Datasets:
sohomghosh
/
FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
terms
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156
definitions
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15 values
assigned_readability
int64
0
1
flesch_reading_ease
float64
-301.79
121
flesch_kincaid_grade
float64
-3.5
55.6
smog_index
float64
0
26.5
coleman_liau_index
float64
-33.81
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automated_readability_index
float64
-6.9
65
dale_chall_readability_score
float64
0.1
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linsear_write_formula
float64
-0.5
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gunning_fog
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0.4
56
DEAD HAND CLAUSE
A provision contained within some POISON PILL defenses preventing the acquisition of the company by another firm even if a majority of SHAREHOLDERS approve of the offer. Only incumbent DIRECTORS can remove the provision. Also known as DEAD HAND POISON PILL.
palgrave
0
40.65
11
14.1
12.4
10.3
8.94
10.5
13.28
DEAD MONEY
CAPITAL that has been invested in an ASSET or market which generates no RETURNS over a particular time horizon. See also DOG.
palgrave
0
60.31
7.6
0
8.45
6.3
8.49
6.5
9.85
DEADWEIGHT DEBT
DEBT of a company that is used to fund operating losses or service other debt rather than support productive INVESTMENT or ACQUISITIONS, or create incremental ENTERPRISE VALUE. Although the debt is necessary to ensure survival, it can become burdensome unless theunderlying ASSETS or operations being financed can be made productive or other BORROWINGS can be reduced.
palgrave
0
17.68
17.8
0
15.03
18.9
11.23
20.5
19.06
DEALER
An institution acting as a PRINCIPAL, rather than as an AGENT of a customer, in a financial transaction. Dealers may be MARKET MAKERS (quot- ing TWO-WAY MARKETS), or simply RISK-takers on one side of a market. See also BROKER, MARKET, PRIMARY .
palgrave
0
57.57
8.6
11.2
8.98
8.7
10.48
8
10.36
DEALER CREDIT
See TRADE CREDIT.
palgrave
0
93.81
0.9
0
1.52
3.6
9.05
0.5
1.2
DEALER MARKET
A financial marketplace where activity is restricted to DEALERS acting as PRINCIPALS for their own accounts; BROKERS acting as AGENTS for their clients are not permitted to participate. See also AUCTION.
palgrave
0
47.28
10.5
0
14.21
12.6
11.54
11.25
15.23
(ECN)
An ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK where clients face a sponsor, rather than other clients, as price-maker and COUNTERPARTY. Dealer market ECNs can be regarded as an electronic mechanism of dealing with a single institution. See also HYBRID ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK, REGULATED ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK.
palgrave
0
14.66
14.8
15
18.96
16.4
9.85
11.5
12.23
DEATH SPIRAL
A CONVERTIBLE BOND that allows INVESTORS to convert their bonds into the ISSUER’S COMMON STOCK at below mar- ket prices. Investors can therefore establish SHORT POSITIONS to drive the price of the stock down, obtaining more shares at the time of conversion and using converted proceeds to cover their shorts. A death spiral is typically issued by a company in FINANCIAL DISTRESS that is increasingly desperate for any source of CAPITAL. Also known as FLOORLESS CONVERTIBLE.
palgrave
0
52.19
10.7
13.4
12.65
12.8
10.81
12.75
12.86
DEBENTURE
(1) In the United States, a medium- to long-term, unsecured BOND. (2) In the United Kingdom, a long-term bond that is generally secured by a FIXED CHARGE or FLOATING CHARGE on the issuing firm’s ASSETS; the bond typically features fixed COUPONS that are payable before any DIVIDENDS. (2) See also NAKED , PERPETUAL .
palgrave
0
27.16
22.4
0
11.04
28.4
11.99
33
25.42
DEBIT
An ACCOUNTING entry that leads to an increase in ASSETS or a decrease in LIABILITIES or CAPITAL. A debit balance also represents assets or expenses. See also CREDIT.
palgrave
0
45.12
9.3
10.5
8.9
6.5
10.86
5.333333
9.43
DEBIT CARD
A card issued by a BANK or FINANCIAL INSTITUTION that permits the holder to purchase goods or services through a direct DEBIT to funds in an account linked to the card. Since the ability to effect a transaction is based solely on a sufficiency of funds in the account, no CREDIT is extended to the card holder. Also known as ASSET CARD. See also CREDIT CARD.
