Bowhead whales are highly vocal and use underwater sounds to communicate while traveling, feeding, and socializing. Some Bowheads make long repetitive songs that may be mating displays. The whales behavior can also include breaching, tail slapping, and spy-hopping. Sexual activity occurs between pairs and in boisterous groups of several males and one or two females.
Breeding has been observed from March through August; conception is believed to occur primarily in March. Reproduction can begin when a whale is 10 to 15 years old. Females produce a calf once every 3 to 4 years, after a 13- to 14-month pregnancy. The newborn calf is about 4.5 m long and approximately 1000 kg, growing to 9 m by its first birthday. The lifespan of a bowhead was once thought to be 60 to 70 years, similar to other whales. However, discoveries of antique ivory spear points in living whales in 1993, 1995 and 1999 have triggered further research based on structures in the whale's eye, leading to the reliable conclusion that at least some individuals have lived to be 150–200 years old (another report has said a female at the age of 90 was allegedly still reproductive). Because of their possible life span, female bowhead whales are believed to go through menopause. Observations of very large animals without calves support this hypothesis.
Bowhead whales have been hunted for their blubber, meat, oil, bones and baleen. Century old harpoons have been found embedded in some whales' blubber, showing how old they can get and how they were hunted. They are closely related to the Right whale and share with it the hunting-friendly characteristics of slow swimming and floating after death. Before commercial whaling, there were over 50,000 Bowhead whales in the north polar region (estimated). Commercial whaling started in 1611 near Svalbard and Greenland and wiped out herds of the slow-growing whales, and then moved on to new areas. In the North Pacific, the commercial whaling began in the mid-1800s, and within two decades over 60 percent of the Bowhead whale population had been killed.
Commercial whaling, the principal cause of the population decline, has been discontinued. The stock off Alaska has increased since commercial whaling ceased. Alaska Natives continue to take small numbers of bowhead whales in subsistence hunts each year. This level of harvest (25–40 animals annually) is not expected to affect the stock's recovery. The Bowhead whale population (also called the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort stock) of Alaska's coast appears to be recovering but remains at about 7,800 animals (1990), roughly 41 percent of the pre-whaling population. The status of the other bowhead stocks is less well known. These stocks are thought to be very small, probably in the low hundreds, for a possible worldwide population of 8,000–9,200 individuals.
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APHORISMS ABOUT HOMER
And Other Classical Matters
By Christopher Fulkerson
"Homer makes us hearers, and Virgil leaves us readers." - Alexander Pope
"Nobody is better than Homer." - Iris Murdoch.
To a Hearer, as opposed to a Reader, the best evidence that the true "Trojan Horse" is, in fact, present in the Iliad is the fact that the last word of the entire epic is the word "Horses." MORE
The Iliad is about winning the war. The Odyssey is about winning the peace.
In Homer, actual meaning is always at variance with the literal meaning. Absolutely nothing is exactly as it seems.
Here is one of the most important teachings about the ancient world you will ever learn: the invocation to the patron deity, with which most ancient epics begin, is the signpost to an actual person known to the reader (including the reader himself), and if a specific time or moment is mentioned, it indicates a particular moment in the life of the reader. It is up to the reader (or listener or actor), to realize what moments in their lives are these moments directed by the work. MORE
Julius Caesar's first big job was as an aedile, which is a minor public official in charge of two things that at first seem, to us today, to be unrelated: grain distribution and administering public games. But the relation between these functions is very telling, and their cynical use as methods of public appeasment is still very much with us. For grain distribution on the one hand, and the public games on the other, were the "Bread and Circuses" that the Roman critic Juvenal lamented were all that the Roman people had for themselves after their money and power had been cyphoned off by the upper classes. To keep the populace pliant and satisfied with their lot, the Roman officials offered them food and entertainment. The modern equivalent would be beer and spectator sports. And the grain distribution was often cynically linked to elections, in such a way that if citizens voted according to who controlled the grain distribution, they would get more food. An equivalent modern politican would be any of those who popularizes himself by building a stadium or involving himself with the local sports team. For Caesar personally there was an attendent problem of his overspending on these self-propagandizing efforts, which made his name better known, but left him deep in debt; he paid off this debt using the typical Roman method of taking and selling slaves at a later stage of career, in his case, in his war in Gaul. It is interesting to note that even back then, the actual profitability of the games was not as advertised. Spectator sports have always been an expense: as we might say today, they are not a "breadwinner," but a charge to the fridge and the television.
There are variant versions of the manner of Achilles' death, which does not appear in Homer as an event. Of course it is hard to believe he died of a wound to his "achilles heel;" there is something else going on in this story. Among the variant versions is one in which Achilles tries to negotiate secretly with the Trojans and, in trying to do so, is murdered by them. But there is no reason to think that secret negotiations were necessarily wicked of him to attempt. He was after all a king and a general in his own right and perfectly qualified to do his own ambassadorial work. But there seems to be more than that to this ancient suggestion. There is internal evidence in the Iliad to suggest that Achilles was the only one among the Greeks who made flaming sacrifices, that is, in fire. And I think Achilles may have been the one teaching this to the Trojans, or at least encouraging it. When Priam told Achilles he wanted to hold a pyre over his son, Achilles made the surprising concession of a truce. Now, as I have tried to indicate in Operation "Trojan Horse Tamer", Achilles and the other Greeks violated this truce deliberately. And I think it may have been a strategy of Achilles's to get the Trojans into the habit of making burning sacrifices. I think Achilles was part of the Trojan religious practice.
The Shield of Achilles is probably a funerary shield, similar to the sort of thing that would be inscribed on the wall of an Egyptian tomb. At the time of its supposed creation it was known that the prophesied time of Achilles' death was imminent. It probably describes the underworld journey of a king, which we already know Achilles was. We know that the "writings of Homer" as we have them were collated by Egyptian scholars at the Library of Alexander during the Ptolemaic era. I therefore suggest that one place to look for evidences of Egyptian influence in Homer is in the iconography and meanings in the Shield of Achilles; I suspect these will be found to be largely Egyptian. In any case, the fact that it was Egyptians who collated Homer strongly suggests that the entire Homeric corpus has been manipulated to serve Egyptian, as well as, or even instead of, Greek ends. It may be that Homer as we have him is not really Greek, but Greek only through the lens of the Ptolemies, who were both Egyptian and Greek.
Herodotus was an initiate. Thucydides was a political and military insider. The more we learn about what they were trying to do with their work, the more we admire Herodutus.
The Greeks marched in silence. For them, then, marching to war was a meditation.
Heraclitus's identification of fire as the cosmic principal comes astonishingly close to the modern view of light as the single fundational element of the universe. Insofar as fire is light, Heraclitus was correct.
The well-known constellation is the Great Bier, not the Great Bear. We know that the Greeks navigated by the constellation Ursa Major, the Phoenicians, by Ursa Minor. It is imagined that this is a "Big Dipper," or a bear facing right, called the Great Bear. It is neither of these things. It is a chariot, facing left. That is why the leftmost star, Eta Ursae Majoris, has a name which means "The Leader of the Daughters of the Bier." This much seems clear to me, and not speculation. The tail of the bear is not any kind of "leader." Now, I will offer speculations, firstly: the Bier that is meant is perhaps what is discussed as the funeral chariot of Hektor. Secondly, the three stars of the "handle of the Big Dipper," Alkaid, Mizar, and Alioth, are called "the Mourning Maidens." This is probably because the mourners at a bier, or chariot on which a body or casket is placed, would be in the position of pulling the bier... forward, to the left. The Greeks, therefore, reckoned positions according to the parts of a chariot. Third Speculation: It is of interest that when King Arthur was taken away it was by three maidens on a barge. It seems to me that this is a reference to this constellation, which is not the Great Bear, but the Great Bier. Fourth speculation: the figurehead on the prow of a ship is probably the leader of the Mourning Maidens, Alkaid. This entry was first made on July 6, 2010.
Philosophy began in Ionia, among the Greek colonies in Asia Minor, that it to say, in the part of the Greek civilization most threatened by Persia. Using the example of the religions of nearby Egypt and Mesopotamia, these Greeks learned to speak about matters of import without saying what they were really talking about. From its very inception, philosophy has been a way of communicating in the midst of enemies. This should be no surprise; the entire Judeo-Christian religious tradition, certainly the Jewish part, has as one of its foundational elements the practice of conquest through spying.
I can tell you this as a fact: the invocation of the Muse, that appears in ancient literature, always corresponds to a certain moment in the life of the reader. One certain method of self-initiation is to read all of Homer. MORE.
Probably the most practical evidence we have that Homer, himself, wrote the epics that bear his name, or some important portion of those epics, is that according to tradition he went blind. From time out of mind, until Thomas Edison, blindness was the occupational hazard of scribes. It is the last word in knowledge about Homer, one could say it is unutterably Homeric, that the significance pf the blindness is communicated through other than direct means.
Homer is to the Understanding what Fishing is to Food.
The meaning of Zeus's defeat of his father Kronos, who is Time, is that he is no longer limited to reckoning OR ACTING according to the linear course of time's arrow. Once Zeus defeats his father, he can, to choose an example that is coarse but easy to understand, treat a future event as though it happened before a past event. That is how Zeus rules. One way to exercise this sort of power is to realize that history is not a record of what has happened, but a supratemporal code that happens to be written out on time's arrow. When most people discuss history, they limit themselves to facts having to do with that which is other than themselves. Many people think that is the only proper way to discuss history. But that is not what history is about. History is not a part of the past; it is a component of the present. Disputations about history are really disputations about the wills of the participants. The better you know what you are doing, the less the will of others matters.
The cult of the Cretan Bull is about Crete itself - notice that the "big island" is in the shape of a bull. The bull is facing West, and those promontories are its horns there on the upper left. I am skeptical that "Bull-leaping" was ever really a sport, "to leap the bull" probably meant what mariners did when they stopped over in Crete between Greece and Egypt.
"Homer" means "Hostage." There is probably a teaching in this. At any rate, the meaning of his "name," and the fact that it is probably not a name at all, puts into a curious light the fact that the Homeric works that we currently have, and which were compiled by scholars in Alexandria in the Second Century B.C., were written by a group of men, each of whom was called "Homer" on the manuscript preserving his work. It might simply be that the ancients had a profound understanding of how society casts its artists into social darkness, economic imprisonment, and stigma, when it does not do worse things to them. Or, there might be a terrible secret about what it means to become, of all artists, a "Homer."
Homer is both greater, and more important than Shakespeare. Shakespeare is the most successful writer of all time. If these two statements seem contradictory, give some more thought to what may be meant by "greater."
My contribution to the cult of Bacchus is to observe that the name of the ancient Roman god of the grape, "Liber," is the same as the word for "book." If a grape is a book, then a bottle of wine is a library.
It may be that by the time of Alexander the Great, the selection of the name "Darius" for the Persian king was perceived as a threat to Greece, since that had been the name of the Persian king who had first invaded Greece. To the present day, king's names usually reflect state policy or tradition (which can be seen as the same thing).
Alexander's kingdom was divided so as to make it as difficult as possible for any future Persian army to march to Greece.
At Saqqara, in Egypt, some stone facings fell off the wall of an ancient site, revealing very clear images of a helicopter, a space capsule, and another object that looks like some other kind of similar technological anachronism. The image of the helicopter is the clearest; it seems irrefutably to be what it looks to us today to be. The tour guides have been instructed NOT to show it to the public or discuss it, and that section of the site has been closed off to public traffic.
The Spartans: "When the going gets tough, the tough do their hair." The Athenians: "No mind? No matter. No matter? Never mind."
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In AugustBurr set out for the Kentucky frontier where a band of sixty men had gathered to sail down the Mississippi River to stir the Creoles in New Orleans into revolt. He was acquitted due to lack of evidence, and there was only a witness who had doctored a letter to implicate him in the offense.
For the next several years he wandered through Europe, where he tried without success to gain support for a revolution in Mexico, to free the Spanish colonies, and to start a war between England and the United States. Orphaned along with his older sister Sarah, Burr was placed in the care of his twenty-year-old uncle, Timothy Edwards.
Burr was charged with multiple crimes, including murder, in New York and New Jersey, but was never tried in either jurisdiction. He was buried next to his parents in the Princeton Cemetery.
Dueling had been outlawed in New York; the sentence for conviction of dueling was death. Burr and Church missed each other, and afterward, Church acknowledged that he was wrong to throw accusations without proof.
By the time things calmed down, Burr had lost what remained of his political support in New York and within the Jeffersonian party. Legal work was plentiful for Burr during the period following the war, as many legal documents had to be revised to comply with new American laws.
He suffered multiple strokes that left him partially paralyzed and Aaron Burr died on September 14, His insistence on the duel brought about his own death, as Burr mortally wounded him with a pistol shot.
Burr took office, but he was marginalized by Jefferson, who had come to believe that Burr had been engaged in secret dealings to secure the presidency for himself.
Davis, Burr returned to New York and his law practice. Possibly—the record is inconclusive—they also discussed a plan to foment a secessionist movement in the West and, joining it to Mexico, to found an empire on the Napoleonic model.
His father died when Aaron was just nineteen months old, shortly after moving the family to Princeton, New Jersey. He gave weekly essay assignments in theology to the senior class. Inthe problem with the election method was resolved by the Twelfth Amendment, which allowed separate votes for the vice president and president.
Under the electoral college procedures then prevailing, the electors had cast their votes for both Thomas Jefferson and Burr without indicating which should be president and which vice president.
Burr was a proficient lawyer, a man who went straight to the nub of the matter. In any case, the incident further deteriorated the relationship between Edwards and the congregation. Hill and Wang, However, Burr halted his studies to fight in the American Revolution — By the spring ofAaron Burr got to the rank of major and was appointed to serve under George Washington in New York.
American presidential election, Results of the American presidential election, Source: Adopted and natural children Burr adopted or otherwise acknowledged two sons and two daughters late in his life, after the death of his daughter Theodosia: The scheme was very elaborate and Burr was forced to tell many different versions of his plan; hence, the plot was never fully organized.
He then joined the staff of Gen. I met a man who claimed to have solved the Beale treasure code and it said that Burr died after burying the last cashe of treasure and was buried on top of the treasure.
Monument in Enfield, Connecticut commemorating the location where Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God was preached Revival began to spring up again, and Edwards preached his most famous sermon " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God ", in Enfield, Connecticut in He fought in the battles of New York, Quebec, and Monmouth.
For example, Bollman admitted to Jefferson during an interrogation that Burr planned to raise an army and invade Mexico. This marked the beginning of a rivalry between Hamilton and Burr that would go on for over a decade. As was obvious from the election, the situation could easily arise where the vice president, as the defeated presidential candidate, could not work well with the president.
Though his upbringing was that of privilege, tragedy came early as he lost his parents at age two and, along with this sister, went to live with his uncle, the Reverend Timothy Edwards, in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.
Bob Leasure Feb 5, 2: Meanwhile, Alexander Hamilton argued strongly that Jefferson should be elected the fifth president of the United States. Meanwhile, Burr and about one hundred followers moved south along the Ohio River.
In his later years in New York, Burr provided money and education for several children, some of whom were reputed to be his own natural children.
He moved to the staff of General Israel Putnam until retiring from his commission in These "bodily effects," he insisted, were not distinguishing marks of the work of the Spirit of God one way or another; but so bitter was the feeling against the revival in the more strictly Puritan churches, that inhe was forced to write a second apology, Thoughts on the Revival in New England.
Moving into politics In the s Burr began a career in politics. He said he had made a copy because he had lost the original.Oct 17, · Burr, still the vice president of the United States, fled New York, taking refuge in Philadelphia with friends and then sailing to West Florida and South Carolina and staying into the late fall.
Returning north, Burr was in his chair in the Senate chamber for the opening day of business in November Reviews: 2. Aaron Burr Biography Born: February 6, Newark, New Jersey Died: September 14, Port Richmond, Staten Island, New York American vice president, lawyer, and politician American lawyer and politician Aaron Burr (–) was vice president under Thomas Jefferson (–).
Alternative Titles: Aaron Burr, Jr. American presidential election, Results of the American presidential election, Source: United States Office of the Federal ultimedescente.comopædia Britannica, Inc. Burr took office, but he was marginalized by Jefferson, who had come to believe that Burr had.
Aaron Burr was the third vice president of the United States, serving under President Thomas Jefferson. Burr fatally shot his rival, Alexander Hamilton, during a duel.
Born on February 6,in Born: Feb 06, Aaron Burr was the third vice president of the United States, serving under President Thomas Jefferson.
Burr fatally shot his rival, Alexander. Aaron Burr Biography, Life, Interesting Facts. Aaron Burr was the third Vice President of the United States, serving during President Thomas Jefferson's first term. He was also known as the man who killed Alexander Hamilton, becoming one of the most notorious traitors in history.Download | <urn:uuid:62452a2c-d57e-4a50-b31e-398c169f1eb0> | {
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Show transcribed image textA resistor is constructed by shaping a material of resistivity p into a hollow cylinder of length L and with inner and outer radii ra and rb, respectively (Fig. P27.66). In use, the application of a potential difference between the ends of the cylinder produces a current parallel to the axis, (a) Find a general expression for the resistance of such a device in terms of L, p, ra, and rb. (b) Obtain a numerical value for. R when L = 4.00 cm, ra = 0.500 cm, rb = 1.20 cm, and p = 3.50 times 105 Ohm m. (c) Now suppose that the potential difference is applied between the inner and outer surfaces so that the resulting current flows radially outward. Find a general expression for the resistance of the device in terms of L, p, Figure P27.66 ra, and rb. (d) Calculate the value of R, using the parameter values given in part (b). | <urn:uuid:2da89c77-4551-4c2b-a97c-6010d4334fda> | {
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Quick, make a prediction: What happens if you drop a basketball with a slight backspin off the top of a 126.5 meter (415 foot) dam? Now watch what happens in the video above from friend and colleague Derek Muller of the science series Veritasium. You might be surprised.
With only its spin and gravity acting to steer the basketball, there is enough of a force to put the ball on a seriously curved trajectory. Why? It’s called the Magnus Effect, which we’ve known about for centuries. The effect is so well known in fact that we’ve even tried building sailboats and planes that use only spinning cylinders for sails and wings, respectively. And amazingly, they work!
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From 1955 until 1991, over 1500 underground posts were constructed and manned as a result of the Royal Observer Corps nuclear reporting roles. These posts were generally constructed to the same standard design of “a 14-foot-deep access shaft, a toilet/store and a monitoring room” These Royal Observer Corps Monitoring Post, or more simply known as ROC Posts would have been the front line during the Cold War should a nuclear attack have been launched on the UK allowing the Royal Observer Corps Volunteers to measure nuclear blast waves and radioactive fallout
Construction took place on 1563 ROC Posts between 1956 and 1965 along with about 30 larger headquarters and control centers. However as the threat from the Cold War reduced so did the need for ROC Posts with around about 500 of the posts being closed in 1968 during a reorganisation and major contraction of the ROC with the rest being closed down over the next few decades. By 1991 the Royal Observer Corps was disbanded and the final ROC Posts with them.
Since them a large number have been demolished, and a number that are still standing are now burnt out wrecks, flooded or vandalised.
There are however, still a few that remain in a semi reasonable condition...
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Analyzing Resistance, Collaboration, & Neutrality In the French Revolution Directions: The French Revolution was one of the most shocking and tumultuous events in history. Its causes included the monarchy’s severe debt, high taxes, poor harvests leading to a lack of food, and the influence of new political ideas and the American Revolution. It began as a movement seeking government reforms, however it turned radical and violent, leading to the abolition of the monarchy and execution of King Louis XVI.You are going to analyze several key events from the French Revolution. For each one, you have to place yourself in the time period and make a choice on how you would respond. Would you: 1.Join the resistance2.Collaborate with those in power3.Act as if nothing had happenedIf you choose to resist, you are joining those protesting against those in power in France. Collaboratingmeans supporting the leaders in power. Finally, you could choose to ignore the events going on around you and act as if nothing had happened. After reading about each event, take a couple minutes to think about how you would respond and the repercussions that decision might have. Then, circle your response, then briefly describe your reasoning
NameAnalyzing Responses to the French Revolution Event Response Reasoning The Storming of the Bastille Resist Collaborate Ignore Women’s March on Versailles Resist Collaborate Ignore The Flight to Varennes Resist Collaborate Ignore The September Massacres Resist Collaborate Ignore The Executions of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette Resist Collaborate Ignore The Reign of Terror Resist Collaborate Ignore Given the events that took place in the Revolution and in today’s world, what does it look like when people:Resist Collaborate Act as if nothing happened What impact can that choice have on you as an individual and on those around you? The best chance of survival would be to ignore it and just leave the country.See aboveSee aboveSee aboveSee aboveSee aboveLike there is someone who wants to keep things the waythey've always been.Like there is someone who thinksthat things need to change.That there is someone who is afraid of being judged orharmed because of thedecision they make. | <urn:uuid:b543d356-65e6-421e-b746-5cfda8569cf9> | {
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- Why is a Week 7 Days long?
- How does the saying go 30 days has September?
- Why September is not the 7th month?
- Why is it called September?
- What happens when you are born on February 29?
- What is a September baby called?
- Why is February so short?
- What is September famous for?
- What is so special about September?
- Why Do Some months have 30 days?
- Does September always have 30 days?
- Has there ever been a month with 32 days?
- What does September symbolize?
- Is September a leap year?
- Why 2020 is not a leap year?
- What God is September named after?
- Why September is the best month?
- Why does FEB have 28 days?
Why is a Week 7 Days long?
The Babylonians, who lived in modern-day Iraq, were astute observers and interpreters of the heavens, and it is largely thanks to them that our weeks are seven days long.
The reason they adopted the number seven was that they observed seven celestial bodies — the sun, the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn..
How does the saying go 30 days has September?
Thirty days hath September, April, June and November. All the rest have thirty-one, Excepting February alone, And that has twenty-eight days clear And twenty-nine in each leap year.
Why September is not the 7th month?
September, which stems from the Latin root “septem,” meaning seven, actually was the seventh of the calendar originally. See, the Roman calendar was 10 months long and it consisted of 304 days. … The months Quintilis and Sextilis were renamed to July and August in honor of Julius and Augustus Caesar.
Why is it called September?
The month kept its original name from the Roman calendar where it was the seventh month. Septem means “seven” in Latin. The month of September was named during a time when the calendar year began with March, which is why the name does not correspond with the placement in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
What happens when you are born on February 29?
29. Those born on that day don’t always get to celebrate their actual birthday — since that date occurs only every four years. Someone born on Leap Day typically celebrates birthdays on Feb. … If you were born on Leap Day 1920, you would be 100 years old, or 25 in Leap Day years.
What is a September baby called?
Babies born in September are either a Virgo (Aug 23 – Sep 22) or a Libra (Sep 23 – Oct 22). Virgos are helpful, dedicated and hardworking.
Why is February so short?
There’s a rumour that the reason why February is the shortest month of the year is because another king named Augustus Caesar stole a day from February to add to the month named after him — August. However, the real reason February is shorter begins with the fact that the first calendar was only 10 months long.
What is September famous for?
As the ninth month of the year, September marks the beginning of autumn in the northern hemisphere (and the start of spring in the southern). Traditionally considered the month that marks transitions between seasons, it is often one of the most temperate weather-wise.
What is so special about September?
Fun Facts about September It is the first month of the Autumn or Fall season. Constitution Week takes place during the month of September. September in the Northern Hemisphere is similar to March in the Southern Hemisphere. American college and professional football begins during the month of September.
