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The bonds between humans and animals are powerful. And the positive correlation between pets and mental health is undeniable. According to a 2015 Harris poll, 95 percent of pet owners think of their animal as a member of the family. And that’s true no matter how old we are. Children, adolescents, adults, and seniors all find joy in their pets. Therefore, pets and mental health go hand in hand.
Furthermore, research validates the benefits of pets for mental health. The mental health benefits of owning a dog or cat have been proven by many scientific studies. Animals help with depression, anxiety, and stress. In addition, they provide companionship and ease loneliness. Moreover, pets bring us joy and unconditional love.
Early Research on Pets and Mental Health
The first research on pets and mental health was published 30 years ago. Psychologist Alan Beck of Purdue University and psychiatrist Aaron Katcher of the University of Pennsylvania conducted the study. Therefore, they measured what happens to the body when a person pets a friendly dog. Here’s what they found:
- Blood pressure went down
- Heart rate slowed
- Breathing became more regular
- Muscle tension relaxed.
These are all signs of reduced stress. Therefore, the researchers had discovered physical evidence of the mental health benefits of pets.
The Power of Animal-Assisted Therapy
Since then, scientists have discovered much more about the connection between pets and mental health. As a result, animal-assisted therapy programs have become an important part of mental health treatment. Moreover, individuals benefit from owning mental health animals, such as an emotional support dog.
Since the 1990s, teen mental health programs have incorporated equine therapy programs. Equine Assisted Therapy actively involves horses in mental health treatment. The human-horse connection allows teens to address emotions and issues. They do this through a powerful, direct experience of nonverbal communication.
However, we can experience pet therapy benefits every day in our own homes. Below are 10 ways in which pets support mental health.
Interacting with Pets Lowers Our Stress Hormones
Studies around pets and mental health show that petting and playing with animals reduces stress-related hormones. And these benefits can occur after just five minutes of interacting with a pet. Therefore, pets are very helpful for anxiety sufferers.
Playing with a dog or cat raises our levels of serotonin and dopamine. These are hormones that calm and relax the nervous system. When we smile and laugh at our pets’ cute behavior, that helps stimulate the release of these “happiness hormones.”
Pets and Mental Health: Lowering Stress
Moreover, interacting with a friendly dog reduces levels of cortisol, the stress hormone. And it increases the release of oxytocin—another chemical in the body that reduces stress naturally. That’s why animal-assisted therapy is so powerful.
Furthermore, the sensory act of stroking a pet lowers blood pressure. Therefore, it reduces stress. Consequently, studies have shown that dogs can help calm hyperactive or aggressive children.
In one study, a group of stressed-out adults was told to pet a rabbit, a turtle, or a toy. Touching the toy didn’t have any effects. However, stroking the rabbit or turtle relieved anxiety. In addition, even people who didn’t particularly like animals experienced the benefits.
Pets Protect Against Childhood Anxiety
A pet dog may protect children from anxiety, according to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
A total of 643 children participated in the study. A little over half of them had pet dogs in the home. Researchers measured the children’s BMI (body mass index), anxiety levels, screen time, and physical activity.
As a result, they found that all the children had similar BMIs, screen time, and physical activity. This held true whether or not they had pet dogs. But their anxiety levels were different. In fact, 21 percent of the children who did not have a pet dog tested positive on a screening test for anxiety. However, only 12 percent of children with dogs tested positive for anxiety.
Therefore, pets clearly have a beneficial effect on childhood stress and anxiety. As a result, children who grow up with pets may have a better chance of becoming happy and healthy teens.
Our Pets Make Us Feel Needed
People feel more needed and wanted when they have a pet to care for. The act of caretaking has mental health benefits. Caring for another living thing gives us a sense of purpose and meaning.
Furthermore, this is true even when the pets don’t interact very much with their caregivers. In a 2016 study around pets and mental health, elderly people were given five crickets in a cage. Researchers monitored their mood over eight weeks. Moreover, they compared them to a control group that was not caring for pets.
As a result, the participants that were given crickets became less depressed after eight weeks than those in the control group. Therefore, researchers concluded that caring for a living creature produced the mental health benefits.
Thus, doing things for the good of others reduces depression and loneliness.
Pets Increase Our Sense of Self-Esteem and Well-Being
Recently, psychologists at Miami University and Saint Louis University conducted three experiments on the benefits of pet ownership. Subsequently, the American Psychological Association published the results.
The studies showed that pet owners had improved well-being in various areas, including the following:
- Better self-esteem
- More physically fit
- Less lonely
- More conscientious and less preoccupied
- More extroverted
- Less fearful.
In the first study, 217 people answered questions about their well-being, personality type, and attachment style. And pet owners were happier, healthier, and better adjusted than non-owners.
A second experiment involved 56 dog owners. Researchers examined pet owners’ feelings about their pets. In addition, they measured their well-being. One group of people reported that their dogs increased their feelings of belonging, self-esteem, and meaning. Thus, these participants showed greater overall well-being than the other participants.
Furthermore, 97 undergraduates with an average age of 19 participated in the third study. As a result, researchers found that pets can help adolescents feel better after experiencing rejection.
The teens were asked to write about a time when they felt excluded. Then they were asked to do one of three things: write about their favorite pet, write about their favorite friend, or draw a map of their campus. And writing about pets was just as effective as writing about a friend in combating feelings of rejection.
Cats and Dogs Are Great Examples of Being in the Moment
Pets live in the moment. In other words, they don’t worry about what happened yesterday. Moreover, they aren’t worried about what might happen tomorrow.
As a result, pets can help people become more mindful. Mindfulness is the psychological process of bringing one’s attention to the present moment. Therefore, pets can help teens enjoy and appreciate the present moment.
In addition, pets help distract teens from what’s bothering them. And spending time with a pet helps teens remember how to be playful and carefree.
Pets Support Recovery from Mental Illness
Pets are extremely helpful for people recovering from severe mental health conditions. A new meta-analysis looked at 17 academic papers drawn from nine medical databases. As a result, researchers found evidence that having a pet benefits people with mental health conditions.
The papers looked at how cats, dogs, hamsters, finches, and even goldfish affected the mental well-being of people living with a mental illness. Overall, the review found that pets helped the participants to manage their emotions. In addition, it distracted them from the symptoms of their mental health condition.
For example, a 2016 study at the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom involved 54 participants. All of them had been diagnosed with severe mental illnesses, such as depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder.
As a result, 60 percent of participants placed a pet in their most important circle of supportive connections. Furthermore, about half of the participants said that pets helped them manage their illness and everyday life. Having pets also gave them a strong sense of identity, self-worth, and meaning. Moreover, pets distracted them from symptoms like hearing voices, suicidal thoughts, or rumination.
Moreover, caring for a pet also gave owners a feeling of being in control. Plus, it gave them a sense of security and routine.
One participant said, “When I was so depressed, I was kind of suicidal. The thing that made me stop was wondering what the rabbits would do. That was the first thing I thought of … I can’t leave because the rabbits need me.”
“Pets provided a unique form of validation through unconditional support, which they were often not receiving from other family or social relationships,” said Dr. Helen Brooks, lead author of the study. Dr. Brooks and her team concluded that pet ownership has a valuable contribution to mental health. Therefore, it should be incorporated into patients’ individual care plans of patients.
Pets Help Us Build Healthy Habits
Pets need to be taken care of every day. As a result, they help us build healthy habits and routines.
Physical activity: Dog owners need to take their pets for walks, runs, and hikes regularly. Therefore, owners receive the benefits of exercise. Studies show that dog owners are far more likely to meet recommended daily exercise requirements.
Time in nature: Walking a dog or riding a horse gets us outside. As a result, we experience the many mental health benefits of being outdoors.
Getting up in the morning: Dogs and cats need to be fed on a regular schedule. As a result, pet owners need to get up and take care of them—no matter what mood they are in. Hence, pets give people a reason to get up and start their day.
Pet care supports self-care: Caring for a dog, horse, or cat reminds us to care for ourselves as well. For example, teens that groom horses in Equine Assisted Therapy remember the importance of caring for their own health.
Our Pets Help Build Relationship Skills
Research shows that children who are emotionally attached to their dogs have an easier time building relationships with other people. Hence, because dogs follow human cues, they support kids’ emotional development. Dogs in particular are sensitive to their owner’s moods and emotions.
Moreover, animals make socializing easier for kids who find it stressful. One study examined the behavior of children with autism in a classroom with a pet guinea pig. Researchers found that these children were more social with their peers than autistic kids without classroom pets. In addition, they smiled and laughed more, and showed fewer signs of stress.
Equine-Assisted Therapy also helps teens build relationship skills. As a result, teens create meaningful and abiding relationships with their horses. Subsequently, the confidence and skills they develop transfer to relationships with family and friends. This is an essential step in growth and recovery.
Pets Support Social Connection
Another result of pets and mental health, for teens and adults, is that pets support social connection. They relieve social anxiety because they provide a common topic to talk about. Hence, pets counteract social isolation.
For example, walking a dog often leads to conversations with other dog owners. As a result, dog owners tend to be more socially connected and less isolated.
Therefore, their mental health improves. That’s because people who have more social relationships and friendships tend to be mentally healthier. The benefits of social connection include
- Better self-esteem
- Lower rates of anxiety and depression
- Happier, more optimistic outlook
- Stronger emotional regulation skills
- Improved cognitive function
- More empathy and feelings of trust toward others.
Last But Not Least … Pets Give Us Unconditional Love
Dogs and cats love their owners unconditionally. For example, pets don’t care how teens did on a test. Moreover, they don’t judge teens on their social skills or athletic ability. They are simply happy to see their owners. And they want to spend time with them, no matter what.
This kind of unconditional love is good for mental health. It stimulates the brain to release dopamine, the chemical involved in sensing pleasure.
To summarize, the research on pets and mental health is clear. Therefore, people might want to learn how to ask a doctor for an emotional support animal.
In addition, teens that love animals might enjoy working at an animal shelter or at a riding stable. And families who don’t have pets can go to their local humane society and bring home a new member of the family.
Images courtesy of unsplash
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Full-Text Articles in Education
Teaching World Music In An Elementary Setting: Effective Teaching Strategies And Classroom Materials, Calyna Mc Allister
The world we live in today is increasingly a global society. As such, the various cultures of the world come into contact with one another more often. Students today need to have experiences with different cultures in order to participate effectively in this globally minded world. An excellent way to expose children to these cultures is through the use of world music in the general music classroom. The need for world music from a music education standpoint has been addressed over the past few decades. However, little has been done to address the teaching methods associated with world music or ...
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In July 2016, Venezuela reported it’s first diphtheria case since the 1990s. While the health minister, Luisana Melo attempted to deny the outbreak at the time, the numbers don’t lie.
Since mid-2016 through the beginning of 2019, Venezuela has seen over 2,500 suspected cases and 1,500 gave been confirmed.
In addition, tragically, some 270 people died from the very pathogenic vaccine-preventable disease.
The diphtheria outbreak is ongoing. As of the beginning of this year, there were 8 federal entities and 20 municipalities with 21 parishes reporting cases, according to the PAHO.
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. Vaccines are recommended for infants, children, teens and adults to prevent diphtheria.
- Venezuela malaria situation grows worse: 650K cases so far in 2018
- Venezuela measles outbreak: 3,500 lab-confirmed cases in 2018
- Venezuela: Infant and maternal deaths up significantly in 2016
- Venezuela is world’s ‘Most Miserable’ country again
- Venezuela: The tragedy of socialism in real time
- Venezuela: Violent crime, shortages prompt travel warning
- Venezuela’s health crisis: A discussion with Dr. Leopoldo Villegas
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I'm excited to be back for another PreK Partners learning center blog hop. This week we will be sharing about how we are setting up and using the science center in our preschool classrooms.
Our science center or science lab is a place for children to explore, question and observe the world around them.
Our science center has accessibility to a wide variety of objects and materials that will spark children’s interest to acquire knowledge and support learning in physical, life, and earth science.
In order to support the children’s learning I like to have a table so that children have a place to observe, document and experiment with the materials. A shelf that houses basket and trays with provocations and we also like to have our sensory table close by because it provides a great place for children to conduct experiments in like sink and float, color mixing, and chemical reaction.
The science center is a way for young children to build a foundation for future learning and scientific understanding. It is a center to provoke thought, discussions, questions, interest and ideas. It is a center that will allow children to observe, communicate, and predict.
Nature is always a great place to start to provide materials for the science center.
Introduce children to scientific tools.
Provide children with a way to visually see their learning.
• Documentation Charts and Graphs
Include long term investigation projects in your science center.
• Long Term Investigations
As the teacher we can…
I hope you enjoyed the tour of our preschool science center. To see more fun and engaging science center’s hop on over to PreK Partners.
I'm Tami Sanders creator of Learning and Teaching with Preschoolers, a blog to help teachers create magical moments for the young.
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How Many Teeth Do Children Have
How many teeth do children have? Having a nice set of white teeth is important, especially as a part of a person’s physical appearance. It’s crucial for parents to take care of their kid’s oral health as early as possible. To do that, it helps to have some knowledge when it comes to teeth, along with the different tips that can be used in order for the kids to grow healthy, strong, white teeth. For children, they have about 20 milk teeth, but what if they encounter tooth pain and other dental problems, how do you help them?
How Many Teeth Do Children Have
The teeth of babies will start to develop before they are born. However, there are some who take 6 to 12 months old before they develop teeth.
Children have 20 milk, also known as baby teeth, when they reach three years old. When they reach 5 or 6 years old, the teeth will start to fall out. This process is natural as the baby teeth fall out for adult or permanent teeth.
When they reach the age of 12 to 14 years old, children will lose their baby teeth and start having adult teeth. There are 32 adult teeth.
A tooth is made up of different substances. The tooth above the gum is known as the crown which is is covered in enamel, which serves as a tough substance that protects the teeth. Enamel protects the sensitive parts of a tooth.
Apart from the enamel, there is dentine. This substance is what makes up of the tooth. It protects the inner part of the teeth and the pulp which is responsible for blood supply.
This is crucial to ensure that the tooth is healthy. On the other hand, the nerve endings are responsible for sending signals to the brain like, for instance, when you’re eating hot or cold food. These nerve endings are also responsible for sending signals to the brain if you have damaged teeth.
There are basically different types of teeth. The first one is known as the incisors. They are located at the front, both in the upper and lower jaw. It has a cutting edge used for cutting food.
Another type is the canine, also known as the vampire teeth. They are located in the lower and upper jaws. Canines are used to tear the food.
For crushing the food, there is the premolar. In grinding the food, there are the molars.
For parents, it’s essential to know the teething process. It gets more difficult, especially since babies have weaker immune systems and not to mention the fact that they also have the tendency to put just anything in their mouth.
When your baby starts with the teething process, there are symptoms that you will start to notice. These include the following: drooling, rashes, runny nose and varying sleeping patterns. This process takes about 8 days.
In order for your child to have nice set of teeth, it’s important for your child to learn the right oral hygiene as early as possible.
Caring for primary teeth is also crucial. There are instances wherein kids may also have decaying teeth. This can cause severe pain if not treated.
Caring for primary teeth is important, especially since your kids should be able to learn the right and proper oral hygiene at a very young age. At age 6, kids start to lose their teeth in order to give way to adult teeth. This is normal for any child and among girls and boys, girls lose their teeth way earlier compared to boys.
As a parent, how do you deal with it if ever your kids start to lose teeth?
Here are some soothing techniques that you might want to try.
First is that you can massage the sore tooth with clean fingers. You can also apply cold pressure to reduce inflammation and to remove any discomfort.
For kids over 6 months, there are unsweetened and sugar-free teething biscuits. If your child starts to feel pain, there is always a pain reliever that you can directly apply and use.
One of which is the use of paracetamol. This is effective for kids. Another medicine is Ibuprofen which is also a very effective medicine. But just be careful since this may cause adverse reactions.
Apart from these soothing techniques and the available medicines, there are other treatments available. You can use a teething necklace. This is specially created to hasten the healing process. Another one is the use of teething gels.
Aside from these treatments and techniques, the most important thing is to be there for your child. Reassure your kid that it’s a natural process to lose teeth and is not something that they should be afraid of. Help them understand that they will be replaced with new and stronger teeth. If ever things get worse then it’s always best to go directly to the dentist.
To avoid tooth decay travelling to another tooth, the dentist may conduct a tooth extraction procedure.
As soon as you notice that your kid is experiencing pain, you need to consult a dentist immediately. Extracting the tooth is necessary especially if there is already tooth decay or major teeth injury.
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The new corona virus has only been known for a few weeks. Nevertheless, a team Christian Drosten from the Berlin Charité has already developed a detection method for the new pathogen that is available worldwide.
“We test respiratory secretions, that is, what those affected cough up or a throat swab,” explains Drosten. Doctors must then send this sample to a laboratory that can perform the test. In the beginning it was just the Charité in Berlin, now university hospitals across Germany are able to do this.
How quickly can the sick get a result?
Martin Hoch from the Bavarian State Office for Health and Food Safety put the time in four to five hours. “In the meantime, things are going quickly, since diagnostics are possible here directly,” he said at a press conference after the first case of the new corona virus had become known in Germany.
According to Drosten, the test itself takes about 1.5 hours in the laboratory. The rest of the time is spent on logistics inside and outside the laboratory.
How does the test work?
The process is based on a so-called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A DNA strand is duplicated in order to be able to detect the genetic makeup of the virus – if it is present. PCR tests are standard procedures in laboratories. They are also used, among other things, to clarify hereditary diseases or to determine paternity.
An advantage of the method is that even the smallest virus quantities lead to a reliable test result. Nevertheless, a negative test result does not completely rule out the possibility of infection, warns the Robert Koch Institute with regard to the new corona virus. For this reason, among other things, not all contact persons from the immediate environment of the infected are currently being tested, said the Bavarian Minister of State for Health, Melanie Huml. Wrong, negative results could be about
due to poor sample quality,
improper transport (the sample should be cooled),
an unfavorable time of sampling or
for other reasons such as a mutation the virus cannot be excluded.
For this reason, the RKI advises that a further examination be ordered in patients with a strong suspicion of the new coronavirus and a first negative test.
How are the samples sent within Germany?
The samples are classified as “biological substance, category B” and must be packed in three layers: first the swab with the smear is placed in a container, such as a tube. This is followed by a second vessel from which no liquids can escape and which is lined with absorbent material. Finally, the third is the outer packaging.
“Shipping should be done via a parcel service and only after consultation with the investigating laboratory”, writes the Robert Koch Institute, On his way through Germany, the parcel must also be provided with the telephone number of a responsible person and the inscriptions “Biological substance, category B” and “UN 3373”. The UN number indicates the risk of contamination of a substance.
The corona virus thus does not fall into the – most strictly regulated – category A. Substances are considered to be substances that “can cause permanent disability or a life-threatening or fatal illness when exposed to otherwise healthy people or animals”. They may only be transported by special companies.
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“It’s always been done this way.”
This sentiment is one of the biggest “icebergs” that I’ve encountered in my career as an educator–for such a small little statement, sometimes underneath it is laden with deep emotions–happiness, complacency, pride, disengagement, frustration, nostalgia…the list could go on. Sometimes the status quo is an essential tool to school culture, but determining when to change the way things are done is a lesson that I think all school leaders are constantly trying to learn. One important factor to consider when addressing status quo is whether something is just an unwritten rule or if it is a deeply entrenched tradition. Obviously, some basic research and sleuthing may be needed to determine as such. There are three big questions that leaders could look to ask when it comes to the status quo before entertaining a change to the status quo or reworking a tradition.
- Is it habit, policy or tradition? Oftentimes, we mistake habit for tradition. Just because something is done regularly doesn’t necessarily make it a tradition. Habits, or what we might refer to as routines in education, certainly can turn into traditions but there are important factors that need to be in place for them to do so. These factors include people, motivation and time. If these factors aren’t present, then either something isn’t really a TRUE tradition, or it isn’t one that is likely to be sustained much longer. What if you encounter something that hasn’t been around long enough to be considered a tradition, BUT it has certainly become a well-developed routine or habit (status quo)? If that is the case, then you have to ask whether it has the potential to be a positive and perpetuated tradition, or if it might be better changed and/or modified.
- Who and how? This is actually very important when it comes to the longevity and sustainability of traditions. Who perpetuates the tradition and how they do it is very important to whether a tradition continues. Traditions only “live” if there are people to continue them, and that requires meaningful sharing and passing on to all who are meant to participate. For example, if a tradition began with a staff in the early 1990s, and that staff continued it forward until the mid-2000s but did not see fit to bring newer staff members into the tradition, then as the original staff left or retired the tradition would cease. Alternatively, if that same staff shared the tradition with each new staff member as they arrived, there would be a higher likelihood of the tradition surviving. The way in which the tradition is shared is also important for buy-in. Simply stating, “this is how its done” won’t foster motivation from newer staff who are meant to take up and continue a tradition–there has to be some semblance of mentorship involved, time dedicated for the sharing and then active participation in a tradition. This is where I feel a lot of traditions in schools especially fall short as those who are engrained with traditional are often loath to let others “take up the torch,” for fear of losing out on some unsaid power. Depending on the who and how, some traditions naturally see their end; however, expediting that end might be an option depending on the ratio of willing participants to casual observers.
- When and why? As previously discussed, traditions often begin out of habit (routine) or policy. When looking at whether a tradition has run its course, it is important to learn not only about how deeply embedded a tradition is amongst current staff (and students) but also how and why it came into being. Traditions do have a way of outliving their usefulness, depending on why they began in the first place; however, if the “who” and “how” of a tradition is alive and well, that may not matter. A staff survey regarding their knowledge and feelings about certain traditions might be a good start in order to determine whether a new option or “retirement” will be well received.
Changing traditions or letting them go isn’t for the faint of heart nor is it something that should be taken lightly. The status quo is some instances is the very glue that is holding everything together; whereas in other cases it has staled culture and created divides. Finding a way to balance change while respecting true tradition is the juggling act that a leader must learn to take part in, and unfortunately there isn’t a manual for how to do it successfully–every organization, every group of people, and every instance of status quo or tradition will vary.
If there was one tradition or unwritten piece of “status quo” in your organization that you could change, what would it be?
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Growing self-awareness in your child is indeed necessary. It is because it prepares the stage for their success in life by teaching them to understand their feelings, and thoughts and optimize their potential. This is why parents need to put some extra effort into developing self-awareness in their children and help them channel it in the right way. This all can help them live their life to the fullest confidence.
As a parent, you can help your child improve their self-awareness skills by following some effective strategies as recommended by Gurukul World School, the top CBSE school in Mohali.
Ways to Teach Your Child Self-Awareness:
- Set a Good Example: Younger children always try to imitate their parents’ actions and language. It is an opportunity for the parents to set a good example for their children to teach them self-awareness. To do this, you can positively express your emotions.
- Help Your Child Identify their Emotions: Make sure you help your child identify, distinguish, and finally link different emotions. When a child will recognize the link between their feelings, thoughts, and actions, they can easily appropriately react to them.
- Help Your Child Recognize their Strengths & Weaknesses: It is important to help your child identify their abilities, weaknesses, and shortcomings. It will help them embrace their strengths and build confidence.
- Nurture Your Child’s Passion: It is recommended not to miss any single scope to compliment your child. Praise the ability of your child, rather than focusing on their failures. Let them understand how others value them. Thus you can help your child become more aware of their strength.
- Let Your Child Try New Things: It is important to encourage your child involve in different activities and try new things. It will help them build confidence and gain awareness of what he or she is capable of. Make sure you praise their participation rather than focusing on their ability. Reassure your child that it is not necessary to be good at everything. Thus you can help your child identify and celebrate their strength.
The Bottom Line:
Gurukul World School, being one of the best CBSE Schools in Mohali never misses any chance to teach its students self-awareness. To do this, they involve students in several social and emotional activities on a regular basis from a very younger age to help them be self-aware. They always focus on helping their students achieve their goals.
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Literature of Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century
Literature of Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century
The writings produced by Christian missionaries of the nineteenth century are a vast and diverse body of texts made up of tracts, letters, journals, memoirs, and anthropological descriptions. Missionaries worked around the world, reaching out to those they saw as potential converts to their faith, primarily non-whites of Africa and South and East Asia. The Church of England founded its first missionary organization, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, in the early eighteenth century. The London Missionary Society, a joint effort of the Anglican, Presbyterian, and Independent Churches, formed in 1795 as the Missionary Society, adding London to its name in 1818. Methodists, Congregationalists, and Baptists all formed their own missionary societies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. To some extent the history of English missionaries follows the history of colonialism, with activity peaking in the late nineteenth century and subsiding by the Second World War, when many European colonies gained independence. Like some English missionaries, many missionaries in America were inspired by the abolitionist movement. The American Missionary Association was formed in 1846 as an outgrowth of the defenders of the mutinous Africans aboard the slave ship La Amistad. Other American missionary organizations active in the nineteenth century include the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the American Home Missionary Society, and the American Bible Society.
In addition to evangelizing, missionaries performed important cultural work at home and abroad. As some of the first whites to visit the remote areas of other continents, missionaries were often considered heroes at home, and their accounts of adventures in strange lands were widely read. Missionaries' depictions of the people they encountered were generally accepted as authoritative and provided the basis for Western understandings of racial and cultural difference. Opinions varied widely on the reasons for the apparent superiority of whites to darker people, although that superiority was almost always assumed. Missionaries who acted as the earliest ethnographers—a science just emerging in the nineteenth century—offered descriptions of native behavior and intelligence that at times supported and at other times contradicted the assumption that non-whites were biologically inferior. In some cases, the sympathy of the missionaries, mixed with a desire to maintain a sense of difference, created an attitude of paternalism, or the obligation of the civilized Christian to raise up his heathen brethren from their current infantile state. Civilization, or “culture,” was thought to develop along a single, continuous path: Africans, Indians, and Native Americans had not progressed as far as Europeans along this continuum, but with the assistance of Christianity they could fulfill their human potential. Many scholars suggest that although missionaries sometimes argued for the eventual assimilation of non-whites into Western society, the ethnographies they produced often drew clear distinctions between white Christians and the “Others” they described. Considerable critical attention has been given to the missionaries conception of the “Other,” meaning virtually any non-white outside the Euro-American cultural network, and how the resulting dichotomy between those within and outside the cultural paradigm reflects on both groups. As another aspect of spreading civilization, missionaries paved the way for greater trade and other forms of economic relations. Among the proponents of “Christianity and commerce” was David Livingstone, perhaps the best known of nineteenth-century missionaries. The promotion of an ideological confluence between economics and religion was short-lived, but the movement has proven to be useful to critics studying the intersection of imperialistic, religious, and economic impulses in colonial cultures.
Missionary work offered special opportunities to women who were otherwise quite restricted. Such an opportunity was offered to the title character in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre: St. John Rivers offers to marry her and take her to work in India where several missionary wives had worked to advance the cause of women's education. Married women who accompanied their missionary husbands found that they had easier access to native women than their male counterparts, especially when cultural taboos or traditions limited social interaction between women and men outside their families. Women in China, for example, were strictly forbidden to discuss Christianity with men. Single women were eventually considered for missionary work as well. Early colleges for women, such as Mount Holyoke Seminary, sent young women to Turkey, India, China, South Africa, Hawaii, and Persia, though they were considered assistant missionaries by formal organizations until 1900. The accounts of female missionaries reveal a variety of perspectives on their role in bringing Christianity to other cultures. For some women, modeling a Christian family life and fulfilling the traditional roles of a wife and mother were an important part of their work. Many, however, suggested openly that the path of the missionary would allow them to advance the status of women not only in the countries they visited but also in their homelands. Letters from such missionaries often depict native women in the most degrading circumstances, reduced to prostitution as a result of their forced ignorance or slavery. While the authors of these letters thank God for their freedoms in Western civilization, they also acknowledge that some of these freedoms are available only through missionary life.
Thomas Fowell Buxton
The African Slave Trade and Its Remedy (essay) 1840
The Utility of Missions Ascertained by Experience (essay) 1816
The Past and Prospective Extension of the Gospel by Missions to the Heathen (lectures) 1844
Joseph John Gurney
Familiar letters to Henry Clay of Kentucky, Describing a Winter in the West Indies (letters) 1840
Marilla Marks Hills
Reminiscences: A Brief History of the Free Baptist India Mission (history) 1885
Mary Anne Hutchins
The Youthful Female Missionary: A Memoir of Mary Ann Hutchins (letters) 1840
African Lessons (memoirs) 1823
G. W. H. Knight-Bruce
Memories of Mashonaland (memoirs) 1895
James D. Knowles
Memoir of Mrs. Ann H. Judson (memoirs) 1829
Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (journal) 1857
Dr. Livingstone's Cambridge Lectures (lectures) 1858
Lucy T. Lord
Memoir of Mrs. Lucy T. Lord of the Chinese Baptist Mission (memoirs) 1854
J. B. Marsden
Memoirs of the Life and Labours of the Rev. Samuel Marsden (journal, letters) 1858
Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa...
(The entire section is 294 words.)
Criticism: History And Development
SOURCE: Christophers, Brett. “Redemption.” In Positioning the Missionary: John Booth Good and the Confluence of Cultures in Nineteenth-Century British Columbia, pp. 19-40. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1998.
[In the following excerpt, Christophers argues that the work of missionaries often came into conflict with the work of secular imperialism. Tracing the scriptural origins of evangelism, Christophers distinguishes the universalist rhetoric of Christianity from the nationalist tendencies of a specifically national religion such as Anglicanism.]
For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God.
Most discussion of nineteenth-century colonial discourse has focused on its ‘codification of difference.’1 Scholars have charted the manifold ways in which Europeans distinguished themselves from non-Europeans, showing that such distinctions often buttressed and coloured colonial practice. Homi Bhabha offers a useful synopsis of these findings. ‘The objective of colonial discourse,’ he claims, ‘is to construe the colonized as a population of degenerate types on the basis of racial origin, in order to justify conquest and to establish systems of administration and instruction.’2 Although, clearly, colonial discourses were not all of a piece, most appealed to some...
(The entire section is 13022 words.)
Criticism: Sociopolitical Concerns
SOURCE: Porter, Andrew. “‘Commerce and Christianity’: The Rise and Fall of a Nineteenth-Century Missionary Slogan.” The Historical Journal 28, no. 3 (September 1985): 597-621.
[In the following essay, Porter examines the connection between commerce and Christianity popularized in the mid-nineteenth century by missionaries such as David Livingstone, who wrote that the two were “inseparable.” Porter argues that this sentiment was relatively short-lived and not reflective of the whole of nineteenth-century missionary thought.]
‘“What,” some simple-minded man might say, “is the connection between the Gospel and commerce?’”1 Speaking in Leeds in May 1860 on behalf of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce was characteristically robust with his rhetorical question and no less direct in furnishing the answer. ‘There is a great connection between them. In the first place, there is little hope of promoting commerce in Africa, unless Christianity is planted in it; and, in the next place, there is very little ground for hoping that Christianity will be able to make its proper way unless we can establish a lawful commerce in the country’. Britain's part in forging the connexion was abundantly clear. It was
the intention of God to make it the interest of this, the most active, the most ingenious, and the freest...
(The entire section is 11893 words.)
SOURCE: Hall, Catherine. “Missionary Stories: Gender and Ethnicity in England in the 1830s and 1840s.” In Cultural Studies, edited by Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler, pp. 240-70. New York: Routledge, 1992.
[In the following essay, Hall describes the manner in which British missionary rhetoric, sympathetic to black converts, revealed anxiety about English national identity.]
In the 1990s nationalisms and national identities have become key political issues.1 The collapse of the Cold War, the reunification of Germany, the re-mapping of Europe, and the planned increased economic and political integration of EEC member countries in 1992 all raise critical questions about the nation-state, national sovereignty, national “belonging,” and forms of citizenship. In this context national identity has emerged as a crucial issue in British politics.
But what does it mean to be British? National communities are, as Benedict Anderson (1983) has argued, “imagined communities.” Whilst sometimes appearing natural they have always been constructed through elaborate ideological and political work which produces a sense of nation and national identity, but a sense which can always be challenged. For there is no one national identity—rather competing national identities jostle with each other in a struggle for dominance. “Britishness” and...
(The entire section is 19821 words.)
SOURCE: Peterson, Linda H. “‘The Feelings and Claims of Little People’: Heroic Missionary Memoirs, Domestic(ated) Spiritual Autobiography, and Jane Eyre: An Autobiography.” In Traditions of Victorian Women's Autobiography: The Poetics and Politics of Life Writing, pp. 80-108. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999.
[In the following excerpt, Peterson compares Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre to the nonfiction missionary writings of nineteenth-century women. Peterson suggests that Brontë's allusion to the missionary memoir raises broader questions about the life, education, and career path deemed proper for women.]
When Charlotte Brontë read Harriet Martineau's Household Education (1849), she was astonished by the autobiographical passages that seemed so uncannily to recount her own childhood experiences. She told Martineau that “it was like meeting her own fetch,—so precisely were the fears and miseries there described the same as her own, told or not told in ‘Jane Eyre.’”1 Similarly, when Martineau read Jane Eyre, she recognized the correspondences between her early life and that of Brontë's heroine: “I was taxed with the authorship [of Jane Eyre] by more than one personal friend, and charged by others, and even by relatives, with knowing the author, and having supplied some of the facts of the first volume from my own...
(The entire section is 15239 words.)
Criticism: Uses Of Ethnography
SOURCE: Lindeborg, Ruth H. “The ‘Asiatic’ and the Boundaries of Victorian Englishness.” Victorian Studies 37, no. 3 (spring 1994): 381-404.
[In the following essay, Lindeborg examines the writings of Joseph Salter, a missionary to Africans and Asians in the ports of London, suggesting that Salter's memoirs of his missionary work reveal anxiety about the penetration of non-Europeans into English society as well as an early anthropological perspective.]
Didn't dislike foreigners, for he never saw none. What was they?
—Ragged school pupil in London, late 1850s, Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (1861)
Joseph Salter, a London City Missionary, begins his second memoir, The East in the West; or Work Among the Asiatics and Africans in London (1895), by invoking the abolitionist Thomas Clarkson as a model of missionary practice. Delving into London's “plague spots of Oriental vice” in the 1820s and 1830s, the Clarkson of Salter's description must marry the skills of foreign exploration with the goals of social reform. For “amongst the alleys of Shadwell” (14), Clarkson is suddenly in alien territory:
In the warehouse itself, as well as in the yard, he found a large number of Asiatics, who were all alike under the mastery of a man who ruled his subjects like a...
(The entire section is 7671 words.)
SOURCE: McAllister, Edwin J. “‘Our Glory and Joy’: Stephen Riggs and the Politics of Nineteenth-Century American Missionary Ethnography Among the Sioux.” In Christian Encounters with the Other, edited by John C. Hawley, pp. 150-65. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
[In the following essay, McAllister describes Riggs's ethnology in the context of contemporary thought about human civilization and racial difference. McAllister suggests that while Riggs's writing demonstrates a lack of modern respect for Native American tradition, it also reflects his belief that Native Americans were not biologically inferior to Whites and therefore incapable of “civilization.”]
Stephen Return Riggs (1812-83) was a Presbyterian missionary to the Dakota Sioux Indians from 1837 until his death. Like countless other American missionaries in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Riggs took up the pen to describe for Christians at home the people among whom he lived and worked. The works of these missionaries were widely read, and in a culture that valued Christian piety and self-sacrifice, their words had tremendous authority. Consequently, their effect on American attitudes toward Native Americans and dark-skinned foreigners carried tremendous weight and performed a powerful type of cultural work.
Rigg's representations of the Dakota in many ways exemplify the agendas and...
(The entire section is 6298 words.)
Criticism: David Livingstone
SOURCE: Ross, Andrew. “David Livingstone: The Man Behind the Mask.” In The London Missionary Society in Southern Africa, 1799-1999: Historical Essays in Celebration of the Bicentenary of the LMS in Southern Africa, edited by John de Gruchy, pp. 37-54. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000.
[In the following essay, Ross attempts to revise Livingstone's image as a paternalist, arguing that Livingstone saw the Africans as equals, though he considered their culture in need of Christian influence.]
William Monk, editor of David Livingstone's Cambridge Lectures, headed a subsection of the appendix he wrote for the second edition, ‘The unity of the human race further proved by Dr Livingstone's researches in South Africa.’ In this section he declared
Differences in colour, speech, natural characteristics, religious belief, moral, social and intellectual condition, may stagger some about the unity of the race; but be it remembered that these diversities are mostly referable to external circumstances … The same pleasures, anxieties, crimes, virtues, vices, noble or mean actions and influences, affect alike in many instances the soul of the most cultivated philosopher and of the most uncivilised savage.1
Dr Monk asserted the oneness of humanity so firmly because it was being denied by so many of the thinkers of his day; thinkers...
(The entire section is 9061 words.)
Ashton, Susanna. “Compound Walls: Eva Jane Price's Letters from a Chinese Mission, 1890-1900.” Frontiers 17, no. 3 (1996): 80-94.
Discusses the physical and cultural boundaries created by missionaries in China and the ways in which those boundaries were breached, intentionally and otherwise.
Barnett, Suzanne Wilson, and John King Fairbank, eds. Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985, 237 p.
Collected essays on individual missionaries and specific projects in China.
Erlank, Natasha. “Jane & John Philip: Partnership, Usefulness & Sexuality in the Service of God.” In The London Missionary Society in Southern Africa, 1799-1999: Historical Essays in Celebration of the Bicentenary of the LMS in Southern Africa, edited by John de Gruchy, pp. 82-98. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000.
Examines the role of the missionary wife in theory and practice and suggests a dissonance between Philip's public statements and his private life.
Inness, Sherrie A. “‘Repulsive as the Multitudes by Whom I Am Surrounded’: Constructing the Contact Zone in the Writings of Mount Holyoke Missionaries, 1830-1890.” Women's Studies 23 (1994): 365-84.
Analyzes the discourses of femininity and...
(The entire section is 404 words.)
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We know that the early years of a child’s life are crucial to their development and our practitioners work to ensure that every child gets the best possible start in their education at our nurseries.
Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS)
The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is how the government and early years professionals describe the time in your child’s life between birth and age 5. The EYFS Framework helps ensure children are ready for school as well as preparing them for their future learning and successes.
Through the EYFS Framework your child will be learning skills, acquiring knowledge and demonstrating their outstanding 7 Areas of Learning & Development. Children should mostly develop the 3 Prime Areas first. These are:
- Communication & Language
- Physical Development
- Personal, Social & Emotional Development
These Prime Areas are those most essential for your child’s healthy development and future learning. As children grow, the Prime Areas will help them to develop skills in 4 Specific Areas. These are:
- Understanding the World
- Expressive Arts & Design
These 7 areas are used to plan your child’s learning and activities. The professionals teaching and supporting your child will make sure that the activities are suited to your child’s unique needs. Children in the EYFS learn by playing & exploring, being active and through creative & critical thinking which all takes place both indoors and outside. The EYFS Framework underpins everything we do here at Holyrood Nurseries and is firmly embedded throughout our practice each day.
We have a clear operational plan for the nursery and a detailed Ofsted Self Evaluation. This self evaluation is designed to inform the reader about the way our nursery operates and how the EYFS Framework is embedded throughout our practice.
Management and staff work through the Quality Improvement Support Programme – this encourages reflective practice and assists in the self evaluation processes. Our nursery teams are guided by our local council and EYFS consultants with regards to planning for the children so that they are in line with local guidance.
For more information on the EYFS Framework, visit www.education.govt.uk
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Anyone who watches cop shows on television knows the warning police must read to a suspect when they place them under arrest. Known as the “Miranda warning,” after the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona, it is legally required before police may formally interrogate a suspect. The list of rights identified in the Miranda warning are commonly known as Miranda rights. Miranda is considered a landmark decision in criminal justice. Although New Jersey’s driving while intoxicated (DWI) statute classifies the offense as a motor vehicle offense, rather than a “crime,” Miranda still applies when police take a DWI suspect into custody.
The Miranda decision arose from a confession signed by a suspect after hours of police interrogation, during which time he was never advised of various constitutional rights. The Supreme Court held that the confession was inadmissible because the defendant did not give it voluntarily, but instead under duress from police officers. The court further stated that police must stop an interrogation once an individual has asserted certain rights. It directed police to advise people of their rights before or at the time they are arrested. From this, the Miranda warning was born. The court would later specifically rule that Miranda applies to DWI cases in Berkemer v. McCarty in 1984.
The first right identified in the Miranda warning—the right to remain silent—refers to the Fifth Amendment’s protection against self-incrimination during “custodial interrogation.” The important question to consider regarding how Miranda applies in New Jersey DWI cases involves the definition of “custody,” as well as the meaning of “silence.” The two are closely related, as the caselaw shows, and DWI cases present at least one specific complication of the idea of the right to remain silent. In New Jersey and many other states, DWI suspects are required by law to provide breath samples for chemical testing. Courts have generally held that this does not violate the Fifth Amendment’s right against self-incrimination.
A Supreme Court decision from 2013, Salinas v. Texas, seemed to chip away at the right to remain silent, but a closer look shows that it actually clarified when Miranda applies. The defendant in Salinas voluntarily spoke with police but stopped answering the officers’ questions when they turned to a specific topic. He did not expressly invoke his rights under the Fifth Amendment or Miranda. Police used his silence as evidence against him. The court held that this did not violate his rights because he approached police voluntarily and therefore was not in “custody.”
In contrast to the situation described in Salinas, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled in State v. Stas in 2012 that Miranda prevented police and prosecutors from using a DWI suspect’s silence against him without first giving him the Miranda warning. The defendant was convicted of allowing an intoxicated person to operate his vehicle, which counts as a DWI under New Jersey law. While police questioned the intoxicated driver, the defendant stood by in silence. This silence was essentially the only evidence against him—the driver admitted to DWI, and the defendant said nothing to contradict him. The court, citing Berkemer, found that the defendant was effectively in police custody at the time and was therefore entitled to Miranda protections.
Defending against DWI charges in New Jersey requires careful and thorough preparation. DWI attorney Evan Levow can guide you through the municipal court process and prepare a solid defense for your case. Contact us online or at (877) 593-1717 today to schedule a free and confidential consultation to see how our team can help you.
More Blog Posts:
New Jersey Appellate Court Considers DWI Defendant’s “Confusion” Defense, New Jersey DWI Attorney Blog, August 16, 2016
The Fifth Amendment Privilege Against Self-Incrimination in New Jersey DWI Cases, New Jersey DWI Attorney Blog, September 30, 2015
Court Rules on Right Against Self-Incrimination, Right to Jury Trial in New Jersey DWI Case, New Jersey DWI Attorney Blog, April 27, 2015
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Summer is here! While you spend your time enjoying the warm weather, we want to remind you of the importance of sunscreen!
Wearing sunscreen helps protect your skin from damaging UV rays, and can ultimately help prevent skin cancer.
The American Academy of Dermatology estimates that one in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. But there are ways to prevent skin cancer and protect yourself from wrinkles and lines!
The American Academy of Dermatology recommends that you and your family use water resistant, broad spectrum sunscreen that is SPF 30 or higher. In addition to wearing strong sunscreen, the AAD recommends you take the following steps to protect your skin:
Follow these tips to protect your skin from the sun’s damaging ultraviolet rays and reduce your risk of skin cancer:
- Seek shade when appropriate, remembering that the sun’s rays are strongest between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. If your shadow is shorter than you are, seek shade.
- Wear protective clothing, such as a lightweight long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses, when possible.
- Apply a broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. Broad-spectrum sunscreen provides protection from both UVA and UVB rays.
- Use sunscreen whenever you are going to be outside, even on cloudy days.
- Apply enough sunscreen to cover all skin not covered by clothing. Most adults need about 1 ounce — or enough to fill a shot glass — to fully cover their body.
- Don’t forget to apply to the tops of your feet, your neck, your ears and the top of your head.
- When outdoors, reapply sunscreen every two hours, or after swimming or sweating.
- Use extra caution near water, snow and sand, as they reflect the damaging rays of the sun, which can increase your chance of sunburn.
- Avoid tanning beds. Ultraviolet light from tanning beds can cause skin cancer and premature skin aging.
- Consider using a self-tanning product if you want to look tan, but continue to use sunscreen with it.
- Perform regular skin self-exams to detect skin cancer early, when it’s most treatable, and see a board-certified dermatologist if you notice new or suspicious spots on your skin, or anything changing, itching or bleeding.
Applying sunscreen once is helpful but it will not guarantee extended protection. In addition to the above steps, it is important that you apply sunscreen evenly and often. For reference most water resistant sunscreens last roughly 60 minutes, if you plan on being exposed to the sun for more than 60 minutes, you should apply a second coat, and continue to reapply accordingly.
Source American Academy of Dermatology
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Headdress made up of two rows of feathers, tail and body feathers from a scarlet macaw, and a row of beetle wing cases (elytra). Three strings of seeds, beads and feathers hanging from the back. Among many South American groups, feather headdresses are part of ceremonial regalia, which often also include lavish ear, neck, arm and waist ornaments. Feathers demonstrate the owners prowess as a hunter, marking him as an efficient provider for both his family and the community as a whole. Feathers link the wearer symbolically to birds and, among certain groups, may act as a source of spiritual strength and protection.
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Pearl S. Buck
In recent years, families on the mission field have increasingly turned to homeschooling in order to educate their children. Mike Farris, President of Home School Legal Defense Association, tells the story of one famous woman who was the product of home education on the mission field, today on Home School Heartbeat.
Michael Farris:Pearl S. Buck grew up on the mission field in China, and became a famous American author and winner of the 1932 Pulitzer Prize. A lively, precocious child, she pestered her mother with countless questions. Pearl's mother, realizing that her daughter needed a creative outlet, began her education at home. She especially focused on Pearl's skill for writing, and encouraged her to write something every week. At the age of 6, Pearl began writing for missionary magazines. Her writing was also published regularly by the Shanghai Mercury, an English newspaper that offered prizes for the best stories and articles written by children.
It was not surprising when Pearl decided as a young adult to become a novelist. She went on to write more than 65 books, plus hundreds of short stories and essays. She is best known for her books dealing sympathetically with life in China, including her widely acclaimed novel, The Good Earth. In 1938, Pearl S. Buck received the Nobel Prize for literature.
Although Pearl received her later education at various schools, her most significant years of academic training were spent at home. It was her mother who recognized her flair for writing and fostered her creative development. Pearl S. Buck is yet another example of the power of parent-directed education.