palgrave
0
63.19
8.5
10.1
7.71
7.7
8.76
8.75
10.24
DEBIT SPREAD
Any OPTION SPREAD that results in a net outflow of PREMIUM. See also CREDIT SPREAD.
palgrave
0
72.32
5
0
6.28
4
9.27
3.25
5.67
DEBT
Money owed by one party to another party. Debt can take many forms, including ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, BILLS OF EXCHANGE, BONDS, DEPOSITS,DRAFTS, LOANS, NOTES, and REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS, and is gener- ally governed by a contractual agreement that reflects the borrowing party’s LIABILITY and the specific obligations that must be met in order to discharge the liability.
palgrave
0
35.1
15.2
0
14.34
18.8
12.46
18.75
16.09
DEBT CRISIS
A form of FINANCIAL CRISIS based on a country’s inability to support its DEBT obligations. Failure to service PRINCIPAL and INTEREST associated with local and FOREIGN CURRENCY BONDS and LOANS may require a RESCHEDULING or RESTRUCTURING with CREDITORS, and may have a negative impact on the country’s financial and ASSET markets. See alsoCREDIT CRISIS, CURRENCY CRISIS.
palgrave
0
35.57
12.9
15
14.62
14.2
11.9
13.666667
15.34
DEBT-EQUITY SWAP
An exchange of outstanding DEBT for EQUITY between a CREDITOR and a corporate or sovereign DEBTOR in order to ease the debtor’s LEVERAGE burden and allow it to remain current on its remaining obligations; the swap is tantamount to a RESTRUCTURING of the debtor’s LIABILITIES. In a sovereign debt-equity swap, the equity allocated to the creditor may be from an unrelated sovereign-owned or controlled entity.
palgrave
0
30.03
17.1
0
13.47
19.7
10.84
24.25
21
DEBT FORGIVENESS
The process of cancelling a DEBTOR’S outstanding DEBTS, leading to a write-off on the accounts of CREDITORS. Debt forgiveness is most commonly associated with debt cancellation of distressed sovereign borrowers. See also OVERHANG, RESCHEDULING, RESTRUCTURING.
palgrave
0
34.22
11.4
13
17.67
14.7
12.79
7.833333
14.97
DEBT SERVICE
Contractually required CASH FLOWS that a BORROWER must pay on a LOAN, BOND, LEASE, or other form of DEBT, generally com- prised of COUPON INTEREST, a fractional portion of PRINCIPAL (payable into a SINKING FUND), and/or a LEASE payment. See also COVERAGE.
palgrave
0
50.16
11.5
0
10.62
13.1
11.82
14
15.07
DEBT SERVICE COVERAGE
A company’s ability to manage its DEBT SERVICE requirement. A company with strong coverage possesses financial strength and flexibility, while one with weak cover is susceptible to FINANCIAL DISTRESS. Debt service coverage may be computed through the FIXED CHARGE COVERAGE ratio. See also INTEREST COVERAGE.
palgrave
0
34.63
11.2
14.2
14.77
11.7
9.81
8.375
13.41
DEBT TO ASSETS
A measure of a company’s FINANCIAL LEVERAGE, or the degree to which DEBT features on the overall BALANCE SHEET. It is com- puted as:where D is the company’s total debt, TA is the company’s total ASSETS.The higher the ratio, the great the company’s financial leverage. See alsoCONTINGENTS TO ASSETS, DEBT TO EQUITY.
palgrave
0
45.46
11.2
13
10.67
11.1
9.96
11.666667
10
DEBT TO EQUITY
A measure of a company’s FINANCIAL LEVERAGE, or the degree to which DEBT features in the capital structure. It is computed as:where D is the company’s total debt, Eq is the company’s EQUITY.The higher the ratio, the great the company’s financial leverage. See alsoCONTINGENTS TO ASSETS, DEBT TO ASSETS.
