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I remember, when doing my PGCE year, a friend recounting how she had been asked a question in a job interview and been fairly sure she’d given the ‘right answer’. The question was, ‘What do you consider to be a good lesson?’ and the answer, ‘A lesson where every child makes Outstanding/outstanding progress’. I don’t know how many people think this, but I’m sure it’s most people’s perception of what Ofsted think. Children go in not knowing how to calculate volume, leave knowing how to calculate volume = Outstanding lesson. Students go in not knowing how to draw in a cubist style, leave knowing how to draw in a cubist style = Outsanding lesson.
However, this is wrong. If you never revisit any material, students will forget it. If you teach one new thing every lesson for a year, every lesson might well have been Outstanding. But loads and loads of the material will have been lost/forgotten. If you haven’t heard of Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve, here it is. If you go to football training, how often do you learn a new way to kick the ball? Almost never. What you do is practice all the ways of kicking the balk you already know, so you get better at them and they become unconscious and embedded in your long term memory.
Really, this is good news for teachers, because you don’t have to wrack your brains trying to think of some new thing for every lesson every day. Teach students one thing. Practice it for the rest of the week. Do something new the week after that. The week after that, go back to the first thing (this is called interleaving and you can read about it here). Chances are a lot of students will have forgotten it one week later. Dylan Williams has defined learning as a change in long term memory. So if you teach a fantastic lesson on anaerobic respiration, and a month or so later none of your kids can tell you what anaerobic respiration is, teach them it again. Less planning for you and more learning for them.
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Moon, David (2001) The abolition of serfdom in Russia, 1762-1907. Seminar Studies in History . Longman. ISBN 058229486XFull text not available in this repository.
In February 1861 Tsar Alexander II issued the statutes abolishing the institution of serfdom in Russia. The procedures set in motion by Alexander II undid the ties that bound together 22 million serfs and 100,000 noble estate owners, and changed the face of Russia. Rather than presenting abolition as an 'event' that happened in February 1861, The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia presents the reform as a process. It traces the origins of the abolition of serfdom back to reforms in related areas in 1762 and forward to the culmination of the process in 1907. Written in an engaging and accessible manner, the book shows how the reform process linked the old social, economic and political order of eighteenth-century Russia with the radical transformations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that culminated in revolution in 1917.
|Keywords:||political history, russia, government, serfdom, Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform|
|Subjects:||History General and Old World > Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics|
Social Sciences > Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
|Department:||Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (HaSS) > School of Humanities > History|
|Depositing user:||Strathprints Administrator|
|Date Deposited:||22 Sep 2006|
|Last modified:||12 Mar 2012 10:36|
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Many teenagers are involved with illegal or legal drugs in a number of ways. Most of them tend to experiment those drugs during adolescence. Unfortunately, teenagers are not able to link their actions today with the consequences they might face tomorrow and have tendency to feel immune and indestructible to the problems that are experienced by other people. When young people use drugs and alcohol, they increase the risk of using other drugs later in their life.
Some the teenagers will experiment the drug and stop using it while others use it occasionally and others become addicted and use drugs which are more dangerous and of significant harm to their health. During adolescence, there is tendency of trying new things and there are many reasons why drugs are used such as, to reduce stress, to fit in and to feel that they are grown ups. (Kumar, 2005 pp77-85)
Prevention of substance abuse
Parents can do a lot of things to prevent their children from taking alcohol and must have tips that guide children’s behaviors and thoughts. The parent must talk to the child honestly and never wait for the alcohol to talk with the child. Discussions about tobacco, drug and alcohol must be made as part of daily conversation. Help the child to be aware of the facts about the way alcohol can cause harm to them and clear up the wrong information about how everybody is using the alcohol and the family rules set about use of alcohol should be clear and well understood by the child.
The adolescent must be listened to and encourage him or her to share the questions and concerns about alcohol and do not talk a lot or give long lectures. The adolescent must be assisted to have self confidence by looking at good things and tell him how you are proud of him.
The action of the child must be criticized but not the adolescent and praise his success and efforts. Assist the child to develop strong values by teaching him how decisions are made by knowing what is right or wrong and tell the child that those are the standards that the family has set. The parent must set a good example because actions speak louder than words so that they may not tell the child not to take alcohol and they are using them in the family. (Dhawan, 2003 pp33-37)
The child must be taught how to deal with peer pressure and the importance of being an individual who stands by his own principles and the meaning of friendship that is real and not destructive. Family rules must be set in order to help the child say no to alcohol and these rules should not be broken. Creative and healthy activities should be encouraged to reduce excess free time to the child and reduce boredom. Positive friendship should be encouraged and look for activities that you can do together with your child. (Bomar, 2005 pp33-37)
Statistical information relating to substance abuse in Australia
1426 hospital episodes in psychiatric public hospitals were for behavioral and mental disorders because of using psychoactive substances in the year 2001-2002. In public hospitals, 4.3% of the patients had mental disorders. 0.7 people in every 10,000 of Australian population had behavioral and mental disorder because of taking psychoactive substances. Behavioral and mental disorders due to substance abuse last for 71.1 days mean length. Excluding episodes of the same day mean length was nine days of stay in psychiatric hospitals. An estimate of $52,123,000 is spent in Australian public hospitals on drug abuse and alcohol and other disorders. (Braham, 2004 pp42-45)
Impact of health issue on the biopsychosocial development of the child
In promoting child welfare, professionals who are trained help to support marriages and relationships by improving the researcher’s ability to understand the factors that help in relationship, satisfaction and marital stability. The main purpose of improving the marriages and relationship is to help the wellbeing of the child. Research has shown that children who benefit from living with both of their biological parents feel sheltered from detrimental circumstances including substance abuse because they obtain the necessary advice and support from both of their parents and their parents act as their role model in everything they do.
Children who are born to mothers who are not married have high risk of poverty and live in a household of single parent and are not stable in their way of living. Children of divorced parents are depressed, have problems in school and engage in antisocial behavior such as taking alcohol that is harmful to their health. Children living with step parents have risk of having lesser well-being and most of the times are under stress. Given the important benefits associate with child well-being and marriage, efforts must be made to understand circumstances for marital stability and fostering marriage. (Pal, 2003 pp33-36)
Policies (prevention or promotion strategies) within Australia to address this health issue
Families in Australia invite the federal government to start and implement framework for child protection by the year 2008. These families are ready to help the federal government in this because Australia has appalling neglect record and child abuse. For more than a decade, there have been calls by individuals who are concerned and those who are child abuse survivors. Non governmental organizations, academics and practitioners have national plan for combating child abuse due to official figures that indicate that, there has been increase in child abuse and substantiation rates. harrowing and unabated media coverage of violence in the family have frustrated professionals who are working in child protection systems which are overloaded and many stories of firsthand experiences have been told.
The main reasons for increase in substantiations and notifications are complex and explained through increase in public awareness and people making reports willingly. However, it has been made clear that the problems which are co-occurring such as mental illness of parents, homelessness, alcohol, family violence and drug dependence are significant factors. The major reasons that make the trend to be irreversible are due to lack of effective and coordinated system for combating child abuse and neglect. State has day to day handling of these cases to ensure that no child is engaging in taking alcohol because their parents are neglecting taking care of them and giving the appropriate advice. (Jain, 2005 pp11-13)
Strength of the family in selected case study
The family is able to identify specific disorder in the child, assessment, diagnoses and treatment which is appropriate by including strategies and practical plans for invention. The information about impact of taking alcohol on family members and prevention measures are available. Diagnosis of substance abuse is done using statistical manuals that utilizes Australian international classification of diagnosis and a diagnostic tool. A comprehensive overview helps patients with disorders of substance abuse and revisit phenomenon of continued care and responsibilities and role of professionals in health by being conversant with the continuum. Life time services are available to help health care professionals to have good treatment strategy. (Vaswani, 2004 pp23-26)
How families might access support groups or professionals to help in situation such as the case study
Support group’s programs call upon alcoholic to be responsible for their own life at the same time foster self esteem and self acceptance. Individual is encouraged to understand all the dangers involved when drinking is prolonged and offer support needed at recovery stage to prevent relapse and maintain sobriety. The families are able to access the support groups by attending meetings that fellow addicts facilitates because they share their support and empathy by telling stories and applying the principles of the program. Counseling helps in emotional healing through education and exploration. The person who is taking alcohol is able to look at issues from a different perspective in order to identify the original causes of drinking and whether it can help him in making constructive choices in his life. (Miller, 2004 pp14-17)
Assessment of the child experiencing the particular physical, development or any other development issues
The child has physical health consequences where there is retarded growth of body tissues and this makes the child to be weak and less resistant to diseases. The child looses body weight most of the time. The child lacks secure attachment to the people he lives together with and feels that his parents, brothers and sisters do not love him or are against him which may not be the case. This makes the child isolate himself because he does not feel that he belongs to his family and thinks that he is discriminated as the other family members are being favored by their parents.
The child has delayed communication and takes a lot of time to master language compared to the rate at which his age mates are able to learn and master language. The behavior of the child is a problem because; he does not differentiate virtues from vices. The child has poor social skills and relations and is not able to cope with other children in the society because his character is quite different from them. When the child is taken to school, he has learning and cognition disabilities and is not able to understand what is being taught at school and may end up repeating the same class for several years. (Ray, 2006 pp12-14)
Critique of evidence based nursing management strategies to assist this child to deal with this health issue
Management strategies examine medical management, experience and how to manage symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, anorexia and fatigue. It provides opportunity to be able to increase knowledge of symptoms which are common and distressing to the patients in order to use management strategies that are appropriate in order to alleviate symptoms and comfort the patient. Aspects of managing symptoms are explored and in particular the ones that are concerned with specialists in clinical practice. (Balhara, 2005 pp63-65)
There is opportunity of getting advanced knowledge and skills on how to control and prevent taking alcohol in a particular concern. The knowledge of management is build and applied in workplace with great emphasis on the needed skills used for managing change. Current learning and application of the knowledge gained is very important so that the child can be taught how to be free from taking alcohol and the dangers that are associated with continued use that is of great risk to their overall health.
The family is informed on how to take care of the child at early stages of their life so that they can develop good habits and become aware of how harmful substance abuse is before they reach at an age when they can be tempted to experiment due to peer pressure or bad company that may introduce them to it. knowledge about basic mechanisms that underlie taking alcohol action and how these alcohol acts on body systems is provided in order to deal with effects of abusing drugs. Registered nurses are allowed to acquire skills and additional knowledge to be able to work as nurse practitioners and have the skills of ordering medications and be capable of treating various cases of substance abuse. (Gutpa, 2006 pp12-14)
Explanation of nurse’s role in this situation to facilitate management process
The school nurse provides students with direct care in case of substance abuse and long-term management of students who need special health care. His responsibilities involve assessment and offering treatment with the nursing profession and communicating with the parents, supervision and provision of nursing care that is prescribed. The nurse manages his plan and communicates to school personnel and ensure that every child is provided with individual health care. (Mohad, 2003 pp23-26)
The nurse is the leader in providing health services because he is the expert in health care and assess overall system of health care and comes up with a plan for meeting all health needs. He develops plans that respond to emergencies and all disasters and documents health information of students and provides confidential communication. Referral and health conditions are screened by the nurse to decrease negative effects of problems related to health by identifying students who are affected and providing appropriate treatment.
The nurse ensures the environment is healthy by providing emotional and physical safety to ensure that there are no cases of taking alcohol that go unnoticed. The nurse comes up with implementation plan to manage and prevent violence, disaster and bullying and coordinate with counselors to develop plans for preventing abuse. (Dhawan, 2004 pp35-38)
Substance abuse is a complicated problem that comes as a result of combining psychological, environmental and hereditary factors. It affects people at all ages from neonatal stage up to old age. Infants of people who abuse drugs suffer because of being neglected or due to effects of drug abuse by their parents. As they reach childhood, they develop antisocial behavior, lack of self esteem, disorder of deficit in attention and depression. This make adolescents abuse drugs and it is very difficult to identify drug abuse and how to recover from it because many people who abuse drugs hide their addiction. (Dhawan, 2005 pp174-175)
Miller B. (2004): protecting children: Journal of human behavior in social environment, pp. 14-17.
Ray R. (2006): an experimental study of tolerance among alcohol: dependent individuals, pp. 12-14.
Dhawan A. (2004): social support in treatment seeking heroin dependent and alcohol: dependent patients, pp. 35-28.
Mohad D. (2003): Rapid assessment survey project on alcohol: Report on Ethnography, pp. 23-26.
Gupta I. (2006): global study on illegal drugs market: Delhi Report, pp. 12-14.
Dhawan A. (2003): project on psychotropic substance abuse: New Delhi, pp. 33-37.
Kumar A. (2005): long term treatment of substance abuse: Manual for physicians, pp. 77-85.
Dhawan A. (2005): Substance abuse in Adolescents: manual for substance use disorder, pp. 174-175)
Balhara S. (2005): inhalant abuse: Manual for physicians, pp. 63-65.
Vaswani M. (2004): an experimental study on tolerance among alcohol dependent individuals: medical research journal, pp. 23-26.
Jain R. (2005): abuse liability through different routes: Journal of physiology, pp. 11-13.
Pal H. (2003): Treatment non-seeking in alcohol users: Journal of studies in alcohol, pp. 33-36.
Braham P. (2004): Relapse precipitants in opiate addiction: Journal of Psychiatry pp. 42-45.
Bomar P. (2005): Nurses and family health promotion: WB Saunders, pp. 33-37.
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Talk for Writing
At Cliftonville School, we have started using Talk for Writing in order to support our children’s literacy skills. Talk for Writing was originally created by Pie Corbett and supported by Julia Strong and is powerful because it is based on the principles of how children learn.
Talk for Writing enables children to imitate the key language they need for a particular topic orally before they try reading it and analysing it. Through fun activities to help them rehearse the tune of the language they need, followed by shared writing to show them how to craft their genre, children are helped to write in the same style. Schools that have adopted this approach have not only shown a rise in the children’s progress but that both children and teachers alike love it. It works well right through from the Early Years up to year 6 and beyond.
Talk for Writing is powerful because it enables children to imitate the language they need for a particular topic orally before they begin reading and analysing it and then writing their own version. Pie Corbett gives a brief explanation below of the basic principles. It builds on three key stages:
Stage 1 – Imitation
Stage 2 – Innovation
Stage 3 - Independent Application
The Imitation Stage
Once the teacher has established a creative context and an engaging start (the hook), a typical T4W unit would begin with some engaging activities warming up the tune of the text to help children internalise the pattern of the language required. This is often followed by talking an exemplar text, supported visually by a text map and physical movements to help the children recall the story or non-fiction piece. In this way the children hear the text, say it for themselves and enjoy it before seeing it written down. Once they have internalised the language of the text, they are in a position to read the text and start to think about the ingredients that helps make it work. Understanding the structure of the text is easy if you use the boxing it up technique and then help the children to analyse the features that have helped to make the text work. In this way, the class starts to co-construct a toolkit for this type of text so they can talk about the ingredients themselves – a key stage in internalising the toolkit in their heads.
The Innovation Stage
Once the children have internalised the text, they are then ready to start innovating on the pattern of the text. This could begin with more advanced activities to warm up the key words and phrases of the type of text focused on so the children can magpie ideas. Younger children and less confident writers create their own text maps and orally rehearse what they want to say. The key activity in this stage is shared writing, helping the children to write their own by ‘doing one together’ first. This could begin with using a boxed up grid to show how to plan the text and turn the plan into writing. This allows the children to see how you can innovate on the exemplar text and select words and phrases that really work. Demonstrating how to regularly read your work aloud to see of it works is important here. This process enables the children to write their own versions through developing their inner judge when they start to decide why one word or phrase is best. If, during this process, a teaching assistant (or able Key Stage 2 child) flip charts up words and phrases suggested, these can be put on the washing line alongside the shared writing so when the children come to write they have models and words and phrases to support them. Throughout the shared writing, the children should be strengthening the toolkit so they start to understand the type of ingredients that may help. Once they have finished their own paragraph/s children should be encouraged to swap their writing with a response partner. Then with the aid of the visualiser, the whole class can also discuss some of the more successful work. Time now needs to be found to enable the children to give their own work a polish in the light of these discussions and perhaps to begin the dialogue about what works by writing their own comment on their work for the teacher to comment on.
The Invention/ Independent Application Stage
The teacher now has the opportunity to assess the children’s work and to adapt their planning in the light of what the children can actually do. This stage could begin with some activities focussed on helping the children understand aspects that they were having difficulty with and should include time for the children to have a go at altering their work in light of what they have just learnt so they start making progress. This stage will continue to focus on the next steps needed to support progress so the children can become independent speakers and writers of their text type. Perhaps some more examples of the text are compared followed by more shared writing on a related topic and then the children can have a go themselves on a related topic of their own choosing. At the end of the unit, the children’s work should be published or displayed. The teacher will now have a good picture of what features to focus on in the next unit to move the children forward. It is important to provide children with a purpose for their writing so classroom display or some sort of publishing is useful.
Although we are only in the first year of using the Talk for Writing process at Cliftonville Primary School we have already seen a huge improvement in the quality of the children’s writing across the school. This is evidenced at termly data collection weeks and Pupil Progress Meetings. However, the impact does not stop there. In our Year R classes, we have seen the most reluctant of speakers, begin to use known words and phrases from the story map she has been creating. In our Nursery, we have seen children create their own stories using simple picture cards as a prompt. The storytelling language embedded in their own everyday storytelling was amazing. Talk for Writing has also impacted positively upon oral storytelling across the school, building confidence and pride in children’s own work. We have now seen reluctant writers and children whose first language is not English have the confidence to write for themselves.
What children at Cliftonville Primary School and Nursery say about Talk for Writing
“Talk for Writing gives me ideas of what to write for myself. By drawing a story map I can imagine what is happening in my mind.” (Rhyss, year 3)
“Talk for Writing helps me know what to add into my writing to make it good. I can pinch great ideas to include into my own stories.” (Ellie, year 3)
“It was great when we followed the strange footprints around our school. We discovered dinosaur eggs at the end of the trail so decided the footprints had to be from a dinosaur. Then we read dinosaur stories and found out lots of information about them in books and on the internet.” (Brooke, year 1)
“Story maps put pictures in my mind to help me remember the story. Shared writing with my teacher helps me with my writing because it shows me what to do.” (Rhys, year 4)
What teachers at Cliftonville Primary School and Nursery say about Talk for Writing
“Both my children and I love creating the different actions to help us internalise the text. We really have benefitted from seeing the different parts of a text broken down into simple stages. The vocabulary the children are using has really improved since using Talk for Writing – the children feel confident to share their ideas.”
“Talk for Writing has impacted positively across the whole school. Through internalising the language used in the main text, the children’s language and vocabulary has developed hugely. They are starting to be confident to use these new words and phrases in their own writing. We have been able to use the Talk for Writing process within our topic sessions too.”
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If you already have a Raspberry Pi that you can turn on and is connected to the Internet there is nothing to see here! If you want to setup remote access to your Raspberry Pi and a static IP address click here. Alternatively Click here to go back to the under the bonnet section.
Don’t have a Raspberry Pi?
In order to use your Pi-Car you will need a Raspberry Pi up and running and ready for use. If you are new to computing (and even if you are not(!)) this is something you can get stuck on easily but don’t panic! There are loads of good tools around to help you.
Firstly if you don’t have a Raspberry Pi itself you will need to buy one. The Raspberry Pi website links to three distributors from which you can buy one – you will also be able to buy useful starter kits from them as well:
What else do I need apart from a Raspberry Pi?
To make the Raspberry Pi work you will need some additional items. Click here for a good diagram of the extra things that you can buy and how they plug into your Raspberry Pi. When you buy a Raspberry Pi you will probably also be offered some or all of these items:
- Power supply – essential – you have to have a micro USB power supply to turn your Raspberry Pi on and you do need to make sure you get the right one. You may well have one already that you use for your mobile phone and everyone who supplies a Raspberry Pi and many others will also supply them – click here for a link to one of these suppliers.
- SD card – essential – to make your Raspberry Pi work you must have one of these. It will contain the Operating System that makes your Raspberry Pi work. As with the power supply you may already have one at home – but make sure you don’t mind losing everything that is currently saved on it. If not you can buy either a blank one or a pre-loaded one. The pre-loaded ones are a bit more expensive but will mean you can just put it into your Raspberry Pi and it will work you will also not need a SD card reader. Click here for a link to somewhere you can buy a pre-loaded SD card from. If you want to save a couple of pounds you can buy a blank SD card from lots of different places, click here for one of them. If you get a blank SD card you will need to download the Operating System and put it onto your Raspberry Pi. Click here for instructions on how to do this. More detailed instructions can be found by clicking here. You will also need an SD card reader to do this – lots of laptops and computers will have one of these built in but yours may not. Click here for where you can buy one.
- Keyboard and mouse – Most people will use a separate keyboard and mouse plugged into the Raspberry Pi. To do this you need a keyboard and mouse with a USB cable. Again if you don’t have one of these you can buy them from many different places – click here for a keyboard and here for a mouse. It is possible to not have a separate keyboard and mouse but connect to your Raspberry Pi from a remote laptop or computer. Here are some instructions to do this but probably not for the beginner. It also assumes that you know how to get remote access to the command line on Raspberry Pi – click here for details on that – it uses something called SSH.
- TV or Monitor – You can plug your Raspberry Pi into a modern TV (like one of the flatscreen TV’s) with an HDMI cable this will also work with a monitor with an HDMI connector. You can get an HDMI cable here. If you have an older TV without an HDMI connection You can also plug your Raspberry Pi into one of the older style TV’s with a one of the composite cables that you can get from here.
- Internet connection – the easiest way of getting the most out of your Raspberry Pi and using Pi-Cars is to connect it to the internet. The Operating System comes setup so that you should be able to plug what is called a LAN cable from your Raspberry Pi into one of the ports on your Internet router, even if you have a wireless router they will generally be set up so you can also plug in one of these cables. Click here for one place you can buy one of these LAN cables from.
A number of starter kits also exist for the Raspberry Pi – Maplin are selling one.
How do I turn it on and start it up?
- Connect your keyboard and mouse to the USB ports on the Raspberry Pi
- Connect your monitor to the HDMI port on your Raspberry Pi and the connection on your TV
- Check your TV is switched to the HDMI input (you may have to press AV and select the HDMI connection option on your remote control)
- Check that your SD card is pushed in correctly (and tightly it can sometimes come loose.) Remember you have to have an Operating System loaded onto your SD card – click here for instructions on how to do that (sorry for the sound).
