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In which year did Long publish his study?

2007

How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?

four

What causes High Blood Pressure ?

Changes in Body Functions Researchers continue to study how various changes in normal body functions cause high blood pressure. The key functions affected in high blood pressure include - kidney fluid and salt balances - the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - the sympathetic nervous system activity - blood vessel structure and function. kidney fluid and salt balances the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system the sympathetic nervous system activity blood vessel structure and function. Kidney Fluid and Salt Balances The kidneys normally regulate the bodys salt balance by retaining sodium and water and eliminating potassium. Imbalances in this kidney function can expand blood volumes, which can cause high blood pressure. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system makes angiotensin and aldosterone hormones. Angiotensin narrows or constricts blood vessels, which can lead to an increase in blood pressure. Aldosterone controls how the kidneys balance fluid and salt levels. Increased aldosterone levels or activity may change this kidney function, leading to increased blood volumes and high blood pressure. Sympathetic Nervous System Activity The sympathetic nervous system has important functions in blood pressure regulation, including heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. Researchers are investigating whether imbalances in this system cause high blood pressure. Blood Vessel Structure and Function Changes in the structure and function of small and large arteries may contribute to high blood pressure. The angiotensin pathway and the immune system may stiffen small and large arteries, which can affect blood pressure. Genetic Causes High blood pressure often runs in families. Years of research have identified many genes and other mutations associated with high blood pressure. However, known genetic factors only account for 2 to 3 percent of all cases. Emerging research suggests that certain DNA changes before birth also may cause the development of high blood pressure later in life. Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits Unhealthy lifestyle habits can cause high blood pressure, including - high sodium intake and sodium sensitivity - drinking too much alcohol - lack of physical activity. high sodium intake and sodium sensitivity drinking too much alcohol lack of physical activity. Overweight and Obesity Research studies show that being overweight or obese can increase the resistance in the blood vessels, causing the heart to work harder and leading to high blood pressure. Medicines Prescription medicines such as asthma or hormone therapies (including birth control pills and estrogen) and over-the-counter medicines such as cold relief medicines may cause high blood pressure. This happens because medicines can - change the way your body controls fluid and salt balances - cause your blood vessels to constrict - impact the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to high blood pressure. change the way your body controls fluid and salt balances cause your blood vessels to constrict impact the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to high blood pressure. Other Causes Other causes of high blood pressure include medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, sleep apnea, thyroid problems, or certain tumors. These conditions can change the way your body controls fluids, sodium, and hormones in your blood, which leads to secondary high blood pressure.

What color is pure copper?

orange-red

Is Schwannomatosis inherited ?

Is schwannomatosis inherited? Approximately 15% percent of all schwannomatosis cases are thought to be inherited. In these cases, the condition is thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with highly variable expressivity and reduced penetrance. This means that a person only needs a change (mutation) in one copy of the responsible gene in each cell to have a genetic predisposition to the tumors associated with schwannomatosis. In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from an affected parent. Other cases may result from new (de novo) mutations in the gene. These cases occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. People with an inherited form of schwannomatosis have a 50% chance with each pregnancy of passing the condition on to the next generation.

Do you have information about Oil Spills

Summary : Oil spills often happen because of accidents, when people make mistakes or equipment breaks down. Other causes include natural disasters or deliberate acts. Oil spills have major environmental and economic effects. Oil spills can also affect human health. These effects can depend on what kind of oil was spilled and where (on land, in a river, or in the ocean). Other factors include what kind of exposure and how much exposure there was. People who clean up the spill are more at risk. Problems could include skin and eye irritation, neurologic and breathing problems, and stress. Not much is known about the long-term effects of oil spills.

How did it become possible to share the voltage for different types of train?

the centre rail is connected to the running rails

What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?

inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale

How old was Jovanka Broz when she married Tito?

27

How to diagnose Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?

