Datasets:
sohomghosh
/
FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
terms
stringlengths
1
156
definitions
stringlengths
3
4.2k
source
stringclasses
15 values
assigned_readability
int64
0
1
flesch_reading_ease
float64
-301.79
121
flesch_kincaid_grade
float64
-3.5
55.6
smog_index
float64
0
26.5
coleman_liau_index
float64
-33.81
51.4
automated_readability_index
float64
-6.9
65
dale_chall_readability_score
float64
0.1
35.3
linsear_write_formula
float64
-0.5
73
gunning_fog
float64
0.4
56
Total factor productivity
An index of productivity that measures total output per unit of total input. The numerator of the index is total output @say,
sam
1
43.39
9.9
0
8.16
6.3
10.64
5.5
8.04
Trade balance
or merchandise trade balance. See balance of trade.
sam
1
-4.33
15.9
0
10.8
8.5
7.98
1.5
8.2
Trade barrier
Any of a number of pro-tectionist devices by which nations discourage imports.
sam
1
42.38
10.3
0
13.27
10.9
12.13
7
11.47
Transactions demand for money
See demand for money. Transactions money @ M 1 @. A mea-sure of the money supply which consists of items that are actually for transactions, namely, currency and checking accounts.
sam
1
-1.96
17
0
11.77
11
11.66
5.333333
9.89
Transfer payments, government
Pay-ments made by a government to individuals, for which the individ-ual performs no current service in return. Examples are social secu-rity payments and unemployment insurance. Treasury bills @T-bills@. Short-term bonds or securities issued by the federal government. U
sam
1
-15.5
20.1
0
16.59
17.1
13.3
6.25
14.97
Unemployed
People who are not employed but are actively look-ing for work or waiting to return to work.
sam
1
71.14
7.6
0
7.65
8.1
8.19
8.5
9.15
Unemployment
@1@ In economic terms, involuntary unemployment ed workers who are willing to work at prevailing wages but cannot cial @U.S. -nition, a worker is unemployed if he or she @ a @ is not working and @ b @ either is waiting for recall from layoff or has actively looked for work in the last 4 weeks. See also frictional unemployment and structural unemployment.
sam
1
15.65
18.5
0
10.28
16.6
11.7
20.5
16.67
Unit-elastic demand
The situation, between price-elastic demand and price-inelastic demand, in which price elasticity is just equal to 1 in absolute value. See also price elas-ticity of demand. Unlimited liability. See limited liability.
sam
1
-37.33
22.3
0
15.72
14.7
10.52
7.5
16.52
Usury
The charging of an interest rate above a legal maximum on borrowed money.
sam
1
58.28
8.4
0
8.63
7.2
10.35
7.5
11.35
Value, paradox of
Refer to paradox of value.
sam
1
49.48
7.6
0
2.64
1.8
10.2
1.5
2
Value-added tax VAT
A tax levied rm as a percentage of its value added.
sam
1
77.23
5.2
0
2.65
1.6
9.92
5.5
8.04
Velocity of money
In serving its func-tion as a medium of exchange, money moves from buyer to seller to new buyer and so on. Its “veloc-ity” refers to the speed of this movement.
sam
1
56.25
9.1
0
6.49
6.7
10.17
7
6
Vertical merger
See merger
sam
1
35.61
8.8
0
-4.51
0.8
11.63
0
0.8
Zero economic profit
In a perfectly competitive industry in long-run equilibrium, there will be zero economic profi t. This defi nition pertains to all revenues less all costs, including the implicit costs of factors owned by the fi rms.
sam
1
53.21
10.3
0
10.79
11.3
12.86
12.5
14.98
Yield
Same as the interest rate or rate of return on an asset.
sam
1
50.84
9.2
0
3.12
2.2
6.86
6
8.13
ABS
See Asset-Backed Security.
opod
0
-24.64
17.4
0
16.95
17.8
19.58
2.5
14.53
ABS CDO
Instrument where tranches are created from the tranches of ABSs.
opod
0
52.87
8.4
0
12.56
9.5
10.45
6
12
Accrual Swap
An interest rate swap where interest on one side accrues only when a certain condition is met.
opod
0
62.68
8.7
0
8.7
8.7
8.19
11.5
11.51
Accrued Interest
The interest earned on a bond since the last coupon payment date.
opod
0
84.68
4.4
0
7.47
5.8
9.5
6
8.13
Adaptive Mesh Model
A model developed by Figlewski and Gao that grafts a high- resolution tree on to a low-resolution tree so that there is more detailed modeling of the asset price in critical regions.