- Connect your power supply and check that the lights show up correctly.
- Wait for the prompt to show.
- Type in pi as the username.
- Type in raspberry as the password.
- Type startx to load up the screen with the big raspberry on it that you can use your mouse on to click on things. It should look like this
If you want to have a crack at setting up remote access so you do not need a TV, keyboard and mouse connected click here.
PDF version of this article – Set up your Raspberry Pi _ Pi-Cars
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Click on the structure to specify the target of your label
Other Terms: Esophageal hiatus of diaphragm, Oesophageal aperture, Oesophageal hiatus, Hiatus oesophageus, Hiatus oesophagien
The esophageal hiatus is the passageway of the esophagus through the diaphragm. It is formed by the medial fibers of the right crus of the diaphragm as they arch across to the left side of the midline. They form a tubular envelope around the esophagus with an elliptical opening. The elastic fascia on the undersurface of the diaphragm projects upward through the opening and inserts deep into the wall of the esophagus. This fascial arrangement allows for flexible movement between the esophagus and diaphragm and impedes upward displacement of the esophagus.
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R. Howe, Three pillars of first grade mathematics. The De Morgan Journal 1 no. 1 (2011), 3-17. PDF file of the paper.
Abstract. This note presents a proposal for a coherent approach to mathematics instruction in first grade. The 3 pillars indicated in the title are
- a robust understanding of the operations of addition and subtraction;
- instruction in arithmetic computation that emphasizes place value issues;
- building a strong connection between arithmetic as used in counting, and as used in linear measurement.
The proposal is highly compatible with the recently published (in the US) Common Core State Standards for mathematics, but places more emphasis on connections between topics than might be evident from a casual reading of those standards.
Roger Evans Howe is the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Mathematics at Yale University. He is well known for his contributions to representation theory, and in particular for the notion of a reductive dual pair, sometimes known as a Howe pair, and the Howe correspondence. He has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1994. He is also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2006 he was awarded the American Mathematical Society Award for Distinguished Public Service in recognition of his “multifaceted contributions to mathematics and to mathematics education.”
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±Two million people (cf. Numbers 1:46 x 4)
require each day:
1500 tons of food
4000 tons of wood
11 million gallons of water
To Cross the Red (Reed) Sea in one night:
At double file, it would take 800 mile line 35 days to cross.
So the Red or Reed Sea -- take your pick -- in order to get the whole nation to pass through in one night at 5000 abreast, the body of water must have been at least 3 miles wide. Like one old preacher said, "It won't no mud hole."
Encampment: 750 square miles
2/3 size of Rhode Island
Granville County, NC is 531 sq. miles
Laurens County, SC, is 731 sq. miles
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Dr. Kheder Murad Saad
Board Member of the Society of Ezidyan Academcis (GEA)
Sar Saale The Ezidi New Year's Day, in Kurdish (Sar Saale) also called Charshema Sor or the Red Wednesday is oldest feast in Mesopotamia, this festival brings nature and man together, jubilant with the light of the sun and the blooming of flowers on mountains and valleys, it’s a true feeling of renewed life cycle in bilateral eternal movement.
In the Ezidi philosophy, on this new day, the story of creation begins. In the beginning, God created from his own precious soul a white pearl. He created a bird called ANQR upon whose back he placed his pearl, and there he dwelt for forty thousand years. He gave a great shout before the pearl, after which it split into four pieces. He made water flow from its inside, and that water became the sea. The world was round with no separator. He created Jibrâ´îl after the image of a bird, in whose hands He placed the four corners of the earth. After that He created a ship in which He rode thirty thousand years after which He came and lived in Lâlish, the mountain. God lifted up His voice and the sea became solid and turned into the earth. They are still quivering. Then He commanded Jibrâ´î l to bring him two pieces of the white pearl. He placed one below the earth and the other He placed at the door of heaven. Then he placed in both of them the sun and the moon. From the scattered fragments of the white pearl He created the stars which He suspended in the sky for decoration. And He created fruit trees and plants on land and mountains to beautify the earth.
The new year comes at the beginning of the month of April, where it is believed that the year was a 52-week, 364 days, which means it begins each year on the same day. The new year day falls on Wednesday, comes after several days of the vernal equinox (21 March Nowruz). For this year, this is the start of year 6763 in Ezidi Calendar. In this holy day, where all work ceases, is a day of rest, reflection and worship, the celebrations begin on Tuesday evening, where the glow of lights from candles in Lalish Valley, turns into torch of light to welcome the new year announcing the birth of spring and the new cycle of life and rebirth. This day truly symbolizes the story of man and nature creation, immortality, death, rebirth and incarnation, with a renewed cycle of life and fertility in nature in Mesopotamia.
Ezidis from all over the world travel, from mountain villages, towns and cities in Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Europe to celebrate in Lalish, in Kurdistan province of northern Iraq. Ezidis believe in the same God as Muslims, Christians, and Jews, but they believe they were the first people God created. Along with Babylonian rituals, and elements of other religions, they worship the sun, the source of all life on Earth.
The Ezidi new year also coincides with the Jews Passover day, Christians also celebrate all over the world the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead after his death on the cross, and precedes the celebration of Easter Holy period.
This day is also associated with the Spring Festival in some nations, including the peoples of central and northern Europe, Easter. The roots of this habit preceded Christianity, people celebrated the coming of spring and the return of fertility. They used colored eggs to symbolize fertility. Remains of decorated eggs in tombs dating back to the period before the spread of Christianity, which tried to give the habit a new religious content, called Easter consciousness. One can argue that all these different festivities perhaps have one rout and origin. This origin is linked to nature, the sun and spring coming back and the end of winter months. The appearance of the spring and the blossoming of life and nature are in tandem.
Let the coming of the our beloved new year be a symbol of renewed love and call for brotherhood between all spectra of Mesopotamia people and all religious and national affiliations against injustice and oppression, hatred and sectarianism. The civilization and cultural heritage cannot be written off by the forces of darkness. Because the sun light will shine inevitably to announce the victory of the spring and life on the backwardness and hatred and darkness.
Gesellschaft Ezidischer AkademkerInnen
Society of Ezidyan Academics (GEA)
Civaka Akadimikaren Ezdiyan (GEA)
رابطة الآكاديميين الإيزيديين (GEA)
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Prevention requires apportioning responsibility to and promoting collaboration between concerned States and the international community. The duty to prevent and halt genocide and mass atrocities lies first and foremost with the State, but the international community has a role that cannot be blocked by the invocation of sovereignty. Sovereignty no longer exclusively protects States from foreign interference; it is a charge of responsibility where States are accountable for the welfare of their people. This principle is enshrined in article 1 of the Genocide Convention and embodied in the principle of “sovereignty as responsibility” and in the concept of the Responsibility to Protect.
The three pillars of the responsibility to protect, as stipulated in the Outcome Document of the 2005 United Nations World Summit (A/RES/60/1, para. 138-140) and formulated in the Secretary-General’s 2009 Report (A/63/677) on Implementing the Responsibility to Protect are:
- The State carries the primary responsibility…
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The United States was recently awarded the distinction of being the only country on planet Earth that’s no longer apart of the Paris Climate Agreement. Despite being the last bastion of climate skepticism in the world, the United States has made great progress toward reducing its country-wide emissions and fosters one of the fastest growing solar industries worldwide.
The UK recently joined France and India in an effort to eliminate all fossil-fuel cars from being sold by 2040. Multiple bills have been passed around the chambers of California’s state assembly, although no formal action has been made as of yet. As many American states make the push to reduce emissions, a large focus remains on the transportation industry, which is responsible for 27% of total emissions.
This brings up a few question regarding electric vehicles (EV), such as how sustainable is their price model and how much leverage does the United States government have in propping up EV sales? This comes during a time where the Republican’s proposed tax plan could cut off tax rebates to EV consumers and put many EV manufacturers in peril.
EV Grants and Tax Incentives
In 2015, the Obama administration began allocating $1.5 billion in government grants to fund high-performance electric batteries and other electrical components required for a fully efficient EV. Another part of this plan also helped to fund startups with the infrastructure required to power EV transportation, such as electric charging stations and training for EV technicians.
States, such as California and New York, also subsidize EV manufacturing. Since 2011, the state of California has allocated over $463 million in tax rebates for EV purchases and is considering a plan that could significantly increase this number to $3 billion through 2030.
Right now, the biggest benefit that EV manufacturers enjoy is a federal tax credit ranging from $2,500 to $7,500 for each individual EV sold. This allows company like Toyota and Tesla to sell high-performance EVs at full price value while offering consumers a tax rebate they can cash in to save some money. The Republican tax plan would completely cut this tax-rebate, although it’s already expected to dry up for the companies that already use it.
The federal tax-credit for EVs is capped for each company and Toyota already reached its production ceiling with the Hybrid vehicle and Tesla is expected to reach its limit by early 2018.
California recently pledged to have 1.5 million zero-emission cars on the road by 2025, but how realistic is this plan without the proper tax incentives? Elon Musk recently made a press-conference where he pleaded for the removal of the federal tax-credit. Yet, as we look deeper into Tesla as a case study, how sustainable are EV price-models and are they cheap and accessible enough to meet Jerry Brown’s promises?
A Tesla Case-Study
In 2015, Reuters reported that Tesla, even with a federal tax rebate in place for each vehicle, was losing $4,000 on every new vehicle it manufactured. Tesla planned to improve its bottom line by massively upgrading its EV lineup with its Model 3 sedan. With an ambitious goal of manufacturing 500,000 per year, Tesla manufactured a little over 300 in September of this year.
In total, SpaceX, a conglomerate that consists of Tesla Motors, SolarCity Corp., and Space Exploration technologies Corp. has received over $4.9 billion in state and federal funds, matching half of Elon Musk’s own stake in these companies.
This brings up the question of how well Tesla Motors will fair without federal tax credit incentives and an incredibly cheap oil market. Whether the federal government’s tax incentives had led to malinvestment on Tesla’s part is largely unknown, but the outlook for both Jerry Brown and Elon Musk’s hopes to get more EVs on the road seems dim at the moment.
Tesla is being floated millions of dollars in outside funding and it may require even more borrowing or government help to finally sustain Tesla’s business model. We’ll have to wait and see if the Republican tax bill is passed and, if not, what happens when Tesla reaches its cap. It seems that while the demand is there for EVs, the price to manufacture and maintain their supply is simply too unaffordable.
Considering that the Trump administration is composed of individuals involved in big oil or actively hostile to the EPA, the dream of putting more EVs in the hands of everyday Americans seems unlikely. One technology to get excited about may actually be driverless vehicles, which have been shown to reduce emissions while providing safe transportation. Unfortunately, this technology too could be tied up with government bureaucracy.
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One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Whose Fish? Subjects: Life Science, Environmental Science, Marine / Ocean Science
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
VA SEA 2019 Lesson Plans
This activity invites students to assume the role of various stakeholders in fisheries management and actively discuss the influence of economics, ecology and human interactions in decision-making.
Students will demonstrate their argument for/against a certain regulation by participating as a specific stakeholder (i.e. commercial fisher, recreational fisher, scientists/researcher, environmental group, management agency, and citizen). Students will recognize that stakeholders tend to advocate based on their individual needs, often making it difficult for proposed policies to satisfy the needs of all stakeholders and achieve sustainability goals.
Secondary Education, Lesson Plans, environmental management, fisheries
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License.
This lesson was developed in alignment with the 2010 Virginia Department of Education’s Science Standards of Learning.
VA SEA is supported by the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Virginia Sea Grant, and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Advisory Program.
White, S. (2019) One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Whose Fish? Subjects: Life Science, Environmental Science, Marine / Ocean Science. VA SEA 2019 Lesson Plans. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary. https://doi.org/10.25773/h68v-hk87
Biology Commons, Environmental Education Commons, Marine Biology Commons, Science and Mathematics Education Commons
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The settlement of Plum Creek, now Lexington, began as a frontier trading post. The name came from a creek that flowed into the south side of the Platte River. In 1860, the Daniel Freeman family built a trading post along the Oregon Trail, seven miles southeast of present-day Lexington. The Plum Creek area is frequently mentioned in connection with the Indian attacks during the mid-1860s. It was in this area that travelers on the Oregon Trail began seeing the huge heards of buffalo then on the Great Plains.
On August 8, 1864, Cheyenne Indians attacked the Morton and Fletcher wagon train approximately one mile east of the Plum Creek Ranch. This attack led to the construction of Post Plum Creek, a military installation that protected travelers in the area between Fort Kearney and Fort McPherson. The Freeman trading post was burned during the attack.
The construction of the Union Pacific Railroad reached this area in September 1866 and brought an end to much of the traffic on the Oregon Trail. Taking its name from the old location, "Plum Creek Station" was established by the Union Pacific a mile east of the present site of Lexington.
Drawn by increased business possibilities, Daniel Freeman moved his family and general store from the old Plum Creek area to Plum Creek Station in 1867. The village became the county seat of Dawson County upon its organization in 1871. Plum Creek was designated as a post office in 1872, moved a mile to the west in 1873, and was incorporated as a town in 1874. The arrival of the first Philadelphia Colony that same year, along with those already here working on the railroad, farming, hunting or otherwise employed, made the first sizable community in the area.
During the boom period of the late 1880s, many felt the town's name was inappropriate. After several months of discussion its name was changed to "Lexington" on February 6, 1889.
On Highway 30, three miles west of Lexington, a stone monument marks the site of the August 7, 1867, Indian attack on section-workers, and a Union Pacific freight train. Several workers were killed, and one man scalped alive, survived the ordeal.
The Dawson County Museum in Lexington features a fine collection of historic artifacts, many donated by relatives of the pioneer families who settled the Plum Creek/Lexington area.
Lexington is also well known as the "Antique Center of Nebraska". The community has 10 Antique shops and a mall with over 20 dealers displaying items.
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Malama Honua Worldwide Voyage
In May 2014, the traditional Polynesian Voyaging canoes, Hōkūle‘a and her sister canoe Hikianalia, set sail across the Earth’s oceans around the world to join and grow the global movement toward a more sustainable world. Covering 47,000 nautical miles, 85 ports, 26 countries, and 12 Marine World Heritage Sites, the Mālama Honua Worldwide Voyage will continue through 2017 when her new generation of navigators take the helm and guide Hōkūle‘a and Hikianalia back to Hawaiʻi after circumnavigating the globe.
To guide the canoe Hōkūle‘a, navigators use traditional wayfinding with stars, waves, wind and birds as mapping points for direction. Pacific Island people mastered wayfinding and used it to explore and settle the Pacific Ocean. The Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS) recovered and reclaimed this knowledge for Hawaiʻi after a 600-year period of local extinction. Over the past 40 years, PVS has sailed more than 140,000 nautical miles within our Pacific Ocean home, reconnecting with the past and reimagining a healthier future for the people, oceans, and environment of all of Island Earth.
This epic voyage was named Mālama Honua, a Hawaiian term meaning "to care for our Island Earth" and is reflective of PVS and GLISPA's mission. In support of our common goals, GLISPA and PVS have worked together to inspire world leaders to greater action for a sustainable future including:
- PVS, GLISPA and supporters coordinated the Voyages arrival at the Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States (UNSIDS) in Apia, Samoa in September 2014. The canoes were welcomed to Samoa and UNSIDS during a poignant traditional ceremony organized by Samoa Voyaging Society.
- In a special celebration of the International Year of SIDS, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and his wife sailed aboard Hōkūleʻa with islands leaders in Apia Harbor. His Excellency Ban Ki-moon presented Nainoa Thompson and the crew with a handwritten message in a bottle, asking them to carry it with them as they circle the globe. The message stated, "I am honored to be a part of Hokulea’s Worldwide Voyage. I am inspired by its global mission. As you tour the globe, I will work and rally more leaders to our common cause of ushering in a more sustainable future and a life of dignity for all."
- During the GLISPA High Level Event “Leaders Inspiring Action” at UNSIDS, the President of Palau, H.E. Tommy Remengesau Jr. stated, recognized the World Wide Voyage, Nainoa Thompson, the Polynesian Voyaging Society and crew for undertaking their inspiring journey around the world journey to train the next generation of navigators and to spread the message on the urgency of dealing with the threats to our oceans and islands. GLISPA stands ready to support their efforts.
Toward 2017, GLISPA is supporting the Voyage to inspire greater leadership and action to care for our world’s oceans and islands. This includes supporting the canoes departure from the Pacific region for the first time in history as well as strategic events to inspire leadership and catalyze commitments including the Voyages arrival to New York City and Washington D.C. in mid-2016.
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Inequality is a cancer on society, here in the U.S. and across the globe. It keeps growing. But humanity seems helpless against it, as if it's an alien force that no one understands, even as the life is being gradually drained from its victims.
The recent Oxfam report on global wealth inequality reveals some of the ugly extremes that have divided our world. It also directs our attention to the Global Wealth Report compiled by Credit Suisse, and the companion Databook, which offer a shocking testament to the severity of U.S. and global inequality.
1. The 30 Richest Americans Own as much as Half of the U.S. Population
The Oxfam report tells us that 85 individuals own as much as half the world. The U.S. is the biggest reason for that, with 5% of the world's population and 30% of the wealth. China, India, and Africa, on the other hand, combine for about half the world's population and just 12% of the wealth.
In the U.S., the richest 30 individuals own about $792 billion, while the bottom half of Americans own 1.1% of our country's wealth, also about $792 billion. That's 30 people owning as much as 157,000,000 people.
2. The Bottom Half of America Owns a Smaller Percentage of National Wealth than Almost All Other Countries and Continents
The 1.1% of America's wealth owned by the poorest half is less than the poorest halves of Asia (1.3% of the region's wealth), Africa (2.1%), Latin America (3.2%), India (4.5%), the United Kingdom (7.6%), and China (9.6%).
It goes beyond the poorest half. The upper-middle class of America (roughly $50,000 to $200,000 in wealth) own a smaller percentage of wealth than the corresponding upper-middle classes of China and India. Of course, America's lower and middle classes have more moneyin absolute terms than corresponding classes in China and India. But that leads to the next topic.
3. Less Mobility: North America's Bottom Half Has Less Chance to MOVE UP than Any Other Region of the World
Conservatives argue that individuals should be able to improve their economic positions with personal initiative and hard work. But economic mobility is lower in the U.S. than in most developed countries. And lower than in many undeveloped countries.
The results of a Credit Suisse wealth mobility simulation are given in the Global Wealth Databook: "North America is...less mobile than other regions, especially over longer time horizons. Europe is next in line, followed by the middle group of Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Africa. The most mobile regions are China and India."
4. America's MIDDLE CLASS is Further from the Top than in All Other Developed Countries
As noted above, it's not just the bottom half being battered by inequality -- it's most of the rest of us. The U.S. median of $44,911 is only 15% of the $301,140 mean (which is greatly skewed by the wealth of the richest 10%). That ratio is less than any other of the 27 developed countries listed by Credit Suisse, and much less than the average OECD ratio of 35%.
For the world as a whole, the median is only 8% of the mean, reflecting the fact that half the world's adults average less than $500 in wealth.
The Greatest Shock: How Little is Needed to Restore Some Sanity
Extreme inequality means that people without homes are freezing to death in America. On a winter day in 2012 over 633,000 people were homeless in the United States. Based on an annual single room occupancy (SRO) cost of $558 per month, a little over $4 billion would provide shelter for every homeless person for the entire year.
The stock market grew by $4.7 trillion in 2013. A wealth tax of just a one-tenth of 1 percent (one dollar out of every thousand) would have provided the $4 billion needed to shelter every homeless American for 365 days.
But we have no wealth tax. And the wealth just keeps growing for the wealthiest Americans.
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ISBN = International Standard Book Number
The ISBN is a unique identifier for a book or other book-like product (such as an audiobook) that specifies its format, edition, and publisher.
Why do I need an ISBN?
There are many reasons to purchase an ISBN for your title, including:
- An ISBN improves the likelihood your book will be found and purchased
- An ISBN links to essential information about your book
- An ISBN enables more efficient marketing and distribution of your title
- Most retailers require ISBNs
- Correct use of the ISBN allows different product forms and editions of a book, printed or digital, to be differentiated clearly, ensuring that customers receive the version they require
- An ISBN helps you collect and analyze book sales data
- An ISBN ensures your book’s information will be stored in the Books In Print database
- Books In Print is consulted by publishers, retailers and libraries around world when searching for title information
- The ISBN conveys no legal or copyright protection, however, the use of ISBNs for publications is prescribed by law in some countries
- ISBNs are the global standard for book identification
- ISBNs never expire
How many ISBNs do I need?
You will need one ISBN for each edition and format of your book.
The ISBN identifies the publisher as well as the specific book title, edition and format (hardback, paperback, ePub, PDF, Mobi, Audio…).
Any variation of a book requires the use of a unique ISBN to identify it properly. This allows retailers to help the customer understand exactly which version of a title they are purchasing.
Before publishing, here’s a few questions to ask yourself
- How many book titles you are planning to publish?
- How many formats will each title be created in?
- Do you plan to publish future revised editions of your title?
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NONTECHNICAL SOIL SERIES DESCRIPTIONS
SELECTED SOIL PROPERTIES
Plymouth County Soil Survey
Click Here for the NONTECH DESCRIPTIONS
Efforts are currently underway to update the soil survey for Plymouth County. The 1969 Soil Survey of Plymouth County is out of print and outdated. Updated soil mapping is available for parts of Plymouth County. The updated mapping is compiled on color-infrared aerial photographs at a 1:12,000 scale. For information about the Plymouth County Soil Survey update, call 508-295-5151 x. 112, or visit our web page at the following URL: http://nesoil.com.
This document provides users with broad concepts for each soil series currently being mapped in the Plymouth County Soil Survey Update. It enables a quick comparison between different soil series and their potential and limitations for several soil interpretations. This publication does not provide map unit interpretations or specific soil series information for the soils in Plymouth County. Map unit descriptions for the soils mapped in Plymouth County can be found on the main homepage listed above.
This document is not intended to replace the technical information contained within County Soil Surveys published by the USDA-NRCS. When researching a specific site within an area, the published County Soil Survey Report contains the more up to date, complete, technical soils information provided by our agency.