A health care provider may diagnose a person with acquired cystic kidney disease based on - medical history - imaging tests Medical History Taking a medical history may help a health care provider diagnose acquired cystic kidney disease. A health care provider may suspect acquired cystic kidney disease if a person who has been on dialysis for several years develops symptoms such as fever, back pain, or blood in the urine. Imaging Tests To confirm the diagnosis, the health care provider may order one or more imaging tests. A radiologista doctor who specializes in medical imaginginterprets the images from these tests, and the patient does not need anesthesia. - Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. A specially trained technician performs the procedure in a health care provider's office, an outpatient center, or a hospital. The images can show cysts in the kidneys as well as the kidneys' size and shape. - Computerized tomography (CT) scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create images. For a CT scan, a nurse or technician may give the patient a solution to drink and an injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. CT scans require the patient to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where an x-ray technician takes the x-rays. An x-ray technician performs the procedure in an outpatient center or a hospital. CT scans can show cysts and tumors in the kidneys. - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that takes pictures of the body's internal organs and soft tissues without using x-rays. A specially trained technician performs the procedure in an outpatient center or a hospital. Although the patient does not need anesthesia, a health care provider may give people with a fear of confined spaces light sedation, taken by mouth. An MRI may include the injection of contrast medium. With most MRI machines, the patient will lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device that may be open-ended or closed at one end. Some machines allow the patient to lie in a more open space. During an MRI, the patient, although usually awake, must remain perfectly still while the technician takes the images, which usually takes only a few minutes. The technician will take a sequence of images from different angles to create a detailed picture of the kidneys. During the test, the patient will hear loud mechanical knocking and humming noises from the machine. Sometimes a health care provider may discover acquired cystic kidney disease during an imaging exam for another condition. Images of the kidneys may help the health care provider distinguish acquired cystic kidney disease from PKD.

What is a very significant part of Seattle's weather system?

Puget Sound Convergence Zone

How to prevent Problems with Taste ?

Problems with taste that occur with aging cannot be prevented. However you may be able to protect yourself against other causes of taste loss with these steps. - Prevent upper respiratory infections such as colds and the flu. Wash your hands frequently, especially during the winter months, and get a flu shot every year. - Avoid Head Injuries. Always wear seatbelts when riding in a car and a helmet when bicycling. - Avoid Exposure to Toxic Chemicals. Avoid contact with chemicals that might cause smell problems such as paints, insecticides, and solvents, or wear a respirator if you cannot avoid contact. - Review Your Medications. If you are taking antibiotics or antihistamines or other medications and notice a change in your sense of taste, talk to your doctor. You may be able to adjust or change your medicine to one that will not cause a problem with taste. Do not stop taking your medications unless directed by your doctor. - Dont Smoke. It can impair the sense of taste. For free help to quit smoking, visit Smokefree.gov Prevent upper respiratory infections such as colds and the flu. Wash your hands frequently, especially during the winter months, and get a flu shot every year. Avoid Head Injuries. Always wear seatbelts when riding in a car and a helmet when bicycling. Avoid Exposure to Toxic Chemicals. Avoid contact with chemicals that might cause smell problems such as paints, insecticides, and solvents, or wear a respirator if you cannot avoid contact. Review Your Medications. If you are taking antibiotics or antihistamines or other medications and notice a change in your sense of taste, talk to your doctor. You may be able to adjust or change your medicine to one that will not cause a problem with taste. Do not stop taking your medications unless directed by your doctor. Dont Smoke. It can impair the sense of taste. For free help to quit smoking, visit Smokefree.gov

What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?

bacterial growth phase

What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?

Japan black

From what groups do the supporters of Arsenal come?

variety of social classes

What is the Samkhya name for consciousness?

Puruṣa

What causes Immune Thrombocytopenia ?

In most cases, an autoimmune response is thought to cause immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Normally, your immune system helps your body fight off infections and diseases. In ITP, however, your immune system attacks and destroys your body's platelets by mistake. Why this happens isn't known. In some people, ITP may be linked to viral or bacterial infections, such as HIV, hepatitis C, or H. pylori. Children who have acute (short-term) ITP often have had recent viral infections. These infections may "trigger" or set off the immune reaction that leads to ITP.

What are the treatments for recurrent hydatidiform mole ?

These resources address the diagnosis or management of recurrent hydatidiform mole: - American Cancer Society: Signs and Symptoms of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease - Genetic Testing Registry: Hydatidiform mole - Genetic Testing Registry: Hydatidiform mole, recurrent, 2 - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Choriocarcinoma - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Hydatidiform Mole These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Counseling - Palliative Care

How many museums are found in Egypt?

at least 60

What does Houston's mayor also serve as?

the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative

A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities?