palgrave
0
46.47
10.8
13.6
11.42
11.1
9.6
11.5
10.6
DECLARATIONS
Statements the INSURED makes to the INSURER regarding salient facts needed to arrange an INSURANCE CONTRACT. Since the insurer relies on the declarations to UNDERWRITE the RISK of the policy, the informa- tion must be accurate in order for the policy to be accepted and remain valid and enforceable. See also MISREPRESENTATION, UBERRIMAE FIDEI.
palgrave
0
36.28
12.7
15.5
13.05
13
11.55
13.666667
16.09
DEDUCTIBLE
The initial amount paid by the INSURED in the event losses are sustained from PERILS covered via an INSURANCE CONTRACT. The deduct- ible, which creates a FIRST LOSS position for the insured, can be regarded as SELF-INSURANCE or a RISK RETENTION. The INSURER is only obligated to pay its share of any losses once the deductible has been met. Also known asFIRST LOSS RETENTION, SELF-INSURANCE RETENTION.
palgrave
0
54.73
9.7
12.2
11.08
10.8
9.48
10.75
10.24
DEFAULT CORRELATION
A measure of the strength of the DEFAULT rela- tionship between two CREDIT-risky OBLIGORS, indicating the degree to which a default by one of the obligors influences the default of the second one.
palgrave
0
46.44
15
0
11.44
18.5
10.06
18.5
15.62
DEFAULT LOSS RATE
The DEFAULT RATE applied to a company’s LIABILITIES, adjusted for potential RECOVERIES. When combined with the MARKET VALUE of liabilities, it yields the EXPECTED LOSS. The general form of the computation is given as:where DR is the default rate, RR is the recovery rate. See also LOSS-GIVEN DEFAULT.
palgrave
0
42.38
10.3
12.6
11.3
9.4
8.84
7.75
11.47
DEFAULT OPTION
See CREDIT .
palgrave
0
35.61
8.8
0
-4.51
3.1
11.63
0.5
0.8
DEFAULT RATE
The PROBABILITY that a company will enter into DEFAULT, generally expressed as a percentage per annum. INVESTMENT GRADE com- panies have lower default rates than HIGH YIELD companies. Also known as PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT. See also DEFAULT LOSS RATE, LOSS-GIVEN DEFAULT.
palgrave
0
44.1
9.7
11.2
12.5
10
9.54
6.125
9
DEFAULT RISK
See CREDIT .
palgrave
0
35.61
8.8
0
-4.51
3.1
11.63
0.5
0.8
DEFAULT SWAP
See CREDIT .
palgrave
0
35.61
8.8
0
-4.51
3.1
11.63
0.5
0.8
DEFEASANCE
A process where an ISSUER of a BOND makes periodic INTEREST payments into a TRUST and separately funds the trust with ASSETS (such as ZERO COUPON BONDS) that will yield sufficient proceeds to retire the bond at MATURITY. By defeasing the bond, the LIABILITY is carried offBALANCE SHEET.
palgrave
0
47.12
12.7
0
11.32
14
12.06
15.5
15.43
DEFENDED TAKEOVER
A TAKEOVER that is opposed by the DIRECTORS of the TARGET company.
palgrave
0
67.76
6.8
0
7.93
6.1
9.5
7
8.13
DEFENSIVE SECURITY
Any SECURITY that exhibits less VOLATILITY than the market as a whole (i.e., its BETA is less than 1.0), providing lower, but more stable, RETURNS. INVESTORS often acquire defensive securities during peri- ods of financial turmoil or uncertainty.
palgrave
0
43.73
11.9
0
12.76
14
12.47
13
14.97
DEFERRAL
See DEFERRED CREDIT, DEFERRED DEBIT.
palgrave
0
49.48
7.6
0
13.08
11.2
13.36
1.5
2
DEFERRAL OPTION
In REAL OPTION VALUATION, the OPTION a company has to defer or adjust the timing of INVESTMENT until some future period, after which the CAPITAL INVESTMENT project may become positive. Also known as TIMING OPTION. See also ABANDONMENT OPTION, EXPANSION OPTION.
palgrave
0
32.19
12.2
13
12.4
10.7
8.94
8.833333
11.33
DEFERRED ANNUITY
An ANNUITY funded with single or multiple pay- ments that entitles the ANNUITANT or BENEFICIARY to benefits at a future date.