EXPLANATIONS OF HEADERS
Soils are classified according to a hierarchical system of classification, similar to the system used to classify plants and animals. The soil series is the lowest category in Soil Taxonomy and the most common reference term used to name mapping units in soil surveys. A soil series consists of a range of chemical and physical properties which differentiates it from other series. This booklet contains the series which are currently mapped in Plymouth County Massachusetts.
Brief Nontechnical Soil Descriptions:
This paragraph contains a brief description of the soil series. Complete descriptions of soil series and soil map units are found in the published county Soil Survey reports. The brief description in this booklet contains information on: the soil depth class, which refers to the depth to bedrock (for example a very deep soil is greater than 60 inches to bedrock, a moderately deep soils has bedrock between 20 and 40 inches), soil drainage class, material the soil formed in, the landforms the soil occurs on, and other properties. Most series also contain a description of the soil, including soil color, texture, and horizons.
Depth to Seasonal High Watertable:
This column gives a range in depth to the seasonal high watertable, in feet below the surface. A seasonal high watertable is a zone of saturation at the highest average depth during the wettest season. It is at least 6 inches thick, persists in the soil for more than a few weeks, and is within 5 feet of the soil surface.
Depth: The normal depth range of a seasonal high watertable or zone of saturation of the natural, undrained soil is given to the nearest-half foot. The highest water level is given first. Water above the soil surface is shown by a positive whole number.
Type: Shown in parentheses under the depth class; this gives the kind of watertable recognized within the soil. Apparent watertables are the levels at which water stands in a freshly dug, unlined borehole after adequate time adjustments in the surrounding soil. A perched watertable is one that exists in the soil above an unsaturated zone due to a restrictive or slowly permeable layer.
Estimated Period of Seasonal High Watertable:
This column gives the duration in months in which the seasonal high watertables typically exists during a year with normal precipitation.
Soil permeability is the quality of the soil that enables water or air to move through it. This rate is the "saturated hydraulic conductivity" of soil physics. Soil permeability is expressed in inches per hour. The permeability is given for the subsoil (s) and the substratum (b) in this report.
This column lists whether or not the soil series is on the State Hydric Soil List. A hydric soil is a soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (Hydric Soils of the United States, June 1991). Hydric soils must meet certain criteria to classify as a hydric soil.
A group of soils having the same runoff potential under similar storm and cover conditions. Soil Properties that influence runoff potential are those that influence the minimum rate of infiltration for a bare soil after prolonged wetting and when not frozen.
Classes: Soil series are placed into four groups A, B, C, and D.
Definitions of the soil classes are as follows:
A. Low runoff potential. Soil having high infiltration rates even when thoroughly wetted and consisting chiefly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands and/or gravels.
B. Soils having moderate infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and consisting chiefly of moderately deep to deep, moderately well drained to well drained soils with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures.
C. Soils having slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and consisting chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes downward movement of water.
D. High runoff potential. Soils having very slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and consisting chiefly of clayey soils, soils with a permanent high watertable, and shallow soils.
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CRUD Analysis – radioactive isotope analysis in the field
Entergy is an American energy company. They operate over 40 plants that turn nuclear, natural gas, coal, oil and hydroelectric power into electricity. Prior to remediation work in certain parts of their nuclear power plants, it is understood that radioactive deposits within pipework can significantly elevate ambient dose rates. Following the ionizing radiation regulation principle As Low As Reasonably Possible (ALARP), it is necessary to implement methods to reduce radiation exposure of the workforce.
The Radiation Protection Manager (RPM) for Entergy, is primarily interested in lowering source term inside pipes and having a method to determine the success of remediation processes. To do this, the RPM and his team need to know which isotopes are present and the relative contribution to dose for each isotope.
Challenges faced by Entergy
Within the laminate film layer in process pipes, a build-up of radioactive metals takes place. These are referred to as Chalk River Unidentified Deposits (CRUD). While radiochemistry is an effective tool for analysing the CRUD layer, the Entergy team need to know the composition of the CRUD layer as this relates directly to dose contribution.
Having the facility to characterize the CRUD layer, the RPM and his team can put in dose reduction measures specific to the heavy isotope(s) identified. For example by adding depleted zinc, which penetrates the laminate film and blocks Co-60 from bonding to the pipe wall. It should be noted that without a good understanding of the CRUD layer composition, it is impossible to determine the long term effectiveness of the removal process and therefore no guarantee that there will be a lasting result. Nuclide Identification enables accurate targeting and leads to ensure that the correct and most cost-effective removal methods are used.
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Between the parade of ocean showers the summer air is empty – even the season’s face-flies can’t be tempted out to annoy me. As for butterflies, a rare good day stirs a few speckled woods from the shadows, or launches the flicker of stray, unremarkable cabbage whites. Were there really summers of admirals, tortoiseshells, peacocks, painted ladies, clustered to flower-heads at every promise of nectar?
They will – they must – come again. But are you old enough to remember summer nights, decades ago, when a fast drive in the countryside would light up a glittering blizzard of little wings and leave headlights and windscreen plastered with dead moths by journey’s end?
In his recent book The Moth Snowstorm – Nature and Joy, Michael McCarthy thought it had taken the coming of the motor car to bring home to people the incredible abundance of moths in the natural world. In the UK, where kinds of moth, large and small, still outnumber species of butterflies by almost 50 to one, the night snowstorm is already a lost phenomenon. That I also recall a few nights of such experience, long ago, speaks for the loss of abundance even in Mayo. It is all of a piece with the thinning out of bumblebees, hoverflies and so much else in the insect world.
A “red list” of Ireland’s threatened moth species, just published by the National Parks and Wildlife Service (npws.ie) finds about 16 per cent of our 500-odd larger moths warranting concern, with seven species in danger of extinction. Loss of special habitat and particular plants are the main reasons. The mallow moth, for example, is missing its eponymous food plant from the dwindling wild patches of coast around Dublin. But the thrift clearwing, that lays its eggs among pink thrift, still abundant on the island’s rocky coasts, is also suddenly disappearing; no one knows why.
It’s only lately that, for more and more people awakened to the natural world, the beauty of so many moths has come into its own.
“Moths are often characterised – inaccurately – as being dull,” write the authors of the red list, “and, in the mind of many, they are undesirable and troublesome insects.” Rather, they write, the daytime appearance of many species, “can be a revelation, showing intricate patterning and colours that is at least the equal of the Irish butterflies”.
That's quite deeply-felt language for a scientific report. The passion that moths can arouse is shared even more freely in On Your Doorstep: Moths and Butterflies of Connemara*, a beautiful and instructive book by an author bursting to spread the vision and the word.
Heather Greer, now retired after a career in professional training, is a keen trad musician on harmonica and lives with her banjo-playing partner, Mary Lovett, on the Aughrus peninsula at the tip of north-west Connemara. She is also an accomplished photographer.
On a mild summer night about 15 years ago she was drawn to the moths fluttering at her lighted kitchen window. She looked at them closely “for the first time”, then fetched a torch and a magnifying glass. She was amazed and enchanted by “the most intricate and beautiful miniature works of art”. This led her to start close-up photography of the day-flying moths and butterflies visiting her garden and fuchsia-lined hedgerows of the local boreens.
The windswept coast of Aughrus, at the last fringe of Europe, would not seem the most promising lepidopteran territory. But On Your Doorstep offers more than 100 rich, often dazzling, portraits of local moths, along with a score of butterflies, most of Ireland's total
The moths include several spectacular hawkmoths, including the gorgeous, somewhat fearsome pink elephant hawkmoth that succeeds the big “eyed” caterpillar of my drawing (a regular late-summer query to Eye on Nature). There is also Europe’s most westerly portrait of a rare migrant, the death’s head hawkmoth, both as caterpillar and colourful adult.
Quite as fascinating are the rich brocades of moths with wings a mere couple of centimetres long. The colours, textures and patterns have evolved as superb camouflage on leaves or bark, or warn predators of toxicity (the reader’s six-spot burnet in today’s Eye on Nature synthesises deadly hydrogen cyanide from its foodplants).
The new book's engaging knowledge about its species, and about moths in general, has matured from years of painstaking inquiry and reading. The author had particular help from Moths Ireland, the internet group and database (mothsireland.com) led by Angus Tyner and Eamonn O'Donnell. Both men are enthusiasts whose growing expertise and data-gathering were enlisted for the new red list of threatened species.
Some academic field guides to British and Irish moths can overwhelm the reader with their hundreds of thumbnails of similar-seeming, mostly brownish, specimens.
The large-format gallery in On Your Doorstep is vivid, local and more meaningful. Self-published (Matador, UK) it makes a heavy paperback, at €30, including postage, from connemaradoorstep.com. It is also in Connemara bookshops.
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Measures of statistical validity give us a sense of how confident you can feel in our survey results. The most common measure of statistical validity is a margin of error, which is used to create confidence intervals. These are invoked when you conduct a survey with a random sample of residents (i.e., you have a list of residents that you randomly choose from so everyone has an equal probability of being selected). There are two key parts to this: the margin of error and the level of confidence.
The margin of error is dependent on the number of responses you get to your survey; as the number of respondents increases, the margin of error goes down.
The level of confidence indicates how confident you are that the true rating, if the whole population were surveyed, would be within your margin of error.
For example, with 600 responses, the margin of error at a 95% level of confidence is plus or minus 4%. This means that, if 75% of residents rate a service as “excellent” or “good,” then if the entire community responded to a question, between 71% and 79% would rate the service as “excellent” or “good.” The 95% level of confidence means that, if you conducted this survey 100 times with different random samples, in 95 of the 100 implementations, the average rating would be within the margin of error (i.e., between 71% and 79%).
When your respondents are not randomly sampled—like when you share a link to the survey across multiple communication channels—other measures, such as credibility intervals, are used. The methods are complex, but practically speaking, the error bands are wider than a margin of error from a probability-based sample of a similar size.
You may not always need to measure the precision of your results, or, even if you do measure, you may be comfortable with less precision in some cases. Generally there are increasing costs to getting more precise results; higher-stakes decisions may warrant more investment than lower-stakes ones. In each case, you want to consider the tradeoffs of cost, timeliness and level of accuracy.
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Ocean cleanup plan pitched by Delft teen
A student from Delft has found a way to clean the ocean of plastic waste in an efficient and reasonably priced way. He presents the results of his feasibility study in New York on Tuesday. In 2012, 19-year old inventor Boyan Slat found a solution to rid the world's conscience of the ocean's plastic pollution problem. He unveiled his plan for an installation, and spent one year studying how it could be made possible. In New York, he explains that is its a feasible plan. Slat believes that he can install his invention in the ocean range between Hawaii and California in 2020. This region is the most heavily polluted with plastic in all oceans. "Within 10 years we can remove almost half of all the plastic from that area", the inventor says.
Slat's installation has long floating arms, in the shape of a V. These arms are 100 kilometers long and three meters high, and are anchored at strategic locations on the sea bed. "In this way we should be able to catch most of the plastic. With sea currents, the plastic automatically comes towards the point of the V." There, the plastic is pumped up and held. A tanker will come to collect the retrieved plastic every 1.5 months. According to the young inventor, the machine will not pose a danger to ocean life, plants or animals, because sea life will travel under the arms, due to the current. The first time the world heard about Slat's plan for The Ocean Cleanup, which was part of his VWO school profile work, was when he presented his idea in a talk at a TEDx Talks conference. That video has had more than a million hits on YouTube by now. Slat halted his Aviation and Aerospace Engineering course for a while to fully concentrate on this project. He now has a team of 100 people helping him. Now that the project has become realistically viable, he is planning to gather the financing for it through crowdfunding. He does warn that pollution has to be stopped, otherwise the project makes no sense. The costs for the project are estimated at €317 million, the NOS reports. Later this month, Slat will present his project to US Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Kerry. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROW9F-c0kIQ
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Illustrator Tutorial: Honey Star
Draw a nice honey star shape in this Illustrator tutorial. Learn to draw illustrator rounded corner effect with Divide effect. Have fun!
1. Create a star
Select the Star Tool, and draw a star. Copy it to the clipboard by pressing Ctrl+C/Command+C as we will be using it later.
2. Rounded corner effects
Apply Effect>Stylize>Round Corners. Enter a value in the Radius field. Check the preview to get the amount of rounded effect you like. Expand the shape after that by going Object>Expand Appearance.
3. Dividing the corners
Press Ctrl/Command+F to paste the sharp corner star to the front. Select both shape and select Divide in the Pathfinder palette(Window>Pathfinder).
4. Delete away unwanted corners
Using Direct Selection Tool, we select the corners the unwanted corners and delete it away to get the final honey star shape.
We can use this method on any shape to achieve the combination of sharp and rounded corners using the Rounded Corners effect. As the shape will break into pieces after you applied the Divide command, you can combine the shape back by selecting all the broken shapes and apply Merge command in the Pathfinder.
Learn 101 Illustrator tips and techniques for free.
About The Author: Tony Soh
Hi. I'm the founder of Vector Diary. Illustrator is my passion and I have written numerous tutorials on illustrator helping people learn illustrator. My most popular tutorial on learn illustrator has been a hit. It makes learning illustrator so easy and has benefited more than 20,000 people worldwide. Also, I've revealed some of my secret techniques in the premium tutorials. So don't forget to check it out!
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Solar energy has been around for a long, long time – since approximately 3,500,000,000 BC, in fact, when cyanobacteria harnessed solar energy for life. Little did those simple organisms know that they were onto something that one day would become a viable power source that could increase the quality of human life by sustaining our environment and decreasing our energy costs.
Without a doubt, solar energy has come a long way – and though it’s been around for millenniums, the most notable technological, political and economic breakthroughs in shaping solar as we know it started in the late 1970s. Let’s take a look at some of the highlights in the evolution of solar – and you can read the full history of solar by checking out our interactive solar energy timeline.
1978 – Power from the President
President Jimmy Carter signed the National Energy Act which established “feed-in tariffs” that mandated utility companies to buy back power generated by renewable sources. That gave private citizens using solar power generation systems the option to generate profit by selling excess power back to power companies.
1979 – The White House goes Solar
President Jimmy Carter gets solar panels installed on the roof of the White House during the Arab oil embargo. And thus, arguably the most important piece of real estate in America was partially powered by solar energy. In 1986, President Reagan had the 32 panels removed, and they were relocated for further use.
1980 – Powering up in California and Massachusetts
ARCO constructed what was the largest PV manufacturing plant in California – and went on to produce more than one megawatt of PV products in 1980.
Solar Designs Associates designed and built the “Carlisle House” in Carlisle, MA. Commissioned by MIT, the roof’s solar array was capable of producing 7.5 kilowatts and made it zero percent reliant on fossil fuels. The 3,200 square foot house produced a surplus of energy, which was sold to utility companies.
1980 — 1985 – Solar goes solo
Engineers began to look beyond centralized PV power stations for solar energy to the idea that individual buildings could become their own power production facility. Swiss engineer Marcus Real advanced that idea and sold over 300 residential solar systems in Zurich. That development changed the business of solar with a new focus on consumers who wished to be more self-sufficient and less reliant on centralized power.
1990 — 1999 – Efficiency on the upswing
Tremendous advances occurred in this decade. Efficiency of solar cells increased dramatically. In 1992, the University of South Florida produced a thin-film photovoltaic cell system that operated at 15.9% efficiency. And in 1999, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory further improved the efficiency to 18.8%. Also in that year, Spectrolab, Inc. developed a multi-junction photovoltaic cell with 32.2% efficiency – a vast improvement over where things started at the start of the decade.
May 2002 – A powerful and profitable solar-focused collaboration
The collaboration of Energy Northwest, Bonneville Environmental Foundation, Bonneville Power Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, and Newport Northwest LLC developed the 38.7 kilowatt White Bluffs Solar Station in Richland, WA. The 6,000 square foot facility uses multi-junction photovoltaic cells and began selling its power to Bonneville Power Administration for $0.04 per kilowatt-hour. In addition, the facility started selling “green tags (similar to carbon credits which can be used to compensate for other, less eco-friendly projects).
July 31, 2008 – Storage issue meets promising solution
MIT researchers deliver powerful news to help alleviate the issue of solar power storage. They announced that storage concerns could soon be dealt with by utilizing fuel cell technology to split hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water, and then recombine them for later use. That capability brought an element of further versatility to solar energy and addressed the primary issue faced by solar technology – its availability at night. Inspired by plant photosynthesis, the researchers developed a process to enable storing energy in a clean, affordable way.
2010 – Solar soars
2010 brought the installation of more than 50,000 systems. That was nearly twice as many systems as in 2009. The impact: a cumulative capacity of 2.15 gigawatts! Approximately 262 MW of the production units installed were connected to residential systems.
In July of 2010, the Solar Impulse project, headquartered in Switzerland’s École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, achieved a sustained 24 hour flight with is fully solar airplane.
2012 – Around the world and in the toilet (in a good way)
On May 4, 2012, the Tûranor PlanetSolar, a fully solar-powered catamaran, completed a 584 day circumnavigation of the planet. The boat used 38,000 solar cells to charge a bank of lithium-ion batteries that could hold enough power to propel the boat for three days with no sunlight.
Alta Devices researchers developed a “LED type” solar cell in April that emits light as it produces – reaching 28.3% efficiency (the highest for any single-junction cell). And on May 31, Sharp achieved an impressive efficiency of 43.5% with their compound cell and concentrator system. August 20, IBM and associates reached an efficiency of 11.1% with their affordable to produce copper, zinc, and tin-based cells. Two days later, South China University of Technology hit 9.31% efficiency with polymer-based organic photovoltaic cells (OPV).
And rounding out the 2012 advancements, on August 14, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced the winners of their “Reinvent the Toilet Challenge.” A team from the California Institute of Technology took first place for developing a toilet that uses solar power to render all waste into hydrogen gas, water, and organic fertilizer. The new, inexpensive variety of toilets is intended for locations without access to modern sanitation facilities or clean water.
The Future of Solar…
As history always does, we can expect that it will repeat itself by continued interest and innovation in solar power. The increased momentum that the advances in solar energy have gained over time is a promising sign that it will become a more broadly installed technology in homes. As scientific diligence and practical applications yield better returns on homeowners’ investments, we’ll surely see the solar energy movement expand. Cost savings, more control over our energy, and the promise of a cleaner, quieter way to power our lives…the benefits of solar energy will steadily be realized by more and more households. It’s just a matter of time.
Article by Jim Noden, founder of Bright Eye Solar LLC, a solar installation company located in Lancaster, PA. He is passionate about what the future of solar has in store.
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A summary tells the important parts of a book without including unimportant details. Sometimes it is hard to decide what is important to include in a summary and what can be left out. When summarizing, it is helpful to identify the important parts in the beginning, middle, and end of the book.
Helpful hints for learning to summarize
- Read the summaries on the backs or inside flaps of books. Notice how they sound and what the author included or left out. Try to make your summaries sound like these published authors.
- Summarize the story across your hand. Hold up one finger for each part. If you start to run out of fingers before you get to the end, you are probably telling too many details! Try using a starting word for each finger: “First…next….in the middle….then….finally.”
- Can you tell the important parts of a story in two or three sentences? Try using this format: “This book was about ____________. First [the characters] wanted _________. Then ________ [what they did], and finally ___________ [the solution.]”
To learn more helpful hints about summarizing, download the guide.
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Drains are one of the most crucial things that we have to help keep us all clean and healthy. Since drainage systems were invented, many illnesses have reduced that come from dirty water, and some are unheard of in this country nowadays.
However, to ensure that our drains can help us to stay well, it is important to take care of them too. Good drain maintenance is important – taking care about keeping drains clear and getting drains inspected and repaired by professionals like this drain lining Bracknell based company https://www.drainpower.co.uk/drainage-services/drain-lining/drain-lining-bracknell/ is important.
However, something that is also essential when caring for drains is being aware of what shouldn’t go down them. As well as causing problems in the sinks, showers and toilets of our own homes, putting the wrong things in the drains can cause much larger problems further into the sewers. A build up of these oils and fats, hair, wet wipes and other debris lead to the formation of fatbergs – large structures which form in the sewers and eventually cause enormous blockages preventing the sewerage system from working properly.
As well as the damage that they cause, they are also time consuming and expensive to remove, with removal costs said to run into millions for these gargantuan waste collections. In order to keep our drainage working well and helping us, it is essential that everyone is aware of the things that can cause fatbergs to form.
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The curriculum has been developed based on the needs of our children. The curriculum is sequenced so that it is progressive in both skills and knowledge. We have selected and designed our units carefully so that it reflects our diverse community where everyone belongs and are included.
We have ensured that the development of rich vocabulary is at the heart of our curriculum so that children have the foundations to become confident speakers, readers and writers.
We teach our core subjects with rigour and develop high standards of literacy through our English curriculum; develop fluency in number and the ability to problem solve in maths and in science, develop curiosity and stimulate awe and wonder about the world around them.
Our foundation subjects ensure that the children develop an understanding of the world around them. They are designed so that children know more, do more and remember more through repeatedly retrieving learning that has been taught.
The end goals of the curriculum are planned; end of year expectations are regularly assessed and scaffolds are used to ensure that most children reach age related expectations and in many cases, mastery.
Our six Learning Values, represented by different animals, guide the way that all members of our community learn, work and exist today. These values underpin and drive our curriculum. The learning values are cooperation, self-confidence, thoughtfulness, curiosity, motivation and resilience.
In Early Years and the Foundation Stage, we also link our learning to an overarching question to lead the children’s learning and ensure we cover all aspects of the EYFS Objectives.
Achieving our aim
The Avenue Primary community is committed to providing the best possible inclusive education for all our pupils, to develop the full potential in each and every one of them and to provide that education in a safe and secure environment. To this end we work with the London Borough of Newham and with the Manor Park Schools Soft Federation to provide the resources and support to achieve that aim. The school has developed a full range of policies, which spell out how we will implement the National Curriculum and Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum as well as providing a secure environment free of bullying, sexism and racism.
These policies are regularly reviewed and updated to ensure that the school is fulfilling the aims that it has set itself, and that it is complying with the latest guidance, regulations and legal obligations. The curriculum policy statement sets the context within which the other policies should be read.
In partnership with other agencies we:
- Aim to raise educational achievement and develop the full potential in each individual.
- Challenge and overcome low expectations about educational standards and achievements, acknowledging and challenging disadvantage and discrimination in all forms.
- Value individuals and communities.
- Acknowledge specific individual needs and meet them as far as possible within available resources.
- Provide wide and varied educational experiences, which are based on the appropriate nationally approved curriculums.