Athens and Thessaloniki

What was Bell's original nationality?

British

Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?

reptiles

What are the newspapers famous for?

published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states

How many customers did ACS have when Roberts and his partners purchased it?

12,000

what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Post-Polio Syndrome ?

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to PPS in laboratories at the NIH, and also support additional PPS research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Where did Frederick William IV relocate the mural he purchased?

the Friedenskirche of Potsdam

In addition to its shape, what property of the English Channel affects water flow in Southampton Water?

depth

What are the treatments for Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension ?

There is no cure for multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms. Anti-Parkinson medication such as Sinemet may improve the general sense of well-being. Medications to elevate blood pressure while standing are often used, but may cause high blood pressure when lying down. Individuals should sleep with the head of the bed elevated. An artificial feeding tube or breathing tube may be required for problems with swallowing and breathing.

Do you have information about Islet Cell Transplantation

Summary : Islets are cells found in clusters throughout the pancreas. They are made up of several types of cells. One of these is beta cells, which make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. Islet cell transplantation transfers cells from an organ donor into the body of another person. It is an experimental treatment for type 1 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin. A person who has type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to live. Transplanted islet cells, however, can take over the work of the destroyed cells. The beta cells in these islets will begin to make and release insulin. Researchers hope islet transplantation will help people with type 1 diabetes live without daily insulin injections. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?

There is currently no precise test

Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?

Frederick William III

What team that went on to become World Cup champions was almost bested by Manu Samoa in 2003?

England

MDNA focuses on which type of music?

electronic dance music

What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?

microscope

He had a non-direct association with what?

political insurrection

What weekly entertainment print news source for New Haven is backed by The Register?

PLAY magazine

Who is in charge of releasing the World Directory of Medical Schools?

WHO

After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?

triumph

What are the symptoms of Crandall syndrome ?

What are the signs and symptoms of Crandall syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Crandall syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Alopecia 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the eyebrow 90% Pili torti 90% Sensorineural hearing impairment 90% Abnormality of the eye 50% Abnormality of the testis 50% Fine hair 50% Hypoplasia of penis 50% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.

What creature did the nomadic hunter-gatherers of the plains hunt?

buffalo

Along with Poitiers, what was the site of a notable victory by Edward III's England over the French?

Crécy

When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?

1973

What areas of America did the Venezuelans settle in?

mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida

What is (are) Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome type 2 ?

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is a group of eye disorders that affects the development of the eye. Common eye symptoms include cornea defects, which is the clear covering on the front of the eye, and iris defects, which is the colored part of the eye. People with this syndrome may have an off-center pupil (corectopia) or extra holes in the eyes that can look like multiple pupils (polycoria). About 50% of people with this syndrome develop glaucoma, which is a serious condition that increases pressure inside of the eye. This may cause vision loss or blindness. Click here to view a diagram of the eye. Even though Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is primarily an eye disorder, this syndrome is also associated with symptoms that affect other parts of the body. Most people with this syndrome have distinctive facial features and many have issues with their teeth, including unusually small teeth (microdontia) or fewer than normal teeth (oligodontia). Some people have extra folds of skin around their belly button, heart defects, or other more rare birth defects. There are three types of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and each has a different genetic cause. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome type 1 is caused by spelling mistakes (mutations) in the PITX2 gene. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome type 3 is caused by mutations in the FOXC1 gene. The gene that causes Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome type 2 is not known, but it is located on chromosome 13. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?

prajna

What to do for Hemorrhoids ?

- Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins around the anus or in the lower rectum. - Hemorrhoids are not dangerous or life threatening, and symptoms usually go away within a few days. - A thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis by a doctor is important any time a person notices bleeding from the rectum or blood in the stool. - Simple diet and lifestyle changes often reduce the swelling of hemorrhoids and relieve hemorrhoid symptoms. - If at-home treatments do not relieve symptoms, medical treatments may be needed.

What causes Ollier disease ?

What causes Ollier disease? The exact cause of Ollier disease is not known. It is usually a sporadic, non-familial disorder, however, in some cases, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait.

What type of encoding do CDs implement?

non-return-to-zero

The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?