Why Do Some months have 30 days?
If it takes the Moon 28 or 29 days to orbit the earth why are most months 30 or 31 days long? This has resulted from a compromise. … This forced some days to be added to some of the months to bring the total from 354 up to 365 days. To account for the extra 0.2422 days, every fourth year was made a leap year.
Does September always have 30 days?
30 days has September, April, June and November. And 29 in each leap year.
Has there ever been a month with 32 days?
It was decreed by the proconsul that the first day of the year in the new calendar shall be Augustus’ birthday, a.d. IX Kal. Oct. Every month begins on the ninth day before the kalends. … In leap year, however, it contained an extra “Sebaste day”, the Roman leap day, and thus had 32 days.
What does September symbolize?
The symbolism of September month focuses on refocusing our energies. In the Northern Hemisphere, it signals the beginning of autumn, while it kicks off the spring season in the South. Like the other months, its name comes from the ancient Romans. It comes from the Latin septum, meaning “seven“.
Is September a leap year?
Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November. ’til Leap Year makes it 29!
Why 2020 is not a leap year?
Why Is 2020 a Leap Year? 2020 happens to follow the rules of leap years: 2020 divided by 4 equals 505 with no remainder. 2020 is not a century year, so it does not need to be divisible by 100 or 400.
What God is September named after?
In calendar mosaics from Hellín in Roman Spain and Trier in Gallia Belgica, September is represented by the god Vulcan, the tutelary deity of the month in the menologia rustica, depicted as an old man holding tongs.
Why September is the best month?
While the summer months do offer peak heat — July and August are often the months with the highest temperatures in the U.S. — September typically offers milder weather that isn’t on the brink of freezing or melting, which is great if you plan to visit a notoriously steamy vacation hot spot.
Why does FEB have 28 days?
This is because of simple mathematical fact: the sum of any even amount (12 months) of odd numbers will always equal an even number—and he wanted the total to be odd. So Numa chose February, a month that would be host to Roman rituals honoring the dead, as the unlucky month to consist of 28 days. | <urn:uuid:c58d1c46-73ff-48dd-b0d3-63cfcf459054> | {
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Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group while it often refers to full political secession, separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy. Few other eras in white american history evoke such a level of dissatisfaction as the era of the great depression, a period of downturn not just in economy but in when white culture has descended to such low spirits, it is no surprise that black separatism emerged marcus garvey advocated a form of.
Home publications research periodicals promoting political engagement through american government classes american government is the only course that all students are required to take while earning their degrees at michigan's oakland community college (occ. American government home study guides american government anatomy and physiology astronomy background of american foreign policy. America first policies is a non-profit organization supporting key policy initiatives that will work for all citizens in our country and put america first we are committed to empowering, educating, and mobilizing the voices of tens of millions of americans who support a more prosperous, safer.
Home page writing american government policies promoting separatism although the federal government of the united states is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been. Governmental responses how far separatist demands will go toward full independence, and whether groups pursue constitutional and nonviolent or armed violence, depend on a some governments suppress any separatist movement in own country, but support separatism in other countries. The separatists refer to the declaration of independence the situation is so extraordinary that analysts are lost in their assessments after the presidential election, political stability in the us is nowhere in sight the events of the past week can radically change the course of the american history. Government, political parties lucien bouchard, quebec separatism, quebec sovereignty, stockwell day, bloc quebecois the strongest national political parties in canada during the 20th century were the progressive conservatives and the liberals. Political structure and language issues it is not a secret that tensions between the flanders and walloon communities have increased over recent years besides the three regions, belgium created three political entities to represent its ethnic groups (french, dutch and german speakers.
From a general summary to chapter summaries to explanations of famous quotes, the sparknotes introduction to american government study guide has everything you need to ace quizzes, tests, and essays. In a political context the term has come to mean the advocacy of extending equitable status to distinct ethnic and religious groups without hilali himself benefited from the political carpetbaggers who exploited the vote-trading possibilities that multiculturalism inevitably encouraged, with its doling out of. Separatism is the desire of a group of people to separate themselves from a larger group or nation separatists groups often have separatist movements are also called secession movements if the group wants to secede, or withdraw, from the larger political group and form their own state. Some governments suppress any separatist movement in their own country, ethnic separatism is based more on cultural and linguistic due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. The american policy center (apc), located in suburban washington, dc, is a privately funded, nonprofit, 501 c (4), tax-exempt grassroots action we, the american people, are not each other's enemies the enemies are those people behind the curtain jerking everybody's chain and trying to.
American government reminder edit a copy grants in aid - grants from the federal government tothe states, allowing state governments to pursue specific policies such ashighway who advocated racial separatism and a back to africa colonization program marcus garvey. American kurdish information network— this is an arm of the kurdish national movement, which seeks a homeland, probably hawai`i — independent & sovereign — separatist movement of hawaiian aboriginal people la voz de aztlan — separatist movement that seeks a reconquista. Dissatisfaction by political decisions and government policies desire to be governed by a political structure that is practical and just black separatism movement in the usa questions the efficacy and merit of government-enforced integration, when racial discrimination is still. Early american rule in the muslim philippines followed a pattern quite similar to american governance of with the establishment of the philippine commonwealth in 1935, government policy toward state efforts at integration and the generation of muslim separatism as early as 1954 the economic.
Democracy promotion as foreign policy us policy on promoting democracy we also call on all political parties and movements to remain engaged in dialogue, and to commit to participating in a political process to hasten the return of full authority to a democratically elected government.
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in north america separatism includes autonomism and secessionism what is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist. The creator of 'new albion' latched onto the trump campaign, volunteered for rand paul and ran a failed anti-fracking campaign as an independent in pennsylvania. It can be argued that separatism in latin america is due to uneven development, especially considering the numerous governmental policies that finance ruling latin american governments, for the most part, have not dealt with this issue, as separatist movements have been very scarce. | <urn:uuid:19619000-301d-42a6-a84d-959b3eaa4949> | {
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“Well, we didn’t have nothin’. The banks wouldn’t loan…[my dad] no money. He already had borrowed money to make that crop and they wouldn’t loan him no more money.”
This is how Joe Dodd, a 98-year-old Kaufman county local, describes his family’s plight in 1937 in the midst of the Great Depression.
Born December 9th, 1920, Dodd was 8 years old when the Great Depression started. The effects devastated his family of 13; his father had saved up $4,000, but he lost it all when the banks crashed. Dodd’s family started growing and harvesting cotton to make a living, but in 1937 disaster struck again when Fall “army worms” invaded the countryside. According to the University of Tennessee, fall army worms feed on the blooms and bolls of cotton plants. In Dodd’s case, these creatures destroyed his family’s cotton crop.
“In 1937…we had 500 acres of cotton in Chisolm,” Dodd said. “The army worms, different things hit us… Even the roads got slick with army worms across the road. It was one heck of a mess.”
Without the money from the cotton crop, the Dodd family was in trouble. They had taken out a loan to plant their crop, and now that the cotton was ruined, their collateral was gone. The bank could see that they had no collateral and no money, and they refused to let Dodd’s father take out another loan. Without the income they had been counting on, and unable to borrow enough to get them back on their feet, the Dodd’s situation was grim.
While in these dire straits, a lady had a flat tire in front of the Dodd house. Sixteen-year-old Dodd and his older brother went out to help her change it. She was “the lady that wrote up the CC and was workin’ the government.” (Dodd refers to the Civilian Conservation Corps as the “CC”.)
CCC Legacy, an organization committed to preserving the history of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), explains that the Civilian Conservation Corps was one of FDR’s New Deal programs, started in 1933 to give young men like Dodd a job. The lady told Dodd that if he was the right age, he could enroll in a CCC camp. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, during the early years of the CCC, a young man was required to be at least eighteen to enroll, but after 1935 the government changed the age requirement to seventeen. Dodd enrolled in the CCC on October 13th, 1937. He was actually a few months too young- his seventeenth birthday wasn’t until December.
“I didn’t say nothin’,” Dodd said with a grin. “I lied. I went in the CC camp 13th of October, 37. I lacked that ‘til December the 9th bein’ old enough…”.
After Dodd enrolled, he was assigned to a CCC camp. CCC Legacy explains that at the program’s peak, there were camps in all 48 states and in Alaska, Hawaii, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. The CCC authorities were going to send Dodd to a camp in Arizona, but they changed their mind and assigned him to camp 869 in Kaufman, Texas instead.
According to an article from The Texas Almanac website, there were a total of 96 CCC camps in Texas. The Texas Almanac explains that while 26 of the Texas camps worked on park development, the majority of them targeted soil conservation and erosion control.
Dodd’s camp was one of the camps that helped preserve farmers’ soil. This was a very important endeavor in East Texas at
the time, because, as Dodd explained: “cotton, cotton, cotton. And they run those rows up and down the hills, three foot apart, and ditches were washing everywheres…”
Dodd’s first assignment was part of the solution to this problem: he helped survey for terraces. One of the men read the surveying instrument, and then told Dodd and some of the others where to put stakes. The stakes they drove told the man on the grader where to steer to pile the dirt for a terrace. Dodd described just how big a difference the terracing made.
“The land quit washing [out]. First year to the second year, when they stopped it from washing away, where they were making a quarter of a bale an acre they were making a half a bale of cotton to the acre.”
According to the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), the Texas camps that worked on erosion-control and soil-conservation eventually helped over 5,000 farmers.
The U.S. Army ran the CCC camps. As Dodd put it: “Where we was at in the camp was just like [an] army base. You was under Army jurisdiction when you was in the camp but when you went out of there, you wasn’t. In other words, there was a captain, there was a lieutenant, and we were under ‘em. Under Army rules and regulations, we had to march, and dress, and do, when we was in the camp.”
After working terraces for a while, Dodd’s next assignment was to cook and serve meals for the officers in his camp. In preparation for his new role, the CCC sent Dodd to the Adolphus hotel in Dallas. He stayed there for two weeks, learning how to cook and serve meals, and then returned to Kaufman. The food for the officers was not much different than the food the enrollees ate, although Dodd explained that, “we’d give ‘em a little extra, or a little different sometimes”. After the food was cooked, it was Dodd’s job to properly serve it.
“I set their plates and stuff, had to turn their plates over and their cups over, and then when they come in, I come around and turned ‘em up,” Dodd said.
During his time as officer’s cook, Dodd also ran the camp store, which they called the PX. Here, Dodd sold different things the men wanted (cigarettes and O’Henry bars, for example). He also collected the men’s laundry. When the Terrell laundry service came down once a week, Dodd sent the clothes with them.
As with many good things, the benefits of the CCC came with a price for Dodd. People didn’t always have the highest opinion of CCC workers. In order to sign up for the program, a young man was required to come from a family on welfare, or (in later years) be without regular education or work. Thus, some people looked down on the men of the CCC as being poor and uneducated. In Dodd’s case, this mindset “really hurt” him.
“I was going with a girl, and I thought the world of her,” Dodd said. “She was the banker’s daughter. One day, me and her went up on a Saturday during the day, and we was at a restaurant, eatin’. And the banker and none of them knew I was in the CC camp. But, I was in there and eatin’, and one of the boys [that] was in the CC camp come in there, and slapped me on the back. [He said], ‘You city slicker, you don’t look like no CC boy!’ And that old banker was eatin’ over there, and he told his daughter she couldn’t go with me no more.”
Despite this downside, the effect of the CCC in Dodd’s life was tremendous. According to the United States History website, men in the CCC were paid 30 dollars a month, but they were required to send twenty-two to twenty-five dollars home to their families. The twenty-two dollars Dodd sent home every month put his two younger sisters through school and bought groceries for the family. The remaining eight dollars were his to keep. He earned extra money by running the PX and doing various odd jobs around the camp. Before he was out of the CCC, Dodd had used the money he earned to buy himself a car and put down the first hundred dollars on his farm (which he still owns).
Aside from providing Dodd with money, the CCC also made it possible for him to get an education. In fact, the CCC made it possible for many young men to get an education. CCC Legacy states that by the time the program shut down in 1942, over 40,000 enrollees had been taught to read and write. Dodd explained to me that getting an education was on a volunteer basis.
“You didn’t have to if you didn’t want to,” Dodd said.
In Dodd’s case, he learned more than reading and writing.
“For a year and a half, I went to school three days a week at the high school,” Dodd said. “I studied arithmetic and adding and how to do business, how to run a cash register.”
Dodd ran a store in Elmo for years, and the business education he received in the camp, along with his experience running the PX, prepared him well for that job. Before he left the CCC, they gave him exams, and he passed them as well as a person with two years of college education.
The TSHA estimates that two and a half to three million men were benefitted in the nine years that the CCC operated. In Dodd’s case, the program allowed him to help support his parents and siblings, while also laying the groundwork for success later in life. With the money he earned every month, Dodd invested in a farm where he raised his own family and still lives and works today. Aside from the financial help, the CCC also educated him in business and gave him experience in running a store. These skills gave him what he needed to run his own store in Elmo.
As Dodd says, “The CCC really helped me a lot.” | <urn:uuid:2a108399-41e3-460f-9c87-a8c78f3e71bf> | {
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Green School Design: Cost-Effective, Healthy, and Better for Education
Some 55 million students spend their days in schools that are too often unhealthy, restrict their ability to learn, require unsustainable amounts of resources to construct and maintain, and contribute substantially to environmental problems such as pollution and climate change. A recent and rapidly growing trend is designing schools with the specific intent of providing healthy, comfortable, and productive learning environments. However, these green, high-performance schools generally cost more to build — a major obstacle at a time of limited school budgets and an expanding student population.
We were commissioned to conduct a study that asked how much more does green school design cost, and is greening schools cost-effective? Our conclusion: the data provide a clear and compelling case that greening schools today is extremely cost-effective, and represents a fiscally far better design choice. Building green schools is more fiscally prudent and lower risk than continuing to build unhealthy, inefficient schools.
The study, titled "Greening America's Schools: Costs and Benefits," was sponsored by the American Federation of Teachers, the American Institute of Architects, the American Lung Association, the Federation of American Scientists, and the US Green Building Council. It entailed a detailed analysis, using conservative and prudent financial assumptions, of 30 green schools built in 10 states between 2001 and 2006. Its complete text can be found at http://www.cap-e.com/ewebeditpro/items/O59F11233.pdf.
("Green school" designs are to a substantial extent based on the US Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design — LEED — which is the national consensus green building standard. LEED rates projects according to their impact on their sites, materials used and how they are sourced, and the design, construction, and efficiency of a variety of systems including water, energy, air quality, lighting, acoustics, waste, and transportation. A rating system specifically designed for K–12 schools is currently being drafted, including a proposal for LEED credit for integrating sustainable facility features with the curriculum.)
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- First Grade Sight Words List | <urn:uuid:b7791f11-4061-4f12-853a-c8207fa3a4e9> | {
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This article makes the case for expanded state and local protection of vulnerable streams and wetlands. Vulnerable streams and wetlands include the very smallest streams and wetlands that do not have a permanent surface water connection to larger waterbodies, yet are still vital parts of the ecosystem. The exact extent of these resources across the nation is unknown. Some preliminary estimates find that, in the contiguous U.S., headwater streams comprise 53% to 59% of the stream network, while 20% to 30% of wetlands could be considered isolated, making them vulnerable to direct impacts. Headwater streams and isolated wetlands provide a host of benefits that are just beginning to be documented, including: ecological linkages to downstream receiving waters; capacity to store floodwaters and recharge groundwater supplies; removal of excess nutrients and sediment; and exceptional biodiversity, supporting habitat for many threatened or endangered species. The primary federal authority protecting streams and wetlands is the Clean Water Act. Recent Supreme Court decisions such as SWANCC and Rapanos have potentially restricted the scope of the Clean Water Act, making headwater streams and isolated wetlands vulnerable. | <urn:uuid:8e01e0d2-3b31-49b3-ae60-4bfcdea067f5> | {
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Medicine is the discipline of health and medical care. It comprises of various experts, including physicians, nurses, and different specialists. It involves diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of illness, medical practice, research, and a variety of other facets of health. The scope of medicine is immense. It is the common language used by practitioners all over the world.
Before medicine, people have used natural or holistic means to heal themselves and the society. This has given way to drug therapy. Basically, medicine addresses the problem in humans rather than the problem in nature. Therefore, while you may use a drug to cure your cough, you may use that same drug to cure your heart disease. Similarly, while you may use a cream to treat your jock rash, you may use that same cream to cure your piles.
But, it must be kept in mind that drug-based medicines are not always ideal. They are known to kill a large number of healthy cells in our body. Also, the side effects in the case of drug-based medicines are very severe. Therefore, these medicines have been criticized for being primarily responsible for the rising cases of various diseases. On the other hand, non-drug based medicines to address the symptoms of the disease but do not harm the healthy cells.
Non-therapeutic drugs are essential medicines or substances which are needed for the normal growth of the body. These are not meant to cure the disease. They help in preventing diseases by preventing a disease from recurring. This is done by balancing the different components of the body like the nutritional status, immunity, etc.
Various drugs work in different ways. For example, some drugs slow down the growth of cells while others stop the growth of cancer cells. Some drugs can destroy the harmful bacteria. These drugs are generally called as antineoplastic drugs. Thus, these medicines can either be given alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
In addition, there are some non-drug based therapies also which can be used to cure a disease. Examples of such therapies include biofeedback, counseling, psychotherapy and bio-resonance. The most important part of using a prescription drug to edit your health is that you should know how to use it. It is highly advisable to edit your health care with the help of a licensed health professional who has the requisite experience in the said field. | <urn:uuid:cb0d279d-f21e-4e14-ac91-d20621e604b6> | {
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Since May is Lyme Disease Awareness Month I thought it would be fitting to share some information and tips on ticks and keeping them away from you and your pets. Ticks are really bad this year. Living in the middle of the woods means having to fight them off of my family and our four dogs almost constantly. Thankfully there are good ways to keep them off of you and your pets. Before I get to that, I want to let you know some important facts about these pesky insects.
Here are ten things you need to know about ticks…
- Ticks crawl up Ticks don’t jump, fly, or drop from trees onto your head and back. If you find one attached there, it most likely latched onto your foot or leg and crawled up over your entire body.
- All ticks (including deer ticks) come in small, medium and large sizes
- Ticks can be active even in the winter That’s right! Deer Ticks in particular are not killed by freezing temperatures, and will be active any winter day that the ground is not snow-covered or frozen.
- Ticks carry disease-causing microbes Tick-transmitted infections are more common these days than in past decades. With explosive increases in deer populations, extending even into semi-urban areas in the eastern and western U.S., the trend is for increasing abundance and geographic spread of deer ticks and Lone Star ticks; and scientists are finding an ever-increasing list of disease-causing microbes transmitted by these ticks: Lyme disease bacteria, Babesia protozoa, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and other rickettsia, even encephalitis-causing viruses, and possibly Bartonella bacteria. Back in the day, tick bites were more of an annoyance but now a bite is much more likely to make you sick.
- Only deer ticks transmit Lyme disease bacteria. The only way to get Lyme disease is by being bitten by a deer tick or one of its “cousins” found around the world.
- For most tick-borne diseases, you have at least 24 hours to find and remove a feeding tick before it transmits an infection Even a quick daily tick check at bath or shower time can be helpful in finding and removing attached ticks before they can transmit an infection. Lyme disease bacteria take at least 24 hours to invade the tick’s saliva.
- Deer tick nymphs look like a poppy seed on your skin And with about 1 out of 4 nymphal deer ticks carrying the Lyme disease spirochete and other nasty germs in the northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and upper mid-western U.S., it’s important to know what you’re really looking for. They’re easy to miss, their bites are generally painless, and they have a habit of climbing up (under clothing) and biting in hard-to-see places.
- The easiest and safest way to remove a tick is with a pointy tweezer. Using really pointy tweezers, it’s possible to grab even the poppy-seed sized nymphs right down next to the skin. The next step is to simply pull the tick out like a splinter. If the tick is big enough, get a sewing needle hot and touch it to the tick’s back first BEFORE pulling it out. That way the head isn’t torn off and left inside your skin.
- Clothing with built-in tick repellent is best for preventing tick bites. An easy way to avoid tick bites and disease is to wear clothing with Insect Shield® tick repellent built-in.
- Tick bites and tick-borne diseases are completely preventable. There is really only one way you get a tick-transmitted disease and that’s from a tick bite. Reducing tick abundance in your yard, wearing tick repellent clothing every day, treating pets every month and getting into a habit of doing a quick body scan are all great actions for preventing tick bites.
Here are some easy ways to keep ticks off of you and your pets…
Repellent for your pets:
For pets, add 1 cup of water to a spray bottle, followed by 2 cups of distilled white vinegar. Ticks hate the smell and taste of vinegar, and will be easily be repelled by this ingredient alone. Then, add two spoonfuls of vegetable or almond oil, which both contain sulfur (another natural tick repellent).
To make a repellent that will also deter fleas, mix in a few spoonfuls of lemon juice, citrus oil, or peppermint oil, any of which will repel ticks and fleas while also creating a nicely scented repellent. Spray onto the pet’s dry coat, staying away from sensitive areas including eyes, nose, mouth, and genitals. When outdoors for an extended period, spray this solution on two to three times per day.
For you and your family:
In a spray bottle, mix 2 cups of distilled white vinegar and 1 cup of water. To make a scented solution so you do not smell like bitter vinegar all day, add 20 drops of your favorite essential oil.
Eucalyptus oil is a calm, soothing scent that also works as a tick repellent, while peppermint and citrus oils give off a strong crisp scent that also repel ticks.
After mixing the solution, spray onto clothing, skin, and hair before going outdoors. Reapply every four hours to keep ticks at bay, and examine your skin and hair when back inside to make sure no ticks are on the body.
Do you have to fight to keep ticks off of you and your pets during the spring and summer months? If so, what are your go-to solutions for these pesky insects? | <urn:uuid:b497035f-ab5b-45ed-8500-477125edde54> | {
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Effective Energy Management at the Local Level
Flexible Energy Supply and Demand
A microgrid is a flexible energy solution that provides a range of power services.
A microgrid consists of loads, such as facilities, plants, and buildings, and distributed energy resources, for example solar, wind, and generators, that can be operated in a controlled, coordinated way, either connected to the main power grid or in “islanded mode” – allowing the microgrid to operate and provide power independently from the main power grid.
A microgrid can be an effective solution for peak shaving and demand response, as it allows for more efficient management of energy supply and demand at the local level.
What is a Microgrid?
A microgrid is a localized and independent energy system that can operate either in connection with or in isolation from the main electrical grid. It consists of distributed energy resources such as solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage systems (batteries), and can include small-scale generators. Microgrids also have their own digital control system that manages the flow of electricity, optimizes energy generation and consumption, and ensures grid stability.
How a microgrid uses renewable energy
Renewable energy sources – such as solar and wind – are ideal for microgrids because they provide a reliable and sustainable source of power. Renewable energy can be harnessed locally and does not require the transportation of fuel over long distances, reducing both the cost and environmental impact of energy generation and distribution. Additionally, renewable energy sources are often more predictable and consistent than traditional fossil fuel sources, which can be affected by weather conditions and supply chain disruptions.
Energy storage systems
Energy storage systems, such as Battery Energy Storage Solutions (BESS), are another key component of a microgrid. An energy storage system captures and stores energy during periods until its needed (demand response) or when utility costs are at their highest (peak shaving). By storing excess energy, these systems ensure a more consistent and reliable energy supply during periods of high demand or when a renewable source is not actively generating power.
Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)
Distributed energy refers to the generation and storage of energy at or near the point of consumption, rather than relying solely on centralized power plants and transmission networks. It involves the use of smaller-scale energy resources that are located closer to where the energy is needed, providing a more localized and flexible approach to energy production.
Distributed energy enhances energy efficiency, reliability, and sustainability while reducing transmission losses and grid stress, and can include renewable energy systems, energy storage systems, and microgrids.
State-of-the art energy management
Hitachi’s advanced energy management portfolio manages and optimized energy at all levels with a wide range of applications, providing control and responsiveness to fluctuating energy demands. Features include renewable integration, optimal battery technologies, seamless transition between on and off-grid, peak shaving, base load leveling and frequency regulation.
Real-time analytics produce actionable insights that improve the efficiency and reliability of your company’s energy infrastructure, reducing energy waste and lowering overall energy costs.
The heart of our solution is advanced energy management combined with all the advantages of a microgrid and a service model that minimizes upfront costs. For our customers, this means clean, cost-effective and reliable power delivered seamlessly anytime, anywhere - even when the grid goes down.
Benefits of a Microgrid
- Consumes self-generated solar power that costs less than using grid power
- Reduces demand charges (peak shaving)
- Provides alternate power source during high-rate time-of-use periods
- Acts as a back-up power source for reliability and resiliency
- Revenue opportunity to sell excess energy utility (market participation)
- Sustainability – using renewables reduces carbon footprint
- Can act independently of the grid, offering peace of mind during outages | <urn:uuid:c89fe08a-6cda-4c8c-a25f-ced530765218> | {
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Lord Krishna preaching Arjuna in the battlefield
by Premchandar Ramlal of Nathdwara
circa 1900 CE
Gouache on paper
12.4 x 9.4 in. (31.5 x 23.9 cm.)
Depiction of an episode from the Mahabharata battle in which Krishna motivates Arjuna to fight against the Kauravas and Guru Dronacharya.
While Krishna, who chose to be the Arjuna’s sarthi (charioteer), is indicating at battlefield by waving his hand and armoured Arjuna is paying homage with joined palms and bowed down head. Krishna then narrates the Bhagwat Gita’s karma based philosophy to Arjuna, to boost his spirits.
This imaginary portrait of Krishna and Arjuna was created by a known Nathdwara artist who amalgamated traditional and contemporary influences to shaped his own style. Though Krishna’s imagery is closer to semi-realistic counterparts, Arjuna appears to be modelled after the popular imagery of Rajput hero Maharana Pratap.
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Class 9 Science Deleted Syllabus 2022-23
CBSE Deleted Syllabus For Class 9 Science: Syllabus is one of the most important things if you need to score good marks in your board examinations. Being updated with the current syllabus and preparing the study flow according to the syllabus and time remaining is very important for the students.
- CBSE Deleted Syllabus For Class 9 Hindi
- CBSE Deleted Syllabus For Class 9 English
- CBSE Deleted Syllabus For Class 9 Maths
- CBSE Deleted Syllabus For Class 9 Social Science
Class 9 Science Deleted Syllabus 2022-23 PDF
Science is a concept based subject so you need to work on all concepts in order to get good marks in this subject. If you are updated with the current syllabus it will help you to plan your study flow.
Class 9 Science Deleted Syllabus 2023
As during the current Covid-19 situation, schools and students got a major hit in their education, the level of study and the mode of study. CBSE considered all this and decided to reduce the syllabus for each class by 30% accordingly. For this examination year, the reduced syllabus will be used for preparing board examinations this academic year. Here, you will see the standard weightage of marks for each unit and the deleted topics from each unit.
The table shown below shows the weightage of marks to each unit in Science subject according to CBSE:-
|I||Matter- Its Nature And Behaviour||27|
|II||Organization In The Living World||26|
|III||Motion, Force And Work||27|
Class 9 Science Syllabus 2022-23
|UNIT – I MATTER- ITS NATURE AND BEHAVIOUR|
Matter in Our Surroundings: Definition of matter; solid, liquid and gas; characteristics -shape, volume, density; change of state-melting (absorption of heat), freezing, evaporation (cooling by evaporation), condensation, sublimation.
|UNIT-II ORGANISATION IN THE LIVING WORLD|
Diversity in Living Organisms: Diversity of plants and animals-basic issues in scientific naming, basis of classification. Hierarchy of categories / groups, Major groups of plants (salient features) (Bacteria, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms). Major groups of animals (salient features) (Non-chordates up to phyla and chordates up to classes).
|UNIT-III MOTION, FORCE AND WORK|
Floatation: Thrust and Pressure. Archimedes’ Principle; Buoyancy; Elementary idea of Relative Density.
Sound: Nature of sound and its propagation in various media, speed of sound, range of hearing in humans; ultrasound; reflection of sound; echo and SONAR. Structure of the Human Ear (Auditory aspect only).
|UNIT-IV OUR ENVIRONMENT|
Physical resources: Air, Water, Soil. Air for respiration, for combustion, for moderating temperatures; movements of air and its role in bringing rains across India.
Air, water and soil pollution (brief introduction). Holes in ozone layer and the probable damages.
Biogeochemical cycles in nature: Water, Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen.
|UNIT-V FOOD PRODUCTION|
Improvement in Food Resources: Plant and animal breeding and selection for quality and management; Use of fertilizers and manures; Protection from pests and diseases; Organic farming.
Class 9 Science Deleted Syllabus 2022-23: Practicals
- Separation of the components of a mixture of sand, common salt, and ammonium chloride (or camphor).
- Determination of the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.
- Verification of the Laws of reflection of sound.
- Determination of the speed of a pulse propagated through a stretched string/slinky (helical spring).
- Study of the characteristics of Spirogyra, Agaricus, Moss, Fern, Pinus (either with male or female cone) and an Angiospermic plant. Draw and give two identifying features of the groups they belong to.
- Observe the given pictures/charts/models of earthworm, cockroach, bony fish and bird. For each organism, draw their picture and record:
- a) One specific feature of its phylum.
- b) One adaptive feature with reference to its habitat.
- Study of the external features of root, stem, leaf, and flower of monocot and dicot plants.
CBSE Class 12 Deleted Syllabus 2022-23
CBSE Class 11 Deleted Syllabus 2022-23
CBSE Class 10 Deleted Syllabus 2022-23
Class 9 Science Deleted Syllabus 2022-23 Pdf Download
|CBSE Deleted Syllabus For Class 9 Social Science||CBSE Deleted Syllabus For Class 9 English|
|CBSE Deleted Syllabus For Class 9 Maths||CBSE Deleted Syllabus For Class 9 Hindi|
CBSE Class 9 Science Deleted Syllabus 2023-23: FAQs
What are the chapters in class 9 science?
|Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings||Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure|
|Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules||Chapter 4 Structure of The Atom|
|Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life||Chapter 6 Tissues|
|Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms||Chapter 8 Motion|
|Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion||Chapter 10 Gravitation|
|Chapter 11 Work and Energy||Chapter 12 Sound|
|Chapter 13 Why Do We Fall ill||Chapter 14 Natural Resources|
|Chapter 15 Improvement in Food Resources|
How many science books are there in 9th class?
There are 3 books, namely Chemistry, Physics, and Biology.
Which book is best for class 9th science?
S.Chand Book is best for Class 9th science.
Is Chemistry or Biology easy in Class 9th?
Chemistry is easier when compared to biology in cbse class 9th.
Can I score full marks in CBSE Class 9th Science?
Yes, if you practise regularly you can score full marks in cbse class 9th science. | <urn:uuid:7215a7a2-2c7a-4f62-bdcd-5d3be765f7b6> | {
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At some point or another, you’ve probably had to take classes in another language. U.S. high schools require that graduates study the same language for at least two years, and for most students, this is either French or Spanish. In a society as multicultural as ours, it’s easy to pick up on words here or there. The English language itself even has foreign words that have been adopted into its own language. Learning how to introduce yourself is easy, and some of the basic skills you picked up as a teen may remain with you well into adulthood, however when it comes time to actually learn another language to a level of proficiency, many are left completely stumped.
How can you effectively work on your language skills? Well, there are multiple ways, and their effectiveness will depend on your individual learning style, even though they are all important parts of a well-rounded acquisition process. Below are five easy ways you can work on your language skills, whether it’s Spanish, French or even Japanese. The methods are all the same, and all you have to do is find the right sources for your particular language. Happy learning!
The Internet has granted us access to thousands of free radio channels from around the world. Listening to the radio for just five to ten minutes a day in your desired language can have a huge impact on your overall understanding. Listening to native speakers is the best way to help our brains adapt to the sounds of the language, and will affect not just your ability to understand others, but also your pronunciation. Don’t sweat it when you don’t understand everything – or even anything for the first couple months. The listening and acclimating your mind to the cadences of a new language are what count.
Reading is one of the premier ways to increase your vocabulary, grammar and writing in any language. We read extensively in English throughout our academic careers, so why should we be any less rigorous when it comes to another language? You don’t have to be stuck with the texts in your exercise book. Many book stores have an international section with novels printed in other languages, and Amazon is always a fantastic resource. A great idea to start off with when reading a book in another language is to choose one that you’ve already read and know in your native tongue. This way, your mind will be more easily able to associate words. Selecting novels written in present tense is also a good choice for beginner/intermediate students looking to enhance their vocabulary through reading as they’re both compelling and easy to understand.
You don’t have to be a professional to translate a song into your own language or vice versa. One of the best ways to quickly build up a vocabulary is to read the translation of a song you enjoy and then put it back into English. You can also find sites that will let you read the translations side-by-side. Choose songs that are familiar to you so you’ll be more likely to remember the translations later on.
2. Movies and Television
This approach can go one of two ways. You can either use subtitles or go ahead and watch an entire film or program in your chosen language. If you’re a total beginner, then watching something in English with foreign subtitles will probably be the best start. As you progress, watching to dubbed-over versions of your favorite shows and movies is a great way to practice your listening competency.
1. Apps and YouTube
Apps that are free to download for mobile devices like Duolingo can do wonders for your learning as they require you to build up certain skills in order to progress. You’ll practice reading, speaking and spelling and grammar all in one 10 to 20 minute sitting.
YouTube is another optimal choice for language learners as there are dozens of different channels offering courses taught by native speakers. You’ll also be able to leave comments, get feedback and maybe even meet some other students.
While all of these are fantastic ways to build up your language skills, the only way to true learn and become proficient in a second language is to dedicate time and effort in all areas of learning. Make sure you find someone you can practice with, because speaking is obviously what learning a new language is all about. Don’t be surprised if you find yourself able to read and write well but barely able to utter a sentence. It’s normal for this to happen, and the only solution is to practice speaking, learn through trial and error and keep going no matter what. With some hard work and effort, you’ll be well on your way to speaking like a native in no time!
Jessica Kane is a professional blogger who writes for Bureau Translations a leading company that provide translation services for businesses. | <urn:uuid:1bc8bdf5-69e8-46de-82d8-20c70da8b3ed> | {
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Helicobacter pylori are a spiral shaped bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria family. It is a pathogenic bacteria living in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Helicobacter pylori contain unipolar flagella’s. It was rediscovered in 1983 by the Nobel price winner Barry Marshall and Robert Warren. Helicobacter pylori can cause duodenal- and gastric wounds and cancer. The transmission mode is direct- and indirect contact (faecal-oral). Symptoms are dyspepsia, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Disease can most of the time be treated effectively with antibiotics. There is no vaccine.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus in the Retroviridae family. HIV is pandemic and it is estimated that approx 60 million carriers of the virus globally. The virus is found in blood and body fluids that contain blood. The transmission mode is through sexual contact, inoculation, contact with infected blood and body fluids. Symptoms can be flulike, pharyngitis, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, rash, headache and diarrhoea. If infected with the virus, there is no cure. However, new antiviral treatment is available. | <urn:uuid:32fa7758-5c1c-45f5-94e3-d076199e5501> | {
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This article is from the WSSF 2015 AFRMA Rat & Mouse Tales news-magazine.
Did You Know? If you don’t have a healthy gut microbiota, this can lead to immune dysregulation that is passed on to future generations. Studies done on mice with microbes from a human donor show the connection between diet and microbiota composition and function. Diets low in fiber leads to depletions of necessary gut bacteria of which there are thousands of distinct bacterial species. Fiber is the primary food source for gut bacteria which fends off pathogens, trains the immune system, and guides the development of tissues.
Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine found that mice fed a low-fiber diet had a 75 percent reduction in microbial diversity after only a couple weeks. By the fourth generation on a low-fiber diet, some mice had up to three-quarters reduction of intestinal bacteria compared to their great-grandparents. In one study, the researchers were able to fully restore the mouse’s bacterial profiles by introducing fecal contents of fourth-generation high-fiber-diet mice into the intestines of fourth-generation low-fiber mice, along with putting them on the high-fiber diet for two weeks.
Mice on a fiber-free diet had a dramatically diminished
mucus layer which can cause ulcerative colitis. Whereas
mice fed high-fiber chow and fiber-free chow on alternating
days was not enough to keep the gut healthy and these
mice had a mucus layer about half the thickness of mice
on the consistently high-fiber diet. Just
eating right may
no longer be enough to restore these lost species in the gut.
Mice on the high-fiber diet consumed fewer calories and were slimmer than those on the fiber-free diet.
Article on Stanford News Center
diet may cause irreversible depletion of gut bacteria over generations
and one in Scientific American
Fiber-Famished Gut Microbes Linked to Poor Health.
Starving our Microbial Self:
The Deleterious Consequences of a Diet Deficient in Microbiota-Accessible Carbohydrates
Cell Metabolism, Volume 20, Issue 5, 4 November 2014, Pages 779–786. | <urn:uuid:cf492ecf-985c-4172-8f8b-2c6a49d95f1a> | {
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even clean hospitals can pass on infections to patients. Health experts around the world are trying to find ways to
reduce hospital acquired infections (hais). Despite all the efforts to tackle it, the threat is increasing.
Scientists who took part in the recently held Federation of Infection Societies Conference at the University of Cardiff in the uk said they have identified a new antibiotic-resistant bacterium, Acinetobacter baumannii, in hospitals. Previously, most of such infections were attributed mainly to the methicillin-resistant bacterium Streptomyces aureus (mrsa).
Now, the danger is more pronounced with this infection spreading outside. Strains of mrsa were first reported in the us a decade ago, when the Centers for Disease Control reported four fatal mrsa infections in children.
Two research papers in the December issue of Nature Medicine point out that community-based strains of mrsa are more harmful as they now produce chemicals that are more toxic.
hais cause economic loss to the patients and hospitals (see box: Work load). Many experts say only a comprehensive effort can control such infections; from training the hospital staff on personal cleanliness to sterilizing hospitals.
A recent study by Baxter India, a company that manufactures equipment to reduce infection, goes further. The team studied the air in 13 middle-sized hospitals and found that the average amount of viruses was around 203.5 units per cubic millimetre--six times the permissible limit in the us.
It relates the overtime work among the hospital staff to the increased rates of infection and skin ulcers among them. When there were more nurses, the frequency of infections declined.
The company has come up with a system to give patients the proper dosage of antibiotics so that the viruses don't develop resistance. "These techniques reduce the duration of hospitalization and save the time spent in nursing and caring," says Raman Gandotra, business unit director of Baxter.
There are other methods such as sterile operation theatres, sterilizing equipment and disinfectants available in the market.
The rank list released has forced many hospitals to clean up. The uk health department has also instructed health workers to wear short sleeves. In India, however, few guidelines exist to prevent infections from hospitals.
We are a voice to you; you have been a support to us. Together we build journalism that is independent, credible and fearless. You can further help us by making a donation. This will mean a lot for our ability to bring you news, perspectives and analysis from the ground so that we can make change together.
Comments are moderated and will be published only after the site moderator’s approval. Please use a genuine email ID and provide your name. Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition. | <urn:uuid:708ae061-8aa8-4c31-ac1b-466729626afd> | {
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The cell wall is an extracellular organelle that ensures stability and protection against external influences in plants, fungi and bacteria. Depending on the form of life, the main component of the cell wall varies considerably. In plants, the majority of cell walls are made of cellulose, mushrooms of chitin and bacteria of murein. All of these organic compounds are called polysaccharides (polyhydric sugars) and consist essentially of carbohydrates, which ultimately give the cell its stability.
Only the organisms mentioned above have cell walls. Humans and animals have no cell wall. Your cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, which usually consists of a lipid bilayer and is permeable only to certain substances (Semipermeabilitдt).
Structure of the cell wall
This picture shows some E. coli bacteria. The cell wall is not entirely on the outside but is enveloped by the so-called glycocalyx, a mucous capsule. Only under the Glykokalyx is the actual cell wall.
The internal structure of the cell wall comprises several layers that are firmly connected to each other but interrupted by intermediary filaments. In the microscopic "cross section" through a cell wall, the middle lamella, the primary wall and the secondary wall emerge. All these media are closed outward through the tertiary wall.
In the further investigation of the fine construction of the cell walls, it is shown that a so-called middle lamella is interposed between the primary and the secondary wall. This has extremely small pores or Plasmodesmen (only in plant cells!), Which support a certain water permeability. The plasmodesms are also used to connect between similar cells in a cell network. This condition is important so that the cells can exchange water and nutrients with each other.
Function of the cell wall
The cell wall has several indispensable functions for the cell: it protects the protoplasm from destruction and stabilizes the cell shape.
By finishing with a slightly stretchable membrane, it is also possible to react to the expansion of the cell body if too much water is absorbed. Otherwise it could happen that the cell wall ruptures and the organelles are flushed out. That would be synonymous with cell death.
The cell is also able to perform a metabolism-regulating task via the cell wall. The cell walls are semi-permeable and thus contribute to the control of osmotic pressure. By maintaining and building up the wall pressure, cell walls also keep the cells from dehydration to some degree.
The formation of the secondary cell wall is stopped only when the cell has stopped growing. The microfibrils are then parallel to each other and there is an increasing storage of stabilizing lignins (only in plant cells!). | <urn:uuid:c32bad6a-704e-4aac-a7d7-65baba0a2735> | {
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Hi friends, today we are going to build a 1A power supply, which will power your projects and save money on batteries. It is suitable as an adjustable power supply for your projects. you can use this current supply for driving DC motors, low voltage bulbs, etc. So let’s start.
Specifications of 1A power supply:
We are going to build a 1A power supply such that it will have maximum benefits and specifications to the user. Our 1A power supply circuit will have following specifications:
- Preset voltage range: 1.5V to 35V
- Maximum input voltage: 28V AC or 40V DC
- Maximum dissipation: 15W
- Short circuit protection
- Thermal and overload protection
For different output voltage, we need to choose a specific transformer. Following table shows how to select right transformer.
- Diodes: D1, D2, D3, D4 = 1N4007
- Resistor: R1=120O
- Potentiometer: RV1=4.7KO
- Capacitors: C1=0.1µF (104)
- Electrolytic capacitors: C2=1µF, C3=10µF, C4=2200µF
- Voltage regulator: VR1= LM317
- SK1 and SK2 are terminal box.
Build the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. Connect the AC signal of the transformer (output of transformer) at SK1. Set the desired output voltage by the use of RV1 potentiometer. Mount voltage regulator LM317 along with heat sink if you are using high power application.
If you like this article, please share it with your friends and like or facebook page for future updates. Subscribe to our newsletter to get notifications about our updates via email. If you have any queries, feel free to ask in the comments section below. Have a nice day! | <urn:uuid:081227f0-1c48-4344-a34c-c602478dbf39> | {
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The three components of electrodiagnosis useful in evaluation of the peripheral nervous system and spinal cord include electromyography (EMG), electroneurography (nerve conduction studies), and somatosensory evoked potentials. EMG examination involves introduction of a special recording needle into a muscle belly. Electrical potentials located within a few millimeters of the needle are picked up by an electrode and are transmitted from the muscle to amplifiers that filter and display results visually for the electromyographer. Three types of spontaneous activity in electrical potentials are of the greatest relevance: positive sharp waves, fibrillation potentials, and fasciculations (fasciculation potentials on the EMG result from irregular firing of motor units). Electromyography can help assess the status of nerve fibers indirectly, but the integrity of large myelinated sensory and motor neurons can be evaluated directly by nerve conduction studies (NCS), also known as electroneurography. NCS can assess motor neurons, sensory neurons, or mixed nerve trunks. Sensory nerve conduction velocity can be studied in a manner analogous to motor conduction velocity: sensory fibers can be directly stimulated, and the evoked response can be measured at the wrist and elbow. Somatosensory evoked potentials occasionally are useful as an adjunct to EMG and NCS in the diagnosis of peripheral nervous system pathology. These tests also are useful when it is unclear whether an individual has a true radiculopathy. | <urn:uuid:7e99e6c6-e94e-438c-8bb7-9d9f9ccb83a5> | {
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About the river Drava
Spanning Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia, the lower courses of the Drava Rivers and related sections of the Mura and Danube are among Europe's most ecologically important riverine areas: sometimes called the "Amazon of Europe".
Despite numerous man-made changes in the past, this stunning river landscape hosts amazing biological diversity and is a hot spot of rare natural habitats such as large floodplain forests, river islands, gravel and sand banks, side branches and oxbows.
These habitats are home to the highest density of white-tailed eagle breeding pairs in Continental Europe, as well as other endangered species such as the little tern, black stork, beaver, otter and the nearly extinct ship sturgeon. Every year, thousands 250,000 migratory waterfowls use the rivers to rest and to feed. In addition to high degrees of biodiversity, the river and floodplain areas are vital to the people who live there. Local fishermen rely on fish populations for their livelihoods. The extensive floodplains lower flood related risks, guarantee favourable groundwater conditions and the self-purification of water. This is essential for drinking water supplies, forests and agriculture.
People also find recreation on the rivers in the form of trekking, swimming, fishing or canoeing. The whole Hungarian Drava is part of the Danube-Drava National Park and the Croatian part of the river has locally protected status. Both parts of the river is part of the cross border biosphere reserve Mura-Drava-Danube, which was established by Croatia and Hungary in 2011. | <urn:uuid:7a838a3a-c002-40b8-83dd-ee145c31df7c> | {
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Start studying relative age of an actual date materials. Non-Radiometric dating techniques, it becomes necessary to. Relative dating gives an igneous rock layers above, and other materials. Third, moon.
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Compare and contrast relative age dating with radiometric age dating
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Compare and contrast relative age dating and radiometric dating
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Compare and contrast relative age dating with radiometric dating
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Children need to keep their minds active during school vacation to avoid the dreaded "summer slide" - forgetting what they learned during the school year. Librarians and teachers know that the best way to do that is by providing a fun-filled summer reading program to get kids into the public library.
Collected here are 50 highly successful summer reading programs for grades K-7. Each highly flexible plan is developed around a specific theme (art, baseball, geography, zoos, and so on), providing fifteen related activities (bulletin boards, reading incentive games, crafts, etc.) and a materials list.
Published in 1992, this was the first book ever published with detailed instructions on how to plan a summer reading program. | <urn:uuid:c6dab89b-8540-4be5-bbf9-da6be0abcb1f> | {
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Hvar is the sunniest island in the Adriatic and the longest . Many coves, medieval cities, the smell of lavender that blooms everywhere here simply can not leave any tourist indifferent. The length of the island is 68 kilometers, the area of the island is 200 square kilometers and the length of the coastline is 250 kilometers.