When planning the curriculum we will ensure that it:
- Draws on and recognises the value of linguistic, religious, cultural and ethnic diversity, particularly within our local community and that it presents positive images to our pupils.
- Caters for the needs of all pupils in mainstream classes.
- Recognises and plans for the need of all pupils including those with Special Needs and the Gifted and Talented.
- Use available resources effectively to meet the individual needs of all pupils.
- Actively discourage and challenges the use of racial and personal abuse, graffiti and attacks.
All pupils will:
- Have an education that allows them to acquire knowledge, skills, understanding and practical abilities with the motivation to use them.
- Be shown respect as learners and individuals.
Click on a year group below to find out what the children are learning this term.
- Year 1 Curriculum overview
- Year 2 Curriculum overview
- Year 3 Curriculum overview
- Year 4 Curriculum overview
- Year 5 Curriculum overview
- Year 6 Curriculum overview
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More than 150 years after the Civil War ended, the Confederacy is memorialized with statues, monuments and historical markers across the United States.
Some say they mark history and honor heritage. Others argue they are racist symbols of America’s dark legacy of slavery.
A nationwide debate surrounding this issue has been underway since Dylann Roof killed nine African-Americans in a Charleston church in 2015, in an effort to “start a race war.” And it flared up again after white nationalists marched last weekend to protest the removal of a Robert E. Lee statue in Charlottesville, Virginia, where one woman was killed amid violent clashes between demonstrators.
The National Register of Historic Places does not keep a detailed list of Confederate memorials across the United States. In 2016, the Southern Poverty Law Center identified 1,503 Confederate “place names and other symbols in public spaces” across the nation, but admitted the study was “far from comprehensive.”
Many local government officials are now weighing whether to keep Confederate memorials in their cities and towns. Here’s a state-by-state breakdown.
The Charlottesville City Council voted in April to remove a statue of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee at the newly-renamed Emancipation Park, CNN affiliate WVIR reported. The violence there over the weekend stemmed from this decision. The removal is on hold pending litigation.
A Confederate statue called “Old Joe” was removed in Gainesville, Florida, on Monday. The statue sat outside the Alachua County Administration building for more than 100 years. The Alachua County Board of Commissioners made the decision to remove the statue in May after two years of debate. It will be relocated by the Daughters of the Confederacy.
The Hillsborough County Board of Commissioners voted in July to remove the Memoria In Aeterna monument, which honors Confederate soldiers, from a county courthouse. The board is also expected to relocate the Hillsborough County Civil War Veterans Monument.
Protesters toppled over a Confederate statue in front of a Durham County courthouse in North Carolina on Monday. The monument depicted a soldier holding a gun and had an engraving that said “In memory of the boys who wore gray.” The protest was held in response to the Charlottesville violence.
Jim Gray, the mayor of Lexington, Kentucky, said he will ask the city council to approve relocating two Confederate-era monuments from a former courthouse in the city. The mayor announced the decision in a series of tweets after the Charlottesville attacks.
“I am taking action to relocate the Confederate statues. We have thoroughly examined the issue, and heard from many of our citizens,” Gray said. In another tweet, Gray said he planned to make the announcement next week, but said his decision was affected by the “tragic events” in Charlottesville.
Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings on Tuesday called for the formation of a task force to determine the fate of Confederate statues in city parks during the next 90 days, including the Robert E. Lee statue in Lee Park and the Confederate War Memorial in downtown Dallas, CNN affiliate KTVT reported. “This is simple. We could remove them, the question is, how do we heal on this issue? To do that we have to talk and listen to one another,” Rawlings said.
Two city councilmen in San Antonio have pushed for the removal of a Confederate monument at Travis Park, CNN affiliate KSAT reported. Councilmen Roberto Treviño and William “Cruz” Shaw jointly filed a consideration to relocate the monument where it could be used in an “educational context.”
Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner asked the city staff to compile an inventory of Confederate statues and make recommendations about whether they should be removed from city property. Members of the public urged the council to take down the statues. “It is my hope that we can, in a very positive and constructive way, move forward,” Turner said.
Anna Lopez Brosche, city council president in Jacksonville, said she asked city officials for an inventory of all Confederate monuments and markers. Brosche said in a press release that she plans to submit legislation to relocate the monuments to museums for “appropriate historical context.”
Officials in Richmond, Virginia, have started to hold public meetings for community input on the future of the city’s many Civil War monuments and statues. According to local reports, the meeting was civil and both sides seemed equally supported. The city hopes to have a plan in place later this fall.
An official with the City of Atlanta told CNN that the city is currently reviewing options for the Peace Monument in Piedmont Park, which is owned by the city. Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed asked the public art commission to review the city’s art and determine which pieces have ties to racism and slavery, but hasn’t asked to remove any.
Birmingham Mayor William Bell ordered plastic draped over the Confederate monument at Linn Park and a plywood structure built around it while officials decide what to do. State law prohibits a city from taking down the monument, he said, but not covering it up. “This country should in no way tolerate the hatred that the KKK, neo-Nazis, fascists and other hate groups spew,” he said. “The God I know doesn’t put one race over another.”
Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey told CNN affiliate KTVK that he will not remove any Confederate monuments or memorials and will instead leave that decision up to the public.
“It’s not my desire or mission to tear down any monuments or memorials. We have a public process for this. If the public wants to be engaged on this, I’d invite them to get engaged in it,” Ducey said.
Officials with Gettysburg National Military Park said they have no plans to remove any of the park’s 1,300-plus monuments, markers or plaques.
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An instrument for testing the refractive power of the eye.
More example sentences
- He immediately became hypermetropic (long sighted) in that eye, but using his optometer found ‘the same inequality in the horizontal and vertical refractions as without the water’.
- We have developed an optometer to measure the ocular astigmatism of human eyes and tested its performance.
mid 18th century: from Greek optos 'seen' + -meter.
Definition of optometer in:
- The US English dictionary
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Welcome to Willow Class. On our page you will find: exciting class news, pictures of things we've done, and activities that can be used at home to support learning further.
Our topic will still be 'Totally Tropical'. We will initially continue to look at life cycles and will focus on The Very Hungry Caterpillar and the butterfly lifecycle. We will move on to look at the species which inhabit tropical regions, culminating in our trip to Bristol Zoo on June 29th.
This term we will be focusing on continuing to develop our reading and writing. We will be using the phonics which we have learned in our work and we aim to extend our writing to sentences and short narratives/ explanations about things with which we are familiar or stories which we have shared. Please support your child to use the sounds which they know, even if the spelling is incorrect. The aim is that they should independently write their ideas. We will revisit all of the sounds covered so far and I will start to send home spellings to learn (high frequency words) after the half-term.
By the end of June, I will be making judgements about each child's attainment. I am therefore setting out the Early Learning Goals for your reference. These are the National Expectation for attainment at the end of the Foundation stage.
The Early Learning Goal for READING:
Children should be able to read and understand simple sentences. They should use phonic knowledge to decode regular words and read them aloud accurately. They should also read some common irregular words. They should demonstrate understanding when talking with others about what they have read.
The Early Learning Goal for WRITING:
Children should use their phonic knowledge to write words in ways which match their spoken sounds. They should also write some irregular common words. They should write simple sentences which can be read by themselves and others. Some words should be spelt correctly and others should be phonetically plausible.
In maths, we will consolidate our learning to date.
The Early Learning Goals for NUMBERS:
Children should be able to count reliably with numbers from one to 20, place them in order and say which number is one more or one less than a given number. Using quantities and objects, they should add and subtract two single-digit numbers and count on or back to find the answer. They should finally solve problems, including doubling, halving and sharing.
The Early Learning Goals in SHAPE, SPACE AND MEASURES:
Children should use everyday language to talk about size, weight, capacity, position, distance, time and money. They should be able to compare quantities and objects and to solve problems. They should recognise, create and describe patterns. Finally, they should be able to explore the characteristics of everyday objects and shapes and use mathematical language to describe them.
As our learning is child-centred, the path which our learning may take is not definitively mapped out, but will respond to the interests of the children.
Have you seen the Kids' Zone? Play games, and visit some cool websites. You can vote for your favourites!
BRISTOL TRIP 29TH JUNE
Willow class enjoyed a trip to Bristol Zoo with Key Stage One.
We attended a 'Jungle Boogie' Sessions, where we able to look at, hold and touch Jungle creatures. We enjoyed looking at a range of animal artefacts and thinking about the creatures which live in these climates.
You can see from the photos that we had plenty to look at!
The following day, we released the butterflies which we have been watching in class. We enjoyed watching the caterpillars develop and it was lovely to release our Painted Lady butterflies.
This week, the children enjoyed mixing coloured water to see which new colours they could make. Miss Luxton brought in the exoskeletons shed by 2 tarantulas and explained to the children how the spiders do this.
The children were fascinated to look at the exoskeletons and many of them wanted to touch and feel what they felt like. Some of the adults were not so brave!
We have set up a shop in our role play area, which soon became a serving hatch. The children are enjoying making signs, writing shopping lists and handling money.
We have started to record subtraction sentences and the children have been eager to try this for themselves.
This week we have been practising using objects to subtract and then recording what we have done.
We also enjoyed our Inspire morning, where our parents / grandparents worked with us to create a story map for The Very Hungry Caterpillar.
Our caterpillars are continuing to grow very quickly - they are VERY hungry! - and we are watching them closely.
We have been learning how to stay safe and strong. We have shared the NSPCC Pantasaurus activities. There is a link for the song here:
For our 'Totally Tropical' theme, we have started to plant seeds (sunflower) and we are looking forward to seeing how they grow over the next few weeks. We are also planning to plant more seeds over the next couple of weeks.
A Ruishton-based knitting group have very kindly made us a 'Handa's Surprise' story sack. The children have very much enjoyed sharing the story and we have started to think about drawing the characters at each stage of the story. You will see this in the photographs above.
The final 3 weeks of the spring term
During the last three weeks of the spring term, we were very busy with lots of learning activities in Willow class: we investigated materials with the new class horseshoe magnets, decorated our mod roc robots for the Exit Point, learned how to mix colours with Mrs Keene, made chocolate nests with Mrs Curry and investigated patterns, to name but a few. You can see from the above photos how busy we were!
Week commencing 6th March 2017
We have been continuing to share focus books together in groups and to follow this with supported writing. Everybody has been very hard to use the sounds which they know for reading and writing. Well done everyone!
The PTA kindly funded the purchase of some new toys which the children have been enjoying. These include a wooden building set, to encourage creativity and balancing skills. We have 2 large magnets, for investigations around the classroom and the new hoover and ironing board have been very popular in the home corner. The new play food has also been very popular and we are using the plastic money to pay for our daily snacks. Thank you to Mrs Cinicola for the long term loan of Beech Class's money and many thanks to the PTA!
Robots and 'Cracking Contraptions'
This week we have continued thinking about 'Tomorrow's World' and we have been thinking about robots and machines which may help us do household chores in the future. After watching Wallace and Grommit's Cracking Contraptions, the children enjoyed designing their own contraptions. I have included the link for this at the bottom of the page, as the children enjoyed watching the short clips!
Half of the class have started their Let's Get Cooking sessions whilst the remainder enjoyed art with Mrs Keene. They will swap in week 4, so that everybody gets the same opportunities.
We carried out a brief test to show how craters on the moon were formed by meteorites/ asteroids. We had to be careful not to drop/ throw a rock at anyone's head, but the children enjoyed predicting which rocks would make the biggest craters. They all had a go at making their own crater!
Fortnight ending 27th January 2017
We have had a very busy 2 weeks in Willow class.
We have continued to learn and practise our sounds and how to write them. We have used Numicon tiles to help us add two amounts together and to add on/back 1. We have also been ordering daily events and days of the week.
The children have been very interested in bigger numbers, and so we have been looking at numbers up to 100 using an interactive 100 square. Numbers can be identified and 'splatted' on the square, which they have really enjoyed.
This is the link for the 100 square, if you would like to try at home.
Additionally, the children have enjoyedmark-making outside, playing 'cinemas', building with the Brio materials, playing games and making dragons for Chinese New Year.
They were fascinated when they found worms living in a pot of soil outside. This prompted alot of discussion!
Welcome back to Willow class!
We have been reading the story of Dinosaurs and All That Rubbish.
In this story, a very rich and selfish man is so eager to reach a beautiful faraway star that he creates alot of pollution to build a rocket to reach the star. When he then travels to the star, it is lifeless and grey and he is bitterly disappointed. He looks into the dark sky and sees another beautiful planet and decides that he will travel there instead.
In the meantime, the actions of the man have caused the long-asleep dinosaurs to awaken and they clean up the polluted planet, restoring it to its former beauty.
When the man reaches the second planet, he believes that he has reached a paradise. He is astonished to discover that he has in fact returned to earth. He agrees with the dinosaurs to look after the planet which he previously spoiled. He understands that the planet belongs to everyone to enjoy.
We have been using dinosaurs as part of our small world outside play. We froze some dinosaurs overnight and thought about ice and melting as the day became warmer. The children also used the sand tray, natural materials and dinosaur play equipment to create a dinosaur world, both in the tuffspot and on the floor. They worked independently and creatively to build these fantastic scenes in the hoops!
In our inside role play, we have set up a space travel agency, where the children have enjoyed using the technology to 'book' holidays to a variety of planets. They also painted blue panels to create our 'tardis' (although it frequently becomes other things as well!) and they have been writing and drawing inside the tardis.
As we learn about the world around us and other beliefs and communities, we have shared the story behind the Chinese New Year celebrations and the children enjoyed colouring the animal for their birth year or the current year.
As you will see, we are working in small groups to share stories, working together to decode the text and talk about it afterwards. See if your child can retell the book which they have just read to you in their own words. Can you ask each other questions about what happened and the characters in it?
Week commencing 5th December
We have been continuing to work on naming 2D shapes and thinking about their properties. Everyone is becoming more confident in describing and sorting shapes.
We were very fortunate to have Tesco visit us on Wednesday afternoon. They brought with them some treats for us to try and we enjoyed decorating a gingerbread man each.
As the weather has been milder, the children have continued to explore and experiment with the outdoor space and the available resources. They have really enjoyed playing with the sand and incorporating it into wider role play scenarios, as you will see from the photographs.
This week, we have continued to enjoy our Dough Disco as you can see from the photos!
We have been learning how to start to record addition number sentences. We rolled a dice to find the start number and found this number on our number line. We then rolled the dice again and counted on this number using the number line. We practised this again in class using the number lines in our drawers.
Week commencing 7th November 2016
We started to take part in daily 'Dough Disco' sessions on Monday. The children have found this fun and it is a great way to warm up the writing muscles at the beginning of the day. Have a look at the pictures!
Whilst the weather is still reasonable, the children have been able to enjoy our outside play area in a variety of ways:
- We have used the scenery which we painted last week to set up a 'fairy tale palace' in our outside play area. This has proved to be very popular in developing role play scenarios;
- We have been painting and mark-making at our tri-easel;
- We have been sorting materials and practising fine motor skills using the tweezers and
- The children have enjoyed using a variety of resources (including the water trays and the large reels) to develop a number of imaginative games.
In PE, Mr Riley is working on key skills with the class in the hall and I am working on throwing, catching and gross motor movements to music (the children love dancing with the pom poms, ribbon streamers and colourful scarves!). The year 6 children kindly measured the perimeter of the large playground and so we are now completing 4 laps of the playground a day in order to achieve our 'Golden Mile' each week (photos above).
In science, we planted bulbs to see if they would grow. We have made predictions and will watch each week to see what happens.
We have been busy in Willow class again this week. We have started to use our handwriting books to help us see which letters are tall (have ascenders) and which letters go below the line (descenders). We have also started to practise writing our number lines from 0-10 and 11-20. We have continued to practise the sounds which we know and we have learned a new sound which can be written in 2 different ways - 'c' and 'k'.
We have been comparing height, weight and capacity. As you will see from the photographs, the children enjoyed predicting which container would hold the most liquid! We carried out similar tests with the balance scales and weights.
Our role play area has become a Fairy Tale Castle and the children have very much enjoyed writing invitations and party menus in the role play area. I know that some of you have practised at home, so well done! We have been painting some scenery to make our castle more interesting.
I hope that everyone enjoyed our Inspire afternoon and making your shelters. Everybody looks very busy in the photographs.
If you would like, you could try comparing heights, lengths, weights and capacity at home!
During our last week before half term, we have continued to practise blending the sounds which we know to read our first words. We counted the total number of spots which we could see on two ladybirds. We practised writing this as addition sentences.
We have looked carefully at natural objects on the light box and the seeds which Liz gave us last week have started to grow. Well done Koby for being the first to spot the shoots appearing in the soil!.
We have used the ipad minis to take photographs and we also explored some of the programming games and activities.
To help prepare for next half-term, we spent some time emptying the old sand pit and tidying up our outside area.
A Special Visitor In Willow Class
On Thursday, we welcomed Liz from Farmlink to Willow class. As you will see from the photographs, we shared the story of The Little Red Hen and thought about how wheat is grown. We also met Mary, the hen, who was very calm and didn't mind being petted by everyone!
We have continued to practise counting, number lines and number facts up to 10 and 20. We have been blending the sounds we already know (m,a,s,d,t) and learning some new sounds (i,n,p).
During our first full week in Willow class, we have been very busy and also a little tired! The children thoroughly enjoyed their first PE lesson with the sports coach, as you can see from the pictures. To help us to make PE sessions even more productive, please encourage your child to dress and undress themselves as independently as possible.
Mrs Keene worked with Willow class children on Wednesday to make birthday cards for children throughout the school. They looked great!
We have continued to work on our first group of letters (m,a,s,d,t) and we have been working on blending those sounds to read our first words. Your child can also now look carefully in their reading books to spot and use the sounds which they are currently learning. We will now continue to learn and blend a new set of sounds. It was great to see many of you at the phonics evening on Tuesday. I have sent home a copy of the first main blocks of sounds which the children will be learning. They are broken up into sets 1 and 2. As we work through the sounds, you may find it helpful to refer to this sheet. Please ask Mrs Curry or Mrs Keene if you have any queries.
In maths, we are continuing to establish a secure understanding of quantity, numerals and number order. We additionally looked at shapes in our environment and using shapes to make pictures and patterns.
During lunchtimes and play times, it has been wonderful to see many of the year 5 and 6 children help and play with the Willow class children. They are all enjoying this! I have also been very pleased and proud to see how brilliantly all of our children have settled into collective worship. They are a credit to you!
During our third week in Willow class, we have been practising writing our names and the numerals 0-9. We have been sharing books in a small group with an adult and playing in our estate agents role play area. On Wednesday, we had a special visitor who talked to us about how we used to live and the sorts of things which we used to have in our houses. We made bread as you will see in the photographs!
We have started to learn our sounds. We have been practising reading and writing 'm' and 'a'.
We have been counting amounts up to 10 and writing the numeral which we counted.
Click here for more information.
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Below you will find Jewish texts dealing with poverty. Following these texts you will find discussion questions to help create stimulating discussions and debates in the classroom and on the pulpit.
When you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap all the way to the edges of your field or gather the gleanings of your harvest. You shall not pick your vineyard bare or gather the fallen fruit of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor and the stranger; I am Adonai your God. Leviticus 19:9-10
But do not neglect the Levite in your community, for he has no hereditary portion as you have. Every third year you shall bring out the full tithe of that year, but leave it within your settlements. Then the Levite, who has no hereditary portion as you have, and the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow in your settlements shall come and eat their fill, so that the Eternal your God may bless you in all the enterprises you undertake. Deuteronomy 14:27-29
When you have set aside in full the tenth of your yield in the third year, the year of the tithe and have given it to the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, that they may eat their fill in your settlements, you shall declare before the Eternal your God: I have cleared out the consecrated portion from the house; and I have given it to the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, just as You commanded me; I have neither transgressed nor neglected any of Your commandements. Deuteronomy 26:12-13
Share your bread with the hungry, and take the wretched poor into your home. When you see the naked, clothe him, and do not ignore your own kin. Isaiah 58:7
There shall be no needy among youfor the Eternal will surely bless you in the land that the Eternal your God is giving you as an inheritance. For there will never cease to be needy ones in your land; therefore I command you: open your hand to the poor and needy kin in your land. Deuteronomy 15: 4, 11
If there is among you a poor person, one of your kin, in any of your towns within your land which God gives you, you shall not harden your heart or shut your hand against them, but you shall open your hand to them, and lend them sufficient for their needs, whatever they may be. Deuteronomy 15: 7-8
Give to the needy readily and have no regrets when you do so, for in return the Eternal your God will bless you in all your efforts and in all your undertakings. Deuteronomy 15:10
Anyone who withholds what is due to the poor blasphemes against the Maker of all, but one who is gracious unto the needy honors God. Proverbs 14:31
One who mocks the poor blasphemes ones Maker. Proverbs 17:5
And if your neighbor becomes poor and his means fail him with you, then you shall strengthen him, be he a stranger or a settler, he shall live with you. Leviticus 25:35
Do not allow him to decline [socially and financially] and fall [altogether so that] it will be difficult to restore him [to his original position], but strengthen him from the time of his weakness. To what may this be compared? To a burden on a donkey: While it is still on the donkey, one [person] may grab hold of it and hold up [the load, but if the donkey] falls to the ground, five cannot raise it [the load] up. Rashi on Leviticus 25:35
Judge the wretched and the orphan; vindicate the lowly and the poor; rescue the wretched and the needy; save them from the hand of the wicked. Psalms 82:3-4
When discussing issues of hunger, we often use these biblical sources to site our traditions concern for fighting hunger. However, we no longer live in an agricultural society, and the laws of reaping and tithing no longer apply. How do we make these texts relevant today? What can we do in our modern lives to realize the principles that underlie these laws?
The Torah recognizes certain categories of people: the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, the widow, etc. who are particularly vulnerable. What categories of people today require special assistance and our focused attention?
Explain the tension between Deuteronomy chapter 15 verses 4 and 11, found in the same chapter in Deuteronomy.
If we accept an obligation to care for the needy in our society, does that mean that we have to do it without regret for our own financial loss? Do you personally feel that you are able to give without regret or reticence?
Again we see that our relationship with God parallels our relationship with the vulnerable members of society. Why are these two related?
How can safety net programs (welfare, food stamps, Medicaid, etc.) fulfill Rashis directive that we must catch people before they fall too far?
When you work to assist the poor and vulnerable members of your community, do you have a sense of the biblical imperative for your work? Why or why not?