27 December 1813

When was the phonome's modern concept developed?

mid 20th century

What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?

low or no downpayments

What are the symptoms of Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency ?

What are the signs and symptoms of Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency? The initial signs and symptoms of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) typically occur during infancy or early childhood and can include vomiting, lack of energy (lethargy), and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). In rare cases, the first episode of problems related to MCADD occurs during adulthood. The signs and symptoms of MCADD can be triggered by periods of fasting, or during illnesses such as viral infections, particularly when eating is reduced. People with MCADD are also at risk of serious complications such as seizures, breathing difficulties, liver problems, brain damage, coma, and sudden, unexpected death. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal recessive inheritance - Cerebral edema - Coma - Decreased plasma carnitine - Elevated hepatic transaminases - Hepatic steatosis - Hepatomegaly - Hyperglycinuria - Hypoglycemia - Lethargy - Medium chain dicarboxylic aciduria - Muscular hypotonia - Seizures - Vomiting - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.

What is (are) Dandy-Walker Syndrome ?

Dandy-Walker Syndrome is a congenital brain malformation involving the cerebellum (an area of the back of the brain that coordinates movement) and the fluid-filled spaces around it. The key features of this syndrome are an enlargement of the fourth ventricle (a small channel that allows fluid to flow freely between the upper and lower areas of the brain and spinal cord), a partial or complete absence of the area of the brain between the two cerebellar hemispheres (cerebellar vermis), and cyst formation near the lowest part of the skull. An increase in the size and pressure of the fluid spaces surrounding the brain (hydrocephalus) may also be present. The syndrome can appear dramatically or develop unnoticed. Symptoms, which often occur in early infancy, include slow motor development and progressive enlargement of the skull. In older children, symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (pressure within the skull) such as irritability and vomiting, and signs of cerebellar dysfunction such as unsteadiness, lack of muscle coordination, or jerky movements of the eyes may occur. Other symptoms include increased head circumference, bulging at the back of the skull, abnormal breathing problems, and problems with the nerves that control the eyes, face and neck. Dandy-Walker Syndrome is sometimes associated with disorders of other areas of the central nervous system, including absence of the area made up of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres (corpus callosum) and malformations of the heart, face, limbs, fingers and toes.

What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?

statistical convenience

A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?

excitatory

Which businesses on 27th Street face competition from other venues in dowtown Manhattan?

nightclubs

What to do for Autoimmune Hepatitis ?

Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing autoimmune hepatitis.

After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?

vote in the Senate

What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans?

29 to 21

How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost?

$1.5 million

What is the main driver of reduced costs?

market expansion

Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie?

André le Nôtre

How to prevent Creating a Family Health History ?

People can't change the genes they inherit from their parents, but they can change other things to prevent diseases that run in the family. This is good news because many diseases result from a combination of a person's genes, lifestyle, and environment. Actions to reduce the risk of disease may involve lifestyle changes, such as eating healthier foods, exercising more, getting certain medical tests, and taking medicines that are more effective based on your specific genes. Ask your doctor or health care professional for advice.

What are the treatments for hyperprolinemia ?

These resources address the diagnosis or management of hyperprolinemia: - Baby's First Test - Genetic Testing Registry: Deficiency of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase - Genetic Testing Registry: Proline dehydrogenase deficiency These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Counseling - Palliative Care

Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity?

Birenda Bir Bikram Shah

Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?

Galileo Galilei

How many people are affected by congenital generalized lipodystrophy ?

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 10 million people worldwide. Between 300 and 500 people with the condition have been described in the medical literature. Although this condition has been reported in populations around the world, it appears to be more common in certain regions of Lebanon and Brazil.

How to prevent Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ?