opod
0
47.46
14.6
0
10.17
16.8
10.65
21
17.8
Agency Costs
Costs arising from a situation where the agent (e.g., manager) is not motivated to act in the best interests of the principal (e.g., shareholder).
opod
0
38.66
13.8
0
10.1
14.7
11.41
18
17.93
American Option
An option that can be exercised at any time during its life.
opod
0
84.68
4.4
0
5.03
3.8
6.86
6
8.13
Amortizing Swap
A swap where the notional principal decreases in a predetermined way as time passes.
opod
0
48.81
9.9
0
11.13
9.4
11.1
11
17.03
Analytic Result
Result where answer is in the form of an equation.
opod
0
86.71
3.7
0
4.44
2.9
7.29
4
4
Arbitrageur
An individual engaging in arbitrage.
opod
0
-18.21
17
0
14.24
11.2
13.36
4.5
26
Asian Option
An option with a payoff dependent on the average price of the under- lying asset during a specified period.
opod
0
43.73
11.9
0
9.28
10.1
10.4
13.5
16.02
Ask Price
The price that a dealer is offering to sell an asset.
opod
0
77.23
5.2
0
3.69
2.5
8.49
5.5
8.04
Asked Price
See Ask Price.
opod
0
119.19
-2.7
0
-4.29
-1.2
0.15
0.5
1.2
Asset-Backed Security
Security created from a portfolio of loans, bonds, credit card receivables, or other assets.
opod
0
31.89
12.3
0
13.22
12.1
13.35
11
17.03
Asset-or-Nothing Call Option
An option that provides a payoff equal to the asset price if the asset price is above the strike price and zero otherwise.
opod
0
73.51
8.7
0
7.96
10.6
8.9
12.5
9.2
Asset-or-Nothing Put Option
An option that provides a payoff equal to the asset price if the asset price is below the strike price and zero otherwise.
opod
0
65.05
9.9
0
7.96
10.6
8.9
12.5
9.2
Asset Swap
Exchanges the coupon on a bond for LIBOR plus a spread.
opod
0
94.15
2.9
0
4.74
3.3
11.36
4.5
4.4
As-You-Like-It Option
See Chooser Option.
opod
0
59.97
5.6
0
5.35
6.8
14.31
0.5
1.2
At-the-Money Option
An option in which the strike price equals the price of the underlying asset.
opod
0
74.19
6.4
0
8.23
7.1
9.97
7
8.46
Average Price Call Option
An option giving a payoff equal to the greater of zero and the amount by which the average price of the asset exceeds the strike price.
opod
0
70.47
9.9
0
7.32
11.5
9.78
14
11.94
Average Price Put Option
An option giving a payoff equal to the greater of zero and the amount by which the strike price exceeds the average price of the asset.
opod
0
70.47
9.9
0
7.32
11.5
9.78
14
11.94
Average Strike Option
An option that provides a payoff dependent on the difference between the final asset price and the average asset price.
opod
0
42.72
12.3
0
11.43
12.1
10.16
13
12
Backdating
Practice (often illegal) of marking a document with a date that precedes the current date.
opod
0
56.25
9.1
0
10.37
9.9
10.7
8.5
11.33
Back Testing
Testing a value-at-risk or other model using historical data.
opod
0
28.5
11.5
0
13.19
10.8
14.61
4.5
8.04
Backwards Induction
A procedure for working from the end of a tree to its beginning in order to value an option.
opod
0
69.11
8.3
0
4.99
6.4
7.07
11.5
9.71
Barrier Option
An option whose payoff depends on whether the path of the under- lying asset has reached a barrier (i.e., a certain predetermined level).
opod
0
48.13
12.3
0
10.28
13.6
10.96
13.5
12.68
Base Correlation
Correlation that leads to the price of a 0% to CDO tranche being consistent with the market for a particular value of .
opod
0
57.61
10.7
0
7.78
10.3
9.75
14.5
14.25
Basel Committee
Committee responsible for regulation of banks internationally.
opod
0
-45.62
21.4
0
25.64
19.8
15.26
6.5
25.66
Basis
The difference between the spot price and the futures price of a commodity.
opod
0
66.74
7.2
0
9.5
7.9
6.71
7.5
8.28
Basis Point
When used to describe an interest rate, a basis point is one hundredth of one percent ( 0 01 )
opod
0
61.67
9.1
0
5.62
7.2
9.79
11
9.42
Basis Risk
The risk to a hedger arising from uncertainty about the basis at a future time.
opod
0
73.17
6.8
0
6.89
6.5
10.7
7.5
8.67
Basis Swap
A swap where cash flows determined by one floating reference rate are exchanged for cash flows determined by another floating reference rate.
opod
0
49.15
11.9
0
14.1
15.2
9.03
16
12.44
Basket Credit Default Swap
Credit default swap where there are several reference entities.