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The idea of “mixed age” or “undergraded” primary classrooms gained some national popularity in the late 1950s and sixties, then faded; it is once again being discussed as part of school reform. The pleasant, productive chaos of Rooms 13 and 14 at Franklin Elementary belied the boldness of Anne and Abby’s experiment, for what they were doing challenged one of the most widespread practices in elementary education: setting cognitive and linguistic benchmarks for children’s development.Through this year, students at Clear Spring School have been in classroom groupings of 1st and 2nd, 3rd and 4th, 5th and 6th, 7th and 8th, etc. This next year, we are changing to a Montessori grouping of three grade levels in each class. This nearly completely removes the pressures that result from having only a brief window for growth, allowing children to grow outwardly in response to inner development rather than as set by standards and external expectations. In many classrooms, if a child's development does not conform to specific norms, he or she may be viewed as lacking in intelligence or lazy and accept other's assessments of him or herself as such, when it is really the system that is at fault. I have told the story of Procrustes before.
“Children just don’t learn to read or write or count or compute at the same time,” Abby said in exasperation. “There’s all kinds of normal variation. Some kids don’t really start reading until the second grade, and they go on to become fluent readers.” Yet the anxiety that can be generated when a child doesn’t hit one of these arbitrary benchmarks—especially among some affluent parents who attach great significance to such measures—is considerable and can lead to a range of remedial interventions, some more harmful than helpful.
Saturday, June 20, 2009
mixed or undergraded classrooms.
The following is from Mike Rose's blog post of Jun 11, 2009:
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009)|
An Advent calendar is a special calendar used to count or celebrate the days in anticipation of Christmas. The days always overlap with the Christian season of Advent. Despite the name, most commercially available Advent calendars begin on December 1, regardless of when Advent begins, which can be as early as November 27 and as late as December 3. Many take the form of a large rectangular card with "windows" of which there are usually 24: one for each day of December leading up to Christmas Day. The doors are opened starting with the first one. Consecutive doors are opened every day leading up to Christmas. The calendar windows open to reveal an image, poem, a portion of a story (such as the story of the Nativity of Jesus) or a small gift, such as a toy or a chocolate item. Some calendars are strictly religious, whereas others are secular in content.
The Nordic Julekalender/Julkalender
In Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland and Finland there is also a tradition of having a so-called Julekalender (Swedish: Julkalender, Finnish: Joulukalenteri, Icelandic: Jóladagatal; the local word for an advent calendar) in the form of a television and radio show, both starting on the first of December, and ending on Christmas Eve. It was first aired on Swedish TV in 1960 with the program Titteliture. The first Julekalender aired in Denmark was Historier fra hele verden in 1962. The televised jul(e)kalender has now extended into the other Nordic countries. In Finland, the show is called Joulukalenteri. Over the years, there have been several different kinds of julekalender; some directed at children, some at both children and adults, and even some directed at adults alone. A classic example of a Julekalender enjoyed by children (as well as adults, if purely for nostalgic reasons) is the show Jul i Skomakergata.
There is also a Julkalender which airs on the radio in Sweden, leading up to Christmas.
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Sometimes when you copy/paste text from other websites, the formatting retains. This happens in Laulima, Gmail, Google Docs, Word, and many other sites or programs with text editors. To remove formatting for a “clean” copy/paste job, follow these three steps. In this example, I will show how to remove formatting when you copy/paste into an email message in Gmail.
- Compose your message and copy/paste your desired information from another document, website, etc., into your message.
- Select the text and click on the “A” button in Gmail to pull up the formatting toolbar, and the “Tx” button to remove formatting on your selected text.
- Now the original formatting is stripped out and you can apply your own formatting using the formatting toolbar.
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PowerShell 1.0, which was formerly known by the code name Monad, extends to administrators, developers and enthusiasts a powerful new interface for their Windows machines thats based on stringing together small, well-defined applications into pipelines—a handy capability on which Linux and Unix administrators have long relied.
However, unlike Linux and Unix shells such as bash or korn, in which strung-together applications pass data to each other as raw text, PowerShell boasts an object-based approach that enables elements to communicate more intelligently with each other.
For instance, in both the bash shell (the default for most Linux distributions) and in PowerShell, you can sort items in a folder by size by piping the output of a "list items" command to a "sort" command. With bash, however, the fact that piped commands pass their output as raw text means that you have to pay attention to text formatting on both ends of the pipeline. If you run the command "ls" without the "-l" argument, the command wont spit out file sizes, so "sort" wont be able to sort by file size. On the other end, "sort" needs to be told to sort by the fifth column from the left and to treat that column as numerical data.
With PowerShell, the built-in command (or cmdlet, in PowerShell parlance) that corresponds to "ls" is an object, and "length" is one of its properties. When you pipe the output of this cmdlet, called Get-ChildItem, to the cmdlet Sort-Object, you can tell it how to sort by file length appending the word length. While it happens that file length is one of properties that Get-ChildItem outputs by default, you can just as easily sort by other, hidden-by-default properties, such as LastAccessTime.
One great thing about PowerShells object-based approach is that it reduces the need to learn application-specific arguments and quirks in favor of learning habits and syntax that apply to many different commands and operations. We also appreciated that PowerShell ships with a large set of pre-defined aliases for its cmdlets that make the products learning curve less steep. For instance, the cmdlet Get-ChildItem is aliased to both "ls" and "dir," and the cmdlet Sort-Object is aliased to "sort."
Whats more, PowerShell offers very good tab-completion, which works not only with cmdlets and files in the current directory but also with cmdlet arguments. In addition, PowerShells cmdlets and concepts are all well-documented and close at hand via the Get-Help cmdlet. PowerShells help pages look very much like Linux/Unix man pages, although we missed the ability to page up and down through the help articles, as were accustomed to doing from within Linux.
Probably the best usability/discoverability attribute of PowerShell, however, is the Get-Member cmdlet, which fetches all the properties and methods available for a given object. We used Get-Member quite a bit while poking around PowerShell and figuring out what we could do with it. We expect that PowerShell will become a major productivity boon for Windows administrators as Microsoft expands the objects through which PowerShell users may control Windows.
In the meantime, we could use PowerShell cmdlets to manipulate services and processes and to fetch WMI (Windows Management Instrumentation) data. We also could browse the system registry through an ingenious PowerShell capability that exposes registry hives as if they were disk drives.
We also could use PowerShell to take control of Windows COM (Component Object Model) objects.
As with other shells, PowerShell is intended to serve as an environment for scripting, but, for security reasons, PowerShell is configured by default to be used only interactively, from its command line.
We could adjust the execution policy of our PowerShell installation: RemoteSigned runs unsigned local scripts and requires a digital signature for scripts marked as downloaded from the network, AllSigned requires a digital signature for any script, and Unrestricted runs scripts without digital signing restrictions. As a further safeguard, PowerShell scripts cannot be run by double-clicking on them.
Windows PowerShell, which depends on Version 2.0 the .Net Framework, is freely available for download at microsoft.com/powershell in versions for Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 (for the x86, x64 and Itanium platforms). At press time, PowerShell wasnt yet available for the RTM (released to manufacturing) version of Vista—a puzzling gap, considering that Vista early adopters are likely to be eager to run PowerShell on their new Vista systems.
We managed to install PowerShell on an RTM Vista box following directions we found here. We recommend, however, sticking to Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 for PowerShell testing until the Vista installer ships.
Advanced Technologies Analyst Jason Brooks can be reached at [email protected].
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Have you heard of File Folder Games? They are quick games to help build skills in math, reading, science, social studies and more. We use them lots and lots in our homeschool.
Here are a couple examples that ED, my preschooler, has played recently.
This File Folder Game has her practicing counting by 10s and 1s:
Here are a couple other examples. One has the child fill in the missing numbers 100, 101, 102… The other is a rhyming activity.
Since we have three children in our family we decided to purchase some of the ready-made games (saves on printer ink!), Colorful File Folder Games. This is the kindergarten level, but they come in lots of different levels from pre-K through Grade 3. We only used K and Grade 1.
One place I’ve gone for lots and lots of free file folder games like the top photo above is File Folder Fun. I’ve printed out a lot of these activities especially for early elementary.
For example, here are file folder games for all the multiplication tables. The picture below is showing the games for the 3s and 6s. You just cut out the pictures, glue the answers onto a file folder, and have the kids match the problems to the answers.
Again visit File Folder Fun for lots of free printables in lots of different subject areas.
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A cyst is a closed sac having a distinct membrane and division on the nearby tissue. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. Synovial cysts develop in the facet joints of the lumbar spine as a result of degeneration. If large enough, these sacs can cause spinal stenosis. Which is a narrowing of the spinal canal that places pressure on spinal nerves and causes a dull, aching pain in the lower back when standing or walking, radicular symptoms with pain, numbness, and weakness extending into the legs, and if severe, loss of coordination and bowel and bladder incontinence.
The synovium is a thin film of tissue that produces fluid to help lubricate the joints. When facet joints in the lumbar spine begin to degenerate, this fluid may build up in an attempt to protect the joint. In some patients, small amounts of the fluid escape from the joint capsule but remain within the synovium, creating a sac-like protrusion.
Many older patients have synovial cysts in their lumbar spines but have no symptoms. Occasionally, however, these cysts can cause pain in the lower back that travels down the legs. The pain is relieved when sitting as this position widens the spinal canal and relieves pressure on the nerves. A synovial cyst can be seen on an MRI.
- Steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) include common over-the-counter drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
- Epidural steroid injections which are often combined with an anesthetic and injected into the area around the irritated spinal nerves that are causing the pain. This area is called the epidural space, and it surrounds the sheath-like protective membrane, or dura, that covers the spinal nerves and nerve roots. Steroids reduce nerve irritation by inhibiting production of the proteins that cause inflammation. The anesthetic blocks nerve conduction in the area where it’s applied, numbing the sensation of pain.
- In severe cases, synovial cysts can be removed using the METRx system, which is an innovative series of dilators and tubes designed to be used during minimally invasive surgery in conjunction with an endoscope or microscope. Removal of these cysts using minimally invasive techniques minimizes soft-tissue trauma and blood loss and will also result in a smaller incision. If the synovial cysts are associated with spondylolisthesis this technique can minimize the risk of progressive instability and the need for fusion.
A spinal tumor is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells in or surrounding the spinal cord. A tumor is not synonymous with cancer. A tumor can be benign, pre-malignant, or malignant, whereas cancer is by definition malignant. Any type of tumor may occur in the spine, including leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.
A small number of spinal tumors occur in the nerves of the spinal cord itself. Most often these are ependymomas and other gliomas. Tumors that start in spinal tissue are called primary spinal tumors. Tumors that spread to the spine from some other place (metastasize) are called secondary spinal tumors. Tumors may spread to the spine from the breast, prostate, lung, and other areas. The cause of primary spinal tumors is unknown. Some primary spinal tumors occur with certain inherited gene mutations.
Spinal tumors can occur:
- Inside the spinal cord (intramedullary)
- In the membranes (meninges) covering the spinal cord (extramedullary – intradural)
- Between the meninges and bones of the spine (extradural)
- tumors may extend from other locations. Most spinal tumors are extradural
As it grows, the tumor can affect the blood vessels, bones of the spine, meninges, nerve roots, and spinal cord cells. Tumors in the spinal cord usually cause symptoms, sometimes over large portions of the body. Tumors outside the spinal cord may grow for a long time before causing nerve damage.
Symptoms may include:
- Abnormal sensations or loss of sensation, especially in the legs (may be in the knee or ankle, with or without shooting pain down the leg)
- Back pain that gets worse over time, is often in the middle or lower back, is usually severe and not relieved by pain medicine, gets worse when lying down or straining (such as during a cough or sneeze), and may extend to the hips or legs
- Cold sensation of the legs, cool fingers or hands, or coolness of other areas
- Fecal incontinence
- Inability to keep from leaking urine (urinary incontinence)
- Muscle contractions, twitches, or spasms
- Muscle function loss
- Muscle weakness (decreased muscle strength) in the legs that causes falls, makes walking difficult, and may get worse (progressive)
A nervous system (neurological) examination may help pinpoint the location of the tumor. The health care provider may also find the following during an exam:
- Abnormal reflexes
- Increased muscle tone
- Loss of pain and temperature sensation
- Muscle weakness
- Tenderness in the spine
These tests may confirm spinal tumor:
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination
- Cytology (cell studies) of CSF
- Spinal CT
- Spine MRI
- Spine x-ray
The goal of treatment is to reduce or prevent nerve damage caused by pressure on compression of the spinal cord. Treatment should be given quickly. The more quickly symptoms develop; the sooner treatment is needed to prevent permanent injury. Any new or unexplained back pain in a patient with cancer should be thoroughly investigated. Treatments include:
- Corticosteroids (dexamethasone) may be given to reduce inflammation and swelling around the spinal cord.
- Emergency surgery may be needed to relieve compression on the spinal cord. Some tumors can be completely removed. In other cases, part of the tumor may be removed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
- Radiation therapy may be used with, or instead of, surgery.
- Chemotherapy has not been proven effective against most spinal tumors, but it may be recommended in some cases, depending on the type of tumor.
- Physical therapy may be needed to improve muscle strength and the ability to function independently.
If you have an issues with cysts or tumors contact Dr. Kushwaha. He is a board certified Orthopedic Surgeon specializing in Spine Surgery. To learn more about his procedures or to schedule an appointment please call us at (713) 587-6263.
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This Wednesday we are going to talk about Geographic Information System (GIS) and its application in Engineering Hydrology. Geo-spatial data and mapping applications are being made by GIS tools are very important in water resources subjects since it provides more precise location information. The latest version of ARCMAP is installed on all systems at B205. You just need to login using your user id and password, and follow the exercise and weblog tutorial step by step. I have ARCGIS 9.3 at my office (C111) and you are very welcome to install it on your own personal laptop.
In this lecture, we are going to focus on some basic tools which enable you to extract some hydro parameters for your project.
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Modern-day living comes with hectic schedules and messed up habits. We usually keep the importance of sleep on the back burner to living our lives to the fullest and hustle all day long. But is this a good thing to do? It is a very well known, but often avoided fact that sleep is very important for our body.
It is an essential function that allows your brain to recharge, leaving you alert and refreshed when you wake up in the morning. Good sleep builds immunity and keeps away diseases as well. It helps in thinking clearly, taking proper decisions, and processes your memories in a proper way.
Benefits of sleep
There are many many benefits to sleeping. Let us see some more in detail.
Good sleep helps maintain weight
There are many reasons why you can gain weight due to poor sleep. When you do not sleep enough, your metabolism and immunity get affected. An unhealthy sleep routine also increases binge eating, midnight snacking, and inclination towards fatty foods- to compensate for all those extra awake hours. Bad sleepers tend to eat more calorie-laden food. And after all these things, less sleep will make you more groggy and tired and you will have no motivation to exercise at all.
So you see, there are many secondary factors that will lead to weight gain, but all of it can be solved primarily with good sleeping habits. If you are having difficulties sleeping at night, there are many sleep products available in the market like chamomile tea, sleeping masks, nasal strips for heavy snorers, etc. But the best thing you can do to sleep properly is following a good routine and wind down after a rough day.
Good sleep can improve productivity and concentration
Sleep is vital for varied aspects of the brain to operate productively. This includes your concentration, cognition, productivity, and performance. All these are gravely affected by sleep deprivation. Adults require seven to nine hours of proper sleep, and children require much more according to their age. Getting this amount of proper sleep increases problem-solving skills in adults and hence the decisions made by these adults are more informed and sensical.
Improvement in athletic performance
Adequate sleep for adults is between seven and nine hours an evening, and athletes might gain the benefit from as long as ten hours of clean sleep. Consequently, sleep is as vital to athletes as the consumption of enough calories and nutrients. One of the explanations for this theory that we present is that the body heals throughout sleep. Alternative benefits include- better performance intensity, more energy, better coordination, faster speed, better mental functioning, etc.
Now, remember that we are not talking about non-athlete adults here. As athletes exert more all-day training and working out, they need more healing time for their bodies than normal adults. For a night of good sleep, athletes also need specialized beds with mattresses and ergonomic support from pillows and mattresses. Livpure has a wide range of mattresses to choose from, and if you are an athlete, you can find the perfect fit for you as well. Select from the huge range of mattresses, pillows, and other sleep products for the best support you can get.
Reduction in risk of ailments
Sleep quality and duration have a major effect on many health risk factors in you. These are the factors believed to drive chronic health diseases, including heart disease. People who don’t get enough sleep are at far greater risk of heart disease or stroke than those who sleep seven to eight hours per night. Sleep restriction affects blood sugar and reduces insulin sensitivity. Even a week of sleep deprivation can increase the risk of diabetes.
Helps control depression
Mental disorders like clinical depression are strongly related to sleep disorders. It can also escalate to suicide, as it is also related to poor quality of sleep. Those with sleeping disorders like insomnia or obstructive sleep apnea also report significantly higher rates of depression than those without a sleeping problem. Hence, it is very important to get that perfect snooze to cure your downtime. While you can work on healthy sleeping habits and food habits to get into a routine of good sleep, Let Livpure help you with a wide range of sleep products to give you an amazing sleep, the sleep of your dreams!
What to do to get good sleep?
Adults who don't receive a decent quantity of sleep every night have to implement some positive manners and sleep habits so as to log the required seven to nine hours every night. Some of the things you can do are:
- Establish a sensible time of day to retire to bed and stick with it every night, even on the weekends. If you have to attend to something, let it not become an everyday thing to be late to bed. Give yourself fewer excuses.
- Maintain comfy temperature settings and low light levels in your sleeping room. Use Livpure’s mattress for your bed with a cooling gel layer to have a comfy and cool temperature for your bed. Livpure’s wide range of pillows will add the right touch to your sleeping needs.
- Consider a “screen ban” on televisions, computers and tablets, cell phones, and other electronic devices in your sleeping room. Use a blue light restrictor screen if you are using electronic devices close to your bedtime.
- Abstain from coffee, alcohol, and enormous meals within the hours leading up to the sleeping time of day.
- Try to refrain from tobacco.
- Exercise moderately during the day. Try to wind down closer to bedtime with meditation and yoga for Sleep. This will increase the quality of your sleep.
Now that you know the importance of sleep in your life, you ought to follow some rules and take care of yourself. Trust us, we are only concerned for you and want the best. Try to inculcate some good sleep habits and lead a long, healthy life.
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Sexual abuse occurs when a person uses a child for sexual purposes. Sexual abuse includes any sexual act involving a child and parent, a person caring for a child, a person in a position of trust or any other person.
Sexual abuse can include:
In the short term, young victims of sexual violence can experience major emotional, psychological and physical health problems. Severe after-effects can also manifest themselves in several areas of function, including adaptation and interpersonal functioning, control of emotions, cognition, memory, neurological functions, mood, behaviour, attention, attachment and impulse control.
Young victims of sexual violence are at significantly higher risk of presenting with:
Youth exposed to this type of violence are more likely:
Youth with a history of sexual violence engage more often in risky behaviour, such as:
If you suspect or uncover something, you have a duty to report it.
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How often have you felt anxiety grip you so tightly that you freeze and can’t speak?
What about anger, grief, shock, jealousy, resentment, regret, and shame?
How often have you felt these emotions overwhelm your entire nervous system to the point that you feel like (a) you’re going to explode, melt, or get sucked into a dark abyss (b) have a mental breakdown, or (c) go crazy … or die?
To the onlooker, these reactions to common emotions such as anger and shame might appear melodramatic.
“Stop being so dramatic” or “get a thicker skin” we might be told.
On the other hand, our friends and family may give us a sympathetic half-hearted pat on the back, but we can see out of the corners of our eyes their disbelief.
Being sensitive can be tough.
But it is tougher when you weren’t taught how to regulate emotions, making life often feel too big and too intense to handle.
You might resort to hiding away from people, giving up jobs, and putting up walls to shut people out. You might repress your emotions so that you become emotionally numb or find other ways to desensitize yourself through addictions.
If you have felt anger boiling so intensely within you that your entire body shakes, or sadness so strong that you cry for hours and hours, please read this article.
Also, I want to mention before we start that this article isn’t solely written for people who identify as “sensitive.” I am writing a “sensitive person’s guide” because I have personally struggled with this issue as a highly sensitive person. Therefore, although I write through the eyes of a sensitive person, I intend this article to benefit anyone, regardless of their neurological wiring.
Table of contents
What is Emotional Regulation?
Emotional regulation is a term that refers to our ability to manage our emotions in a healthy way. When we are able to respond to difficult situations using healthy coping mechanisms, we can handle strong feelings such as anger and fear. But when we have unhealthy (or an absence of) coping mechanisms, we feel overpowered by our emotions.
Why Does Emotional Dysregulation Happen?
Emotional dysregulation is the opposite of emotional regulation: it is the inability to manage or cope with strong feelings.
According to psychologists, emotional dysregulation starts in childhood and builds through repeated circumstances of stress and the absence of guidance from parents or caretakers.
Children learn by observing adults and their responses to stressful situations. When we don’t have good role models growing up (i.e. parents who struggled with their emotions), we miss out on learning important coping mechanisms.
Struggling with intense emotions also happens when we are exposed to too many stressful situations as a child, e.g. divorce, moving, travel, family drama, accidents, tragedies, etc.
When we don’t feel safely held, touched, seen, and helped to face these stressors, we lack resilience and develop poor “emotional immunity.”
Emotional dysregulation can also occur when we aren’t exposed to enough minor stressors as a child, i.e. if we are sheltered too much from the world.
Just like the body’s immune system, we must be exposed to minor sources of stress (e.g. having to wait our turn in the playground) to build up strong immunity.
Signs You Struggle With Emotional Regulation
There are two types of maladaptive behaviors when it comes to emotional regulation, and they are externalized behaviors and internalized behaviors.
Externalized behaviors occur when we channel our angst externally. Here are some signs:
- Explosive and uncontrollable anger
- Crying for hours
- Verbal or physical aggression
- Picking fights with others
- Destructive behavior (e.g. breaking things)
However, in my experience, these externalized symptoms tend to suit choleric types of people (i.e. fiery personalities) and are generally not expressed by highly sensitive people (although there are exceptions).