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Do you know why the Apostlesí Creed was written? What caused the early church to gather together a Council about 150 AD to debate and establish the one true faith as taught by the apostles? What was the issue? What was the reason? Take a look at the creed. Let me give you a clue. What receives the most space? Jesus is the reason for the creed. They were arguing about Jesus. Weíre considering basic beliefs in this sermon series. Your positive response to this series is encouraging and appreciated.
This morning we look at Jesus, the reason for the creed. Jesus was the subject of much debate in the early church. Incidentally, I donít know where we got the idea that the early church was perfect. We hear people today say, "Oh, if we could only get back to the simple, ideal early church." Donít they read the Bible? The early church fought like cats and dogs! However, if it werenít for church fights, we wouldnít have half the New Testament! Paul wrote his letters in response to church squabbles! By the time the second century rolled around, the major squabble was over Jesus. The controversy over Jesus has lasted through all these centuries, and the debate still goes on.
The question was and is: Who is Jesus? Was Jesus a human or was he God, divine? The issue was further complicated by the clash of cultures, cultural confrontations: Hebrew vs. Greek. Small, relatively insignificant Jewish isolationists clashed with the huge Roman Empire with its Greek culture and Greek language. When Paul, Peter, etc. began preaching to the gentiles (Greeks and Romans), it was necessary to develop a theology that was intelligible to the Greek mind. The Greek worldview was different from the Hebrew. How Greeks thought was different from how Jews thought. The topics, which interested Greek philosophers, were different from the topics addressed by the Bible. So, it was necessary to present Jesus and the Christian faith in terms that were understandable to the Greeks. It was very difficult for Greeks to think like biblical Jews. It is still difficult for us because we are more Greek than we are Jewish. The major reason that the Bible is so little understood, and so widely misinterpreted, is that we apply Greek thinking to a Hebrew Bible, and it doesnít work.
For example, Hebrews like verbs, Greeks like nouns. The Hebrew thinks in verbs: acts, deeds, works. The Greek thinks in nouns: essences, substances. The Hebrew begins with God "in action," a living, doing God. The Hebrew asks, "What has God done?" The Greek asks, "What is Godís nature? Godís essence?" The Hebrew Bible doesnít care about Godís essence; it celebrates Godís actions. The Greek likes consistency and rules. The Hebrew looks at life, rather than abstract ideas, and sees that life is full of inconsistency. The Hebrew believes in a living God who is not bound by unalterable rules. God is not only outside the rules, but God acts outside the rules! Like the parting of the Red Sea, like the resurrection!
Another significant difference: the Greek distinguishes between soul and matter, views the soul as good and matter, like the human body, as evil. The Hebrew does not dissect us into soul and body, but is holistic, and views the body as good.
By the middle of the second century, Greek Christians were pushing a theology called Gnosticism, which taught that Jesus was divine. Because the soul is pure and matter is evil, the substance of Jesus was different from humans. Surely, they believed, Jesus who is of God could not have experienced bodily desires or pain. Surely he could not have died. It only seemed as if he died. It only seemed as if he were a human with all the limitations of the body.
So a Church Council was called to define orthodoxy and heresy. They didnít believe in diversity in those days. There was not room for both under the umbrella called Christianity. The Apostlesí Creed made Gnosticism heresy. Look at the section about Jesus. Notice the verbs. To any Greek of that day, the scandal, the radical thinking of Christianity was the verbs:
conceived (actually inside a woman, how gross!, said the Gnostics),
born (scandalous, like an animal, like a human!),
suffered (impossible that God could suffer),
died (no way, God canít die),
rose from the dead (immortality of the soul, yes; but bodily resurrection? The body, which Gnostics called evil, resurrected?) Ascended, seated, and come again, all testify to a God with a body. What is meant by "body" will be discussed on Easter Sunday.
The Apostles' Creed affirms that Jesus indeed was a human being. He was born, really born, of Mary. Jesus was a baby who cried, had to be fed and toilet trained. Jesus was a real person who actually suffered at the hands of Pontius Pilate. Jesus actually died, says the Creed. "He descended to the dead" means he actually died; he didn't simulate death, he actually died.
The controversy continues today. On one hand are those who speak of Jesus as only a man. They call him a teacher who taught admirable ethics. They call Jesus our example, emulating his teachings and life style. To be a Christian, they teach, is to follow Jesus' example, to imitate Jesus.
On the other hand, at the other end of the spectrum, are those who speak only of Jesus as Savior. They emphasize the redemptive work of Jesus on the cross, how Jesus atoned for sin. The humanity of Jesus is essentially ignored. The teachings of Jesus are applied to heaven, rather than a model for our life on this planet.
To both extreme positions, the church has strongly affirmed through the ages: Jesus is the Son of God, both fully human and fully divine. What does it mean to us today to believe that Jesus is the Son of God, fully human and fully divine?
1) We identify God as the God we know in Jesus. The God we worship, the God we obey, is the God revealed to us in Jesus Christ. "Which god do you worship?" was a common question in Bible days. The Israelites, in contrast to their neighbors, identified the God they worshiped as the "God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; the God who led us out of Egypt." They called upon the great leaders of their past, and a watershed experience in their history--the Exodus--to identify God.
The assumption was that there are many gods. The first commandment assumes the existence of many gods. "You shall have no other gods before me." There are many gods, even today. There are many priorities that claim people's allegiance and loyalty. Money and power are popular gods in our society. There are all kinds of energies, spirits, at loose in the world: satanic, greed, lust, hatred. When people speak of God, an interesting question might be to ask them, "Which god do you mean?" A nebulous blob, greed, power, evil, or the God of Jesus Christ?
What we see in Jesus is what we mean by God. What Jesus taught, how he lived with compassion and courage, how he loved everyone, especially those no one else loved, how he stood up for the oppressed, how he suffered, how he died and was raised from the dead, this is the God we know. This is the God we worship and obey. For Christians, Jesus, the Son of God, fully human, fully divine, is how we identify God.
2) Jesus is the way we approach God. When we pray, we pray "through Jesus Christ our Lord" or "In Jesus' name." Sometimes I hear people pray, "In your name." I wonder who is "your?" When you pray, name the name of Jesus, so the spirits out there know whom you are addressing! When you pray, focus your mind, focus your spirit, not just on whatever is out there, but focus on the Spirit we know through Jesus, the Son of God, fully human, fully divine.
3) Jesus is the Way to God. 1 Colossians 1.21-22, "And you who were once estranged and hostile in mind, doing evil deeds, he has now reconciled in his fleshly body through death, so as to present you holy and blameless and irreproachable before God." Jesus died for us, that we might be saved, redeemed, reconciled to God, and reconciled with one another. What Jesus did through dying is called atonement. Through the death of Jesus, God acted for our salvation, atoning, making up for our sins. Jesus laid down his life, building a bridge between God and us. Not that God is separated from us, but we separated ourselves from God. Not that a wrathful, angry God must be appeased; but a wrathful, angry, and sinful humanity must be redeemed.
An American sergeant, during the Korean conflict, was moved by the countless children running through the streets, rummaging through garbage piles, begging for a few coins. When the war was over, he and his wife moved to Korea, and rented an old house. They adopted Korean ways--wore Korean clothing and cooked Korean food. Every day, the sergeant went through the streets of Seoul and brought home another child or two, until the old house was fairly bursting with children. At one time, 24 children lived under his roof.
One of the children became ill with a kidney disease. The sergeant took him to Japan, where he was told the kidneys could not be saved. The sergeant volunteered one of his own kidneys. The operation was completed, but the sergeant developed an infection and, after a few weeks, died. The child recovered and returned to Seoul to live a normal life. The sergeant's wife remained in Korea for 16 more years. When she finally came home, she left behind her a family of more than 200 young people.
That is what Jesus did for us. He came as one of us, wore the clothes of humanity, ate our food, lived as we live. Jesus roams the streets of our estrangement, looking for us, picking us up, taking us to his home. With infinite compassion, he suffered for all of us. He gave everything he had, even his life. He died that we might have life. He died that we may experience the deep, abiding, love of God.
When you work through all the theological concepts, all the language we have commandeered to describe what Jesus has done, perhaps the most profound, deeply moving, personal words we can use are: Jesus loves you. When you feel hopeless, when you feel helpless, when you don't know which way to go or turn, when you are discouraged, when you do what you don't want to do, and don't do what you want to do, Jesus is with you. Jesus gave his life that you may know God the Creator. Jesus wants to be your friend. Jesus wants a relationship with you, not just a theoretical, cerebral concept, but a relationship, where you walk, talk, fellowship together.
Sisters and brothers, Jesus, fully human, calls you to follow him as your model, and Jesus, fully divine, who died that you might live, loves you. Jesus loves you.
ã 2001 Douglas I. Norris
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What is MRI?
MRI or Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure that does not involve radiation. It is used to diagnose conditions like pathologies, injuries, organ abnormalities, vascular
abnormalities, systemic defects and more. It is a full-body scan that creates and uses a strong magnetic field. Once a patient goes under an MRI scanner, the protons in their body align to the magnetic field. They then proceed to fall out of alignment when short radio waves are sent to areas of the body. The nature of these protons and the energy they emit is what gives the technician an idea of the tissue. An MRI scan gives a better contrast image compared to other imaging techniques.
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Autism - Treatment Options
In an updated article on autism, the Autism Society of America, tells us that, finding that your child has an autism spectrum disorder can be an overwhelming experience. For some, the diagnosis may come as a complete surprise; others may have had suspicions and tried for months or years to get an accurate diagnosis. A diagnosis brings a variety of questions about how to proceed.
A generation ago, many people with autism were placed in institutions. Professionals were less educated about autism than they are today and specific services and supports were largely non-existent. Today the picture is much clearer. With appropriate services and supports, training, and information, children on the autism spectrum will grow, learn and flourish, even if at a different developmental rate than others.
They also mention that there are no cures for autism, but there are treatment and education approaches that may reduce some of the challenges associated with the condition. Intervention may help to lessen disruptive behaviors, and education can teach self-help skills that allow for greater independence. But just as there is no one symptom or behavior that identifies individuals with ASD, there is no single treatment that will be effective for all people on the spectrum.
Individuals can learn to function within the confines of ASD and use the positive aspects of their condition to their benefit, but treatment must begin as early as possible and be tailored to the child's unique strengths, weaknesses and needs.
Throughout the history of the ASA, parents and professionals have been confused by conflicting messages regarding what are and what are not appropriate treatment approaches for children and adults on the autism spectrum.
The purpose is to provide a general overview of a variety of available approaches, not specific treatment recommendations. The word "treatment" is used in a very limited sense. Typically used for children under 3, the approaches described here may be included in an educational program for older children also.
They continue to say, "Is critical to match a child's potential and specific needs with treatments or strategies that are likely to be effective in moving him/her closer to established goals and greatest potential. The ASA does not select one item from a list of available treatments. A search for appropriate treatment must be paired with the knowledge that all treatment approaches are not equal; what works for one will not work for all, and other options do not have to be excluded. Treatment plans should be chosen based on evaluations of strengths and weaknesses observed in the child."
Source: www.autism-society.org, Last updated: 23 January 2008
Author: Autism Society of America
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Essay ThemesJuly 9th, 2010
Select an Essay Theme for Your Essay
In order to select an Essay Theme, you need to understand the meaning of the word ‘theme’. Simply put, a theme is the main idea of a text, which can be expressed directly or indirectly. There are thousands of themes that you can pick from; themes range from love to revenge, birth to death, equality to discrimination and everything in between. When you write a literature essay, the theme of your essay will depend on the theme of the book you are writing about. Theme essays can be written on any essay length. If you need help selecting a theme for your essay, you could buy an essay or take a look at some good books and their themes:
If you are looking for an Essay Theme on rescue, then you could consider writing an essay on this book. The theme of Charlotte’s Web is the rescue of a pig. The author E. B. White said that the theme of his book was about the saving of a pig and that he really hoped from deep within his heart that his wish would come true.
Hamlet is a famous play written by William Shakespeare. The main theme of this essay is that when revenge is taken it leads to tragedy. In this play, numerous people are obsessed with getting revenge on someone. Hamlet, the main character is the prince of Denmark. He wants to take revenge on the King of his country. The King also happens to be his uncle. His uncle is the one who murdered Hamlet’s father, the first King, because he wanted the crown and the Queen. When Hamlet takes revenge by killing his Uncle, he accidently murders Polonius who is the father of Laertes, his best friend. Laertes then wants to take revenge for his father’s murder by murdering Hamlet. If you are looking for Essay Themes on revenge and tragedy then you could consider writing an essay on Hamlet.
Pride and Prejudice
As you can guess from the title of this book, its theme revolves around pride and prejudice. The characters in this book and their relationships were governed by these two emotions. Darcy alienated himself from everyone else in the beginning because of his extreme pride. He was also prejudiced against the Bennet’s due to the fact that they were a poor family. In the book, Darcy had to overcome these feelings of pride and prejudice. Elizabeth too, had a lot of pride and prejudice. She was prejudiced against Darcy because she considered him to be a snobbish man. This led to her being unable to see his feelings towards her and resulted in her believing the things that Wickman said.
There are a lot more Essay Themes that you can write on. When writing your essay you should select a theme that you are passionate about. Only if you like your essay topic, will you be able to write a good essay. Research essay topics, think of your favourite book or play and analyze it. What are the themes of that book or play? Once you discover what the themes are, you will be all set to start writing your essay.
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The Common Snapping Turtle or Common Snapper is a fresh water turtle. They live in still or slow moving shallow waters in a habitat that extends from southern Canada to the USA and down to the Northwest of South America (Ecuador).
These turtles can grow up to 50 cm in length. The Common Snapping Turtle cannot fully retract its head inside its shell as other turtles are able to do. That could be the reason they have developed a quite aggressive defense mechanism, which includes the snapping which gave them their name. But don’t worry! Given the choice the Common Snapper will rather flee than attack.
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GOT that ringing in your ears? Tinnitus, the debilitating condition that plagued Beethoven and Darwin, affects roughly 10 per cent of the world’s population, including 30 million people in the US alone. Now, a device based on vagus nerve stimulation promises to eliminate the sounds for good by retraining the brain.
At the moment, many chronic sufferers turn to state of the art hearing aids configured to play specific tones meant to cancel out the tinnitus. But these do not always work because they just mask the noise.
The new device, developed by MicroTransponder in Dallas, Texas, works in an entirely different way. The Serenity System uses a transmitter connected to the vagus nerve in the neck – the vagus nerve connects the brain to many of the body’s organs.
The thinking goes that most cases of chronic tinnitus result from changes in the signals sent from the ear to neurons in the brain’s auditory cortex. This device is meant to retrain those neurons to forget the annoying noise.
The idea behind the device is that the neurons responsible for the tinnitus are retrained
To use the system, a person wears headphones and listens to computer-generated sounds. First, they listen to tones that trigger the tinnitus before being played different frequencies close to the problematic one.
Meanwhile, the implant stimulates the vagus nerve with small pulses. The pulses trigger the release of chemicals that increase the brain’s ability to reconfigure itself. The process has already worked in rats (Nature, doi.org/b63kt9) and in a small human trial this year, where it helped around half of the participants.
“Vagus nerve stimulation takes advantage of the brain’s neuroplasticity – the ability to reconfigure itself,” says Michael Kilgard at the University of Texas at Dallas, and a consultant to MicroTransponder.
Four clinical trials of the system, funded by the National Institutes of Health, are taking place at US universities, and Kilgard thinks a consumer version could be approved by mid-2015.
Fatima Husain at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign cautions that because the implant is an invasive procedure it will only be a good idea for people whose lives are extremely affected by the condition. But if the mechanism that generates tinnitus can be reset, it could work, she says.
This article appeared in print under the headline “Remodel brain to ignore bad buzzing in the ears”
More on these topics:
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A digital signature is the electronic equivalent of a person's physical signature. It is also a guarantee that information has not been modified, as if it were protected by a tamper-proof seal that is broken if the contents were altered.
Digitally signed certificates verify the identity of an organization or individual. Signed certificates are widely used to authenticate a website and establish an encrypted connection for credit cards and confidential data (see digital certificate
Files of any kind can be signed; however, a common application is "code signing," which verifies the integrity of executables downloaded from the Internet. Code signing also uses certificates (see code signing
and digital certificate
An Encrypted Digest
A digital signature is actually an encrypted digest of the data being signed. The digest is computed from the contents of the file by a one-way hash function (see below) and then encrypted with the private key of the signer's public/private key pair. To prove that the file was not tampered with, the recipient uses the public key of the signer to decrypt the signature back into the original digest, recomputes a new digest from the transmitted file and compares the two to see if they match. If they do, the file has not been altered in transit by an attacker. See RSA
, public key cryptography
and electronic signature
An Encrypted Digest
A digital signature is an encrypted digest of a file. The digest was created with a one-way hash function from the file's contents.
With and Without Privacy
The following two diagrams show how digital signatures are used for data integrity in both non-private and private transmissions.
Message Integrity Without Privacy
The woman makes her message tamper proof by encrypting the digest into a "digital signature," which accompanies the message. At the receiving side, the man uses her public key to verify the signature. However, the message text is sent "in the clear" and could be read by an eavesdropper.
Message Integrity With Privacy
In this example, the message is both signed and transmitted in secret. The woman signs the message first and then entirely encrypts it before sending. The man decrypts the message first and then verifies the signature.
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HAMILTON — Towering over the Delaware River at Duck Island, the smokestacks at Mercer Generating Station today don’t spit the cloud of pollutants they did when the coal-fired power plant opened in 1961.
After installing $600 million worth of pollution-control equipment over the last several years, officials with plant owner and operator PSEG are hoping to make the facility a model for energy companies worldwide of how coal can be burned with relative cleanliness.
“If you’re going to burn it, you might as well burn it responsibly,” said Michael Polachek, an engineering manager for the project, as he led a tour of the additions to the site last week.
The new equipment sends emissions from the plant’s twin coal burners through environmental controls that include a 14-story dry scrubber, a “baghouse” containing 10,000 fabric filters, a carbon-injection system and a catalytic reduction unit.
Company officials say they’ve managed to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide, mercury, nitrous oxides, and soot by 90 percent.
The Mercer plant has consistently ranked as one of the worst polluters in the state. According to a list compiled last year by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mercer ranked third for total pounds of pollutants released.
The list compared data for emissions in 2009 at 430 industrial facilities across New Jersey.
“When you look at this year’s (emissions) data, the numbers are going to be staggeringly low,” Polachek said, “Especially when you compare us to other coal plants across the country.”
PSEG officials say, though, that even with pollution controls, the plant will still rank high on the list due to its size and its carbon dioxide emissions.
The smoke trail
After leaving the boiler, the smoke passes into the plant’s selective catalytic reduction system, where ammonia is injected, and nitrous oxide is turned into nitrogen and water.
“It’s great technology,” Polachek said of the $100 million system installed in 2004. “There’s no waste. It just breaks down into naturally occurring elements.”
The gas also goes through a carbon-injection process designed to reduce mercury.
From there, it passes into the scrubber unit, where it’s mixed with lime slurry, which reacts with the sulfur to produce gypsum. The air then passes into an enormous baghouse, where 10,000 thick fabric filters, each 30 feet long, dangle from the ceiling to collect fine particulates. The filters are shaken periodically by bursts of air, causing the dust to fall to the bottom of the unit, where it’s collected and shipped out.
When operating at full capacity, the plant produces about 20 truckloads of dust a day.
PSEG pays outside companies to truck the dust and collected fly ash away to be mixed with concrete or used for mine reclamation projects. This eliminates the environmental risks created by coal ash piles.
Unfortunately, said Eric Svenson, vice president of policy, environment, health and safety at PSEG, adding the current pollution-control technologies made the plant operate less efficiently, leading to a 4 to 5 percent increase in carbon dioxide emissions.
Technologies are available to control carbon dioxide emissions, Svenson said. “The issue is: Are they commercially viable and at what cost?”
Ahead of the EPA
The new pollution-control systems are designed to get out in front of new EPA air quality regulations that are expected to take effect between 2012 and 2014 after more than 10 years of wrangling between the energy industry and the federal government.
Critics, meanwhile, say PSEG could have more cheaply converted the plant to cleaner-burning natural gas.
The plant’s two coal-burning units can produce about 630 megawatts of power, while a third gas unit has a capacity of 115 megawatts. Operating at full bore, the plant burns through about 200 tons of coal per hour.
“Even though the plant is a lot cleaner than it was before, it would still be three to four times cleaner if they converted to natural gas,” said Jeff Tittel, executive director of the New Jersey Sierra Club. “They could’ve converted to gas at a much cheaper price because you wouldn’t have to put (in) all the scrubbers and baggers.”
It would be slightly cleaner and cheaper, Svenson conceded. But from an investment standpoint, it’s important for the company to maintain a diversity of fuel options in its fleet to ensure it can weather market changes, he added.
“Would it have been cheaper from not having spent capital? Yes. But in terms of creating value for shareholders? No,” he said.
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By Katherine Parker
The Norman Transcript
NORMAN — Seventy-seven percent of the earth is water, yet less than 1 percent is useable, America’s Top Young Scientist Deepika Kurup said.
Norman High students were exposed to the realities of clean water scarcity during a presentation Tuesday by Kurup.
Deborah Hill, a Norman High science teacher, invited Kurup to speak to her AP biology class about the global water crisis and Kurup’s invention that led her to win the 2012 Discovery Education 3M Scientist Challenge.
Kurup said when she entered the 3M Scientist Challenge, she was inspired to focus on the clean water problem after visiting her grandparents in India and seeing people without clean drinking water.
“Seven hundred sixty million people lack access to water. Two million die every year due to diarrheal diseases ... This is more than numbers, these are actual people with families,” she said.
Chlorination, filtration, uv-c lamps, reverse osmosis and solar disinfection are the current methods by which water is made clean for drinking. Most of these methods are not functional in developing countries; solar disinfection is a developing countries best option. One could leave a water bottle on the roof and let the sunlight purify the water, but that process is extremely slow, Kurup said.
After converting her entire house into a lab, Kurup worked on finding a catalyst that could speed up solar disinfection without losing effectiveness. Kurup created a compound made of Titanium Dioxide, Zinc Oxide and cement and found that such a compound would effectively act as a catalyst.
“I created a photocatalytic rod that could be placed in bottles, a photocatalytic water tank that could store water long term and a photocatalytic water purification panel,” Kurup said.
Kurup’s compound reduces the amount of aerobic bacteria and coliform but doesn’t wash away, she said. She discussed the many failures she had with various eco-friendly epoxies and credited her 3M Scientist Challenge mentor Dr. Jim Jonza with helping her throughout her work.
“He has over 45 patents ... that’s what’s so great about the 3M Challenge; it pairs finalists with and introduces them to top scientists,” Kurup said.
In all her classes, especially in zoology, Hill said when class members talk about parasites, she tries to emphasize how lucky the students are to live in America and drink clean water.
“I try to expose them to a variety of things,” Hill said. “I’ve had some students go on to do grad work on water purification and water systems.”
After the presentation, Norman High students said they were impressed with Kurup.
“I’m questioning what I’m doing with my life right now,” Alonna Nellis, sophomore AP biology student, joked when asked if she had any questions for Kurup.
At only 15, Kurup said her journey continues and she would like to keep working on ways to help get people clean water. Kurup acknowledged that the water crisis is daunting but encouraged Norman High students to get involved and enter local science fairs because science opens up opportunities.
“I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious,” Kurup said, quoting Albert Einstein.
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On March 26, North Dakota became the first US state to prohibit abortions after detection of “either a genetic abnormality or a potential for a genetic abnormality,” with this defined as “any defect, disease or disorder that is inherited genetically”. Down’s syndrome is specifically cited in House Bill 1305.
Some disability advocates have hailed the law as a step forward to create a better society for individuals with disabilities. As Mark Leach, a lawyer and parent of a child with Down’s syndrome, writes, banning the discrimination of a child with disabilities even before she or he is born is an example of how “public policy starts with the statement that discrimination is prohibited and then states enact policies to create a society where discrimination is no longer a barrier.”
A result of passing such laws could indeed be “to increase the number of advocates for … social supports” – for education and other support services for individuals with disabilities, he argues.
Knowing that society is not a place where individuals with disabilities are fully supported and integrated is why many women have terminated their pregnancies when they learn that their child has Down’s syndrome,
Alison Piepmeier, whose 4-year-old daughter, Maybelle, has Down’s syndrome, is writing a book on prenatal testing and reproductive decision-making. In a preview in the New York Times, she shares that the many women she has spoken to all emphasized that “abortion was an incredibly painful decision,” but one they chose in no small part because “they recognized that the world is a difficult place for people with intellectual disabilities”.
As parents of children with Down’s syndrome, Becker, Leach and Piepmeier have all been
confronted with the news that their baby had genetic abnormalities and chosen to go ahead with the birth.
However, the mother of another severely disabled child reportedly said she would rather have aborted her child than face the life they had after her baby was born.
Joanne Chinnock claimed £500,000 compensation because she says doctors didn’t warn her that she had a chance of her baby being born handicapped. Her daughter, Bethany Chinnock-Schumann, was born with an extremely rare chromosomal disorder which left her nearly blind and in almost constant pain. She died aged 11. They want compensation for the damage done to their lives, their careers and the cost of raising their child.
Another mother, Hilary Freeman, says she had an abortion on doctor’s advice and thinks that a life of suffering is no life at all for a child. She has no regrets about her decision. Hilary had an 8-week scan at her first pregnancy which showed the embryo wasn’t developing properly. A later scan at 24 weeks showed the child, a girl, had a very rare condition which would have given her all kinds of physical and mental disabilities, and she would have been in pain – if she’d survived.
Hilary sought as much advice as she could about the diagnosis, an agonising situation knowing she very much wanted the baby she could already feel kicking. .She decided to terminate the pregnancy, and has no regrets, but says she doesn’t believe all disabled children should be aborted – she thinks it depends on the condition involved and quality of life the child would have. She would not want any child to suffer as hers would have.
But should it be possible for a woman to make such a decision? Is it discrimination? Will the North Dakota legislation challenge discrimination or will it condemn some children to lives of suffering?
What is the legislation in your country?
How would you make such a decision, if you could make it?
Do you have a view about how such a decision could have been made about you?
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We could all be star children ... life may have begun in outer space
- From: Daily Mail
- August 10, 2011
LIFE on Earth may have its origins in outer space, according to NASA research.
Scientists have analysed meteorites that formed billions of years ago before falling to earth.
The carbon-rich fragments were found to contain chemicals similar to one of the key components of DNA, the building blocks of life.
Tests show that the presence of these chemicals cannot be explained away by earthly contamination, suggesting DNA’s origins may lie in outer space.
The find comes from US scientists, predominantly Nasa researchers, who analysed the chemical make-up of 12 meteorites.
Writing in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers said their find has "far-reaching implications".
The study’s lead author, Dr Michael Callahan, of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre in Maryland, said: "With meteorites and comets impacting the early earth, it appears that they did deliver some very important ingredients."
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While museums and galleries could use lighting technology to significantly reduce energy and labor costs—it costs more than you’d think to change a light bulb--they’re moving into the world of LEDs with caution.
Earlier this week I talked to Naomi Miller, senior lighting engineer at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Portland, Ore., one of the Department of Energy's 10 national laboratories. Miller’s group is trying to develop standards for LEDs. They put out fact sheets, anonymously test products on the market to make sure they do what manufacturers claim, and track how well LEDs are doing compared to other lighting technologies.
Lighting is a tremendous expense for museums, but most of the institutions are apprehensive about making too many changes before we know about the long term benefits and the effects on priceless works of art. Excerpts of our conversation are below.
You just returned from LightFair International in Philadelphia. What was the most interesting thing you learned?
The most interesting thing is that products are getting better. We used to have a lot of weird and cold-color LEDs. Over time the color has gotten more consistent from LED to LED. There’s starting to be less flicker. The manufacturers are learning about the technology and how to make products that are more comparable to what we expect.
Also, manufacturers are learning that they don’t just take LEDs and stick them into the same fixtures that used to have fluorescent light. We’re actually seeing dedicated LED products and don’t have to reproduce a form factor from the past. It’s taken years for that to happen. We're starting to see office products and track lights for retail applications that are dedicated LED lights. We’re also seeing more attention paid to the dimabilty of LEDs. A lot of manufacturers have claimed that their products were dimmable but in the past, the color wasn’t right or they flickered. That’s still a big problem, but a lot of manufactures are figuring out how to make the products better.
One of their biggest concerns is whether the spectrum of the LED going to deteriorate our artwork faster than the halogen we’ve been using. There is some research going on at the Getty Conservation Institute, and they’re looking at standard fading materials so they know how they react under certain conditions and the number of hours a piece of art can be exposed before it starts deteriorating. Different materials have different sensitivities to light.
One thing we’ve learned so far from the Getty Conservation Institute is that LEDs don’t seem to be doing any more damage than the halogens. They may be performing a little bit better. We just have to wait and see what the research sows.
The other thing museums are concerned about is how to make the art visible and bring out the colors the artist intended us to see. The early LEDs weren’t very good in color, but now the color of LED products has gotten so good it’s very similar to halogen. There’s a little more energy in the blue portion of the spectrum.
So that will bring out more blue and purple in the artwork?
Everyone is being very careful, and they don’t want to have a dramatic change in how their artwork looks. In some museums they are making sure it’s not a dramatic difference, so they may filter out of some of that blue. Each museum will have a different philosophy.
I understand the National Gallery in London is switching over its lights?
I don’t know if they’re switching over, but they’re trying it in a few galleries. And that’s the best thing to do. LEDs are so expensive and the technology is changing so quickly. It’s best to test in a few galleries in case they don’t end up working out in the long run. Maybe you’ll find that a particular bulb fails prematurely. We don’t know; we don’t have enough history with LEDs.
That’s right. Part of the process is trying different manufacturers’ bulbs, seeing how they perform over time. Every museum is going to have to figure that out themselves.
But I have to tell you, there are good LED products out there and there are bad ones. There is some stuff that has dreadful color and some stuff that won’t hold up.
So it’s just trial and error?
Well, that’s partly why PNNL is here. We’re trying to establish standards and give them the metrics to examine LED products. We’re also publishing data about the performance of these products.
How are museums dealing with the expense of LEDs?
They may cost between $50 and $130 per bulb where halogen was $10. Theoretically it lasts a long time and it saves so much energy it will pay back over time. But we want to document how long it will last, how much power it draws. We can do the calculations to show that it saves energy and money over time. It will pay back quickly depending on the hours of use.
In places where you have high electricity costs--if you‘re in New York or Washington or San Francisco or San Diego--those are places where electricity is very expensive and everything you can do to use a more energy efficient is beneficial.
Then there’s the cost of changing the light bulb. You’re probably aware there are lot of museums that have extremely valuable art. You don't have a $10-an-hour teenage kid up on the ladder to change the light bulb. So changing light bumps in museums is very expensive—it happens after hours and by a crew that has to be careful with the art, the light, the 30-foot ceilings. Because it’s expensive to change a light bulb, if you can have a bulb that lasts 25,000 hours—and that’s conservative-- versus 3,000, you’re changing it one-eighth as often and you’re saving on labor costs.
What type of light users are leading the way with LEDs?
There are some large retailers that are using LEDs in parking lots and in window displays. The Macy’s here in Portland put LEDs in their window displays, which makes sense because they are operating 24 hours a day. The large retailers see the benefit. You’re also seeing some cities, towns and highway departments replacing them largely because it’s reducing the cost of getting up there and changing bulbs. It may not be a big energy savings in the case of roadway lighting, but it may reduce long term costs because of the labor.
But they aren't changing out everything. In most cases, they’re trying it out and once they feel like it’s a worthwhile investment they’ll use more.
Photos: courtesy PNNL
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
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Generation of Reports
Preparation of statements
Reconciliation of accounts
Summary of Reports
Accounts receivable is an amount of money owed to an individual, company, organization for the goods / services provided to them. It is a current asset of a company and represents the amount that customers owe to a business. Accounts receivable are payable by the customers within a year from the date of sale of goods / services.
Accounts receivable service is a vast area and includes
These processes can be cumbersome and time consuming therefore large organizations either use accounting software or outsource the process to professional accounting firms. This helps to manage it in a better way.
Organizations realize that not all debts will be collected and recovered, so they make an allowance for bad debts, that are in turn subtracted from the total accounts receivable. Accounting firms collect debts on behalf of their clients through settlement offers, payment plan negotiation and sometimes legal action.
Outsourcing the accounts receivable provides the following advantages
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Oxygen is needed in every cell of the body. It first enters the body through the lungs. The oxygen is then picked up by the blood flowing by the lungs. The blood brings oxygen to the rest of the body. In newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN), the blood does not flow by the lungs.
The baby's lungs are not used during pregnancy. Instead, oxygen passes from the mother to the baby through the umbilical cord, bypassing the lungs. After the baby is born, the baby's lungs should take over. When this does not occur, most of the blood flow bypasses the lungs, does not pick up oxygen, and the body does not get enough oxygen.
PPHN can be a serious condition. It can cause both immediate and long-term health problems.
Circulatory System of Infant
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
PPHN can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
Factors that may increase your baby’s chance of PPHN include:
PPHN may cause
You will be asked about your baby’s symptoms. Your pregnancy history may also be reviewed. A physical exam will be done.
Your baby's bodily fluids may be tested. This can be done with:
Images may be taken of your baby's bodily structures. This can be done with:
Treatment for PPHN is typically given by a doctor who specializes in newborn illness.
Treatment begins with correcting any related conditions. These conditions can include low blood sugar, low oxygen levels, low blood pressure, and low blood pH. Treatment may include:
Extra oxygen is the most important treatment for PPHN. Oxygen will relax blood vessels to the lungs and improve the flow of blood to the lungs. It may be given with nasal prongs or a hood.
A ventilator is a machine that will help your baby breathe. It may be used if your baby can not get enough oxygen in other ways. A tube will be placed in the baby's throat. The tube is connected to the ventilation machine. The ventilator will deliver air and oxygen with gentle pressure. The pressure will help keep the lungs open.
Nitric oxide is a gas. It may be delivered before or during ventilation. Nitric oxide may relax blood vessels. This will also improve the flow of blood in the lungs.
Medications may be given to relax your infant, especially if a ventilator is needed.
There are a number of new medications to treat PPHN that are being reviewed. One example is sildenafil, which is used to treat erectile dysfunction. Small studies have shown positive results with sildenafil. However, larger studies are needed to confirm the benefits and safety of the medication.
ECMO is a machine that can take over the job of the lungs. It requires major surgery. ECMO may be done if your child has a severe case of PPHN that is not responding to other treatments. This procedure is done to take some stress off of your baby's body. It can give your baby some time to heal.
Most cases of PPHN have no clear cause or are caused by uncontrollable events. For these cases there are no clear preventative steps. Some cases of PPHN may be prevented with proper prenatal care and good health of the mother during pregnancy. General tips for a healthy pregnancy include:
Healthy Children—American Academy of Pediatrics
Kids Health—Nemours Foundation
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Cincinnati Children's Hospital website. Available at: http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/e/ecmo. Updated May 2015. Accessed September 14, 2015.
Lungs and respiratory system. Children's Hospital Colorado website. Available at: http://www.childrenscolorado.org/wellness-safety/health-library/for-parents/body-basics/lungs-and-respiratory-system. Updated October 2012. Accessed September 14, 2015.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T114578/Persistent-pulmonary-hypertension-of-the-newborn-PPHN. Updated April 4, 2016. Accessed September 28, 2016.
PS Shah, A Ohlsson. Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 3:CD005494.
Last reviewed September 2016 by Kari Kassir, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2012 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.
What can we help you find?close ×
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| 0.913899 | 1,084 | 3.15625 | 3 |
In Idries Shah’s Wisdom of the Idiots, the ‘idiots’ are Sufis, called this because their wisdom penetrates to a depth which renders it inaccessible to the merely intelligent or academically-knowledgeable. The exercise-stories of the Sufis are tools prepared for a specific purpose.
On this level the movements of the characters in a story portray psychological processes, and the story becomes a working blueprint of those processes.
Wisdom of the Idiots has been awarded many prizes, including two gold medals, one for being ‘Best Book’, in conjunction with UNESCO’s World Book Year.
Read it for Free
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African American History Month 2021 II
February 4th was artist Nick Cave’s birthday, so let’s celebrate his art for African American History Month.
|Nick Cave (born 1959, U.S.), Furballs #1, ca. 1995. Hair, twine, nails, width: 7" (17.8 cm). Courtesy of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. © 2021 Nick Cave. (PMA-8927)|
In the 1990s, Cave created his series of Furballs sculptures, which combined hair—human, synthetic, and animal—with nails and other found objects. As an accumulation of hair and various materials—similar to cat hairballs referenced in the title—the works reveal elements of identity in what is discarded or left behind.
While Cave connects his Furballs series with his attentiveness as a young person to found objects and assemblages, there may be a connection to "power figures" (nkisi nkondi) of the Kongo people. Nails and other objects are driven into these oath-ensuring spiritual containers as ways of solving disputes, problems, or crimes—often serious ones. In the assertion of organic and found objects, Cave has created "power figures" in his accumulation of spiritual energy in his Furballs.
Cave is a textile sculptor, multi-disciplinary artist, performance artist, and inspirational educator. He was born in Fulton, Missouri, and showed artistic ability at a young age. While studying at the Kansas City Art Institute, he explored both visual and performance arts. At the same time, he spent his summers studying in New York at the Alvin Alley American Dance Theater.
After graduating from the Kansas City Art Institute in 1981, he designed window displays for Macy’s Department store and worked professionally as a fashion designer. After attaining an MFA from the Cranbrook Academy (1988), he merged his interests in fashion design and performance, joining the faculty of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago as director of the fashion program. He is best known for his Soundsuits, fully sculpted ritualistic outfits that recall African ceremonial dance costumes, a hybrid of sculpture, dance, performance, and sound from the various objects that compose them.
Correlations to Davis Programs: The Visual Experience 4E: 5.6, 6.7
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The organisms or foreign material that enters the cell to kill some surrounding tissue, release toxins and cause inflammatory reactions by attracting a lot of white blood cells to the area and increase blood flow around. With it, the pus is a collection of dead tissue cells, white blood cells, infectious organisms or foreign material and toxins are released by both the organism and blood cells. Its structure end wall abscess is a boil that formed by healthy cells in maintaining barrier around the pus that limits the material that is easy to catch from the structures around him.
The main symptoms of the inflammation are redness, heat, swelling and pain. Blain/carbuncles can form in any solid tissue but often occur on the skin surface (where they may be low pustules or outer skin abscesses), in the lungs, brain, kidneys and tonsils. The main complication is the spread of pus material on nearby or distant tissues and tissue death that occurs widely. Boils are most of the body rarely heal by itself, so the treatment of Blain/carbuncles should now appear.
The first choice of treatment is surgery to remove the pus. It's important to realize that antibiotic treatment without surgery to remove the pus is rarely effective. However, when the operation involves a high-risk areas (such as the brain), surgery may be delayed or used as a last resort. The removal of pus from the abscess of the lungs can be done by placing the patient in a position that allows the pus out through the respiratory tract respiratory tract. After surgery to remove the pus, antibiotics are usually given to control infection.
Perianal pus present in patients with hemorrhoids disease (inflammatory bowel disease), Crohn's disease, or diabetes. Blain/carbuncles often begin with internal injuries due to Blain/carbuncles or unclean hard. These injuries are usually transmitted from the presence of impurities in the rectal area, and become Blain/carbuncles. Blain/carbuncles are often referred to as tissue cells swell and dilate the rectum and then became increasingly ill.
Plants that can be used to treat Blain/carbuncles, among others:
- Fresh leaves of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. To taste, mashed. Used to compress.
- Leaves from Lantern Hibiscus - Hibiscus schizopetalus mashed. Put in place a sore (blain), and then bandaged.
- 30 g root of Orange Jessamine - Murraya paniculata [L.] Jack, washed and cut small. Boil 3 cups water until remaining 1 glass. Filtered and drink 2 times a day, each 1/2 cup.
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In the quest for a healthier lifestyle, plant-based nutrition has emerged as a powerful tool for improving overall well-being. By shifting the focus towards plant-derived foods, individuals can harness the numerous health benefits offered by this dietary approach. In this article, we will explore the power of plant-based nutrition and how it can contribute to a healthy and vibrant you.
Understanding the Essence of Plant-Based Nutrition
At its core, plant-based nutrition revolves around emphasizing foods derived from plants such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. While it doesn’t necessarily exclude animal products entirely, the primary focus is on plant sources. This dietary approach offers a wide array of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemicals, which can promote optimal health and well-being.
Nourishing Your Body with Abundant Nutrients
Plant-based nutrition provides a rich and diverse array of essential nutrients that are vital for the proper functioning of the body. Fruits and vegetables are packed with vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C, potassium, and folate. Whole grains offer complex carbohydrates, fiber, and B vitamins. Legumes provide plant-based protein, fiber, and minerals like iron and zinc. Incorporating a variety of these plant foods ensures that your body receives the nutrients it needs to thrive.
Promoting Heart Health and Lowering Disease Risks
Plant-based nutrition has been shown to have a positive impact on heart health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Research indicates that a diet rich in plant-based foods can help lower blood pressure, reduce cholesterol levels, and decrease the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, this dietary approach has been associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and obesity.
Supporting Digestive Health with Fiber
Fiber plays a crucial role in supporting digestive health, and plant-based nutrition is abundant in this dietary component. Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts provide ample amounts of dietary fiber. Fiber promotes regular bowel movements, prevents constipation, and supports a healthy gut microbiome. It also contributes to feelings of fullness and can aid in weight management.
Harnessing the Power of Antioxidants
Plant-based foods are rich in antioxidants, which are compounds that protect cells from damage caused by harmful free radicals. Fruits and vegetables, in particular, contain a wide range of antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C, and E, as well as phytochemicals like flavonoids and carotenoids. These antioxidants help reduce inflammation, neutralize free radicals, and support a strong immune system.
Environmental Sustainability and Ethical Considerations
In addition to the personal health benefits, plant-based nutrition aligns with environmental sustainability and ethical considerations. Animal agriculture is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation. By opting for plant-based foods, individuals can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable food system. Moreover, plant-based nutrition promotes compassion towards animals by reducing reliance on animal products.
Practical Tips for Embracing Plant-Based Nutrition
Incorporating plant-based nutrition into your lifestyle can be achieved through a few practical steps:
- Gradual Transition: Start by incorporating more plant-based meals into your diet and gradually reducing the consumption of animal products.
- Focus on Variety: Embrace a wide range of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds to ensure a diverse nutrient intake.
- Experiment with Recipes: Explore new plant-based recipes and experiment with different flavors, herbs, and spices to make your meals enjoyable and satisfying.
- Educate Yourself: Stay informed about plant-based nutrition by reading books, watching documentaries, and consulting reputable resources to enhance your knowledge and make informed choices.
Plant-based nutrition holds tremendous power in promoting a healthy and vibrant you. By focusing on a diet rich in plant-derived foods, you can nourish your body with essential nutrients, promote heart health, support digestion, harness the benefits of antioxidants, and contribute to environmental sustainability. Embrace the power of plant-based nutrition and embark on a journey towards a healthier and more fulfilling lifestyle. Your body and the planet will thank you.
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R? Possibly a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics but eventually R is much more. R is the result of the concerted efforts of many scientists from a wide variety of fields all of them truly convinced that the open source model could be a
better way for deploying ideas and knowledge to a large community.
R Foundation is a not for profit organization working in the public interest. It has been founded by the members of the R Development Core Team in order to provide support for the R project and other innovations in statistical computing.
R Foundation believes that
R has become a mature and valuable tool and they would like to ensure its continued development and the development of future innovations in software for statistical and computational research.
Provide a reference point for individuals, institutions or commercial enterprises that want to support or interact with the R development community.
The R Foundation holds and administers the copyright of
R software and documentation.
R is an official part of the Free Software Foundation’s GNU project, and the
R Foundation has similar goals to other open source software foundations.
Among the goals of the
R Foundation are the support of continued development of R, the exploration of new methodology, teaching and training of statistical computing and the organization of meetings and conferences with a statistical computing orientation.
R Foundation, hopes to attract sufficient funding to make these goals realities.
R is a stimulating environment where ideas can be easily prototyped into software.
The first part of this manual deeply explores three key concepts of the
R world: environments, functions and packages.
The second part examines the double nature of
R both as functional and object oriented programming language.
The third part illustrates some tools to improve the efficiency and speed of our coding: debugging, profiling, parallel computation and Rcpp.
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Visual communication aids for positive autism outcomes
Our person-centred approach means we design our support for autistic people around their needs, interests, and personal preferences. We are committed to providing the highest quality autism support that empowers people to live the lives they choose. Whether they want to go to college, find employment opportunities or develop their daily living skills, we encourage the people we support to pursue their passions and achieve their goals!
With a condition such as autism, the brain works a little differently. Each autistic person has a unique set of conditions, traits, and support needs, but challenges with communication and processing information appear to be a common characteristic.
Generally, using written or visual prompts such as sticky notes, to-do lists, and phone reminders when we are overwhelmed with information, can help us organise our thoughts. A similar thing happens in the mind of an autistic person, so having pictures and colourful information available when processing information, makes it more accessible.
Many autistic people find it particularly difficult to process verbal information, which often results in feelings of anxiety and frustration, and challenging behaviour. To combat this, autistic people have a high-level of ‘visual processing’. This means they respond positively to pictures, objects, and symbols, and can process them as a way of communication. That’s why visual aids are beneficial when supporting verbal communication – they help add more context to what is being communicated and what the outcome should be.
At Voyage Care, we have influenced the use of visual aids to communicate effectively with the people we support. Support Workers often use visual cues to break down information to reassure the people we support, resulting in a positive impact on their behaviour.
Our teams use a combination of picture cards, symbols, and physical objects to effectively communicate subjects that may otherwise greatly impact the people we support – such as changes in their routine, teaching social skills and aiding daily living tasks.
Our autism approach
Our goal is to provide the best possible outcomes in the lives of autistic people. We co-create care plans with the people we support, helping us to understand their individual support needs.
We also have a dedicated team of autism experts that make up the Voyage Care autism professionals’ group. The group works hard to continuously improve the specialist support we deliver and help identify new practices and therapies. They inspire and train our teams to ensure these support practices are effectively implemented and benefit the people we support.
This panel of experts includes two National Autistic Society (NAS) accredited assessors who visit other support providers and assess their standards. Doing so, creates an opportunity for wider-learning and has enabled us to develop our support practices within our autism services.