opod
0
36.96
10.3
0
15.74
11.8
12.86
6.5
12.49
Basket Option
An option that provides a payoff dependent on the value of a portfolio of assets.
opod
0
56.25
9.1
0
7.65
7.1
10.7
8.5
11.33
Bear Spread
A short position in a put option with strike price combined with a long position in a put option with strike price where . (A bear spread can also be created with call options.)
opod
0
54.9
13.8
0
7.9
15.6
8.14
20
15.62
Bermudan Option
An option that can be exercised on specified dates during its life.
opod
0
67.76
6.8
0
8.4
6.6
9.5
7
11.47
Beta
A measure of the systematic risk of an asset.
opod
0
62.34
6.8
0
4.14
2.4
9.35
4.5
8.04
Bid-Ask Spread
The amount by which the ask price exceeds the bid price.
opod
0
102.61
1.7
0
5.26
3.8
5.62
4.5
4.4
Bid-Offer Spread
See Bid-Ask Spread.
opod
0
119.19
-2.7
0
3.43
6.8
0.15
0.5
1.2
Bid Price
The price that a dealer is prepared to pay for an asset.
opod
0
84.68
4.4
0
3.12
2.2
8.18
5
4.8
Bilateral Clearing
Arrangement between two parties to handle transactions in the OTC market, often involving an ISDA Master Agreement.
opod
0
28.84
13.5
0
15.54
14.5
10.98
11.5
13.86
Binary Credit Default Swap
Instrument where there is a fixed dollar payoff in the event of a default by a particular company.
opod
0
53.21
10.3
0
8.18
8.8
9.79
12
11.64
Binary Option
Option with a discontinuous payoff, e.g., a cash-or-nothing option or an asset-or-nothing option.
opod
0
24.44
13.1
0
15.76
15.9
11.57
7.5
8.28
Binomial Model
A model where the price of an asset is monitored over successive short periods of time. In each short period it is assumed that only two price movements are possible.
opod
0
32.57
16.2
0
9.41
15.1
9.34
9
17.33
Binomial Tree
A tree that represents how an asset price can evolve under the binomial model.
opod
0
57.27
8.8
0
8.63
7.4
9.97
8
11.31
Bivariate Normal Distribution
A distribution for two correlated variables, each of which is normal.
opod
0
43.39
9.9
0
11.58
9.3
9.92
6.5
11.67
Black’s Approximation
An approximate procedure developed by Fischer Black for valuing a call option on a dividend-paying stock.
opod
0
29.86
13.1
0
14.32
13.1
12.33
13
18.9
Black’s Model
An extension of the Black-Scholes model for valuing European options on futures contracts. As described in Chapter 26, it is used extensively in practice to value European options when the distribution of the asset price at maturity is assumed to be lognormal.
opod
0
16.32
16.2
0
12.42
13.6
11.45
14
14.11
Black-Scholes-Merton Model
A model for pricing European options on stocks, developed by Fischer Black, Myron Scholes, and Robert Merton.
opod
0
37.3
12.3
0
12.82
12.8
14.7
11.5
13.86
Bond Option
An option where a bond is the underlying asset.
opod
0
62.34
6.8
0
5.42
3.5
11.1
4.5
8.04
Bond Yield
Discount rate which, when applied to all the cash flows of a bond, causes the present value of the cash flows to equal the bond’s market price.
opod
0
77.91
9.1
0
7.49
12.5
8.48
13.5
10.8
Bootstrap Method
A procedure for calculating the zero-coupon yield curve from market data. It involves using progressively longer maturity instruments.
opod
0
20.04
12.7
0
17.66
13.7
14.61
6.5
14.71
Boston Option
See Deferred Payment Option.
opod
0
50.5
7.2
0
11.6
10
11.73
1
1.6
Box Spread
A combination of a bull spread created from calls and a bear spread created from puts.
opod
0
72.16
7.2
0
7.83
7.5
8.38
11
11.4
Break Forward
See Deferred Payment Option.
opod
0
50.5
7.2
0
11.6
10
11.73
1
1.6
Brownian Motion
See Wiener Process.
opod
0
119.19
-2.7
0
5.35
6.8
14.31
0.5
1.2
Bull Spread
A long position in a call with strike price combined with a short position in a call with strike price , where . (A bull spread can also be created with put options.)
opod
0
56.93
13
0
7.44
14.4
7.72
19.5
14.98
Butterfly Spread
A position that is created by taking a long position in a call with strike price , a long position in a call with strike price , and a short position in two calls with strike price , where and 0 5 . (A butterfly spread can also be created with put options.)