The other type of emotional dysregulation occurs as internalized behavior. For example:
- Obsessive worry
- Chronic intense anxiety
- Sadness and depression
- Emotional touchiness (becoming easily upset)
- Social withdrawal and self-isolation
General symptoms that are shared by both types of people (externalizers and internalizers) include:
- Feeling overwhelmed by everything
- Inability to handle pressure
- Unbearably strong emotions
- Constantly riding emotional roller coasters
- Tendency towards addiction
8 Simple Ways to Practice Emotional Regulation
If the ocean can calm itself, so can you. We are both salt water mixed with air.— Nayyirah Waheed
As you read this list, don’t just skim through it. Reflect on it. Take it seriously. Plan to implement its advice.
Notice which suggestions call to you and commit to them.
I write this list from personal experience, so not everything will appeal or be relevant to you.
Studies on emotional regulation have found that “one size doesn’t fit all” – in other words, play around. Adapt, merge or change the techniques mentioned below. Find what suits your style, your personality, your source of pain.
By doing this, you will develop the tools you need to navigate through the choppy emotional waters you experience and feel safe again.
Here are my suggestions:
1. Get lots of sleep
Poor sleep reduces your ability to deal with stress. Ensure that you are getting a good 8+ hours of sleep. If you can’t sleep for that long, consider purchasing a herb like valerian or applying magnesium oil to your body before sleeping to encourage deeper and longer rest.
If you tend to internalize your emotions like me, try to express them in a journal. Ensure this journal is private and for your eyes only (this will encourage full and uninhibited self-expression). Don’t be afraid to write down your deepest and darkest thought or feelings. Just let it all out. Treat journaling as a form of catharsis.
Learn more about how to journal.
3. Physical catharsis
Emotions like anxiety and anger tend to get trapped in the body and energy field. Through time, when not released, they cause us to become hypervigilant and emotionally unstable. In order to purge this old stagnant emotional energy, try some form of catharsis. My favorite catharsis at the moment is boxing (which translates to punching the wall with boxing gloves on). Other forms of catharsis involve screaming (in a private place), crying, laughing, or doing intense physical workouts such as running, jumping, or doing fast-paced vinyasa yoga.
4. Self-soothing words
Our self-talk plays a huge role in our wellbeing and ability to cope with difficult circumstances. If you struggle with emotional regulation, try to pay attention to your thoughts. What is your mind telling you? Likely, you will hear things like “this is too intense,” “I can’t handle this,” “I’m going crazy,” “I’m embarrassing myself,” “this is scary,” and so forth. Obviously, this type of self-talk makes whatever you’re feeling one hundred times worse.
In order to manage your emotions, try creating a list of self-soothing words that you will turn to when you’re feeling overwhelmed. Examples may include:
- I’m doing well.
- I can do this.
- I take one step at a time.
- Peace and serenity.
- It’s OK to feel scared.
- I go slowly and steadily.
- Breathe in. Breathe out.
5. Ground yourself
Grounding yourself means staying connected to the present moment, or the “Eternal Now.” My favorite way to stay grounded is by practicing mindful awareness, i.e. paying attention to the environment around me. Read more about mindfulness exercises. Here are some techniques:
- Notice your feet touching the ground; how does it feel?
- Breathe in and focus on the scents wafting into your nostrils.
- Look at the colors, movements, shadows, textures, etc. around you.
- Carry a crystal or object in your pocket and touch it whenever you feel triggered.
- Wash your hands and feel the cool water run over them.
- Focus on the movement of your feet as you walk saying “right … left … right … left” when you walk.
- Drink a warm beverage like tea.
- Clench your fists or toes tightly.
- Sit down somewhere in nature. Enjoy the sights, sounds, and smells.
- Breathe deeply and focus on your in-breath and out-breath.
6. Draw boundaries and take breaks
Don’t overextend yourself unnecessarily. When you feel tired, take a break. When you feel anxious, take a moment to pause and practice a grounding, self-care or self-soothing technique mentioned in this article. If someone is overstepping your boundaries, let them know either verbally or non-verbally. Practice being assertive and knowing your rights. You have the right to say “no” and relax. It’s okay to set clear boundaries.
7. Practice self-care
Self-care is self-love in action. What is self-love? Self-love is understanding, accepting, embracing, and looking after yourself. In the context of emotional regulation, self-care is doing anything that feels loving and beneficial for your well-being. This may include, for example:
- Wrapping yourself up in a warm blanket.
- Making yourself healthy comfort food.
- Taking care of yourself when you’re feeling sick and inundated.
- Playing soothing music.
- Getting out in the sun and taking a walk.
- Recharging in nature.
- Eating nutritious food to strengthen your body and mind.
- Talking with a friend or loved one.
- Seeking out a therapist.
- Walking away from toxic people.
The above examples are by no means exhaustive and they only list a few common examples. Try to think about what self-care means to you. Ask yourself, “what feels most self-loving right now?”
8. Connect with your inner mother/father and child
We are all multi-faceted. The inner child is one of those inner facets that we carry around – and he/she can be a source of tremendous insight and healing. When we get in touch with our inner child, learn to listen to him/her, and provide comfort, we are initiating a profound form of soul retrieval. As it was our child self who never learned how to deal with strong emotions, we can benefit a lot from teaching this innocent and vulnerable place within ourselves healthy coping mechanisms.
The inner mother or father is a less known inner character that we all carry, but one that I feel is vital for true healing to occur. Your inner mother or father is that place within you that emanates love and compassion. As a female, I choose to seek out my inner Mother when I am suffering from overwhelming emotions. Depending on your childhood, and which parent was most physically/emotionally/spiritually absent, you might differ.
Some of the best ways to contact your inner Father or Mother (I tend to refer to them as the “Divine Parent”) include dialoguing with them in your journal, doing mirror work (i.e. looking into a mirror and waiting for their presence to emerge), visualization, and meditation.
I wrote a great article about initiating contact and beginning your inner child work.
What is your experience with emotional regulation? I’d love to hear your story in the comments.
Finally, I encourage you to re-read through the advice above and genuinely consider what advice you plan to implement this week. Which practices sound the most promising to you? Try one out and let me know!
What helps me is to do things that are often seen as abormal. It’s punk in a way and validates your singularity.
Here are a bunch of cool effective tasks to feel better – with true wisdom inside imo
Eating chocolate cake for dinner
Masturbating with no porn – okay if you don’t cum
Make a ritual of your own : Eg listening to your guts with a stetoscope
Practicing sport in the dark
Practicing throat singing
Getting rid of mirrors until judgement is out of you
Tidy and do some mari kondo
Talk to yourself
Saying someone you love that you love him or her, whatever the setup
Igniting your brain with a new idea. Exploring a point of view or topic you hate
Whoever you are, kind stranger, I love you for being as emotional as me. We are stranger than people that will never face our emotions. We are fighters. We are alive.
Peace on you
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Estimated reading time: 4 minutes
Secondary education is an integral part of formal education. This level determines what profession one might want to pursue in life. At this stage, “Student A” will make the decision on whether to pursue a career in law or medicine. How? By deciding whether to attend a science, commercial, or arts class. Therefore, it is crucial for a student at this point to have the correct information. Information such as WAEC/JAMB subject combination for certain programmes at a university. This is not to imply that life wouldn’t have its own unique arrangements, such as physicians becoming fashion designers and attorneys becoming performers. In this part, we’ll examine senior secondary education in Nigeria’s formal educational system.
Senior Secondary School
This three-year formal schooling cycle is broken down into SS1, SS2, and SS3. Except for a few Unity schools, which are managed by the federal government, it is overseen by both the state government and private individuals. It is tuition-free for public senior secondary schools, with the exception of the nominal fee for the final exam, which some state governments sometimes also support. The tuition for private schools is determined by the same variables as for other levels of formal education, such as location, facilities, credibility, success story, etc. There are 3 terms in a session, and the tuition for students attending private schools is paid each term.
Curriculum used in Senior Secondary
Eight subjects are required of each student, six of which are core subjects: English, mathematics, one major language, and three from the student’s major, which are divided into the arts, commercial, and sciences. In a tertiary institution, students who majored in the arts typically study courses like law, mass communication, theatre arts, English literature, etc. Arts subject combination would include Literature in English, Government, and any Religious studies. Those who majored in commercial can study courses such as economics, business management, accounting etc. Commercial subject combinations commonly comprise, Economics, Accounting and Commerce. And, those who majored in sciences, with Physics, Biology and Chemistry as course combinations.
They frequently select medicine and surgery as their top academic choices. Pharmacy, biochemistry, geology, petroleum engineering, and other science disciplines are also in high demand. The sad reality is that if nothing is done, very soon, only secondary school students from private colleges will be able to get the grades required to enrol in programs like medicine and other elite courses in the sciences and the arts. Why? Because crucial learning resources are not available to pupils in public schools.
End road for the indigent
The secondary school system is designed to route students into tertiary institutions. For some Nigerians, it is usually the bus stop. Due to a lack of financial resources, they are either compelled to learn a trade or refrain from enrolling in academic institutions. Few people give up because they fail the final exam or, far less frequently, because they lose interest.A common designation for them is “School Cert. Holder.” Since pupils receive the Senior Secondary Certificate at the conclusion of this phase. However, The National Examination Council (NECO) or the West African Examination Council’s required exams must be taken and/or passed in order to even earn the title. If their parents or sponsors are willing, students who are able to earn at least 6 credits in this exam can continue to tertiary education. Read our previous blog to learn more about how Oprah and Malala’s will to strive and be heard inspired us.
End road for female child
In some regions of Nigeria, completing school-certificate or O’level exams has long been the end of the road for female students. Some people are even made to get married before this. After completing secondary education, a female child is seen as being ready for marriage. There is a common misconception that female children don’t require schooling. Some people promote this idea by saying that a woman belongs in the kitchen. To put it another way, some parents believe that paying for a woman’s education is a complete waste of money. She would wind up in a man’s house, they exclaim! Females with higher levels of education are also better protected from child marriage, sometimes known as early or premature marriage. To guarantee educational equality for female children, more work must be done. For context, check our blog post Sexual Abuse in Nigeria: The Uwaila Vera Omozuwa story.
Entry Job for School Cert. Holders
The military, government, security, etc., as well as private and public organisations may hire holders of this certificate. Although primarily as a driver, salesperson, administrative assistant, or clerical assistant. This is not to say that they can’t venture into business. Exactly why we have handpicked 3 Low Capital Business Ideas for you, in particular
We will discuss tertiary education in Nigeria in the following issue of this series on the country’s educational system.
You need templates to develop your ideas, try Joadre Tool. For premium experience using the tools, download Tribe app (Android Version), a tailored all-in-one app to deliver current business knowledge, promote social entrepreneurs, and provide coaching services. For iOS users, a webapp version and IOS version are on the way. To be notified when it’s available and to receive consistent learning resources via email, sign up for our newsletter here. Need to get in touch? Use our contact form or schedule consultation via app.
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Are you an expat or just staying in one location in Spain for more than a couple of months? Do you have small children? If the answer to these questions is YES then I have great news for you! You don’t have to be a Spanish citizen in order to enroll your child to a public kindergarten or preschool. Moreover if your child is older than 3 years old it will be absolutely free and if under 3 it can be still free thanks to government financial aid programs.
Read the following section to find out more about how the public preschool system works in Spain, how to find a school and when to enroll, what papers you need in order to get accepted as well as, read about our personal experience with preschool in Granada, Spain.
Preschool in Spain. How does it work?
Even though compulsory education in Spain starts at the age of 6, many parents enroll their children to preschool, sometimes from as young as 4 month old.
Public preschool (kindergarten) in Spain is divided into two cycles:
- First cycle for children between the ages of 0-3.
Even though the first cycle of preschool is not free, there are financial aid programs that help families cover the cost of preschool partly or fully.
The full price per month is 284 euros.
The first cycle of preschool is taught in separate nursery schools (escuelas infantiles or guarderías).
- The second cycle is for children between the ages of 3-6.
This cycle is often considered as an integral part of the education system and is free for everyone.
The second cycle is taught at primary schools.
There are also a variety of private schools that take children between the ages of 2-6. The arrangements are very flexible for kids this age, meaning that parents can choose hours of attendance (morning, afternoons, all day or selective days, with lunch or without lunch). While you can take your child from school at any time, public schools, age 0-3, have only one price no matter your circumstances. If you don’t qualify for financial aid and only need half-day care for example, private nursery school for ages 0-3 can be cheaper than the full price at the public preschool.
Enrolling your child into preschool (kindergarten)
There are two ways to enroll your kid for the next school year.
- For children who already attend a preschool and want to secure a spot at the same place for the next year. This period is usually the last two weeks of March and you have priority over new students.
- For kids entering a new preschool. This period usually lasts the whole April.
However, don’t get discouraged if you have just moved to Spain and/or missed the enrollment month. You still can find a preschool that has an available spot for your child!
We moved to Spain in October and found a preschool rather easily, however we were still in process of getting our papers in order (from residency permit to registering in health system) so we couldn’t enroll Lia yet. Our documents were finally ready in mid-February and I was worried that we wont find a place, yet we still managed to find a preschool that had few available spots. Lucky us!
Also I would recommend to visit the preschools in person since calling may results in answers such as “Come enroll your child in April and she/he will start in September” as it happened to us when we tried to call to couple of establishments.
Finding preschool with an available place
You can attend any preschool you want regardless of your home address.
For Andalucía there is a website that lists all the schools (preschools as well as primary schools) in the selected city. You just need to type the city you are interested in, for example Granada, Seville, Cordoba etc. and click buscar.
We personally didn’t like the website because of its horrible design and awful user experience. Instead we simply used Google maps to find a preschool in walking distance from our house. Type “Escuela infantil” to facilitate your search.
Submitting papers to preschool
So, you found a preschool that you like! Congratulations! Next step, papers!
You will need the following documents:
- Your DNI or NIE number when you fill out the form
- Proof of residence (empadronamiento in Spanish), you receive this paper from your town hall when you register your new address
- Child’s birth certificate or libro de familia (if the child has Spanish citizenship)
- Proof of the child’s vaccinations ( our vaccines were done around the world so we basically had a list with x’s next to them, no signatures or actual proof in a sense, and this worked fine)
- Proof of income if you apply for the first cycle of pre-school to see whether you are eligible for financial help from the government (public school only)
- One picture of your little one. Passport sized photo worked for us.
Note: If you have never lived or worked in Spain before and you have never paid taxes in Spain, you can provide your proof of income from another country. We submitted our USA tax forms in English and it was fine, however we wrote a letter in Spanish attached explaining what numbers meant what.
Proof of income, how it worked for us:
We were enrolling Lia for her first cycle of pre-school therefore we needed to show proof of our income to see if we will receive any help from the government.
Since we just moved to Spain we were not even in the Spanish tax system and it wasn’t possible for them to check our income in their system.
Thus our next step was to go to Delegación de Economía y Hacienda de Granada (Av. de la Constitución, 1, 18001 Granada, Spain), where we filled out a couple of forms and got registered in the system. Later the following week this office sent our school an email saying that we have to bring other papers to prove our income. We showed our tax form from the year 2015 (since Lia attends a school year 2016/2017). No bank statements needed only monthly/yearly income.
In couple of days we received the call from our preschool saying that all the papers went through and we are good to go! We also received 50% of financial aid from the government so we pay now only 140 euros per month!
Our experience with preschool in Granada, Spain
Lia is now a 22 months old toddler. We feel that for her age she is already too independent and absolutely in need to play with other children. She also doesn’t experience separation problems or any sort of anxiety if we leave. That was a sign for us that she is ready for kindergarten.
Once all the papers went through, we had a meeting with our teacher, Jesus, the nicest man ever! We talked about Lia’s schedule, her food preferences, her nap times, how does the school work etc.
The first 3 days Lia spent at pre-school only 2 hours, from 9 till 11 am in order to get used to it. Believe it or not, after yelling mama and papa and running for a quick hug, she didn’t want to leave her new friends when we were coming to pick her up 😀
The rest of the week, Lia stays at preschool till 1.45 pm. Then we pick her up and go home where she takes her nap. This schedule works perfectly for us!
I really like our preschool! Its premises, staff and stuff/toys are simply fantastic!
Located in the city center, just 10 min walk from our house; it couldn’t be more convenient for us. There are so many small schools in the city it will be easy to find one near you. The rooms are full of natural light and spacious with a lot of different toys. There is also a massive terrace where kids play when it is nice outside. Since this preschool is located in the city center there isn’t a yard or garden, so having an open space terrace is a big plus!
I am also really happy about food options at the preschool. The menu rotates every week and children always have fruits, vegetables, meat and fish on their plates.
Our school, Santo Domingo escuela infantil, is Spanish-speaking so we are looking forward to hearing Lia speaking Spanish soon. At home we speak English and Russian that makes Spanish her 3rd language. Way to go, girl 😉
I hope you find this post helpful, if you have any questions, please comment below and I will try to answer to my best ability.
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An affinity diagram is a tool that is used to organize a large number of ideas, opinions, and issues and group them based on their relationships. Affinity diagrams are generally used for categorizing ideas that are generated during brainstorming sessions and can be particularly useful for analyzing complex issues.
The steps for creating an affinity diagram can include:
- Generating ideas through brainstorming.
- Displaying the ideas randomly.
- Sorting the ideas into groups.
- Creating header cards for each group to capture the essential links among the ideas in each group.
- And, drawing the affinity diagram by writing the problem statement at the top and the headers with their respective groups of ideas below the problem statement.
- An affinity diagram helps in sorting and grouping customer requirements.
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| 0.902688 | 156 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Several things can cause water damage to your foundation:
- Excess moisture in the soil around your foundation can lead to hydrostatic pressure, which stresses your foundation walls and can cause cracking or bowing.
- Poor drainage around your home’s foundation can also lead to water damage. If rainwater is not directed away from your foundation, it can pool around the base of your home and seep into the ground, putting pressure on your foundation walls.
- Leaks in your plumbing or roof can also cause water damage. Water leaking into your home can seep into the ground and put pressure on your foundation walls.
Signs of Water Damage in Your Foundation
You can look for several signs to determine if your foundation has water damage. If you notice any of these signs, it is crucial to have your home inspected by a professional as soon as possible.
- Cracks in your foundation walls or floors: Cracks are one of the most common signs of water damage and can be caused by various factors, including hydrostatic pressure, poor drainage, and leaks.
- Staining or efflorescence on your foundation walls: Efflorescence is a white powdery substance that can form on your foundation walls when water seeps through the pores in the concrete. Staining can also indicate water damage caused by leaks or flooding.
- Buckling or bowing foundation walls: If your foundation walls are buckling or bowing, it indicates that there is too much water pressure against them. This can be caused by excess moisture in the soil or poor drainage around your home.
- Basement Floor Cracks: If you have cracks in your basement floor, it could be an indication of water damage. Cracks can form when water seeps through the concrete and puts pressure on the foundation.
- Musty smells: If your basement or crawl space smells musty, it could indicate water damage. Musty odors are often caused by mold and mildew growth which can occur when there is excessive moisture in the air.
- Mold clusters: Mold can grow in damp areas or with excessive moisture. If you see mold clusters, your home has water damage. If you notice mold clusters, it is crucial to have the area tested for mold and mildew.
How to Prevent Water Damage to Foundation
There are several things that you can do to prevent water damage to your foundation:
✅ Install gutters and downspouts: Gutters and downspouts help to direct rainwater away from your home’s foundation. By directing the water away from your home, you can reduce the hydrostatic pressure placed on your foundation walls.
✅ Improve drainage around your home: Improving the drainage around your home’s foundation can help to reduce the amount of water that pools around your home. You can improve the drainage by installing French drains, catch basins, and swales.
✅ Repair leaks: Leaks in your plumbing or roof can cause water damage to your foundation. It is essential to repair any leaks as soon as possible to prevent further damage.
✅ Keep gutters clean: It is important to keep your gutters clean and free of debris so that they can properly direct rainwater away from your home’s foundation.
✅ Install a Sump Pump: A sump pump helps remove water pooling around your home’s foundation. By eliminating the water, you can reduce the amount of hydrostatic pressure on your foundation walls.
If you are concerned about water damage to your foundation, it is vital to have your home inspected by a professional. A professional can determine if there is any damage and recommend the best course of action.
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| 0.945542 | 753 | 2.53125 | 3 |
CNET.com published a really interesting article today about kids and smartphones. A recently published study from The Department of Education and PBS suggests that kids who spend time playing certain apps on smartphones can actually learn while they play.
An excerpt from the article (it can be found in full here):
To glimpse the potential of mobile apps as a new educational medium, the study first tested the vocabulary level of a group 90 Title 1 school children, ages 3-7. Then, the children were each given two weeks with an iPod Touch loaded with the Martha Speaks app created by PBS Kids. The study monitored how the children used the iPod, how long they used it for, during what hours, and in what context. A call-in voice mailbox was also established so that parents could relate any anecdotes or observations about their child’s time with the device.
On average, the study found kids played with the iPod Touch for a total of 5 hours across the two weeks, with half that time spent playing the Martha Speaks app. It’s important to note that the study didn’t require kids to play with the device or the app–all play was self initiated.
At the end of the two week trial, the children were given another vocabulary test, which revealed an increase in vocabulary acquisition by as much as 31%.
So what does this mean for What’s in the Bible? and your family? An aim of the series is to increase Bible literacy in the next generation. Those of you who have seen the DVDs know that they are full of lessons about the Bible – from who wrote what books, to why the Catholic Bible has more books than the Protestant, to explaining all those crazy rules in Leviticus. Did you know that our digital downloads are compatible with iPods, iPhones, and iPads? You can download them here and then convert them in iTunes to play on your mobile devices! Additionally, the curriculum companion for What’s in the Bible? will feature iPad and iPhone apps for leaders, students, and families.
Technology is changing fast. Bible truths stay the same, but the mediums with which we can teach them will continue to change. It’s exciting to think about all we have planned and all of the possibilities? Do you have any ideas about how we can improve Bible literacy using digital means?
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Orangutans are one of many animals affected by the fires in Borneo that have been burning this month. Animals across the country were found to have problems breathing due to smoke caused by the enormous fires. Care centers across the country are working to protect these animals.
The fires have made headline news as they continue to grow. The fires have been caused by burning forests to clear land for palm oil plantations. Over 300,000 acres have already been burned in the region, causing significant habitat damage and excessive smoke in the region.
Orangutans across Indonesia are being affected by the fires, including those being cared for in rescue centers and wildlife preserves. Many orangutans had been rescued from captors and were in the process of being rereleased into the wild in Kalimantan, the smoke put a stop to their planned rerelease into the wild.
Veterinarian Fiet Hayu spoke to Reuters about the situation, “The smog has been going on for almost two months and because of that, some of our orangutans, especially those young ones, are starting to have respiratory tract infections, which was initially detected by symptoms of sneezing, coughing and flu.”
Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation cares for hundreds of the great apes at their rescue centers. A press release from the foundation said the smoke was affecting caregivers and animals. Young animals especially are in danger due to smoke inhalation. Respiratory problems are a real concern for the animals, the smoky haze causes dust and carbon particles to get into lungs. Environmental officials in Borneo listed the pollution levels as, “hazardous.”
Orangutan centers have adjusted care for animals in light of the fires. The Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre in Samboja Lestari, East Kalimantan, reported, “To avoid adverse effects on the orangutans undergoing rehabilitation, the medical team in Samboja Lestari has been providing a daily dose of milk and multivitamins for all orangutans in the centre, which now totals 130 individuals. Outdoor activities at Forest School for young orangutans have been reduced to only a few hours. For adult orangutans living in the socialisation cage complex, the Samboja Lestari technicians regularly spray the enclosures with water to keep them cool.”
Learn how to avoid palm oil with these resources:
- Why You Should Avoid Palm Oil, and How to Do it
- 15 Palm-Oil Free Products for More Eco-Friendly Snacking
- Top 10 Facts You NEED to Know about Palm Oil
- The Problem with Palm Oil and What You Can Do About It
For more Animal, Life, Vegan Food, Health, and Recipe content published daily, don’t forget to subscribe to the One Green Planet Newsletter.
Being publicly-funded gives us a greater chance to continue providing you with high quality content. Please support us!
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We just published a paper discussing future directions for ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for air disinfection applications has relied on low-pressure mercury vapor lamps for decades. New design requirements have generated the need for alternatives in some uses. This paper describes the current state of UVGI technology and describes future directions for technology development, including the use of lamps produced from non-toxic materials and light-emitting diode lamps. Important applications are discussed such as the use of ultraviolet germicidal lamps in developing countries, in heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems to improve energy efficiency and indoor air quality, and for whole room disinfection.
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The 7S model is a strategic model that can be used for any of the following purposes:
- Organizational alignment or performance improvement
- Understanding the core and most influential factors in an organization’s strategy
- Determining how best to realign an organization to a new strategy or other organization design
- Examining the current workings and relations an organization exhibits
The model, made famous by the McKinsey consulting company, is good for a thorough discussion around an organizations activities, infrastructure, and interactions.
-The model and its usage-
Here is the 7S model that portrays seven elements of an organization.
I define the elements as follows:
Strategy – This is the organization’s alignment of resources and capabilities to “win” in its market.
Structure – This describes how the organization is organized. This includes roles, responsibilities and accountability relationships.
Systems – This is the business and technical infrastructure that employees use on a day to day basis to accomplish their aims and goals.
Shared Values – This is a set of traits, behaviors, and characteristics that the organization believes in. This would include the organization’s mission and vision.
Style – This is the behavioral elements the organizational leadership uses and culture of interaction.
Staff – This is the employee base, staffing plans and talent management.
Skills – This is the ability to do the organization’s work. It reflects in the performance of the organization.
To assess each of these elements, here are some questions to ask:
- What is the organization’s strategy seeking to accomplish?
- How does the organization plan to use its resources and capabilities to deliver that?
- What is distinct about this organization?
- How does the organization compete?
- How does the organization adapt to changing market conditions?
- How is the organization organized?
- What are the reporting and working relationships (hierarchical, flat, silos, etc.)?
- How do the employees align themselves to the strategy?
- How are decisions made? Is it based off of centralization, empowerment, decentralization or other approaches?
- How is information shared (formal and informal channels) across the organization?
- What are the primary business and technical systems that drive the organization?
- What and where are the system controls?
- How is progress and evolution tracked?
- What internal rules and processes does the team utilize to maintain course?
Shared Values –
- What is the mission of the organization?
- What is the vision to get there? If so, what is it?
- What are the ideal versus real values?
- How do the values play out in daily life?
- What are the founding values that the organization was built upon?
- What is the management/leadership style like? How do they behave?
- How do employees respond to management/leadership?
- Do employees function competitively, collaboratively, or cooperatively?
- Are there real teams functioning within the organization or are they just nominal groups?
- What behaviors, tasks and deliverables does management/leadership reward?
- What is the size of the organization?
- What are the staffing needs?
- Are there gaps in required capabilities or resources?
- What is the plan to address those needs?
- What skills are used to deliver the core products and/or services? Are these skills sufficiently present and available?
- Are there any skill gaps?
- What is the organization known for doing well?
- Do the employees have the right capabilities to do their jobs?
- How are skills monitored, assessed, and improved?
Once the questions are answered, the data should be examined. The analysis should look for the following aspects:
The uses of the model can be as a static picture to determine how effectively the organization is implementing its strategy. Also, it can be used two-fold with a current state and an intended future state. By comparing the current and future states, gaps can be assessed, which lead to improvement and action plans. That latter case makes enables the model to be used for large scale change.
Like any model, there are good fits and poor fits. This is a handy model for taking a snapshot and comparing that to the desired state or improvement. It visually shows how everything is linked and understanding the larger implications of change can be very revealing. It is much like how a general doctor can help diagnose a patient’s situation, but the fine-tuned skill of a surgeon can be used to make the specific, desired changed.
Read more about how to leverage a McKinsey 7S Model assessment on my follow up article McKinsey 7S Model: Progressive change.
This article’s content was based on http://www.themanager.org/models/7S%20Model.htm, http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_91.htm, and my experience and opinions.
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Pesticide Action Network Updates Service (PANUPS)
June 4, 1999
Pesticides continue to be a pervasive threat to California's ecosystems according to a report released by Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA) and Californians for Pesticide Reform (CPR). The report, Disrupting the Balance: Ecological Impacts of Pesticides in California, calls on the California Environmental Protection Agency and the federal government to ban three pesticides--the organophosphate insecticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos, and the carbamate insecticide carbofuran.
Over the last 30 years, the agrochemical industry has turned from organochlorines such as DDT to these neurotoxic organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. Use of these toxic nerve poisons continues to grow, with an 18% increase in California between 1991 and 1995. In California, some 17 million pounds of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides are applied annually in urban and agricultural settings.
The report's specific findings include:
* Multiple pesticides are often found in California waters and sediments at concentrations that exceed levels that are lethal to zooplankton, the main food source of young fish.
* Most species of fish and zooplankton in the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary have experienced dramatic population declines in the last 25 years. Toxic contaminants, especially pesticides, are known to be one of the factors contributing to these declines.
* Toxic pulses of two organophosphate insecticides, diazinon and chlorpyrifos, occur routinely in California streams and rivers during critical stages in fish development. The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers as well as many creeks and sloughs in the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary are specific areas with this problem. Urban creeks are also affected by these two chemicals, as pesticides applied around homes and gardens run off into creeks with irrigation water or storm water.
* The pesticides carbofuran and diazinon are responsible for the majority of bird kills in California, affecting many species of songbirds, waterfowl and raptors. Controlled studies have shown that when carbofuran is applied to crops, as many as 17 birds die for every five acres treated.
* Studies have shown that the frequency and number of bird kills in California closely parallels the agricultural activities that use pesticides most toxic to birds.
* Carbofuran applications to alfalfa, grapes and rice cause the majority of reported bird poisonings.
The report also reveals that pesticides are used routinely in national wildlife refuges, despite laws mandating that protection of wildlife and the environment take highest priority in these areas. In the Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge, pesticides that are toxic to wildlife are routinely used on potatoes, sugar beets, and onions grown within the refuge. In 1992, five bald eagles died from secondary exposure when the organophosphate terbufos was applied to sugar beets in the refuge. A new integrated pest management plan developed for the refuge still permits the use of a number of neurotoxic or endocrine-disrupting pesticides.
Some bird and fish species are already being impacted by pressures such as habitat loss. Disrupting the Balance warns that the deaths of even a few individuals from pesticides can push the entire species that much closer to extinction or prevent their recovery.
The report concludes with a chapter called "Restoring the Balance," which provides a brief overview of ecologically-based pest management strategies that represent a long-term, sustainable solution to controlling pests without using toxic chemicals.
The report is available at http://www.panna.org.
Hardcopies of the report are free to California residents and US$10 for all others.
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Who Pays for Legal Aid
For more than a decade, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Russia have been reforming and restructuring their legal systems. Although many important justice sector reforms have been carried out throughout the region, mechanisms to ensure individual access to legal information and assistance often remain inadequate and ineffective. As a result, many people – especially those who are poor or otherwise disadvantaged – do not have effective access to legal assistance in criminal and non-criminal matters. Throughout history, the Australian government established the Legal Services Offices in 1942 to develop a national system. In 1973, whitlam`s Labour Government Attorney General, Lionel Murphy, founded the Australian Legal Aid Office. Murphy recognized the urgent need for legal aid so that justice is equally accessible to all. Murphy said: « One of the main causes of citizens` inequality before the law is the lack of adequate and comprehensive legal aid arrangements across Australia. The Government`s ultimate goal is to ensure that legal aid is readily and equally available to citizens across Australia and that assistance with advice and support for litigation and litigation in all legal categories and in all courts is expanded. (The Honourable Senator Lionel Murphy AO QC, Attorney General) The establishment of the Australian Legal Aid Office in 1973 was followed by the establishment of state legal aid commissions. These offices now provide the majority of free or low-cost legal assistance to people in need. In 1977, the Australian government passed the Commonwealth Legal Aid Commission Act 1977 (LAC Act), which established cooperation agreements between the Australian government and state and territory governments under which legal aid was provided by independent legal aid commissions to be established under state and territory laws. The process of setting up LACAs took more than a decade.
It began in 1976 with the establishment of the Western Australian Legal Aid Commission, followed the Victoria Legal Aid Commission (LACV) in 1978 and ended in 1990 with the establishment of the Tasmanian Legal Aid Commission. The cooperation agreements established by the LAC Act provided for agreements on the financing of mutual legal assistance in the Commonwealth, as well as in the States and Territories region, which began in 1987. The State shall ensure that the functioning of the legal system promotes justice on the basis of equal opportunities and, in particular, provides free legal aid through appropriate legislation or systems or otherwise to ensure that no citizen is denied the opportunity to obtain justice on account of economic or other handicaps. Australia has a federal system of government that includes federal, state and territorial jurisdictions. The governments of Australia (Commonwealth) and the states and territories are each responsible for providing legal aid for matters arising from their laws. In addition, there is a network of about 200 independent, non-profit municipal legal centers. How to find a consulting office near you: Go to www. LawHelp.org and select the state you live in to find out who in your state can help you solve your legal problem. I do not have legal immigration status. Can legal aid help me? Each legal aid organization has its own rules on who is eligible for its services. However, if you become a victim of a violent crime or domestic violence, legal assistance can help you in any case that protects you from domestic violence or abuse, even if you do not have legal immigration status. If you have been a victim of domestic violence, legal aid can also apply for immigration on your behalf.
Some legal consulting firms specialize in a wide range of immigration law issues. Go to www. LawHelp.orgfor more information about the rules of legal aid offices in your area. Are there cases that are not handled by legal aid? Legal aid in civil matters does not deal with cases of pecuniary damage such as medical professional misconduct or car accidents, traffic offences or criminal cases. (For the difference between civil and criminal law issues, see The differences between the criminal court and the civil court). What can I expect from a litigant? Legal aid lawyers have the same qualifications as other lawyers. Everything you say to your lawyer is confidential, which means it won`t be shared with anyone outside the legal aid office. Since everything you say to your lawyer is confidential, tell your lawyer the truth. Your lawyer can help you better if you tell your lawyer the truth. I am not entitled to legal aid, where can I ask for help? Legal aid is closely linked to the welfare state, and the granting of legal aid by a state is influenced by attitudes towards social assistance. Legal aid is a social allowance from the State for persons who would not otherwise be able to afford legal aid. Legal aid also helps to ensure the application of social benefits by giving people entitled to social benefits, such as social housing, access to legal advice and the courts.
Legal clinics have become centres for legal assistance, counselling and holistic approaches to poverty reduction. In these spaces, the poor have access to justice, as well as a less specialized pool of legal knowledge that deals with the most common complaints that affect the course of daily life, also known as the « generalist » approach, which creates a kind of « one-stop shop » that tries to meet all of a client`s legal needs in one space. Reduce the cost of multiple lawyers in multiple locations for multiple legal issues. These websites also take into account the cultural and social considerations that contribute to mental and social aversions to receiving legal aid from disadvantaged groups. A crucial part of this model is to pick up the customer where they are, or at least to be in a place that is actually feasible and convenient for the customer to visit. Include neighbourhood legal clinics and their multidimensional approach to a multifaceted topic. Because poverty law « is not a specialty, » there may be several problems that a single client may face at the same time and may not all be related to a particular case or intertwined to such an extent that dealing with one part of the problem leads to some sort of chain reaction that affects all moving parts. However, in the late 1960s, the United States experienced negative reactions when people facing marginalization and poverty became beneficiaries of economic and social programs. The « justice model » would be replaced by the « access to justice » model in response to the rapid social changes in American society under the Nixon administration. .
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The federal government owns over one quarter of America’s land, some 28%. West of the Mississippi the proportion increases to roughly one half. In Utah it’s 70%, Nevada 85%, and California over 45%. In marked contrast federal holdings in Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa average one percent. That’s 1.0%.
Why the difference? Mainly because the land in these Midwestern states was worth homesteading. The land is productive. Crops, including timber, like to grow where it’s warm, wet and low. These are the conditions for naturally high biomass production. (Only due to irrigation does our ranch produce six tons of alfalfa per acre. Our dry land yields a quarter of that.)
Much of the West is high, dry, cold or all three. Such land was not worth the effort, or actually impossible, to prove up as viable homesteads. Many homestead families failed and the land abandoned to the government or bought by ranchers. Only a fifth of the post WWI homesteaders in NE Montana succeeded. Four generations later, circumstances still wring out some the survivors. And opportunities elsewhere are enticing.
Only mining, and in some places tourism, generate significant wealth, but hardly ever prosperity in great majority of the high, dry, and cold West. The West “mines” the national taxpayer via subsidies--but that is negative on net. In the political arena efficiency lacks a strong constituency so these wealth transfers will continue.
Yet, some of the natives correctly assess the foregone wealth potential of the land caused by regulations and management by federal agencies. These are the obvious constraints on development. Every few years a small minority agitates to transfer federal lands “back” to the states. Why? The development interests believe that they have greater influence in state and local arenas and can more easily co-opt citizen lawmakers than the professionals in DC.
State lands are usually managed better on economic and ecological dimensions. Yet, the recurrent efforts to transfer lands to the states or private parties will fail—at least until the federal government is unable to meet its entitlement obligations.
Outdoors and sportsmen interests are wedded to the federal lands and their economic influence grows. Mean while, an ever-decreasing proportion of the West’s population works in mining, logging, and ranching. Further, most of the new arrivals, especially part timers, place a high value on having vast expanses of relatively unspoiled federal lands available for their pleasure.
We can expect occasional and sometimes dramatic outbursts from cultural remnants of the old west. The Bundy Ranch Nevada Standoff of 2014 is an example. In December of 2016 President Obama included it and Bears Ears in Southern Utah as part of our National Monument System. He stated: “"Today’s actions will help protect this cultural legacy and will ensure that future generations are able to enjoy and appreciate these scenic and historic landscapes. Importantly, today I have also established a Bears Ears Commission to ensure that tribal expertise and traditional knowledge help inform the management of the Bears Ears National Monument and help us to best care for its remarkable national treasures."
On February 6, 2017, six defendants in the Bundy case have began trial their federal trial. We’ve seen earlier versions of this movie. In the original versions it was Indians who lost their lands to alien invaders.
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In a History and Systems course we studied quite a bit about the systems of psychological thought that anticipated the rise of scientific psychology. I’ve mentioned a bit about these debates before, but one of the interesting things about consciousness that was simmering underneath quite a bit of this debate is the apparent unity of our conscious experience.
Locke and his successors in the Associationist schools rejected any previous philosophical notions that humans are born with some kind of built-in knowledge. Instead, he believed that everything we know and experience is due to associations. We associate warmth and milk with mother and we grow to love her more. We hear a loud, threatening dog’s bark and associate dogs with danger. Over time these associations continue to build up into a complete picture of the world. It should very much resemble Behaviorism to the psychologists reading this blog, and indeed, Pavlov, Skinner, and Watson would have had no qualms with it. However, James pointed out that there was something fundamentally quirky with the idea that all our knowledge is built on associations: where does the mind get the idea that associations could be made in the first place? In his words, whence does the brain get such fantastic “laws of clinging?” I would add – what exactly is putting things together?
It is one thing to address the underlying structure of the brain – the different sensory systems, the physical structure of neurons, storage structures, etc. It is another thing to think that there is some algorithm or structure that is capable of “combining” “information” from all the different systems. How exactly would it look or operate, where is it located, and/or where did the algorithm come from to begin with? We don’t see any analogues in computational research because nowhere in computers do we see any part of the computer that “points at” any other part, nor do we see any real “combinations” of separate bits of information anywhere. Anything that looks like a combination falls apart into its component parts upon closer inspection.
It is hard to see how a mechanism, no matter how complex, can really unify two separate things at all. It is related to my previous post about Mario because I noted that there is no unifying principle behind all the different wires, pixels, and systems that make up the character Mario on the screen. Another example: I can set up a webcam on a computer to take video, and I can also set up the computer to record audio. But without any further instruction, the computer will record both streams indefinitely without ever “associating” them together. Without “laws of clinging” they would remain separate and distinct parts.
But even when we encode audio and video together, there does not seem to be any unifying principle behind both parts. On a VHS tape the audio and video are on different strips. When we watch a video on YouTube there are separate mechanisms that encode audio and video and play them back on our computers. They only seem unified because when we watch them, we somehow combine them into one unified experience. If we really trace the paths of the information in the audio and video, we find two separate streams every time.
Now some materialist philosophers, most notably Dennett, recognize the difficulty here and simply deny that we do have a unity of consciousness. But once you get the point where materialist philosophers have to deny the very existence of a unity of consciousness, qualia, free will, or intentionality in order to buoy up materialism, I think their arguments just bounce off me. Maybe they don’t experience those things, but I certainly do. In fact, if someone asked me which is more sure to me: that the external world exists, or that I have subjective experience? The answer seems pretty clear to me – the latter. The external world could be a dream or an illusion, however unlikely. But my own subjective experience? How could I ever reject that? I’m a philosophical simpleton but I simply can’t part ways with what seems to me to be the absolute base-level structuring of my entire experience as a human. And even if I did reject it, who – or what – exactly is doing the rejecting?
I have always been befuddled by people who say that materialism is somehow the end-game of honest reason. I just can’t make that leap of faith. It’s not that I don’t want to, I would love to. I just don’t see how it’s possible.
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For those students seeking to further their education in a given field after graduating college, a master's degree can be an advantageous next step. This degree affords a higher level of expertise in the student's chosen field, paving the way for any number of careers.
What is a Master in Applied Ethics? This is one of many paths of study a master's student may pursue. Applied ethics is a discipline that branches out of the humanities and ethics, but which can be taken in a number of different directions. For this reason, every applied ethics program is unique. Some focus on applied ethics within the context of law, while others engage more specifically with bioethics, tackling difficult questions as to the ethics of bioengineering. In any case, applied ethics generally involves a diverse curriculum, ranging from courses in political philosophy to ethical theory. Students are encouraged to grapple with timely ethical dilemmas and to learn how to advocate for a given side of the argument.
The main benefit of taking a Master in Applied Ethics is the critical thinking skills the curriculum fosters. Students face a challenging, stimulating classroom environment for the duration of the program, and they learn many valuable and transferable communications and research skills. This experience can be quite useful in many different fields.
Because each program offering a master's degree in applied ethics is different, there is no real rule of thumb for how much the programs cost. Registration and enrollment costs vary from school to school. For more specific information, contact the admissions office of each program.
In terms of potential careers, a Master in Applied Ethics is a very worthwhile degree. The skills and experience it affords students are sought after in today's job market. Depending on the focus of the particular program, graduates can go on to pursue careers in bioethics, politics and law. These professions are particularly rewarding from the ethics standpoint because graduates can advocate for positive change on a large scale and have a real impact.
If applied ethics sounds like it may be the path of study for you, begin your school search today. Our database of programs around the world will have all the information you need to get started. Search for your program below and contact directly the admission office of the school of your choice by filling in the lead form.
The Master Degree in Human Rights and the Ethics of International Cooperation is the result of a teaching collaboration between the following Departments: Law; Letters and Philosophy; Management, Economics and Quantitative Methods, and it is strictly related to the University Research Center for International Cooperation. [+]
The MA in Ethics and Democracy introduces students to interdisciplinary training and training in the areas of ethics and political philosophy. [+]
The Master’s specialization in Philosophy, Bioethics and Health will provide you with the theoretical and practical tools to deal with ethical issues in health care... [+]
Master in Philosophy, Bioethics and Health (specialization of Philosophy (2 years))
The Master’s specialization in Philosophy, Bioethics and Health will provide you with the theoretical and practical tools to deal with ethical issues in health care and health-care policy.You will learn how to reflect on practical problems from a medical, moral, legal, political and economic perspective.The need for interdisciplinary reflection is growing as developments within society lead to new challenges in health care. Take the shifts in responsibility for example: patients are expected to take greater responsibility for their own health and to ‘manage themselves’ and insurers are becoming responsible for both the cost and the quality of health-care provisions. In addition, there are many rapid scientific and technological developments to take into account: from knowledge of the genetic basis of diseases, pre-implantation diagnosis and IVF, to the use of plastic surgery for aesthetic enhancement. Then there are the problems of just allocation caused by the growing number of treatment options for all kinds of diseases and the growing number of people living well into old age. Such developments cause a change in the medical ethical agenda.... [-]
The specialized graduate diploma (DESS) in ethics aims to acquire comprehensive knowledge of theories, concepts and tools of ethics and philosophy to think critically and structured on contemporary issues and to intervene in a social, professional or organizational. [+]
The MA in Ethics aims to acquire a comprehensive understanding of theories, concepts and tools of ethics and philosophy to empower them to think critically and structured on contemporary issues, so as to illuminate the individual and collective choices . [+]
Corporate compliance is a growing area that is global in scope. Fordham Law is at the vanguard of this evolving and expanding field—and the new MSL in Corporate Compliance will put you there, too. [+]
Theological education at Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan is aimed at training committed leaders who are pursuing a wide range of vocations including parish ministry, hospital chaplaincy, ecumenical movements, voluntary organizations, social work, the teaching profession, and more. [+]
The Master of Science in Bioethics, part of Columbia University’s Programs in Bioethics, which also include an Online Certification of Professional Achievement and Online Noncredit Courses, grounds students in historical, philosophical, legal, and social-scientific approaches and models to address bioethical challenges. [+]
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Deformable Mirror Characterization
We have carried out extensive computer modeling and simulations of deformable mirrors (DM) used in our AO systems, however a significant amount of computer power is required to carry out such in-depth modeling of this complicated system. A single simulation may result in only a few microseconds of DM behavior. Additionally, without observations of the actual behavior of a real deformable mirror, simulations cannot be effectively applied to or compared to realistic behavior.