Supporting individual needs
We understand that everybody is unique, and autism is a different experience for each person. Our person-centred approach means our teams work closely with the people we support to determine their specific needs by conducting sensory, environmental and communication assessments. Our teams also develop meaningful relationships with the people we support, their families, carers, and professionals, as part of a multi-disciplinary approach that puts the people we support at the heart of all decision making.
Find out more
To find out more about our specialist autism support and how we could help you, a loved one or a client, please visit our Autism page or fill out our quick enquiry form.
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An article published in the journal “Science” describes a research about two very young galaxies that probably look very wimilar to the Milky Way 12 billion years ago. Called ALMA J081740.86+135138.2 and ALMA J120110.26+211756.2, they were observed by a team of astronomers using the ALMA radio telescope as a follow-up of previous research conducted using the light from a quasar behind the two galaxies. The new research showed that the two galaxies are surrounded by a halo of gas and that their star formation rate is rather high.
The problem in the study of these two galaxies is that despite the size comparable to that of the Milky Way their distance of 12 billion light years makes their electromagnetic emissions estreamemente dim. The quasars behind them, that is about 12.5 billion light years away from Earth, is extremely bright thanks to a supermassive black hole that is very active because it’s surrounded by a disk of material that get strongly heated.
The quasar’s electromagnetic emissions are filtered when they pass through the two galaxies and continue their long journey to reach Earth. This filtered light allows to obtain information on the two galaxies’ composition, in particular on the presence of hydrogen, but it’s much more intense than the light they emit and this makes it difficult to get more information.
The ALMA radio telescope, inaugurated in March 2013, made it possible to directly observe the emissions at millimeter wavelengths from the two galaxies. In particular, they originate from the ionized carbon contained in dust-filled region inside them where stars form.
The researchers got a surprise when they realized that the carbon emissions are offset from the gas detected by the quasar’s light: 137,000 years light from a galaxy and 59,000 light years from the other. This suggests that the gas extends well beyond the galactic discs and that the two galaxies are shrouded in massive neutral hydrogen halos.
Another discovery is that the two galaxies are already rotating, a distinctive element for spiral galaxies like the Milky Way. Stars are forming within them at a fairly high rate: more than 100 solar masses per year in one galaxy about 25 solar masses for year in the other one. The gas present in the halos, more extented than expected, could contain materials which subsequently contributed to the growth of the two galaxies.
This type of research is providing answers to decade-old questions regarding galaxy formation. In particular, the two galaxy studied with ALMA are providing information on what were most likely the first stages of the evolution of the Milky Way.
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Led by Physics Professor Dan Kaplan, the Illinois Tech Muonium Antimatter Gravity project has demonstrated picometer precision for its instruments, an important step in their quest to test the theory of gravity using antimatter in the form of muonium.
Kaplan reported on this work at the Seventh Meeting on CPT and Lorentz Symmetry at Indiana University in Bloomington, Ind., last week.
Muonium is an element with an electron orbiting a nucleus consisting of an antimuon. As described in the Guardian earlier this year, detecting the action of gravity on elementary particles is very difficult. Illinois Tech’s project is the only one in the world to attempt to do it with muonium.
Muonium is unstable, living only 2.2 microseconds on average. Measuring it requires extreme sub-nanometer precision.
To check their ability to achieve and repeat that precision, Kaplan and his team, including undergraduate and graduate students, assembled and tested two semiconductor-laser Tracking Frequency Gauges developed at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics by collaborators James Phillips and Robert Reasenberg and donated to Illinois Tech last year.
Using a technique akin to that of the Laser Interferometric Gravitational Observatory (recently used to observe the merger of distant black holes), the team demonstrated precision and stability better than 100 pm measured over a millisecond and better than 3 pm measured over a second.
“We have thus duplicated a result previously obtained at CfA, demonstrating the robustness of the TFG equipment and technique, as well as our own mastery of it. This is a crucial first step on the way to an antimatter gravity interferometer,” said Kaplan. “Next steps will include improving the setup and using it to make new measurements, extending what the CfA group achieved.”
While most scientists expect antimatter to behave gravitationally just like matter, and thus fall down, towards the Earth, this belief has never been directly tested. If antimatter on Earth falls up, our theories of gravity, cosmology, and the evolution of the universe will all need to be revised.
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- Travel and Places»
- Visiting Asia»
- Southern Asia
The Holy City of Kataragama, Sri Lanka
Historical Significance of Kataragama
Kataragama is the only place in the world where people of all religions and all races come to venerate one god. This god is called God Kataragama, or Skanda. Buddhists of Sri Lanka believe that a provincial king named 'Mahasena' happened to meet Lord Buddha at this place.
Lord Buddha visited Sri Lanka thrice, and in his third and final visit occured in 580 BC he met King Mahasena at Kataragama, in the royal garden of the king and preached him Dhamma, afterwards which the king attained a higher faculty of mind called 'Sövan'. To commemorate this incident King Mahasena built a stupa at the very spot where he listened to Dhamma from Lord Buddha. This huge stupa is called 'Kiri Vehera' today. After the death of King Mahasena, it is believed that he has reincarnated as God Kataragama and staying as the guardian deity of this holy city.
If you travel from Colombo by bus, you can take a direct bus to Kataragama. If you travel by train, you have to get down at Matara Railway Station (for that is the last stop along the southern railway line), and get a bus to Kataragama from Matara Bus Stand.
In 161 BC, King Duttagamani Abhaya waged a massive war against King Elara who came from India, invaded and ruled a part of Sri Lanka for about 40 years. Before setting off for war, King Duttagamani wowed that if he could win he would build a Devale (abode) for God Kataragama. After winning the war and ascending to the throne, King Duttagamani Abhaya built this shrine and dedicated it for God Kataragama.
The Shrine in the Forest
In the early 19th century Kataragama holy city was hidden in the jungle. Even then, people from all corners of Sri Lanka and from South of India came to venerate and receive the blessings of God Kataragama or God Skanda as the Hindus believe, facing greatest difficulties. River Menik flows by the side of the Great Devale (abode of God Kataragama). The banks of the river is shaded by huge trees even today. Elephants bathing in the river are a common scene around here.
People bring offertories to God Kataragama. They are nicely arranged trays of fruits and coconut. As they enter the compound of the shrine, there is an age-old slab of granite with small metal fence around it. On one side of the fence the weapon of God Kataragama, that is the lance, is fixed. People come to this granite slab to pray for prosperity and smash their coconuts in it.
When their trays of fruit are offered to the Maha Devale, they will receive half of the fruits back with the blessings of God Kataragama. The devotees are supposed to eat those fruits received from the god for the blessing to be completed.
When I visited Kataragama recently, I saw this very pleasing scene of a devotee who had received his blessed portion of fruits from the Maha Devale sharing it with some monkeys.
The Sacred Bodhi Tree
The Sacred Bodhi Tree is situated right behind the Devale of God Kataragama. This Bodhi Tree was planted here in 307 BC, during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa (307-267 BC). It is sacred to the Buddhists because it is one of the first eight plants that sprang from the Maha Bodhi sapling which was brought to Sri Lanka from Buddha Gaya, India, during Emperor Asoka's time. It is a direct descendant of the first Maha Bodhi under which Lord Buddha attained enlightenment 2500 years ago.
Kiri Vehera Stupa
When walking further down passing the sacred bodhi tree, there is a road which leads to the huge stupa, On a side of this road there are flower sellers who sell lotuses, incense sticks, and other goods needed to worship Lord Buddha near Kiri Vehera.
Kiri Vehera stupa as it appears today, was built in the 1st century BC. Archaeological evidence for this has been found in the old brick structures standing behind the present Kiri Vehera. Ancient bricks with engraved Brahmi scripts has been found from this area.
People who visit Kataragama have fun feeding fish in River Menik. River Menik is teaming with fish because fishing is not done in this holy site. There are villagers who sell plates of popcorn to those who wish to feed the fish. Feeding fish is really fun. when you take a handful of popcorn the fish can feel it. When you throw it to the river they jump to get them! Those fish are feeding machines. However much popcorn you throw on them, they will vanish them in seconds.
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Grade Range: 4-12
Resource Type(s): Interactives & Media, Lessons & Activities
Duration: 7 Minutes
Date Posted: 3/1/2012
Discover America’s key symbols and holidays through short videos, mini-activities, and practice questions in this segment of Preparing for the Oath: U.S. History and Civics for Citizenship. The seven questions included in this segment cover topics such as national holidays, the American flag, the national anthem, and the Statue of Liberty.
This site was designed with the needs of recent immigrants in mind. It is written at a “low-intermediate” ESL level.
United States History Standards (Grades 5-12)
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Starfish have eyes—one on the end of each of their arms—but what they do with them has been anyone's guess until now.
Starfish have historically been thought of as simple animals. Since their eyes are also relatively simple and because they lack a brain, it's been difficult to figure out how or even if they could see.
But new research suggests that the eyes of sea stars—the term scientists prefer, as the invertebrates aren't actually fish—can form rough images, preventing the animals from wandering too far from home.
"This [study] represents a significant breakthrough in our understanding of how sea stars perceive the world," wrote Christopher Mah, a researcher at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., in an email.
Scientists studied a starfish species found in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans, known as the blue sea star (Linckia laevigata), and published their findings online January 7 in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Low Expectations for Complexity
Expectations for complexity in these animals have been low because historically, sea stars were viewed as "simple creatures without complicated behavior," said Mah, who was not involved in the study.
"In fact, behavior and body form have been shown to be remarkably complex [in sea stars]," he explained.
Scientists have known about sea star eyes for about 200 years, but aside from studying their structure, not much research has been done on them, said Anders Garm, a neurobiologist at the University of Copenhagen in Helsingor, Denmark.
Part of the reason is that it's been hard to get any physiological information out of the eyes until recently, thanks to advances in scientific equipment, he said.
Previous research suggested sea star eyes were sensitive to light, possibly giving the animal an idea of the location of dark and light spots in their dappled underwater world.
Home Sweet Home
Despite the confirmation of sea star sight, the animals won't be developing reputations for great vision any time soon.
"The image formed in the starfish eye is a very crude image," says study co-author Garm. "It only has about 200 pixels."
But it's enough to enable the blue sea star to recognize large, immovable structures, he said.
This species is tightly tied to coral reefs. If it wandered off to the sandy flats surrounding those reefs, it wouldn't be able to find food and would eventually starve.
So being able to locate a reef—likely the only big, static object in a starfish's immediate vicinity—is very important for these animals.
Starfish have compound eyes, like the ones on arthropods such as insects or lobsters, but the resemblance ends there, Garm says. For instance, blue sea star eyes lack lenses, unlike arthropods' eyes.
Garm and colleagues combined physical measurements of the eye itself with behavioral experiments to come to their conclusions.
One such measure gave researchers an idea of how wide the sea star field of view was: large enough to pick out a coral reef in front of them.
A second measure looked at the ability of the eyes to resolve images. "A lens can help you create a better-resolved image," said Garm, "or it can help you collect more light." Since blue sea star eyes don't have lenses, the images they form are fairly rough.
Their behavioral observations involved moving individual blue sea stars off of a coral reef near Okinawa, Japan, to see if the animals could make their way back or not.
Starfish displaced about three feet (a meter) from the reef walked back home in pretty much a straight line. But animals placed either six feet (two meters) or 12 feet (four meters) away ended up wandering around randomly.
Starfish placed three feet (a meter) away from their reef at night also wandered around randomly, most likely because they couldn't see the reef, said Garm.
Research on sea star vision is in its infancy, the Smithsonian's Mah said. But he'd love to see whether vision plays a role in other starfish species.
"The large sunflower star (Pycnopodia helianthoides) found on the Pacific coast is a fast and efficient predator which is often observed to chase down and swallow its food," he said. Mah would love to know whether vision plays a part in this large animal's ability to capture food.
Garm and colleagues have their sights set on a large starfish species, but not the sunflower star.
Instead, Garm plans to look at the visual system in the crown-of-thorns sea star (Acanthaster planci), responsible for devouring major areas of coral reefs off the coasts of Australia and Asia.
"It'd be nice to [know] if they use vision to see the reef," Garm said. He hopes to use the information to potentially protect areas like the Great Barrier Reef from this voracious predator. (See "Great Barrier Reef: World Heritage in Danger?")
If Garm can find out how the crown-of-thorns sea star detects the reef, researchers can either prevent the animals from doing so in the first place or devise attractive traps to catch them before they decimate a reef.
"There exists a huge gap in our basic knowledge of ecologically important marine animals, such as sea stars," Mah said. (See also: "Massive Starfish Die-Off Baffles Scientists.")
Now, that gap is seen to be a little smaller.
Follow Jane J. Lee on Twitter.
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Shown at right are some clicker training tools and popular treats that are used during clicker training.
Training Tip: Your treats should be cut up into small pieces as shown in the picture on the right; it should be no bigger than the end of a pencil eraser tip, or even smaller for small dogs. Treats should also be soft and easy to chew instead of crunchy, as crunch treats will take more time for your dog to chew, which can slow up the training process.
WHAT IS CLICKER TRAINING?
Clicker training has been used with marine mammals for years, and is a clear, effective way to communicate with your dog. A clicker is a small plastic box that makes a clicking sound when pressed. The click acts as a marker to let your dog know the exact moment he is doing what you want and is followed by something the dog finds rewarding, such as a high-value treat like a hot dog or piece of cheese.
WILL I NEED TO USE THE CLICKER FOR THE REST OF MY DOG'S LIFE?
No, you will not need to use the clicker for the rest of the dog's life. The clicker is a training tool for all NEW behaviors you teach your dog. Once your dog has the behavior on cue you can then drop the clicker.
WHY SHOULD I TRAIN WITH TREATS? ISN'T THAT BRIBING MY DOG?
CAN'T I JUST USE PRAISE?
Bribery implies both that the behavior being bribed for is wrong, and that the dog already knows how to do the behavior. This is a human training error not the dog.
If you do not have a relationship with your dog then using "just" praise might not be reinforcing for your dog.
I HAVE TRIED POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT TRAINING AND IT DIDN'T WORK!
Then it wasn't positive reinforcement training because the desired behavior you are reinforcing would increase.
CAN YOU USE YOUR VOICE INSTEAD OF THE CLICKER?
You can use your voice but the clicker is a more consistent sound than using our voices which may vary from time to time. The clicker is a communication tool which helps to speed up the process by marking the behavior the second it happens which sometimes our voices could be a second too late in the communication process.
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Brain Gene May Lead To Better Treatment For Schizophrenia And Depression
Rebekah Eliason for redOrbit.com – Your Universe Online
A new study involving brain impaired mice has the potential to improve therapy for people suffering from schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. While further research is necessary, this discovery is already being heralded as a major step toward understanding a variety of mental illnesses.
The brain’s prefrontal cortex, located in the anterior section of the frontal lobes, is associated with executive functions that help control and manage other cognitive processes like planning, problem solving and task switching. Together with colleagues, neuroscientist Alexander Johnson at Michigan State discovered a link between the prefrontal cortex, learning and behavioral deficits in mice possessing a gene connected with mental illness.
According to the Mayo Clinic: “Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behavior.
“Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia isn’t split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean ‘split mind,’ but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking.”
Like many mental health disorders, schizophrenia is a chronic illness that generally requires lifelong treatment. Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat manifestations of schizophrenia such as hallucinations, but there is no significant treatment for other symptoms such as anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure, or lack of motivation.
Johnson explained, “This study may well suggest that if we start targeting these brain-behavior mechanisms in people with mental illness, it may help to alleviate some of the cognitive and motivational symptoms, which to date remain largely untreated with current drug therapies.”
Researchers experimented with two groups of mice. One group possessed a gene associated with mental illness and the second group was a healthy control group without the gene.
The first experiment was designed to test for cognitive abilities. Researchers presented mice with a tasty treat on one side of a conditioning box. After several feedings, the treat was moved to the opposite side of the box. Mice that had the gene for mental illness had greater difficulty readjusting to the treat being on the new side than the control group.
A second experiment tested the animals’ motivation and required the mice to respond an increasing number of times each time they wanted to receive food. After three hours, all of the mice with the mental illness gene had simply given up and quit responding for food while only half of the control group had stopped responding.
Johnson explained the deficiencies may indicate problems in the prefrontal cortex area known as the orbitofrontal cortex. Continued research should include targeting this area.
The study was recently published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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This website has collection of curated resources to assist teaching the Digital Technologies sub-strand of the draft Technologies learning area of the Australian Curriculum. This website has been developed to assist Primary school teachers of technology and is full of practical ideas and resources to enhance learning. The resources will enable students to gain deep understanding of the way in which digital technologies will enhance mathematical higher order thinking in classroom. The resources will include links, examples, articles, applications and websites to enable students to gain a deep understanding of the way in which information systems enable creativity, selection, use and management data, information, processes and digital systems to meet needs.
Gamestar mechanicis is a browser based game design platform that allows students to individually or collaboratively create their own video games for upper primary students through problem-solving, critical thinking, collaboration, creative, data sharing and digital media literacies and motivation for Science, Technology, engineering and Maths learning are all components of higher order thinking and links to Australian Curriculum of digital technologies sub-strand.
Students are able to create and share information knowledge with peers, parents and teachers through social media like facebook to demonstrate their personal learning and to learn the basics of game through digital technologies. The Gamestar Mechanic provides rich game design content as well as sample lessons and resources for teachers up to fifty lessons to scaffold students in developing their game design skills.
ALICE - A free and innovative 3D programming environment that is designed to introduce students to object oriented programming.
Mohini Lata's insight:
This article raises some excellent and innovative ideas on how to use Alice in the classroom to promote technology supporting learning. Alice can be used in lower primary by building interactive worlds to integrate into course modules or upper primary as a complete course on learning programming. Instead of making a poster or presentation, students can build an interactive story or game as their presentation. This is done in a far more articulate way then producing the same understanding through the use of traditional tools, it allows students to be creative. ACARA states that 'Engaging students with developing and evaluating ideas and design in alignment with the Australian National Curriculum: Technology' (ACARA, 2013). This meets the engagement element required in our Technology requirements in today's education program. Alice programming language uses simple commands to animate movies and video games.Alice with its virtual world’s storytelling and interactive capabilities can be used for problem solving and presentations in Mathematics, Science, English, Arts, business and History. Alice provides a technology experience that goes beyond PowerPoint presentation. By using Alice software students can explore multimedia production while creating presentations in essentially different and more enjoyable. Aliceused in middle school effectively promotes interdisciplinary understanding, problem solving and learning fundamental concepts. Alice can be used as a way to encourage student’s creativity.Alice helps children storyboarding where thought is taken from abstract to concrete. The most important aspect of Aliceis self-expression where students express themselves in a creative way.
Computer is an intellectual laboratory and vehicle for self-expression that allows primary to high school children to learn and do in ways unimaginable. Computing democratizes educational opportunity where the learner is the centre of the educational experience and learns in their own way. Young children can use technology to make things by doing so there are using Higher Order Thinking and they can make more interesting things and you can learn a lot more by making them. Fifth graders write computer programs to represent fractions in a variety of ways while understanding not only fractions, but also a host of other mathematics and computer science concepts used in service of that understanding. This could be used to support the Digital Technologies knowledge and Understanding strand of the proposed Technologies learning area of the Australian Curriculum. In particular, it relates to the sub-strand, “Interaction and impact, which involves influences on, and the impact of information system in people’s lives. While a Learning disabilities student is able to use computer programming and robotics to create gopher-cam. This topic aligns with using Mathematical Higher Order Thinking in the Digital Technologies of Australian classroom.
The Draft of the Australian Curriculum: Technologies strand is the
technology section of the Australian Curriculum that is currently under development. It outlines the core knowledge, understanding, skills and capabilities that students should achieve at each year level to support students in using technology to become successful learners, confident and creative individuals active informed citizens. Mathematical Higher Order Thinking in digital Australian curriculum is to investigate, design, plan, manage, create, produce and evaluate technologies solution is linked to my topic. The digital technologies will provide opportunities for students to progress by applying practical skills and processes to create innovative mathematics solutions that will meet current and future needs.
Scratch is an interactive program which allows students to create stories and develop problem solving skills and concepts. Students can use Scratch tools to create two dimensional models incorporating the concepts of number, geometry, scale, proportion, measurement and volume to the decision making process. Scratch allows students use mathematical higher order thinking to create programs with a variety of algorithmic projects. This can reinforce simple geometry concepts taught in classroom. This program can be used for basic or complex projects that can be easily used at any Primary level. Scratch links to my topic using mathematical higher order thinking in the Technology classroom. This program could be used to support the Digital Technologies processes and production skills strand of the proposed Technologies learning area of the Australian Curriculum of the sub-strand of Specification, algorithms and implementation. This also supports Higher Order Thinking of defining and solving problems through using digital systems, critical and creative thinking and applying computational thinking – a problem solving methodology. The development of computational thinking skills required for the scratch program aligns with Digital Technologies and supports the problem solving and reasoning strands in the Mathematics Curriculum. Through digital technologies this can be used as a tool to share with other scratch users which can provide new and innovative ideas.
Picking up the right educational apps to recommend to your students and kids is not an easy task.There are several criterion you need to consider before you can comfortably claim that an app is educational or not. Of course there are no hard and fast rules to follow to be a good app reviewer and app reviewing is not an established science with clear boundaries but what we talk about here are simple conventions. These conventions are developed by experienced educators who , out of their long experience with app reviewing , have developed a sense of what works and what does not for educational settings. Experience here is very important because sometimes people learn more through experience than through formal instruction. That being said, I want to share with you some of the tips that educational app reviewers use to select apps for teachers and students. I have created the graphic below to include as many of these tips as possible. I have collected these tips from different resources. Enjoy!"
It is so important to know these 8 things before looking for educational application for students.
Does it promote higher order thinking skills and share ideas - we seem to over look at this.How much instruction do students need to be explained - dont need to spoon feed them Does the sound add to educational aspect - for lower grade we need the sound Does it provide useful feedback to students - students need feedback Appropriate age group - it has to be engaging and challenging for the students Does it store uses work - use it for later reference or share with others.Does it cater for diverse users needs - we need to cater for different learning styles.Is it easy to use and navigate - user friendly
Technology for Schools and Teachers: 5 Reasons Digital Learning Matters Huffington Post Knowing that it's a brave, new world out there, despite the much-publicized dangers that technology reportedly poses to today's youth (often unaccompanied by...
Mohini Lata's insight:
Digital learning is a key concept that needs to be embraced by educators in today's classrooms. It empowers and get the most out of their students using individualized learning programs tailored for their needs. The relevance of digital tech is to prepare students of what is ahead is very important. The efficiency of these tools provides multiple functions and is cost cutting and time saving. Students become active learners using high-tech programs with better context and greater sense of perspective and activities that allow them to better connect with other students.
We are very pleased to announce the release of Kodu v1.2! In this release, we have added new storytelling features as well as a new web-based Community
Mohini Lata's insight:
Kodu is a visual programming language. Kodu teaches students to be creativity, problem solving skills, storytelling as well as programming. Children of any age can use Kodu but it is more suitable for upper primary. Kodu helps students make connections between the interrelated parts computational thinking and game design. It also helps with critical thinking, logical and problem solving of programming. It also helps with sequencing which teachers cause and effect. Students working with these programs increase their ability to be creator by developing computational, problem solving and systems thinking skills which links to Mathematical Higher Order Thinking in classroom. 'Engaging students with developing and evaluating ideas and design in alignment with the Australian National Curriculum: Technology' (ACARA, 2013). This meets the engagement element required in our Technology requirements in today's education program.The Draft Australian Curriculum: Technology (2013) digital system of Digital Technologies Processes and Production Skills support Design and implement simple visual program with user input and branching.
The Pedagogy Wheel is the mobile learning of the ongoing importance of Bloom’s Taxonomy which is fundamental to good teaching and learning. Digital technology learning identifies which tool to be used at different levels of thinking. The pedagogy wheel serves a creative pedagogical use for learning goals which are higher order thinking skills. The action verbs of higher order thinking relates directly to the Draft Australian Curriculum Technologies sub-strand of digital Technologies processes and production skills which states that when using digital technologies students will use a range of digital systems and their components and peripherals. These apps are to serve a creative pedagogical use in mathematical higher order thinking classroom.
She may be only 18, but Brittany Wenger built a custom, cloud-based artificial neural network that can help with leukemia diagnosis.
Mohini Lata's insight:
This is such an interesting article and how Digital Technologies combined with Mathematical Higher Order Thinking has lead 18-year-old create a diagnostic tool for doctors to use. Her findings might also help develop new treatments and determine whether a breast mass is malignant or benign and improve diagnostics for multiple cancers. She used algorithm components which links with my topic and this could be used to support the Digital Technologies processes and production skills strand of the proposed Technologies learning area of the Australian Curriculum. In particular, it relates to the sub-strand, defining problems and implementing solutions for primary students and specification, algorithms and implementation for later years.
Making a chart in Google documents is easy with these tips, get expert advice on business software and the internet in this free video. Expert: Drew Noah Bio...
Mohini Lata's insight:
This video tutorial is highly interactive program which allows students to use Higher Order Thinking using Google Documents to create columns, pies, bars, lines, areas and scatter graphs and charts. Google Documents can be used to make digital 3D professional graphs and charts. This will help my topic of “Using mathematical higher order thinking in digital technologies in Australian curriculum”. By using higher order thinking students could create and analyse 3D shapes, graphs and bars using Google Document in primary classrooms. This will help teach the digital technologies strand of processes and production skills of the sub-strand of “Managing and analysing data” of the proposed Technologies learning area of the Australian curriculum.
"As educators, we constantly strive to prepare our students for the ‘real world’ that exists around them. We teach them how to read, write, and calculate. Then, of course, there are the less tangible skills we teach; such as how to work in a team, think critically, and be curious about the things they encounter each day.
We want to prepare them to lead productive and successful lives once they leave us and enter into the realm of adulthood. But what lies ahead for our students in the future? Did educators of twenty years ago know that so much of our world would be based on computers and technology now? Could they have known what skills would be needed in the job market today?"
As technology is becoming powerful and life changing how can we prepare students for the 21st century survival. The seven survival skills purposefully apply in a classroom. This links with Using Mathematical Higher order thinking - Critical Thinking and problem solving prepares students to see problems from different angles and formulate their own solutions. Collaboration encourages students to take on different roles. Agility and Adaptability – be willing to adapt to the changes around them.Initative and Entrepreneurship - always try. Effective Oral and written communication - how to speak confidently and clearly. Accessing and Analyzing Information-
learn the difference between factual information and factual-sounding opinions. Curiosity and Imagination - teach them how to apply them creatively and purposefully. Technology has become an essential and important tool for education, helping teachers with their work and most importantly supporting the students. This also links with brief design technology and the digital technologies strand of the National Technologies Curriculum as students are taught how to use the technologies available to them.
The Online Interactive Thinking Strategies and Tools are designed to enable students to think with depth and structure. This article Thinking Tools builds inclusive learning by building students coping and problem solving capacities. This article links with my topic of Using Mathematical Higher Order Thinking in the digital Technologies to present their thoughts and findings using Multiple Intelligences. This program could be used to support the Digital Technologies processes and production skills strand of the proposed Technologies learning area of the Australian Curriculums sub-strand of Interactions and impacts. The learning curve provides inclusive learning by building cohesive learning partnerships
The Guardian (blog) iPads in the classroom: embedding technology in the primary curriculum The Guardian (blog) Since the start of September 2012 myself and a colleague, Chris Williams, have been trying to maximise the use of handheld technology...
Mohini Lata's insight:
Very interesting to see child centred learning technology-led projects in maths to enchance learning.This article raises some excellent and innovative ideas on how mobile technology can be used across the curriculum to enhance the teaching and learning in the classroom. iPads in Primary Education can provide practical ideas to promote technology support learning. This shows how iPads and iPods can impact student’s progress and independence across the curriculum. ACARA states that 'Engaging students with developing and evaluating ideas and design in alignment with the Australian National Curriculum: Technology' (ACARA, 2013). This is obviously meeting the requirements - engage, motivate and inspire pupils' learning in the classroom in our Technology requirements in today's education program. Students are using mathematical higher order thinking as the learning shifts from teacher centred to child-centred. They used design technology to build a controllable vehicle working in small groups which links with the brief design technology. In my opinion this tool can be utilised in such a way as to engage students into thinking and producing new and exciting ideas and concepts.
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The dragon is a mythical animal, but you’d never know it from looking at antique Peking Chinese carpets. The Chinese consider the dragon to be a composite of several actual animals: horse, snake, fish, etc. The phoenix, adapted from gold and silver pheasants, and the kylin, with ungulate hooves and flaming leg joints, are among the other popular mythical creatures appearing on Peking Chinese carpets. But the dragon is by far the most popular. Originally emblematic of the emperor and empire, the dragon came to symbolize anything Chinese. Put a proper style dragon on it, the Chinese reference is automatic. Hence a carpet with a dragon appears Chinese. The dragon(s) set the general tone of origin. The notion of the five-claws dragon being imperial and those with fewer having a lower status was, by the nineteenth century, ignored. Every dragon had five claws on each foot. Dragons appear on large carpets, small scatter rugs and chair furnishings. No listing can be complete, but our extensive collection of antique Peking Chinese rugs and carpets provides a uniquely broad conspectus of these dynamic animals.
The Chinese dragon is a benign beast, no matter how fierce it looks. Dwelling primarily in the clouds, it brings rain, so essential to what for millennia was a primarily agrarian economy.
The dragon appears on antique Peking imperial carpets made for the Forbidden City Palaces from at least the late 16th century. Although we do not have one of these, our no. 19737 is a close copy of an early 17th century carpet. The iconography has already been fixed: a full face central dragon, four corner dragons in profile, flaming pearls and clouds scattered about, waves and mountains for a border. The dragon is not intended to be goofy, but the weavers can’t help it.
The five dragon layout can be condensed to antique Chinese chair seat size as displayed on our nos. 22000 and 22074, the latter on a rare dark blue ground. These are Ningxia rather than Peking in origin, but they 8illustrated the basic design protocols. Blue and white is always a popular Chinese color scheme and dragons make it even more exotic, as on 22893.
The central dragon may be embedded in a circular medallion while the four corner dragons writhe freely as in our nos. 22297 and 22576.
The full face central dragon may be replaced by a profile beast, as on our antique Peking carpet #23012 Chinese – Peking 8’0″ x 5’2″
Dragons may share the carpet with phoenixes or actual animals. A phoenix medallion and corner dragons is a popular field layout as on 40-2269. The entire gamut of twelve zodiacal animals may be dominated by a dragon, the only mythical beast, as on a blue and white antique Peking rug no. 22314
[illustrations of 40-2269, 22314]
The usual celestial dragon may be opposed by a rare terrestrial creature wrapped around a needle-like peak as on 22809 and 23144, both blue and white from the same shop and designer.
[illustrations of 22809 and 23144]
A veritable herd of dragons appears in the field and border of the antique Peking rug 22458 with composite foliage dragons in the medallion, corners and border, 14 in all
There are a few amusing dragon variants in Peking Chinese antique rugs that cannot escape notice. Three dimensional dragons wrap the border and extend into the field which is centred by a dragon and phoenix medallion in carpet no. 22921. A blue and white carpet (no. 22808) displays eight winged dragons, a Western rather than Chinese conceit.
Finally, consider the small, almost secretive dragons as heads emerging from fretwork or vinery. This design convention goes back to at least Han dynasty times on bronzes and on rugs to the seventeenth century. A few examples on Peking antique carpets will suffice: 22837, 22942.
The dragon is a universal beast, but it first appears in Chinese art and any rug that prominently displays it is likely to be Chinese, most likely a Peking Chinese carpet of the 1880-1940 period. Our collection of these attractive and decorative carpets, so imaginatively rich, is the most comprehensive anywhere. Here there be dragons.
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One of the most basic questions asked of a GIS is "What's on top of what?" For example:
- What land use is on top of what soil type?
- What parcels are within the 100-year floodplain? ("Within" is just another way of saying "on top of.")
- What roads are within what counties?
- What wells are within abandoned military bases?
These types of questions are answered with the use of overlay tools.
The Overlay toolset contains tools to overlay multiple feature classes to combine, erase, modify, or update spatial features, resulting in a new feature class. New information is created when overlaying one set of features with another. All of the overlay operations involve joining two sets of features into a single set of features to identify spatial relationships between the input features.
Summarizes the attributes of an input polygon layer based on the spatial overlay of a target polygon layer and assigns the summarized attributes to the target polygons. The target polygons have summed numeric attributes derived from the input polygons that each target overlaps. This process is typically known as apportioning or apportionment.
Generates planarized overlapping features from the input features. The count of overlapping features is written to the output features.
Creates a feature class by overlaying the input features with the erase features. Only those portions of the input features falling outside the erase features are copied to the output feature class.
Computes a geometric intersection of the input features and identity features. The input features or portions thereof that overlap identity features will get the attributes of those identity features.
Computes a geometric intersection of the input features. Features or portions of features that overlap in all layers or feature classes will be written to the output feature class.
Removes overlap between polygons contained in multiple input layers.
Joins attributes from one feature to another based on the spatial relationship. The target features and the joined attributes from the join features are written to the output feature class.
Computes a geometric intersection of the input and update features, returning the input features and update features that do not overlap. Features or portions of features in the input and update features that do not overlap will be written to the output feature class.
Computes a geometric union of the input features. All features and their attributes will be written to the output feature class.
Computes the geometric intersection of the input features and update features. The attributes and geometry of the input features are updated by the update features in the output feature class.
Alternate pairwise overlay tools for the Erase and Intersect tools are available in the Pairwise Overlay toolset. See Comparing classic overlay tools to pairwise overlay tools for more information.
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THE OUTHER PERIMETER
"HISTORY AND REGION"
THE SHIFT OF SOVEREIGNTY
The catastrophe of the First World War had among its outcomes the redesign of the political map of Europe. The dissolution of Austro-Hungary, and the Italian victory, brought about the dismemberment of the Tyrol. Ceded to Italy, the territory south of the Brenner and the Brenner Pass itself were destined to become a symbol of victory.
In the early years, the lands passed to Italy were governed by a liberal ruling class, whose internal positions were markedly different. Some demonstrated openness towards linguistic minorities while others already began advocating the aggressive denationalization, which the Fascists demanded.
Denationalizing interventions and the growth of Fascism locally increased, focussing on the public administration, the schools, language use, place names etc. Thanks to the preservation of their own schools, religious education and newspapers, the Catholic Church managed to maintain an “Oasis” where it was still possible to speak or read in German.
BUILDING THE “New bolzano”
Under the architect Marcello Piacentini, the city of Bolzano was remade. The Monument to Victory became the portal to the new Italian city, while in the rest of the province the regime embarked on a programme infrastructure development as a sign, propaganda even, of Fascist “modernity”.
ECONOMY – CITY PLANNING – DEMOGRAPHICS
The large industrial zone constructed in Bolzano in the mid-1930s caused an influx of workers from other regions. This radically altered the numerical balance between Italian-speakers and German-speakers in the city. New districts sprang up, including those of the “Semirurali” or semi-rural housing estates.
FASCISM AND CULTURE
Italianization and the growth of Fascism in society also spread through culture. German-language cultural institutions were eliminated or “absorbed”. In parallel, the regime created and promoted new artistic ventures, some even in German, but always under the sign of Lictor’s Fasces – the symbol of Fascism.
TOTALITARIANISMS AND THE “OPTION”
During the 1930s, Nazi propaganda found fertile ground among South Tyrolean German-speakers, who looked to Hitler’s Germany for their national restitution. This threatened the Italo-German alliance, so a solution was found, known as “the Option”, in which Hitler and Mussolini agreed to transfer German-speaking South Tyroleans to the Third Reich.
After 8th September 1943, Alto Adige fell into German hands and became part of Operationszone Alpenvorland. The Nazis built a concentration camp, which became the most dramatic symbol of those two years, while the rest of the population lived in the devastation caused by the intensive Allied bombing.
THE PATH TO DEMOCRACY
With difficulty, the two linguistic communities expressed distinct movements of resistance. At the end of the war South Tyroleans’ hopes of seeing a revision of the border were dashed. However the De Gasperi-Gruber Accord, signed 5th September 1946, provided a framework guaranteeing the rights of the German-speaking minority. This marked the first step on the road to living together.
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The Importance Of Dental Health During All Stages Of Your Life
Dental health is extremely important at all stages of your life. Poor dental health can lead to several problems, including gum disease, tooth decay, and even heart disease. However, by taking care of your teeth and gums, you can enjoy good oral health for years to come. Here are some tips for keeping your teeth healthy during different stages of your life.
1. Infancy and Toddlerhood
It is important to start taking care of your child’s teeth as soon as they come in. For example, it would help if you brushed their teeth twice a day with a pea-sized amount of toothpaste and floss once daily. It is also important to take your child to the dentist for regular checkups and cleanings.
Dental health is extremely important during all stages of life. It is essential during adolescence when the permanent teeth are coming in, and the adult teeth are starting to form. Keeping your teeth and gums healthy will help you avoid problems later in life. So brush up on your dental hygiene knowledge and ensure you’re taking care of your pearly whites!
As an adult, you should continue to brush and floss twice a day, see the dentist for regular checkups and cleanings, and eat a healthy diet. You should also be aware of the risks of gum disease and should see a dentist if you notice any symptoms, such as bleeding or receding gums. Additionally, adults should avoid smoking or using tobacco products.
Dental health is important during all stages of your life, and pregnancy is no exception. It’s essential to take care of your teeth and gums during pregnancy to avoid complications like gum disease, which has been linked to preterm birth. Be sure to see your dentist regularly and brush and floss daily. And if you have any concerns about your dental health during pregnancy, don’t hesitate to ask your dentist or doctor for advice.
When Do You Get Braces
While there is no definitive answer to the question of when to get braces, a few general guidelines can help you make the decision. If you are experiencing crowding, spacing, or other problems with the alignment of your teeth, braces may be a good option. Generally, it is best to seek professional orthodontic advice when your child is around seven years old. At this age, most children have a complete set of baby teeth, making it easier for the orthodontist to assess potential problems.
However, if you or your child are not ready for braces at seven years old, don’t worry – there is no rush. Many people wait until their teenage years or even adulthood to get braces, and there are plenty of options for adults. Once you have decided to get braces, the next step is to consult with an orthodontist. During your consultation, the orthodontist will assess your individual needs and develop a treatment plan that is tailored specifically for you. They will generally discuss different options you want, like invisalign clear braces or metal braces. Once the treatment plan is in place, the orthodontist will insert the braces and make any necessary adjustments throughout treatment. With proper care and maintenance, braces can help you achieve a straighter, healthier smile that you can be proud of.
Dental health is extremely important for people of all ages. It is essential to develop good dental habits early on in life to maintain healthy teeth and gums throughout your life. Regular brushing and flossing, as well as regular visits to the dentist, are essential for maintaining good dental health. Additionally, it is important to know the potential risks associated with poor dental hygiene, such as tooth decay and gum disease. By taking steps to ensure good dental hygiene, you can enjoy a lifetime of healthy teeth and gums.
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Better Students Ask More Questions.
The omnious tone of this paragraph (shown below) in Tale of Two Cities is developed...
Topic: A Tale of Two Cities
The omnious tone of this paragraph (shown below) in Tale of Two Cities is developed partially through the repetition of
I. "Closing in"
III. "Knitting, Knitting
A. II only
B. III only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only
E. I, II, III
0 Answers | Be the first to answer
Related QuestionsSee all »
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.
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It reads like a fairy tale from the brothers Grimm: a giant US state is planning a giant hydroelectric dam that could flood a tiny shrew out of its idyllic home.
Later this month, Alaskan authorities will file plans in Washington DC for a 213-metre megadam on one of the country's last remaining wild rivers: the Susitna. If approved, it would be the country's first hydroelectric megadam for 40 years, and its fifth tallest, just 8 metres shy of the Hoover dam.
Opponents say the project is a $4.5 billion boondoggle that will affect wildlife including caribou, grizzly bears and salmon. Instead they say the state should tap its abundant tidal, geothermal and wind power.
But the icon for protest against the dam may turn out to be the country's most secretive shrew. Weighing in at just 1.5 grams, Sorex yukonicus lives on a bank 10 kilometres downstream of the proposed site for the dam.
In 1995, Daniel Beard, head of the US Bureau of Reclamation, the nation's main constructor of dams, declared the US dam-building era over. He cited growing environmental concerns. Dozens of dams have since been torn down to revive fisheries and reinstate river habitats.
But after years in the environmental doghouse, large dams are being promoted as a source of low-carbon energy, and the 600-megawatt Susitna project looks like it could be the first to get the green light.
The Susitna dam was first planned in the 1970s, but was dropped on both cost and environmental grounds. Two years ago, then-governor Sarah Palin revived the scheme. State legislators voted to go ahead in July. On 29 December, the Alaska Energy Authority will submit a preliminary licence application to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which could trigger a national debate on dam construction.
The number of wild rivers in the world is diminishing fast as a result of dam construction and other engineering projects. According to a report on wildlife in the vicinity of the dam, prepared for the state by consultants Alaska Biological Research and published in August, Susitna's 62-kilometre reservoir will flood a migration route used by pregnant caribou and the grizzly bears that prey on them, and disrupt a major run for Coho and sockeye salmon.
Then there is the shrew. The 7-centimetre-long mammal was discovered in 1982 by Stephen MacDonald of the University of Alaska Museum. MacDonald, who is now at the Museum of Southwestern Biology in Albuquerque, New Mexico, says that small mammals dependent on habitats that will be destroyed or altered by the dam could disappear. That includes the shrew, whose riverside habitat will be subject to drastic changes in water levels as the dam's turbines are turned on and off to power the nearby towns of Fairbanks and Anchorage.
Despite extensive searches, only 38 specimens of the shrew have been found, according to the Alaska wildlife study.
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.
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Nematodes are microscopic, eel-like roundworms. Nematodes are found in the soil; you can scoop up a handful of soil and literally find thousands of nematodes, but you won’t be able to see them.
The most troublesome species in the garden are those that live and feed within plant roots most of their lives and those that live freely in the soil and feed on plant roots. Although there are many different species of root-feeding nematodes, the most important in gardens are the root knot nematodes. Root knot nematodes attack a wide range of plants, including many common vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamentals.
Plant-feeding nematodes go through six stages: an egg stage, four immature stages, and an adult stage. Many species can develop from egg to egg-laying adult in as little as 21 to 28 days during the warm summer months. Immature stages and adult males are long, slender worms. The mature adult females of some species, such as root knot nematode, change to a swollen, pear-like shape, whereas females of other species such as lesion nematode remain slender worms. Nematodes are too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope.
It is believed that root knot nematode survives from season to season primarily as an egg in the soil. After the eggs hatch, the second stage juveniles invade roots, usually at root tips, causing some of the root cells to enlarge where the nematodes feed and develop. The male nematodes eventually leave the roots, but the females remain embedded within roots, where they lay their eggs into a jellylike mass that extends out through the root surface and into the soil.
Damage Caused By Nematodes
Root knot nematodes usually cause distinctive swellings, called galls, on the roots of affected plants. Infestations of these nematodes are fairly easy to recognize by digging up a few plants with symptoms, washing or gently tapping the soil from the roots, and examining the roots for galls. The nematodes feed and develop within the galls, which may grow to as large as 1-inch in diameter on some plants but are usually much smaller. The water- and nutrient-conducting abilities of the roots are damaged by the formation of the galls. Galls may crack or split open, especially on the roots of vegetable plants, allowing the entry of soilborne, disease-causing microorganisms.
Root knot nematode galls are true swellings and cannot be rubbed off the roots. Root knot nematodes may feed on the roots of grasses and certain legumes without causing galling.
Above ground symptoms of a root knot nematode infestation include wilting, loss of vigor, yellowing, and other symptoms similar to a lack of water or nutrients. Infested vegetable plants grow more slowly than neighboring healthy plants, beginning in early to mid-season. Plants often wilt during the hottest part of the day, even with adequate soil moisture, and leaves may turn yellow. Fewer and smaller leaves and fruits are produced, and plants heavily infested early in the season may die. Damage is most serious in warm, irrigated, sandy soils.
Root injury caused by other nematode species may produce above ground symptoms similar to those caused by root knot nematodes. However, the actual injury to the roots is more difficult to detect. Roots may be shortened or deformed with no other clues as to the source of the injury. You can confirm a nematode infestation by collecting soil and root samples and sending the material to a laboratory for positive identification of the infesting species.
While annual plants may be killed by nematodes, woody plants are rarely killed. Nematode injury to woody plants is usually less obvious and often more difficult to diagnose. Infested fruit and nut trees may have reduced growth and yields. Woody landscape plants that are heavily infested may have reduced growth and branch tip die back and may defoliate earlier than normal.
Management of nematodes is difficult. The most reliable practices are preventive, including sanitation and choice of plant varieties. Existing infestations can be reduced through fallowing, crop rotation, or soil solarization. However, these methods reduce nematodes primarily in the top foot or so of the soil, so are effective only for about a year. They are suitable primarily for annual plants or to help young woody plants establish. Once an area or crop is infested, try to minimize damage by adjusting planting and harvesting dates and irrigation or by the use of soil amendments.
Nematodes are usually introduced into new areas with infested soil or plants. Prevent nematodes from entering your garden by using only nematode-free plants purchased from reliable nurseries. To prevent the spread of nematodes, avoid moving plants and soil from infested parts of the garden. Do not allow irrigation water from around infested plants to run off, as this spreads nematodes. Nematodes may be present in soil attached to tools and equipment used elsewhere, so clean tools thoroughly before using them in your garden.
Resistant or Tolerant Varieties and Rootstocks
One of the best ways to manage nematodes is to use vegetable varieties and fruit tree rootstocks that are resistant to nematode injury. Tomato varieties with VFN after their name are resistant to most root knot nematodes, as are ‘Nemaguard’ rootstock used for stone fruit and almond trees and ‘Harmony’ and ‘Freedom’ rootstock used for grapes. Citrus trees growing on ‘Troyer’ and ‘Trifoliate’ rootstocks are resistant to the citrus nematode. Consider replacing severely infested plants with plant species and varieties that are more tolerant of the nematodes present. Unfortunately, resistant varieties are not available for many crops and ornamentals.