The number of sunny days on the island is 349 days a year !
The history of the Island
The history of the island begins back in the distant 3-4 millennium BC. Initially, the island was inhabited by the Greeks, then the Romans and in the 8th century the island was inhabited by the Slavs. In the 12th century, the island was occupied by the Venetians, then the island changed hands more than once. After the Venetians, the Austrians came to the island, but they were also driven out of the island by Napoleon’s troops. In 1807, the island was attacked by the Ushakov fleet, and after the end of the war, the island was transferred to Austria. In 1918 – 1921, the island was occupied by the Italians, but after the First World War, the island became part of the Republic of Yugoslavia. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, the island became part of independent Croatia.
The island lives not only thanks to tourists – there is also developed fishing, growing grapes and lavender. By the way, lavender has become almost a symbol of the island and the most popular souvenir among tourists.
A little about the sights
Starigrad field is an agricultural landscape that was created by the ancient Greeks in the 4th century BC. The field has been preserved in its original form for more than 24 centuries thanks to careful care. On the Starigrad field there are more than 120 archaeological sites – the ruins of Greek towers, the remains of Roman villas. Since 2008, the Starigrad Field has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Stari Grad is the oldest city in Europe. Originally, the city was called Pharos, so it was called by Greek immigrants from the Greek island of Paros (about the 4th century BC). One of the most iconic objects in the city is the miniature fortress “Tvrdal”.Stari Grad is also included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The towns of Vrboska and Suchurai are ideal for romantic walks . Oranges and walnuts are grown here. In these cities, you should visit 2 churches – the old church of St. Peter and the monastery of St. Augustine.
For lovers of very quiet tourism, a trip to the island of Szedro is ideal – it is located 3 kilometers from Hvar . The island is a nature reserve and is uninhabited. In addition to nature, here you can see abandoned old houses and monasteries.
Here we have listed only a small part of the attractions of the island of Hvar, so we recommend you to go on a trip. | <urn:uuid:d3e56e83-7c15-4e53-b33a-a8b1ed55c384> | {
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Workplace skills are broadly thought to fall into two categories: Soft skills, and hard skills.
While soft skills (such as empathy, motivation, and leadership) govern the interpersonal aspects of a job role, hard skills are the technical abilities required for that role. Due to the fact that they are acquired through education and training, hard skills are generally easier to quantify and demonstrate than soft skills.
Hard skills also tend to be industry specific - e.g. web development or graphic design - when compared to soft skills, which are largely transferable between industries. This is not to say that some hard skills aren’t transferable - for example, if a candidate is fluent in a foreign language, this will be an asset in multiple industries.
Examples of hard skills are as follows:
Technical skills: Proficiency in using specific software, programming languages, or tools relevant to a particular job.
Data analysis: The ability to analyse and interpret data using tools like Excel or statistical software.
Language proficiency: Fluency in one or more languages, both spoken and written.
Engineering skills: Knowledge and expertise in engineering principles, such as mechanical, electrical, or civil engineering.
Accounting and finance: Understanding financial statements, budgeting, and other financial analysis skills.
Medical procedures: Skills related to specific medical procedures or techniques in healthcare professions.
Project management:The ability to plan, execute, and oversee projects using project management tools and methodologies
Hard skills have several key characteristics. To simplify these characteristics into three categories:
Industry or job specific: Hard skills tend to be specific to a specific career or industry, although as mentioned, certain hard skills are transferable.
Acquired through education or training: Hard skills are taught through formal education, training, and experience.
Evaluation: Hard skills tend to be easier to quantify or “prove” due to the fact that they have been taught and then measured through assessments, tests or other metrics.
Adaptability (the ability to adjust to changes in your role or industry) is not a hard skill. Due to its interpersonal nature, adaptability is considered a soft skill.
While soft skills are also important and desirable to employers, hard skills are essential when it comes to completing the practical tasks and demands of your job, and ensuring a high level of quality.
Certain industries also have specific standards, regulations or certifications that candidates have to adhere to. Employing people with the necessary qualifications and skills ensures their compliance.
As mentioned, hard skills are far easier to prove and demonstrate than soft skills.
There are several ways to prove hard skills:
Education and training: The most obvious way to demonstrate your proficiency in a given hard skill is through formal education and training. Certificates, diplomas and degrees from relevant institutions can then serve as evidence of these skills.
Work experience: Specific examples of times you used hard skills in past job roles can showcase practical application of these skills.
Publications or presentations: If you have authored any articles, research papers or presentations, these demonstrate your knowledge and skills in a given topic.
Explore what impact Thrive could make for your team and your learners today. | <urn:uuid:f3b37339-e42b-4ef6-92d9-509275af971f> | {
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It is difficult to say how long this eruption will last. The length of the eruption is dependent on the amount of energy in the volcanic system. The eruption will end when there is no longer enough energy to bring material to the surface. Based on previous eruptions, the explosive may last several days to weeks.
Explosive eruptions are driven by volcanic gases contained in magma. During the effusive phase this gas was released slowly from the magma as it came to the surface. Eventually the pressure created by more rapidly degassing magma was too much to be contained by the material above the vent. The result is an explosive volcanic eruption. Compare it to ‘popping’ a bottle of champagne!
This eruption appears to be larger than the 1979 eruption in terms of material put into the into the atmosphere. Its explosivity is more comparable to the 1902 eruption of the La Soufriere Volcano.
In most persons volcanic ash will only irritate the eyes and respiratory system. Persons with pre-existing conditions like asthma will be at increased risk to be negatively affected.
Yes, pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) or pyroclastic flows have been observed on the north-western flanks of the volcano. They are usually caused by the collapse of the eruption column, a dome collapse or a lateral blast.
Yes. There has been significant ashfall across mainland St. Vincent. With rain, ash deposits will be swept into rivers and streams forming lahars or mudflows. These flows usually have a high temperature and can carry large amounts of volcanic debris. These can happen months after the eruption has ended.
As the fine particles in the ash column rapidly collide there is a buildup of static electricity. We see the rapid discharge of this electricity as lightning.
Eastern Caribbean volcanoes produce what scientists call Andesitic lavas that are very sticky. They form domes and when they erupt explosively produce lots of ash, debris avalanches and projectiles. Volcanoes like those in Hawaii produce Basaltic lavas that are very runny. These volcanoes often generate lava flows with fewer projectiles.
Yes. Wind will carry ash further away from the volcano with time. Surface or sea level winds will carry ash west and south to the Grenadines and Grenada. In the upper atmosphere winds will take ash north and east. Islands like Martinique and Dominica may receive some ash, but the majority will go out into the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea.
Although very unlikely at this time, small tsunamis can be generated if large amounts of material enter the sea. This large-scale movement of material can be caused by a flank collapse or lateral explosion. | <urn:uuid:8aeadb9e-31c5-4142-b531-2e6ab7bba8f1> | {
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Potential Issues with Nanovaccines
Vaccination is one of the most important parts of modern medicine. Many infectious diseases which used to be almost guaranteed to be fatal are now easily prevented, and many have been eradicated altogether.
Nanotechnology is likely to have widespread implications in medicine, and vaccines are no exception. This article explores some of the technologies being investigated by nanotechnology researchers, which could have a profound impact on vaccinations and the wider medical world.
Figure 1. Vaccines often consist of dead or partial viruses, which stimulate an immune response in the body, preparing the immune system to deal more effectively with a real infection. As our understanding of nanotechnology increases, its principles are being applied to design more effective vaccines. Image credit: ATG.WA.gov
One of the most promising areas of medicine where nanotechnology could have a big impact is in drug delivery, which is a very important part of vaccinations, and systems to get antigens into the body without needing an injection could drastically increase the availability of vaccinations, particularly in developing countries where access to trained medical personnel is limited.
Delivery systems can also protect the antigen until it reaches the most effective place in the body, allowing the dose to be lowered, which will reduce the side effects for the patient, and, importantly, reduce the cost.
Some novel methods of administering vaccines which nanotechnology is making viable include:
Oral delivery - antigens are often fragile, and can be damaged by digestive juices when taken orally. By encapsulating the dose in polymer nanoparticles, the active vaccine material could be preserves until it reaches the bloodstream. The overall dose may have to be higher than normal, however, as some of the vaccine will not be absorbed by the body. It is important, therefore, to make sure that side effects are under control, and the fate of the nanoparticles and the drug is understood.
Nasal delivery - nanoemulsions of vaccines can be safely inhaled in a nasal spray. This is a convenient method of delivery, which does not suffer from the dosing problems of oral delivery. Nanoemulsions are also stable at room temperature for relatively long periods of time, which would allow them to be distributed to remote locations and developing countries more easily. They have been shown to be effective in administering hepatitis B vaccinations in animal trials, although more study is needed to determine the effects on patients with allergies or respiratory problems.
Intra-dermal injection - this is the conventional method of administering vaccines. Although the less invasive oral and nasal delivery routes would be preferred most of the time, there will be some cases where an injection is necessary, and nanotechnology can still help to improve this technique. Vaccines are injected in combination with an inert material called an adjuvant, which causes the vaccine to pool under the skin and controls its release into the bloodstream. Using biodegradable nanoparticles as the adjuvant could allow the release rate to be tailored more precisely to the immune system of the patient - initial trials show that this improves the immune system's response to the vaccine.
Nanobeads - these are a possible way around the need for separate adjuvants when administering vaccines. By attaching the antigen directly to solid, inert beads, around 40nm in diameter, the immune response is greatly improved - these nanobead vaccines can also be used to treat infection as well as prevent it.
Figure 2. Vaccinations are currently administered via an injection, and require refrigeration to remain stable for long periods of time. Nanotechnology could make different delivery routes possible, making vaccines easier to transport and administer. Image credit: BT.CDC.gov
Potential Issues with Nanovaccines
As with all novel medicines, significant proof of efficacy and safety is required before even small trials with human patients can begin. The main concerns with nanovaccine technologies are:
- variations in toxicity/biocompatibility with nanoparticle size and shape
- reproducibility of nanoformulations on a large scale
- toxicity issues, particularly long-term accumulation in organs
The toxicity of nanoparticles is hard to assess, particularly when trying to rapidly screen a number of nanoformulations for vaccines or other drugs. Many of the adverse effects of nanoparticles on humans are likely to result from long-term, low-level exposure, which is difficult to measure, and requires very long trials to determine.
Researchers are trying to develop higher throughput tests for chemical signatures which appear in the short term which could be indicators of longer term problems. These are difficult to get accurate, however, and our understanding of the long term effect of nanoparticle exposure is still limited.
As well as improving the efficacy and availability of conventional vaccines, nanotechnology is also helping medical researchers to design vaccines for diseases we currently have no way to prevent, and to create vaccines that work without using any real viral material.
In July 2012, researchers from Arizona State University developed a method for constructing a completely synthetic virus using a DNA scaffold. This results in a similar immune response to dead or partial viruses, as the nanostructured synthetic material is a similar size and shape, but without the same associated risks.
Nanotherapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company from Florida, USA, is working with academic partners to develop a nanoparticle-based vaccine for HIV. The vaccine is designed to be ingested orally, which is not possible with current vaccines as they break down in the digestive tract. This would make the vaccine much easier to administer to populations in the developing world, where HIV infection is a major problem.
In the next few decades, nanotechnology will have a big impact on all aspects of medicine. The application of nanotechnology to vaccines will make them more effective and less invasive, and may provide opportunities to develop new vaccines for unpreventable or uncurable diseases.
Perhaps most importantly, nanotechnology will allow formulations of vaccines which are stable enough to be distributed without refrigeration to villages in the developing world, where access to medical facilities is very limited. This could save many lives, and slow the spread of HIV, malaria, and other major infectious diseases. | <urn:uuid:7560d1a1-d193-43d2-a0ec-ebac917fc82e> | {
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It's been all about oceans on moons lately! Plans for a mission to Europa, a moon of Jupiter famous for having global ocean, are being considered by NASA (http://goo.gl/ZuJzfy). Encleadus, a moon of Saturn, most likely has hydrothermal activity in its small ocean which warms the water (http://goo.gl/yZWVtH). Now we have observations that the largest moon in the solar system (it's even larger than the planet Mercury) may have an ocean as well!
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has the best evidence yet for an underground saltwater ocean on Ganymede, Jupiter’s largest moon. The subterranean ocean is thought to have more water than all the water on Earth's surface.
Add a comment... | <urn:uuid:465f5f40-6dcb-4134-be38-a58ad48ae59d> | {
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Numerous previous studies have suggested that anti-epileptic drug treatment may lead to congenital malformations in the fetus; their use during pregnancy affects children's brain development.
Treatment with epilepsy did not harm the fetusRecent results seem to refute this. A Danish study looked at children whose mothers were in need of anti-epileptic treatment during pregnancy. A study conducted by Aarhus University researchers found that children of mothers taking epilepsy medication they do not go to the doctor more oftenand statelessness is not statistically significant. Although small numbers of children have actually turned to the home physician, the 3% difference is only higher in telephone conversations and not in actual appearances. It is important to note that anti-epileptic drugs are sometimes used to treat other illnesses such as migraine and bipolar disorder. The results also showed that there was no difference between children in the reason their mother took the drug. The study was published in the BMJ Open.Related articles in epilepsy:
- Epilepsy: Women need special treatment
- A new approach to care for children with epilepsy
- Overexposure to pregnancy may increase the risk of epilepsy | <urn:uuid:eda74879-475f-4b13-bbcb-9a03ab68c18f> | {
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© Umar Mohideen, University of California at Riverside.
The ball in this electron microscope image, only a tenth of a millimeter in diameter, is positioned to measure the quantum mechanical effects of empty space. When a smooth plate is placed above the ball, the ball is drawn toward it in response to a force generated by the quantum mechanical effects of the empty space between the plate and the ball. The tiny displacement in the ball's position, measurable with an atomic force microscope, is evidence that the quantum mechanical view of empty space as a seething froth of particles and antiparticles is correct. (Unit: 11) | <urn:uuid:e5f896c4-fe50-4c15-acf6-5291e909bab2> | {
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Swimming is a team or individual sport that is played in open water and swimming pools. It comprises three relay events and four strokes.
Multiple muscle groups can be worked out while swimming without running the danger of becoming hurt. Additionally, it fortifies the heart and lungs.
Swimmers that are competitive compete for their teammates, who inspire them to improve as athletes every day. They also compete for their coaches, who encourage them in both successful and unsuccessful swims.
It is an exercise method.
Swimming is an activity that works the majority of your body's muscular groups. It strengthens your heart and lungs while also providing an excellent cardiovascular workout and calorie burn. Additionally, it can manage blood sugar levels and reduce blood pressure.
A prospective swimmer can join a variety of teams in the United States, including YMCA teams, park district teams, club teams, and high school teams. The majority of these teams host swimming competitions.
Swimming is a low-impact activity that doesn't place as much stress on your knees, hips, and ankles as other sports do. This makes it a sensible option for those who have joint issues. Even so, to maintain their muscle strength, competitive swimmers frequently engage in dryland training. This is due to the fact that swimming calls for a combination of technique, strength, and endurance. The various strokes call for particular body positions, breathing methods, arm motions, and kicks. In actuality, mastering each of these components takes years.
It's a team activity.
Swimming is a team activity that improves cardiovascular fitness, strength, and endurance. It can also enhance joint stability and aid in weight loss. Through the right warm-up, stretches, and strengthening exercises, injuries can be avoided. An injury might result from improper technique or overworking the muscles. By discussing any issues with coaches, teammates, parents, and medical professionals, athletes can reduce injuries.
The four swimming strokes—freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly—are used in competitive swimming and are competed across a variety of distances. Relay competitions and an individual medley are also offered. Men and women both participate in competitive swimming as a popular leisure activity.
Swimming has numerous long-term advantages despite the initial time, effort, and financial investment. Along with enhancing physical fitness, it imparts valuable life lessons like independence, tenacity, and the importance of eating well. Additionally, it is a social exercise that fosters connection and teamwork.
It is an athletic competition.
Swimming is an extremely difficult sport that is quite competitive. Additionally, it has an extremely steep learning curve, making it challenging for everyone to achieve at once. Because of this, many swimmers dedicate their entire lives to honing their techniques and developing as athletes.
To move through the water, swimmers employ a combination of arm motions, breathing exercises, and body alignment. Additionally, they can use other strokes such as the freestyle, breaststroke, and butterfly. There are certain guidelines and techniques for every stroke.
In relay competitions like the freestyle and medley, swimmers also take part. Teams of four swimmers compete in these events, and each swimmer completes one-fourth of the distance in accordance with the freestyle guidelines before switching to the breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke. Unlike other sports that have a season or offseason, swimming contests take place all year. This implies that swimmers constantly participate in soul-crushing training and never have a chance to unwind and recuperate.
It is a game for kids.
Because it teaches them to be independent, be safe in the water, and employ good breathing methods, swimming is a great sport for kids. Additionally, it aids in the development of children's stamina, balance, strength, and flexibility. Additionally, it enhances sleep patterns and can increase vitality.
Children learn to create objectives and work towards them through playing sports. As they perfect their strokes and strive to surpass their previous bests, it also teaches them to be more disciplined. They will benefit greatly from having it throughout their lives.
The sport not only helps kids gain strength but also teaches them how to remain composed under duress. Additionally, even with adult supervision, it helps them to recognise their swimming comfort zones and not push themselves too far. This can help avoid accidents and injuries. Additionally, it educates kids to be mindful of potential threats like boats, currents, and underwater hazards. | <urn:uuid:e13b8717-045e-4d80-a23f-89f0b25e6d92> | {
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The National Association of Secondary School Principals have been trying to make sense of the whirlwind that is Social and Mobile Technologies.
They have just released a position statement, summarizing their thoughts on the matter … and it is surprisingly good!
They actively encourage schools to accept smartphones, and social networking as part their educational provision, and offer a range of guidelines and advice to different levels of practitioner.In the report, they deal head on with the challenges:
The rapid growth in the use of social media and mobile devices has created both a crisis and an opportunity for school leaders. Unfortunately, many principals first became aware of social technologies under unpleasant circumstances, such as conflicts stemming from social media exchanges. And school leaders would often be paralyzed by cyberbullying and sexting incidents for which guidance was often inadequate and contradictory. It's no wonder that school leaders responded by attempting to eliminate the use of mobile and social media in schools.
As well as the opportunities:
Yet as mobile and social technologies become ubiquitous, attempts to block them are increasingly ineffective. For example, in schools that prohibit cell phones, 54% of students still report sending texts during the school day (Lenhart, 2010). And it's the rare student who can't do an end run around Internet filters with a simple proxy server. More importantly, as mobile devices become more powerful and more affordable, their potential for enhancing student learning has come into clearer focus. Social networking sites provide platforms for student creativity by enabling them to design projects using words, music, photos, and videos. In recent years, there has been explosive growth in students creating, manipulating, and sharing content online (National School Boards Association, 2007). Recognizing the educational value of encouraging such behaviors, many school leaders have shifted their energies from limiting the use of these technologies to limiting their abuse.
They propose some solid guiding principles, which any enlightened teacher would share:
- Education should prepare students to be active, constructive participants in a global society.
- Technology-enhanced instruction has the capacity to engage students deeply in their work, connect them with countless resources, and allow them to collaborate across time and space.
- Schools should provide a student-centered, personalized, and customized experience for all students—a fundamental tenet of the Breaking Ranks school improvement framework.
- Schools should advocate and model values that are essential in a civil and democratic society.
- Learning can take place only when students feel free from violence and harassment.
- Schools should offer meaningful roles in decision making to students to promote student learning and an atmosphere of participation, responsibility, and ownership.
And then offer specific suggestions for different leaders in education.
In a statement released to coincide with their paper, executive director, Gerald N. Tirozzi, added that blocking technologies like smart phones and social networking sites takes education in the wrong direction.
"For years, the conversation about mobile and social technology in schools has revolved around how to block it, but it's becoming increasingly clear that simply blocking such technologies does students a disservice. An education that fails to account for the responsible use of mobile devices and social networks prepares students for our past, but not for their future." | <urn:uuid:51498f92-32ca-40d8-bbb8-c1c5107e963d> | {
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Alaska state Alaska - the largest in the territory of the U.S. state, on the northwestern outskirts of North America. Includes self-titled Peninsula, Aleutian. - презентация
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Презентация на тему: " Alaska state Alaska - the largest in the territory of the U.S. state, on the northwestern outskirts of North America. Includes self-titled Peninsula, Aleutian." — Транскрипт:
Alaska state Alaska - the largest in the territory of the U.S. state, on the northwestern outskirts of North America. Includes self-titled Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, a narrow strip of Pacific coast, along with the islands of the Alexander Archipelago along the west of Canada and the mainland.
Symbols of Alaska Flag of AlaskaPrinting of Alaska
Geography Staff located in the extreme north-west of the continent, is separated from the Chukchi Peninsula (Russia), the Bering Strait to the east by Canada, to the west in a small area of Bering Strait - with Russia. Consists of the mainland and the large number of islands: Alexander Archipelago, Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Kodiak Island, the island of St. Lawrence. Washed by the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. On the Pacific Coast - Alaska Range, the inner part - plateau of 1200 m in the east to 600 m in the west, passes into the lowlands. In the north - Brooks Range, beyond which lies the Arctic lowlands.
Juneau, the capital of Alaska Juneau - a city in the U.S., the capital of Alaska. Population (2005). The city was founded in 1881, shortly after the discovery of gold deposits. Named in honor of the prospector Joseph Juneau (born Joseph Juneau). In the city fishing, tourism, pulp and paper industry. Roads to the city not only can get on the ferry or plane.
Anchorage city Anchorage-city in the U.S., located in the southeastern part of Alaska. Population - over 277 thousand people (2005). Is the largest city in Alaska. 42% of the state's population lives in Anchorage, only New York has a higher percentage of residents living in the largest city in the state. A major transport hub (port).
Opening Alaska In the Western tradition to assume that the first white man to set foot on the ground in Alaska, was GV Steller. The book Bernhard Grzhimeka "From Cobra to a grizzly bear," says Steller first noticed on the horizon of the mountainous contours Alaskan islands, and he was impatient to continue his biological research. However, the captain of the ship MV Behring had other intentions and was soon ordered to weigh anchor and go back. Steller was extremely angered by this decision and eventually insisted that the captain gave him at least ten hours on a survey of the island kayak, where the ship will still have to stick to replenish stocks of fresh water. Article about his research deed-raid Steller called "Description of the plants collected for 6 hours in America". But in fact the first Europeans who visited Alaska on Aug. 21, 1732 were members of the team bot "St. Gabriel "at the beginning of the surveyor, MS and Gvozdev podshturmana Fedorov during the expedition, AF Shestakov and D. And. Pavlutskogo years . In addition, there is anecdotal information about the visit by the Russian people of America in the XVII century. Vitus Bering
Russian America and the sale of Alaska Since July 9, 1799 to October 18, 1867 Alaska with the adjacent islands were under control of the Russian-American Company. However, after Russia had abolished serfdom in order to pay compensation to landowners, Alexander II was forced in 1862 to take the Rothschilds 15 million pounds sterling at 5% per annum. Debt Rothschilds had returned, and the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich - younger brother of the Emperor - offered to sell Alaska.