palgrave
0
24.78
15
0
11.14
12.6
11.45
16.5
19.83
DEFERRED ASSET
See DEFERRED DEBIT.
palgrave
0
59.97
5.6
0
5.35
6.8
14.31
0.5
1.2
DEFERRED CREDIT
A payment received before it is earned (i.e., a prepay- ment), carried forward as a LIABILITY until the good or service is delivered. Also known as DEFERRED LIABILITY, DEFERRED REVENUE.
palgrave
0
47.79
10.3
0
10.37
10.6
9.64
8
8.67
DEFERRED DEBIT
A prepaid, and often recurring, expense that is carried forward as an ASSET until the good or service is received.See DEFERRED DEBIT.See DEFERRED CREDIT.
palgrave
0
38.66
13.8
0
13.23
16.1
10.75
15
11.27
DEFERRED ORDINARY SHARE
In the United Kingdom, DEFERRED STOCK.
palgrave
0
73.85
4.5
0
9.15
7.5
6.57
2
2.4
DEFERRED REVENUE
See DEFERRED CREDIT.
palgrave
0
59.97
5.6
0
7.32
8.3
14.31
0.5
1.2
DEFERRED STOCK
A form of STOCK in which the SHAREHOLDERS are not entitled to any DIVIDEND payments for a fixed period of time, or until certain financial goals have been achieved. Deferred stock ranks SUBORDINATE to COMMON STOCK and PREFERRED STOCK.
palgrave
0
60.14
9.7
0
11.43
12
10.27
12.75
13.95
DEFERRED STRIKE OPTION
An OVER-THE-COUNTER COMPLEX OPTION with a STRIKE PRICE that is set at a future time period, often as a specific function of the SPOT value of the UNDERLYING reference at that time. Once the strike is established, the CONTRACT assumes the form of a standard AMERICAN OPTION or EUROPEAN OPTION.
palgrave
0
46.1
13
0
10.51
14
9.3
16.5
14.8
DEFERRED TAX
An amount reserved by a company for TAX payments that will become due and payable in a period other than the current one.
palgrave
0
65.05
9.9
0
7.72
10.3
8.21
13.5
10.94
DEFICIENCY LETTER
In the United States, a letter from the SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION to a company planning a NEW ISSUE of securities, indicating that its RED HERRING requires further revisions before registration is considered complete and the issue can proceed.
palgrave
0
14.97
20.9
0
14.69
23.9
10.43
27.5
21.75
DEFICIT FINANCING
The process of creating a BUDGET DEFICIT as a means of stimulating economic activity. Deficit financing may be funded through the issuance of BONDS.
palgrave
0
59.3
8
0
11.59
9.1
11.47
7.5
13.13
DEFINED BENEFIT PLAN
A form of PENSION PLAN established by an employer on behalf of an employee that uses an established formula to deter- mine the amount of an employee’s financial benefit on retirement. See alsoDEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLAN.
palgrave
0
36.79
12.5
0
12.41
12.1
10.82
14.25
18.43
DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLAN
A form of PENSION plan where the employer and employee make joint contributions to the plan; the total, plus accrued INVESTMENT income, forms the employee’s financial benefit on retirement. In the United States this is done via 401(K) and 403(b) accounts. See also DEFINED BENEFIT PLAN.
palgrave
0
55.95
9.3
13
11.24
10.9
11.6
10.666667
13.08
DEFINITIVE SECURITY
A DEBT or EQUITY SECURITY that is issued in the form of a physical certificate rather than as a dematerialized, electronic com- puter entry. See also BOOK ENTRY SECURITY, SCRIP.
palgrave
0
39.33
11.5
0
9.79
9.3
10.7
11
14
DEFLATION
A phenomenon where prices of goods and services decline for an extended period of time as a result of limited DEMAND. Deflation is relatively uncommon, appearing only during certain severe RECESSIONS or DEPRESSIONS. See also DISINFLATION, INFLATION, STAGFLATION.
palgrave
0
24.74
13
14.6
15.24
12.8
12.16
10.333333
17.71
DELEVERAGING
See RECAPITALIZATION.DELIVERY VERSUS PAYMENT.
palgrave
0
-93.33
27.3
0
34.8
30
15.68
2
21.6
DELIVERABLE
See ASSET.