Growing a crop on which the nematode pest cannot reproduce is a good way to control some nematodes. For example, the sugarbeet cyst nematode attacks only a limited number of crops, including cole crops (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower) and related crops and weeds. Growing non-susceptible crops for 3 to 5 years reduces the sugarbeet cyst nematode population to a level where susceptible crops may be grown again. Unfortunately, rotation is not as easy for controlling root knot nematodes because so many vegetable crops and weeds are hosts of the pest.
However, with careful planning, rotation in combination with fallowing and solarization can reduce root knot nematode numbers. Annual crops that are useful in a rotation plan for reducing root knot nematode populations include small grains such as wheat and barley, sudangrass, and resistant tomato and bean varieties.
Fallowing is the practice of leaving the soil bare for a period of time. Fallowing for 1 year will lower root knot nematode populations enough to successfully grow a susceptible annual crop. Two years of fallow will lower nematode numbers even further. When fallowing, it is important to keep the soil moist to induce egg hatch and to control weeds on which nematodes may survive. As a result, eggs will hatch but the nematodes will die if there is nothing to feed on.
Soil Amendments and Irrigation
Various organic amendments can be added to the soil to reduce the impact of nematodes on crop plants. The amendments, which include peat, manure, and composts, are useful for increasing the water- and nutrient-holding capacity of the soil, especially sandy soils. Because plants that are water-stressed are more readily damaged by nematodes, increasing the soil’s capacity to hold water can lessen the effects of nematode injury. Likewise, more frequent irrigation can help reduce the damage caused by nematodes. In either case, there will be just as many nematodes in the soil, but they will cause less damage.
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CALI (Computer Assisted Legal Education) Lessons
CALI's extensive Administrative Law Lesson Collection ranges from general introductory topics to specific "how to" research a particular aspect of federal administrative law. You may wish to start with Introduction and Sources of Administrative Law, a 30-45 minute lesson on the basics.
The CALI Administrative Law Lesson Collection also includes two lessons on the rulemaking process. Under the federal Administrative Procedure Act, there are two separate and distinct processes for making rules: the "informal" process and the "formal" process. The 45-minute lessons entitled Informal Rulemaking and Formal Rulemaking detail the process for promulgating administrative rules and regulations.
Use of CALI lessons is limited to law school students and faculty. The CALI access information is found under the "Tools" tab on the law school's website. Contact the law library if you require assistance in accessing the CALI lessons.
Federal administrative law plays an important role in our everyday lives. Health care, banking, education, food & drug safety, transportation, national parks and monuments, environmental protections, ERISA, labor and employment, and immigration are some of the areas affected by federal regulations and other agency actions.
Federal agencies have quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial functions. Similar to the legislature, federal agencies develop guidance documents and adopt rules and regulations to interpret federal statutes. Similar to the judiciary, many agencies conduct hearings and issue opinions. Last some agencies also have the authority to investigate regulatory violations and impose civil penalties.
Where do I start?
There is not often an easy answer to the "Where do I start?" question when researching federal administrative law.
Federal administrative law derives from a number of sources: the Office of the President, Executive Branch agencies, and federal independent agencies. In addition, federal agencies often have multiple functions (i.e., law making and adjudicative powers). As a result your research may involve locating executive orders and proclamations, agency rules and regulations, agency guidance documents, agency decisions and opinions, and a variety of other agency documents.
Administrative law research is typically more complicated than case law or statutory research. One reason is that there is often not a clear indication of where to look for the material you need to complete your research. As a researcher, you must first identify the federal agency or executive branch unit that regulates the issue you are researching. Advice on how the identify the relevant agency is found in this research guide under the "Agencies" tab. You must then determine what aspect of the agency's work you are researching, e.g., rules or regulations, agency enforcement decisions, or opinion or policy statements.
As in all legal research, you will be more efficient in your research if you properly frame your question and determine your research goal before commencing your research.
This guide describes administrative law materials and provides guidance on the research process.
Overview of Rule Making Process
Federal rules and regulations* are promulgated by federal agencies to implement statutes passed by the U.S. Congress. Congress delegates legislative authority to a federal agency via an "enabling act" that instructs the agency to adopt rules and regulations to carry out the intent of the statute. Once adopted, the rule or regulation has the full force and effect of law. The process is generally referred to as "rule making."
The process of rule making is governed by the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 USC § 553 (2010) (the "APA"). Under the APA, an agency must publish the proposed rule or regulation in the Federal Register and provide for a public comment period. After comments are received, the agency may decide to hold hearings. If the rule or regulation is revised, it must be republished and provide for a new public comment period. The final version of the rule or regulation must also be published in the Federal Register. The process is often referred to as "notice and comment" or "informal" rulemaking. The rule or regulation will then be codified into the Code of Federal Regulations.
*The terms "rule" and "regulation" are used interchangeably.
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
Established by the Paperwork Reduction Act in 1980, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ("OIRA") of the Office of Management and Budget reviews federal regulations and information collection by federal agencies. Executive Order 12866 directs agencies to follow certain principles in rulemaking, such as consideration of alternatives and analysis of benefits and costs, and describes OIRA's role in the rulemaking process.
OIRA review occurs after the regulations have been through the rule making process. The ability to review and therefore, delay, the implementation of regulations has caused some controversy. Additional information regarding this agency:
- RegInfo.gov: Statistics and status of regulations under review.
- CPR's Eye on OIRA: Public Scrutiny for an Unnoticed Regulatory Powerhouse
- RegBlog: Who is Running OIRA?
- HuffingtonPost: Obama's Nominee for OIRA Director
The Regulatory Review Dashboard is a public website that discloses information about OIRA's review of draft regulations under Executive Order 12866 and Executive Order 13563. This dashboard graphically presents information about rules under OIRA review through an easy-to-use interactive display, and it allows the public to sort rules by agency, length of review, state of rulemaking, economic significance, and international impacts.
In addition, the ICR Dashboard displays agency information collection requests to OIRA for review under the Paperwork Reduction Act.
It is most likely that OIRA and its role in the rulemaking process will continue to be a hotly discussed topic for some time.
Head of Information Services & Assistant Law Librarian
US and International Legal Research; Corporate, Securities and Banking Research; Instructional Technology; Open Source; and Competitive Intelligence
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Math, Engineering, and Marshmallows Inspire Future Scientists at Ohio Tech TrekSeptember 05, 2013
Bowling Green State University saw 50 girls descend upon campus in July for their first Tech Trek, hosted by the AAUW Bowling Green (OH) Branch and headed by camp director Beth Pinheiro. Tech Trek provides a supportive environment for girls to learn, explore, and prepare themselves for a possible future in a science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM) career.
The curriculum allowed girls to interact with women STEM professionals as well as enjoy core classes like filmmaking, the science and math of bridges, and Project Globe — a program in which students investigated climate, land cover, and land use in the campus area and then sent their data to UNESCO for real scientists to use. Afternoons were filled with workshops on water quality, energy transformation, and financial literacy.
Support Science Camps for Girls in OhioDonate to Tech Trek
Bowling Green, population 30,000, is a small town on the edge of the Great Black Swamp. Its rural surroundings make the outdoors easily accessible, and the area hosts myriad art festivals, fairs, and seasonal activities.
The Tech Trek camp at Bowling Green is part of a pilot program in which each campus receives a $10,000 AAUW grant to help finance the costs associated with providing STEM workshops, field trips, and room and board. The remaining costs are funded by branch members, other Ohio branches, and community support to make sure girls in northwest Ohio girls have the chance to experience this enriching opportunity.
Other than a $50 confirmation fee, there is no cost to families who send a camper to Tech Trek, thanks to generous donations from AAUW supporters and local communities. Give to Tech Trek today and help this program continue to inspire girls in Ohio.
Tech Trek at Bowling Green in Photos
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The Clyde Sea area has a wide range of habitats which support a large diversity of plant and animal species. There is some concern that human activities may have already had effects on those species and habitats, through overexploitation, habitat destruction and environmental change. Historically the Clyde has supported large populations of herring and whitefish, which have in recent years undergone a dramatic decline, and commercial fishing is now largely dependent on shellfish species. The fauna of the Clyde does show some anomalies when compared with that of the west coast, particularly the Clyde algal fauna, with some species only found in the Clyde (Maggs, 1986). An extensive amount of marine faunal lists have been published for the Clyde Sea over the past century from general accounts by Chumley (1918) to more specific accounts of specific groups, Polychaeta (Clark, 1960), Mollusca (Allen, 1962), fish (Bagenal, 1965), Amphipoda (Moore, 1984) and Echinodermata (Wilkie, 1989). The seas of the Clyde also support populations of megafauna such as seals, dolphins, whales and basking sharks. Many of theses species and habitats of the Clyde are recognised as being of national or international importance and have been afforded some level of protection under legislation to protect marine biodiversity.
Figure 4.1 Location of species hotspots (shown in red) in the Clyde Sea Area identified by Langmead et al. (2008). The five areas were Northern Loch Fyne (HS2) and Loch Shira (HS1); Irvine Bay (HS8-11); East of Dunoon in the upper Firth of Clyde (HS4); East of Rothesay, Bute (HS7); and The Kyles of Bute (HS6) and Loch Striven (HS3 and 5).
A recent review of the biodiversity of the Firth of Clyde (Langmead et al., 2008) identified and collated c.133,000 species and habitat data records for the area. The review also analysed patterns of biodiversity and determined the location of 'hotspots' defined as areas of high species and habitat richness that include representative, rare and threatened features (Ross et al., 2009). The locations of the species hotspots identified by this study are shown in Figure 4.1. It is the purpose of the following section to briefly describe the rich biodiversity of the area, discuss current threats and to describe some of the conservation and management measures that are already in place to protect biodiversity in the Clyde.
4.2 Benthic Fauna
In general, the Firth of Clyde benthic populations have been given selective attention according to the habitat type, location and research interests in relation to specific environmental problems. As a result much of the work on the benthic fauna of the Clyde has focussed on the shallower coastal sediments of the rocky shores and sandy bays. A widespread littoral survey was undertaken in 1979 by Paisley College of Technology who examined 82 sites of both rocky and sedimentary types of the lochs and open coasts of the Firth (Connor, 1991). The survey suggested that the richest sediment shores were concentrated in the more sheltered parts of the Clyde such as Loch Fyne, Striven and Gareloch. The shores on the more exposed coasts of Ayrshire, the Kintyre peninsula and the coast of Arran tend to have fewer individuals and less species diversity. The intertidal infauna is dominated by the bivalves Angulus tenuis and Cerastoderma edule, the amphipod bathyporeia sp. and polychaetes Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans, Arenicola marina and N. cirrosa. The intertidal fauna of sandy beaches in the Clyde have also been studied by Eleftheriou and McIntyre (1976) examining shores which are moderately exposed or sheltered. The exposed shores were dominated by crustaceans and polychaetes and the bivalve Angulus tenuis. On the sheltered beaches crustaceans were generally less common and bivalves represented the greatest biomass. Areas of particularly high benthic infaunal biomass are concentrated in Upper Loch Long, Loch Striven, the Kyles of Bute, the central Kilbrannan Sound and the Irvine and Ayr Bays.
The benthos of the deeper sediments has also been investigated centred on the influence of the Garroch Head dumping site. Life in the deep muds of the Clyde is mainly buried in the soft, fine sediment. The most conspicuous species of the Clyde deep muds are the heart urchin Brissopsis lyrifera, the brittle star Amphiura chiajei, the bivalves' Nucula tenuis and N. sulcata, the polychaetes Glycera alba, G. rouxii and Lumbrinereis hibernica. In the shallower sandier muds A. filiformis tends to replace A. chiajei, Echinocardium cordatum becomes the dominant heart urchin and the most numerous bivalves in addition to N. tenuis are Thyasira spp., Alba spp. and Mysella bidentata. Sediments with significant admixtures of gravel in the Clyde tend to have the brittle stars Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiopholis aculeata and Amphipholis squamata. The surfaces of the mud in the lochs of the Clyde Sea are also the habitat of the spectacular burrowing anemone, the fireworks anemone (Pachycerianthus multiplicatus).
Wireweed (Sargassum muticum) was first found in Loch Ryan in 2004 and since then has been recorded in a number of locations throughout the Firth of Clyde. It is a fast growing large olive-brown seaweed that competes with native seaweeds through overgrowing, shading and abrasion and can alter the ecology of the habitat. In harbours and shallow water it is considered a nuisance where large floating masses can become a hazard to vessels through the entanglement of propellers and blocking of engine cooling systems (Ashton et al., 2006).
The gaping file shell (Limaria hians) is a small bivalve, distinguished by long orange filamentous tentacles, which has been recorded along the west coast of Scotland around Kintyre and in the Clyde Sea (Hughes et al., 2009). In a study by Hall-Spencer and Moore (2000) it was concluded that the gaping file shell has disappeared from regions where it was once common including Ayrshire, the Isle of Bute and Stravanan Bay. The decline of file shell reefs in this area was attributed, by Hall-Spencer (2006), to the destructive effects of scallop dredging. The file shell has a thin delicate shell and damaged individuals dislodged from their nests are rapidly consumed by scavengers. The file shell reefs also have ecological importance as they support a rich fauna of small invertebrates and provide attachment surfaces for algae and larger sessile organisms.
Sea pens are colonial cnidarians found on sandy and muddy sediments around the British Isle and in many Scottish sea lochs. They are typically found in areas of high salinity, highly sheltered areas where tidal streams are negligible. Some areas of the Clyde Sea may provide ideal habitats for sea pens. There are three sea pen species which occur in Scottish waters tall sea pens Funiculina quadrangularis, Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea. The two human activities which are most likely to affect this biotope are Nephrops trawling and organic pollution. Of the three sea pen species Funiculina quadrangularis is likely to be the most vulnerable to trawl damage due to its brittle stalk and inability to retract into the sediment. Heavy organic pollution can exclude sea pens from an area, with severe oxygen depletion probably having damaging consequence to sea pens.
4.3 Maerl beds
Maerl beds are living sediments characterised by accumulations of unattached calcareous red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta), also known as rhodolith beds (Barbera et al., 2003; Steller and Foster, 1995). They occur in many environments including tropical, temperate and polar environments. In Europe they are patchily distributed occurring throughout the Mediterranean and along the Western Atlantic coast.
Maerl beds appear as patchy, poorly sorted and complex sediment that differ greatly from more uniform habitats such as mud. The interlocking of the branching thalli creates a highly complex habitat that provides numerous microhabitats for macrofaunal organisms (Steller et al., 2003). They have high ecological importance as they support a wide range of species, some of which may be unique to this habitat (Keegan, 1974). Many studies have reported rare and unusual species living in association with maerl beds, they create areas of high biodiversity and hence the beds are of international conservation significance (BIOMAERL, 2003). In addition, maerl are slow growing and an ecologically fragile habitat considered to be a non-renewable resource. A study by Grall et al. (2006) demonstrated the high productivity of the maerl bed environment as shown by the co-dominance of endobenthic polychaetes (Eupolymnia nebulosa, N. latericeus), bivalves (V. verrucosa, Venerupis aureus) and Sipunculids with epibenthic crustaceans (Melitid amphipods, P. longicornis, etc.), Molluscs (chitons or gastropods) and sponges.
Maerl beds can also be of importance to fisheries, providing nursery grounds for commercial species of fish and shellfish (Hall-Spencer et al., 2003). In the Clyde Sea area, the maerl beds coincide with many of the productive fishing grounds for scallops and infaunal bivalves and are under threat from dredging and bottom trawling in spite of their ecological and economic importance (Barbera et al., 2003). Maerl beds are known to be highly sensitive to physical disturbance and have a very low regenerative capacity and thus may require protection through appropriate conservation management strategies.
It is thought that the UK, and particularly Scotland, is home to many of the most extensive maerl beds in Europe. It occurs on exposed west coasts, such as those in Scotland, Ireland and Brittany, but it is absent from large areas of European waters, such as most of the North Sea, the Baltic, the Irish Sea and the eastern English Channel (Birkett et al., 1998). However, studies which quantify the areas covered by maerl beds in anything other than very local studies, are rare.
Maerl bed habitats in the Clyde
There have been several observations of maerl beds, both dead and living, in the Clyde. However, a first question is what habitats in the Clyde could potentially be suitable for maerl?
The physical environment needed by living maerl has been difficult to determine, as it's slow growth (~1mm per year) makes experimentation difficult.
In terms of sea bed type, Birkett et al. (1998) suggest that Maerl beds can be found in association with a range of different sediments, varying in size from fine mud to coarse gravel and pebbles.
Maerl can not withstand exposure, thus only forms below the low-water level (Birkett et al., 1998). As maerl is an algae, it requires light to grow. Thus light availability, and hence water turbidity, are parameters which will limit where maerl can live. These, in turn, will limit the depth-distribution of maerl as in clearer waters, maerl will be able to live at deeper depths compared to more turbid waters. A comprehensive study of the depth range within which maerl beds are found in the Clyde has not been performed, although Hall-Spencer (1995) suggested a range of 6-18m (Birkett et al., 1998). Maerl has not been found extensively below 30m in UK waters and is generally found shallower than 10m (Birkett et al., 1998).
A further requirement is in terms of currents near the sea bed. Maerl requires a moderate flow of water, but can not withstand intense current or wave action (Birkett et al., 1998). Therefore it will not be found in either water that has limited movement, or extreme sea bed currents from either tide or waves. This implies there are minimum and maximum sea bed current tolerances of living maerl, although these have not been quantitatively determined.
Wilson et al. (2004) suggest that maerl is not as susceptible to changes in temperature, salinity or heavy metal pollution as was previously thought. However, a critical factor was smothering by fine sediment. Thus maerl will not be found where there are natural sources of such sediment, for example near river mouths, where there is natural deposition of fine sediment, for example within persistent gyres, or where there is frequent resuspension of fine sediments by tide or wave action. Sedimentation from human activity, including trawling, dredging, sediment extraction, sewage discharges or fish farming will kill maerl (Wilson et al. 2004).
Within the Clyde studies have found living (Kamenos et al., 2004) and dead (Hall-Spencer, 1995) maerl beds, as well as living maerl beds, but heavily impacted by the effects of fishing, primarily scallop dredging (Hall-Spencer and Moore, 2000).
Surveys for maerl could include those by diver, direct remote physical methods from vessels such as grabs or towed dredges, direct visual methods from vessels such as lowered cameras or towed video, and indirect remote sensing from vessels using acoustic methods including ground determination acoustics (e.g. RoxAnn).
Studies such as the BIOMAERL programme are advancing our overall understanding of maerl and will hopefully allow management of maerl to have a firmed scientific basis.
Seabirds are species of birds which have adapted to exploit the potential food available from the marine environment. They fall into two broad categories; those which specialise in feeding from the air picking up food from the vicinity of the sea surface, such as terns and those which dive for food such as gannets which may swim underwater in pursuit of their prey (Monaghan and Zonfrillo, 1986). However, all seabirds are dependent upon the land to breed and their distributions are governed by the constraints of this environment, where there is a safe place to nest with sufficient food resources available in the surrounding waters. Although the Firth is home to three quarters of the UKs breeding seabirds, the Clyde coast does not support a major proportion of most species of the Scottish breeding population. This is largely due to the low-lying topography of the coast providing accessibility of the Clyde coast to the large human population which reside in central Scotland (Monaghan and Zonfrillo, 1986).
The primary foods of seabirds are densely schooling lipid-rich pelagic fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods in the upper-mid water column (Hunt et al., 1996). Thus changes in the availability of pelagic fish may affect the breeding biology of these birds. Herring are especially important to the kittiwake and the decline in herring stocks may in part be responsible for the decline in kittiwakes in some areas.
Ailsa Craig, the cliffs of the Ayrshire coast and Sanda Island located off the southeast coast of Kintyre, are the most notable seabird sites of the Firth of Clyde. Ailsa Craig and Sanda Island are both designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) set up for the protection of the breeding seabirds. Fishing activity in the Clyde is known to benefit seabirds by providing an easily exploitable food source in the form of discards. Regular scavengers include the fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), the great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) and the kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) which obtain a large proportion of their food from discards, the herring gull (Larus argentatus), great skua (Stercorarius skua) and gannet (Morus bassanus) also commonly scavenge behind fishing vessels.
The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is the world's second largest fish and is regularly observed off the western British and Irish coast, mostly between April and October. It is entirely planktivorous and in Scotland basking sharks are regularly sighted around the outer Firth of Clyde where waters are plankton rich (Speedie et al., 2009). In particular the coastline of the Isle of Arran is a 'hotspot' for basking shark sightings. The spatio-temporal distribution of basking sharks can be directly attributed to changes in zooplankton abundances and this can have important implications for the management and conservation of the species (Thom et al., 1999).
Historically the basking shark was exploited for the high oil content of its liver, which was used in the steel, medical, and cosmetic industries, as well as as a fuel for lighting. A fishery remained in the Clyde until the 1980s, when declining numbers and reduced public support meant the fishery was no longer viable. The basking shark is now protected within the 12 nautical miles limit off Scotland under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Potential threats to basking shark populations include by-catch in fishing nets and disturbance or impact with vessels. The basking sharks slow growth rate and late sexual maturity coupled with overfishing has resulted in the shark becoming rare in areas where it was once common. As a result of the decline in numbers the species qualifies as vulnerable on a global level and the British population is classified as 'endangered' on the IUCN Red List.
In the waters of the Clyde, fifteen species of cetaceans have been recorded since 1980. However, there is a lack of data available on the abundance of cetaceans in the Clyde which limits the ability to determine trends and current status. Any reliable scientific data is restricted to observations of distribution rather than determining numerical abundance.
4.6 Threats to Biodiversity
Some of the most significant non-fishing threats to biodiversity are outlined in the following section. The effects of fishing are discussed in Sections 6 and 7.
4.6.1 Invasive species
Non-native invasive species are considered by the UN to pose a great threat to biodiversity. Recently there has been an increase in the incidence of non-native marine species in coastal areas around the UK with potentially damaging impacts on native flora and fauna including commercial species. These effects can include competition with native species for food and space, alteration of habitats, changes in water quality and transmission of disease (Donnelly et al. 2010). Recent introductions into the marine environment of the Clyde include the cord-grass Spartina anglica which colonises shallow mudflats and competes with the seagrass Zostera noltii. Two of the most important vectors of invasive species are shipping and the aquaculture industry.
4.6.2 Climate change
In the last 60 years climate change has altered the distribution and abundance of many marine species (MarClim, 2006) and there is now increasing concern of the impacts of climate change on the conservation and management of marine biodiversity. As temperatures increase a general shift in species distributions is expected as species respond to the changes of suitable 'climate space' available to them (Fields et al., 1993; MarClim, 2006). Individual species are likely to respond to temperature increases at different rates due to differences in their metabolism and physiological processes (Sims et al., 2004). In addition, climate change could cause local extinction of species that are unable to adapt to fluctuations in their physical environment.
4.7 Protection of Biodiversity
In order to effectively manage habitats and/or species of conservation importance, monitoring and regulation of those human activities likely to damage the areas of interest is essential.
Criteria for assessing the conservation importance of a habitat or species are a matter of continued debate. Such criteria are especially difficult to establish in the marine environment where basic knowledge of ecosystem function is still at a relatively low level (Hughes, 1998). The UK already has obligations to protect internationally important species and habitats that are listed in a variety of directives and conventions. Scotland has been active in establishing closed areas to protect biodiversity, for example, through the establishment of a No Take Zone (NTZ) at Lamlash Bay, Arran. The Clyde Sea area also contains a wide range of protected sites of national and international importance for both biological and ornithological reasons. There are three types of protected areas related to the marine environment in the Clyde; Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), Special Protection Areas (SPA) and Marine Consultation Areas (MCA).
SSSI's are areas of land or water that Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) considers to best represent our natural heritage - its diversity of plants, animals and habitats especially those of greatest value to wildlife conservation. They are designated under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 1981 and are intended to form the essential building blocks of Scotland's protected areas for nature conservation (SNH website, 2011). There are currently 1,450 SSSIs in Scotland of which there are 14 that protect some aspect of the marine environment (e.g. Seabirds, saltmarsh) of the Clyde Sea Area (see Table 4.1).
SPA's are designated areas of the terrestrial and marine environment in response to the Wild Birds Directive which aims to protect the habitats of migratory and threatened bird species. In the UK, SPAs must first be designated as an SSSI before gaining the protection as an SPA. The Clyde has one designated SPA in the area - the island of Ailsa Craig (see Table 4.1).
The Nature Conservancy Council has identified MCAs which deserve particular distinction in relation to the quality and sensitivity of their marine environment. The sites have no statutory status but are known to bodies such as SNH for marine conservation issues. The MCAs located in the Clyde include Loch Fyne and Loch Ryan due to the presence of important species such as the fireworks anemone and gaping file shell reefs.
Implementing marine protected areas (MPAs) is a priority for Scotland as it has international commitments to establish an ecologically coherent network of MPAs under the OSPAR agreement and so alongside other management practices, establishing MPAs will underpin the future use of the seas around Scotland. Currently SNH, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and Historic Scotland are working closely with Marine Scotland and stakeholders to provide advice to the Scottish Government on where MPAs should be designated. To help target biodiversity conservation action SNH and JNCC have put together a focused list of habitats and species of importance in Scottish waters - Priority Marine Features (PMFs) which will underpin the selection of MPAs (Figure 4.2). The Clyde sealochs have been identified as areas which represent major priorities for the establishment of MPAs due to the presence of many PMFs such as sea pens, native oysters and flame shell beds (Moore and James, 2011).
4.8 Suggestion for Further Work
There is much concern over inshore benthic habitats, especially those associated with maerl beds. It is estimated here that 10% of the sea bed of the Clyde might be able to support living maerl, although the figure may be smaller owing to constraints such as water flow and exposure (see Section 9). Most of these potential sites are within the 1 nm zone from the coast. In this zone the existing data sets of sea bed type, and also water depth, may be most in error. A comprehensive ground-determining acoustic survey, with associated validation using direct and indirect sampling methods, is needed of the Clyde 1 nm zone and waters out to the 20m depth contour.
Table 4.1 Sites of Special Scientific Interest located in the Firth of Clyde.
| Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) |
| || SSSI || Protection || Area (ha) || National Grid Reference |
| 1 || Sanda Islands || Birds |
| 81.45 || NR 725037 |
| 2 || Ballantrae Shingle Beach || Shingle || 32.74 || NX 080818 |
| 3 || Turnberry Dunes || Beetle Assemblage || 55.71 || NS 199060 |
| 4 || Maidens to Doonfoot || Shingle |
| 224.5 || NS 316194 - NS 265177 |
| 5 || Troon Golf Links and Foreshore || Sand dune || 150.11 || NS 335287 |
| 6 || Western Gailes || Sand dune |
| 92.58 || NS 320358 |
| 7 || Portencross Coast || Mudflats |
| 477.9 || NS 190521 |
| 8 || Kames Bay || Sandflats || 4.6 || NS 171550 |
| 9 || Ballochmartin Bay || Sandflats || 18.9 || NS 182570 |
| 10 || Inner Clyde || Saltmarsh |
| 1824.92 || NS 312811-NS494698 |
| 11 || Ruel Estuary || Saltmarsh || 332.78 || NS 010800 |
| 12 || Ailsa Craig || Birds |
| 99.94 || NX 020998 |
| 13 || South Coast of Arran || Shingle |
| 218.3 || NR 042213 |
| 14 || Clauchlands Point - Corrygills || Saltmarsh |
| 46.18 || NS 048338 |
Figure 4.2 The location of Priority Marine Features determined by SNH survey of the Firth of Clyde 2010.
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Secularism, Cosmopolitanism, and Romanticism
Paul Hamilton, Queen Mary, University of London
The article reviews the philosophical importance of conversation and its attendant virtue of conviviality for the theory of knowledge. It argues that to appreciate the crisis Romanticism encountered in trying to maintain enlightened philosophical conversation in a colonial era can usefully inform discussions of secularism in the post-colonial age. This essay appears in _Romanticism, Secularism, and Cosmopolitanism_, a volume of _Romantic Circles Praxis Series_, prepared exclusively for Romantic Circles (http://www.rc.umd.edu/), University of Maryland.
The equation of secularization with demystification no longer seems to work. Baldly stated, the problem is this: the cultural insult in the assumption that one culture can enlighten another overrides the idea that enlightenment is a benefit blind to cultural difference. Classic 20th-century critiques of enlightenment, such as Adorno's, uncovered Enlightenment's own inability to escape the mythologizing it criticized. Its apparently disinterested quest for justice disguised a desire to equalise differences and reduce individual differences to a controllable uniformity. Easier legislation rather than the myth of justice for all was the real programme of Enlightenment thought. But now, any notion at all of being disabused of myth appears misguided. All attempts to find common ground between different peoples have their hidden, interested agendas.
Recently, the British Romantic mind-set that followed the Enlightenment has been plausibly thought of as facing a comparable dilemma. This has happened in the wake of scepticism, led by new historicist criticism, of the idea that Romanticism provides any substantial critique of Enlightenment uniformitarianism at all. Sceptically viewed, Romantic ideology took the practical solutions of the Enlightenment, problematised them, and then solved them on a higher plane of imaginary compensations. Its sublimations evaded rather than confronted the Enlightenment challenge to describe the common human nature on which a cross-cultural theory of justice might be based. To say, with the Romantics, that what we have in common is imagination appears precisely to avoid answering the Enlightenment question, since our uncommon fictions become our distinguishing characteristics. But what happens, scholars have wondered, if instead we start with the acknowledgement that British Romanticism's conscious inheritance from the Enlightenment was patriotic unanimity unparalleled in Britain's history? Unanimity, in a sense, is a misnomer, because the patriotism at work "forging the nation," in Linda Colley's words, between 1707 and 1837, was largely practical, not mental. Actual successes in communication across classes and their different interests and cultures came to constitute a patriotic citizenry largely un-tempted by the example of the French Revolution. This consensus, though, was strikingly corroborated by imperialist successes and the imposition of English as a global language that followed. British colonial failure in America simply delegated the task of linguistic imperialism. The nationalist consciousness not only held together hearts and minds at home, but increasingly presumed to create a loyal citizenry across the world. Colonialism began to look like social communication by other means. Its hegemony took the form of an exportable, self-confirming patriotism which could morally justify the appropriation of the national goods of others.
But the link between this colonialism and its sources in a practical British Enlightenment became increasingly tenuous. The interesting question then is this: did British Romanticism go along with the transformation of Enlightenment into colonialism? Or did it not, rather, recover these Enlightenment sources in ways that typically resisted the contemporary colonial thinking into which they were dissolving? If it did, then could Romanticism be re-read so as to have already helpfully addressed our question of how to differ from someone in a non-coercive form of communication, instead of communicating so as coercively to efface difference? Does cosmopolitanism have to involve the colonization of one belief-system by another? Did Romanticism really engage with these paradoxes?
To start answering these admittedly broad questions, we have to look at Enlightenment theories of communication. While the questions are abstract, they need to be if, as I hope, we are to uncover the philosophical skeletons they rely on for their articulation. But in that case, we should evaluate the Enlightenment ideas of conversation, which the Romantics inherited, against models which have been subjected to stringent critique in our own time. We have to see if Romantic theory, no longer exclusively British, develops any workable symmetries between Enlightened and Modern explanations of communication in a manner revealing its need to handle an Enlightenment heritage collapsing into the colonial antagonisms it can hardly have intended. We do appear currently to be tangling with the post-colonial outcomes of this putative debate, and experiencing comparable threats of collapse or reversion to the original colonial problematic. Secularist positions are cast as sectarian; multi-culturalism is hard to defend from charges of ignoring the claims to singularity that seem necessary to the identity of its main players; language-games of different cultures multiply at the expense of their translatability into what is pejoratively described as a master-discourse. To find an historical parallel is not to find a solution, but it might help enlighten us about ourselves in a way which lets us decide if—ourselves suffering its power to secularize our own cherished myths—we really do want to incriminate enlightenment in revenge.
This, then, is a discussion of the "theories" of Enlightenment and Romanticism, rather than the achievement of individual authors representative of the literature of the period. I hope, though, that the ideas of citizenship emerging while remaining necessarily abstract are nevertheless more recognizably secular and non-secular than in my own earlier Habermasian proposals for Romantic stand-ins for multiculturalism which perhaps remained unclear about this. On the other hand, I do believe that reactions to Habermas tend as a rule to cast him as more of an abstract rationalist than he is and to neglect the affective basis of much of his thought about communication. His renewal of the Kantian heritage has something in common with the post-Kantian tactic of delegating to non-philosophical discourses an authority no longer sustainable within the monological meta-language traditionally attributed to philosophy. Inevitably this tends to involve affect in the theoretical project. Further, it updates and finds uses for pre-reflective forms of orientation which tend to call themselves "intuitive"—including, perhaps, forms of religious intuition described for example by Schleiermacher. Our apprehension of the lifeworld, we might prefer to say, must involve non-conceptual forms of situating and positioning which philosophy may invoke, but only to defer to them. Such deferral is, no doubt, calculated, but it remains a limit to disenchantment, a boundary of demythologizing. It is a secular deferral to the non-secular, where philosophical logic represents secular understanding and aesthetic, religious, or political discourse its non-secular stand-ins. For those who cannot make sense of any institutional religious affiliation or doctrinal orthodoxy, it is, honestly, about as far as they can go.
The "exercise of self-converse"
Within a well-known Whig tradition deriving principally from Shaftesbury but extending to Adam Smith and beyond, sociability was a major player in sociological explanations. What is more, a ruling comparison furthered those accounts of what bound society together and made political agreement possible. If enthusiasm propagated people's incorrect relation to God, conversation crystallised people's correct relations with each other. Shaftesbury's attack on enthusiasm works through secularization: a down-to-earth redeployment that removes the privileged privacy from enthusiasm and makes it observe the logic of any other conversation. In his Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, which became the first section of Characteristics (1711), it becomes apparent that enthusiasm secularized is still valuable. But, even more than a straightforward dismissal would have done, this rebirth requires the death of enthusiasm as a form of religious experience. Furthermore, Shaftesbury's taming of enthusiasm through its demystification is completed by his domestication of enthusiasm as a driver of the dynamics of his own philosophical dialogue. We are to see the defeat and secular recycling of enthusiasm at work in the conversational, persuasive force of Characteristics itself.
Lawrence Klein's recent Cambridge edition of Characteristics freely admits to underplaying the typographical resources with which Shaftesbury stressed that his ideas were produced by "different speaking parties" (xxxvi). Klein has explored as much as anyone the political implications of Shaftesbury's belief that the conversational attitude pursues us to our inmost self-communings. He is less interested in parallels with contemporary philosophical sources of the self and the logical priority of discourse to consciousness, although he does compare Shaftesbury with Gadamer and Habermas. But for Shaftesbury it seems that we cannot think except through the setting up of a debate between two parties. No knowledge is immediate, all is the product of intercession. The Romantic aporias of self-consciousness are still to come. In all likelihood such aporias would have appeared to him as either a questionable unwillingness to take his point or as an unteachable sublimity. Clearly there are political constraints on the view of Shaftesbury as a theorist of communication. From Habermas to Klein, the emergence of a public sphere of philosophical debate associated with the Whig ambitions of Shaftesbury and Addison is described as regulated by a normative politeness. Addison too wished to secularize, completing Socrates' achievement of bringing "Philosophy down from Heaven to inhabit among men" by further inviting it out of the "Closets and Libraries, Schools and Colleges, to dwell in Clubs and Assemblies, at Tea-Tables, and Coffee-Houses" (Addison I.44). The belletristic form to which The Spectator belongs is integral to implementing this future for philosophy. To be sure, studies of the Whig moment of philosophical dissemination have tended to divide between two approaches. Some investigate the specificities of its desired culture of conversation, noting its actual exclusiveness and the counter-public spheres which were strategically ignored as part of its cultural project. Others emphasize the genie let out of the bottle: the emancipatory dynamic in conversation that exceeds any polite self-regulation. I want to suggest that this happens as a matter of logic; and that one way of understanding Romanticism and its uses for us now is to see it as the consequence of this making of conversation: men speaking to men, but with their masculinist, Wordsworthian idiom de-gendered by becoming the necessary, quasi-transcendental framework for knowledge.
Romanticism, though, is mediated by Enlightenment. For once, rough periodization helps make clear the philosophical developments and issues in play. In the Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, it is philosophical conversation, inspirational or abrasive, that absorbs enthusiastic energies, and, in redeploying them argumentatively leaves enthusiasm "in some measure justified" (28). Shaftesbury begins to impose his secular turn on enthusiasm by considering the function of a Muse. The exaltation the writer gained from imagining such a divine figure can be gauged, suggests Shaftesbury, when we consider how important for the quality of communication—whether witty, dramatic, or philosophical—is the intended addressee. The quality of recognition of our purpose which we can reasonably expect affects the quality of what we have to say. The flattery intended by Shaftesbury's addressing of the present Letter to the Whig grandee Somers will therefore only work if his philosophy works. The quality of matter and interlocutor are mutually implicated. That Shaftesbury does not want the conceit involved in this equation to appear pompous or self-serving is evident from the virtues he ascribes to the conversation that a good conversationalist facilitates. "Gravity," we are told, "is the very soul of imposture" (8), and the conversationalist should submit his ideas to an opposite raillery, satire and critical inspection. To do this cheerfully requires "good humour" not the "melancholy" belonging to the religious enthusiast (8). A "divine" temper in Shaftesbury's modern, secular sense extends this tolerance to a public who can "partake with us" in our conception of its best interests (20). Contrary to French gloire (an ever-present anxiety for Shaftesbury), this good-humoured exchange observes a fundamental truth about ethical judgement: "we can have no tolerable notion of goodness, without being tolerably good." Shaftesbury's optimism here (what of the villain who knowingly delights in his evil deeds?) is again based on a broad logic of conversation. That is, Shaftesbury assumes a good faith in the critical challenge of one's interlocutor, which, if genuine, means s/he wants to advance the process in which we are engaged. His further assumption is that such progress, logically speaking, is the most critically effective intervention she could make. Knowledge emerges from the recognition of an intention, and from a judgement on that intention's efficacy. Judgements of the goodness or badness of an action similarly only make sense as they lay claim to an integrity of their own, recognizably on the side of goodness.
This "conversational implicature," as we will hear it later called by Paul Grice, runs deep in Shaftesbury's thinking, connecting it up with more modern philosophical idioms. Shaftesbury links "soliloquy" with "advice," for instance. In "Soliloquy, or Advice to an Author," also collected in Characteristics, he in effect wonders how to revive the Renaissance role of the consigliere or adviser in a modern non-courtly society. It turns out that "the best way and manner of advising" is a practice best learned through self-experiment (71). By now writing in a very non-empiricist, un-Lockean epistemological vein, Shaftesbury dispenses with the notion of a private language of sensations. "In reality, how specious a study, how solemn an amusement is raised from what we call "philosophical speculations," "the formation of ideas, their compositions, comparisons, agreement and disagreement" (134). Instead, Shaftesbury assumes that the language in which we conduct our introspection is always public. Already, in other words, we grasp ourselves in debate, split into two parties, one half trying suggestions on the critical responses of the other, engaged in our typical "exercise of self-converse" (75). Far from being eccentric or pathological, this "doctrine of two persons in one individual self" only articulates the logic of the Platonic and Stoic tradition of the examined life which Shaftesbury admires (83). To "recognize yourself" is "as much as to say, 'Divide yourself!' or 'Be two!'" (77). To conjure your "daimon" or consult your "genius" is comparably to enter into that dialogue which constitutes self-consciousness for Shaftesbury. Again, in contrast to enthusiasm, the model correspondent here seems to be not an inner voice nor immediate spiritual assurance, but a public body settling its differences. The result is to "make us agree with ourselves and be of a piece within" (77). A dialogue has taken place, has been resolved, and the skills and appetite for further such dialogues have been stimulated. Sociability has been inculcated at the site notionally furthest from its centre, the self-communing individual.
Conversation of Shaftesbury's kind creates meaning through disagreement as much as through agreement. The fact that dialogue is taking place authenticates the identities of both participants; in fact they have no other model for self-consciousness. The conversational contract, though, insists that a disagreement is only recognizable as such where it solicits an agreement to come, even if finally we agree to disagree. But this logical propriety exceeds the restrictions of propriety in its more ordinary, polite sense of what is fitting. More interestingly, it harnesses all improprieties in their usual unmannerly sense to this same logic of dialogue. No performance can be so outrageous that it avoids affirming this exchange, even while opting out of it. Something notionally escaping reciprocity and exchange, such as a gift, is, writes Shaftesbury, hard to imagine in the context of conversation. He is thinking of our natural resentment of the advisor whom we suspect of using the conversational occasion for "raising himself a character from our defects" (70). But Shaftesbury's overall argument suggests that free advice will always serve the advisor well too, because it shows conversation working. She or he has a fundamental interest in its practicability, in fact his or her own identity and degree of self-awareness depends upon it: the conversation of soliloquy is "our sovereign remedy and gymnastic method" (84). Conversation for Shaftesbury is the technique and care of the self. To see advice as the conversational outcome is another way of seeing that we are implicated in conversation as a fundamental good, not as a gift but as ethically given.
It is obvious that, depending on your point of view, religious presumption might appear heretical, and thus socially divisive. But can't conversation still be improper in comparable ways? Moving on from my basis in Shaftesbury now, we can find arguments for replying: yes, conversation can be improper, but it is in conversation properly so called, conversation that works, that people take just stock of each other. An improper conversation offends against the logic of conversation; it doesn't offend merely by entertaining unsuitable, unmannerly, impolite topics. It is self-defeating. My question is, firstly, whether or not this proposition about conversation as such is sustainable? Secondly, if the answer is yes, can conversational success model, in a more than trivial sense, a kind of communication we need now, one which achieves an equality of exchange without compromising cultural difference?
The logic of conversation
What do I mean by the logic of conversation? In conversation, men and women reciprocally communicate their acknowledgement of each other's access to the subject under debate. A one-way conversation is a description of a conversation that does not take place. Like other non-conversational speech acts, it fails to grant the right of reply, or never takes off because that right is never exerted. Conversational exchange takes place in addition to the information one conversationalist imparts to another. But a persuasion of another's knowledge of the subject is what generates an equal estimate of that person with oneself, at least in respect of the particular topic under discussion. One may know more than another, but an assumption of equality lies in the idea of the conversation in which such disparities of knowledge may be overcome. Otherwise what happens is not a conversation but a lecture ("Meaning" 45).
Partly this describes a theory of meaning, a Gricean one perhaps, in which, as he describes it in a famous paper of 1957, natural and non-natural senses of propositions co-exist. Some things can only be meant if they are true ("natural"), others do not require this condition. Those spots only meant measles if the child actually had them. On the other hand, I may say one thing but can choose to mean a number of things by it. In both cases, however, if someone attempts to mean something, they are "inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention." Can't conversations be meaningless? Yes, of course, but presumably only through a failure happening within this framework, in which the belief is not induced or the intention to produce it not recognised. Otherwise, whatever is meaningless in the words exchanged does not amount to a conversation. If you didn't understand me, but recognised my failed intention to get my meaning across, this would be a conversational failure rather than a failure of some other kind. It would be a comparable conversational failure if you understood me but could not recognise my attempt to have you as my responsive audience. The first case is a failure to induce belief, the second fails rhetorically. Both cases are covered by being unsure "about how what [I] said is to be taken. ("Meaning" 48). Either you do not know what I am talking about, or else you cannot recognise my intention—literal, ironic, histrionic, expressive, performative in any number of ways. Both cases tie meaning to the possibility of conversation, the possibility of your continuing from where I left off.
Grice refines on the possible variations here. His 1957 article was "only intended as a model," he remarks somewhat disingenuously ("Utterer's" 59). Interestingly, his theory is not disqualified by the Derridean objection that we can never know the natural meaning because it is always framed by a non-natural plethora of possible intentions. For Grice, the admission that "intensionality seems to be imbedded in the very foundations of language" doesn't preclude "extensionality." Performances themselves, we might gloss him as saying here, can be literal as well as metaphorical. The literal ones defer to the authority of facts they are trying to get us to believe in. But they are still synthetic performances, not illocutionary acts analytically dependent (as Searle argues against Grice and Strawson) on the meaning of the words they use. We are not, Grice sees, anchored in a shared world by the gravitational force of linguistic presuppositions. The perlocutionary success of performance hinges, though, on the possibility of "recognition," a word undoubtedly redolent of continental philosophical contexts not usually containable by this Anglo/American approach. Setting aside these tempting ancestral voices of Hegelian struggle and glory, we can less spectacularly still assert that this way of putting a theory of meaning hangs on the possibility of conversation. And we saw Shaftesbury earlier argue that my function as conversationalist is affected by the quality of recognition my efforts receive.
Grice went on, in his influential William James lectures at Harvard on "The Logic of Conversation," to talk of "conversational implicature"—a non-conventional principle of cooperation necessary for communication to work. Again this specifies an intended recognition by the audience of the utterer's intention, a process that locates meaning within the pragmatics of conversational performance. Grice would, I believe, have agreed with Shaftesbury that we are here directed by a good faith integrated with the surrounding project of a well-directed life. Shaftesbury's tendency to make optimism and progressiveness a matter of logic is conspicuously cast in the Enlightenment idiom of his time. It also translates into that "moral background" that Aristotelian colleagues of Grice, like Philippa Foot, assumed to be logically required for the virtues to make sense. Grice, though, again treats such connections as synthetic rather than analytic; or at least he allows for the less "instrumental" Aristotelianism which (existentially) modulates into a more generous "description of the appropriate forms of presentation of self to others, and of the appropriate ways of responding to and recognizing others." Now, "recognition," in Christopher Cordner's remark here, is again more richly freighted with significance than can be contained within one tradition, period or ethical discourse. It does, though, appear a less anachronistic option than some to think of Grice in connection with Shaftesbury's dialectic.