U.S. State Since 1867 Alaska was under the jurisdiction of the military and the U.S. Department named "District of Alaska, in ," district ", then" the territory "( ), from the U.S. state. Five years later, gold was discovered. The region grew slowly until the beginning of the Klondike gold rush in Over the years, the gold rush in Alaska had produced about one thousand tons of gold that the prices in April 2005 corresponded to billion dollars. Alaska declared a state in Since 1968, there developed various mineral resources, particularly in the Gulf of Prudhoe Bay, south-east of Point Barrow. In 1977 oil pipeline from Prudhoe Bay-Bay to the port of Valdez. In 1989 oil spill from the tanker Exxon Valdez caused serious environmental pollution.
Economy In the north of extraction of crude oil (in the Prudhoe Bay area and Kenai Peninsula, Alyeska pipeline length of 1250 km to the port Valdiz), natural gas, coal, copper, iron, gold, zinc, fishing, reindeer breeding, forestry and hunting business; air transport ; military airbase. Tourism. Oil production has begun to play a huge role in the 1970's. after the discovery of oil fields and laying of the Trans-Alaska pipeline. Alaskan oil field is compared in importance to the oil fields in Western Siberia and in the Arabian Peninsula.
Although the state is one of the least populated country in the 1970's moved here, many new residents, attracted by vacancies in the oil industry and transport, and in 1980 the population growth of over 36 percent. The population growth of recent decades: inhabitants; ,818 inhabitants; ,661 inhabitants ,456 inhabitants ,955 inhabitants. In 2005, the population of Alaska increased from the previous year to 5,906 people, or 0.9%. Compared with the year 2000 the population increased by 36,730 persons (5.9%). This includes a natural increase of population at 36,590 people (53,132 births minus 16,542 deaths) since the last census, as well as an increase due to migration to the 1181 Human. Immigration from outside the United States has increased the population of Alaska to 5800 people, while internal migration has reduced it to 4,619 people. The population density in Alaska is the lowest among all U.S. states. About 75 percent of the population are white, born in the United States. In the state of about 88 thousand. indigenous inhabitants - the Indians (Athabascan, Haida, Tlingit, simshiane), Eskimos and Aleuts. Live in the state is also a small number of descendants of Russian. Among major religious groups - Catholics, Orthodox, Presbyterians, Baptists and Methodists. The share the Orthodox element according to various estimates of 8-10%, the highest in the country. Population
McKinley Mountain McKinley - two-headed mountain in Alaska, the highest mountain in North America. Located in the heart of Denali National Park. Named in honor of the 25 th president of the United States, William McKinley. Height of 6,194 meters (according to the USGS ). Relative height - 6,138 m (third in the list of the biggest mountains in the relative height).
Denali National Park Denali National Park-Biosphere Reserve (the American sense - the park) in U.S. total area of about 25,000 km ²; located in the heart of Alaska (baro Denali). In the park is the highest peak of America - Mount McKinley (6,193 m). Mount McKinley is part of the Alaska Range, which continues to grow, resulting in an annual earthquake (for the most part pretty weak). Currently, the park attracts more than one million tourists a year. | <urn:uuid:24cea0ce-ddbb-45c1-abe0-c896cd5d688e> | {
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WHAT ARE BALL STONES?
Gallstone disease or cholelithiasis is a condition characterized by sudden abdominal pain due to the formation of stones in the gallbladder. Gallstone disease can also occur in the bile ducts.
Mild conditions of gallstone disease or cholelithiasis rarely cause symptoms. The sufferer begins to feel symptoms if the bile duct is blocked due to the deposition of gallstones.
The main symptom of gallstones is sudden pain in the upper right or middle part of the abdomen. Abdominal pain can also be accompanied by other symptoms, such as:
- Age factor
- Gender (female more)
- Unhealthy diet
- Diets that are too strict
- Certain medical conditions.
SYMPTOMS OF gallstones
Symptoms will appear if the bile duct is blocked due to the deposition of gallstones:
- Upper right or middle abdominal pain.
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Dark colored urine
- Fever and chills
- Until the eyes and skin turn yellow
If you experience the above symptoms, get yourself checked immediately. Because if there is a delay it can cause complications:
- Inflammation of the bile ducts
- Acute inflammation of the pancreas
- Ileus or intestinal blockage
- Sepsis/severe infection
If the gallstones are small and cause no symptoms, then medical treatment is not necessary. However, if the patient feels symptoms of abdominal pain that appear suddenly, then treatment needs to be done immediately.
Treatment methods for gallstones include surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) or medication. However, the use of drugs is rarely done because it is less effective in treating gallstones.
PREVENTION OF BALL STONES
Cholelithiasis can be prevented by following a healthy and balanced diet. Eat high-fiber foods and avoid foods that are coconut milk, oily, nutty, or buttery.
In addition, efforts to prevent gallstones can also be done by limiting alcohol consumption, exercising regularly, increasing fluid consumption, and avoiding a diet that is too restrictive.
Consult your friends' health with Hermina
To make it easier to access services and registration at Hermina Padang Hospital, here's how:
1. Download the mobile application on Playstore PT Medika Loka Hermina TBK (available for android)
2. Call center 1500488 | <urn:uuid:ef623449-fcd6-4b79-b3a0-3a7d5b96846f> | {
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This article was originally published on Metropolismag.com.
After the end of World War I, a spirit of optimism and a euphoric mood prevailed in Germany. Thanks to a new republican government and women’s suffrage, the war-torn nation was experiencing a radical new beginning.
As part of that convention-breaking wave, in 1919 German architect Walter Gropius assumed leadership of what would become the legendary Bauhaus. Initially, he declared that there would be “absolute equality” among male and female students.
But Gropius didn’t expect more women than men to join. In fact, concerned about the school’s image, he capped female admissions to a maximum of one-third of the total just a year after opening.
“Many of the Bauhaus women weren’t self-promoting,” says Dr. Elizabeth Otto, associate professor of art history and visual studies at the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences. It’s one of the many reasons that few women Bauhauslers have been widely recognized. “The [male-driven] history of the Bauhaus as we know it, is not right,” Otto adds. “If you integrate the women, it is simply a more complete and a much more interesting picture.”
Otto’s recently-published book, Bauhaus Women: A Global Perspective, which she authored with University of Erfurt professor Patrick Rössler, spotlights 45 Bauhaus women and their courage and creativity, as well as their progressive ideas and inspiring stories.
A case in point: Adelgunde (Gunta) Stölzl, the first and only woman to become a Bauhaus Young Master.
The 22-year-old Stölzl left Munich’s School of Applied Arts to join the Bauhaus in 1919. Attracted by the “Bauhaus Manifesto,” a four-page booklet explaining the vision of the school, she was hoping to study glass and wall painting.
However, initially Gropius only admitted women to the weaving workshop. His argument was that females weren’t suitable for heavy manual work and were unable to see three-dimensionally. Women who dreamed of becoming painters or wood sculptors found themselves on the loom, just like Stölzl.
Together, these scorned artists developed weaving into a Modern art form and the weaving workshop became the most financially successful department in the Bauhaus’s history. In a 2019 German television documentary, Stölzl’s daughter Monika Stadler said, “They had the feeling they were inventing weaving. Old [weaving] traditions and patterns didn’t interest them.”
In 1927, the weavers pushed for Stölzl to be named a master. They succeeded and, at age 30, Stölzl became the first and only female Young Master, a title awarded to outstanding Bauhaus graduates who continued to teach at the school. “It was a revolution from the weavers,” Stadler says. “[The weavers] demanded from the Master Council that my mother should manage the weaving class.”
However, Stölzl remained legally and financially worse-off than her male counterparts in the Master Council. “She had to threaten to quit to get a salary increase,” Otto explains. Subjected to both internal and external politics, Stölzl left the Bauhaus in 1931. She relocated to Switzerland, where she ran a hand-weaving studio.
Only in 1976, seven years before she passed away at age 86, Stölzl received the recognition she deserved with a solo exhibition at the Bauhaus-Archiv in Berlin.
To celebrate her exceptional understanding of composition, color, and technique, Designtex released a Stölzl collection of eight new upholstery textiles and digitally printed wall coverings.
“That Bauhaus education methods have taken over the world is a good thing for art and design,” Otto tells Metropolis. “In terms of gender equality, though, I’m often struck that many of the struggles women had back then are still the same today.” | <urn:uuid:79c847a0-65d7-486f-af9f-3eba6819ae9f> | {
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The International Day of Peace (or World Peace Day) celebrated annually on September 21 is devoted to strengthening the ideals of peace, both within and among all nations and peoples. At a time when war and violence often monopolize our news cycles, the International Day of Peace is an inspiring reminder of what we can create together. Peace. Let’s give it a chance!
History of International Day of Peace
In 1981, the United Nations General Assembly declared the third Tuesday of September as International Day of Peace. This day coincided with the opening day of the annual sessions of the General Assembly. The purpose of the day was and still remains, to strengthen the ideals of peace around the world.
Two decades after establishing this day of observance, in 2001, the assembly moved the date to be observed annually on September 21. So, beginning in 2002, September 21 marks not only a time to discuss how to promote and maintain peace among all peoples but also a 24-hour period of global ceasefire and non-violence for groups in active combat.
Peace is possible. Throughout history, most societies have lived in peace most of the time. Today, we are much less likely to die in war than our parents or grandparents. Since the establishment of the United Nations and the creation of the Charter of the United Nations, governments are obligated not to use force against others unless they are acting in self-defense or have been authorized by the UN Security Council to proceed.
Life is better in a world where peace exists and, today, we look to those who have been peacemakers and peacekeepers to learn what we can each do individually to make the world a more peaceful place.
International Day of Peace timeline
Iceland was ranked the most peaceful country in the world in 2008, according to the Global Peace Index, and they hold that title still today.
A Bed-In for Peace
John Lennon and Yoko Ono spent 8 days in bed to promote world peace; the song Give Peace a Chance was recorded during this eight-day period.
Nobel Peace Prize awarded
The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 “to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
- 989 & 1027 AD
First known Peace Movements
The first recorded peace movements were the Peace of God (989 AD) and Truce of God (1027 AD) brought about from the desire to curb violence by limiting the days and times nobility could practice violence.
International Day of Peace FAQs
Why is International Day of Peace celebrated?
We celebrate to recognize the efforts of those who have and are continuing to work hard to end conflict and promote peace.
Who created the International Day of Peace?
The United Nations created the International Day of Peace to create awareness and promote the ideals of peace.
How do we celebrate Peace Day?
Celebrate however you see fit, so long as it is peaceful! There is a minute silence at midday which creates a “peace wave” across the planet, observing this is a good start.
How to Observe International Day of Peace
Observe the global “Minute of Silence”
In 1984, the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Pathways to Peace inaugurated the Minute of Silence. At noon in each time zone, this observance of silence creates a “Peace Wave” around the world. Individuals, organizations, communities, and nations are invited to participate in this shared and practical act of peace-building.
Host a global peace feast
Bring people together with a 'global' potluck, encouraging your friends and neighbors to share a unique dish from various countries or cultures. Breaking bread together is one of the oldest yet most effective ways to bring peace into your life. Interfaith and intercultural discussions can make the evening even richer.
Foster peace through education
Let peace begin at home with you and your family. Teach your children key concepts that promote peace such as conflict-resolution, peaceful dialogue, consensus-building, and the choice of non-violence.
5 Factors That Promote A Culture Of Peace
Seek to understand
Around the world, we are more alike than different; seek common ground, understand and value the differences you find in the people you meet and cultures you experience different from your own.
Promote economic and social stability
Eliminating poverty, food insecurity, and social injustice leads to a stronger culture of peace because it removes common causes of unrest and violence.
Respect all human rights
At the core of peaceful relations is the belief that all humans are valuable - no one group being better than another; see how you can contribute to this understanding in your sphere of influence.
Advocate for equality
Support the advancement of women in society through political and economic initiatives; actively oppose violence against women and girls in your community and promote the elimination of discrimination in the workplace.
Choose democratic principles
Encourage the democratic participation of all peoples in your community so that every voice is heard in civic decision-making and corruption in political leadership and operations is eliminated.
WHY INTERNATIONAL DAY OF PEACE IS IMPORTANT
It connects us to each other
Nations and communities around the world struggle with poverty and disease, education, and healthcare. The International Day of Peace reminds us that regardless of where we come from or what languages we speak, we are more alike than we are different.
It reminds us to believe in something bigger than ourselves
We can get caught up in the day-to-day of work and family. But sometimes, it's healthy to reflect on how communities and nations need to get outside our comfort zones. We can have peace when we make an effort to see someone else's perspective or, put another way, to "walk a mile in their shoes."
It demonstrates that small actions can make big impacts
We can all contribute to the worldwide culture of peace be that through prayer, advocacy, education, and respecting others. If each of us did one small thing to bring about peace, even each week, think of the global impact this would have!
International Day of Peace dates | <urn:uuid:91d75848-568b-43a9-9dec-2f6519db0ed2> | {
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Campus networks, campus area networks, corporate area networks, or CANs are computer networks that connect local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. Campus tenants own almost all of these buildings: businesses, universities, governments, etc.
CANs are serial bus networks of microcontrollers that connect devices, sensors, and actuators to a system or sub-system for real-time control.
What Is A Can System?
In a Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, vehicles can communicate with each other. In addition to allowing many microcontrollers and different types of devices to communicate in real time, this bus also does not require a host computer to communicate. A completely message-based protocol, it is primarily used in vehicles for communication.
What Is The Difference Between Lan And Can?
LAN stands for Local Area Network.
CAN stands for Campus Area Network.
What Is Can Network Example?
The Campus Area Network is a term used to describe the network of colleges and universities. An educational or corporate campus can be covered by a CAN. Schools, universities, and corporations all have their own buildings. Campus area networks are larger than local area networks because they can span multiple buildings within a specific geographic area.
What Does Can Mean In Computer?
Campus area networks (CAN) are networks of interconnected local area networks (LANs) in a limited geographical area that are used for campus events. CANs are smaller than wide area networks (WANs) or metropolitan area networks (MANs). CAN stands for corporate area network.
What Is Can Signal?
Signal is a piece of data contained within the CAN frame data field that is individually identified. CAN signals can also be referred to as channels by their names. CAN frames can contain 0 to 64 individual signals (for 64 channels, they would all be binary signals). Because the data field can contain up to 8 bytes of data, a CAN frame can contain 0 to 64 individual signals.
What Does Can Stand For In Technology?
The CAN network is a controller area network (CAN).
Can Stands For In Dcc?
Data Communications Control
Directly Connected Client
Digital Command Control
Direct Current Charge
Can Logistics Stand For?
Cargo Arrival Notice (various companies)
Court Attendance Notice (Australia)
What Is Can Protocol And How It Works?
In a network of electronic devices, CAN is a set of rules for sending and receiving messages. CAN protocol devices (or nodes) communicate with each other via a serial bus, which allows for the transfer of messages between them.
The CAN network is a low-level networking solution for high-speed in-vehicle communications that was developed by Bosch and later codified into the ISO11898-1 standard.
What Is The Difference Between Lan Wan And Can Network?
Data transfer rates are higher in LANs than in WANs. In contrast to LAN, which covers a larger geographic area, WAN is a computer network that covers a broader area of the network. WANs are slower than LANs, but LANs are faster.
What Is Difference Between Can And Pan?
In addition to PAN technologies, Zigbee, Wireless USB, etc., are also available. What is a Campus Area Network?? The first picture is of the first floor. Campus area networks are networks that cover the school, university, or corporate campus. | <urn:uuid:0bd9b9d5-0052-47e3-bea3-737f4bbaa15c> | {
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Definition of Horatio Nelson
1. Noun. English admiral who defeated the French fleets of Napoleon but was mortally wounded at Trafalgar (1758-1805).
Generic synonyms: Admiral, Full Admiral
Horatio Nelson Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Horatio Nelson Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Horatio Nelson
Literary usage of Horatio Nelson
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Naval Officers: Their Heredity and Development by Charles Benedict Davenport (1919)
"Horatio Nelson. Horatio Nelson was born at Burnham Thorpe, county of Norfolk, England, September 29, 1758, the fifth son of a clergyman in limited ..."
2. Four Centuries of English Letters: Selections from the Correspondence of One by William Baptiste Scoones (1880)
"God bless you, and believe me Your most affectionate husband, Horatio Nelson. ccxx. Some of Nelson's most characteristic letters were written during the ..."
3. The Methodist Review (1890)
"... complete analysis of the educational and religious forces that dominated his providential history. Horatio Nelson and the Naval Supremacy of England. ..."
4. Visitation of England and Wales by Joseph Jackson Howard, Frederick Arthur Crisp, College of Arms (Great Britain) (1905)
"John Charles Horatio Nelson, bor n at Wigton, Rozelle, Colombo, on Thursday, n May, bapt . at Kandy, Ceylon, 1 July 1905. Edward Agar Horatio Nelson ..." | <urn:uuid:15a43011-11d3-4ac4-8303-45286e562993> | {
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Calcium carbonate is neither an acid nor a base, but it is a BASIC SALT. The reason is that Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 is a salt of metal and all salts of metals, when dissolve in water they form basic solution. Most of the people are confused about the basicity or acidity of it because of the presence of Carbonic ion(which is usually acidic in nature). Calcium carbonate solution of 0.00047 M (0.019g/L), under normal atmospheric conditions has a pH of 8.3. It is also often used as an "antacid but it is basic in nature. | <urn:uuid:84f723ca-901a-4efe-9452-bb2b339b1d94> | {
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Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism (SCRAM)
Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism (SCRAM) is a password-based mutual authentication protocol designed to make an eavesdropping attack (i.e. man-in-the-middle) more difficult. Using cryptographic hashing techniques, a client can prove to a server that the user knows a secret derived from the user’s password without sending the password itself. The server can prove to the client that it knows a secret derived from the user’s password also without having to send the actual password.
Using a hash function, the secret information (i.e. the password), in addition to a cryptographically secure random value, is used to compute another value at each end of the communication channel. It is this computed value that is transmitted. On receipt of the transmitted value, the communicating parties compare their computed value to the received value. If these values match then the authentication process is successful, otherwise, it fails.
Though SCRAM provides additional security against eavesdropping, it is recommended to use SCRAM over a secure communications channel (i.e. TLS).
SCRAM is a password-based authentication mechanism used to authenticate LDAP connections.
SCRAM is still in use today and was recently adapted for use over HTTPs.
SCRAM does not require PKI, but it is recommended to use SCRAM over a secure communications channel that is typically implemented using PKI.
SCRAM was proposed as a more secure alternative to plaintext passwords over secured communication channels. It was recently adapted for use over HTTP. | <urn:uuid:a4e46558-58f1-4b02-88c6-f302eba5711b> | {
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While there are many HTML editors that claim to be WYSIWYG in style, my early experience of many of them proved to be frustrating as the primary method of developing content. In this respect, a conventional WYSIWYG editor, such as Microsoft Word, was preferred from which other useful formats could also be generated. However, using Microsoft Word to produce usable HMTL code is not without its own set of problems.
In the current context, we are potentially talking about the development of content in the form of text, audio, images, animations and videos. In principle, Microsoft Word can handle all these formats, within a single document, with all the perceived advantages that you would expect from an established product, while supporting a large range of output formats including HTML. However, the format of the Microsoft HTML file is problematic when requiring a clear separation of the data content from its formatting, which is a goal of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). While the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is not a programming language, its development parallels some of the ideas embodied in object-orientated design in that data/content is separated from the code/formatting.
<HTML tags> plus page content
The example above is representative of a HTML page at a very basic level, where <html> and </html> defines the scope of the web page in which <head> and </head> contains instructions and information associated with the page. The main content of the page is then encoded between <body> and </body> using numerous HTML <tags> that helps define how the content should be displayed, e.g.
<p><b>This text is bold</b></p>
<p><i>This text is italic</i></p>
<p>This is <sub>subscript</sub>and <sup>superscript</sup></p>
Again, the example above is only representative of just a few basic HTML formatting <tags> that can be extended to include the definition of lists, tables, images and the all important hyperlinks to other webpages. However, over time, the number of HTML <tags> continued to expand to meet the ever-growing sophistication of end-user devices.
But what has this to do with developing content?
OK, but again, how does this affect the selection of a content editor?
As previously indicated, the development of HTML and CSS led to a partial separation of data content and the formatting information. Therefore, web developers needed to keep a tighter control over what goes into the CSS files, as opposed to the main HTML file. In essence, much of the formatting of the data content, which was originally contained within the HTML file, is now defined in external CSS files, which can address the capabilities of different devices. In this respect, Microsoft Word is not very supportive of its role as a general-purpose content editor, even though it supports the creation of a HTML file. For example if you open a WORD file and type a few characters and then 'Save As' a filtered web page and then examine the actual contents of the HTML output file using a plain text editor, such as Notepad, you will find that the <head> section contains a myriad of style definitions along with the excessive use of verbose class definitions within the main <body> section. In addition, the HTML output file, as created by Microsoft, appears to be designed to offer maximum compatibility towards its own Internet Explorer browser and not its competitors.
So why not use a purpose built HTML editor?
It is recognised that this approach
might appear overly complicated, but was driven by the desire to first
develop the content in a recognised document format, which could then
be used to created various formats, not just HTML. While there are many
who do not like the dominance of Microsoft, the simple fact is that
Microsoft Office has become a de-facto standard that is used by something
like 500 million users worldwide. This number can be extended by those
who prefer to use OpenOffice. As such, the WORD document format has
proved to be reasonably future-proof to advances in technology over
the last 20 years. However, it would be nice if somebody from Microsoft
would consider adding a 'Save As' option that actually created a stripped
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Jigoro Kano developed Judo, a modern Japanese martial art, in the late nineteenth century. It is a combat sport that emphasises throwing and grappling techniques, as well as mutual welfare and respect for oneself and others. Judo is a popular competitive sport as well as a form of physical and mental training all over the world. It is now the case that Judo for Kids has become a popular activity with people looking to start their kids on a Judo Journey , read on to learn the benefits of Judo and much more.
Judo training typically includes learning throwing, pinning, choking, and joint-locking techniques, as well as randori, or free-style sparring. Furthermore, Judo training emphasises etiquette, respect, and discipline, all of which are considered essential aspects of the sport’s philosophy.
The Top 6 benefits of Judo for Kids:
Great Physical Fitness:
One of the most significant benefits of Judo for kids is the physical fitness it provides. Judo involves various movements and exercises that can help children improve their strength, balance, coordination, and flexibility. These skills are essential for maintaining a healthy body and mind.
Develops Self-discipline and respect:
Another important advantage of Judo for children is the development of self-discipline and respect. Judo teaches children to follow rules and procedures, to act appropriately in a dojo, and to respect themselves and others. These values aid in the development of good habits and morals that will serve them well throughout their lives.
Through setting and achieving goals, kids learn to trust in their abilities, which has a positive impact on other areas of their lives, such as school and personal relationships.
Better Social Skills:
In addition to physical and moral benefits, Judo can also help kids develop valuable social skills. They learn how to communicate effectively, cooperate with others, and build friendships through training and competitions.
The challenges and obstacles kids face during training and competitions helps them learn to push through difficult situations and develop a “never give up” attitude, which is a valuable skill for success in any area of life.
Becoming a great judoka not only requires great technique and strength but more importantly intelligence. Judo provides a more equal environment for training when it comes to size/strength differences. As a result Judo isn’t just about who is the strongest or fastest but who can apply the best strategy and capitalise on the mistakes of their opponents.
Is Judo good for kids to learn?