palgrave
0
35.61
8.8
0
-7.41
0.8
11.63
0
0.8
DELIVERABLE GRADE
See DELIVERABLE ASSET.
palgrave
0
9.21
12.7
0
11.15
11.5
14.31
1.5
14.53
DELIVERY
The physical provision of an ASSET underlying a financial CONTRACT, generally associated with EXCHANGE-TRADED DERIVATIVES (though also applicable to certain OVER-THE-COUNTER DERIVATIVES, particularly those involving COMMODITIES). The selling party typically announces its intent to make delivery through a delivery note, which provides details regarding the asset and location.
palgrave
0
-12.11
20.9
0
21.7
23
12.39
21.5
22.1
DELIVERY DATE
The specific date(s) during which DELIVERY of a phys- ical ASSET can be made under an EXCHANGE-TRADED DERIVATIVE . Each CONTRACT is governed by specific delivery dates and time periods, spanning from one day to more than a month.
palgrave
0
52.19
10.7
0
10.79
11.8
9.98
13.25
11.81
DELIVERY FACTOR
An adjustment that is applied to the price of a BOND that is DELIVERABLE under a FUTURES CONTRACT. The factor adjustment is required since bond futures contracts typically allow for a number of different securities to be delivered.
palgrave
0
43.73
11.9
0
12.01
12.1
9.57
13
12.86
DELIVERY OPTIONS
A series of selections that the seller of a FUTURES CONTRACT on a US GOVERNMENT BOND can make that can increase the
palgrave
0
66.07
9.5
0
7.49
9.7
9.75
13
10.62
DELIVERY POINT
The specific location where a physical ASSET referenced through an EXCHANGE-TRADED DERIVATIVE can be accepted for DELIVERY or storage. Each contract is governed by specific dealing locations, including warehouse storage facility, port, or pipeline.
palgrave
0
20.38
14.6
0
18.09
16.8
13.3
14.5
18.56
DELIVERY RISK
See SETTLEMENT RISK.
palgrave
0
59.97
5.6
0
7.32
8.3
9.05
1.5
1.2
DELIVERY VERSUS PAYMENT (DVP)
A SETTLEMENT practice in the financial markets where payment, generally in cash, is due to the seller of SECURITIES once the buyer has received the securities in its account. If pay- ment is to be made before securities are received, the buyer faces SETTLEMENT RISK. Also known as CASH ON DELIVERY, DELIVER AGAINST CASH (DAC)/RECEIVE AGAINST PAYMENT (RAP).
palgrave
0
51.89
10.8
13
11.31
12.5
8.41
12.666667
11.17
DELTA
The change in the value of an OPTION for a change in the value of the UNDERLYING market reference, all other variables held constant. Thus, the value of a purchased CALL OPTION increases as the price of the underlying asset increases, by an amount estimated through delta. Similar determinations can be made for LONG POSITIONS and SHORT POSITIONS in PUTS and calls. The value of delta is often used as a measure of DIRECTIONAL RISK and can be used to create an appropriate HEDGE. The deltas of the call and put under the BLACK-SCHOLES MODEL are given by:Dc = dc = N (d1) dsΔP = d p = N (−d1 ) dswhere2and S is the STOCK price, X is the STRIKE PRICE, t is the time to MATURITY,rf is the RISK-FREE RATE, σ2 is the VARIANCE, and where the N value of N(d1) can be obtained from a standard table of probability functions.The deltas of LONG and SHORT puts and calls are given as:See also DURATION, GAMMA, GREEKS, VEGA, THETA, RHO.
palgrave
0
46.24
15.1
13.3
8.48
16.6
10.04
12.4
16.17
DELTA NEUTRAL
A PORTFOLIO of OPTIONS that is neutral with respect to its DELTA, meaning that it is HEDGED for small moves in the UNDERLYING. See also GAMMA NEUTRAL, VEGA NEUTRAL, THETA NEUTRAL.
palgrave
0
64.2
8.2
0
9.39
9
10.52
7.75
8.78
DEMAND
The amount of a good or service that an individual or institution will be willing to purchase at a given price. In general, demand declines as price increases. See also ELASTICITY, SUPPLY.