There is something of the idiom of Shaftesbury's version of Enlightenment in the fact that Grice saw himself as a serial philosophical collaborator, someone for whom "the unity of conviviality in philosophy" was not altogether trivial. "Philosophy," as he said, "like virtue is entire." (Dante's Convivio, after all, took on the task of setting his philosophy in a total intellectual context, one primarily challenged by the reconciliation of secular Aristotelian with Christian doctrine). While Grice's colleagues and opponents concentrated on the extent to which the pragmatics of conversation might escape or fall under a formal logical theory, I am concerned with this ethical dimension and its political implications, something shared by the Whig tradition I began by sketching. Indeed, Grice's background was one of strikingly non-conformist "dissenting rationalism" on his culturally influential father's side (Grandy and Warner 46). In this tradition, it is thought that communication partly depends on the mutual building of a common culture of recognition rather than on taking it for granted, and that when this activity is in the service of delivering natural meanings, it can owe nothing to existing social and political maps of people's relations with each other. Conversation, in other words, requires conventional behaviour, but in order to institute its own convention or meeting place; and this effort takes shape by neglecting what is colloquially known as conventional behaviour, all the multifarious speech acts which need not at all evidence exuberant escapes from the tyranny of the "natural" but may more likely embody repressions: institutional esotericisms requiring us to speak the language of some court or other, snobberies, social exclusion orders and so on which as much as playful liberties can so complicate any claim to get to grips with natural meaning. To insist that conventional conventions always win here, that they muddy the epistemological issue, make interpretations undecideable and conversational exchange (meaning) impossible, is to be very conservative. It is to invoke that emptiness of cultural sufficiency, which Hegel saw as the other side of the coin of emancipation from the State. To be conversible, on the other hand, is, as the etymology almost suggests, to relate to others, but through conversational conventions whose meaningful possibilities, rather than their subversions of meaning, make conversation potentially critical of the orthodox social prescriptions it has converted in its quest for information.
This, at any rate, is the dynamic of conversation which takes such attractive eighteenth-century shapes as the republic of letters, the public sphere, new forms of sociability in scientific clubs, in debating societies and in other opinion forming forces for change—everything, in short, that tends towards the highly radical historical outcomes of Dissenting rationalism in such bodies as the Society for the Exchange of Constitutional Information and the London Corresponding Society. Let us investigate the formal rather than historical characteristics of conversational logic a bit further, though. The acceptance of someone's right to speak with authority on a particular topic displaces conventional assumptions of superiority. For conversation is potentially ubiquitous, as ubiquitous as nature, beliefs about which heuristic conversation (if we can call it that—conversation that wants to find something out) typically wishes us to recognise as its intention. Conversation can be had on whichever subject comes to hand. Described in this way, it sounds like the radical force of Enlightenment—democratic provided one has access to the skills required to participate. And from being a courtly attribute or bourgeois accomplishment, conversation becomes a name for the rational claim one person has on another. Institutionalised, the obligations of 18th-century conversation extend from the learned club to the university, bypassing the exclusiveness of legal formality or any of the proprieties restricting the swapping of information, but bypassing them in guises that never explicitly threaten them. Nevertheless, the rational universal in which conversation participates is so little a respecter of persons that the implicit threat to the conventions surrounding its own convention remains.
Paradoxically, in describing this openness to relevant evidence and argumentation, commentators on the phenomenon of conversation have uncovered an affective template. Habermas, in particular, found a crucial transition from opinion to politics via the intimate sphere of the (emergent bourgeois) family commemorated in epistolary novels of sentiment. This doesn't work, though, does it? What more striking scene of repression and misinformation can be imagined than the post-Freudian family? But the point remains that, in order to imagine communication free of the conventional pressures that restrict conversation at most times, theorists feel forced to transpose the scene entirely. In the process they turn society into the family and knowledge into love. Only in such a forum can that attitude to conversation be figured which does not require qualifications over and above that of being a member of the group by virtue of being able to participate in the conversation. This point, the relevant one, remains valid whatever that family structure was really like. Gender discrimination and all the other containments were, up to Burke's use of the family in his conservative polemic, constituent parts of this membership, not constraints upon it. That was its use for him: you could not sensibly want to be the inheriting son if you were actually the youngest daughter; hierarchy was for once unarguably natural. Yet this group could also model the heuristic conversation, uninhibited by the need to qualify for membership, unconstrained by conventions other than those facilitating recognition of the intention to communicate.
The other anti-hierarchical component built into conversation is the heuristic concession it makes to dialogue. To find out the truth conversationally one person must learn from another, or both must learn from each other. As soon as conversation acknowledges its own dramatic character, in which different people contribute to a story larger than any of them, the truth sought in this way has itself to be re-characterised as well. No longer a single object to be mastered from one point of view, truth might vary depending on the perspective from which it is viewed. Truth proper, then, would have to be an aggregate, the product of a composite inquiry. It might also be only fully graspable as the sum of its historical stages; part of its essential character might belong to its own genesis, its actual resistance to instantaneous access. In that case, post-Enlightenment theories of irony and phenomenology beckon. Maybe the final settlement of what a truth is would be political, something achieved when its different interlocutors compromised and negotiated a final agreement, a settlement depending on how far each was prepared to concede his or her own points and accept others? The point about heuristic conversation, though, holds true: the political winner would always be the one who got others to concede that from positions of equal access things looked the same to them. This politics seeks not ascendancy but results within a common franchise.
This franchise can be almost entirely one of technique and competence, or it can be one that is inherently negotiable, as in the case of subscribers to aesthetic or political agreement. The fact that the former kind of franchise are often difficult to qualify for—in mathematical theory for instance—does not invalidate the point being made here. Would a mathematical theorem be false if we couldn't persuade anyone that it was true? Clearly not, but one can also define the truth of such a theorem as entailing that only mathematical incompetence would foil its universal acceptance. Conversations about mathematics, in the decisive sense we have been tracing, will therefore be fewer, but not substantially different from other conversations.
The truth emerging from Enlightenment conversation qualified each effective participant as an equal inquirer in the enterprise. This levelling worked through the power of conversation to establish its own conventions irrespective of any already existing ones that might socially position its members. Also, the dramatic method driving this socially unrestricted play to establish the truth privileged neither side in the debate. The negotiated outcome resulting from the dialectic was the dominant interest of both parties. Shaftesbury's theory of conversation stressed the logical presupposition of its viability, and an accompanying ethical stance of some benevolence.
Romantic dialogue perhaps has a different emphasis, stressing the power to accommodate difference within a conversational economy. It looks for discursive forms and genres with the elasticity required for this kind of tolerance. Taken to its logical conclusion in Romantic irony, and then in Nietzsche's perspectivism, agreements about truth did not overcome but preserved their perspectival origins. In the case of Romantic irony such as Friedrich Schlegel's, this was in order to show that agreement was possible, and that a republic could be modelled on difference. In the case of Nietzsche, the palimpsest of difference was rather intended to show what a fraud consensus was, and how it masked an inherently competitive will to power. The conversational discovery continued in Romantic dialogue, though, was that the agreement to differ signified not failure to establish the truth but the accurate recognition of its essentially composite character. Incommensurability need not entail incompatibility. An obvious need then arose for a form of writing not disabled by the need to hold competing views in focus simultaneously. Many versions of this opera aperta arose: from the fragments of Schlegel to the encyclopaedic Allgemeine Brouillon of Novalis, and the collaborative forms of the Frühromantiker generally: Mischgedicht (medley), Symphilosophie,Sympoesie and Gespräch (dialogue). All were outcomes of the continuous symposium of brilliant men and women informally and intermittently convened in Jena at the end of the 18th-century. Contradiction would bind rather than unravel, and enhance rather than inhibit, such discursive initiatives. Key British contributions to this post-Kantian dramatic alternative to introspection could be Coleridge's Biographia Literaria, with its abandonment of an introspective transcendental deduction for the discursive histrionics and critical warfare of the second volume. But the entire second generation of British Romantics are now usually read as critiquing the inwardness of their immediate predecessors, and as resisting the spread of inwardness that Hegel characterised as fatefully Romantic with that synthetic play of genres that the Jena group had championed.
A possible consequence of this, though, links rather than estranges Nietzsche from the conversational tradition. Truth is just that movement outdistancing individual perspectives upon it. Truth, then, does not simply enrich the individual's version of it: it embarrasses, confounds and disturbs. The dramatic containment or management of its energies is never conclusive, but always a stop-gap round which more veridical energy can pour. The dramatic character that a necessarily dialogic approach to truth requires is a needful euphemism. Conversation, dialogue, the aesthetic itself become the new masks allowing us to contemplate the truth without becoming hopelessly confounded by it. The crucial transition from Aeschylean tragedy to Platonic dialogue, via Euripides, is described by Nietzsche both as decline from a supreme moment of human expression, and as the rescuing of that moment for modern discourses supposed to be non-dramatic. In Benjamin's re-articulation of Nietzsche's idea in The Origin of German Tragic Drama, the Trauerspiel replaces the tragic agon, in which the hero is symbolically clenched in a silence proleptic of a language still to come. The Trauerspiel is, by contrast, aligned with an art-form which is garrulous, allegorical, and indiscriminate in its choice of allegorical objects, thus offering the maximum number of points of entry for the reader. Benjamin's Trauerspiel, unlike tragedy, is hospitable to difference. It re-works Schlegel's Romantic idea of the mixed form, the philosophical conversation and the hybrid poem: "the dialogue," writes Benjamin, "contains pure dramatic language, unfragmented by its dialectic of tragic and comic" (113-118).
Benjamin encourages us to think of what happens to tragedy in the Nietzschean story as a parable of what happens to philosophy in ours, or the philosophy for which he failed to secure academic recognition in his own lifetime. The application of his tale to subsequent philosophical developments is easy to see, though. As the death of tragedy is the birth of dialogue, so the death of philosophy is the birth of communicative action, one version of 20th-century philosophy's famous "linguistic turn." Or, in Habermasian terms, philosophy abandons its privileged status as a meta-language pronouncing on the conditions necessary for legitimate intellectual inquiry, and becomes the convener of a dialogue between other disciplines and discourses. This post-metaphysical philosophy, in line with Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, becomes a therapy for its own ambition to ground everything else, an ambition which it dissolves in a healthy proficiency in the logic of different language games. Philosophy thus secularizes its theological ambitions and becomes discursively cosmopolitan in the process. More accurately, philosophy suffers a displacement of its authority comparable to the submission of a religion to secular authority. Or, perhaps even more basically, there is no other language for describing this modulation of philosophical expertise than to describe it as a version of such a secularizing process, but this time imposed on the secularizer. Standing on this common ground, perhaps there is something both secular and non-secular sides can say to each other?
What might these non-secular philosophical surrogates be? Whatever they are, their devotees would not be pleased to hear them described as the stand-ins for an eventual philosophical competence, as Habermas sometimes does. To satisfy the non-secularists, the handing-over of philosophical authority would have to be a bit more whole-hearted or sincere than that. There is, however, nothing unusual about such interplay. It is as easy as, say, friendship, and as mysterious. Affinities without strict analogies, as studied in the recent literature on friendship by Nancy, Blanchot, and then Derrida, testify precisely to this ability to find a common cause with someone without the resemblance being, as it were, motivated or emulative. Friendship reaches over and crosses boundaries, and to say someone is my friend, as Montaigne saw, is sufficient explanation of this breach. Equally, following Aristotle, friendship can be virtuous: it can be based on attraction to my friend's exemplary exposition of a principle of flourishing, or the aspiration to human excellence common to us both. So I am not pushing a kind of irrationalism here, because just as a society of friendship would, for Aristotle, make the institution of justice unnecessary, so the kind of transfer envisaged for philosophy above is validated by an analogous kind of displacement of one authority by another—by the power of the discourse endowed with new philosophical responsibilities to make the expected disciplinary procedures inessential. Who needs Fichte or Novalis's Fichte Studien when reading Novalis's novels? Who needs Bergson when reading Proust, or William James when reading Henry James? Yet, undeniably, these different writings are "friendly" towards each other. Not how one text comments on the other but the fact of their conversational relationship is what is critically informative and important: the fact that it continues something to talk about one after talking about the other or when talking about the other.
Yet apart from talking about the surprisingness or not of their community, celebrating the illustrative likenesses and un-likenesses of its members, its differences in relationship, there is little else we can say about this connection. Precisely the way neither side could have prescribed their relationship is what makes it friendship. The relationship itself is what matters; the fact that different speakers in a different discourse can take over the original story and carry it on in their own terms; the fact that we make a "natural" transition from one to the other in the course of interpretation, exposition or whatever. And this discursive friendship seems to replicate what we want to happen in societal cooperation. But let us retrace this journey to informality one last time, eventually addressing the specific relationship between logic and religion.
Arguably, then, dialogue is the forgotten destination of philosophy that is recovered in the post-Nietzschean story. The modern reading makes the delivery of Platonic theory its real end, rather than its world of ideal forms, its defence of justice, its scepticism of art or its political utopianism. These Platonic theories are not ignored or marginalised as a consequence. But they are regarded as plausible only as they are susceptible of convincing delivery, only as they are topics proper for conversation and dialogue. In Grice's strong sense, they must enhance the way in which philosophy is "convivial," and the drive of the line from Shaftesbury to Grice is to make the inherent feasibility of conversation a matter of logic. The affect here sticks as closely to the reasoning as any Kantian feeling of "respect" clings to the rationality of "law." Can this definitive turn in philosophical thought impinge on secularism and its discontents—or secularism's inability to sustain any longer a position outside the myths to which it supposedly was an alternative. Habermas, characteristically perhaps, sees a kind of philosophical modelling in play here, one standing in for sociological solutions. He writes that "the secular awareness that one is living in a post-secular society takes the shape of post-metaphysical thought at the philosophical level" (4). In other words, philosophy's delegation of its authority to other discourses, to dialogue, is like the translatability of secular values into non-secular discourses. One is aware that a translation is taking place, so one remains secular, but secularism has handed over its original authority as a kind of prima philosophia in such matters, and pragmatically accepts the consequences. For this to work, though, it must be corroborated by a willingness on the religious side to acknowledge the separate coincidence of secular values with the ones supported for religious reasons. The key word is "reasons," whose exchangeability Habermas understands as an assumption inalienable from democratic society as he understands it. This is perhaps the strength and the limitation of his argument. He makes a logical necessity out of the viability of communication; but, staying in this (neo-)neo-Kantian posture, he seems unwilling Romantically to credit communicative successes in other discourses for keeping his philosophy of a logically necessary communication viable. Yet he concedes that this is what philosophy in its interpretative function in fact shows other discourses capable of doing!
Habermas argues that the liberal state cannot "expect of all citizens that they also justify their political statements independently of their religious convictions or world views" (8). He concludes that they should "therefore be allowed to express and justify their convictions in a religious language if they cannot find secular 'translations' for them" (10). We might wonder how this could work, and search for those "reasons" common to religious and secular outlooks, by looking back into Habermas's German heritage rather than at the exigencies of the post 9/11 scene apparent around him when he wrote, and even further back than the reactions to Kant with which he usually begins.
Let us consider from this perspective two texts strategically anthologised in one volume of the putatively canonical Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. When Luther argues that Christians have a duty to obey the law, he manages to do so from both within and outside his faith. Christians themselves do not need laws, he thinks, since they behave morally anyway. Those who are not Christian cannot be similarly relied upon to behave properly, and need laws backed by the power of the "sword" to make them do so. However, in addition to this separation of the sheep from the goats, Luther maintains that it is the duty of his Christian to help others, and that this service can only be rendered under the rule of law. For that to be possible, evil and justice must exist out there, publicly visible and not peculiar to a private religious insight. Luther's Christian uncomplainingly suffers injustice against himself, but does not tolerate injustice visited on another. So it is because some people are not Christian that there has to be a secular authority; and only by maintaining a secular authority can Christians be empowered to behave in a properly Christian manner towards non-Christians. To be a Christian demands faith, not works. Nevertheless it is the duty of a Christian freely to carry out good works. The distinction between being a Christian or a heathen is not reducible to a private / public distinction in part because the privately assured Christian grace can express itself in support for the public realm. Secular authority certainly exceeds its remit, for Luther, when it pronounces on matters of faith. But the distinction between faith and works only apparently does the work of the private / public distinction. Significantly, Luther argues that not the exertion of power but a "different sort of skill" is needed to negotiate the relation between the subject and secular authority (25, 30). Ultimately, Luther claims that it is "unfettered reason" through which the just person makes the right judgement ("in accordance with love") and can "find written in his heart that it is right" (43). It is a matter of logic ("reason") supported by affect ("love") that common values "out there" exist. But for Luther, reason is the Word, and, again, his religion articulates both Christian and secular spheres and requires the interactive separation of both.
By the time Calvin writes his chapter on civil government in Book IV of his Institutio Christianae Religionis, this Christian versatility in making secular justice a matter of Christian principle is compromised by the development of the public / private distinction. "It would be utterly pointless," we are told, "for private men, who have no right to decide how any commonwealth whatever is to be ordered, to debate what would be the best state of the commonwealth in the place where they live" (56). For privacy to be such a disqualification, it must have ceased to stand solely for the realm of Christian assurance which Calvin, like Luther, believed underwrote the political order. Privacy was now developing an interiority of its own, eventually capable of stimulating that great Romantic satire on Calvinist inwardness, James Hogg's The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824). When the private man presumes upon the public interest then he does so for reasons different from the common religious support that makes the public realm justifiable on its own account—the Lutheran logic. In Luther we encountered a perspectivism enjoined by virtue of being religious. Religion gives the lead to secularism in matters of "unfettered reason." Calvin, a trained lawyer, carefully argues that "rules of justice and equity," originally learned in the (public) service of God could subsequently be distinguished from that service (67-8). This separation allows him to explain how different systems of laws and penalties might be equally just and equally demanding of observance. They are individualised without being dictated by private interest. But this casuistry, as well as lying open to the distortion Hogg attacks (for private interest can be a kind of casuistry too), forfeits Luther's clear point about religious support for secularism. In the process Calvin sounds more liberal and pluralistic. But he loses the idea of the godly living among the un-godly for their benefit in the literally "convivial" way that Luther describes.
The salient point emerging from a consideration of these texts at this stage of a discussion like this is perhaps the reciprocal goods that both secularism and non-secularism gain from mutual translation of each other. The Lutheran is more of a Christian for his or her care for the maintenance of civil order. And previously we saw that it was possible to argue that a secular philosophy reaching its own limits could only develop further through its self-effacing, collaborative enlightenment of different discourses or interpretation of them to each other. But the model anterior to these pleasing correspondences, if we can entertain them for a minute, is one of living together in convivial conversation. The possibility certainly remains highly abstract, or what I have called a matter of logic. Practically speaking, a coach-ride in the park with Shaftesbury or a banquet (convivio) in Oxford with Grice could no doubt have been enjoyable, but not particularly important theoretically. But both philosophers do think it important to redeploy enthusiasm and conviviality in philosophically affective ways. In this they can be seen to try to match the non-secular, often religious care for the communal which is so much less embarrassed or logically nervous about its emotional commitment. But the new conversational possibilities are mainly facilitated by the mutual tempering of the two sides' pretensions to absolute theological or quasi-theological authority. And, additionally, the fact that the secular is thus itself subject to a process for which "secularization" is, paradoxically, the best description, maybe shows that slightly comic difference from itself needed to begin the task of unclenching some oppositions currently hell-bent on remaining tragic.
Addison, Joseph. The Spectator. Ed. Donald Bond. 5 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.
Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. J. A. K. Thonson. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969.
Avramides, Anita. Meaning and Mind: An Examination of a Gricean Account of Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989.
Benjamin, Walter. The Origin of German Tragic Drama. Introduction by George Steiner. Trans. John Osborne. London: New Left, 1977.
Canuel, Mark. Religion, Toleration and British Writing 1790-1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Christensen, Jerome. Romanticism at the End of History. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
Connolly, William E. Why I Am Not a Secularist. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.
Cordner, Christopher. Ethical Encounter. London: Palgrave, 2002.
Derrida, Jacques. Limited Inc. Ed. Gerald Graff. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1988.
Grandy, Richard E. and Richard Warner, eds. Philosophical Grounds of Rationality: Intentions, Categories, Ends. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.
Grice, H. P. "Meaning." Philosophical Logic. P. F. Strawson, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
---. "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning and Word Meaning." The Philosophy of Language. Ed. J. P. Searle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Habermas, Jürgen. "Religion in the Public Sphere." European Journal of Philosophy 14.1 (2006): 1-25.
Hamilton, Paul. Metaromanticism: Aesthetics, Literature, Theory. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003.
Hegel, G. W. F. Phenomenology, Part VI, B. Der sich entfremdte Geist. Die Bildung.
Höpfl, Harro, ed. And trans. Luther and Calvin on Secular Authority. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Jager, Colin. "After the Secular: The Subject of Romanticism." Public Culture 18.2 (2006): 301-21.
Pocock, J. G. E. Virtue, Commerce, and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Searle, John. "Introduction." The Philosophy of Language. Ed. J. P. Searle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Shaftesbury, Third Earl of. Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. Lawrence E. Klein, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Skinner, Quentin. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Strawson, P.F. "Intention and Convention in Speech Acts." The Philosophy of Language. J. P. Searle, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
1. British historians as opposed as Linda Colley and J.C.D. Clark have drawn attention to what had before been thought too obvious to merit explanation, but now looks precisely the thing in need of explanation—how one accounts for a coherence or underlying identity of interests from the late seventeenth century onwards, resulting in the formation of British national consciousness and a shared sense of belonging because of, rather than despite, all sorts of sectarian difficulty. Opposed interests dispute by claiming to be more patriotic. Equally revisionist American Romanticists have therefore re-characterised the British Romantic view of the nation as a subject for management rather than as a Jerusalem to be imagined. See particularly Christensen and Canuel.
3. See J. G. E. Pocock's typically conclusive summary: "The ideal of politeness had first appeared in the restoration, where it formed part of the latitudinarian campaign to replace prophetic by sociable religiosity. This campaign is carried on by Addison ." (236).
6. Searle 8-9. Contrast Strawson's concluding remarks in "Intention and Convention in Speech Acts": "For the illocutionary force of an utterance is essentially something that is intended to be understood. Once this common element in all illocutionary acts is clear, we can really acknowledge that the types of audience-directed intention involved may be very various and, also, that different types may be exemplified by one and the same utterance" (38).
7. Some philosophers have objected, though, that Grice's increasingly confident insistence that performance corroborates natural meaning (now located in formal sentence structure rather than illocutionary act) arrests the dialogic or inter-subjective direction taken by his early, more tentative theory of meaning. See Grandy and Warner. For a meticulous account of Grice's development and changing philosophical context, see Avramides, ch. 1.
8. See Cordner. Cordner is very careful to distinguish the interpretations of Aristotle from which he has learnt—MacIntyre, Casey, Gaita, and, in a more conflicted way, Williams—from the 'instrumentalist' Aristotelian who reduces ethics to what Grice would have called entirely 'natural meanings' (p. 180 n.2).
9. Grandy and Warner, pp. 48-9, 61-2, 64. Grice lists collaborations with Peter Strawson, J. L. Austin, Geoffrey Warnock, David Pears, Fritz Staal, George Myro, and Judith Baker. On the well-directed life or ethical surrounds of his theory of meaning, see Grice's "A Reply to Richards" in Grandy and Warner, especially p. 61.
10. See Hegel's description of court "flattery" by which the Courtier preserves independence from the absolute monarch he serves. But this cultured distance from natural power becomes indistinguishable from base subservience, much as the later use of "wit," culminating in Diderot's Le Neveu de Rameau, identifies spiritual progress with complete disintegration (Phenomenology, Part VI, B).
13. For comic possibilities of the secular differing from itself see Connolly 45. On the determination to be tragic, recent reactions to the Pope's lecture in Regensburg, 12 September 2006, on the rational heritage of Christianity, are instructive.
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Growing tomatoes is a popular hobby and enjoyment for the home gardener. It has been difficult to grow tomatoes during the past several years because of an assortment of factors: Extreme temperatures, dry conditions, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and blossom-end rot.
TSWV is caused by tiny insects known as thrips. These insects can transmit a virus detrimental to tomato plants. The insects have cost Georgia farmers millions of dollars in the damage they have caused to tomatoes, tobacco and peanuts.
The thrips that carry the virus and transmit it to the tomatoes will cause the plant’s foliage to turn purple. The leaves also will have a bronze cast look to them. The fruit will have mosaic/mottled configurations of a lighter color green on the outer fruit peeling.
There are several varieties of tomatoes available that are resistant to TSWV, including Amelia, Crista, BHN 444 and BHN 640. Check with your local agriculture and garden supplier for the availability of these varieties.
Blossom-end rot appears as a small water-soaked spot near the blossom end of the tomato. The spot eventually enlarges and becomes dry, sunken and brown or black. The cause of blossom-end rot is insufficient calcium uptake by the plant.
Any condition that reduces the plant’s roots ability to absorb water sets the plant up for blossom-end rot. Several factors can reduce the root’s ability to absorb water: Root-rotting fungus, nematodes, under-watering over-watering, soil compaction or over-fertilization.
To prevent blossom-end rot, maintain a soil pH of 6.0 to 6.5 and supply adequate levels of calcium through applications of dolimitic limestone or gypsum. Avoid drought stress and extreme moisture fluctuations by using mulch and deep, timely irrigation once or twice a week.
Avoid over-fertilizing plants with high ammoniacal nitrogen fertilizers. Excessive nitrogen can depress the uptake of calcium. Foliar applications of calcium with products such as Blossom End Rot Stop are only short-term fixes.
Hopefully, you will have better conditions to grow tomatoes this year than you have experienced in the recent years. Good luck with your tomatoes this growing season, and I hope you have a bountiful harvest.
Bill Tyson is the coordinator for Effingham County Cooperative Extension of the University of Georgia. Email him at [email protected] or call the Extension office at 754-8040.
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We take a look at Diamond Light Source as it celebrates its 10th anniversary
In its tenth anniversary year Diamond Light Source, the UK’s national synchrotron science facility, now rivals the most advanced and successful synchrotron facilities in the world in terms of reliability and output. A look back over the last decade sees the facility grow from an agreement on paper to a successful science project the UK can be proud of. The coming years promise more development and technological advancements, impacting on the UK economy and society and pushing the frontiers of our scientific knowledge.
Ten years ago, on 27th March 2002, the UK Government and the Wellcome Trust signed a joint venture agreement that was the beginning of Diamond Light Source Ltd – the UK’s new national synchrotron facility. Diamond was to take up the baton from the Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) at the Daresbury Laboratory, in Cheshire, which opened in 1981. The SRS was the world’s first second-generation synchrotron, created to produce X-rays for scientific research. Diamond was to build on Daresbury’s success and move the UK into the next generation of synchrotrons. As a third-generation synchrotron source it would be able to produce X-rays ten billion times brighter than the sun, so focused that they are 100 billion times more intense than a hospital X-ray.
Over the next five years, the Diamond synchrotron grew literally from the ground up – 1,500 concrete piles were anchored into the chalk bed 15 metres below the surface to provide a stable base for the experimental hall floor. A synchrotron is particularly sensitive to movements in its foundations – the electron beam in the main storage ring is only a hair’s breadth across and the experimental X-rays are focused down to a spot just a millionth of a metre (one micron) in size – so a steady and stable platform for experiments is essential.
By 2004, the iconic doughnut-shaped building had appeared on the landscape, giving a futuristic feel to the Oxfordshire countryside and hinting at the advanced technology that was to come. Expertise gathered from around the globe came together to fit out the storage ring with its 450+ magnets and third-generation insertion devices. Progress was swift. First light in the machine was achieved, the first seven beamlines were completed and by January 2007, Diamond was ready for its first user experiments.
Now with five and half years of successful operation under its belt, Diamond is holding its place on the world stage of large scientific facilities. Operational beamlines have grown from seven to 20, with two more due by the end of 2012 and a further ten to be added by 2018.
Gerd Materlik, Diamond’s Chief Executive, comments: “It’s been a real honour to lead this project and be part of a team who in less than five years got the facility constructed as well as up and running for scientific users and all this on time, on budget and to specifications. The following five years were spent delivering science as well as building up the next phase of construction. We have achieved around 1,600 scientific publications so far and over 3,000 researchers are now making up the user community. With a team of 430 strong, Diamond is now on the way to deliver its full potential.”
By 2018, a total of 32 beamlines will be available for research at Diamond. Funding for Phase III was confirmed in October 2010 by the UK Government and the Wellcome Trust to provide for the design, procurement, construction and commissioning of a further ten state-of-the-art beamlines. Building on the progress that has been made under the first two phases of construction, Phase III will maximise the return on the original investment, exploiting the full potential of the source.
The vision for Diamond remains bold: “Throughout its lifetime, Diamond endeavours to be a leading edge facility for scientific research, supporting a wide range of users from both academia and industry, thereby delivering benefits to the UK society and economy. Diamond will strive to respond to the 21st century scientific challenges through the successful management of the facility, the high quality science it delivers and encourage its wide dissemination.”
Thanks to the commitment and dedication of its staff and contractors, the continued support of its user community and the ongoing financial backing of its shareholders, Diamond Light Source promises to play a major role in the UK scientific landscape for decades to come.
Preserving our history
Diamond’s X-rays were used to study the chemical makeup of the timbers from Henry VIII’s famous warship the Mary Rose. The results have helped researchers from the Mary Rose Trust and the University of Kent to come up with a solution to help preserve the ship for centuries to come.
Scientists growing nanometre scale wires for tiny electronic devices are using Diamond to help them create individual components as small as possible without affecting how they function. Diamond’s nanoscience beamline allowed them to monitor the chemical state of individual nanoparticles and determine their chemical makeup, which in turn enabled them to identify a route for growing metallic nanowires on a dielectric substrate.
Researchers investigating HIV can now begin to fully understand how existing antiviral drugs are working, how they might be improved, and how to stop HIV developing resistance to them. By determining the 3D structures of the molecular machine used by retroviruses to insert copies of their genetic material into host DNA, they are now able to understand how this key mechanism works.
Overcoming corneal disease
Abnormalities in the structural organisation of collagen in the cornea have been implicated in the eye disease keratoconus, a leading cause of corneal transplant surgery. Diamond is being used to investigate a potential new therapy that would stiffen the cornea and overcome the astigmatism of keratoconus.
Earlier cancer detection
Survival rates of cancer are generally higher the earlier the cancer is diagnosed, but this relies on conclusive biopsy samples. Diamond’s infrared beamline is helping to identify at single cell level biomarkers in cancer cells to distinguish healthy cells from cancerous ones. The aim is to reduce the number of biopsies and thus reduce risks and side effects for patients, start them on treatment earlier, and reduce costs for the NHS.
Thanks to their low energy consumption, prolonged lifetime, small size and reliability, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are seen as an alternative to incandescent light bulbs. Diamond’s X-rays are being used to probe the structure of the light-emitting material used in LEDs, revealing its growth pattern which will help optimise this technology.
Metals in the brain
Evidence shows that there are subtle differences in trace metals in the brain between people who experience a normal ageing process and people who develop a neurodegenerative disorder. Scientists are using Diamond to collect additional information about where the metal ions are distributed in brain tissues and what form they’re in, helping us to understand if they may be contributing to the disease process.
Renewable energy revolution
Scientists have used Diamond to gain insights into how ultra-cheap solar energy panels for domestic and industrial use can be manufactured on a large scale. They are working on producing nanoscale thin polymer films of solar cells that could be used to make cost-effective, light and easily transportable solar panels.
Applying some mussel
Researchers at Diamond are trying to recreate the material found on the inside layer of a mussel shell. The strong aragonite created by mussels is incredibly tough, far stronger than can currently be synthesised in the lab. Scientists are trying to understand how mussels achieve this strength with a view to produce a material that could improve medical implants.
Engineers from Rolls-Royce were the first to use Diamond’s unique JEEP beamline to test innovative coatings for fan blades of the Trent 1000 engine which powers the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. They were able to capture 3D micrometre images inside the blade to assess risk of failure, without taking the blade apart.
- A synchrotron is a large scientific research facility designed to create extremely bright, focused light which is then used to investigate the atomic and molecular structure of matter and materials. The light is created by accelerating electrons to relativistic speeds and passing them between specialised magnets that bend or wiggle their path. This causes them to give off energy in the form of synchrotron light – X-rays, ultraviolet or infrared light. This bright light can be tuned and focused to a tiny spot less than the width of a human hair to reveal the atomic details within a scientific sample.
Sarah Boundy, PR Officer at Diamond Light Source
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Times are changing, and the Montessori community continues to see even greater changes as homeschooling, school districts and individual schools take up new forms of technology and explore new ways of delivering content and instruction.
Parents, teachers, and school leaders are becoming increasingly aware of new technologies that can engage students, and build on their academic strengths. As Montessorians we have made every effort to stay true to our roots. Our digital materials are not intended to replace the traditional printed materials that are currently in the classroom. On the contrary, we want to augment the activities and provide tools that not only challenge students, but also keep them engaged academically, promoting deep learning. Essentially, we are trying to provide students with more opportunities for project-based learning.
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full resolution images:
color coded shaded relief (1.6 MB)
3D anaglyph (1.8 MB)
The Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Russia is shown in this scene created from a preliminary elevation model derived from the first data collected during the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) on February 12, 2000. Sredinnyy Khrebet, the mountain range that makes up the spine of the peninsula, is a chain of active volcanic peaks. Pleistocene and recent glaciers have carved the broad valleys and jagged ridges that are common here. The relative youth of the volcanism is revealed by the topography as infilling and smoothing of the otherwise rugged terrain by lava, ash, and pyroclastic flows, particularly surrounding the high peaks in the south central part of the image. Elevations here range from near sea level up to 2,618 meters (8,590 feet).
Two visualization methods were combined to produce this image: shading and color coding of topographic height. The shade image was derived by computing topographic slope in the north-south direction. Northern slopes appear bright and southern slopes appear dark. Color coding is directly related to topographic height, with green at the lower elevations, rising through yellow, red, and magenta, to white at the highest elevations.
Elevation data used in this image were acquired by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour, launched on February 11, 2000. SRTM used the same radar instrument that comprised the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew twice on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994. SRTM was designed to collect three-dimensional measurements of Earth's surface. To collect the 3-D data, engineers added a 60-meter-long (200-foot) mast, installed additional C-band and X-band antennas, and improved tracking and navigation devices. The mission is a cooperative project between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) of the U.S. Department of Defense, and the German and Italian space agencies. It is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, Washington, DC.
Size: 93.0 x 105.7 kilometers ( 57.7 x 65.6 miles)
Location: 58.3 deg. North lat., 160.9 deg. East lon.
Orientation: North toward the top
Image Data: Shaded and colored SRTM elevation model
Date Acquired: February 12, 2000
Image courtesy NASA/JPL/NIMA
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In the bluff of a Scottish highland, a castle stands staunch and regal on the edge of a fragrant grove of pine trees.
Wind rolls in swiftly from the Atlantic and boughs dance brightly, creating a whisper of voices echoing those of ancestors from long ago. A time when lords and ladies decorated the dimly lit hallways with their festive and elegant dress, their mark lingering as the grand castles stand still and majestic, stirring memories of life from centuries ago.
Exploring Scotland’s History
In just under 79,000 square kilometers with almost 790 islands, Scotland is host to more than 250 castles, towers and manor houses. Each of them holds the gift of memories and long-ago tales of this tiny nation.
The history of Scotland has decorated the landscape of the country with such impressive castles as Edinburgh and Stirling. Edinburgh, located atop an ancient volcano in Scotland’s capital, has evolved over the centuries to the massive campus of today and houses such important historical pieces as the Scottish Crown Jewels and Stone of Destiny. Other castles such as Dunvegan, stronghold of the Macloed Clan for nearly 800 years, and Balmoral, owned by the British Royal Family, are not to be overlooked, equally as steeped in a rich and colorful history and worth exploring.
The authentic stone castles that have stood the test of a few hundred years of time, rather than a manor house or tower house that came later, were built from the 12th century for political and military purposes. Over the centuries, changes in design were dictated by changes in weaponry, and the defensive or offensive needs of the inhabitants. Then, by the 18th century, castles were built and used as luxurious residences for the elite and took on a more sophisticated flair.
Grandeur and Romance of Scottish Castles
Entering into a Scottish Castle is to step out of modern day and be transported back to a medieval time. Although they look impressive, many castles originally had narrow halls, windy staircases and tinier rooms than one would expect from a grand residence. Thus, numerous castles and manor houses have been renovated and transformed into beautiful and elegant, modern day lodgings providing quite a lavish stay for the discerning traveler.
Dalhousie castle, a fortress from the 13th century, offers luxury accommodations, an extensive library, a world class spa and fine dining. Stirling Castle offers a unique venue for an authentic medieval wedding or corporate gathering. Inns and smaller manor houses offer well appointed rooms for those preferring a more intimate stay during their visit.
Touring Through Tradition
Traveling Scotland is enhanced by tours through these historic monuments. Guided visits by companies like Scottish Tours are available, then there’s the thrill of planning your own Celtic adventure. Websites such as VisitScotland.com help with every detail from booking the perfect hotel, listing annual events and creating themed itineraries. Many castles offer more than just a tour or place to stay. Plan to take in an authentic Highland Game or enjoy a bagpipe and Highland Dance competition. The rich traditions and cultural heritage of Scotland run deep throughout the country. The castles of this great nation offer the perfect conduit through which to explore and enjoy them.
by Lee Anne Michayluk
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Roast turkey, cornbread stuffing, gravy, green bean salad, sweet potato casserole (with marshmallows, of course), and apple pie! Thanksgiving dinner is such a divine meal to enjoy with family and friends and a time to give thanks for the important things in life. As we enjoy the celebration, it is important to be careful with how much food – and the types of foods – we share with our furry family members!
Sharing bits of food with our dogs and cats is fine – but not if everyone at the table is doing the same! Tell your guests to refrain from sharing their meal and instead prepare a special “plate” of food.
Some turkey is okay, but avoid giving your pets the dark meat or skin, and definitely not any bones. Dark meat and skin are fatty and can cause a gastrointestinal upset (vomiting or diarrhea) or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). White meat (e.g. the turkey breast) is the best to share (especially if your pet is a little on the heavy side!). Bones are a worry. They can splinter, and puncture the esophagus, stomach, or intestines, or become lodged, causing choking or an intestinal blockage.
Vegetables are generally safe, but avoid sharing casseroles with fatty ingredients or dishes with onions, garlic, chives, or leeks. These “onion family” vegetables can be toxic. In large quantities they can cause red blood cell destruction and result in anemia. Cats and all Japanese dog breeds (e.g., Akita and Shiba Inu) are especially sensitive to the onion family vegetables. Safe vegetables to share include sweet potato (without the marshmallows of course!), broccoli, cauliflower, asparagus, celery, and pumpkin.
If you use xylitol rather than sugar in your baking, do not share your baking with your dog. Xylitol is toxic to dogs, and even a small amount can be deadly. Xylitol causes a rapid drop in your dog’s blood sugar and can cause liver failure. Not only is xylitol a common “sweetener” in baked goods, it can be found in gum, candies, multi-vitamins, peanut butter, pudding, and toothpaste. If you have family or friends staying with you, make sure they keep their personal items out of reach of curious noses.
Never share chocolate treats with your pets. The darker the chocolate, the more toxic it is. If your pet consumes enough chocolate, abnormalities in heart rhythm, seizures, and even death can result.
Don’t let your pets consume foods or beverages that contain alcohol. Rum-soaked desserts can quickly cause alcohol poisoning. Never feed unbaked bread dough to your pets. Not only will the yeast produce alcohol, which can be rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and cause alcohol poisoning, but the dough can expand in your pet’s stomach and result in bloat. Your pets may try to share your guests’ beer or wine, so keep drinks out of reach.
Remember, moderation is key! If you feed your pet too much, and foods he isn’t used to, you may end up with a not-so-happy Thanksgiving. Have a Happy – and healthy – Thanksgiving!
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At the point where Canongate becomes High Street there once stood the Netherbow Port, a fortified gateway between Edinburgh and the Canongate, which was removed in 1764 to improve traffic flow – I was amazed when I read this as the reason as I tend to associate improving traffic flow with the late 20th Century. Following the English victory over the Scots at the Battle of Flodden in 1513, a city wall was built around Edinburgh known as the Flodden Wall, some parts of which survive. The Netherbow Port was a gateway in this wall and brass studs in the road mark its former position.
On the High Street stands the John Knox House reputed to have been owned and lived in by the Protestant reformer John Knox during the 16th century. Although the house bears his name, Knox almost certainly lived in Warriston Close where a plaque indicates the approximate site of his actual residence. The John Knox house dates from around 1490 and is the oldest tenement house surviving in Edinburgh. The interior has painted ceilings and an exhibition about Knox’s life and work as the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland.
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The collections from North Africa and the Middle East cover a vast geographical zone from the Persian Gulf to the Atlantic Ocean.
Over twenty thousand objects have been assembled here, representing essentially ethnography and the decorative arts. The collections also include, surprisingly, around six hundred archaeological objects originating from archaeological sites such as Thebes in Egypt and Dura-Europos in Syria.
The collections were assembled as of 1878 from the generous donations of colonial organizations, anthropologists, soldiers open to the Social Sciences and individuals. They were expanded considerably from the thirties with collections organized in the field but also through successive purchases. Since then, they continue to be enriched over the years with new acquisitions.
Great names from the world of science are today associated with these collections, such as Count Robert du Mesnil Buisson, Pierre Rondot, Charles Kuentz, René Verneau, Henri Lhotte and Germaine Tillion.
The collections include important series of items – household utensils, personal grooming accessories, tools, toys, amulets -witness the daily life of urban populations, rural and Bedouin.
However, the key pieces of these collections are without any doubt the costumes, arms, jewelry and clothing, pottery and faïence and lastly the rural carpets, reflections of an art of living and a know-how that has since disappeared.
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Volcanism and Earthquakes in the Book of Mormon
Dr. Stephen L. Carr
Let me say at the outset that this essay is not the result of my original research. In fact, I’ll be quoting so extensively from Dr. Hugh Nibley that it is essentially his work. The main reason for the article on the BMAF website is to show that the events that occurred throughout the Book of Mormon could not possibly have been located in the eastern half of North America. For clarification, my comments will be printed in blue, with the majority of the article quoting from the Book of Mormon, Dr. Nibley, and two other researchers at the end will be in the normal black type face.
Nephi, son of Nephi (3 Nephi 8:5-25), possibly edited by Mormon during his abridging of the record, provides a very accurate description of the earthquakes and volcanic activity that occurred in the western hemisphere, which accompanied the crucifixion of the Savior on the other side of the earth. For purposes of this article, we’ll quote the Book of Mormon in narrative form, although you can read it directly in versified form directly from the scripture.
“And it came to pass in the thirty and fourth year, in the first month, on the fourth day of the month, there arose a great storm, such an one as never had been known in all the land. And there was also a great storm, such an one as never had been known in all the land. And there was also a great and terrible tempest; and there was terrible thunder, insomuch that it did shake the whole earth as if it was about to divide asunder. And there were exceedingly sharp lightnings, such as never had been known in all the land.
“And the city of Zarahemla did take fire. And the city of Moroni did sink into the depths of the sea, and the inhabitants thereof were drowned. And the earth was carried up upon the city of Moronihah, that in the place of the city there became a great mountain.
“And there was a great and terrible destruction in the land southward. But behold, there was a more great and terrible destruction in the land northward; for behold, the whole face of the land was changed, because of the tempest and the whirlwinds, and the thunderings and the lightnings, and the exceedingly great quaking of the whole earth; and the highways were broken up, and the level roads were spoiled, and many smooth places became rough.
“And many great and notable cities were sunk, and many were burned, and many were shaken till the buildings thereof had fallen to the earth, and the inhabitants thereof were slain, and the places were left desolate. And there were some cities which remained; but the damage thereof was exceedingly great, and there were many of them who were slain. And there were some who were carried away in the whirlwind; and whither they went no man knoweth, save they know that they were carried away.
“And thus the face of the whole earth became deformed, because of the tempests, and the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the quaking of the earth. And behold, the rocks were rent in twain; they were broken up upon the face of the whole earth, insomuch that they were found in broken fragments, and in seams and in cracks, upon all the face of the land.
“And it came to pass that when the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the storm, and the tempest, and the quakings of the earth did cease – for behold, they did last for about the space of three hours; and it was said by some that the time was greater; nevertheless, all these great and terrible things were done in about the space of three hours – and then behold, there was darkness upon the face of the land. And it came to pass that there was thick darkness upon all the face of the land, insomuch that the inhabitants thereof who had not fallen could feel the vapor of darkness; and there could be no light, because of the darkness, neither candles, neither torches; neither could there be fire kindled with their fine and exceedingly dry wood, so that there could not be any light at all; and there was not any light seen neither fire, nor glimmer, neither the sun, nor the moon, nor the stars, for so great were the mists of darkness which were upon the face of the land.
“And it came to pass that it did last for the space of three days that there was no light seen; and there was great mourning and howling and weeping among all the people continually; yea, great were the groanings of the people, because of the darkness and the great destruction which had come upon them. And in one place they were heard to cry, saying: O that we had repented before this great and terrible day, and then would our brethren have been spared, and they would not have been burned in that great city Zarahemla. And in another place they were heard to cry and mourn, saying: O that we had repented before this great and terrible day, and had not killed and stoned the prophets, and cast them out; then would our mothers and our fair daughters, and our children have been spared, and not have been buried up in that great city Moronihah. And thus were the howlings of the people great and terrible.” (3 Nephi 8:5-25)
Now quoting Dr. Hugh Nibley in Since Cumorah, starting on page 262, Some Fairly Foolproof Tests –
To the trained eye every document of considerable length is bound to betray the real setting in which it was produced. . . . What is the world of experiences and ideas that one finds behind the Book of Mormon? . . . We can start with actual experiences, not merely ideas, but things of a strictly objective and therefore testable nature; for example, the book describes in considerable detail what is supposed to be a great earthquake somewhere in Central America (emphasis added), . . . Here are things we can check up on; but to do so we must go to sources made available by scholars long since the days of Joseph Smith. Where he could have learned all about major Central American earthquakes . . . . But the first question is, how well does he describe them?
The Great Earthquake. Since Cumorah, the earth has done a great deal of quaking, and seismology has become a science. Today it is possible to check step-by-step every phenomenon described in the account of the great destructions reported in 3 Nephi 8-9 and to discover that what passed for many years as the most lurid, extravagant, and hence impossible part of the Book of Mormon is actually a very sober and factual account of a first-class earthquake. It was a terror – about XI on the Wood-Neuman scale – but at that it is probably not the worst quake on record, since we are expressly told that the damage was not total. . . . Take the Book of Mormon events in order:
First “there arose a great storm . . . and . . . also a great and terrible tempest,” from which it would appear that the storm developed into a hurricane. (3 Nephi 8:5-6) Major earthquakes are so often accompanied by “heavy rains, thunder and hailstorms, violent tempests, “ etc., that some specialists insist that “there is some indication that certain weather conditions may ‘trigger’ an earthquake,” . . . . At any rate, great earthquakes are preceded by great storms often enough to cause speculation.