Yes, judo is a beneficial martial art for kids to learn due to its emphasis on self-discipline, physical fitness, and character development. Research suggests that practicing judo can improve children’s balance, coordination, and overall fitness, as well as promote self-confidence and provide a sense of responsibility. However, as with any physical activity, it is important for children to receive proper instruction and supervision to avoid injury.
To find out what to expect from a beginners children Judo class see this video from ClickonJudo.
What are the Risks of Judo for Kids?
Some of the potential risks include sprains, strains, bruises, and even fractures. In addition, children may be at risk of overexertion, especially if they are not accustomed to regular physical activity. It is important for coaches and parents to ensure that children are practicing appropriate techniques and using proper protective gear, such as judo gis and padding, to minimize the risk of injury.
If this is a concern but you still want your child to practice a martial art. Consider Aikido, regarded as the safest martial art – read our article on it here
What is the best age to start Judo?
5-6 Is the age at which kids have developed enough motor skills to start significantly benefiting from attending Judo classes. However more fundamental classes are sometimes offered for kids as young as 3 years old which build up their confidence.
What age can kids do judo?
3 years old is the earliest a child can enrol in most Judo programs. Their lessons will consist of building up their motor skills and fundamentals, which will give them an advantage when transitioning to fully learning Judo techniques.
Is judo good for self-defence for kids?
Judo is one of the best martial arts for self-defence. It utilises body leverage and relies less on raw strength/speed than other combat sports such as boxing, which makes it effective against larger opponents. For kids learning Judo is one of the best foundations to support their self-defence capabilities and any other martial arts they want to pursue in the future.
See our Article on the Top 6 best Martial Arts for kids to make sure you are picking the right one.
Judo or Wrestling for Kids? Which is better?
Both sports are overall great picks, yet they try to achieve different things. If you want your child to learn self-defence, become more agile, and develop fighting intelligence which can be the foundation for a career in martial arts – then Judo is your answer. Whereas wrestling will develop far more strength and allow your child to thrive in sports such as American football while also providing some of the same foundations as Judo.
See our Article on wrestling for an insight.
How to find Judo for Kids near me?
Click to search: Judo for kids near me – to find local Judo dojos. | <urn:uuid:462b5b67-99fb-476a-bf9f-2fd1902ea05c> | {
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SEPTEMBER 8, 2021 — A UTSA researcher is part of a collaboration that has set a world record for innovation in quantum computing. The accomplishment comes from R. Tyler Sutherland, an assistant professor in the College of Sciences’ Department of Physics and Astronomy and the College of Engineering and Integrated Design’s Department of Electrical Engineering, who developed the theory behind the record-setting experiment.
Sutherland and his team set the world record for the most accurate entangling gate ever demonstrated without lasers.
According to Sutherland, an entangling gate takes two qubits (quantum bits) and creates an operation on the secondary qubit that is conditioned on the state of the first qubit.
“For example, if the state of qubit A is 0, an entangling gate doesn’t do anything to qubit B, but if the state of qubit A is 1, then the gate flips the state of qubit B from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0,” he said. “The name comes from the fact that this can generate a quantum mechanical property called ‘entanglement’ between the qubits.”
Sutherland adds that making the entangling gates in your quantum computer “laser-free” enables more cost-effective and easier to use quantum computers. He says the price of an integrated circuit that performs a laser-free gate is negligible compared to the tens of thousands of dollars it costs for a laser that does the same thing.
“Laser-free gate methods do not have the drawbacks of photon scattering, energy, cost and calibration that are typically associated with using lasers,” Sutherland explained. “This alternative gate method matches the accuracy of lasers by instead using microwaves, which are less expensive and easier to calibrate.”
This quantum computing accomplishment is detailed in a paper Sutherland co-authored titled, “High-fidelity laser-free universal control of trapped-ion qubits.” It was published in the scientific journal, Nature, on September 8.
Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain complex problems exponentially faster than classical supercomputers.
One of the most promising uses for quantum computers is to simulate quantum mechanical processes themselves, such as chemical reactions, which could exponentially reduce the experimental trial and error required to solve difficult problems. These computers are being explored in many industries including science, engineering, finance and logistics.
“Broadly speaking, the goal of my research is to increase human control over quantum mechanics,” Sutherland said. “Giving people power over a different part of nature hands them a new toolkit. What they will eventually build with it is uncertain.”
That uncertainty, says Sutherland, is what excites him most.
Sutherland’s research background includes quantum optics, which studies how quantum mechanical systems emit light. He earned his Ph.D. at Purdue University and went on to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for his postdoc, where he began working on experimental applications for quantum computers.
He became a tenure-track assistant professor at UTSA last August as part of the university’s Quantum Computation and Quantum Information Cluster Hiring Initiative.
Learn to use the simple but powerful features of EndNote®, a citation management tool. In this hands-on workshop, participants will learn to setup an EndNote library, save references and PDFs, and automatically create and edit a bibliography.Virtual Event
Learn to use Zotero®, a citation manager that can help you store and organize citations you find during your research. Zotero can generate bibliographies in various styles, insert in-text citations and allow you to share sources with collaborators.Virtual Event
This solo exhibition features the work of Delita Martin, a world-renowned master printmaker known for creating representations of black women in complex and luxuriant narrative portraits.Russell Hill Rogers Galleries, UTSA Southwest Campus
Hear perspectives on open educational resources (OER) from a variety of UTSA stakeholders. Learn about recent OER work across UT System, as well as platforms and support available to all UTSA faculty adopting or creating OER.Virtual Event
The UTSA Study Abroad office is pleased to announce the Spring 2024 Study Abroad Fair on Tuesday, March 5, 2024. Explore a world of opportunities through our exchange programs and UTSA-led programs.Sombrilla Plaza, Main Campus
Come celebrate the 30th anniversary of the MAS program in the UTSA College of Education and Human Development.La Villita Room, Downtown Campus
This workshop will teach you how to explore, clean, and transform your data and reproduce the steps you have taken using OpenRefine. Required to install OpenRefine before attending the workshop.John Peace Library (JPL 3.02.32,) Main Campus
The University of Texas at San Antonio is dedicated to the advancement of knowledge through research and discovery, teaching and learning, community engagement and public service. As an institution of access and excellence, UTSA embraces multicultural traditions and serves as a center for intellectual and creative resources as well as a catalyst for socioeconomic development and the commercialization of intellectual property - for Texas, the nation and the world.
To be a premier public research university, providing access to educational excellence and preparing citizen leaders for the global environment.
We encourage an environment of dialogue and discovery, where integrity, excellence, inclusiveness, respect, collaboration and innovation are fostered.
UTSA is a proud Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI) as designated by the U.S. Department of Education .
The University of Texas at San Antonio, a Hispanic Serving Institution situated in a global city that has been a crossroads of peoples and cultures for centuries, values diversity and inclusion in all aspects of university life. As an institution expressly founded to advance the education of Mexican Americans and other underserved communities, our university is committed to promoting access for all. UTSA, a premier public research university, fosters academic excellence through a community of dialogue, discovery and innovation that embraces the uniqueness of each voice. | <urn:uuid:58c0c27c-ed1f-4254-8082-48e64d00269f> | {
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By BizLED Bureau
May 23, 2017: The concept of Li-Fi first came into light when Prof Harald Haas introduced it four years back. Velmenni, an Estonian firm, used this technology to transmit data in an office environment. It was at speeds up to 1 gigabit per second, i.e., 100 times faster than the current Wi-Fi speeds. They combined the smart lighting system and internet connectivity for better revenue and saving energy.
What is Li-Fi?
Li-Fi is a new method of delivering data, which uses the visible spectrum rather than radio waves used in Wi-Fi. Compared to Wi-Fi, Li-Fi is faster, safer and more efficient. We all are quite familiar with the key concept behind Li-Fi. We use remote controls that send data as light pulses, using an LED to the receiver in our TV set. It then processes the signal and changes the channels or adjusts the volume as desired.
In Li-Fi, instead of a single stream of data as in remotes, it uses thousands of data streams. The evolution of LED bulbs is one of the key reasons for this technology. They can transmit signals at a speed of 1,000,000,000 bits per second as compared to 1,000 bits per second in remote controls. In Li-Fi data is sent through adding a microchip to any LED bulbs. This propels them blink on and off at a very high speed, i. e., millions of times per second. These blinks can’t be detected by a naked eye, it can only be detected by a light-sensitive receiver.
What effect Li-Fi has on our life?
Higher Internet Speeds
Today, Li-Fi can transmit data at speeds up to 1 gigabit per second –100 times faster than the existing Wi-Fi. However, some lab tests show that the technology could theoretically reach speeds of 224 Gbps.
Double functionality and energy efficiency
Li-Fi turns an existing infrastructure to a more useful one. While radio-based wireless connectivity relies on base stations, the infrastructure for light-based connectivity, which is LED bulbs, already exists. So, it can be said that a light bulb is not just a light spending unit, now it is a wireless transceiver, light-producing unit, communications device, or a Li-Fi access point. This will result in more energy efficiency.
With Li-Fi technology, the LED lights can also provide internet connectivity to our smart appliances like juice maker or refrigerator creating a connected smart home.
One of the issues critics of Li-Fi have been pointing out is that its signals cannot travel through walls like radio waves. This means it will be contained in one room, thus would provide security to our data streams from external hacking.
Li-Fi could change the way we drive our cars as microchip assisted LED in the headlamps and break-lights could transmit signals to nearby cars about speed, breaking, direction, etc. This can enable other cars to respond accordingly.
One of the key advantages of Li-Fi is that it does not interfere with other radio signals like Wi-Fi. Hence, it can be used on aircrafts and in places like hospitals safely.
No more spectrum crisis
The spectrum for radio waves is in short supply and the US Federal Communications Commission has already sounded alarm bells for a potential spectrum crisis because Wi-Fi is nearing full capacity. On the other hand, the visible light spectrum is 10,000 times larger. So, it is unlikely to run out soon.
Photo Credit: Boston University | <urn:uuid:2897cee1-6dad-47bc-9ef4-f1c6df298808> | {
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4 Top Ten
783 Views as 2013-08-10
Red Trillium (Trillium erectum) blooms here early in the spring. We have left several native red trilliums where they were growing naturally, and they are a vivid spot of welcome color before most of the plants in our gardens are producing flowers. There are more than forty types of trillium, but as the name indicates, they are all based on threes. Trilliums have three petals, three leaves, three sepals, a pistil with three parts, and six stamens (three in the foreground, three in the background).
The common red trillium can give off an unpleasant odor and is sometimes called “Stinking Benjamin” or “Ill-Scented Wake-Robin.” It grows in moist, wooded areas and can grow to any height between seven and twenty-four inches. The leaves are located underneath the flower and can vary greatly in size from plant to plant. Trillium flowers have long, narrow petals and can be any color ranging from the deep red of the common trillium to the purple, pink, and white of the other varieties. The flower stem is very slender and often droops from the weight of the flower and leaves. After the flowers fade, reddish-purple seed berries form.
Location: Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario
Canon EOS 1D Mark IV
Shutter Speed: 1/500 sec.
Copyright: Yannik Hay
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Flashcards in Chapter 3 = Market Failure across the economy Deck (13):
can be provided by the private sector and often are, but the quantity that the free market provides is lower than the optimum level for society. They are under provided by the market mechanism. Public sector action can remedy this.
a public good
is one that the free market will not provide at all. There is no incentive for a producer to supply it, it is impossible to charge for it and make a profit and it is impossible to prevent anyone else from consuming it for free.
when one person consumes a public good it does not affect or reduce the amount left for someone else to consume.
impossible to prevent people who have not paid for a public good from consuming it (free rider)
are over produced by the free market in quantities that are above the optimal level for society as a whole. They have bad effects on society and are likely to produce negative externalities such as health care needs, criminal activity and family breakdown
impairs the efficiency of markets because it leads to price distortions. Often buyers pay more than they need to
occurs when either the buyers or sellers do not have full information. The party with the full information can benefit at the expense of the party without it.
the impact of market prices equalling private costs
this means prices of products with negative externalities will be lower than they should be causing more to be consumed (over-consumption). This distorts allocative efficiency and can have a negative impact on society.
indirect taxation of demerit goods
one way to provide an incentive to change behaviour is to alter the price. Indirect taxation refers to taxes that are added to selling prices eg VAT. Supply moves to the left meaning that price has increased and demand falls. The amount of fall depends on the price elasticity of the product.
tradable pollution permits
usually given as a way of reducing carbon emissions. The government issues restricted number of permits to the desired level of emissions. The fact that the permits have a value gives the owner a incentive to become more efficient. This system should encourage efficiency and reduce negative externalities.
reducing asymmetric information
modern technology can reduce asymmetric information on behalf of the consumer. We can now check prices and reviews before making decisions.
price comparison websites help. social media helps share information and pressure groups such as the consumer association to correct market failure.
simply refers to laws passed by government. By laws can be passed by local councils. | <urn:uuid:0c7bc7f0-66ae-4819-8a58-dce0d8bd555b> | {
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RE:QUESTA space for resources to help RE teachers and their students explore the Christian faith
We are delighted to share with you our library of resources. You can use the filter feature below to find topics most relevant to your curriculum.
Jesus: The Greatest Commandment
Find out about agape love
Jesus was once asked 'Teacher which is the greatest commandment in the law?' Rather than pick one specific commandment Jesus summarised the whole Jewish law in two principles - 'love God and love others.'
In both the Old and New Testaments, love along with such attributes as kindness, forgiveness, and faithfulness all show God's commitment to His people. The Bible teaches:
'For God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son so that everyone who believes in him may not die but have eternal life.' John 3:16
As they believe that people are made in God's image, Christians also believe that people are made to love both God and others.
Christians also believe that Jesus shows God's great love for all people through his teachings and the way he lived, died and rose again. It is because of Jesus that everyone can know God personally, and knowing Him changes the way a person lives and treats others.
It is believed that God's love requires a response. His love seeks to bring everyone together and Christians believe that God's love can help overcome the issues that divide families, communities and even countries. The way a person approaches another should reflect God's love - St. Thomas Aquinas called it amor benevolentiae; a love that shows great care.
This kind of love can also be described using the Greek word agape, which means a divine, selfless love.
Jesus expressed love for God and others in a number of ways throughout his ministry. Jesus ate with tax collectors and others who at the time were considered to be 'sinners.' He touched and healed those who, because of the way they were living or because of something that was wrong with them, were thought of as social outcasts.
Jesus did this even though he was criticised by the religious leaders of the day. The gospel of John tells us that Jesus' said that, "The greatest love a person can have for his friends is to give his life for them" (John 15:13). Christians believe that Jesus demonstrated this love himself, through his death on a cross.
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11 WAYS TO PREVENT FOOD POISONING
Food Poisoning is a common problem -- but it’s also one that can often be prevented.
Many cases are mild and you get better without treatment. But some cases may be so severe that you need to go to a hospital for treatment. To avoid getting a foodborne illness in the first place, there are some general guidelines to follow.
Here are some tips to help you reduce your risk of food poisoning at home.
Wash your hands
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water (warm or cold) and dry them before handling food, after handling raw food – including meat, fish, eggs, and vegetables – and after touching the bin, going to the toilet, blowing your nose or touching animals (including pets).
Wash worktops before and after preparing food, particularly after they've been touched by raw meat (including poultry), raw eggs, fish and vegetables. You don't need to use antibacterial sprays: hot, soapy water is fine.
Wash dishcloths and tea towels regularly, and let them dry before you use them again. Dirty, damp cloths are the perfect place for germs to spread.
Use separate chopping boards
Use a separate chopping board to prepare raw food, such as meat and fish. This is to avoid contaminating ready-to-eat foods with harmful bacteria that can be present in raw food before it has been cooked.
Use clean dishes
Always use clean dishes and utensils that have had any contact with raw meat, poultry, fish, or eggs.
Cook food thoroughly
Always use a thermometer when cooking.Cook beef to at least 160°F (71°C), poultry to at least 165°F (73.8°C), and fish to at least 145°F (62.7°C).
Keep raw meat separate
DO NOT place cooked meat or fish back onto the same plate or container that held the raw meat, unless the container has been completely washed.
It's especially important to keep raw meat away from ready-to-eat foods, such as salad, fruit, and bread. This is because these foods won't be cooked before you eat them, so any bacteria that get onto the foods from the raw meat won't be killed.
Store raw meat on the bottom shelf
Always cover raw meat and store it on the bottom shelf of the fridge, where it can't touch or drip onto other foods.
Cool leftovers quickly
Refrigerate any perishable food or leftovers within 2 hours. Keep the refrigerator set to around 40°F (4.4°C) and your freezer at or below 0°F (-18°C). DO NOT eat meat, poultry, or fish that has been refrigerated uncooked for longer than 1 to 2 days. Use any leftovers from the fridge within 2 days.
Respect 'use-by' dates
DO NOT use outdated foods, packaged food with a broken seal, or cans that are bulging or have a dent.
DO NOT use foods that have an unusual odor or a spoiled taste.
Use Vie Belles Electric Knife Block
Vie Belles Electric Knife Block kill all the bacteria that came from food by %99 to provide clean knives & utensils to the family and help to save the lives.
Why should I have a Vie Belles iBlock?
Do you have any food poisoning experience? | <urn:uuid:b24c14d2-c692-4f98-baf5-857608e48cb9> | {
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Labelling: the theory
Labelling: the theory
Traditionally, Sociology has had a number of assumptions built into the way it tries to understand deviance. There are three in particular that are worth considering:
- Society is a moral community.
- Deviants are different to 'normal' people.
- Quantitative techniques are objective measures.
Durkheim first formulated the idea that a society is a moral community. The community is based on consensus over collective sentiments. In other words, it was considered possible to objectively identify those actions that were deviant. What the traditional approach is arguing, is that deviance is a 'common sense' concept, and that there is consensus within a society as to what constitutes deviance.
Traditionally, deviant activity means those actions contrary to the norms whether discovered or not. Labelling draws a distinction between rule breaking and deviance with deviance being that rule breaking that is discovered and labelled.
There is a common assumption that deviants are different to 'normal' people. This assumption is the basis of the positivist search for the causes and types of deviance. This search has lead through physical and psychological, to ecological and sub-cultural theories. This approach then results in deviance being the result of bad genes, bad socialisation or bad environment. Throughout the spotlight, the emphasis has been on the deviant. Little attention was paid to enforcement or professional agencies that obviously have something to do either with identifying, catching, punishing or curing the deviant.
The third important assumption is that statistical research can be relied on to be accurate. There has been a heavy reliance on official statistics on convicted criminals, or the records of official institutions such as hospitals, or coroners' courts, for example. These types of statistics can be misleading or simply inaccurate.
The traditional approach to deviance is thus built on the idea that deviance was breaking rules that were consensually held and objectively right. That since only some people were deviant, they must be different to us and therefore we should not only try to discover why they were deviant, but should do something about it.
Deviance was not just a sociological problem, (a question of understanding), but also a social problem (something we should do something about).
Labelling departs from the view above. This, for the most part, is a departure from positivism - a suspicion of 'social facts' and a denial that human behaviour is totally determined by society. The social action approach in sociology, of which labelling is a part, is much more concerned with meaning ('why' questions) rather than with positivism's concern with the extent of phenomena ('what', or 'how much' questions).
This emphasis on the importance of meaning in explaining behaviour can be illustrated using Blumer's three premises:
- Human beings act towards things on the basis of the meaning that the things have for them.
- These meanings are derived from, or arise out of, the social interaction between people.
- These meanings are handled in, and modified through an interpretive process, used by the person in dealing with the things s/he encounters.
Try taking a symbol - for example, a cross or a swastika, or an image - for example, a beggar in a street or a run down inner city estate and imagine the different ways in which people might give meaning to such symbols or images.
The key areas are:
- Origin of the deviant act is ignored.
- Deviance is seen as a social process.
- Interest in why some people are more likely to be labelled.
- Emphasis on 'definition of the situation'.
- Distrust of official statistics.
- Preference for qualitative research methods.
Labelling theorists tend to be uninterested in what 'causes' a person to act in a way defined as deviant. They are more interested in what happens when a person is perceived as a deviant - the focus is on the interaction between the deviant and those who define him/her as deviant.
Deviance is a social process, because to define an act as deviant, it is in effect to be described as anti-social. Deviance is not given in an act; it is conferred upon an act. It is a process because it occurs over time, it involves a number of interactions - the deviant is stopped, interrogated, charged, sentenced.
What statistics do show, is that certain types of people are much more likely to be given a deviant label. In turn, this influences individual and group behaviour. Labelling suggests that such people are not more deviant than us, but more likely to be labelled deviant.
Both supposed deviants and their accusers bring particular meanings and values to particular situations. For example, police stereotypes of 'typical' criminals can have important consequences.
When such a source says, in effect, 'you stink', it is difficult for the maligned person to avoid an ensuing identity crisis and a grudging but gradual shift in self regard from one who does not stink to one who does.
Labelling theorists do not accept that statistics reveal the 'true' extent of crime. They object that statistics are not unbiased/objective, but are socially constructed. As such statistics tell us more about the compilers than they do about the activities of criminals. Consequently, labelling theorists tend to use participant observation or in-depth interviews as the preferred research method.
Labelling theory asks us to question the opinions of experts, to not take their opinions for granted. We need to consider who defines what a 'deviant' is.
Interactionists argue that human action is creative. We create our roles in relation to and adaptation to others. Normality is negotiated. Labelling further argues, that in some situations people cannot negotiate a label, but are forced to accept the label that others give them.
Now we don't need labelling theory to realise that we all use labels to categorise people, situations and objects. Social groups create social order by enforcing standards of what is considered normal, and there comes into being a sort of ready reckoner system of labels to describe those that veer from the standard. The criminally deviant carries one set, but so do the physically 'different', the mentally 'different', and so on. These labels become seen as objective descriptions of people and situations. In fact, a pause for thought should make it obvious that they are arbitrary - they are the standards we have, but they are not the only ones we could have. Indeed, cross-cultural comparison makes this very clear.
How are Labels applied?
1. Labelling involves the application of crude stereotypes by authorities such as the police or teachers. These stereotypes then influence their actions. For example, the police are more likely to stop and interrogate, or arrest and charge working class and ethnic minority youths.
2. Labelling theorists question the nature of deviance by asking if there really is a difference between deviants and us the supposedly normal. Normality is questioned, and if we cannot describe normality, then how can we define deviance? It is suggested that all people contain elements of both. If this is so, then why do only some of us get labelled.
Cicourel examines this process of labelling in his study, 'The Negotiation of Justice' and by Lambert in 'The Police can Choose'.
'Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an offender. The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied, deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label.' (Becker, 'Outsiders')
What Becker is getting at, is that the same act or appearance can be considered and responded to in different ways. That the same act does not always produce the same response, or the same consequences for the perpetrator of the act.
'The degree to which other people will respond to a given act as deviant varies greatly. Several kinds of variation seem worth mentioning. First of all, there are variations over time. A person believed to have committed a given deviant act may at one time be responded too much more leniently than he would be at some other time. The occurrence of drives against various kinds of deviance illustrates this clearly. At various times enforcement officials may decide to make an all out attack on some particular kind of deviance such as gambling, drug addiction, or homosexuality. It is obviously much more dangerous to engage in one of these activities when a drive is on than at any other time.'
One of the effects of these 'drives' is the creation of 'fantasy crime-waves' - the creation of sensationalist newspaper reporting.