palgrave
0
52.15
8.6
10.5
9.09
7
8.11
6
9.28
DEMAND DEPOSIT
See SIGHT DEPOSIT.
palgrave
0
93.81
0.9
0
3.43
5.2
0.15
0.5
1.2
DEMAND INFLATION
INFLATION that results from an excess of demand, which causes the prices of goods and services to be bid up; the greater the demand, the more aggressive the price increases, and the larger the result- ing inflation. Also known as DEMAND PULL INFLATION. See also COST INFLATION, MONETARY INFLATION.
palgrave
0
54.93
9.6
12.5
10.84
10.7
8.96
10.833333
9.79
DEMERGER
A CORPORATE FINANCE transaction where a company seg- regates a portion of its business, places it in a separate corporate entity, and sells it to a third party or floats it through an INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING. A demerger may occur if the company seeks to permanently exit a business segment that is no longer deemed essential to strategic growth, or if it wishesto raise additional CAPITAL for other corporate operations. SHARES in the newly formed companies are allocated to SHAREHOLDERS in exchange for their shares in the parent company. Also known as CARVE-OUT, SPIN-OFF, SPLIT-OFF.
palgrave
0
47.32
12.6
15.6
12.19
14.8
10.14
16.625
14.57
DEMUTUALIZATION
The process of converting a member-owned MUTUAL ORGANIZATION into a PUBLIC COMPANY through the flotation of COMMON STOCK. Once demutualization occurs, members/customers are separate and distinct from owners/INVESTORS.
palgrave
0
23.43
13.5
0
20.23
17.6
12.23
11
11.31
DEPOSIT
Funds placed by an individual or institution with a BANK or author- ized ORY, which are then used to finance operations. Acceptance of the deposit creates a LIABILITY for the accepting bank and requires pay- ment of periodic INTEREST and return of funds at MATURITY or on presen- tation. Deposits can be issued in a variety of forms, including CERTIFICATES OF , LOCKUP CERTIFICATES OF , INTERBANK S, NEGOTIABLE CERTIFICATES OF , and TIME S, and can be floated in most major CURRENCIES with MATURITIES ranging from over- night to 10 years.
palgrave
0
32.87
16.1
17.1
11.56
17
11.32
21.333333
19.07
DEPOSIT FUTURE
An INTEREST RATE FUTURES contract, bought or sold via an EXCHANGE, that references a short-term INTERBANK DEPOSIT rate, such as LIBOR, EURIBOR, or TIBOR. See also BILL FUTURE, BOND FUTURE.
palgrave
0
56.25
9.1
0
11.13
11
10.17
8.5
11.33
DEPOSIT NOTE
A MEDIUM-TERM NOTE issued by a BANK in the US markets.
palgrave
0
85.69
4
0
3.69
2.9
8.49
4.5
4.4
DEPOSITARY
An AGENT authorized to place funds in a DEPOSITORY insti- tution such as a BANK, SECURITIES FIRM, or SAVINGS AND LOAN.
palgrave
0
50.16
11.5
0
8.7
11.1
10.69
13.5
14.11
DEPOSITORY
An institution, such as a BANK, SECURITIES FIRM, or SAVINGS AND LOAN, that is authorized to hold DEPOSITS or SECURITIES on behalf of third parties. Also known as DEPOSIT-TAKING INSTITUTION.
palgrave
0
47.79
10.3
0
11.71
11.2
8.06
10.5
10
DEPRECIATED VALUE
See NET BOOK VALUE.
palgrave
0
92.8
1.3
0
-1.46
-0.7
0.2
1
1.6
DEPRESSION
A severe economic downturn, where the output of a national ECONOMY (as measured by GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT) drops sharply, for an extended period of time. A depression may feature falling INVESTMENT, falling prices, and very high UNEMPLOYMENT and may be triggered by a FINANCIAL CRISIS (e.g., market crash, CREDIT CRISIS).
palgrave
0
37.64
14.2
0
12.94
16.7
13.09
17.5
18
DEREGULATION
The process of removing or loosening rules, restrictions, and controls on companies, industries and/or markets, allowing for greater flexibilities and freedom in both tactical and strategic operations. Free market economies generally follow a policy of significant deregulation, with sufficient protections in place to guard consumers and other STAKEHOLDERS. See alsoREGULATION, REGULATOR.