Next there was a lot of noise, “terrible thunder, insomuch that it did shake the whole earth as if it was about to divide asunder.” (3 Nephi 8:6) This is another strange thing about earthquakes: “In accounts of earthquakes we always hear of the frightful noise which they produce. . . .”
“And there were exceeding sharp lightnings. . . .” (3 Nephi 8:7) According to an eyewitness account, the gat earthquake that completely destroyed the old capital of Guatemala on September 11, 1541, was preceded by “the fury of the wind, the incessant, appalling lightning and dreadful thunder” that were “indescribable” in their violence. One of the still unexplained phenomena of earthquakes is that “all types of lights are reported seen. . . there are flashes, balls of fire, and streamers.”
“And the city of Zarahemla did take fire.” (3 Nephi 8:8) It would appear from the account of the Nephite disaster that the main cause of destruction was fire in the cities (3 Nephi 9:8-11), which agrees with all the major statistics through the centuries: for “earthquakes are largely a city problem: mainly because the first heavy shock invariable sets fires all over town: in the Japanese experience “wind-driven flames were shown to be more dangerous than the greatest earthquake.”
“And the city of Moroni did sink into the depth of the sea. . . .” (3 Nephi 8:9) The tsunami or sea wave “is the most spectacular and . . . appalling of all earthquake phenomena” and almost invariably follows a major shakeup on the coast. Along with this, however, we have in the Book of Mormon record what seems to be a permanent submergence of coastal areas when “the waters . . . came up in the stead thereof” and remain. (3 Nephi 9:7) In the New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake of 1811 two vast tracts of land were covered with fresh water both by the damming of streams and the bursting out of numerous earthquake blows or fountains, flooding the newly submerged areas.
“And the earth was carried up upon the city of Moronihah that in the place of the city there became a great mountain,” (3 Nephi 8:10) In September 1538 during a tremendous storm and tidal wave a volcanic mountain suddenly appeared and covered a town near Puzzuoli on the Bay of Naples . . . . The carrying up of the earth upon the city suggests the overwhelming of Pompeii by vast heaps of volcanic ash or the deep burial o Herculaneum under lava in 79 AD.
“. . . there was thick darkness . . . the inhabitants . . . could feel the vapor of darkness; . . . neither could there be fire kindled . . . so great were the mists of darkness.” (3 Nephi 8:20-22) This, like much else in the account, suggest nearby volcanic activity. And, indeed, in many cases “earthquakes are the preparation for the volcano that follows,” . . . . Most of the victims of the great catastrophes of Pompeii, St. Pierre, and Mt. Pelee died of suffocation when earthquake dust, volcanic ash, steam, and hot gases (mostly sulfurated hydrogen gas) took the place of air. In some areas, the Book of Mormon reports, people were “overpowered by the vapor of smoke and of darkness,” and so lost their lives. (3 Nephi 10:13)
According to 3 Nephi 8:20-21 the “Vapor of darkness” was not only tangible to the survivor, but defeated every attempt to light candles or torches for illumination. Recent studies regarding a volcano on the Greek Island of Thera (today Santorini) describe terms exactly paralleling the account in 3 Nephi. Among other things it is pointed out that the overpowering thickness of the air must have extinguished all lamps.”
As is well known, “Central America lies in the heavy earthquake belt,” as well as being both a coastal and a volcanic area – a perfect setup for all the disasters, which the Book of Mormon describes so succinctly and so well. The remarkable thing about such statements is their moderation. Here was a chance for the author of the Book of Mormon to let his imagination run wild, with whole continents displaced, signs in the heavens, and monsters emerging from the deep. Instead, we simply get ‘level roads spoiled and smooth places made rough’!
Most earthquake data are of this very human nature, and exactly match the account in 3 Nephi. The Book of Mormon description emphasizes the fact that it was not any one particular thing but the combination of horrors that made the experience so terrible. The picture of cumulating disaster at the destruction of Guatemala City in 1541 strikingly parallels the story in the eighth chapter of 3 Nephi. “It had rained incessantly and with great violence . . . the fury of the wind, the incessant, appalling lightning and dreadful thunder were indescribable. The general terror was increased by eruptions from the volcano . . . and the next day vibrations of the earth were so violent that people were unable to stand; the shocks were accompanied by a terrible subterranean noise which spread universal dismay . . . .
We have then in the Book of Mormon a factual and sober account of a major upheaval in which by comparison with other such accounts nothing seems exaggerated. However wildly others may have chosen to interpret the Book of Mormon record, so far is it from bearing the marks of fantasy or wild imagination that it actually furnishes convincing evidence that the person who wrote it must have had personal experience of a major Mesoamerican quake or else have had access to authentic accounts of such.
Since the publication of Since Cumorah, by Dr. Nibley, additional information has been discovered to show that there probably was a lot more volcanism involved with the events described in 3 Nephi than even Brother Nibley suggested. The following excerpts from two excellent essays by Russell Ball and John Tvedtnes demonstrate the likelihood that a major volcanic eruption accompanied the earthquakes mentioned. The entirety of both articles should be read by all interested in these phenomena.
Quoting from Russell Ball, starting on page 112, Hypothesis Explaining the Destruction –
This general area in Mesoamerica (emphasis added) is quite active seismically, and large areas are covered by lava flows and volcanic ash. With this background, let us formulate a hypothesis that might explain all the events described in Helaman and in 3 Nephi.
The hypothesis is composed of the following:
1. The basic cause of the destruction was a tremendous seismic upheaval.
2. Numerous destructive mechanisms were involved, . . . .
3. The accompanying period of darkness was caused by an immense local cloud of volcanic ash.
4. The unprecedented lightning was due to electrical discharges within the ash cloud.
5. The intense thunder was due both to the lightning and to the rumbling of the earth due to seismic movements.
6. The vapor of darkness (1 Nephi 12:5; 19:11) and the mist of darkness (3 Nephi 8:20) were volcanic ash and dust stirred up by the quaking of the ground.
When a huge ash column is ejected from a volcano, it can rise to thousands of feet. When such a column collapses back on the volcano, it generates an ash surge that can travel at speeds up to one hundred miles per hour. Such a surge collapses houses, breaks through windows in rigid structures, and buries the people inside in an instant. Some of the descriptions in the Book of Mormon account are consistent with such phenomena.
Joseph Smith has presented us with a document that describes catastrophic events far removed from his own experience. A proper understanding of the period of destruction among the Nephites and Lamanites requires examining numerous rather casual comments by several Book of Mormon authors who were separated by several centuries. To me this is yet another evidence of the authenticity of the Book of Mormon.
Quoting from John Tvedtnes, starting on pages 170 and 173, Wind, Lightning, and Darkness –
The great destructions which took place among the Nephites and Lamanites at the time of Christ’s crucifixion can be likened to the effects of hurricanes and tornadoes as well as tectonic activity such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
While it is not impossible that a hurricane may have accompanied tectonic activities at the time of Christ’s crucifixion, there are tectonic explanations for the tempest, whirlwind, and lightning described in 3 Nephi. The explosive force of some volcanic eruptions has been great enough to cause severe winds. Huge balls of burning gases from volcanoes have also been known to create firestorms whose winds are fierce.
Great displays of lightning have also been observed in the ash-laden volcanic clouds thrown up from volcanoes.
The volcano is nature’s greatest source of fire. It not only spews burning gases and rocks, but it ignites flammable materials, which can continue to burn long after the volcanic flames have subsided. Forests and human dwellings are readily destroyed by volcanoes, as Hawaiian lava flows have demonstrated in recent years.
The thick darkness that followed the cataclysm at the time of Christ’s crucifixion is described as a “vapor” that would not permit the kindling of fire. Ash- and dust-laden air would explain this phenomenon. The depletion of the oxygen supply following the great fires would have made it impossible to kindle torches.
Critics of the Book of Mormon have suggested that the vast array of destructive forces described in 3 Nephi are impossible. But an examination of tectonic activity in various parts of the world shows that all of these phenomena are not only possible, but expected. It is significant, too, that some of the best examples of the kinds of natural phenomena described in the Book of Mormon have occurred in the vary area – Mesoamerica (emphasis added) and the nearby Caribbean – where most Book of Mormon scholars place the story in 3 Nephi. The fact that such phenomena are known in nature does not detract from the miraculous nature of the events surround Christ’s crucifixion. The Lord is more than capable of using natural phenomena to accomplish his purposes.
Research has shown that there are no volcanoes east of the Rocky Mountains in North America, aside from four extremely ancient ones: one in Mississippi dating to 65 million years ago; two in New Hampshire that last erupted 400 million years ago, and one in Missouri, the last eruption of which was one-and-a-half billion years ago.
Earthquakes, also, are extremely rare in the US heartland. Dr. Nibley mentioned the earthquake in 1811 of New Madrid, Missouri, down in the very southeast corner of the state. There have been no reports of any earth tremors since then and there appears to be no indication if there was any earthquake activity before 1811, especially around the time of Christ; whereas there are minor earthquakes that occur almost weekly and major ones that happen every few years in Mesoamerica. Volcanoes are a way of life in Mesoamerica with at least two of them smoking all the time outside Antigua, Guatemala. At least two volcanoes erupted in Mesoamerica closely around the time of Christ’s crucifixion.
Some people make note of the multiple tornadoes that occur in the heartland of America (Tornado Alley), stating that one or more tornadoes would account for the destruction that has been mentioned. Even half-a-dozen tornadoes occurring simultaneously, although causing much devastation, would not produce all the factors that are discussed in 3 Nephi, especially the poisonous gases that were developed. Only a volcano could produce those effects.
Mention was also made of the possibility of a hurricane being involved in 3 Nephi. The only place in the western hemisphere where a hurricane, volcanic eruption, and a major earthquake happening at the same time is in Mesoamerica and the nearby Caribbean area.
Since Cumorah, by Hugh Nibley, Deseret Book Company, 1973, chapter entitled, “Some Fairly Foolproof Tests,” pages 261-269.
“An Hypothesis concerning the Three Days of Darkness among the Nephites,” by Russell H. Ball, Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, Volume 2, Number 1, Spring 1993, FARMS, pages 107-123.
“Historical Parallels to the Destruction at the Time of the Crucifixion,” by John A. Tvedtnes, Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, Volume 3, Number 1, Spring 1994, FARMS, pages 170-186.
“In the Thirty and Fourth Year: A Geologist’s View of the Great Destruction in 3 Nephi,” by Bart J. Kowallis, BYU Studies, Volume 37, Number 3, 1997-98, pages 136-190.
“A Scientific Look at the Cataclysm in 3 Nephi,” FARMS Insights, August 1998, page 1.
“When Day Turned to Night,” by John L. Sorenson, Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, Volume 10, Number 2, 2001, FARMS, pages 66-67.
“A Note on Volcanism and the Book of Mormon,” by Matt Roper, FARMS Insights, Volume 29, Number 4, 2009, page 4.
Most of the above sources also cite numerous references by reputable non-LDS authors, researchers, and geologists. Please consult the sources to see those actual references.
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PICSI technique improves pregnancy rates and reduces the number of IVF miscarriages.
In the ICSI procedure, an individual sperm is selected and injected into an oocyte. Until now,
the only technique available to embryologists to select the sperm has been visual observation.
Using PICSI procedure we are able to determine sperm selection in much the same way it happens
in human biology.
Sperms are placed in PICSI dish containing samples of hyaluronan hydrogel. Hyaluronan is a naturally
occurring biopolymer found in all human cells, including the gel layer surrounding the oocyte.
Mature, biochemically competent sperm bind to the hyaluronan where they can be isolated by the embryologist
and used for ICSI. This procedure mimics a key step in the natural fertilization process, the binding of mature
sperm to the oocyte complex. As a result, the selected sperm is essentially the same as one that would be successful
in the natural reproductive process.The research proved that hyaluronan-bound PICSI-selected sperm are,
in the vast majority of cases, more mature, exhibit less DNA damage, and have fewer chromosomal aneuploidyes.
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The #if preprocessor directive evaluates the expression or condition. If condition is true, it executes the code otherwise #elseif or #else or #endif code is executed.
Syntax with #else:
Syntax with #elif and #else:
C #if example
Let's see a simple example to use #if preprocessor directive.
Value of Number is: 0
Let's see another example to understand the #if directive clearly.
2 Value of Number is: 1
Next TopicC #else
JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services. Mail us on [email protected], to get more information about given services.
JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. Please mail your requirement at [email protected]
Duration: 1 week to 2 week
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After World War II and the division of Germany, the eastern part of the nation became a Communist republic and adopted its own anthem to distinguish them from their western neighbour. This text is not as communist-oriented as several other communist anthems are, and also references a united Germany, perhaps because the anthem first started to be in use in the "Russian sector" of Germany before it was divided into East and West. Starting in 1971, the lyrics, written by Johannes R. Becher, while still official, were rarely sung at official occassions, perhaps because the Communist leaders noticed that this anthem does not really fit to their idea of an East German state. The music was composed by Hanns Eisler.
After the popular revolution in 1989 (the high point of which was the tearing down of the Berlin Wall), the lyrics came into favour again, and the "Deutchland einig Vaterland" notion was once again the slogan of East Germany. The words were once again used poularly until the union of the two Germanys, and the last East German parliament even attempted to make "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" (Risen from Ruins) the anthem of the united Germany, but this was refused by West Germany. Therefore, the anthem was official until East and West Germany united again in 1990 into a unified Germany. (In an interesting note, it was discovered after the fall of the Berlin Wall, when a new anthem for a unified Germany was being sought, that the words to "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" fit the melody of the "Deutchlandlied".
The author and politician Johannes R. Becher was born on 22nd May 1891 And attended school in Munich, Göttingen and Ingolstadt. In 1910 he tried unsuccessfully to commi
t suicide. From 1911-1918, he studied Philology, Philosophy and Medicine in Munich, Jena and Berlin. After this period he became a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). In 1932 he was a candidate for parliament for the Communists. After the seizure of power of the Hitler-gang he left Germany first to Prague then Paris, later Moscow. In 1934 he lost his German nationality. After the war he came back to Germany. In 1949 he wrote the text for the East German national anthem. In 1950 he was one of the founders of the Academy of Arts and Member of the East German parliament. In 1953-56 he was president of the Academy of Arts (he followed Arnold Zweig), a nd from 1954-58 he was Minister for Culture. In 1957 he lost all his political power and died in 1958.
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Fiber board fiber board is made of pressed wood dust – wood particles are steamed, wet pressing is used for board fabrication. Therefore fiber board back resembles cottage cheese surface with a “mesh” from the damp gauze. Fiber boards are not thick due to the used technology. Usually one fiber board side is left as it is and the other side is covered by the film (it is laminated).
The raw material is small lumber frpm cleaning cotting, sawn timber and wooddusting industry wastes, cuttings, debris, paper industry and waste paper. In furniture industry fiber boards are used for manufacturing of table and cabinet back panels.
chip board is made of cuttings and flakes, permeated by adhesive, namely formaldihide resins. It is the most coomon used material in furniture production.
There are two types of chip board divided into classes E1 and E2. Class E1 is the quality standard for chip board furniture (standard for pollutant emmissions, namely carcinogenic substance of fenolformaldehide). It means that product manufactured from this laminated chip board can be used for hospital and juvenile furniture. Class E2 furniture is prohibited to use in juvenile and office furniture production.
Chip boards are being laminated, it means that the surface is covered by special paper, permeated by polymer resin. Boards received as the result of the above process are correctly called laminated chip board instead of laminate. Laminated chipboard is rather smooth, easily cleaned and do not imbibe liquid. Nevertheless aggressive and abrasive detergents can destroy upper protective cover. Laminated chip boards have a lot of advantages: democratic price, large range of colours and relevantly high strenght resistance to machanical damages.
Frame is the basic product part for other units to be installed at and fixed on. In cabinet furniture the frame is the combination of panel and bar parts to which doors, hardware, accessories are fixed and takes static and dynamic loads during service life.
Edge ПВХ is a web material used for decorationative finishing of wooden boards ends (chip board and MDF)that are used in furniture production, particular in office furniture production. The edge is made of PVC and represents a tough and wear resistant material. PVC edge protects wooden board ends from different damages and prevents moisture penetration inside wooden boards. The edge thickness is 2mm, available in various colour casts. Polymer edges are made in various colours with printed and embossing design, dull or gloosy surface. They have long life, resistant to acetic acid, ethanol; alkalies do not contain hazardous substance and possess abrsasion resistance.
MDF abbreviation for “close-grained fraction”. It not only reflects the texture of the material but also corresponds to generally accepted latin abbreviation MDF - MittelDichte Fazerplatte (from german medium density fiberboard). MDF is the board made wood dust pressed by vacuum method. Adhesive is lignin that is released from wood timber at heating. The material allows fabrication of beautiful panels, rounded corners. It is moisture-resistant material and do not spring from steam. MDF doors and fronts used for kitchen cabinets and cabinet furniture are in demand due to reasonable price and attractive appearance.
The material is more expensive than chip board but on the other hand it doesn’t possess its disadvantages: retain screws, do not release health hazardous substances. Furthermore MDF board is stronger and possesses greater moisture-resistance. It is produced in a wider range of thickness: from3 to 30 mm, used for home and office furniture production, as cabinet back panel and drawer bottom, with 22mm thickness used as table-top with ergonomic edge on circumference by softforming technology.
Metaboxes are dismountable drawers, their bottom and back panel is made of chip board, with metal side panels covered by powder enamel. Mechanism of fastening drawer front to side panels allows front shifting right-left, up-down and provide smooth and noise-free run thereof.
Foam polyurethane is heat-insulating material, can be rigid or flexible. Type of foam plastic.
Cupboard hinge is the most often used in modern furniture, allows for adjustment in all directions. The hinge part that is fixed to the door is called the cup and the one installed on the panel is called striking plate.
Striking plate is the part of cupboard hinge fixed to the frame to which hinge mechanism installed on the door is attached. Striking plates are divided into straigh-line and cross line.
Softforming We call softforming board strips (particle board or mdf) covered on both faces with melamine paper. This technology is available in wide range of profiles. The edge is smooth without sharp angles that make the product more convenient and safe.
Tandemboxes are dismountable drawers, their bottom and back panel is made of chip board, with side panels having metal wall. Tandemboxes run on synthetic rolls sustaining considerable load (in comparison with metaboxes).
Texture surface finish of the material specified by internal structure. Texture is detected visually and tactile. For instance, weave can form mesh. Blochiness on malachite cut resemble floral pattern. Longitudinal wood cut shows its fiber structure, transverse indicates structure of growth in the form of girdles.Texture is defined by physical and chemical material features that differs it from the finish that depends upon artist individuality.
Surface texture is surface finish. Surface texture is detected visually and tactile. It individually differs from texture and depends upon illumination and personal view. In figurative sense is an individual style. Colours harmony in combination with general colour creates correct material image.
False panel is decorationative plate used for increase of furniture height, hiding free space, levelling walls inequallities.
Hardwarerepresents handles, legs, locks and other parts providing door opening, fixation or locking.
Sleeperis decorationative plate, covering cabinet feet or support plate for cabinet mounting. Not only load-carrying but also decorationative element.
Cabinet coupe (with sliding doors) 1)initial meaning is clothes storage unit separated from the other room by the partition with sliding doors. Special formed sections were designed for sliding doors edging and for their movement special guide rails with top hanger rod or bottom support rolls. Small room appartments designed in Soviet Union and in Russia doesn’t allow for use of clothes storage units and partitions mounted at a distance of 600mm from the wall form built-in cabinet or cabinet with sliding doors. That was the reason that two terms cabinet and coupe were combined.
2) product with sliding doors. Doors run on guide rails (see guide rails).
Shlegel 1) german companu name Schlegel specialized on productrion of flexible sealing profiles made of plastics and brush seals used for slots covering in window frames, door panels and in cabinet furniture units.
2)bumper, pile brushes with 5mm thickness (bumpers) and 10mm thick (dust protection). Sticked to end part of cabinet coupe doors.
Ecoleather”breathing” synthetic leather without PVC. Ecoleather is soft and flexible. Permeability of heat is close to wood and natural leather, it is “warm”. Ecoleather is wearproof.
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Eleven years after my freshman essay on the Vietnam War in 1982, I found myself at Oxford in a Strategic Studies Seminar. For that seminar, I wrote the following paper on People’s War and Vietnam. Based on deeper reading and more reflection than my freshman essay, I concluded that the Vietnam War had been unwinnable for the United States. Note that this paper was written soon after the apparently decisive victory of the U.S. military over Iraq in Desert Storm. This victory had supposedly cured the U.S. military of its Vietnam Syndrome, a claim which I doubted at that time. Again, I have decided not to edit what I wrote in early 1993 about Vietnam. This paper is what one young Air Force captain thought about the meaning and legacies of the Vietnam War in the early 1990s, with all the biases of a serving military officer intact.
Insurgencies and America’s Defeat in Vietnam (Written in January 1993)
A revolutionary war is a war within a state; the ultimate aim of the insurgents is political control of the state. Nowhere is Clausewitz’s dictum of war as a continuation of politics more true than in a revolutionary war. It typically takes the form of a protracted struggle, conducted patiently and inexorably, a variant of Chinese water torture. Educating or, more accurately, indoctrinating, the people – gaining their sympathy, cooperation, and assistance – is paramount. And all people have a role to play: men and women, young and old. After World War II, insurgencies have been guided by Mao Zedong’s concept of People’s War, and inspired by a complex combination of nationalism, anti-colonialism, and communism. They have bedeviled France, Great Britain, and the United States. This paper addresses the strategy of People’s War in terms of means, ends, and will, and details some of the reasons why the United States lost the Vietnam War.
The strategic end of People’s War is simple in its boldness: the overthrow of the existing government and its replacement with an insurgent-led government. The means are incredibly complex, encompassing social, economic, psychological, military, and political dimensions, but it must be remembered that all means are directed towards the political end. Strength of will usually favors the insurgents, partly because a major goal of People’s War is to mold the minds of its followers to convince them of the righteousness of their cause.
People’s War passes through three stages. At first the insurgents get to know the people as they spread propaganda and build a political infrastructure. Every insurgent is an ambassador for the cause. They create safe havens while intimidating opponents and neutrals, and they commit terrorist acts to undermine the legitimacy of the government. They build their safe havens on the periphery of the state, usually in rural or impoverished areas where they can feed on the misery of the people. The more difficult the terrain, the better, whether it be the mountains of Spain and Afghanistan or the jungles of Malaya and Vietnam. They extend their control over the countryside and into the urban areas during the second stage of People’s War. They use guerrilla tactics and terrorism to further undermine the political legitimacy of the government. The main target is not the government’s troops but the will of its leaders. As they extend their physical control over the countryside, they install their own political structure to control the people. With the government’s will fatally weakened, the insurgents move to the final stage: a conventional military offensive to overthrow the government.
The three stages are not rigidly sequential, however. For example, while conducting guerrilla operations against the government, the insurgents continue to build their infrastructure, conduct terrorist acts, and spread propaganda. Even during the last stage — the general offensive — the insurgents continue stages one and two. This aspect of People’s War was well expressed by John M. Gates in the Journal of Military History in July 1990:
American conventional war doctrine does not anticipate reliance upon population within the enemy’s territory for logistical and combat support. It does not rely upon guerrilla units to fix the enemy, establish clear lines of communication, and maintain security in the rear. And it certainly does not expect enemy morale to be undermined by political cadres within the very heart of the enemy’s territory, cadres who will assume positions of political power as the offensive progresses. Yet all of these things happened in South Vietnam in 1975….
Flexibility, judgement, and comprehensiveness of methods are the keys to success. If the insurgents overestimate the weakness of the government and lose large-scale battles, they slip back into the earlier two phases and continue to work towards weakening the government for the next general offensive.
It bears repeating the primary goal of insurgents is political control. Military actions are only one tool for obtaining this control. As Mao cautions, guerrilla operations are just “one aspect of the revolutionary struggle.” The insurgent appeals to the hearts and minds of the people. He is, after all, one of them. Too much can be made of Mao’s “fish and sea” analogy. The insurgent is not just a fish that swims in the sea of the people: his purpose is to convert the sea to his purpose. He employs any method to command the sea to his will. He would prefer ideological converts, true believers, but converts through terror are acceptable. Those who can’t be converted he ruthlessly kills. That his methods produce squeamishness among some in the West only accentuates their value to him.
As a strategy, People’s War is difficult but not impossible to counter. The United States defeated the Philippine insurrection in the first two decades of this century, and after World War II Great Britain put down a communist insurgency in Malaya. More famous, however, have been the stunning successes of People’s War: Mao’s victory over Japan and the Nationalists in the 1930s and ’40s, and Ho Chi Minh’s victories over France and the United States in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s. Perhaps most unsettling was America’s defeat in Vietnam. How could the world’s foremost superpower lose to, in the words of General Richard G. Stilwell in 1980, a “fourth-rate half-country?”
There are no simple answers to America’s defeat, although Hollywood tells us otherwise. A theory still believed by some in the US military is a variation of the German “stab-in-the-back” legend of the Great War. Our hands were tied by meddling civilians who didn’t let the military fight and win the war. One American soldier is the equal of hundreds of pajama-clad midgets, or so it appears in the Rambo flicks. A wretched, dishonorable government also abandoned our POWs to the godless communists, now rescued several times over by Stallone, Chuck Norris, and other martial arts experts. That such films make money is an affront to the genuine sacrifices of Americans represented so tragically by the Vietnam War memorial in Washington.
Perhaps such sentiments seem out of place in a paper devoted to a dispassionate strategic analysis of America’s role in Vietnam. Yet my feelings are perhaps typical of the emotionalism that still surrounds this topic among Americans. A dispassionate critique from an American, let alone an American service member, may still be impossible; nevertheless, I’ll give it a shot.
The United States lost the war for several related reasons. First, we fought the wrong kind of war. As the Navy and especially the Air Force built up their nuclear forces, the army chaffed against its “New Look” and diminished role in the 1950s. Under Kennedy and Johnson, the Army had a new doctrine – Flexible Response – and an opportunity – the Vietnam War – to prove its worth. Vietnam was to be the proving ground for a revitalized Army.
The opposite proved to be the case because the Army pursued the wrong strategy. From 1965-68, when we sent more than half a million troops to Vietnam, the US Army tried to fight a conventional war against the Viet Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese Army (NVA). As LTG Harry Kinnard, commander of the Army’s elite 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), put it, “I wanted to make them fight our kind of war. I wanted to turn it into a conventional war – boundaries – and here we go, and what are you going to do to stop us?” Obeying Mao’s teachings, the VC and NVA wisely avoided stand up fights. The Army responded with search-and-destroy operations to find, fix and kill the enemy. The goal was attrition through decisive battles, reflected by high body counts. Nothing illustrates the bankruptcy of American strategy better than the idea of body counts. In theory, a high body count means you’re killing the fish in the sea, without hurting the sea. In practice, a high body count is a measure of the success of the insurgents: they’re recruiting many fish to their cause. And in killing the fish, Americans poisoned the sea with defoliants, bomb craters, unexploded artillery shells, the list goes on. Americans were stuck in Catch-22 dilemmas: they had to destroy villages to save them, they had to destroy villagers’ crops while pursuing guerrilla bands. Such an approach flies in the face of Mao’s “Three Rules and Eight Remarks,” which exhibit a profound respect for the people and their property.
After killing, or perhaps more often not killing, the guerrillas, the Army left, and the guerrillas regained control of the area. This did not disturb LTG Stanley Larson, who observed that if guerrillas returned, “we’ll go back in and kill more of the sons of bitches.” But the VC and NVA retained the initiative, had plenty of manpower, and time was on their side.
Why did the Army pursue such a faulty strategy? In part due to the legacy of World War II, particularly American experience in the Pacific. In island-hopping to Japan, Americans gained faith in massive firepower and lost interest in controlling land. The islands were a means to an end, not the end itself, and success could be measured in some sense by the number of Japanese casualties. Such was not the case in Vietnam, where control of the land was essential to winning the support of the people. Part of the Army’s problem was its lack of experience in counterinsurgency (or COIN) operations. Ronald Spector reports that in the 1950s, COIN operations were limited to four hours in most infantry training courses. What little was taught focused on preventing a conventional enemy from holding raids or infiltrating rear areas. But in the end, the Army fought the war it was trained to fight: a conventional war of maneuver and massive firepower. This worked well in Desert Storm, but failed in Vietnam.
In contrast to the Army, the Marines were far more aware of the nature of the war they were fighting, reports Andrew Krepinevich. They combined 15 marines and 34 Popular Force territorial troops (who lived in and provided security for a village or hamlet) into combat action platoons (CAPs). These CAPs sought to destroy insurgent infrastructure, protect the people and the government infrastructure, organize local intelligence networks, and train local paramilitary troops. In other words, they adopted traditional COIN tactics. But the Army ran the show in Vietnam, and its leaders rejected the Marines’ approach.
The Marines were not alone in their appreciation of the multidimensional aspects of COIN. Robert Komer’s Phoenix program also targeted the Viet Cong infrastructure, but the efforts of the CIA were not well coordinated with those of the military or the State Department, let alone the South Vietnamese. In fact Westmoreland refused to create a combined command to coordinate American actions with those of the South Vietnamese. The latter were an especially neglected resource.
Admittedly, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) was corrupt and at times incompetent, but part of the problem was caused by American mistraining and the Army’s contempt. In the 1950s, American military advisors trained ARVN to repel a conventional invasion from the north, using North Korea as a model. From 1965-68, the US Army gave ARVN the static security mission, judged to be of low importance by the Army. US advisors assigned to help ARVN recognized their careers were endangered: they would advance far quicker if they had “true” combat assignments. After years of neglect, ARVN was built up with billions of US dollars during Nixon’s Vietnamization policy (and that’s exactly what it was – a policy, not a strategy), but by 1969 the rot had gone too far. ARVN lacked a unifying national spirit, VC agents had penetrated the ranks, and the officers were thoroughly politicized. Our ally always thought we’d be there if they ran into trouble, but they didn’t understand how American government worked. As Ambassador Bui Diem explained in 1990, “Our faith in America was total, and our ignorance was equally total.” South Vietnam paid the price in 1975.
Could the United States have won the Vietnam War if we had followed a proper strategy? This question may be unanswerable and ultimately moot, but it’s worth discussing. First, one must admit the war may not have been worth winning. Hannah Arendt has stated the Vietnam War was a case of excess means applied for minor aims in a region of marginal interest. In retrospect this seems irrefutable, but in the climate of the Cold War and Containment Vietnam seemed a critical theater in which communist aggression had to be stopped. Second, one must admit the United States was not protecting a viable government in South Vietnam: we were trying to create one. But we were creating one in our image. We ignored the Vietnamese culture and destroyed their economy with our hard currency. Rear area troops with money to spend spread prostitution and drugs in the streets of Saigon. In short, we alienated the people instead of winning them over to our cause. The few people we did win over were terrorized and often killed by the Viet Cong. Even following a proper COIN strategy, victory would have taken 5-10 more years at least. With weak support from the American people, (the “Silent Majority” was silent due to its ignorance and ambivalence), which waned dramatically after Tet, we never had a chance in Vietnam.
The one strategy that would have succeeded for the United States, I believe, is Mao’s People’s War. We must not deceive ourselves: if free elections had been held as promised in 1956, Ho Chi Minh would have won and unified the country. His was the legitimate government; we were trying to overthrow that government and replace it with almost any non-communist regime. In that effort, we should have formed an alliance of military, state department, intelligence, and academic resources to educate Americans in Vietnamese language and culture. These experts, with a suitable, politically-indoctrinated military force to protect them, would win the hearts of the people. Our main weapons would be our ideas and the ideological fervor of our troops, whether civilian or military. Diplomacy and military strikes would be used to cut-off the flow of arms to the VC and NVA from the Soviet Union. The political infrastructure of the enemy would be targeted, including Ho Chi Minh himself.
But this is ridiculous. Our very arrogance blinded us to the war’s complexities. We attacked the symptoms of the disease – the guerrillas and NVA -without examining what caused the disease in the body politic. Our can-do attitude was reinforced by our military traditions and our pride in our nation as being more moral than the rest of the world. We became our own worst enemy as we tried to manage the war. The commitment was there (at least among the soldiers), the energy was there, the money was there, the technology was there -the strategy, intelligence, and leadership wasn’t. People’s War proved superior to search-and-destroy, the VC and NVA intelligence proved superior to ARVN and ignorant Americans, the brilliant Giap out-thought the dedicated but shortsighted Westmoreland. The Vietnam War was ultimately unwinnable.
In the aftermath of the American-led victory over Iraq in Desert Storm, many Americans predicted the stigma of our defeat in Vietnam had finally been exorcised from our minds. Such was not the case, nor is such a result even desirable. The “dreaded V-word,” as the London Times recently described it, is being whispered again in the endless corridors of the Pentagon. If this breeds an aversion to the use of military force, harm may result; but if it leads to more thought and a more subtle study of the efficacy of military force as applied under different conditions, the dreaded V-word will have served a useful purpose, and those names engraved on the Wall in Washington will not have died in vain.
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The national day of Bahamas is celebrated on every 10th of July.
This is a public holiday. This holiday explains the history and is a memorable day celebrated as an independence day. The Bahamas became an independent state on 10th of the July in 1973. This was the day when the Bahamas was separated from the United Kingdom; however, they are still a member of Commonwealth organizations present in the United Kingdom.
The National Anthem of Bahamas
March on Bahama land is the national anthem of Bahamas.
It was written by Timothy Gibson. He wrote this in a national competition. Also, later on, it was selected as the national anthem in 1973. In this anthem, the poet is addressing the people of Bahamas and is asking them to lift their heads and march with full confidence together as they are independent and brave.
Bahamas National Anthem Video And Download Link:
Bahamas National Anthem Audio And Download Link:
The national flag of Bahamas consists of black triangle situated at hoist position. Three horizontal bands are present on it. The first one is aquamarine; the mid one is of gold color, the last one is also aquamarine. This flag was adopted back on 10 July of 1973 and was designed by DR. Hervis Bain. It was first raised in the middle of the night when the Bahamas became an independent country, as the British Blue ensign along with emblems were used before the flag as a symbol, preferred by pirates.
The coat of arms of Bahamas designed this flag.
Bahameese is the national emblem of Bahamas.
The coat of arms of Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbol as its center and a focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo. The emblem has been designed with bright colours in order to have a bright future of Bahamas.
English is the official language of Bahamas. There are several different languages been spoken in the Bahamas; however, the citizens of Bahamas have a British English accent. The people of Bahamas often speak Bahamian dialect, which is an English based creole language mainly spoken in Turk islands. This is spoken by all races of Bahamians for more than 400,000 native speakers. The Bahamas is mostly a tourist place; people visit the country from all over the world due to its natural views. Therefore you might find many different languages been spoken in the Bahamas.
Capital of The Nation
Nassau is the capital of Bahamas whereas; it is also the commercial center with a population of more than 274,400 according to the survey of 2016. According to the history, this was found in 1670 as Charles town, which was later switched over to Nassau in 1695. It is also known as the Trade Center of the Country. National airport is also located over here. Moreover, it is also the largest city of Bahamas.
The Bahamian Dollar is the national currency of Bahamas. It is the national currency of the state since 1966. It is normally abbreviated with a dollar sign. It is divided into 100 cents. Pounds were used before the dollar, which was replaced in 1966 with a rate of 1 dollar = 7 shillings.
The urban the Carrabin write the styled clothes like shirts with a length equal to the height of each is the national dress of Bahamas. Other then these urban-styled light-weighted cloths are worn there; T-shirts and modern styled urban clothes are worn in the country. They have been quite inspired by western clothing. Therefore it is quite difficult to find people in traditional dresses.
Black is the national color of Bahamas. It represents the strength and will power of the nation. This is the darkest color, which shows simplicity as well. This color is also present in their flag to show a symbol of their country.
Marion Bethel is the national poet of Bahamas. She was born on 31 July 1953; she was highly qualified with multi-talented. She was a writer, attorney, filmmaker, poet, and human and gender rights activist. She played a very important role in the country. She has achieved many types of different awards in almost all her fields due to her expertise.
She is famous for some of his patriotic poetry books and other famous books by him are Massachusetts review etc.
Bahamas air Holding Limited is the national airline of Bahamas, which travels more than 32 destinations domestically, and regionally this travels in the United States as well as the Caribbean. The main headquarters of this airline is in the capital city, Nassau. The Hub is based in Lynden Pindling International Airport. This airline was found in early 1973. However, the commencement of the airline took place on 17 July. Tracy Cooper is the directing manager at the moment.
National Museum of Bahamas is in Nassau. It was opened on 3rd March 2018. It has all the history of the Bahamas from middle ages till now and also the architecture of Bahamas is well presented there. The museum is full of ancient and historical items that have been preserved in an environment where it would be kept safe and sound to be visible to all the citizens and tourists in the country.
National library of Bahamas is Nassau public library. It is situated at Nassau, the capital city. Moreover, this is one of the most ancient libraries in the country, which was founded in 1837 when the society of the Bahamas of diffusion knowledge was combined with reading society. However, this was made official in 1847. The library constrains thousands of ancient books with different languages to show citizens about historic events.
Thomas Robinson Stadium is the national stadium of Bahamas. It is situated near Queen Elizabeth sports center, Nassau Bahamas. This stadium was founded in 1881; it was inaugurated in the same year. Moreover, this stadium has many purposes; it mostly hosts matches of soccer. However, it is also a home ground of American football. This stadium normally holds up 15,000 crowds, and however, at occasions, this can also expand and increase the limit to 23,000. It was later renovated and expanded for a better experience.
Just like other countries, there are many different types of sports and games played in this country; however, there is a difference in the interest of people to all sports. Therefore, the National game of Bahamas is cricket. It was declared as the national game of Bahamas in 1973. The team of Bahamas is one of the best cricket teams, and the sport of cricket is loved by all the people of Bahamas, as this is also one of the major sports played all over the world.
The Bahamas national river is Bahamas oriole. Its length is 1671 km it is near to Andros town and is basically near an island that is why it is given the national position; it has a very beautiful view, which attracts a lot of tourism.
There are several destinations and park, which are quite beautiful and attractive. However, the national park of the country is known as Inagua National Park. This park was established in 1965, whereas it had a population of flamingos from 1904, which is now considered to be the most populated flamingo breed park. This park consists of more than 50,000 birds, which cover up an area of 220,000 acres.
Ardastra Gardens, Zoo and Conservation Centre is the national zoo of the Bahamas, which is situated in Nassau. It was found in 1982, whereas it was opened as a garden back in 1937. It consists of more than 200 animals. There are not many zoos in the Bahamas, whereas you can easily find many animals of different species in the parks and forests of Bahamas.
The Primeval Forest is the national forest, which was established back in 2002, which covers up an area of 7.5 acres. There are many animals in the forests, which make them even more special and attractive for the tourists to visit. People from all over the world; love to visit the Bahamas due to the natural beauty of this country..
National tree of Bahamas is Lignum vitiate it means tree of life, and it is from genus Guacium. This tree has many several uses, including both industrial and medicinal purposes. The hardwood is used for making balls, pulleys and mostly bearings for steel mill, due to so many important uses and attraction of tree makes it very significant across the country.
Yellow Elder is the national flower of Bahamas. It is yellow and is given the national flower position because it blooms throughout the year and is referred to the state that it blooms too. This has been decided by all four of the providential clubs and was voted to national flower as the other flowers that were grown on the Bahamas were already the national flowers for many countries. Therefore, it has been selected by its uniqueness and attractive looks.
The national animal of Bahamas is flamingo, which is a very famous bird unable to fly. However, this bird is very attractive, beautiful, and rare at the same time. This bird can run at a speed of 50km/h. These long-living birds are not endangered in any way. This unique bird has different colors and long necks, which make them even more attractive. Their average life span is between 15 to 30 years m, which is a lot more than a normal bird.
The national bird of Bahamas is Flamingo, one of the most rare species of bird. These birds are conserved in the parks in many numbers. They have their perfect habitat in the parks on the Bahamas.
Ackee is the national fruit of Bahamas. It is yellow, and it is also the national fruit of west, South Africa. Besides the nutritional benefits, there are other uses for this fruit too. This can be used in soaps and for fish poison.
The national dish of Bahamas is Conch. It is seafood. Conch pronounced as Konk is the national staple dish of Bahamas. It is a shellfish, and its main ingredients are shellfish baked with cucumber and is served with rice. This dish is very famous across the country as this necessary when it comes to family gatherings, weddings, or any special occasions.
National drink of Bahamas is sky juice. Its main ingredients are sweet milk, gin, and coconut powder. It is drunk with different dishes before and even after the meals. This is also a part of different gatherings and occasions, whereas it also brings up a great combination with food.
The national holiday of Bahamas is on the 10th of July; it is celebrated as Independence Day. Other national holidays, including Labor Day, celebrated on 7th June. And also on 10th June too. However, besides the national holidays, there are many other different occasions where public holidays are given. However, the national holidays are usually spent with function and special events in the memory of the past, whereas most of the people do spend their time with their family and friends or usually go for dinners.
The national income of Bahamas, according to 2017 census, is 17.33 billion dollars. The Bahamas is the richest countries of the West Indies. GDP growth every year is 2.5% and is nominated as 140th. GDP per capita is 33.33 dollars. The economy for a single person per capita is 230000 dollars per year. One of the main sources of income is the tourism of the Bahamas, which makes it much more important for tourists to visit and capture their moments.
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EIRLSBN: Twenty years of achievements in rice breeding
Eastern India is an area with a largely agrarian society and high poverty incidence. Rice is the dominant crop, but yields are low. Most of the rice is grown under rainfed conditions in which rainfall is highly unpredictable, and numerous abiotic and biotic stresses occur in combination during all growing seasons. Farmers have limited access to inputs such as fertilizer and good-quality seed. Despite these challenges, a progressive increase in rice production must be maintained, especially within the vast rainfed areas, if India and other Asian countries are to achieve food security.
Considerable progress has been made in developing new rice varieties for eastern India, although the literature on this topic is limited. Evidence for this is the development and release of many new improved varieties. At least 20 of these varieties have been released within the Eastern India Rainfed Lowland Shuttle Breeding Network (EIRLSBN). In addition to producing new varieties, this network has conducted considerable research on many high-priority traits and has identified new donor parents, key maturity groups for the region, elite lines that can be transplanted at normal or delayed times, and target variety profiles for eastern India. More importantly, the network has been an exemplary model for synergistic rice breeding partnerships. It demonstrates the benefits of regional and international scientific collaboration for working to overcome food insecurity. Indeed, it has influenced the formation and structure of many other breeding networks.
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Have you ever wondered how the Java platform and core class libraries evolve? Who is responsible for the objects, classes, interfaces and system features of Java? How does one set of features make it into the Java package namespace (java.*, javax.*) while another doesn't cut it? Who proposes a new feature, who approves it, who implements it and finally who makes the decision to ship it?
As part of the Java developer community, you are responsible for the evolution of the Java platform. You are responsible for proposing new features and implementing them. The process by which your ideas go from inception to implementation to shipping is known as the Java Community Process, the JCP for short.
Welcome to the JCP Watch. This column hopes to inspire all Java developers to participate in defining the future of the Java platform by taking an active part in the JCP. This column will cover individual Java Specification Requests (JSR's) submitted to the JCP and explain each in simple, lucid terms. The intent is to equip developers with adequate background information and knowledge to analyze the JSR, provide feedback and collaborate with other members of the community to shape the direction of the Java platform.
What is the JCP?
The JCP is a collective representing a comprehensive cross section of the Java community including industry, academics, government and individuals. JCP members guide and govern the development and approval of Java technical specifications. A specification details a technology proposal by providing specifics of the concept, use, dependencies and impact of the proposed technology. Once a specification has been approved, it is up to vendors and implementers to provide usable code, libraries and products built upon the approved specification.
How does the JCP work?
In order to take a technology idea from concept to a community-accepted standard, a strict process is adhered to. This process starts by a JCP member submitting a Java Specification Request (JSR) to the JCP. At first, the JSR is just a concept on paper but as it progresses through various key points in the JCP it matures into a high-quality specification, a reference implementation (to prove the specification can be implemented), and a technology compatibility kit (a suite of tests, tools and documentation that is used to test implementations for compliance with the specification). The members of the JCP cast ballots to approve the passage of specifications through milestones in a JSR's lifecycle. In true democratic fashion JSR's get rejected via voting too.
This process that defines participation and milestones in a JSR's lifecycle is described and formalized in a JSR itself (namely JSR 99 and JSR 171)! Please refer those JSR's for an in-depth explanation of how the JCP works and get a head start on all the buzzword acronyms associated with the JCP process. It will also give you a complete picture of the milestones of the JSR's lifecycle and the important elections that the JSR competes in.
How can I participate?
Anyone, including you, can participate and contribute to the JCP. For starters, you can go the JCP website to view and provide feedback on posted JSR's. If you would like to submit new JSR's or collaborate in the development of existing JSR's, you can become a member of the JCP (free for individuals, nominal fee for commercial organizations and academic institutions). If you would like to gain voting rights and actively mentor the development of JSR's you can nominate yourself as an expert member. There is much flexibility in participation and I urge you to become an integral part of this collaborative effort.
I will end with a quote, inspired from a popular series of ads on T.V. "There are two types of developers, those who use technology (passengers) and those that define it (drivers). Drivers wanted."
- The JCP website: http://www.jcp.org
- An excellent explanation of the JCP timeline: http://www.jcp.org/en/introduction/timeline
- Detailed information on how to participate: http://www.jcp.org/en/participation/overview
- FAQ that answers common questions on the JCP: http://www.jcp.org/en/introduction/faq
- JSR 99: http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=99
- JSR 171: http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=171
Do you have any questions about the JCP? Do you have any suggestions for the JCP? Do you have any criticism about the JCP? Feel free to email me [email protected].