'The degree to which an act will be treated as deviant depends also on who commits the act and who feels he has been harmed by it. Rules tend to be applied to some persons more than to others. Studies of juvenile delinquency make the point clearly. Boys from middle class areas do not get as far in the legal process when they are apprehended, as do boys from slum areas. The middle class boy is less likely, when picked up by the police, to be taken to the station, less likely when taken to the station to be booked; and it is extremely unlikely that he will be convicted and sentenced. This variation occurs even though the original infraction of the rule is the same in the two cases.'
What is being revealed here is the important distinction between the official delinquent (the labelled), as distinct from the juvenile who commits a delinquent act (for example, out of character).
The above is a classic middle class defence - you demonstrate that you don't fit the stereotype of the criminal. The criminal stereotype is working class. This defence works as well for adults as it does for juveniles.
Another aspect of labelling is that it may in some cases be applied only when it results in a particular outcome:
'Some rules are enforced only when they result in certain consequences. The unmarried mother furnishes a clear example. Vincent points out that illicit sexual relations seldom result in severe punishment or social censure for the offenders. If, however, a girl becomes pregnant as a result of such activities the reaction of others is likely to be severe.' | <urn:uuid:74b9e27f-9557-44da-aaaa-b8b58c07a9ea> | {
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Updated minimum expectations of progress for Year 2
Once children are reading Grey books, do not accelerate children off the programme (unless fluent).
Autumn half-term: Blue
End of Autumn: Grey
Spring half-term: Grey
End of Spring term: Comprehension
Keeping children on the programme until they have read all the core Grey Storybooks will help them achieve fluency, as well as give them plenty of practice in reading challenging words with Set 3 graphemes. Many children will also benefit from following Read Write Inc. Comprehension and/ or reading Grey Storybooks Set A.
Please do NOT ask children to repeat a Storybook level.
Consider using Book Bag Books, more Storybooks or Non-fiction books following Day 1 and 2 of the timetable on page 52, Phonics Handbook 2. For Hold a sentence, select sentences from the story.
Yellow group assessment
Use the yellow assessment to check for fluency. If children are reading slower than 60 WPM after reading the core Yellow Storybooks, consider moving them onto Blue Storybooks, so they are able to increase their fluency as they practise reading stories with Set 3 sounds.
Identify these children as ‘Spotlight’ children during lessons and provide tutoring to build reading speed.
Grouping for Blue and Grey Storybooks
Consider creating bigger groups of children who are reading Blue and Grey Storybooks so can be taught by the teacher.
Priority Portal films to increase fluency
- Story Green Words
- Planning Story Green Words
- ‘Review the words’ in SS lesson
- Red Words Cards
- Partner Practice – Sounds, Story Green Words and Red Word Cards
- Speedy Green Words
- Partner Practice – Speedy Green and Red Words
- Tutoring for building reading speed
Increase fluency from Yellow storybooks
Share the love for reading hard words: get the dopamine flowing.
Show your joy in decoding and reading speedily: Watch how speedy we are. We can do this!
Speed Sounds lessons
Use a range of Green Words in Review the words.
Download additional multisyllabic words from Phonics Online on Oxford Owl.
Focus on teaching Set 3 sounds.
Stop using nonsense words once reading Blue and Grey books after the PSC.
Share the purpose of every activity with the children.
Story Green Words
Model how you meet the challenge of reading the words. (Fake it!)
If accuracy is low on Day 1, focus on these words again on Day 2 and Day 3. Re-teach every day until children can read the words fluently.
Give the meaning of new words by using your voice to ‘colour’ the word.
Pair similar speed children for Partner Practice and partner reading.
Increase the speed; race the teacher; review previously taught words.
Ask children to pick out the hardest words before they start reading.
Use ‘Pinny time’ to practise reading words as well as sounds.
Send Speedy Green and Red Word grids home to practise.
Challenge children to look for the best ‘teachers’ (point, prompt and praise).
Model how you don’t read the words in syllables once children can read the words.
After Partner Practice, ask children to say which words they found most challenging.
Re-practise with partner.
Read the story: Model ‘Fred in your Head’ when reading storybooks.
Model how the second/third read is without Fred Talk.
Jump in: only for a couple of pages, then get children reading the story.
‘Jump in’ with a phrase, not just a word.
Home reading: take home Storybooks and Book Bag books (no book band boxes)
Send home Speedy Green and Red word grids.
Storytime: Top down fluency:
Read and re-read your favourite stories.
Send home when children are familiar with the stories.
Hardest Word Box: Ask children to identify the hardest words from the story. Write these on cards. Practise reading the words in the box every day.
Add in other words to increase the challenge – e.g. words from other subjects, place names, hard words from home.
‘Sell’ Book Bag Books to the childrenso they want to read them at home – practise reading the hardest words first.
Introduce Afternoon fluency lesson in Y2. Teach Speedy Story Green Words to the class using the new tutoring steps for building reading speed.
Introduce buddy reading with Y6 children.
Organise parent meetings for Y2 children to explain how they can develop fluency at home. | <urn:uuid:88fc53af-f6f8-48ac-9fe5-4dbc21e909f9> | {
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sign for "cereal" is made by placing your right index finger - palm down - at the right corner of your mouth.
(If you are right handed).
While moving your hand to the left corner of your mouth, change the
handshape into an "x." Alternate between the straight
index finger and the letter
"x" a couple of times. Remember, the
movement is from right to left (if you are right handed).
Daniel: What would be a memory reminder for "Cereal"?
Dr. Bill: Think of the milk that is on your chin dribbling off. That help?
Daniel: Sure did, I thought it might be something like that.
Dr. Bill: :)
"What kind of cereal do you like?" = CEREAL, YOU LIKE WHAT KIND?
Students often get the signs CEREAL and DRY confused.
DRY and CEREAL move in opposite directions.
The sign for "DRY" moves from
left to right
across your lips (if you are right handed). DRY starts as an index
finger, changes into an X and stays in the form of an "X," palm down,
without changing back to an index finger.
Remember the sign DRY starts with a straight index finger and then
change it into an "x" while dragging it to the right. The point is, DRY
moves left to right and changes only once into an "X." DRY doesn't change
back and forth. Cereal changes back and forth and moves right to left (if
you are right handed).
More notes and additional reading for you overachievers:
In a message dated 4/11/2005 7:58:03 PM Pacific Daylight Time, gbrotherton@_____
The sign for "cereal" in Lesson 7, you demonstrate using the index finger to
x hand shape across the mouth a few times, but the ASL browser from Michigan
State University uses a gesture of eating from a bowl.
Should I be concerned about the different variations?
-Gene Brotherton, Jr.
Port Orange, FL.
The answer is simple: I'm right and they are wrong. Heh. Just kidding.
Thanks for including the link. I took a look at it and the model is doing an
initialized "C" version of "soup." The "eating from a bowl" sign can be
modified to mean "soup"-("U" handshape), RICE-("R" handshape), or --less
You can even modify "SOUP" to mean "SPOON" by sort of dropping the "bowl" at
the end of the sign and holding the "U" handshape up a moment longer. You can
modify SOUP to mean "eat soup" by using a larger, slower movement.
You shouldn't be overly concerned about such variations. Only dweebs,
purists, or ASL instructors (ahem) give a fig about it. Skilled Deaf signers will
recognize both variations.
Obviously there are regional variations, but the initialized version of
"cereal" (eating from a bowl) with a "C" is not something that I'd teach to
one of my ASL classes. I consider the "C" version to be "Signed English" --
Personally my main concern is if "cereal" is being eaten...did I get an invite
and can I have the toy prize from the box?
Dr. Bill's new iPhone "Fingerspelling Practice" app is
GET IT HERE!
NEW! Online "ASL Training Center!" (Premium Subscription Version of ASLU) **
CHECK IT OUT **
Also available: "ASLUniversity.com" (a mirror of Lifeprint.com
less traffic, fast access) **
VISIT NOW ** | <urn:uuid:e7cf28e5-9a35-4f0e-a785-d8197d6f2186> | {
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LUMBAGO or Low Backache
Low back pain (or lumbago) is a common musculoskeletal disorder affecting 80% of people at some point in their
The term lumbago is not a medical diagnosis in a strict sense. It
describes however an illness condition. Under the term lumbago, one
understands a sudden, severe back pain of the lumbar vertebrae that
leads to an inability to move. The pain can be acute or chronic and
affects young and old people.
There can be many precipitating causes for backache. In the majority of
cases, it is impossible to identify the exact cause of backache. Still
in 25% of cases, however, it is possible to identify the cause. They
are listed below-
- Herniated Disc (sometimes called a slipped disc)
- Osteoarthritis or Spondylosis (spinal arthritis)
- Osteoporosis (brittle bone disease, spinal fracture)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (progressive, sometimes destructive arthritis)
- Scoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine to the left or right)
- Spinal Stenosis (compression of the spinal nerves)
- Spinal Tumor (benign or malignant/cancer)
- Bad posture
- Pain across the lower part of the back that sometimes
radiates into the buttocks, the back of the thigh or to the groin. The
pain is usually worse on movement.
- Limitation in movement of the spine - especially bending
forward and leaning back.
- Tense spasm of the muscles surrounding the spine and
causing a stiff back.
- With severe pain and spasm, the back may tilt to one side
causing a change in posture.
- The pain is sometimes accompanied by a tingling sensation
or numbness in the back or buttocks or leg.
- Unable to control your bladder or bowel movements
- The area of the lower back or legs turns numb
- Reduction in strength or muscle bulk in one or both legs
These warning signs indicate compression of the spinal cord and its
branches and early treatment is essential if permanent damage is to be
- Complete case history taken by doctor.
- Physical and neurological examination done by splecialist.
- Imaging- CT scan, X- Ray, MRI.
There are an assortment of non-surgical treatments for lumbago,
including exercise and gentle stretches for the back, medications and
sometimes application of hot or cold compresses can help as well.
- Adopt correct & good posture.
- Exercise regularly - especially swimming.
- Avoid Jerky movements or rides.
- Don't stay in the one position for too long.
- Lift correctly with by legs, not by back.
- Do not bend at the waist to lift.
- Support lower back when sitting.
- Buy a special cushion if necessary, particularly for driving.
- Try and sleep on side - ensure have a firm mattress.
- Get up from the bed by turning to the side and don't get up straight from the bed.
Role of homoeopathy
Homeopathy plays an important role in cases of lumbago. Homoeopathic medicines have been proved effective in healing the symptoms. Along with this, proper exercise is advisable to the patient. In cases of obesity, losing weight is advised in order to reduce mechanical injury.
Please click here to go back to the Home Page
Please E-mail [email protected] for any questions/treatment | <urn:uuid:e57565f9-74c0-47d3-b5b3-0c45625bed30> | {
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Over the past century, the world has witnessed a significant decline in the prominence and influence of railroads. Once the backbone of transportation and trade, railroads have gradually lost their dominance to other modes of transportation, such as highways and air travel. This decline has had far-reaching consequences for the economy, infrastructure, and even societal development. In this article, we will explore the factors that have contributed to the decline of railroads and the resulting consequences.
1. The Rise of Automobiles
One of the primary factors behind the decline of railroads is the rise in popularity of automobiles. With the advent of affordable cars and improved road networks, individuals gained more freedom and convenience in their transportation choices. The flexibility of personal vehicles offered unparalleled convenience, allowing people to travel directly from one destination to another without the need to rely on fixed railway schedules.
As more individuals chose automobiles as their preferred mode of transportation, the demand for rail travel dwindled. With fewer passengers, railroads faced declining revenues and struggled to maintain profitability. This decline in demand eventually led to the closure of many railway lines and stations.
2. Expansion of Highway Systems
Another significant factor in the decline of railroads is the expansion of highway systems. Governments worldwide invested heavily in building extensive road networks to meet the growing demand for automobile travel. Highways offer convenient, point-to-point access, which proved attractive to both individuals and businesses.
The accessibility and flexibility of highways have made road transport a preferred choice for transporting goods as well. Trucks can reach even the most remote areas, bypassing the need for rail transport. This shift in logistics has further diminished the relevance of railroads in the transportation of goods.
3. Air Travel and the Rise of Airlines
In addition to the rise of automobiles and highways, air travel has emerged as a formidable competitor to railroads. With higher speeds and greater convenience, airplanes have revolutionized long-distance travel. The growth of airlines and the increased accessibility of air travel have lured passengers away from railroads.
Air transport provides quick connections between continents, reducing travel times drastically. For example, a journey that would take several days by train can now be accomplished within hours via air travel. This reduced travel time has made air travel an appealing option for both business and leisure travelers, leaving railroads struggling to retain their customers.
4. Limited Flexibility and Connectivity
Railroads, by nature, are less flexible compared to other modes of transportation. Trains need fixed routes and schedules, limiting their ability to adapt to changing demands. This lack of flexibility has made railroads less attractive to both passengers and businesses.
Furthermore, railroads have faced challenges in connecting remote areas or locations far from existing rail networks. This lack of connectivity has further hindered the growth and viability of rail transport in certain regions. Businesses often prefer modes of transport that offer comprehensive coverage and accessibility, which railroads cannot always provide.
5. Infrastructure Challenges
Another significant factor that has contributed to the decline of railroads is the increasingly inadequate infrastructure. In many cases, railway systems have been unable to keep up with the demands of modern transportation. Aging tracks, outdated signaling systems, and limited investment in maintenance and upgrades have led to a decline in the reliability and efficiency of rail travel.
Additionally, maintaining and expanding railway infrastructure requires substantial financial resources. Many countries have opted to redirect funds to other priorities, such as road and air infrastructure. As a result, the deterioration of railroad infrastructure has led to decreased safety standards, higher maintenance costs, and reduced service quality.
Consequences of the Decline of Railroads
The decline of railroads has wide-ranging consequences that affect several aspects of society. Some of the notable consequences include:
1. Economic Impact
The decline of railroads has had a significant economic impact, particularly on regions that were heavily reliant on rail transport. Industries that depended on rail transport, such as manufacturing and agriculture, have faced increased logistics costs and reduced competitiveness.
Furthermore, with the decline of railroads, many communities, especially in rural areas, have seen a decrease in economic activities and job opportunities. Rail stations and associated businesses, once vital economic hubs, have closed down, contributing to the decline of local economies.
2. Environmental Consequences
Rail transport is widely recognized as an environmentally friendly mode of transportation due to its lower carbon emissions compared to automobiles and airplanes. The decline of railroads has led to an increased reliance on less sustainable modes of transportation, contributing to higher greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.
Furthermore, the expansion of road networks to accommodate the growing automotive industry has resulted in the destruction of natural habitats and increased urban sprawl. The loss of rail transport options has also led to increased traffic congestion in urban areas, further deteriorating air quality.
3. Shift in Public Transportation
The decline of railroads has also affected public transportation systems. Many countries and cities have shifted their focus towards developing bus and metro systems, which offer more flexibility and cost-effectiveness compared to rail transport. While these systems have their benefits, they often lack the reach and coverage that railroads once provided.
4. Heritage Loss
Railroads hold a significant place in history and culture and are often regarded as symbols of industrialization and progress. The decline of railroads has resulted in the loss of historic stations, rail lines, and rolling stock. This loss of heritage affects not only the preservation of history but also the tourism and cultural value associated with railroads.
Embracing the Future
While the decline of railroads is undeniable, it is important to consider the potential for revitalization and innovation in the industry. Governments and stakeholders are exploring ways to modernize rail transport, such as high-speed railways and efficient freight networks.
Additionally, the increasing concern for sustainability and the need to reduce carbon emissions have led to renewed interest in rail transport as an eco-friendly alternative. Investments in railway infrastructure, technology, and renewable energy can help position railroads as a more viable and sustainable mode of transportation in the future.
The decline of railroads has been shaped by a combination of factors, including the rise of automobiles, the expansion of highway systems, the growth of air travel, limited flexibility and connectivity, and infrastructure challenges. The consequences of this decline are far-reaching, impacting economies, the environment, public transportation, and heritage.
However, with a renewed focus on sustainability and innovation, railroads have the potential to regain their relevance and play a significant role in shaping the future of transportation.
Visit another user's Shopify store by clicking here. Kindly note that this is a promotional link, and we assume no liability for the content on the linked store. | <urn:uuid:9bc7b398-e5b9-4256-8415-d4f0346df74c> | {
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Bats have a bit of a image issue, it’s true. People think of them as filthy, disease-ridden, blood-sucking little monsters of the night. In fact, 70% of bats eat insects alone, serving as an excellent form of pest control. Many bats are also pollinators, like bees, helping crops to thrive. Interactions with humans have been over-hyped and are much more frightening for the little bats than the big person!
Unfortunately, like so many of nature’s creatures, bats are having a harder time finding safe habitat. Disease and encroachment have displaced and decimated many bat colonies across the globe. If only there were more bat houses like the ones at University of Florida!
The University of Florida Bat House and Barn were constructed in response to a colony of 5,000 bats on the UF campus being displaced by a fire. The bats had been living in Johnson Hall when it was destroyed by fire in 1987. In response, the bats took up new residence in several of the campus stadiums. As you might imagine, the resulting musky odor and guano – bat droppings – were unwelcome additions to the facilities in question.
Rather than work on a campaign to eradicate them, the University decided to re-house the bats in an appropriate structure. Enter the University of Florida Bat House!
The first UF Bat House was constructed in 1991 and, once they convinced the bats to live in it, the bat colony began to thrive. So much so, in fact, that a second structure – the UF Bat Barn – was constructed in 2010. What started out as a colony of 5,000 individuals has since blossomed to an estimated 300,000 bats! That many bats would consume around TWO TONS of insects an evening – as good an argument that I can think of for helping bats to thrive!
The most common species of bat living at the UF Bat Houses is the Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) but the Southeastern Bats (Myotis austroriparius), and Evening Bats (Nycticeius humeralis) are also here.
Visitors to the University of Florida Bat House and Barn come to see a very special show. Just after sunset, right before total darkness, the bats emerge from the Bat House and Barn in a huge cloud to begin their hunt. The emergence can take between 10 and 20 minutes and is a stunning, natural spectacle.
Sometimes the bats are attracted to the exhaled carbon dioxide of the watching crowd and swoop down low over them. They don’t bother anyone – they just dart and swoop over your head. Exciting!
University of Florida Bat House
Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL 32603
The best times to visit the UF Bat Barn and House are on warm, calm, spring and early summer nights. The structures are located on the north side of Museum Road between Village Drive and Radio Road. Parking is available in a lot just west of the bat houses near Radio Road. A sidewalk leads from the parking lot to the observation area. Parking is free after 4:30pm weekdays, on weekends, and state holidays. A UF parking decal is required Monday through Friday, from 7:30am to 4:30pm. Visit the UF Bat House website for more information.
University of Florida Lodging
Whether you’re visiting UF for bats or for Gators, Hampton Lake Bed & Breakfast is your best bet for top-tier North Florida Lodging. Our contemporary, Florida lakeside inn is just a little over 20 miles from the UF Bat House – and the UF Stadium! Our convenient location also puts you just 14 miles from Gainesville Regional Airport. Book your stay at Hampton Lake Bed & Breakfast today! | <urn:uuid:43573b34-ec9a-416d-9c05-2ce89b741de8> | {
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Rates of extinction vary greatly through geological time, with losses particularly concentrated in mass extinctions. Species duration at other times varies greatly, but the reasons for this are unclear. Geographical range correlates with lineage duration amongst marine invertebrates, but it is less clear how far this generality extends to other groups in other habitats. It is also unclear whether a wide geographical distribution makes groups more likely to survive mass extinctions. Here we test for extinction selectivity amongst terrestrial vertebrates across the end-Triassic event. We demonstrate that terrestrial vertebrate clades with larger geographical ranges were more resilient to extinction than those with smaller ranges throughout the Triassic and Jurassic. However, this relationship weakened with increasing proximity to the end-Triassic mass extinction, breaking down altogether across the event itself. We demonstrate that these findings are not a function of sampling biases; a perennial issue in studies of this kind.
Is it possible to make generalizations about which clades and higher taxa are most likely to go extinct on geological timescales? Geographic range is often claimed to be a determinant of extinction vulnerability1,2,3,4,5,6. Groups with restricted ranges are widely believed to suffer extinction more frequently than those with broader ranges1 because the latter are thought to be afforded some resilience to regional environmental perturbations7,8. During global biotic crises, by contrast, there is reasoned to be no such selectivity2,6 since widespread environmental disturbances simultaneously affect both wide- and narrow-ranging taxa on global scales1,3,6. Surprisingly, the effect of geographic range on extinction risk has not been tested comprehensively for the terrestrial fossil record, with a striking paucity of studies on vertebrates of any kind. Most published studies focus on marine invertebrates3,4,5,6,8,9,10, and despite geographic range being used as a major criterion for assessing the extinction risk of modern terrestrial species11, it is unclear that the findings from these fossil taxa can be extended to all groups in all major habitats. Moreover, little is known about the difference between intervals with background levels of extinction and those characterized as mass extinctions3. The only way to answer such questions is to utilize fossil evidence of past organismal distributions5,12.
The Triassic to Jurassic is a critically important period in terrestrial vertebrate evolution13,14. In particular, it follows the largest of all mass extinctions, the Permo–Triassic ‘great dying’ 13,14,15. Many terrestrial vertebrate lineages originated in the aftermath of the Permo–Triassic event, but were subsequently subjected to major changes in terrestrial ecosystems throughout the ensuing Triassic and Jurassic. These changes included the gradual aridification of Pangaea16, as well as its initial rifting and fragmentation17 allied to the eruption of the Central Atlantic magmatic province18,19. This culminated in the end-Triassic mass extinction event16,20 that saw the demise of numerous amphibian and reptile groups before the subsequent rise to dominance of the dinosaurs13,16,21,22,23.
The significant vertebrate faunal turnover throughout the Triassic and Jurassic (lying either side of the end-Triassic mass extinction) make this an ideal period in which to study extinction selectivity. We therefore collated palaeobiogeographical and stratigraphic distributional data24 for Triassic and Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate clades to ask three questions. (1) Is there is a relationship between palaeobiogeographical distribution and the risk of extinction during ‘normal’ times? (2) Does any such relationship disappear across the end-Triassic mass extinction? (3) Can any of these findings be attributed to sampling biases?
We find that wider geographical range conferred greater resilience to extinction in terrestrial vertebrate groups throughout most of the Triassic and Jurassic. However, this insurance weakened towards the end-Triassic mass extinction, and was imperceptible across the event itself. Major sampling biases were discounted as the cause of these patterns.
Results and Discussion
Geographic range and diversification rates are correlated
Diversification rates and changes in geographic range at the clade level are positively and strongly correlated across all time bins (Figs 1 and 2 and Supplementary Table 1), with weaker (but still mostly significant) correlations when the data are subdivided into epochs (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 1). The strong correlation between changes in geographic range and diversification rate across all time intervals (and at epoch level and within stage-level time bins) confirms that increasing range size coincides with increasing diversity, whilst range size reductions typically attend diversity reductions. Taxa with larger geographic ranges are therefore more likely to exhibit increasing diversity and lower extinction rates than those with smaller ranges. Greater rates of origination might also be expected to result from more extensive ranges; first, because large ranges are more likely to be fragmented into peripheral isolates, and second, because larger ranges encompass a greater diversity of environments and selective forces25,26. This pattern is the opposite of that proposed for the marine invertebrate fauna, where taxa with narrow ranges show higher origination rates6,27. The results from our geographic range data sets, both raw convex hull and standardized mean great circle distances (GCDs; Fig. 1), are similar, demonstrating that our findings are not contingent on the precise methodology used.