Changing some daily habits may help a person prevent recurrent UTIs. Eating, Diet, and Nutrition Drinking lots of fluid can help flush bacteria from the system. Water is best. Most people should try for six to eight, 8-ounce glasses a day. Talk with your health care provider if you cant drink the recommended amount due to other health problems, such as urinary incontinence, urinary frequency, or kidney failure. Urination Habits A person should urinate often and when the urge arises. Bacteria can grow when urine stays in the bladder too long. Women and men should urinate shortly after sex to flush away bacteria that might have entered the urethra during sex. Drinking a glass of water will also help flush bacteria away. After using the toilet, women should wipe from front to back. This step is most important after a bowel movement to keep bacteria from getting into the urethra. Clothing Cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes should be worn, so air can keep the area around the urethra dry. Tight-fitting jeans and nylon underwear should be avoided because they can trap moisture and help bacteria grow. Birth Control For women, using a diaphragm or spermicide for birth control can lead to UTIs by increasing bacteria growth. A woman who has trouble with UTIs should try switching to a new form of birth control. Unlubricated condoms or spermicidal condoms increase irritation, which may help bacteria grow. Switching to lubricated condoms without spermicide or using a nonspermicidal lubricant may help prevent UTIs.

What are the treatments for Necrotizing fasciitis ?

How might necrotizing fasciitis be treated? Accurate and prompt diagnosis, treatment with intravenous (IV) antibiotics, and surgery to remove dead tissue are all important for treating necrotizing fasciitis. Since the blood supply to the infected tissue is impaired, antibiotics cannot penetrate into the infected tissue. As a result, surgery to remove the dead, damaged, or infected tissue is the cornerstone of treatment for necrotizing fasciitis. In addition, early surgical treatment may minimize tissue loss, eliminating the need for amputation of the infected extremity. The choice of antibiotics will likely depend on the particular bacteria involved. Supplemental oxygen, fluids, and medicines may be needed to raise the blood pressure. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin may also be considered, but their use in patients with NF is considered controversial by some.

What are immunoassays?

Complex serological techniques

How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?

five

Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?

knew no opposition

What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?

urban

Who was the model for Humboldtian science?

Alexander von Humboldt

Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?

permanently

The method that a bee dances is called what?

dance language

Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?

Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III

Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time?

Summer Palace

Where do pipes correspond?

1-to-1 to endpoints

Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?

New York City

Which writers helped to influence the post-punk movement?

William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard

In what part of Syria was Resafa located?

northern

The Times is found to have the highest number of readers from what age group?

25–44

Who was Home Secretary in 1938?

Samuel Hoare

What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?

Laulupidu

Who cast the Sanctus bell?

Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester

What is the size of Iran?

1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)

What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?

19th century

When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?

1830

What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?

bushi

are certain people at risk of getting vancomycin-resistant enterococci?

On this Page General Information What is vancomycin-resistant enterococci? What types of infections does vancomycin-resistant enterococci cause? Are certain people at risk of getting vancomycin-resistant enterococci? What is the treatment for vancomycin-resistant enterococci? How is vancomycin-resistant enterococci spread? How can patients prevent the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci? What should a patient do if they think they have vancomycin-resistant enterococci? Recommendations and Guidelines General Information For more images of this bacterium, search the Public Health Image Library What is vancomycin-resistant enterococci? Enteroccocci are bacteria that are normally present in the human intestines and in the female genital tract and are often found in the environment. These bacteria can sometimes cause infections. Vancomycin is an antibiotic that is used to treat some drug-resistant infections caused by enterococci. In some instances, enterococci have become resistant to this drug and thus are called vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Most VRE infections occur in hospitals. Top of page What types of infections does VRE cause? VRE can live in the human intestines and female genital tract without causing disease (often called colonization). However, sometimes it can cause infections of the urinary tract, the bloodstream, or of wounds associated with catheters or surgical procedures. Top of page Are certain people at risk of getting VRE? The following persons are at increased risk becoming infected with VRE: People who have been previously treated with the antibiotic vancomycin or other antibiotics for long periods of time. People who are hospitalized, particularly when they receive antibiotic treatment for long periods of time. People with weakened immune systems such as patients in intensive care units, or in cancer or transplant wards. People who have undergone surgical procedures such as abdominal or chest surgery. People with medical devices that stay in for some time such as urinary catheters or central intravenous (IV) catheters. People who are colonized with VRE. Top of page What is the treatment for VRE? People with colonized VRE (bacteria are present, but have no symptoms of an infection) do not need treatment. Most VRE infections can be treated with antibiotics other than vancomycin. Laboratory testing of the VRE can determine which antibiotics will work. For people who get VRE infections in their bladder and have urinary catheters, removal of the catheter when it is no longer needed can also help get rid of the infection. Top of page How is VRE spread? VRE is often passed from person to person by the contaminated hands of caregivers. VRE can get onto a caregiver's hands after they have contact with other people with VRE or after contact with contaminated surfaces. VRE can also be spread directly to people after they touch surfaces that are contaminated with VRE. VRE is not spread through the air by coughing or sneezing. Top of page How can patients prevent the spread of VRE? If a patient or someone in their household has VRE, the following are some things they can do to prevent the spread of VRE: Keep their hands clean. Always wash their hands thoroughly after using the bathroom and before preparing food. Clean their hands after contact with persons who have VRE. Wash with soap and water (particularly when visibly soiled) or use alcohol-based hand rubs. Frequently clean areas of the home, such as bathrooms, that may become contaminated with VRE. Wear gloves if hands may come in contact with body fluids that may contain VRE, such as stool or bandages from infected wounds. Always wash their hands after removing gloves. If someone has VRE, be sure to tell healthcare providers so that they are aware of the infection. Healthcare facilities use special precautions to help prevent the spread of VRE to others. Top of page What should patients do if they think they have vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)? Anyone who thinks they have VRE must talk with their healthcare provider. Top of page Recommendations and Guidelines For more information about prevention and treatment of HAIs, see the resources below: Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, et al. The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms In Healthcare Settings, 2006