opod
0
21.74
22.4
0
7.04
22.8
8.32
33.5
21.23
Calendar Spread
A position that is created by taking a long position in a call option that matures at one time and a short position in a similar call option that matures at a different time. (A calendar spread can also be created using put options.)
opod
0
35.28
19.3
0
8.14
20.9
8.33
30
20.33
Calibration
Method for implying a model’s parameters from the prices of actively traded options.
opod
0
41.36
10.7
0
13.5
11.2
14
8.5
14.43
Callable Bond
A bond containing provisions that allow the issuer to buy it back at a predetermined price at certain times during its life.
opod
0
57.61
10.7
0
9.63
11.6
9.03
14
14.25
Call Option
An option to buy an asset at a certain price by a certain date.
opod
0
82.65
5.2
0
2.43
2.4
6.59
6
5.6
Cancelable Swap
Swap that can be canceled by one side on prespecified dates.
opod
0
77.23
5.2
0
7.35
5.5
9.92
5.5
8.04
Cap
See Interest Rate Cap.
opod
0
75.88
3.7
0
2.9
2.9
7.78
2
11.6
Cap Rate
The rate determining payoffs in an interest rate cap.
opod
0
53.88
8
0
9.31
6.6
9.35
5.5
12.49
Capital Asset Pricing Model
A model relating the expected return on an asset to its beta.
opod
0
50.84
9.2
0
5.5
4.2
10.81
7
11.47
Caplet
One component of an interest rate cap.
opod
0
64.37
6
0
5.75
3.6
8.5
4.5
14.23
Case-Shiller Index
Index of house prices in the United States.
opod
0
88.74
2.9
0
5.76
3.8
7.98
3
3.2
Cash Flow Mapping
A procedure for representing an instrument as a portfolio of zero-coupon bonds for the purpose of calculating value at risk.
opod
0
34.26
13.5
0
12.59
13.3
12.52
16
18
Cash-or-Nothing Call Option
An option that provides a fixed predetermined payoff if the final asset price is above the strike price and zero otherwise.
opod
0
58.62
10.3
0
10.91
12.1
11.45
12.5
10.3
Cash-or-Nothing Put Option
An option that provides a fixed predetermined payoff if the final asset price is below the strike price and zero otherwise.
opod
0
50.16
11.5
0
10.91
12.1
11.45
12.5
10.3
Cash Settlement
Procedure for settling a futures contract in cash rather than by delivering the underlying asset.
opod
0
39.33
11.5
0
13.85
12.1
11.75
10.5
14
CAT Bond
Bond where the interest and, possibly, the principal paid are reduced if a particular category of ‘‘catastrophic’’ insurance claims exceed a certain amount.
opod
0
22.75
15.8
0
16.08
17.5
12.33
18.5
21.37
CCP
See Central Clearing Party.
opod
0
50.5
7.2
0
10.15
8.8
11.73
1
1.6
CDD
Cooling degree days. The maximum of zero and the amount by which the daily average temperature is greater than 65 Fahrenheit. The average temperature is the average of the highest and lowest temperatures (midnight to midnight).
opod
0
50.84
9.2
11.9
11.93
9.7
9.93
7.333333
9.24
CDO
See Collateralized Debt Obligation.
opod
0
-8.73
15.5
0
21.75
18.3
15.68
3
21.6
CDO Squared
An instrument in which the default risks in a portfolio of CDO tranches are allocated to new securities.
opod
0
44.75
11.5
0
10.15
10.3
11.55
13
16.09
CDS
See Credit Default Swap.
opod
0
75.88
3.7
0
5.8
5.3
15.68
1
1.6
CDS Spread
Basis points that must be paid each year for protection in a CDS.
opod
0
92.12
3.6
0
5.03
4.3
9.14
6.5
8.28
CDX NA IG
Portfolio of 125 North American companies.
opod
0
31.55
10.4
0
13.97
10.6
11.83
5
15.73
CEBO
See Credit Event Binary Option.
opod
0
49.48
7.6
0
8.44
6.5
16.52
2.5
10
Central Clearing
The use of a clearing house for over-the-counter derivatives.
opod
0
53.88
8
0
13.19
10.8
7.59
5.5
8.04
Central Counterparty
A clearing house for over-the-counter derivatives.
opod
0
31.55
10.4
0
19.77
16.9
9.2
4
9.07
Cheapest-to-Deliver Bond
The bond that is cheapest to deliver in the CME Group bond futures contract.
opod
0
74.19
6.4
0
7.82
6.8
11.1
7
8.46
Cholesky Decomposition
A method of sampling from a multivariate normal dis- tribution.
opod
0
44.41
9.6
0
11.4
9
13.61
6
12