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Harford County, Maryland
The Beginning of the First Tudor Hall Web Site
Written by El Penski and dedicated to Ella Mahoney, Dorothy and Howard Fox, and their hard labor and dreams for Tudor Hall, the home of the "first family" of the American Theater
Tudor Hall, 2006
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TUDOR HALL
C. Milton Wright wrote1 that in "1797 Dr. J. Hall owned the tracts of 'Edwards Lott', 'United Lott', and 'Mathews Neighbor Resurveyed' containing 159 acres. This was the Booth farm called 'Tudor Hall.'" In 1824, Junius Brutus Booth, the elder, (1796-1852) leased the land for 1000 years for $733.20 from the Hall family. 2 First, Junius bought a log house from John C. Brown, father of Elizabeth Brown Rogers, and moved the house to the property near a spring. Junius had Tudor Hall built nearby in 1847 by James Gifford3 who also built Ford's Theatre where Lincoln was shot on April 14, 1865 and where, on June 9, 1893, 22 War Department employees were killed and 68 others injured when it collapsed due to renovations in the basement. James J. Wollon, Jr, Mrs. Mahoney's great-grandson, has shown that Tudor Hall matches a design published for a Gothic Revival cottage designed by an architect named William H. Ranlett in "The Architect" Volume I, 1847.4
Junius Brutus Booth, the elder, died in 1852. Before Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the Booths had rented Tudor Hall to the Patrick Henry King family from Washington, D.C. Mrs. Junius Brutus Booth, the elder, (Mary Booth) transferred the property to Samuel A. S. Kyle in 1878 for $3,500.5 Samuel Kyle married Ella Harward in 1879. The log house was moved or destroyed. The exact fate of the log house remains uncertain despite the important and great efforts of Dinah Faber to track it down. (Publication of the results of her research has been delayed. )
After Samuel Kyle died in 1893, Ella remarried and became Ella V. Mahoney in 1897. According to the 1952 Harford County Directory and other records, Ella opened the house to visitors in 1928 after she and a daughter, Grace Kyle, assembled many relics and made the house a museum. She died on September 7, 1948 after 70 years in Tudor Hall.
According to Harford County records, when Mrs. Mahoney died, she left Tudor Hall to Grace H. Kyle and Anna K. Cooley, her daughters. They sold it in 1949 to John E. Clark, a local lawyer. He kept it open to the public. In 1954 Richard and Betty Worthington bought the property. They were the owners of The Aegis, a Bel Air newspaper. It is commonly claimed that the Worthingtons sold off most of the land, except for 8.33 acres and closed Tudor Hall to the public.6 In 1961 it was purchased by a rubber company executive who died and whose widow, Miriam Yates, is said to have moved to Mexico. Tudor Hall was closed to the public during this period.
Howard L. and Dorothy Fox purchased the house ($175,000) as a pleasant country place to live in June of 1968. They claimed they did not know its historical significance until a bus load of tourists pulled into their front yard.7 They made extensive efforts to reopen it to the public. Also they tried to preserve and restore the house and the history associated with it. Thus, Tudor Hall played multiple roles as a home, museum, inn, bed & breakfast, and occasional ballroom and theater. In 1973, Tudor Hall was included in the National Register of Historic Places with a historical boundary of 136.5 acres to maintain the rural surroundings and distant views since Tudor Hall had been a farm during the Booth period. In 1982, the State of Maryland reduced the protective boundaries to the 8.33 acres. Mr. and Mrs. Fox and historical experts opposed this action, but the State ignored their pleas.
In 1984, PATHWAYS 8 announced on its front page of its first edition that "Tudor Hall" was "Preserved" by the Preservation Association for Tudor Hall (PATH). PATH obtained a 99 year lease with an option to buy Tudor Hall in 1986, but events did not continue as well as anticipated. Court actions initiated by neighbors limited funding raising at Tudor Hall. PATH failed to pay its rent and lost its title to Tudor Hall in 1997. In 2000, PATH stopped functioning and later forfeited its charter. The elderly Foxes, with their many health problems, were forced to replace PATH by trying to set up Tudor Hall, Inc., a task that was never completed. The couple died in early 1999, sooner than they expected, from cancer without wills.
In 1999, Robert and Elizabeth Baker out bid Harford County to buy the house for $415,000. The Bakers closed Tudor Hall to the public. On August 11, 2006, at a ceremony at Tudor Hall, Harford County Executive David Craig and the Bakers completed the transferring of ownership of Tudor Hall to Harford County. The County paid $810,000.9 Present at the ceremony were people who had been members of PATH and the Edwin Booth Theatre (about 1976-1996): Mary Cogley, Ann C. Phillips, Jill Redding, Frederick Redding, Fred Ruthke, Andy Schmidt, and Kristen Thomson.
The Historical Society of Harford County, Inc. had several representatives: Maryanna Skowronski (Administrator), Dinah Faber (writer and historian with an interest in the Booth family), Henry Peden (professional genealogist and Head of the Research Library), Elwin Penski (Webmaster), Eric Richardson (professional actor and Tudor Hall advocate), James T. Wollon (restoration and preservation architect and great-grandson of Ella V. Mahoney who lived at Tudor Hall for 70 years).
Also, attending were: Tom Rimrodt (Assistant Secretary, Planning Services, Maryland Department of Planning), Laura Keene (actress Tamara Johnson, star of In Haste, Laura Keene), Joseph Jefferson (actor Steven Lampredi), Aimee O'Neill (real estate representative of the Bakers), Aaron Tomarchio (County Executive's Chief of Staff), Pamela DiMauro (County Executive's Secretary), Richard Carr (Chief of Facilities and Operations), Robert S. McCord (County Attorney), Robert Mercado (County Historic Preservation Planner), Deborah L. Henderson (County Director of Procurement), Mary Gail Hare (reporter for the Baltimore Sun) and a few others.2
Signing the Transfer of Tudor Hall to Harford County
left to right at the table: Robert Baker, Elizabeth Baker, David Craig, Pamela DiMauro
left to right standing: Tom Rimrodt, Maryanna Skowronski, Laura Keene
Photographed by Dinah Faber, August 11, 2006
The Check Made Them Smile
Photographed by Dinah Faber, August 11, 2006
On February 8, 2007, the Harford County Board of Estimates approved a contract to lease Tudor Hall for office space to The Center for the Visual and Performing Arts, Inc. for a nominal fee._____________________
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| 0.962003 | 1,564 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Brush and the eraser tools are used to create (using the brush) and remove (using the eraser) masks or to edit masks. Masks is what we we call shapes that are more complex than polygons and bounding boxes. A mask is set on a pixel-level, and is used for when you need pixel-perfect level annotations.
The brush tool can be selected by pressing the icon or by pressing "B".
The eraser tool can be selected by pressing the icon or by pressing "E".
When selected, you use the brush as you would use a brush in any graphical editing software (for example Microsoft Paint). Move your mouse to where you want start painting, click and hold down the "left mouse-button" and then drag the mouse pointer to paint.
You can control the width of the brush by adjusting the slider in the top left corner or by pressing , (to decrease width) and . (to increase width).
When using the brush, most users often start by first painting the outline before filling in everything in between. In Hasty however, you don't need to fill in your annotation manually. Just press the "Fill closed path" button in the tool menu or press "Shift" + "F". This will fill in all of the area in-between as long as the outline is 100% closed.
When using the brush, you are creating one annotation at a time. That means that from when you start using the brush, until you convert the selection you made with the brush into an actual annotation, everything you paint will be part of one annotation. This is also true even if the areas you have painted or not connected. In theory, you can paint hundreds of stand-alone areas and then convert all of them to one annotation. This is important to know when you are annotating objects that have occlusion.
When using the brush, sometimes you want to remove pixels that you have painted from your current selection. To do so, just press "E" (or click the icon in the toolbar) to switch to the eraser. As the brush and the eraser are complimentary tools, the selection you have made with the brush will not be removed. Instead, you will be able to erase parts of your current selection in the same way you would add to the selection when using the brush. When you have finished erasing, you can switch back to the brush by pressing "B".
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| 0.935477 | 500 | 3.375 | 3 |
This book compiles traditional and specialized knowledge about 26 plants used by rural and urban people in Latin America. The pages tell real-life stories about a wide range of forest products and the people who use and manage them. The book describes what we can learn from the people who carve out a living harvesting these forest products? The individual chapters illustrate how different forest foods, fibres and medicines are grown, harvested, processed and traded. Through these stories we learn about the history of such products – some of which have been used and traded for centuries, while others are relatively new. It also shows the various opportunities and problems that collectors and traders face, and the way they respond to change. In each case, the book describes the main characteristics of the forest product, its historical usage, harvesting and management, and how it is processed and traded. In closing, each author comments briefly on trends and current issues regarding the resource. The final chapter reviews common themes and lessons that can be drawn from these cases.
Topic: non-timber forest products,uses,bark,roots,foods,fruits,medicinal plants,case studies,forest products,wood carving,harvesting,trade,handicrafts,plants,seeds,shoots,exudates,commercialization
Geographic: Mexico,Costa Rica,Ecuador,Peru,Bolivia,Brazil,Latin America
Publisher: CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
Publication Year: 2004
ISBN: 979-3361-46-8Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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| 0.906775 | 327 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Guide to Electronic Stethoscopes
With new electronic and amplifying stethoscopes coming out on the market almost daily, it can be confusing to keep up.
What is an electronic stethoscope? What is an amplifying stethoscope? Are they the same thing? Which one is the best? (View our top ranked Electronic stethoscopes here.)
Over the years, technology has brought us huge advancements in healthcare, illness preventtion, and diagnostic detection of health problems.
However, one of the most important tools we use to monitor health on a daily basis has remained shockingly unchanged for many decades. Until now…
Electronic stethoscopes are the wave of the future, bringing with them incredible capabilities and benefits. Here’s everything you need to know about them:
What Is an Electronic Stethoscope?
How does an electronic stethoscope work? And crucially, how are they different from amplifying stethoscopes?
The technology is still relatively new, and as a result each model functions slightly differnetly. But they are different from traditional stethoscooes in that the sound collection, transmission, and amplification are entirely electronic. They collect acoustic sound waves though a microphone placed on the body, and translates these collected sounds into digitial signals. This allows the sound to be encoded, decoded, amplified, or manipulated.
Electronic stethoscopes are designed to be used with headphones, or attached to a recording and listening device.
Most clinicans will recognize a difference in sound character when using an electronic stethoscope compared to a traditional model. Some find the “electronic” character of the sound distracts from their ability to use electronic stethoscopes, while others get used to it very quickly and successfully adopt the technology.
Click here to see our Favourite Electronic Stethoscope.
Not all electronic Stethoscopes are Equal.
Some electronic stethoscopes are very simple and are in fact little more than a microphone and amplifyer. These will tend to collect large amounts of ambient noise. Other more expensive models of electronic stethoscopes contain a piece of a piezoelectric crystal in the headpiece with the sound collecting diaphragm. Yet others will employ an electromagnetic diaphragm with a conductive inner surface forming a capacitive sensor, which responds to sound waves like to a traditional acoustic stethoscope, using changes in air pressure to collect sound.
The best electronic stethoscopes use a combination of acoustic sound with electronic amplification to create the perfect marriage.
The fact that electronic stethoscopes produce digital, or electric sound pulses means that health care professionals are provided with the ability to control more than the volume of their stethoscopes. Selective sound waves can be amplified or cancelled, reducing ambient noise. Algorithms programmed within the electronic stethoscopes are developing the ability to recognize normal and abnormal body sounds, much like ECG machines these days are able to recognize rhytm patterns.
What is the difference between an Electronic Stethoscope and an Amplifying Stethoscope?
Many people use these terms interchangeably, but stricktly speaking an electronic stethoscope collects acoustic sound, but turns this into digital sounds before transmitting or processing. Amplifying stethoscopes still work largely like a traditional acoustic stethoscope, but with the added ability of amplifying sounds, or recording small sections of sound for replay.
Amplifying stethoscopes still look like a traditional stethoscope with a diaphragm, tube, and ear pieces. Electronic stethoscops may look nothing like a traditional stethoscope, with only a single device that contains the diaphragm and machine. Electronic stethoscopes will have headphone ports, or transmit sound to a speaker, computer, or recording device.
Top reasons to use an Electronic Stethoscope
Sound amplification: The most obvious benefit of electronic and amplifying stethoscopes is that you can hear better and louder – a huge benefit in noisy ward environments, or in the pre-hospital care environment. The degree of amplification varies between models and brands but is generally at least 24x.
Selective Recording: this feature of electronic stethoscopes is gaining it widespread attention and adoption. With the ability to record sound segments from an auscultation exam comes to ability to store interesting sounds either for medical training and teaching purposes, or even to add to a patient’s file. Recordings can be used in multidisciplinary meetings, used for collaboration, presented at conferences, etc. Previously recording auscultation was a costly and bothersome process. Now anyone with an electronic or amplifying stethoscope is able to do so.
Ambient Noise Reduction: my converting the sound into electronic signals, the sophisticated algorithms are able to remove ambient noise to a remarkable degree, leaving just the body sound frequencies being examined.
Health professionals who are hard of hearing benefit greatly from electronic stethoscopes, as the ability to control the volume on a stethoscope can be a life saver and dramatically improve one’s ascultation ability.
This leads to more confidence in your medical deduction, and less frustration. In an already stressful work environment, cutting unnecessary frustrations can be imperative for your heath.
As a healthcare professional, people’s lives are in your hands every single day.
It’s a huge responsibility. It’s only natural that you would want the very best equipment to help you do your job.
What Else Can You Do With an Electronic Stethoscope?
You may think that simply being able to control the volume on your electronic stethoscope is mind blowing enough.
However, due to the digital output, there are many new uses of stethoscopes that could never be done with an acoustic stethoscope.
For one, you can broadcast the readings of an electronic stethoscope over a sounds system.
This means that education, conferencing, and collaboration can go much faster and much more smoothly.
Now a team of nurses and doctors do not need to gather around an already uncomfortable patient and take turns listening to a heartbeat, or wheezing in the lungs.
They can all listen at once. Also, classes may all hear stethoscope readings at once and in real time.
Another groundbreaking application of the electronic stethoscope is that most of them are equipped with the ability to record sound.
This way a nurse, doctor, CNA or any other healthcare professional can actually record auditory readings on their stethoscope and allow others to listen to them.
Emergencies can be reported faster, and more accurately thus leading to better heath care for patients, and easier work for you and other health care professionals.
Not only can you record sound, but you can also save those recordings to a phone or computer which means you will have the ability to go back and listen to recordings in the future.
The applications for this feature are positively infinite.
You can save recordings for future reference in continued care of individual patients.
You can also use these recordings for teaching classes training others in health care sciences.
These recordings can also be used to gain opinions and flag concerns with other health care and medical professionals to diagnose, treat, and study complicated diseases and problems in individual patients, and to compare privately to other patients in experimental treatments.
What Are the Software Applications?
Beyond their built in abilities, some companies have developed specific software applications for their electronic stethoscopes that can be a major benefit for you, and your patients.
For example Littmann has created a software that allows you to transfer recordings of heart and lung sounds into visual charts for deeper analysis.
Zargis has also created software for electronic stethoscopes that helps health care professionals detect heart murmurs from audio recordings of heartbeats.
These amazing programs are just a few of the many software programs available for use in conjunction with electronic stethoscopes.
These programs help streamline necessary equipment, and are useful for many purposes that will help you take care of your patients better.
These life saving programs will not only be more convenient for you, but will be a huge benefit to all of your patients as these programs are designed to help you identify quite a few serious and often life threatening health concerns.
What’s the Price Range for Electronic Stethoscopes?
Electronic stethoscopes themselves can range anywhere between $80-$500 dollars with some models costing even more.
Even though the price is on the higher side for stethoscopes they are truly worth the price for all their available applications, software, and many other major benefits that are totally unavailable with any other type of stethoscope on the market.
What Kind of Accessories Can You Get For Electronic Stethoscopes?
Electronic stethoscopes can be accessorized with several options that would not be available to a traditional acoustic stethoscope.
You can swap out the traditional headphones with higher sound quality over ear headphones, more ergonomic ear buds, and some even have noise canceling features for less outside noise interference.
There’s more. Some models provide attachments that can wireless sync your stethoscope to your smartphone or your computer where you can save, download, and send recordings for future reference, or to alert other healthcare professionals of concerns instantly.
If volume control isn’t enough, there are electronic stethoscope amplifiers for the hearing impaired so your hearing troubles do not interfere with your talents as a health care professional.
That’s not all.
Some models also provide direct wire input devices to download recordings from your stethoscope to your computer with ease.
Even if your Wi-Fi is having trouble, these direct connections will ensure that you still are able to upload all the recordings you need to provide excellent health care with the utmost of ease.
Other Benefits of an Electronic Stethoscope
Electronic stethoscopes are lightweight and comfortable to wear, carry, and use.
Plus, with their ergonomic accessory options, you can customize a stethoscope that is perfect for your hearing and comfort.
Gone are the days of a “one stethoscope suits all”. With electronic stethoscopes you truly get to have it your way.
Another wonderful benefit of having an electronic microscope is that they come with an LCD display screen built on to it which shows the heart hate you are hearing as the heart beats.
So, not only can you hear a heart rhythm you can also see it in real time.
Electronic stethoscopes are also easily modified which means that not only can you choose the accessories that are most comfortable for you, but you can also swap out different accessories for different jobs.
This means that your stethoscope is actually working for you and your patients to provide the best, most appropriate, and most accurate care possible.
Isn’t that what health care is all about?
Why Doesn’t Everyone Have One Yet?
The earliest electronic stethoscopes gave themselves a bad reputation for not picking up all the sounds that an acoustic stethoscope was able to.
However, the latest electronic stethoscopes are made with acoustic technology integrated with electronic technology ensuring that they pick up all the sounds of traditional stethoscopes.
Also, you will have all access to all the wonderful features that made electronic stethoscopes popular in the first place and more.
Another reason some health care professionals hesitate to switch over to an electronic stethoscope is that they run on batteries that must be replaced occasionally.
You also must be careful in cleaning your stethoscope because an electronic stethoscope is not waterproof.
That also means that using electronic stethoscopes in very wet conditions may not be ideal.
However, there are some great ways to clean your stethoscope without getting it too wet.
There are also ways to use them without exposing them to too much moisture in wet conditions.
These little wonders are worth the extra maintenance, and are sure to serve you well.
Your stethoscope is among your most used tools as a health care professional.
Shouldn’t you have the very best for you and your patients?
Shouldn’t you have a stethoscope that actually makes your job easier?
Switching to an electronic stethoscope can save you time, reduce your already high stress levels, and drastically improve your ability to care for your patients.
Also, with the constantly developing technologies surrounding electronic stethoscopes, they will be come the new standard for all health care professionals in the future.
Getting an electronic stethoscope today will put you ahead of the learning curve later.
Take the plunge and start enjoying all the amazing benefits electronic stethoscopes have to offer.
A small investment today will pay for itself in saved time, and more accurate readings.
Tags: electronic stethoscope
Categorised in: Stethoscope Articles
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Researchers already suspected that there were two volcanoes, but the third volcano came as a surprise to them. The largest of the three is six kilometers across and rises about one hundred and fifty meters above the surrounding sea floor. The top of the three is located at a depth of about fifty meters.
Scientists do not want to reveal the exact location of the three volcanoes until the results are published. “It lies approximately between the southern coast of Sicily and the Italian island of Linosa further south,” geologist Emmanuel Ludolo says by phone from Trieste.
He works at the Italian Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) and is involved in research. In addition to the Italians, scientists from Malta, Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and the United States joined the three-week expedition aboard a German ship. The goal: to map volcanoes and take rock materials to further investigate their history.
The discovery of submarine volcanoes in the Sicilian Channel – the strait between Sicily, Malta and Tunisia – is not in itself new. In 2019, for example, OGS detected six closer to Sicily. One of them is located just seven kilometers from the coast. The Italians also have large underwater volcanoes off their western coast, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Palermo and Naples.
Geologist Ludulu: “This latest discovery is important both scientifically and practically.” In addition to the three “new” volcanoes, scientists can now accurately map a large swath of the sea floor.
“We have found that current soil maps are sometimes inaccurate, while it is still important to have accurate and reliable maps. They are from the mountains. Italy has eight thousand kilometers of coastline, but we don’t know exactly what is out there, funnily enough.” says the Italian geologist. “This information is also useful for ships passing through the strait and when laying cables on the seabed.”
There are no indications that the three discovered volcanoes are active and therefore could erupt sooner or later. But if it did, such a volcanic eruption wouldn’t be dangerous, Ludulu thought. In 1831 there was a huge eruption of a volcano under the sea near Sicily. Ferdinande Island formed, causing the sea currents to disappear within half a year. This eruption caused a very small tsunami: only waves could be seen on the coast of Sicily. These three new volcanoes are offshore. An eruption of a volcano – which we consider unlikely – would hardly affect us.”
During the ship’s voyage, scientists also accidentally discovered a ship measuring 100 by 17 meters. The wreck lies at a depth of 110 metres, on the so-called Naamloze Bank.Anonymous bank), again between the southern coast of Sicily and the black volcanic island of Linosa. OGS has reported its location to the Italian maritime authorities.
On the island of Vulcano it gurgles and smokes
Technicians from the Italian environmental protection organization Arpa, armed with measuring equipment, flock to Vulcano. Because the island near Sicily – after which the “volcano” phenomenon is named – roars. The hundreds of meters high crater was smoking.
“Travel enthusiast. Alcohol lover. Friendly entrepreneur. Coffeeaholic. Award-winning writer.”
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QUESTION: Why was the confiscation of gold by FDR in 1933 a good thing?
ANSWER: What you have to understand is that the 1933 actions of FDR were not simply directed at gold. This was the end of austerity, which is what was creating the serious economic depression. So you must separate gold and the devaluation of the dollar to comprehend what the issue was all about. FDR could have simply just abandoned the gold standard as did Britain and not confiscated gold which would have also been sufficient to end austerity. But the bankers would have profited and sold the gold overseas at higher prices.
The confiscation of the gold was for two reasons. First, FDR was changing the monetary system from one where there was no distinction domestically from international. Gold would freely circulate without restriction. Therefore, the confiscation of gold was altering the monetary system moving to a two-tier monetary system with gold only used in international transactions. Consequently, FDR confiscated gold to move to a two-tier system.
What FDR then did was confiscate gold and ironically this was actually targeted at the bankers rather than the public as the hunt for spare change now takes place directed at individuals. FDR sought to prevent the bankers from making a profit and to transfer that profit to the state while funding the New Deal.
FDR had his Brains Trust composed of lawyers who argued for austerity exactly as they do in Europe today. They were horrified at such a devaluation because they could not understand money and argued to support the bankers. This is the very same policy of the Troika in Europe today – screw the people and support the bankers. So the confiscation of gold was NOT a door to door hunt for gold from the people, but it was the confiscation of gold from the bankers who could not hide it.
The “good thing” was the end of austerity which ONLY benefits the bondholders. Today, many pension funds MUST have government bonds. They are going to be seriously hurt unless you adopt our Solution. You default outright, create inflation to default on real obligations, or you restructure. Government is not ready for restructuring anything until they lose power.
So you must separate the confiscation of gold from the devaluation of the dollar in 1934. FDR could have accomplished the same goal by just abandoning the gold standard. However, the bankers would have then profited since they could have redeemed people’s deposits with paper and kept all the gold for themselves and sold it at the higher value overseas. So the gold confiscation exempted collector coins and did not hunt door to door shaking down people’s homes looking for gold. That is not a guarantee they would not do that today since there is no desire to move to a two-tier system. Today, they are just after money – period.
My advise to FDR would have been the same. The only practicable solution was to adopt a hybrid, a two-tier monetary system with gold for international trade and paper dollars for domestic use. What most people fail to understand is that traditionally gold coins were not used for domestic circulation. They tended to be for trade. The City of Florence had riots during the 14th century buring the palaces of the bankers when the silver/gold ratio when nuts because gold was for international accounts and labor was paid with silver domestically.
Genghis Khan Imitation Islamic Gold Dinar issued for Trade
The Mongols used barter internally among themselves whereas we do see imitation coins of Islamic design to enable trade with the Arab world. The Arabs dominated the West after the 10th century and eventually resulted in the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. It was the Islamic world that taught the West numbers and math, and the Crusaders took back to Europe the practice of bathing. Following the fall of Rome, bathing was associated with brothels and became evil and numbers were the magic of the devil. So the seas were rule by Arabs and if the Europeans needed to sail a ship, they needed the Jews to captain it for they understood that black devil’s magic call math.
We find India made imitation Roman coins to also enable trade. So two-tier monetary systems are common throughout history. This is what FDR chose with eliminating gold for domestic use and restricting it to settling international trade accounts.
The USA issued two types of silver dollars. The “Trade Dollar” was heavier and made to the standard of China to facilitate trade since they did not accept gold, they were on a silver standard.
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Agriculture consumes approximately 80% of the Nation’s fresh water. About 50% of its produce ends up discarded from the Farm-to the Fork. In addition, 90% of the population isn’t consuming healthy foods due to a lack of affordable and available fresh produce. To address this problem, our team is developing a simple to use, fully automated, personal greenhouse system. This idea will encourage people to eat healthier, and will save the environment by conserving water and reducing waste.
Two large issues that we have encountered in the United States can be defined by one word; waste. Even though 70% of the world is covered with water, our usable freshwater supply is made up of less than 1 percent of that, making freshwater very limited in its supply (PVWC, 2018). In this country, agriculture alone utilizes approximately 80% of the Nation’s consumptive water. With the vast amount of droughts and dry spells that are happening in the United States, we do not have much room for wasting any of the consumable water that we do have. With that said, about 50% of its food produce ends up discarded during production, shipment, distribution, and storage. With about 1 in 6 people in the United States not having access to a sufficient amount of food (dosomething.org, 2018), these levels of wasted valuable resources that could be used to help feed those people are unacceptable and could be drastically reduced if a more efficient method could be developed. On top of that, approximately 90% of the population don’t consume enough healthy foods. This is partly due to a lack of affordable and easily available fresh produce. One way people can attain affordable fresh produce would be to grow their own food, but due to the high pace, high stress lifestyle of the average American, most people can’t seem to find the time or experience needed to maintain their own garden. At Henry Ford College, since we study the effects of different variables on the natural growth of vegetables inside an actual greenhouse, we have been motivated to make this process automated.
Our team is developing a simple to use, fully automated, personal greenhouse system that requires minimal human interaction. This device replicates the experience and inputs of a professional farmer utilizing a microcontroller which maintains a constantly optimum growing environment without wasting any supplies. A centralized control unit monitors and adjusts different parameters throughout one entire system. Part of this is a rain collection/distribution unit that uses runoff rainwater from any roof or surface and distributes it efficiently throughout the growing environment. By utilizing multiple sensors, the control unit is able to monitor the moisture levels in various locations and then sends the appropriate amount of water through the irrigation system. To adapt to more arid climates, this can be retrofitted to accommodate alternative water sources if rain is not common enough in a location. Along with that, the controller uses other sensors in the soil to monitor pH levels and mineral deficiencies. It then adjusts the mineral, fertilizer, and pH level for the desired soil condition. The system collects information such as weather forecasts, current, temperature, humidity, and overcast to automatically open and close a geodesic dome. This provides the growing bed with proper temperature and humidity year-round. The system is powered by a solar panel array interconnected to a battery backup bank to keep the system functioning. To accommodate pollination, necessary for the growth of natural fruit plants, the user is then provided with required resources.
Impacts and Benefits:
If Bot’Anical is commonly used, it will have countless benefits to our society. Firstly, by utilizing rainwater, the need for external water sources will be dramatically reduced. The use of data from future forecasts to inform the fully automated system, through the Internet, and then by changing the amount of water irrigated on days prior to predicted rain will conserve even more precious water. Growing food in-house will significantly reduce the substantial produce waste that is created by the current agricultural system on it’s way from the farm to the fork. Removing the need for transportation will cut carbon emissions drastically. Our product will also help to improve public health by encouraging people to consume more fruits and vegetables. According to Webmd (2018), less than three percent of Americans live a healthy lifestyle. With an increase in fast food, empty sugars, and artificial chemicals, the occurrence of the flu, illnesses and obesity is common. Consumption of vitamins and minerals from fresh produce will increase the overall health of the population resulting in a reduction in national health costs. In a different perspective, giant grocery stores such as Walmart, Kroger, and Whole foods can be equipped with automated greenhouses where people could go and pick their own fresh produce. This product would open up an entirely new industry and provide many job opportunities, as well as shift the position from farmers and truckers to new businesses. It will create jobs at manufacturing facilities as well as open maintenance centers.
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Lynch, P. J. The Boy Who Fell Off the Mayflower: Or John Howland’s Good Fortune. Candlewick Press 2015 np $17.99 ISBN 978-0-7636-6584-5 elem/ms Nonfiction E-BN
John Howland was a boy who belonged to the separatist group we call Puritans. He came to London with his master to hire a ship to take them to the New World. They left in the night on the Mayflower, and the crew were not delighted about these passengers. The crossing was very rough. In one storm John Howland was swept overboard. He was able to hold on to a trailing rope and was rescued. Life onboard the ship is described, with the passengers crowded between decks, wet and cold. Upon reaching Cape Cod, it takes weeks to find a good place for the settlement and then to build at least one house. Many die. By the end of winter only half of the group is left. Then it is time for the Mayflower to return to England. Samoset appears with Squanto and life becomes better. After the harvest, the relief ship, the Fortune, arrives, bringing more settlers but no supplies. John plans on going back on this ship but a girl helps him change his mind and stay.
This title, though the size of a picture book, is chock full of information about the voyage and the beginning of the settlement. It will flesh out the Thanksgiving story with details for grades 2-7.
Summary: As John travels on the Mayflower to the new world, he falls overboard in a storm. Fortunately, he grabs a trailing rope and is pulled aboard. He tells about the trip, the First Thanksgiving, and life in the colony.
John Howland, Pilgrims, First Thanksgiving --Joan Theal
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The 17th century was a century which lasted from 1601 to 1700.
- On Bajor, the Book of the Kosst Amojan is placed in the archives, and would not be removed for over 700 years.
- During the 17th century, the civilization of Alpha Centauri IV enters an age of reason, where science makes great leaps and moves to the forefront of their society, on the basis of a cultural desire to learn about spiritual matters believed to be contained in key fields of science.
- The position of Emperor is removed after a reign of decadent rulers and the Imperial Romulan Senate installs a new leadership called the Praetor.
Births and DeathsEdit
References and NotesEdit
- ↑ DS9 episode: "The Changing Face of Evil"
- ↑ Decipher RPG module: Worlds
- ↑ Last Unicorn RPG module: The Way of D'era: The Romulan Star Empire
| Home is the Hunter|
Chapters 1,7, 14, 19, 28, 33, 35, 41, 45 & 48
|The Original Series||September 1600||novel|
Chapter 15, section 3
|Star Trek||c.1613||novel||Described as being 39 years, 5 months and 2 days after preceding events in 1574.|
Chapter 15, section 4
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Early Hepatitis B Vaccination May Prevent Liver Cancer
Once a person is infected with the virus, they have an increased risk of developing a type of liver cancer called hepatocellular carcinoma. In fact, up to 80% of hepatocellular carcinoma cases worldwide are directly attributable to hepatitis B. Fortunately, there is a vaccine against hepatitis B, making the virus and its associated development of hepatocellular carcinoma preventable. Results from a recent report published in the Journal of the American Medical Association indicate that compliance with the hepatitis B vaccination series is achieved at a higher rate when infants receive their first vaccination within the first seven days of life.
The most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, is characterized by cancer that starts in cells of the liver and can spread through blood and lymph vessels to different parts of the body. The liver is the largest organ in the body and is responsible for over 500 functions, including the secretion of glucose, proteins, vitamins and fats, the production of bile, the processing of hemoglobin and the detoxification of numerous substances.
In the United States, there has been a nationwide attempt to vaccinate all infants against hepatitis B. The vaccine involves a series of three doses. The preferred immunization schedule calls for the initial vaccination to be administered within the first seven days of life, the second dose at one to two months of age, and the third dose at six to eighteen months of age. Alternate schedules involve the administration of the initial dose at a later time in an infant’s life with appropriate waiting periods between subsequent doses.
In a recent study, researchers have attempted to determine if the time of initiation of vaccination affects the compliance of completing the hepatitis B vaccination series. Overall, 87% of children in the survey completed the entire vaccination schedule. However, infants that received their initial dose within the first seven days of life had a higher compliance rate compared with the infants who had delayed the initiation of the series. Importantly, results showed that the longer the delay of receiving the first dose of the vaccination series, the less likely the infant was to receive all three doses of the vaccine.
These observations indicate that the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine series should be administered shortly after birth, preferably before discharge from the hospital. Universal infant hepatitis B vaccination is the most important component of the overall strategy to eliminate hepatitis B transmission in the United States. In association to the prevention of hepatitis B infection, the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma cases in the United States may be significantly decreased. (Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol 284, No 8, pp 978-983, 2000).
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Many people do not realize that seawater has a natural concentration of uranium. The percentage of uranium in seawater is quite low, as one may expect. It has been shown that the uranium concentration of seawater is only about 3 parts per billion, which is about 3 milligrams of uranium per cubic meter. The total volume of the oceans is about 1.37 billion cubic kilometers, so there is a total of about 4.5 billion tons of uranium in seawater. Assuming we could recover half of this resource, this much uranium could support 6,500 years of nuclear capacity.
Shortly after World War II, recovery of seawater by ion-exchange resins was being considered. It was deemed more economically viable to focus on exploitation of known uranium ores, though. It was later determined that an economically acceptable method of uranium extraction from seawater may be found, which has prompted more research in the area.
To extract uranium from seawater, people are using organic and inorganic absorbents. For extraction to be successful, the extractant must work efficiently at the normal pH level and ionic strength of seawater. The extractant must also be nearly insoluble.
A group from Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute designed a fabric absorbent to extract uranium from seawater in 2002. They prepared a polymeric absorbent in a nonwoven fabric, which contained an amidoxime group that was capable of forming a complex with uranyl tricarbonate ions, which is the type of group required to yield a maximum absorption rate of uranium. They then submerged an absorption cage that had a 16 square meter cross-sectional area cage that was 16 centimeters in height into the Pacific Ocean. The cage had 144 stacks of the nonwoven fabric, with each stack consisting of 120 sheets of the fabric. Over the next two years, a total of 450 submersion days, the group extracted 1083 grams of uranium, with an average absorption rate of 0.00133 grams per day per stack.
Is seawater extraction economically viable? Japanese research suggests the lowest possible cost to extract uranium is 25,000 Yen per kilogram of uranium. At the current exchange rate (March 2012, 1USD ~ 81 JPY), that equates to about 300 USD per kilogram of uranium. This is about 3 times more than the current price of uranium, and it is expected that the actual recovery price would be about 10 times the current price of uranium.
Seawater naturally has a concentration of about 3 milligrams of uranium per cubic meter, and some people have become very excited about the vast amount of uranium in the ocean. Methods of extracting this uranium has mostly been worked on by the Japanese, who have come up with a method of extraction which would cost about 300 USD per kilogram of uranium. This is about 3 times the current price of uranium, but we may one day need this uranium to solve the worlds energy needs.
The extraction of uranium from sea water has been discussed in a previous PH241 report.
© Ken Ferguson. The author grants permission to copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, with attribution to the author, for noncommercial purposes only. All other rights, including commercial rights, are reserved to the author.
N. Seko et al, "Aquaculture of Uranium in Seawater by a Fabric-Adsorbent Submerged System." Nucl. Technol. 144, 274 (2003).
N. F. Lane et al., "Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in International Cooperation on Energy Innovation," Office of the President of the United States, June 1999.
R. V. Davies et al., "Extraction of Uranium from Sea Water" Nature 203, 1110 (1964).
M. Tamada, et al., "Cost Estimation of Uranium Recovery from Seawater with System of Braid Type Adsorbent," Trans. Atomic Energy Soc. Jpn. 5, 358 (2006) [in Japanese].
B. Chan, "Amidoxime Uranium Extraction From Seawater," Physics 241, Stanford University, Winter 2011.
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# An iterative research process
Each method will serve in refining, nurturing, reinforcing, readapting, re-orientating the other methods.
# An art-based research methodology
In recent years, research has become a meaningful element amongst the work of many practitioners of art. We will assume that in the trans-making project, “artistic research” is an important part of the process.
# Field-based research with socially and democratically engaged practices
Skills- and knowledge-transfer activities will be based on either experiences carried out directly on the field or coming from a whole range of players active in socially- and democratically-engaged practices.
# Participatory approach
Throughout the project activities will focus on the participation and engagement of the public, for example, in field experiences, workshops, open debates…
# A wide variety of activities
The exchanges cover a spectrum of activities from skills and knowledge transfer, exploratory discussions and fact-finding around resources.
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An especially exciting area of inquiry at the Laboratory for Electrochemical Interfaces is the use of lattice strain (a slight displacement of the atoms in a material’s lattice structure) to alter the properties and boost the performance of oxides subjected to high temperature and reactive environments both in fuel cells and in nuclear applications.
“The purpose is to assess how strain can alter the efficiency of devices like fuel cells, or the lifetime of structural materials in reactors. We investigate how critical properties, like diffusivity of oxide ions or surface reactivity, can be controlled by strain,” explains Bilge Yildiz, principal investigator at the Laboratory, which has received funding from an MIT Energy Initiative Grant, the Department of Energy’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences, and a Nuclear Regulatory Commission Faculty Development seed grant.
Yildiz cites the case of strained yttria-stabilized zirconia as a recent example. The oxide-based ceramic material is used in solid-oxide fuel cells as an electrolyte, and also in reactors as a protective native film for cladding on nuclear fuel. Yildiz and postdoctoral researcher Akihiro Kushima developed the first direct proof that a precisely controlled and directed amount of lattice strain could increase the material’s oxide ion conductivity by almost four orders of magnitude at 400 degrees K.
This property, the rate at which oxygen ions will diffuse through the material, is a critical engineering factor, notes Yildiz. “In fuel cells, you want the ions to diffuse quickly, so you’re looking for the fastest strain. When you want to prevent corrosion in a reactor, you want them to diffuse slowly. We’re studying different compositions for different functions.”
In addition to exploring the mechanistic effects of strain on material interfaces, the Laboratory is also probing surfaces of fuel cell electrodes and of passive films in corrosion in their reactive environments, using an array of newly developed analytical and metrology equipment. This includes a one-of-a-kind scanning tunneling electron microscope capable of structural and electronic interrogation at temperatures of 700 degrees C, coupled with an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer for chemical analysis.
By developing this molecular-level understanding of critical materials, Yildiz and her associates hope to enable new levels of control and planning for future generations of fuel cells and reactors. The findings could enable solid-oxide fuel cells to operate at lower temperatures for better economic viability, or help designers improve the corrosion resistance of structures in nuclear plants and make more accurate estimates of their lifetimes.
As Yildiz puts it, “We’re developing a smaller-scale understanding of how to control material properties, which hopefully will contribute to a larger-scale enhancement of energy technology performance.”
“We're developing a smaller-scale understanding of how to control material properties, which hopefully will contribute to a larger-scale enhancement of energy technology performance.”
A surface science system including a variable temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM), non-contact atomic force microscope (nc-AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. The system enables to perform STM/nc-AFM measurements at elevated temperatures and reactive gas environments.
Written by Peter Dunn
Photo by Andrea Robles
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All you need to know about Nipah Virus
Since the outbreak of the Nipah virus in 2018, the deadly infection has once again entered the state of Kerala. Health Minister KK Shailaja on Tuesday, June 4, confirmed that a 23-year-old youth, who was hospitalised at Kochi, a few days back, was infected with the virus.
What is Nipah virus?
The name ‘Nipah’ comes from Sungai Nipah village in Malaysia from where it was first discovered among the pig farmers in 1999. It is a zoonotic virus, which is transmitted from animals to humans and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people.
The fatality rate of the Nipah virus infection is 40-75 per cent, where the human victim suffers a range of illnesses from asymptomatic (subclinical) infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis.
The infected people will initially develop symptoms including fever, headaches, severe body pain, sore throat and vomiting. This can be followed by dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness, and neurological signs that indicate acute encephalitis.
Some people will also experience severe respiratory problems, including infections and acute respiratory distress. Encephalitis and seizures occur in severe cases, progressing to coma within 24 to 48 hours. The incubation period ranges from 4 to 14 days.
Students wear safety masks as a precautionary measure after the outbreak of ‘Nipah’ virus in Kozhikode, Kerala on May 22, 2018.IANS [Representational Image]
Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis.
NiV can be transmitted to humans from animals (such as bats or pigs), or contaminated foods and can also be transmitted directly from human-to-human.
The Pteropodidae (colloquially known as the flying foxes or Old World fruit bats) family are the natural host of the NiV.
The case fatality rate is estimated at 40 per cent to 75 per cent. This rate can vary by outbreak depending on local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management.
There is no treatment or vaccine available for either people or animals. The primary treatment for humans is supportive care.
There are no exact symptoms of NiV at the initial stage, and the diagnosis is often not suspected at the time of presentation. Due to this, there is no accurate diagnosis for the Nipah virus.
In addition, the quality, quantity, type, timing of clinical sample collection and the time needed to transfer samples to the laboratory can affect the accuracy of laboratory results. However, it can be diagnosed with clinical history during the acute and convalescent phase of the disease.
The main tests used in identifying NiV include real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from bodily fluids and antibody detection via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Other tests used include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and virus isolation by cell culture.
As of now, there are no specific medication or vaccines for NiV although intensive supportive care is recommended to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications.
Avoid eating fruits that are eaten or bitten by animals, especially bats. Freshly-collected fruits should be properly washed and peeled before consumption.
Avoid interaction with infected animals or humans without wearing protective measures.
If an outbreak is suspected, the animal premises should be quarantined immediately.
Search ends for victims after mid-air Alaska tour planes crash, probe begins
15 May 2019, 10:09 am
Searchers found the bodies of the last two Alaska seaplane crash victims on Tuesday evening, after a hunt through the debris and frigid waters following a mid-air collision that left a total of six people dead and 10 injured, officials said.
“The last two people were found. They were found deceased,” said U.S. Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer Matthew Schofield.
The discovery of the bodies closes the search at the scene where the two seaplanes crashed after colliding over the inlet waters near Ketchikan, in southeastern Alaska, Schofield said.
Work at the crash site will now shift to an investigation into what led the two planes, which were ferrying Princess Cruises passengers on sightseeing expeditions, to strike each other and fall into the waters of George Inlet.
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|How Plane Irons Wear|
|Microbevels front and back.|
|Use a jig.|
|Copyright (c) 2002-15, Brent Beach|
Just to illustrate the various parts of the worn blade, below is an image of the front bevel of a Clifton blade after 200 passes on a 4 foot Douglas-fir board. I have done a large number of plane iron tests on boards take from the same part of a large Douglas-fir tree that blew down 4 years ago on our property. The wear shown on this blade is an accurate comparison of the durability of this blade with other blades I have tested.
The picture was taken with a QX3 microscope at the 200X setting. This image corresponds to 0.03" of the blade at the edge, and represents a length of about 0.025" along the edge.
Clifton ships this blade with a 25 degree bevel (region 1). I added two microbevels during preparation of the blade (regions 3 and 2). Using the blade added the wear bevel (region 4). This first image is of a sharpened blade after 200 passes along a 4' Douglas-fir board. I wanted to show the wear bevel right away, in context of the honing bevels.
The 4 regions are:
The following picture shows 5 images of the edge of the same blade as in the above picture - after 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 passes of the test. In all cases the edge is on the right side of the picture. I have aligned the edges so help with the comparison of wear after each series of passes.
I thought about leaving the back of this blade flat for this test [more closely simulating how most people prepare their irons], or even using conventional techniques to flatten the back.
A close look at the back of the blade - a blade which Clifton advertises as being usable without honing - convinced me to use my standard back bevel honing procedure. I believe that Clifton uses a high-speed grinding technique to prepare these irons. I don't believe you can properly prepare a plane iron with any high speed grinding process.
People who flatten the back of the iron have a considerable challenge ahead of them. I have moved a small rant on this type of deceptive advertising out of the stream of the text.
Here is the back of the blade after sharpening and before use. Again, there are 3 regions corresponding to three bevel angles.
This composite of 5 pictures shows the back wear bevel as it changed during the test.
High Wear Bevel|
This very narrow back "high wear bevel" shows up as the darker area right at the edge in this digital enlargement of the last image above - after 200 passes. The high wear bevel is the slightly darker region at the edge. It is about 0.0002" wide. The next region is the regular back wear bevel, followed by the remnants of the 5u microbevel.
During the test, shavings average between 0.0015 and 0.002" thick. So, this back high wear bevel is as little as 1/10 of the thickness of the shavings! The full back wear bevel is about 0.0047" wide, or 2 to 3 times the shaving thickness.
So, the blade is wearing differently right at the edge on the upward facing blade surface, just as it is wearing differently right at the edge on the downward facing surface. What is causing this extra wear? For a given piece of wood, blade wear is affected only by heat. Areas of increased wear must have been subjected to higher heats. Higher heat means higher friction, which in turn means higher forces involved.
As the plane moves through the wood, the wood fibres collide with the front of the blade. The unbroken fibre collides first with the iron right at the edge. Because the blade is at a 45 degree angle to these fibres, only the part of the shaving right at the edge makes actual contact. The wood fibres are rigid, driving into the blade face and being forced upwards. At some point with the end of this fibre near the top of this front high wear bevel the fibre snaps down somewhere in front of the edge. The force of the shaving against the blade is greatly reduced, with the friction and heat generated being reduced accordingly. This part of the shaving is now lying flat on the front of the blade and sliding along with much less force against the blade. Then the blade reaches the fracture point of the fibre and once again an unbroken shaving collides with the blade and is forced upward. The width of this high wear bevel appears to be the amount the shaving must rise before it breaks.
If this high wear bevel has been subjected to greater heat, has the quality of the steel at the edge been affected? Should we hone back past this wear bevel in the next sharpening operation? Interesting but difficult questions.
Knowing the angles of the various microbevels (which we know exactly from the geometry of the jig and the iron extension) and their widths, we can draw an exact profile of the sharp blade.
To that we add an estimate of the profile of the wear bevels. It is only an estimate because while we know the width of the wear bevels, and the exact location of the worn edge relative to the various microbevels, we cannot say what the shape of the wear bevel is between those two locations.
Drawing of a Dull Blade
In this drawing, representing the Clifton iron with the main bevel angle of 25 degrees, with the two microbevels on each side, as well as the wear bevels. [This drawing is based on the sizes of the microbevels as photographed during this testing session.]
Sharpening Plan I - renew just the 5 micron microbevels
What if we just use the 5u paper to renew the previous 5u microbevels? The inner blue lines show the resulting microbevels on the front and back of the iron. [The blue lines should go even farther than they do, but drawing the longer lines was a problem.] These lines are drawn from the worn edge at the second microbevel angles on the front and back.
Amazingly, in spite of the relatively small amount of metal worn off during the formation of the wear bevels, we would have to hone away almost the entire original 15u microbevel.
While this is possible, it is probably faster to do the majority of the metal removal with the coarser 15u abrasive.