palgrave
0
11.92
15.8
17.1
19.83
18.4
12.53
14.5
20.92
DERIVATIVE LAWSUIT
A legal action where one or more SHAREHOLDERS sue the CORPORATION to bring suit against the corporation’s BOARD OF DIRECTORS or executives for breach of duties. See also DIRECT LAWSUIT.CREDIT RATINGS that they cannot attract enough business without credit enhancement.
palgrave
0
42.72
12.3
0
15.49
15.6
10.55
13.5
14
DESCENDING BOTTOM
A TECHNICAL ANALYSIS charting figure depict- ing a declining SECURITIES price or INDEX value over time, with ever-lower levels, generally considered to be a bearish signal. See also ASCENDING TOP,FALLING TOP, RISING BOTTOM.
palgrave
0
29.35
13.3
0
14.61
14.1
12.11
12.25
15.08
DESCENDING TOP
See FALLING TOP.
palgrave
0
93.81
0.9
0
-0.46
2.1
9.05
0.5
1.2
DEUTSCHE AKTIENINDEX (DAX)
The BENCHMARK STOCK INDEX of the FRANKFURT STOCK EXCHANGE, comprised of 30 LARGE CAP STOCKS representing a broad range of industries.
palgrave
0
58.62
10.3
0
13.4
14.4
11.45
12.5
12.21
DEUTSCHE BORSE
A financial EXCHANGE based in Germany estab- lished in 1992, which owns and operates the FRANKFURT STOCK EXCHANGE, the International Stock Exchange, and CLEARING and SETTLEMENT firm CLEARSTREAM, and co-owns DERIVATIVES exchange EUREX.
palgrave
0
29.52
17.3
0
17.59
23.9
12.93
21.5
18.05
DEUTSCHE BUNDESBANK
See BUNDESBANK.which generally arises from the interaction of free market forces over a period of time.
palgrave
0
38.32
11.9
0
13.63
12.5
10.35
12
16.4
DIE
See DESIGNATED INVESTMENT EXCHANGE.
palgrave
0
-8.73
15.5
0
21.75
18.3
11.73
3
21.6
DIFFERENTIAL SWAP
An OVER-THE-COUNTER COMPLEX SWAP involv- ing a single CURRENCY exchange of floating INTEREST RATE references denominated in two different currencies (e.g., dollar LIBOR versus EURIBOR, payable in dollars). The swap permits an institution to express a view on for- eign interest rate movements without assuming currency RISK. Also known as a QUANTO SWAP.
palgrave
0
36.59
12.6
14.6
13.92
14.2
11.96
12.833333
13.12
DIGITAL OPTION
See BINARY OPTION.
palgrave
0
34.59
9.2
0
3.43
5.2
14.31
1.5
14.53
DIMINISHING MARGINAL RETURN
A MICROECONOMIC theory indi- cating that the marginal contribution obtained from increasing any variable factor of production declines once a particular point has been reached. The output declines as each incremental unit of input is added.
palgrave
0
36.28
12.7
0
14.96
14.4
12.86
13
16.09
DIP FINANCING
See DEBTOR-IN-POSSESSION FINANCING.SETTLEMENT RISK, SOVEREIGN RISK.
palgrave
0
-27.68
18.6
0
34.27
30.2
17.09
5
22.4
DIRECT DEBIT
A standing order granted by a PAYOR to a PAYEE to directly withdraw a fixed or variable sum of money from a BANK ACCOUNT.
palgrave
0
55.58
11.5
0
6.45
9.8
10.09
13
11.27
DIRECT INVESTMENT
See FOREIGN .
palgrave
0
35.61
8.8
0
-1.61
5.5
11.63
0.5
0.8
DIRECT LAWSUIT
A legal action where one or more SHAREHOLDERS sue DIRECTORS or executives directly, rather than through the CORPORATION, for breach of duties. See also DERIVATIVE LAWSUIT.
palgrave
0
41.36
10.7
0
13.5
11.5
11.57
8.5
14.43
DIRECT LOSS
In INSURANCE, a loss where the covered PERIL is the PROXIMATE CAUSE of damage. PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE policies often limit protection to direct loss rather than direct loss andCONSEQUENTIAL LOSS.