This relationship breaks down across the mass extinction
Strikingly, rates of geographic range change and diversification are not significantly correlated immediately before the end-Triassic extinction (during the Rhaetian), whereas this correlation is significant even in the Carnian and Norian stages that immediately precede it (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 1). Hence, diversification rate becomes decoupled from range size change rate across the extinction boundary and the insurance against extinction offered by larger geographic ranges at other times disappears. During the end-Triassic mass extinction event, relatively widespread groups are as likely to suffer high levels of extinction as groups with narrower geographic ranges. For example, Phytosauria and Theropoda have similar, geographic ranges in the Rhaetian (Fig. 3). However, phytosaurs suffer complete extinction at the end Triassic, whereas theropod diversity remains stable across the boundary and into the Hettangian, even whilst undergoing significant range expansion (Fig. 3). Of the time intervals that do not show significant correlation between diversification rate and geographic range change rate, all have very small sample sizes apart from the Rhaetian. The standardized mean GCD range metrics show less correlation with diversification rate than the raw convex hull metric (Supplementary Table 1). This is unsurprising since a reduced sample size leads to a reduction in statistical power. However, many of these nonsignificant correlations still have relatively high correlation coefficients and are approaching significance, whereas the Rhaetian results are clearly different (with negative coefficients that are far from significant) (Supplementary Table 1). Our temporal divisions are very much longer (2.0–18.9 Myrs)28,29 than the extinction event20, which occurred in pulses over a period of <1.0 Myr (ref. 19). Effects are therefore time averaged, meaning that the breakdown of the relationship between diversification rate and the rate of geographic range change in the very end Triassic (an interval known to contain a major biotic crisis) is even more striking.
Sampling biases have little effect on our results
We observed several significant bivariate correlations between diversification rate, geographic range change rate and various putative sampling proxies detrended using first differences (Supplementary Tables 2 and 3). However, multiple regression models identified the changes in geographic range rate as the dominant variable influencing diversification rate (Table 1 and Supplementary Tables 4–9).
Although certain parts of the Triassic–Jurassic are reputed to have a poor terrestrial fossil record (that is, Ladinian, Toarcian–mid Jurassic)13,20,30,31,32, the late Triassic possesses one of the best23,32 (Fig. 4). We see positive correlations between land area and geographic range and a negative correlation between sea level and range in the GCD data, but also positive correlations between sea level and geographic range and between sea level and diversification rate in the convex hull data. This suggests that greater land area and lower sea levels may result in greater geographic ranges amongst terrestrial organisms. However, the negative correlation between standardized range and sea level (and the lack of correlation between diversification rate and land area) suggests that while expanding landmasses might be expected to induce the expansion of terrestrial ranges and increase diversification, climatic and other effects complicate this relationship. Indeed, the typically harsh environments in deep continental interiors may constrain many ranges. Specifically, lethally hot temperatures, particularly in the early Triassic, may have limited or even excluded diversity in equatorial regions33. Individual lineage ranges correlate with total ranges across time bins, and both appear to reflect the same underlying pattern. The considerable variation between individual lineage ranges within each bin (coupled with the fact that the standardized range metrics still show some correlation with total range, albeit weaker than the raw range metrics) indicates that range estimates are not governed straightforwardly by sampling intensity (Figs 1 and 3). Moreover, the absence of terrestrial vertebrates from equatorial regions is entirely plausible during the climatic greenhouse of the early Triassic33. Groups with broader geographical distributions are likely to be subject to a wider range of selective pressures and the peripheral isolation of subgroups; both factors favouring speciation and increasing diversity25,26. However, the weak correlation observed between changes in fossil abundance and both diversification rate and geographic range change may be representative of sampling bias. It is also possible that a greater investment of research effort in more abundant fossil groups may have resulted in increased taxonomic splitting34.
We also observed significant pairwise correlations between both raw and standardized geographic range change and diversification rate on one hand, and changes in numbers of formations on the other. Although formation counts are regarded as effective sampling proxies for terrestrial data sets35, redundancy between sampling proxies and diversity metrics (arising from the probable non-independence of formation and fossil content) remains problematic36,37,38. In practice, the level of this redundancy is likely to be minimized by the use of all terrestrial vertebrate-bearing formations39,40, rather than by adopting a stricter count of only those formations containing a particular group of terrestrial vertebrate fossils31,41,42,43. However, standardization of geographic range data results in the removal of significant correlations between range size and fossil abundance, coupled with a weakening of the correlation between range size and total range size (that is, standardizing geographic range calculations to a constant sample size across all lineages in each time bin appears to remove putative sampling effects). By contrast, standardizing range data does not affect the correlation between range size and formation counts. This last relationship may therefore arise from redundancy36, rather than being a temporal bias resulting from variation in the amount of preserved sedimentary rock (and concomitant intensity of sampling) through geological time.
The multiple regression models show that geographic range change is the dominant driver of diversification rate through the Triassic–Jurassic, to the exclusion of all the sampling proxies in the model using convex hulls, but with total range and sea level showing some influence in the standardized mean GCD models. This suggests that, although sampling biases are a perennial issue in fossil data sets, the link between changes in geographic range and diversification rate appear robust, despite the patchy nature of the vertebrate fossil record.
Implications for extinction studies
We demonstrate that broad geographic range conferred insurance against extinction on major clades of terrestrial vertebrates during periods with background levels of extinction. In line with marine invertebrate studies across the same biotic crisis6 and at other times in the Phanerozoic3, this insurance disappeared during the end-Triassic mass extinction. However, these results are in marked contrast to patterns reported for marine invertebrates at the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction9,44 (where groups with larger geographic ranges retain increased resilience to extinction across the crisis than those with smaller ranges). It is reasonably common to observe discrete macroevolutionary patterns in different higher taxa or across different major habitats. Notable examples include the incongruence between terrestrial and marine Phanerozoic diversity curves45,46,47, variations in the apparent force of Cope’s rule sensu lato in different higher taxa48,49,50, and variations in the relationships between body size, population density and fecundity across clades51,52. However, the differences between patterns observed at major extinction events may result from differences between the particular driving forces of the crises themselves. These differences highlight the need for greater numbers of large-scale, comparative studies before attempting to make macroevolutionary generalizations. Fortunately, the expansion and refinement of resources such as the Paleobiology Database, coupled with quantitative tools such as GIS, have great potential for testing temporal and spatial macroevolutionary patterns. Equally, palaeontological data provide a broader perspective on the current biodiversity crisis. Specifically, it enables deep time tests of the purported relationships between present day extinction susceptibility and geographical range size53,54, latitudinal distribution55, niche breadth56 and body size57,58.
Fossil occurrence data
Stage-level occurrence data for Triassic–Jurassic terrestrial vertebrates were initially downloaded from the Paleobiology Databse24 ( https://paleobiodb.org) on 4 February 2013 (last accessed 20 April 2015) and, after preprocessing, consisted of 3,507 occurrences of 857 genera (see Supplementary Note 1 for Paleobiology Database download specifications). Terrestrial vertebrate occurrences from marine deposits were not included as they would not give a true representation of geographic range. Ichnogenera and other form taxa where then removed from the data set as they could not be assigned accurately to parent genera. Marine tetrapod taxa recorded in terrestrial formations were also removed. Generic indeterminate taxa and taxa with uncertain generic assignments (that is, aff., cf., ex gr., sensu lato, ?) were also excluded. Although these exclusions inevitably resulted in an underestimation of the geographic range of higher taxonomic groups, it would be inappropriate to compare ranges constructed from taxa of uncertain affiliation with rates of generic extinction, origination and diversification, which cannot include these indeterminate occurrences.
Fossil occurrences were vetted for synonymy and outdated taxonomy, and sorted into higher taxonomic groups according to phylogenetic and ecological relationships within the constraints of reasonable sample sizes (see Supplementary Note 1 for detailed classification of taxa). As with all higher taxonomic classification, groups were not directly comparable. This is an unavoidable problem unless working at the species or, to a lesser extent, the generic level. Two data sets were compiled: data1 and data2 (Supplementary Fig. 1). Data1 (Supplementary Data 1) contained a number of paraphyletic assemblages where basal taxa of particular lineages were grouped together to form a paraphyletic ‘stem’ assemblage (for example, Archosauriformes, basal Cynodontia and Dinosauromorpha; Supplementary Fig. 1). Since the inclusion of paraphyletic groups is arguably problematic (they do not represent ‘true’ evolutionary groups), a second data set excluding all parapyla was also prepared. In data2, the paraphyletic assemblages were collapsed into smaller, monophyletic family-level groups wherever possible (Supplementary Fig. 1). The two data sets correlated very closely in terms of both geographic range change rate and diversification rate. All analyses in the manuscript therefore refer exclusively to data1.
Fossil occurrences were binned at the stratigraphic stage level. Any occurrences not assigned to a stage were attached to the stage, or range of stages, corresponding to the formation from which they were recovered. Fossil occurrences that were assigned to more than one stage were randomly assigned to a single stage within their given range, a process that was repeated 1,000 times to obtain a mean value. This method avoided either the artificial inflation or deflation of taxonomic richness in any given stage compared with maximum or minimum diversity values.
Sampling and environmental proxy data
Non-marine area. A mean estimate of the continental landmass for each stage59. It was anticipated that geographic range would correlate positively with land area as the area of terrestrial habitat creates an upper limit for the geographic range of terrestrial organisms. These measurements were derived from an independent source59, and were subject to different definitions of stage-level boundaries than the fossil occurrence data set, which used the Geological Time Scale 2012 (ref. 60).
Sea level. A mean estimate of relative sea level for each stage61. It was expected that geographic range would correlate inversely with mean sea level, as higher sea level would result in less terrestrial landmass for terrestrial organisms to inhabit. As with the non-marine area measurements, the sea level averages were obtained from an independent source61 and are subject to different definitions of stage-level boundaries from the fossil occurrence data set60.
Terrestrial formations. Formation counts are widely regarded as effective sampling proxies for the terrestrial fossil record24,31,35,42,62. It is still unclear if this is true, as formation counts probably share a common signal with fossil occurrence data (that is, formations are not independent from their fossil content36,37). However, given the lack of comprehensive data on global sedimentary rock outcrop area, formation counts offer the only possible metric of global rock availability. In this analysis, redundancy was minimized by using a total count of terrestrial tetrapod bearing formations, rather than a strict count of group-specific bearing formations. There is also an argument for redundancy between formation counts and geographic range, as a taxon that is genuinely wide ranging is more likely to be present in more formations across the globe than a taxon with a small geographic range. Such possibilities were explored using multiple regression models.
Fossil abundance. The fossil abundance per time period serves as a proxy for human sampling and collecting effort24. However, there is danger of circularity, as palaeontologists will be more likely to collect from formations yielding a higher number of fossils38,63. Therefore, fossil abundance may be more representative of preservational factors or true biological abundance, rather than a measure of human sampling effort.
Total geographic range. It is reasonable to assume that vertebrates were not genuinely absent from large areas of the globe through parts of the Triassic–Jurassic. Therefore, if total geographic range (that is the total geographic range of all tetrapod occurrences per time bin) were to correlate strongly with the geographic ranges of individual fossil groups, it would indicate that the pattern of geographic range through the study period is controlled by spatial sampling rather than reflecting a biological pattern.
Palaeogeographic ranges were constructed by converting modern fossil occurrence coordinates to palaeocoordinates using PointTracker64. Palaeogeographic ranges were constructed using two methods: (i) in ArcGIS v10.1 using convex hulls around the palaeogeographic occurrences for each group65,66; and (ii) using mean GCDs between palaeogeographic occurrences with sample sizes standardized to 5 and 10 occurrences per lineage per time bin and replicated 1,000 times to obtain a mean value. GCD distances were calculated using the spherical law of cosines (as an acceptable approximation of the Haversine formula for terrestrial calculations).
where Nbt=number of range-through taxa, Nft=number of taxa that originate within time bin and cross top boundary of time bin and NbL=number of taxa that cross bottom boundary of time bin but make their last appearance in time bin. Rates were not expressed relative to time bin duration; although this may cause underestimation of rates in shorter time bins relative to longer time bins, Foote28 demonstrated that both extinction and origination are pulsed rather than spread throughout time intervals. All analyses were carried out at the generic level.
No significant correlations were detected between geographic range change and extinction rate or between geographic range change and origination rate (Supplementary Table 10). The absence of significant correlations between origination/extinction rates and change in geographic range could be regarded as somewhat surprising, but this result is a function of the paucity of data for the rate calculations. However, the extinction and origination rate calculations rely on taxa that range through three consecutive time bins67, which are scarce in this data set because of the patchiness of the terrestrial fossil record and the long durations of the time bins. Therefore, it was judged that a metric of diversification calculated from generic range data offered a more robust picture of biotic change. Diversification rate (Dr) and geographic change rate (Rr) were calculated using a metric modified from Rode and Lieberman69:
where D1=ranged-through diversity calculated from first and last appearances for current time interval, D0=ranged-through diversity calculated from first and last appearances for the previous time interval, R1=geographic range in time interval and R0=geographic range in previous time interval.
Relationships between geographic range change and generic diversification rates within clades were tested using pairwise Spearman’s rank–order correlation tests. Putative sampling biases were investigated using both pairwise correlation and multiple regression models, with diversification rate as the dependent variable and geographic range and various sampling proxies as independent variables. First differencing was used to detrend the sampling proxy data before comparison with the biotic rate data. All statistical analyses were carried out in R 3.1.1.
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We thank Matthew Carrano, Richard Butler and various other data compilers from the Paleobiology Database. This is Paleobiology Database official publication 232. We thank Stephen Brusatte, Michael Benton, Paul Wignall, Nick Priest and Richard Butler for offering valuable critical advice on earlier drafts of this manuscript. A.M.D. is supported by a Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 Fellowship. M.A.W. thanks the Leverhulme Trust (F/00351/Z) and NERC (NE/K014951/1) for support.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Dunhill, A., Wills, M. Geographic range did not confer resilience to extinction in terrestrial vertebrates at the end-Triassic crisis. Nat Commun 6, 7980 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8980
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Nature Communications (2017) | <urn:uuid:0399cbe3-c541-4205-9549-18cba6c54dc3> | {
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Clean, drinkable water is in dangerously scarce supply worldwide. Several million people die each year from illnesses acquired by drinking biologically unsafe and unsanitary water.
According to water.org: More than 780 million people (1 in 9) worldwide lack access to clean drinking water, which equates to more than 2.5 times the population of the US.
According to water.org: In India it is estimated that a child dies every 21 seconds from water related illnesses.
Pollution and disease are dirtying our water supplies. More than 1.1 billion people lack access to clean water and The United Nations estimates that number will dramatically increase.
The pacific institute (http;//pacinst.org) estimates that between 52 and 118 million people will die of preventable water-related diseases by 2020 and The World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/en/) estimates that up to 5 million people die each year from the lack of clean drinking water – that’s more than 13,000 deaths per day!
While numbers may vary from organization to organization they all indicate an enormous problem facing the world. | <urn:uuid:b490d378-a7c7-48cc-a020-0141d34c0af4> | {
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Courgettes can often fail due to wet weather conditions.
The reason is there aren’t as many insects around in wet conditions to pollinate the flowers and as a result the fruits fail to develop properly.
The flowers get damp and the resulting rot spreads into the fruit.
This is only a temporary problem and the crop will improve once the weather improves.
In poor wet conditions you can pollinate the female flowers rather than rely on insects to do it.
Dab the pollen from the male flower on to the female stigma. The female flower has a miniature fruit at it’s base.
After pollination and the baby courgette starts to grow, remove the old shrivelled-up flower to prevent blossom end rot, especially if the wet conditions continue.
Remove any spoilt fruit as they will be taking energy from the plant and other developing fruits.
If grown in a greenhouse, open the windows and door to allow plenty of ventilation to circulate. And for insects to enter and leave.
Photography Neil Bromhall http://www.complete-gardens.co.uk | <urn:uuid:6d195433-bd1f-40eb-8add-9f83a1b9e4c4> | {
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Yes, the circular saw is a wonderful tool for cutting tiles. Due to the saw’s strength, it can effortlessly cut through various materials. With this saw, there are different ways to cut the tiles. You can perform the task with the dry or wet method. The difference between the two methods is water usage. This article will instruct you on how to cut tiles using both of these techniques.
Cutting Tiles With Circular Saw – Wet Method
Blade Selection For Cutting A Tile
It is highly recommended that you employ a diamond blade when cutting tiles. Use it on hard materials like granite or ceramics for the best results. You’ll have to switch out your present blade with a diamond-grain blade.
- Considering safety first is essential while using any power tool, especially when using a circular saw. Because the saw will also use energy sources and water, you should wear eyeglasses, boots, and proper clothes for the task.
- The circular saw and the water tank are linked together via a pipe. You can use a water kit for that task. Therefore, ensure that the container is full before starting the machine. The usage of water will result in a decrease in temperature for the saw while it is cutting.
- Put the tile down on an even surface with extreme care. The location should have enough ventilation due to the numerous particles emitted into the air during cutting. Clamping the tile down in advance is preferable to prevent it from moving when it is cut with a saw.
- Now you need to measure the tile’s perimeter precisely so you can figure out where to cut it. You should draw a line with a marker on both sides of the tile. Take your measurements using the measurement tape. You may need to trim the surfaces in the future to leave more space between the tiles.
- After positioning the machine in the cutting area, connect it to the power source. Allow the knife to cut the tile without trying to shove it in any farther. You must continue cutting the tile along the marking line until the job finishes.
- After cutting the tile, you should check the surface and clean it. You should smooth the saw’s edges if the surface needs to be leveled.
Dry Cutting Method
You are only compelled to use this strategy once your circular saw is not equipped with a water container facility or for any other reason.
- Essential items for carrying out this procedure are protective glasses and face masks because there is a chance that a lot of dirt and other particles may fly out, perhaps causing you injury.
- Start cutting the tile steadily and gently push the saw blade through it. Cutting tiles using this method takes much longer than with the other. You should have some skills to cut the tile correctly and precisely.
- When the work is done, the outer surface of the tile may look uneven. So you can polish it later and smooth the edges.
Some Advantages Of Wet Cutting Procedure
- Wet cutting generates less heat and friction than dry cutting does. Another benefit of this method is a cleaner cut with less likelihood of chipping.
- Following this method, you can have a cleaner, healthier workplace with fewer allergens. The quantity of dirt released into the atmosphere would decrease.
- The wet-cutting technique is gentler on your tools without getting the saw’s motor wet. Throughout the procedure, you are continually chilling your blade to keep it from becoming too hot. If you used this method, you would only have to pause less often and take less time as you would with dry cutting.
Suggestions For Making The Choice To Cut Tiles
It’s important to use a blade made to cut ceramic tile and keep the rotor spinning at a steady speed that’s right for the material being cut. Chipping tiles may appear okay initially, but they’ll eventually ruin the aesthetic value of the tile floor. To prevent chips from collecting on the tile, use a diamond blade with a continuous rim. The downside is that this may restrict your ability to use wet cutting in some situations.
When Cutting Tile, Can You Utilize Any Saw?
Stone and tough tiles are the finest handled using a wet saw which has a diamond blade. The blades will stay cooler and more pliable if they are kept moist. When cutting tile, a wet saw may imitate the appearance of a table saw since the blade spins while the guide maintains the tile’s alignment.
What About A Diamond Blade For A Circular Saw?
When cutting through tough materials with a circular saw, the diamond blade is indeed advised. It is used to cut tile, plaster, and other materials.
Is Dry Cutting Method Better Than Wet Cutting?
Lots of heat and energy will be produced by the dry-cutting method. There are some risks connected to that. There could be a rebound effect. However, the wet-cutting method is best for cutting various materials, including tiles, as it lowers risk factors.
Is It Possible To Use A Circular Saw For Cutting Marble Tiles?
It’s easier than you think it is. Wet-cutting marble may be done using a regular circular saw fitted with a diamond blade. You should do this outside, where you can access a water hose since it will likely become dirty.
How Do You Carefully Cut Tile, So It Doesn’t Break Or Chip?
The saw’s blades ought to be in the proper position. They must be sufficiently sharp as well. The blades can be cleaned and cleared with a dressing stone to cut accurately without chipping the tile.
Do You Use A Circular Saw For Cutting Stones?
It is recommended that you use a wet method to complete the task of cutting stones with the circular saw if you intend to do so. However, the diamond blade is the best option for the circular saw when cutting through tough materials.
We are sure that you will find these methods helpful for cutting the tile with the circular saw. Cutting diverse materials with the circular saw is also quite advantageous. However, different people need clarification about how well this saw cuts PVC. As a result, follow us on this page to learn more. | <urn:uuid:934425ad-91b6-4fd9-9bf6-e943f6cb4f5e> | {
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Reflective Essay Writing Tips written by: How did your actions influence the situation? Were there any problems with resources? Looking back, how successful has the process been? The style is relatively informal, yet still uses full sentences 5. The first stage of reflection 1.
Think of the outline as a map — you plan in advance the points you wish to navigate through and discuss in your writing. Depending on your goals, write the draft to see how the things appear on the paper. Remember that central to reflective essay writing is the examination of your attitudes, assumptions and values, so be upfront about how you feel.
Some final notes to remember To recap, the key to writing a reflective essay is demonstrating what lessons you have taken away from your experiences, and why and how you have been shaped by these lessons.
However what the lecturer is looking for are the links you have made between the material and yourself and your experiences. You will also use relevant theories and concepts when you explore other possibilities and solutions. If I were a movie critic, what would I have to say about this particular situation or literary work?
What changes do you expect to make in yourself or your work? The things could become more complicated than you thought before: How could it have gone differently?
But what remains the same, is that you need to start your outline by drafting the introduction, body and conclusion. You should obligatorily follow a certain format. To understand the purpose of this type of paper, think of it as a personal diary in which you present your ideas and emotions on a particular subject in a manner that can keep the audience engaged.
Rewrites are due two weeks after your reflection essay is handed back to you. It is different than an informative essay, for which you may research a topic, or have to come up with ways to support your conclusions.
Introduction As is the case with all essays, your reflective essay must begin within an introduction that contains both a hook and a thesis statement. This difference forced me to reflect on the aims of this course—how communication skills are not generic, but differ according to time and place.Get help with all aspects of your assignment, from research to writing.
Understanding the assignment. Evaluate a reflective essay; Sample Business and Economics essay. for example, when you’re asked to reflect on your own learning in light of educational theory. Yet, reflective writing in Education is more commonly incorporated into.
Reflective Writing Assignment Why Reflective Writing? You can write in business format or personal format. Minimum of paragraphs Serious tone and consideration demonstrated in your writing Proofread for grammatical and mechanical errors Grammar and mechanics Completion of assignment.
These assignments ask you to be reflective and to write your responses to an experience (for example a reading, a teaching experience, a nursing or social work placement). You may need to describe the experience or summarise the. or the Reflective Project 3.! Brian R.
Written Assignment Format. Types of reflective writing assignments. Journal: requires you to write weekly entries throughout a semester. May require you to base your reflection on course content. Learning diary: similar to a journal, but may require group participation.
The diary then becomes a place for you to communicate in writing with other group members. Recommended Format. If you are writing a reflective essay as a school assignment, your teacher may have provided specific guidelines as to how it should be constructed.Download | <urn:uuid:8960d529-3c7d-455e-a493-6b6eae2b4bc2> | {
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