How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?

eight

To whom did Beyonce credit as her major influence on her music?

Michael Jackson

What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?

4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)

Who was the Korean People's Army trying to execute?

Syngman Rhee

Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?

HMS Lancaster

What is (are) Pityriasis rubra pilaris ?

Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) refers to a group of skin conditions that cause constant inflammation and scaling of the skin. Affected people have reddish-orange colored patches; they may occur everywhere on the body or only on certain areas. There are several types of PRP, which are classified based on age of onset, body areas affected, and whether other associated conditions are present. PRP is usually sporadic (occurring randomly) but some forms may be inherited.

What are the symptoms of Alpha-thalassemia x-linked intellectual disability syndrome ?

What are the signs and symptoms of Alpha-thalassemia x-linked intellectual disability syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Alpha-thalassemia x-linked intellectual disability syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the fontanelles or cranial sutures 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Cryptorchidism 90% Hypertelorism 90% Malar flattening 90% Male pseudohermaphroditism 90% Microcephaly 90% Neurological speech impairment 90% Abnormality of the heme biosynthetic pathway 50% Abnormality of the tongue 50% Anteverted nares 50% Autism 50% Depressed nasal ridge 50% Epicanthus 50% Hypoplasia of penis 50% Muscular hypotonia 50% Seizures 50% Short stature 50% Talipes 50% Telecanthus 50% Thick lower lip vermilion 50% Abnormality of movement 7.5% Abnormality of the kidney 7.5% Abnormality of the teeth 7.5% Aganglionic megacolon 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum 7.5% Brachydactyly syndrome 7.5% Cerebral cortical atrophy 7.5% Clinodactyly of the 5th finger 7.5% Constipation 7.5% Encephalitis 7.5% Feeding difficulties in infancy 7.5% Flexion contracture 7.5% Hemiplegia/hemiparesis 7.5% Limitation of joint mobility 7.5% Myopia 7.5% Nausea and vomiting 7.5% Optic atrophy 7.5% Recurrent urinary tract infections 7.5% Self-injurious behavior 7.5% Sensorineural hearing impairment 7.5% Visual impairment 7.5% Volvulus 7.5% Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis - Absent frontal sinuses - Cerebral atrophy - Clinodactyly - Coxa valga - Depressed nasal bridge - Gastroesophageal reflux - Hemivertebrae - Hydronephrosis - Hypochromic microcytic anemia - Hypospadias - Infantile muscular hypotonia - Intellectual disability - Kyphoscoliosis - Low-set ears - Macroglossia - Micropenis - Microtia - Perimembranous ventricular septal defect - Phenotypic variability - Posteriorly rotated ears - Postnatal growth retardation - Protruding tongue - Radial deviation of finger - Reduced alpha/beta synthesis ratio - Renal agenesis - Shawl scrotum - Short nose - Spasticity - Talipes equinovarus - Tapered finger - Umbilical hernia - U-Shaped upper lip vermilion - Widely-spaced maxillary central incisors - X-linked dominant inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.

What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?

four times