Sharpening Plan II - renew both the 15 and 5 micron microbevels
This diagram shows the profile after honing the worn blade with the 15u paper at the standard first microbevel angle. The inner red lines show the resulting profile, assuming we just remove the wear bevels.
We have renewed the entire 15u microbevel, but the amount of metal removed this time is somewhat less than on the initial sharpening. Having done the 15u microbevel, the amount of metal we remove in doing the 5u microbevel is the same as in the initial sharpening.
Notice that the new 15u microbevel is not much wider than the original.
Using both 15u and 5u abrasive means we must remove more metal than we would with Plan I, but we are doing it with a much faster abrasive.
This is the plan described in my sharpening pages.
Sharpening Plan if you Don't use Back Bevels
People who do not use back bevels have a slightly different problem. The back wear bevels are the same, but they lie in the plane of the back face of the iron, not along back microbevels.
This drawing shows what happens if you redo the first microbevel until you hit the edge (the upper red line), then redo the 5u microbevel (the upper blue line).
In fact you do remove the back high wear bevel (when using the 5u abrasive), but leave some of the back wear bevel (green line on back above top blue line).
Using a microbevel, even when not using back bevels, appears to do a pretty good job of preparing the edge (assuming you go right to the edge with the 15u abrasive). This is not a bad sharpening strategy.
Wear Bevel Shape - Checking the Drawings
These drawings are just that - guesses at the shape of the front and back wear bevels. Is there any way to test those estimates?
It is possible that by taking pictures of exactly the same spot with the blade at different angles, some combination of the resulting images could be used to generate a 3D composite, but that is beyond my skills.
It seemed to me that it should be possible to determine the shape of the wear bevel by taking slices off the top of the wear bevel and measuring the width after each slice. I thought I could slice by simply honing the blade at a slightly different angle. To make it clear that the honed bevels produced during this test are special, I will call them slice bevels.
I started with this used blade - exactly as shown after 200 passes. I used 5u abrasive on a slip just a little thicker than the 0.06" slip. I honed each side of the blade a few times (from 3 at the start to 10 later on) then took a picture of the slice bevel at a particular part of the front and back of the blade. I did this 13 times, until the new slice bevel reached the edge on the front side (the slice bevel had not yet reached the edge on the back side - I may do some more work on the back).
Each new slice bevel corresponds to a slice of the wear bevel (and part of the old honed bevels) at an angle slightly greater than the blue lines in this diagram.
The number crunching - determining the width of the new honed surface and its placement in the existing known geometry, then calculation of the implied wear bevel geometry, is all that remains to be done to see if this will indeed determine the wear bevel shapes.
This is a typical image I have to work with - an image of the front bevels after 3 very light honings (slices), with 7 numbered areas.
It must be possible to estimate the width of the slice bevel with some precision if there is any chance of determining the wear bevel shape using slices. To do that, some method of shrinking the width of area 6 - the area which shows scratches from up to 3 sources - must be devised. Area 6 is too wide in this series of pictures to continue the analysis.
This technique, slicing, will probably never be accurate enough to provide good wear bevel shape estimates.
A before use picture of a slightly different part of the blade further illustrates the problem of estimating the intersection of two microbevels through examination of the two sets of scratches.
Here the two bevels produced by the initial sharpening are a total of 272 pixels wide (but only about 232 pixels wide in the above image). The bevel width varies across the blade because the edge was not square to the sides in the blade as delivered (very few are, this is not a particular problem with the Clifton iron). This shows how important it is to find exactly the same part of the blade for each step in the resharpening process.
This picture highlights the last microbevel - the 5u bevel. The scratches do not all end a uniform distance from the edge.
This is the same part of the blade (compare the heavy scratches in the primary bevel), but with the lighting moved to emphasize the scratches in the 15u bevel. Notice again that the boundary between the 15u scratches and the 5u scratches is quite a wide area.
To determine fairly precisely the shape of the wear bevel, it will be necessary to be able to narrow these boundary regions.
I don't understand what manufacturers think they are gaining by making such a claim. Experienced woodworkers know it is bullshit, but some may actually try the blade before sharpening. The poor results will leave them a little cynical about the maker's honesty.
Inexperienced woodworkers may try the blade, find it doesn't work, and assume it is their fault. How many have put the plane down and not picked it up again? How many have looked at the resulting surface and gone out and bought a planer?
I really wish that plane iron manufacturers would say on all their blade packaging that unless you know how or are willing to learn how to sharpen plane irons, there is little point in buying the blade. [Hock Tools - to their credit - makes no such claims for their blades and does discuss sharpening on their packaging.]
Update (Sep 09): Some manufacturers have started spending some time lapping their blades before they sell them. Some of these blades are in fact now usable right out of the box. Lee Valley uses a lapping machine to produce better surfaces than most woodworkers will get in later sharpening. Lee Valley spends quite a bit of time flattening the back of their plane irons. All this effort is useful only during the first uses of the plane, up until the first time the user sharpens the blade.
A dull blade has a wear bevel on the back of the iron (whether used bevel up or bevel down). This back wear bevel can be easily removed using back bevels. This back wear bevel cannot be removed by later flattening of the back. It can be removed without back bevels by protracted grinding/honing from the front. The flat back fetish is discussed in the FAQ.
By going to all the work to flatten the back so carefully, Lee Valley actually does a disservice to its customers. Lee Valley leads their customers to believe that they have no responsibility for the back of the iron in the future. To assume that Lee Valley has done all their work for them. The woodworker would then be resistant to any argument that they need to prepare the back during each sharpening session. People would be better off if Lee Valley abandoned back flattening and added something about back bevels to their literature. However, since super flat is the chrome bumper of the plane iron business, I see little chance of this happening. [It is possible that Lee Valley understands they may be misleading some customers. The technical discussion of their blades now (Dec 2009) contains the sentence: "You will also still need to hone the intersecting bevel." I have no idea what that means, but it might refer to the back wear bevel. The phrase appears no where else on their site according to google.]
NavigationReturn to the Nitty-Gritty page.
Return to the Sharpening home page.
Lost?Try looking around the site map. You can also reach the site map from the little map at the top of each page.
Questions? Comments?You can email me here.
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Can we harmonize an historical Adam with evolution? Many Christians believe so. Consider, for example, a recent Christianity Today article, "Where Did We Come From?", by Pastor Andrew J. Wilson. According to Wilson, Genesis says nothing about Adam and Eve that is contradicted by Darwinian evolution.
Pastor Wilson argues:
First, I believe that the Scriptures, when interpreted properly with respect to their context, purpose, and genre, do not contain any mistakes...Second, I believe in the general integrity and credibility of peer-reviewed journals, and the importance and value of experimental science...In my view, the argument from design, the historicity of the Fall, and the theory of evolution fit together...
There is no evidence to say that a pair of Neolithic farmers, formed directly by the hand of God in Mesopotamia, did not exist. There's no evidence to suggest that they weren't the first people, made in his image, with the soul-life of God breathed into them. There's no evidence to contradict the claim that they knew God, and were tempted, and sinned, and were exiled, and had children, and died. Not only that, but Genesis doesn't actually say that all human beings are biologically descended from Adam and Eve alone....
There may be some for whom all of this sounds rather obvious. John Stott, Derek Kidner, J. I. Packer, Tim Keller, and Francis Collins have all more or less taken the same approach.Pastor Wilson's suggestion seems to be that God directly created Adam and Eve, about 10,000 years ago, as per Genesis 2; however, at that time there were already many other humans, who had evolved from lower forms of life, as per mainstream science. Adam and Eve were merely the first people specifically created in God's image and endowed with a soul.
Here the general strategy for harmony is to diminish Biblical events so as to render them essentially invisible to mainstream (naturalist) science.
Unfortunately, Wilson does not address any of the obvious problems involved with his dubious marriage of Genesis and evolution. Consider a few pertinent questions:
1. The Bible clearly teaches that Adam and Eve were the first humans, from whom all other humans descend. Consider, for example, "Then the Lord God said, it is not good for man to be alone, I will make a helper fit for him" (Gen.2:18); "The man called wife's name Eve, for she was the mother of all living" (Gen.3:20). After the Flood, it was of Adam's offspring, Noah's sons, that it is stated, "from these the people of the whole earth dispersed" (Gen.9:19). Moreover, Paul states, "he made from one man every nation of mankind to live on the face of the earth" (Acts 17:26).
How does Pastor Wilson explain these texts, particularly given his professed commitment to inerrancy?
2. If Adam and Eve were created in the image of God, and had souls, precisely how did they differ from their evolved contemporaries before the Fall? after the Fall?
3. Pastor Wilson's view entails that not all humans alive today are descended from Adam (e.g., Australian aborigines). Are we to conclude that they do not possess the (fallen) image of God? If they do, how was this passed on from Adam? Do they have souls? Does original sin apply to them? Are they saved through Christ's death if they do not share the same flesh and blood as Adam and Jesus (Hebr.2:14)?
4. Pastor Wilson's view entails that Adam 's fall caused no perceptible change in creation, not even in humans. Human sickness, suffering and death existed long before Adam was created. In that case creation has been groaning in travail, subjected to futility and decay (Rom.8:28) since the very beginning. How is this to be reconciled with God's assessment, after the created of Adam and Eve, that everything that God had made was "very good" (Gen.1:31)? or that physical death is a punishment for sin (Rom.5:12)?
I have yet to see any plausible theistic evolutionist answers to such questions. Adam can be reconciled to evolution only at the expense of a radical modification of Scripture, interpreted improperly.
For a more detailed analysis of the deficiencies of theistic evolution, I point the interested reader to John Otis's recent book Theistic Evolution: A Sinful Compromise.
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Free Four Functions of Management Essay
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Nineteenth-Century abolitionist Wendell Phillips
Nineteenth-century pillar of Boston society becomes abolitionist crusader
Wendell Phillips was not, at first glance, an obvious crusader. Phillips was born on November 29, 1811. Phillips’ father was the first mayor of Boston; his mother was the daughter of a Boston merchant. Phillips described himself as “the child of six generations of Puritans.”
He attended Boston’s Latin School, then graduated from Harvard College in 1831. His biographer described him as “six feet tall, deep-chested, broad-shouldered and with a soldierly bearing.” A college classmate described Phillips as “a young Apollo.” Philips graduated from Harvard Law School in 1833, then opened a law practice.
Fast forward to the 21st century, and history records Wendell Phillips as a crusader against slavery and for the rights of women, labor, and the oppressed everywhere. How did that come to be? It was a path with many points of interest along the way.
Fourteen-year-old Phillips attended a meeting led by revivalist Lyman Beecher, a preacher, founder of the American Temperance Society, and father of 13 children – including Harriet Beecher Stowe. In the 1950 book Two Friends of Man: The Story of William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, he described the importance of that event:
“From that day to this, whenever I have known a thing to be wrong, it has held no temptation. Whenever I have known it to be right, it has taken no courage to do it.”
William Lloyd Garrison
Phillips witnessed a mob determined to lynch William Lloyd Garrison in 1835. Garrison was a fierce advocate for the abolition of slavery and had founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832. Three years later, Phillips saw him being led up the street by a mob with a rope around his neck. For Phillips, it was a turning point.
November 1837 saw the murder of abolitionist and editor Elijah Lovejoy in Alton, Illinois. For daring to defend his printing press from a destructive mob. At an event in December 1837, Phillips was infuriated by comments by Massachusetts’ Attorney-General who defended that mob and called Lovejoy “presumptuous and imprudent.”
Phillips would not remain infuriated quietly. Instead, he gave a speech that tied the right to free speech and the abolitionist movement together. He was persuasive. According to encyclopedia.com, the address led to Phillips:
“…being immediately recognized as one of the outstanding orators of the day. He would later come to be known as “the golden trumpet of abolition.”
Unable to see his way clear to defending the Constitution as a lawyer, Phillips gave up his legal practice and pursued a new career as an abolitionist crusader.
An abolitionist crusader emerges
Wendell Phillips spoke, wrote, traveled, and organized for the abolitionist cause. A cause so unpopular that he carried a pistol for his own protection. A cause so dangerous and controversial that his own family sought to have him declared insane.
Phillips was not easily satisfied. He was disappointed by and rejected President Abraham Lincoln’s reluctance to uproot slavery at once. The January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation did not go far enough for Phillips, who insisted that all freedmen should have full civil liberties. He implored audiences in northern states to pledge never to return fugitive slaves to their former masters.
Even the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1965 did not satisfy Phillips, who insisted that the abolitionists’ work was incomplete until full equality was guaranteed.
Outcast no more
Phillips’ status as an outcast would not last. It is reported that, from 1861 to 1862, 5,000,000 people heard Phillips speak. When Phillips visited Washington, he was welcomed to the Senate Chamber by the Vice-President. He was invited to dinner by the Speaker of the House. The President received him as a guest.
Phillips’ career as an advocate ultimately took him beyond the abolitionist movement. His causes included the rights of slaves, women, labor, and the oppressed everywhere. As he described himself in The Lesson of the Hour: Wendell Phillips on Abolition and Strategy, he: “…worked 40 years, served in 20 movements, and [was] been kicked out of all of them.”
Wendell Phillips‘ February 2, 1884 death was announced across the country. He was honored with a state funeral. Thousands stood in line to pay tribute. Today, one can stand in Boston Public Garden and see his statue there.
A deeper dive – Related reading from the 101:
Read more about the institution of slavery that abolitionists like Garrison and Phillips sought to destroy
You think you know the causes of the United States’ Civil War. Are you sure?
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Random Sentence Generator
Posted on 2004-04-17
I need the solution, code, source, whatever on this question. "Write a program that uses random number generation to create sentences. The program should use four arrays of pointers to CHAR called article, noun, verb and preposition. The program should create a sentence by selecting a word at random from each array in the following order: article, noun, verb, preposition, article and noun. As each word is picked,it should be concatenated to the previous words in an array large enough to hold the entire sentence. The words should be seperated by spaces. When the final sentence is output, it should start with a capital letter and end with a peroid. The program should generate 20 such sentences.
The arrays should be filled as follows: The article array should contain the articles "the", "a", "one", "some" and "any"; the noun array should contain the nouns "boy", "girl", "dog", "town" and "car"; the verb array should contain the verbs "drove", "jumped", "walked" and "skipped"; the preposition array should contain the prepositions "to", "from", "over", "under" and "on".
After the preceding program is written and working, modify the program to produce a short story consisting of several of these sentences.
BTW: Keep it as simple as possible please. Solution required before the 24 of April 2004.
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Sing Me A Story
Traditional nursery tales told in poetry and prose. Celebrating themes of cooperation and sharing, younger listeners will want to hear this entertaining collection of folktales told in a musical style over, and over, and over again! Winner of the Parent's Guide Award 1998
"A good choice for children who will soon be singing along!"
--The Boston Parents' Paper
Includes: The Little Red Hen, Three Billy Goats Gruff, Stone Soup, Too Much Noise, Fisherman and the Magic Fish, Tortoise and the Hare and more.
Storytelling in the Classroom | Lesson Plans & Activities
Copyright © 2000-2013 Story Arts
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In the past few months, we have been featuring a series of libraries and museums, all of which utilize digital platforms for outreach. These archivists, librarians, and curators–keepers of the historically significant–will be joining us to talk about the role of narrative and image in the first upcoming roundtable. Narrative, you ask? Yes! Because history is part of the humanities, and here at the Dose we promote and honor the intersections between health and humanities, broadly conceived.
Today, I am very pleased to present the New York Academy of Medicine’s Center for the History of Medicine and Public Health!
The Center for the History of Medicine and Public Health
The Center promotes the scholarly and public understanding of the history of medicine and public health, as well as the history of the book (often defined as the history of the creation, dissemination, and reception of script and print). The Center’s mission is threefold: 1. preserve and promote the heritage of medicine and public health 2. explore the connections between history and the humanities and contemporary medical, health policy, and public health concerns; and 3. make the history of medicine and public health accessible to public and scholarly audiences. The Center was established in 2012 and encompasses the Library, Historical Collections, and Gladys Brooks Book and Paper Conservation Laboratory
The Center is a division of the New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM), which was founded in 1847 as an independent organization with an interest in regulating the medical profession in New York City and promoting public health. The library has been an integral part of the NYAM from its earliest days, having been founded at the Academy’s second meeting in January of 1847. In 1878, the library was opened to the public and NYAM continues to be the only medical library in New York freely accessible to the general public.
This collections comprise over 550,000 volumes, 275,000 portraits and illustrations, and approximately 400,000 pamphlets. The collection focuses primarily on the western medical tradition, with especially strong holdings in materials of the 16th, 17th and 18th century. Major strengths include anatomical atlases, especially works by and about Andreas Vesalius; cardiology, especially works by and about William Harvey; dermatology; surgery; women’s medicine; epidemic diseases; public health; and extensive collections of herbals, domestic medicine, and cookery. We also hold approximately 90 percent of the books, pamphlets, periodicals, and broadsides of medical interest printed in North America between 1683 and 1820. Our archival holdings include significant numbers of personal and institutional records documenting the practice of medicine in New York from the early 19th century to the present. NYAM also holds extensive runs of journals in medicine and public health of the 19th and 20th century from around the world. These holdings are supported by extensive secondary sources in the history of medicine and science, and a reference collection of medical bibliography, biography, and books on the history of books and printing.
Upon its founding in 2012, the Center for the History of Medicine and Public Health expanded its online outreach efforts. Our blog Books, Health, and History features items from our collections, updates on activities, and news of events. It is a collaborative project, and staff members across the Center contribute. We’re also excited to share the scholarship coming out of our reading rooms, and several of our researchers have written fantastic guest posts on topics such as recreating medieval libraries and an influential, but hard to find book on the dangers of sugar. Currently, Morbid Anatomy’s Joanna Ebenstein is writing a series of guest posts in anticipation of our Festival of Medical History & the Arts being held here on October 5th. Additionally, we maintain a calendar of local events related to the history of medicine, public health, and the book, which we hope is a useful resource for the NYC medical history and humanities community.
The Center also has a Facebook page and Twitter account, where we promote the activities of the Center and engage with similar organizations. These platforms have brought about connections we may not have made otherwise. A favorite example: Thanks to twitter retweets, the New York Botanical Garden helped us identify plant leaves found in a 19th-century American manuscript recipe book. We make a point to share images from our collections, in hopes that these tidbits spark interest, and often they do.
The Center has a few digital collections and online exhibits and we are currently laying the groundwork for an expanded digitization program that will include a more robust array of online exhibitions, educational tools, and preservation imaging, which would provide improved and continued access to some of the collections’ most fragile items.
Lisa O’Sullivan, PhD serves as Director of the Center for the History of Medicine and Public Health. Dr. O’Sullivan most recently served as Senior Curator of Medicine at the Science Museum London, where she curated the Wellcome collection, one of the world’s preeminent historic medical collections. She joined the Science Museum in 2003 and worked on permanent and rotating exhibitions, including the Living Medical Traditions gallery. She was Head of Research for the Wellcome Trust-funded Brought to Life website highlighting the global reach of the Wellcome and Science Museum’s medical collections. Responsible for issues relating to human remains and culturally sensitive materials in the collections, she led the Science Museum’s repatriation work.
Dr. O’Sullivan completed her PhD in the Department of History at Queen Mary University of London, examining issues of health, environment, displacement, and identity, explored through the history of clinical nostalgia in 19th-century France. Her undergraduate degrees are in history and history of philosophy of science. On research sabbatical from the Science Museum over 2010 to 2011 she was a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Sydney, investigating the material cultures of anthropological and anatomical collecting within the context of scientific studies of race.
Paul Theerman is Associate Director for NYAM’s Center for the History of Medicine and Public Health. He has over 30 years’ experience working in museums, libraries, and archives, the last 20 in managerial positions. Prior to joining NYAM, he was at the Smithsonian Institution Archives as Associate Archivist; and at the National Library of Medicine as Head of Images and Archives. He holds a PhD in history from the University of Chicago, did exhibition research and development work at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, and served as an editor of The Papers of Joseph Henry, at the Smithsonian. He took up his current position of Associate Director of the Center for History of Medicine and Public Health at NYAM in May 2013.
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Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) filters are small devices designed to catch blood clots that may break free from lower parts of the body and travel toward the lungs. They are implanted in patients who are at risk for a pulmonary embolism when they are unable to take blood-thinning medications or when they do not respond to them.
You may have received one of these devices as a life-enhancing measure. Five years after the devices were found to be defective, more than 160,000 were sold on the market until 2010 when Bard recalled them.
Bard Recovery Inferior Vena Cava filters, also known as Bard IVC filters as well as Bard G2 IVC filters, have been recalled due to risks that can cause serious injury or death to patients who have been implanted with a Bard IVC Filter.
Confidential documents revealed that employees of the medical device giant voiced concerns about the G2 series filters within four months after the product was approved by the FDA. However, instead of taking corrective action and recalling the G2 and G2 Express filters, Bard sold another 160,000 devices over the next five years. Hundreds of injuries and at least 12 deaths are linked to the G2 series filters.
Each year, nearly 250,000 filters are implanted in the U.S. without incident. Bard is one of 11 manufacturers that make these devices. However, a confidential study commissioned by Bard revealed that the Recovery filter had higher rates of failure including death, filter fracture, and movement than all of its competitors.
Studies conducted by the New England Society for Vascular Surgery and York Hospital confirmed the risks of the Bard filters. These studies showed that 31% of filters fractured and 25% of those that broke sent splinters to vital organs.
Risks associated with the Bard IVC filters are:
These risks led to heart or lung perforation, puncturing of vena cava, heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular problems.
These devices were not intended to be permanent implants. Manufacturers made the devices retrievable so doctors could remove the devices once the danger of blood clots and pulmonary embolism passed.
Bard, however, allegedly petitioned for the device to be approved as a permanent implant. The FDA now recommends the devices be removed as soon as the risk of pulmonary embolism subsides.
If you or a loved one have suffered or been injured from a defective Bard IVC Filter Implant, you may be entitled to compensation. Contact the Bard IVC recall lawsuit attorneys of Ennis & Ennis today for a free confidential case evaluation by filling out the form on this page or calling our office.
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In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
1paso elevado masculinepaso a desnivel masculine Mexico
- It also involves dismounting to clear bridges, under bridges, overpasses, signs, culverts and guard rails.
- As part of their August crackdown on drugs, police set up a roadside checkpoint under the overpass on Pratamnak Road on August 12.
- Remember bridges and overpasses freeze up before and remain frozen longer than other road surfaces.
- One revealed that hundreds of bridges and overpasses required urgent upgrade, or were described as ‘life expired’.
- Typically, the enemy chooses to stage attacks from areas which have access roads, buildings, overpasses or thick brush along MSRs and auxiliary supply routes.
- Osier and Mrs. Thomassen found my sister shivering in a pile of leaves under a railway overpass on the east side of downtown.
- ‘Up there, under the overpass and cross the road,’ she said.
- Leave your vehicle immediately and seek shelter, but not under overpasses and bridges.
- The current structure encompasses a pedestrian walkway, rail line and a vehicle overpass.
- This involves what's called surface infrastructure, and so you're talking about bridges, roads, overpasses, possibly the reconstruction or refurbishment of ports and so forth.
- Seven cars filled with oats and one empty car derailed near an overpass on Sangamon Avenue, Springfield police and the Union Pacific Railroad said.
- To make things worse, the city administration has blamed annual flooding and the worsening condition of overpasses and bridges on squatters.
- Overhead, a helicopter hovers at such a low height that it only just clears the occasional overpass bridges that appear.
- The plan would replace two overpasses - for the railway and the expressway - with tunnels at the foot of these streets, making access to the lake even uglier and more forbidding than it already is.
- As the driver lost control of the bus and it slid toward a railway overpass, he yelled, ‘Hold on!’
- Motorcyclists congregated under overpasses, bridges and bus stops, taking up much of the road as they waited for the rain to ease.
- He said registration officials would have a hard time registering eligible voters living in slums or under bridges and overpasses.
- Additionally, prior knowledge of the route will allow soldiers to anticipate actions that will be required at choke points, bridges, overpasses, and intersections.
- It was pulled off beside the road under an overpass.
- The piers of roadway overpasses and underpasses tend to have solid cross sections.
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories.
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Can stress help us? Eustress
What do you feel when you start a new job or go the first time to university? When you have to do an important task? When you are just about to go on holiday or a week before your wedding day? Emotions, often stress. But you can explain to yourself that stress is not always something negative; it is often motivating, giving the energy to act – this is so-called eustress. Sometimes we forget that some strong sensations of stress are not only sadness, nerves, bitterness. Because stress has two faces.
Stress is the body’s response to external stimuli. It occurs when the capabilities of an individual do not match the requirements of the environment – that is, a stressor.
Up to a point, increasing arousal can motivate us. Psychologists refer to this phenomenon as a function in the shape of an inverted U. According to this function, too weak or too strong stimulation can adversely affect the level of performance of tasks. It depends on the difficulty level of the task (our assessment – in accordance with our competences; the same task is difficult for one person, and banal for another). When arousal (stress) motivates us, it is eustress (healthy stress). When it reduces our efficiency, it affects us exhaustively – then stress is called distress. Higher arousal is needed for the effective implementation of easy tasks. When tasks are more complex, low stress is optimal. Each of us has our own individual threshold at which eustress changes into distress. Some people, such as mountaineers, rally drivers, and surfers, have a very high threshold for optimal stimulation.
Stress at work
Managing stress is easier when professional activity gives us pleasure and we are happy to return to it. To deal with tension, it’s worth:
- Choose the right profession
Work can be a torment for us when we do it against our will. The joy of fulfilling the duties of a specific nature makes stress less severe and does not affect us destructively.
- Prepare to work diligently
We feel more confident and calm when we start to perform our duties equipped with the appropriate knowledge and skills. To reduce stress and uncertainty, let’s get ready for work.
- Detect sources of stress
To effectively fight the tension that accompanies us at work, let’s determine what situations, events, or people evoke negative emotions in us. With this knowledge, we can consciously confront problems and find a solution.
- Maintain good relations with colleagues
The level of stress that accompanies us in the workplace also depends on the atmosphere there. Let’s try to build positive relationships with colleagues. To this end, let us develop our communication skills. Let’s learn to express a sentence so as not to offend or depress the interlocutor.
- Keep order in the workplace
Mess on the desk makes it difficult to find documents that we need “for now”. It also evokes unpleasant aesthetic impressions that do not make us feel positive. It is worth maintaining order on your desk if you want to avoid unnecessary stress.
- Carry personal items
To make the workplace seem more friendly to us, we can set a flower pot on the desk or a frame with a photo of somebody dear to us. Familiar and liked objects evoke nice associations and let us forget about what annoys and overwhelms us at work.
- Focus on individual activities
Performing several tasks at the same time makes us stress because we can not fully concentrate and keep up with everything. It is worth focusing on individual actions. Thanks to this, we can gradually and accurately fulfill further obligations.
- Do sports
Physical effort, even a small one, makes our brain better oxygenated. Therefore, we become less susceptible to the negative effects of stress. It is worth going out for a short walk during a break.
- Make jokes and laugh
The tension also decreases when we laugh. A sense of humor is a beneficial feature, thanks to which we can effectively get rid of negative emotions or mitigate their impact.
Not all stress is bad for us and has a negative effect on the body. Everything depends on ourselves, on how we perceive reality and situations. Because eustress, although short-lived, stimulates action, gives energy. Let’s make the most of this mobilization, being careful not to get into negative stress.
What are Communication Skills?
What is conflict management?
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Major Depression and Omega 3 Fatty Acids
What’s the Bottom Line?
How much do we know about omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3s)?
Extensive research has been done on omega-3s, especially the types found in seafood (fish and shellfish) and fish oil supplements.
What do we know about the effectiveness of omega-3 supplements?
- Research indicates that omega-3 supplements don’t reduce the risk of heart disease. However, people who eat seafood one to four times a week are less likely to die of heart disease.
- High doses of omega-3s can reduce levels of triglycerides.
- Omega-3 supplements may help relieve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
- Omega-3 supplements have not been convincingly shown to slow the progression of the eye disease age-related macular degeneration.
- For most other conditions for which omega-3 supplements have been studied, the evidence is inconclusive or doesn’t indicate that omega-3s are beneficial.
What do we know about the safety of omega-3 supplements?
- Omega-3s usually produce only mild side effects, if any.
- There’s conflicting evidence on whether omega-3s might influence the risk of prostate cancer.
- If you’re taking medicine that affects blood clotting or if you’re allergic to fish or shellfish, consult your health care provider before taking omega-3 supplements.
What Are Omega-3s?
Omega-3s (short for omega-3 fatty acids) are a kind of fat found in foods and in the human body. They are also sold as dietary supplements.
Types of Omega-3s and Foods That Contain Them
- The omega-3s EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are found in seafood (fish and shellfish).
- Because of their chemical structure, EPA and DHA are sometimes referred to as long-chain omega-3s.
- A different type of omega-3, ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), is found in certain plant oils such as flaxseed, soybean, and canola oils and also in some other foods of plant origin, such as chia seeds and black walnuts.
- Most of the research discussed in this fact sheet focuses on EPA and DHA.
Supplements That Contain Omega-3s
- Several types of dietary supplements contain omega-3s.
- Fish oil supplements contain EPA and DHA.
- Fish liver oil supplements, such as cod liver oil, contain EPA and DHA, and they also contain vitamins A and D, in amounts that vary from product to product. Vitamins A and D can be harmful in excessive amounts.
- Krill oil contains EPA and DHA.
- Algal oils are a vegetarian source of DHA; some also contain EPA.
- Flaxseed oil contains ALA.
According to the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, which included a comprehensive survey on the use of complementary health approaches in the United States, fish oil supplements are the nonvitamin/nonmineral natural product most commonly taken by both adults and children. The survey findings indicated that about 7.8 percent of adults (18.8 million) and 1.1 percent of children age 4 to 17 (664,000) had taken a fish oil supplement in the previous 30 days.
What Do We Know About the Effectiveness of Omega-3s for Depression?
It’s uncertain whether omega-3 fatty acid supplements are helpful for depression. Although some studies have had promising results, a 2015 evaluation of 26 studies that included more than 1,400 people concluded that if there is an effect, it may be too small to be meaningful. Other analyses have suggested that if omega-3s do have an effect, EPA may be more beneficial than DHA and that omega-3s may best be used in addition to antidepressant medication rather than in place of it.
Omega-3s have not been shown to relieve symptoms of depression that occur during pregnancy or after childbirth.
Depression can be a serious illness. If you or someone in your family may have depression, consult a health care provider.
What Do We Know About the Safety of Omega-3s?
- Side effects of omega-3 supplements are usually mild. They include unpleasant taste, bad breath, bad-smelling sweat, headache, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as heartburn, nausea, and diarrhea.
- Several large studies have linked higher blood levels of long-chain omega-3s with higher risks of prostate cancer. However, other research has shown that men who frequently eat seafood have lower prostate cancer death rates and that dietary intakes of long-chain omega-3s aren’t associated with prostate cancer risk. The reason for these apparently conflicting findings is unclear.
- Omega-3 supplements may interact with drugs that affect blood clotting.
- It’s uncertain whether people with seafood allergies can safely take fish oil supplements.
Sourced from a National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health publication on May 23, 2019
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SIO Pier, Scripps Pier, La Jolla. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography research pier is 1090 feet long and was built of reinforced concrete in 1988, replacing the original wooden pier built in 1915. The Scripps Pier is home to a variety of sensing equipment above and below water that collects various oceanographic data. The Scripps research diving facility is located at the foot of the pier. Fresh seawater is pumped from the pier to the many tanks and facilities of SIO, including the Birch Aquarium. The Scripps Pier is named in honor of Ellen Browning Scripps, the most significant donor and benefactor of the Institution.
Location: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
Image ID: 22286
A parent and child admire the fascinating kelp forest tank at the Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, California.
Species: Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera
Image ID: 10308
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It’s no surprise Professor Veena Sahajwalla reads the history of steel making in her spare time. From a very young age she knew she was going to be an engineer, and she was determined to be an environmentally friendly one. Veena’s research using waste plastic as a source of carbon to make steel has led a major manufacturer to take up her research with great results. Veena’s now experimenting using waste rubber tyres. Meet the woman who’s helping to reduce our landfill by turning it into a useful resource.
Narration: I’ve come a long way since that little kid growing up in Mumbai.
Professor Sahajwalla: Did you know that oxygen makes steel making so much more faster?
Professors Sahajwalla’s Daughters: Mum! Who cares!?
Professor Sahajwalla: Science to me is more than just a job.
Taking my scientific results out into the real industrial world is so rewarding.
Growing up in Mumbai was an amazing experience. That of course is the industrial heart of India. You’d always drive past these grungy, dirty factories alongside highways and you know, I’d often wonder, I wonder what they do in there, you know. What are they building?
It would always fascinate me. I wasn’t you’d say your typical girl growing up.
My mum’s a doctor and my dad’s an engineer. Of course, being a typical Indian household, for a girl they thought she’ll be a doctor.
I, of course decided to be an engineer.
Well I work here at the University of NSW and I’m a professor in materials science and engineering and my area of research is sustainable materials.
We look at different ways, innovative and creative ways in which we can recycle waste materials.
Well in 2004 we were looking at how we can use plastics in the making of steel as a source of carbon, so that was our aim.
It’s been three years since you can say the dream has come alive. It’s actually been taken up into a steel plant, right here in Australia and we’re really excited about the fact that it works in an industrial scale furnace.
Just like the waste plastics rubber tyres is another big environmental headache for everyone in the world. Right here in Australia, we basically use about eighteen million tyres per annum. But here’s an exciting solution we can actually use waste rubber tyres as a carbon resource in the way of steel making.
We shred the rubbers off the tyre we then mix these shreds up with coke and then introduced into the electric furnace process for slag foaming. The slag foam that’s in fact forming on top of liquid steel, acts like a nice insulating blanket and the role of that slag foam of course is to minimize the heat losses, and as a result of that, the process becomes more energy efficient.
It’s a win win situation.
When I take my lab coat off I’m one of the judges on the new inventors show at ABC. And of course that passion for experimenting and finding out things, you know, I bring that back home with me, so if I’m attempting to cook, note I’ve said attempting to cook. I might want to try out a few different ingredients… I don’t guarantee what the outcomes might be like but nevertheless, I have fun doing it…It’s looking like pretty reactive sort of stuff…
Professors Sahajwalla’s Daughters: Dad!!!
- Producer: Ingrid Arnott
- Researcher: Ingrid Arnott
- Camera: Dennis Brennan
- Sound: Richard McDermott
- Editor: Andrew Glover
Professor Veena Sahajwalla
School of Materials Science and Engineering
University of NSW
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Six decades of universal free health care, the introduction of widespread public health initiatives (e.g., tobacco control, cancer screening, and immunization), and substantial increases in health expenditure have failed to improve the UK's health outcomes or longevity ranking against the average of 14 other original members of the European Union, Australia, Canada, Norway, and the USA (EU15+) over the past 20 years.
The startling findings, published Online First in The Lancet, reveal that despite life expectancy increasing by 4.2 years over the last two decades, the UK's pace of decline in premature mortality has persistently and significantly fallen behind the average of EU15+, and concerted action is urgently needed.
Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010), Chris Murray, from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, USA, and colleagues analysed patterns of ill health and death in the UK, calculated the contribution of preventable risk factors, and ranked the UK compared with a group of high-income countries with similar levels of health expenditure in 1990 and 2010. Only in men older than 55 years has the UK experienced significantly faster drops in death rates compared with other nations over the last 20 years. The UK ranking in premature mortality rates for adults aged 20 years has worsened substantially. This is in part because of dramatic increases in drug and alcohol use disorders, which were ranked as two of the least important causes of death in this age group in 1990 (ranked 32nd and 43rd respectively), rising to sixth and 18th place in 2010.
Overall, the eight leading causes of death in the UK have changed remarkably little in the last 20 years, with ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, lung cancer, and lower respiratory infections remaining in the top five.
By comparison, there has been a startling increase in the contribution of Alzheimer's disease (increase of +137%; rising from a rank of 24th to 10th), cirrhosis (+65%; 14th to 9th), and drug use disorders (+577%; 64th to 21st).
In 2010, the UK had significantly lower premature mortality from diabetes, road injuries, liver cancer, and chronic kidney diseases than the average for EU15+. However, it has not kept pace with other nations (and still has death rates significantly above the average of EU15+) for ischaemic heart disease, COPD, lower respiratory tract infections, breast cancer, other heart and circulatory disorders, oesophageal cancer, congenital abnormalities, preterm birth complications, and aortic aneurysm.
What is more, disability is causing a much greater proportion of the burden of disease as people are living longer, but spending these later years with more health problems compared to 20 years ago. In 2010, mental and behavioural disorders (predominantly depression, anxiety, drug and alcohol use, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder), and musculoskeletal disorders (mainly lower back pain and falls) were responsible for more than half of all years lived with disability in the UK.
Explanations for the UK's worsening relative performance confirm the harmful effects of tobacco smoking (that remains the nation's leading risk factor for ill-health responsible for 11.8% of the disease burden in 2010), followed by the rising burden of high blood pressure (9%) and obesity (high body mass index; 8.6%). Also important are risk factors involving poor diet and low physical inactivity, which collectively account for 14.3% of disease burden, and the increasing effect of alcohol. The findings are released as UK Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt launches a new strategy to tackle premature mortality and cardiovascular diseases.
According to Murray, "Further progress in premature mortality from several major causes, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, will probably require improved public health, prevention, early intervention, and treatment activities. The growing burden of disability, particularly from mental disorders, substance use, musculoskeletal disorders, and falls deserves an integrated and strategic response." Writing in a linked Comment, Edmund Jessop from the UK Faculty of Public Health in London, UK points out, "The UK has done very well in the past 20 years in many areas. As Murray and colleagues show, mortality has reduced and several aspects of diet have improved, with drops in disability-adjusted life-years for all dietary risk factors examined. The UK has stronger tobacco control than does any other country in Europe, and we continue to enjoy some of the safest roads in Europe."
But he cautions, "There is still plenty of room for bold action by politicians and the body politic: plain packaging for cigarettes, minimum pricing for alcohol, banning of trans fats, improved control of hypertension, and attention to psychiatric disorders. Alternatively, the UK can continue to languish at the bottom of European league tables."
In an Editorial accompanying the publication, Dr Richard Horton, Editor in Chief of The Lancet, describes the study as "an independent scientific report card on decades of NHS reorganisations that have often had more to do with political ideology than sound evidence." He adds that, "The GBD results do not by themselves offer definitive prescriptions for the predicaments they describe. And they do not provide a simple verdict on the performance of the UK health system. But they do offer a quantitative means to monitor measures of health and disease and to enable more rational review and discussion of health priorities. This work is an important step forward for health policy."
More information: www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60188-9/abstract
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Read More About Organic Gardening
Organic horticulture could be an excellent pastime, more so for individuals who enjoy gardening as an thought. This is not something, that most individuals take up, so you should think of yourself to be lucky, if you are able to produce things and add to nature.
The thought of organic horticulture appeal to many as a hobby particularly those who have green fingers. This is a hobby, which some individuals take up, so you are one of those lucky ones, who can make things grow! Organic gardening requires particular skills: you need to know the type of ground, what kind of plants you can grow on them, how you will look after those flowers, aside from the many other conditions that you need to be aware of when you are serious about it.
All this might seem confusing to a novice but if you are an experienced hand, then these aspects are already well-known to you and you could comfortably begin the organic way to grow things. This method of horticulture is tougher than regular horticulture as much more effort and labor is necessary to do it this way.
The fundamental rule behind organic gardening is that it uses only natural products. This includes using horticulture ingredients like pesticides and fertilizers. It is believed that the earth provides all that can be needed to grow anything in the organic way of gardening. This would enable you to grow anything you wish, like flowers, veggies or any other green you wish. Do you find the picture? To look at it from a bird’s eye view, it is like participating closely with nature or as others may say, this is like being one with nature.
Organic fertilizer are they feasible?
In case you question if there is ever such a thing, you would be startled to know that you can make it yourself. You can actually perform composting on the materials found in your garden. Things that you would require are fallen leaves and twigs and animal muck but it would count of the type used and other elements.
It is not recommended to use synthetic pesticides in organic gardening. If youre not a master of killing insects one by one, go to the local store and find yourself some organic pesticide. The traditional way is to keep a vigil on your garden and as soon as some worms and other insects are located, kill them. You should only turn to the organic pesticides when it gets too much and uncontrolled – and you can no longer handle it. One way to find rid of pests is to invite animals that enjoy to consume the pests. This way you are saved the hassle of clearing the pests as well as satisfying some creatures appetite.
This is indeed a very laborious and time-consuming pursuit, and best done with a partner, so if you do not have the time or cannot find someone to help you out, you might as well drop the thought till you have set up the infrastructure. Organic horticulture really entails a lot of hard work so you had better be prepared to perspire in the process. To ease your tiredness when you are already into it too deepFree Articles, just think that what you are doing is helping nature. This can be looked upon as your return gift to mother nature for all the things which she lavished on you since the time you came on this earth.
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The diocese of Chittagong comprises 17 civil districts of Chittagong,Cox’s Bazar, Bandarban, Rangamati, Khagrachori, Noakhali, Feni, Laxmipur, Bhola, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Barisal, Jhalakathi, Barguna, Gopalganj, Madaripur and Shariatpur.
Total population is 28,586,492. Ethnic groups include the Boms, Chakmas, Marmas, and Murongs.
Bangla (Bengali), English and tribal languages are used in the diocesan territory.
The early history of the Church dates back to 1537 A.D. When there were Catholics in the Portuguese settlements in areas that now form part of the diocese of Chittagong. The first church was set up in 1600, which now forms Diang and the city of Chittagong.
Father Francesco Fernandez SJ, who came to Chittagong in 1598, who was blinded, tortured and who died in captivity on November 14, 1602, is Bengal’s first martyr. In 1845, Chittagong became the seat of the first Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Bengal, and later, the administration was transferred to Dhaka. Noakhali was the first place to have the Holy Cross missionaries, who arrived there in June, 1853.
The diocese of Chittagong was canonically erected on May 25, 1927, taking away a major share of the territory that comprised the then diocese of Dhaka. The diocese then comprised Chittagong, Noakhali, Barisal, Gournadi, Narikelbari, Haflong, Badarpur, Akyab, Sandoway, Gyeithaw and Chaugtha and was handed over to La Salette Fathers of the diocese of Akyab in 1937.
The newly-erected diocese of Chittagong was entrusted to the care of the Canadian province of the Congregation of Holy Cross. When the new ecclesiastical province of Dhaka was created in July, 1950, Chittagong became a suffragan of Dhaka. Later in 1952, portions of the diocese of Chittagong which were situated in Assam (India), were detached to form a separate ecclesiastical unit, called the Prefecture of Haflong, and later the diocese of Silchar, which are now called the Dioceses of Agartala and Aizawl.
Citizens elect the parliamentary representatives for the constituencies in the area. Members of ethnic minorities can vote and take part in politics without undue pressure. The city residents have the opportunity to elect their mayor and the Chittagong City Corporation members.
Chittagong is connected to all parts of the country by road and rail, and to some parts by air. Roads connect the city to towns and rural areas in the diocesan territory.
The diocese covers a land area of 44,195 square kilometers comprising of 17 civil districts: Bandarban, Barisal, Bhola, Borguna, Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, Feni, Gopalganj, Jhalakathi, Khagrachori, Lakhipur, Rangamati, Noakhali, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Madaripur and Shariatpur.
Annual per capita income was the equivalent of $45 as of January 2010. Garment and cement manufacturing, steel re-rolling and dried fish are the main industries of the area. The main agricultural products are rice and jute.
There are many cell phone service providers in addition to government and private landline service providers. Cell phones are growing in popularity, but limited network coverage of the Hill Tracts areas became available only recently.
The literacy rate is 56 percent.
The literacy rate is 56 percent.
This fabled church is also known by its Syriac name Mar Sleeva (Holy Cross) Church
Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica at Fort Kochi is one of the finest churches and a historic but also a landmark in Kerala state of southern India. Santa Cruz Church blends Indo-European and Gothic architectural style that draws tens of thousands of pilgrims and tourists every year. The cathedral is a great place of devotion and historic significance that survived colonial conquests and invasions to the city.
Mokama Marian shrine on the southern bank of Ganges River bears the legacy persecuted Nepali Catholics banished from their homeland to India for refusing to renounce their faith. Our Lady of Divine Grace Church at Mokama stands about 90 kilometers from Patna, the capital of eastern Indian state of Bihar. Mother Mary is popularly known as Mokama Mata (Mother of Mokama). The church was built to honor Mary in 1947.
Our Lady of Akita Catholic Church is Yuzawadai is among the most famous churches in Japan. The church shot into global fame thanks to a wooden statue of Blessed Virgin Mary that wept 101 times and Marian apparitions to Japanese nun Sister Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa that miraculously healed her hearing impairment. Japanese wooden sculptor Saburo Wakasa from Akita city carved the now-famous miraculous statue of Virgin Mary in 1963.
St. Mary’s Cathedral Church in Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand state, is the mother church in the tribal belt of eastern India, where Belgian Jesuits laid the foundation of Catholicism in 19th century. This brownish Church, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of Virgin Mary, stands on Dr. Camil Bulcke Path and nestles between St. Xavier’s College and St. Albert Major Seminary.
Basilica of Our Lady of Graces in Sardhana is a historic church that lives the memory of love and benevolence of the sole female Roman Catholic ruler in India. Our Lady of Graces Church of Sardhana stands at Meerut district in Uttar Pradesh of northern India. Consecrated in 1822, this 200-feet long church with a high central dome over the main altar, is one of the largest churches in northern India.
Saint Thomas Cathedral Basilica at Mylapore is a monumental declaration on ancient root of Christianity in India. The church was built over the tomb of St. Thomas, the Apostle who is believed to have preached Christianity in India. The cathedral preserves 2000-year-old bones of the saint and the lance that pierced him to death. Popularly known as Santhome Church, the cathedral at Chennai (formerly Madras) in Tamil Nadu state was constructed during the Portuguese era in the 16th century. “San Thome” assumes its name from St. Thomas.
St. Joseph’s Church in Lahore is the oldest Catholic Church in Pakistan that has flourished since the 19th century despite deadly sectarian violence in recent years. The church at Sarfaraz Rafiqui Road in Lahore was established as a wooden structure during the British colonial era, on Oct. 31, 1842, to provide pastoral care to the British soldiers. It completed 180 years this year.
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