palgrave
0
38.82
11.7
0
14.44
12.7
9.5
11.25
13.94
DIRECT MARKET ACCESS (DMA)
A process where a BUY-SIDE client makes use of electronic trading systems to access a SECURITIES market directly, with- out any involvement or intervention by a SELL-SIDE firm or BROKER. This can result in faster EXECUTION at a lower cost, and provides a greater degree of anonymity.
palgrave
0
47.62
12.5
0
11.38
14.1
11.86
14.75
14.51
DIRECT PLACEMENT
The placement of a NEW ISSUE of SECURITIES by a company directly with an INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR, without the use of a financial INTERMEDIARY. A direct placement, which can theoretically involve any type of security but in practice tends to involve DEBT issues, serves as an example of DISINTERMEDIATION. In general, only the largest compan- ies directly place their securities, as the process requires name recognition and strong financial standing in order to attract a suitable base of INVESTORS. Also known as DIRECT PLACING. See also DIRECT PUBLIC OFFERING.
palgrave
0
36.69
12.5
13.3
12.93
12.8
10.07
12
12.04
DIRECT PLACING
See DIRECT PLACEMENT.encourage financial INTERMEDIARIES to produce EQUITY research and quote SECONDARY MARKETS, DPOs are relatively uncommon.
palgrave
0
3.46
17
0
24.07
21.7
16.55
14.5
20.92
DIRECT STAKEHOLDERS
In GOVERNANCE, the parties most immediately and directly impacted by a company’s activities, prospects, and actions, gen- erally taken to include SHAREHOLDERS, CREDITORS, employees, customers, suppliers, professional service providers, and communities. See also IN.
palgrave
0
11.92
15.8
0
19.78
19.2
13.77
15
22.09
DIRECT WRITE-OFF
The practice of charging off BAD LOANS directly to the INCOME STATEMENT rather than through LOAN LOSS RESERVES.
palgrave
0
70.13
8
0
12.41
12.2
9.79
9
9.42
DIRECT WRITER
An INSURER that writes INSURANCE POLICIES through a direct selling process or an exclusive AGENCY arrangement, or a REINSURER that accepts ceded RISKS directly from other insurers rather than REINSURANCE BROKERS.
palgrave
0
23.09
17.7
0
17.01
21.7
13.83
23.5
22.72
DIRECTED ORDER
An ORDER placed by a client with a BROKER or DEALER that instructs routing to a specific venue or EXCHANGE.
palgrave
0
68.1
8.7
0
7.95
9.3
10.94
11
10
DIRECTIONAL STRATEGY
An OPTION STRATEGY that seeks to take advan- tage of expected market direction rather than VOLATILITY to generate a profit. Common directional strategies include BULL SPREADS and BEAR SPREADS. See also VOLATILITY STRATEGY.
palgrave
0
43.39
9.9
12.5
14.25
11.2
10.88
7.166667
10.46
DIRECTORS’ INTERESTS
The SHARES, OPTIONS, and/or DEBENTURES held by a DIRECTOR in the company on whose board he or she serves. Such interests must be disclosed to STAKEHOLDERS.
palgrave
0
66.74
7.2
0
9.73
8.6
9.14
7.5
9.82
DIRTY BILL OF LADING
A BILL OF LADING reflecting the fact that goods being shipped are in some way damaged. Also known as BILL.
palgrave
0
86.71
3.7
0
5.89
4.1
7.29
4.5
6
DIRTY FLOAT
A situation where a CENTRAL BANK or monet- ary authority does not adjust the nation’s MONEY SUPPLY to offset any changes caused by active intervention in the FOREIGN EXCHANGE mar- kets. The dirty float may ultimately result in rising INFLATION. See alsoSTERILIZATION.
palgrave
0
41.7
12.7
0
13.23
14.4
12.2
13.5
14.11
DIRTY MONEY
MONEY that is earned illegally, and which may be placed through the MONEY LAUNDERING process in order to conceal its source. Also known as BLACK MONEY.
palgrave
0
75.2
6
0
9.27
7.9
8.53
6.5
8.28