We have obtained a high-speed camera and are creating an in-lab AO system to record the behavior of a real DM. We will be able to characterize the DM's behavior on time scales as short as 1/10,000th of a second, forwarding our understanding of this extremely important element of our AO systems.
Analytical Development of Topics in Curvature Adaptive Optics
While a lot of studies, resources, and support exists for Shack-Hartmann AO systems, curvature AO systems are far less understood and supported. Or AO lab is working to fill in the gaps in understanding and strive to develop resources for these systems.
Postdoc Aglae Kellerer at UH Hilo is, in particular, working to characterize curvature AO systems. Her work includes site testing, measuring curvature AO response to varying atmospheric conditions, streamlining curvature AO systems to result in the most effective seeing corrections, and more.
Developing New Hardware Systems
Our AO systems currently use avalanche photo-diode systems to noiselessly count photons with zero dark current and zero read noise. The measurement system incorporating these diodes is somewhat involved. We are looking into replacing avalanche photo diodes with electron multiplier CCDs in place of the expensive avalanch doides. This replacement would allow for a much more physically compact syste, reduce the number of components required within the sensing system, and potentially increase speed and efficiency in the sensing to DM adjustment process.
Currently, the mirrors that measure wavefront curvature in our AO systems are controlled by acoustic signals. A high-frequency tweeter causes a reflective membrane to oscillate between convex and concave shapes (thus allowing the mirror to measure phase in front of and behind the focal plane). One disadvantage of this set-up is that it is not possible to use the mirror in in a zero-curvature state during operations.
We are working to replace this acoustically controlled sensor with a piezoelectric membrane mirror. A piezoelectric mirror would afford a huge increase in control over the shape of the wavefront sensor during AO operations.
`IMAKA - AO System for CFHT
`IMAKA is an ambitious project to bring atmosphere-corrected high-resolution images over extremely large fields of view to the Canada-France- Hawaii Telescope. There are three key pieces to `IMAKA. First, we have found that the optical turbulence above Mauna Kea is (a) weak in the free atmosphere and (b) confined within a very thin turbulence layer close to the ground within the boundary layer. Second, the approach of ground-layer adaptive optics, correcting for just the local optical turbulence, has advanced and is now in operation at ground-based facilities. Finally, with the development of orthogonal-transfer CCDs by the IfA/PanSTARRs group, we now have the ability to correct for global tip/tilt on the focal plane of the cameras. With this, `IMAKA will correct for the local turbulence with a very wide-field ground-layer AO system and correct for the remaining high-altitude tip/tilt using a PanSTARRs-style CCD camera. The combination has the potential to deliver FWHM~0.3" images over a full one-degree field of view in the visible (e.g. r band) under median seeing conditions.
The IfA is leading the development of this instrument (PI - Chun) and pending funding approval from the CFHT Board will enter a Phase A design study in 2011. The `IMAKA web page is located at:
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Dams store water that is used primarily for human consumption and irrigation, in addition to allowing for the production of energy with which to supply the electricity grid. But beyond these functions, hydroelectric ventures end up serving, in other ways, populations and the environment.
Putting dams at the service of populations at different levels, in addition to electricity generation, was a task that was developed over several years in Portugal. Hydroelectric production began to grow in strength from the 1950s with the construction of dams in the Cávado, Zêzere, Tagus and Douro river basins. At that time, the operations were manual, time-consuming and isolated; they were dependent on a large number of workers, from the turbine driver to the machinist, distributed throughout various locations (engine rooms, turbine, dam, command room,...).
This reality has evolved and, at present, EDP Produção (a EDP Group company which operates dams in Portugal to produce electricity) currently operates in a central and automated way 59 hydroelectric power plants with a total of approximately 6.7 GW. In Portugal, this management is done from a single location - the Center for Remote Control of Hydroelectric Power Plants, where the operation and monitoring of the activity of all the dams and hydroelectric power plants of EDP Produção takes place.
This highly technological control center guarantees a global view over the different river basins, allowing for greater vigilance and control over them, particularly in hazardous situations to people and property. Such is the case of periods of drought or floods.
Dams or superheroes?
It may not be common knowledge, but dams play a key role in mitigating the consequences of extreme situations for populations, such as floods or long periods of drought.
Each dam has different capacities; in other words, each dam stores a different amount of water, usually measured in hm3 (cubic hectometers - 1,000,000 m3). For example, while the Régua reservoir has a capacity of 95 hm3, the Baixo Sabor can store 1095 hm3.
In view of this storage capacity, in the concession contracts entered into with electricity generating companies, such as EDP Produção, limits are defined for the operation of each one. These limits indicate the minimum and maximum amount of water that each reservoir must keep stored at any time regardless of whether or not it is producing energy.
This means that EDP Produção, alongside the Portuguese Environment Agency, has to make a sensible management of the water storage in each reservoir to guarantee energy production and, simultaneously, to respond to the population's needs, according to the meteorological conditions.
This is why hydroelectric plants are said to play a role in the "modulation" of water flows - the amount of water that is trapped in the dams or that is released downstream varies according to the needs and risks.
Minimizing the effects of floods: the Lima example
In the basin of the Lima river there are two hydroelectric plants (Alto Lindoso and Touvedo) inserted in a region characterized by heavy rainfall. The Alto Lindoso dam, with a total capacity of 379 hm3, plays an important role in flood control, in particular by minimizing their impact in the downstream riverside areas - Ponte da Barca and Ponte de Lima.
If high levels of precipitation occur in the intermediate basin between Alto Lindoso and Touvedo, the large storage capacity of the first can withstand the total inflow of Lindoso's affluent. If this is not possible, it at least allows for the controlled release of discharged flows, thereby minimizing downstream impacts.
This process of flow management is complex but effective - on one hand, it is based on the analysis of meteorological information and, on the other hand, in a joint effort between EDP Produção, the Civil Protection and the Center for Forecasting and Flood Prevention (in the case of the Douro).
In case of higher inflow forecasts, flow modulation is carried out: the turbines of the power plants are operated in advance to create the capacity to accommodate the maximum amount of water, thus dampening the peak of the flood.
Water all year round
Where drought situations are concerned, the reverse is true. If the weather forecasts point in this direction, the action of EDP Produção is to prevent and restrain the turbine in order to guarantee water reserves for human consumption. If, in situations of high flow, the procedure involves unloading when necessary, in drought situations care is taken to accumulate and not use all the water from the reservoir.
This is what happened in 2017, a year of low rainfall, which led to low levels in the reservoirs. Despite the fact that it was possible to turbine at these times, EDP Produção chose to keep water above the minimum levels defined in the concession contracts, and even limited electricity production in some cases. In this way, it was possible to guarantee that there was water in the reservoirs to respond to priority uses: daily consumption for the populations and irrigation.
This happened in 2017, but is the normal procedure in all periods of scarcity. There is always an effort not to use all the water in the reservoir and to leave some in order to satisfy priority uses.
A boat lift
In the case of the Douro river, the introduction of dams at several points along the river, which was previously navigable in Portugal, came with a challenge: how to ensure that vessels would continue their normal course, having now a dam (at a gigantic gap) in the middle?
The solution is an impressive hydraulic engineering project: an authentic boat elevator. In the Portuguese case, there are 5 structures of this type in the Douro River, most notably the one at the Carrapatelo dam with a gap of 35 meters, the largest in Europe.
This "elevator" is actually called a sluice. It consists of a compartment, built on one side of the dam, that vessels can enter so that they can be transported beyond the gap.
The compartment is progressively filled with water which, like an elevator, takes the vessel to the top of the dam. After this, the "elevator" is opened and the vessel can continue its journey, already in the upstream (therefore, in the highest part) zone of the dam. The reverse route is performed by emptying the sluice.
... and a "cradle" for fish
Since the construction of dams implies changes to the terrain, ecosystems and even to the life of the populations, the entities that make use of dams to produce electricity, as is the case of EDP Produção, have several environmental and social concerns.
Intervention plans are designed with the help of municipal authorities and local populations to mitigate the effects of dam implementation. These plans go, in many cases, beyond simple "compensatory measures"- they boost the region, revitalize local flora and fauna and bring better conditions to the populations.
One example was the creation of a "nursery" for the nesting of fish in the Sabor river. With the construction of the Baixo Sabor dam, the community that inhabits that riverside area and that is still dependent on fishing, saw this activity at risk. This is because, after the appearance of the dam, some species of fish that were in great demand by the restaurants in the area could not follow their normal course and reproduce.
In the Vilariça river (Torre de Moncorvo county) a nesting system was created for these species in clean aquifers. The "nursery" works mainly in drought years when the water stream lowers considerably: to compensate for this reduction of flow, water is pumped from the Baixo Sabor dam.
In this way, the spawning of these fish in the river, mainly Bogas, considered authentic gastronomic delicacies in the region, is maintained. This was one of the 48 environmental safeguard measures put in place by EDP Produção.
Fish that climb ladders?
In addition to "nurseries," there are other ways of minimizing the barrier effect of dams on fish, including the so-called "fish ladders." These devices allow fish to move between the upstream and downstream (and vice versa) of the dams where they are installed. They consist of stairs, in the normal sense of the term. That is, a series of low obstacles through which the river flows and to where the movement of the waters attracts fish, inducing them instinctively to jump from step to step. The goal? To reach the waters on the other side and to continue the journey, either to spawn or to continue their migratory route.
The speed of the water that falls down the steps must be enough to attract the fish, but not so much that it makes them give up and go back instead of continuing their journey upstream.
In the case of the large dams operated by EDP Produção, they do not have fish ladders but have other types of passages, such as the Borland sluices (in the various dams in the Douro) and the elevators (Touvedo), whose objective is to allow the fish to get up the river to complete their life cycle. In cases where dams are not equipped with these devices, manual transposition of fish may also be carried out.
These environmental compensation measures meet EDP's commitment to Sustainable Development Goals, contributing to avoid or reduce the loss of biodiversity, favoring a dynamic, comprehensive, locally owned and long-term vision, aiming at a globally positive balance.
Doing works or going for a bath
EDP Produção receives frequent requests for the management of flows and quotas for the reservoirs for the most diverse entities in order to carry out various activities in the rivers. For example, there may be a need to release water downstream because there will be a nautical competition, a religious procession with boats or a river crossing.
There are also cases where improvement works on viaducts or bridges, or inspections are required, and it is requested not to release water (or to do so in a reduced way) in order to facilitate or make the operation easier. This was what happened in Torres do Mondego where, in order to build a pedestrian crossing, EDP Produção was asked not to turbine so that the work could be completed.
Dams are also important in creating conditions for river beaches: those in the reservoirs and those located downstream.
To guarantee conditions for the existence of the beaches that are in the reservoirs themselves, during the summer EDP Produção seeks to keep these reservoirs at quotas that allow for the enjoyment of the beaches.
On the other hand, on the beaches downstream from the reservoirs, there is an interest in not releasing very high flows. In the Vouga or the Cávado river, for example, the flow is limited for safety reasons; that is, there must be some flow for the beach to exist, but it must be modulated gradually and slowly, always with the safety of the bathers in mind.
What about energy production?
In the management of reservoirs, the priority is the storage of water for human consumption and irrigation, only then comes the production of energy. In this context, in addition to helping to reduce dependence from the outside, dams have two main advantages in terms of energy management. On the one hand, they inject renewable energy into electricity grids and, on the other hand, they use periods in which energy is produced in excess and exceeds consumption to boost the production of even more clean energy. How?
In plants equipped with reversible machines it is possible to use the surplus of energy through pumping: the energy that is not being used in the network by the consumers is used to move the turbines in the opposite direction and, thus, refilling the water reservoirs. This water will be stored until there is a new increase in electric consumption that justifies the beginning of operations.
There are "a thousand and one" ways to put dams at the service of people and the environment in Portugal.
Hydroelectric plants are a source of clean and renewable energy that does not produce polluting agents, thus contributing to Portugal achieving its international environmental commitments and being increasingly a solid bet for the production of electricity worldwide.
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Key Clinical Questions
What is the initial approach in a evaluating a patient with suspected hemoptysis?
What are the causes of hemoptysis, and what clinical features can suggest the mechanism of hemoptysis?
What are the diagnostic tests that should be performed for a patient with hemoptysis?
What are treatment modalities for hemoptysis, and when is each appropriate?
Hemoptysis is coughing or spitting up blood or blood mixed with phlegm as a result of bleeding in the lower respiratory tract. The lower respiratory tract is defined as any part of the respiratory system that is below the vocal cords or glottis. This includes the trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary parenchyma. This definition is important in that blood that is generated from other sources has a very different evaluation, triage and treatment.
Hemoptysis may range from large amounts of frank blood to light streaks of blood in the sputum, which suggests that hemoptysis has diverse etiologies and pathology. Bleeding from the lower respiratory tract occurs from one of two sources: either the high-pressure systemic arterial blood supply or the lower pressure pulmonary arteries and their branches.
The lower respiratory tract blood supply starts proximally with the inferior thyroid arteries supplying the upper trachea. Next, the bronchial arteries, originating from the aorta at the level of T3 to T8, travel along the tracheobronchial tree with small penetrating arteries feeding the lower trachea and bronchi. The bronchial arteries end by anastomosing with branches of the pulmonary arteries, together forming the capillary bed around the alveoli. The pulmonary arteries travel alongside the bronchial arteries on the tracheobronchial tree, but only perform oxygen exchange once at the alveoli.
The significance of these anatomical considerations is that massive hemoptysis (defined below) is more likely coming from the systemic arteries, and the volume of blood may help elucidate the origin of the bleeding. Ninety percent of cases of massive hemoptysis are from bronchial arteries. The remaining 5% of cases are from the pulmonary arteries and 5% from other arteries.
It is also important to realize that bronchial, but not pulmonary arteries proliferate in the setting of inflammation. They can enlarge, become tortuous, and create pathologic high-pressure anastomosis with nearby pulmonary arteries. These abnormal vessels are highly prone to bleeding, and explain (in part) the hemoptysis encountered with chronic inflammatory disease (eg, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis), and facilitate our understanding of recurrent bleeding in these disorders.
ETIOLOGY OF SUSPECTED HEMOPTYSIS
There are many causes of hemoptysis, with some of the more common listed in Table 90-1. The differential diagnosis of hemoptysis depends primarily on the patient population. In the so-called developed world, the most common causes encountered are bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. A recent review found that pulmonary embolism is also a common cause of hemoptysis. In contrast, developing countries ...
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Is Tamil Nadu Being Ignored?
Farmers in Tamil Nadu are protesting for weeks and they demand the Centre for the setting up of the Cauvery water management board. Though the water dispute has been a major subject matter for discussion, the central government doesn’t seem to be moved a bit by the protests. As the Karnataka elections are approaching, no political parties are taking the initiative to resolve the issue, as all that matters to them is just vote. Even after Supreme Court has passed the order to set up Cauvery Water Management Board, the Centre hasn’t done anything yet to the people in Tamil Nadu. The farmers in the state are ignored for so long.
Along with the farmer’s agitation, the angst of almost all the citizens of the state was shown when the Prime Minister Narendra Modi made a visit to Chennai for the inauguration of the DefExpo 2018 a few days back. Over the non-constitution of the Cauvery Water Management Board, almost all the parties had taken to the streets, which clearly displayed their contempt.
Why is Cauvery water so important to Tamil Nadu?
On February 16, 2018, the Supreme Court ordered the forming of an “authority”, a board, which will oversee the sharing of water between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, within six weeks. With the deadline over and no attempts being made to institute a body, protests have erupted across Tamil Nadu, demanding the formation of the Cauvery Management Board (CMB).
The water management board will ensure timely release of water to the State. Agriculture in Tamil Nadu is deeply dependent on monsoon rains and the monthly water released by Karnataka. The establishment of the board will ensure Tamil Nadu gets its share of water every month as the SC has given the CMB the power of overseeing the monthly sharing of river water. And there have always been complaints from Tamil Nadu farmers regarding Karnataka not releasing the monthly scheduled quantity of water.
While southwest monsoon rains account for the majority of rainfall in Karnataka, it is the northeast monsoon for Tamil Nadu. According to IMD, “For Tamil Nadu, this is the main rainy season accounting for about 48% of the annual rainfall. Coastal districts of the State get nearly 60% of the annual rainfall and the interior districts get about 40-50% of the annual rainfall.”
The lack of water for agriculture in the months in northeast monsoon can be countered by the water shared from Karnataka, which the CMB will oversee.
Rather than playing politics over farmers, the central government must look into the matter with utmost care understanding the necessities of the farmers. Those farmers who are feeding us should be treated with dignity and respect. The people in power must realize and act for the people as they promise in their election manifesto. It is the lawmaker’s duty to serve its people and if the common men and farmers are in distress, something is extremely wrong with those people who are in power and their priorities.
By: Thamanna Abdul Latheef C
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The political, economic, and social inequality of women in Africa has been part of international discourse since the 1950s, when the United Nations began interrogating the effects of harmful traditional norms and practices on women across the continent. Human-rights groups have worked with and challenged African governments to promote women’s access to education, health care, economic opportunities, and participation in governance and politics (Murungu, 2017). While progress has been made, persistent gaps are the focus of Sustainable Development Goal No. 5: “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” (United Nations, 2016).
In Botswana, the African Development Bank’s (2015) Africa Gender Equality Index Report found a mix of strengths and weaknesses. Giving it the seventh-highest overall score in Africa, the report described Botswana as strong in promoting gender equality in economic opportunity and human development, but relatively weak in ensuring legal and political equality.
Data from Afrobarometer’s most recent survey in Botswana show that women generally agree with men that gender equality has improved in recent years and that women enjoy equal rights when it comes to jobs and land ownership. Women are no more likely than men to report gender-based discrimination, and in fact are somewhat more likely than men to find it easy to obtain key public services. Popular support for gender equality at the ballot box has been solid for more than a decade, although one in three men still say they should be given priority for scarce jobs.
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Free Online Dictionary
|Babylon English English dictionary||Download this dictionary|
v. press on, compress; extract by pressure; hug; compact, cram; blackmail, extort
n. act of squeezing; hug; handshake; amount extracted by squeezing; sweetheart (Slang)
The following video provides you with the correct English pronunciation of the word "Squeeze", to help you become a better English speaker.
|Wikipedia English The Free Encyclopedia||Download this dictionary|
© This article uses material from Wikipedia® and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
|WordNet 2.0 Dictionary||Download this dictionary|
1. the act of gripping and pressing firmly; "he gave her cheek a playful squeeze"
(hypernym) compression, compressing
(hyponym) pinch, tweak
(derivation) pinch, twinge, tweet, nip, twitch
2. a state in which there is a short supply of cash to lend to businesses and consumers and interest rates are high
(synonym) credit crunch, liquidity crisis
(hypernym) financial condition, economic condition
3. a situation in which increased costs cannot be passed on to the customer; "increased expenses put a squeeze on profits"
(hypernym) loss, red ink, red
4. (slang) a person's girlfriend or boyfriend; "she was his main squeeze"
(classification) cant, jargon, slang, lingo, argot, patois, vernacular
5. a twisting squeeze; "gave the wet cloth a wring"
(hypernym) movement, motion
(derivation) squash, crush, squelch, mash
6. an aggressive attempt to compel acquiescence by the concentration or manipulation of power
(synonym) power play, squeeze play
(hypernym) attempt, effort, endeavor, endeavour, try
(derivation) extort, rack, gouge, wring
7. a tight or amorous embrace; "come here and give me a big hug"
(synonym) hug, clinch
(hypernym) embrace, embracing
8. the act of forcing yourself (or being forced) into or through a restricted space; "getting through that small opening was a tight squeeze"
1. to compress with violence, out of natural shape or condition; "crush an aluminum can"; "squeeze a lemon"
(synonym) squash, crush, squelch, mash
2. press firmly; "He squeezed my hand"
(see-also) extrude, squeeze out
3. squeeze like a wedge into a tight space; "I squeezed myself into the corner"
(synonym) wedge, force
(hypernym) move, displace
4. to cause to do through pressure or necessity, by physical, moral or intellectual means :"She forced him to take a job in the city"; "He squeezed her for information"
(synonym) coerce, hale, pressure, force
(hypernym) compel, oblige, obligate
(hyponym) turn up the heat, turn up the pressure
(cause) act, move
(derivation) power play, squeeze play
5. obtain by coercion or intimidation; "They extorted money from the executive by threatening to reveal his past to the company boss"; "They squeezed money from the owner of the business by threatening him"
(synonym) extort, rack, gouge, wring
(hypernym) overcharge, soak, surcharge, gazump, fleece, plume, pluck, rob, hook
(derivation) power play, squeeze play
6. press or force; "Stuff money into an envelope"; "She thrust the letter into his hand"
(synonym) thrust, stuff, shove
(hypernym) push, force
7. squeeze tightly between the fingers; "He pinched her behind"; "She squeezed the bottle"
(synonym) pinch, twinge, tweet, nip, twitch
8. hug, usually with fondness; "Hug me, please"; "They embraced"
(synonym) embrace, hug, bosom
9. squeeze or press together; "she compressed her lips"; "the spasm contracted the muscle"
(synonym) compress, constrict, compact, contract, press
(hyponym) choke, strangle
|Babylon English-Czech||Download this dictionary|
v. mačkat; stisknout; ždímat; namačkat (se); protáhnout se
n. stisk; šťáva z vymačkaného citronu, pomeranče atd.; tlačenice; tíseň
|Babylon English-Polish||Download this dictionary|
Czas. ściskać, wyciskać, zgniatać; przeciskać (się), wciskać (się)
Rzecz. uścisk; parę wyciśniętych kropli; ścisk, tłok
| Squeeze in French | Squeeze in Italian | Squeeze in Spanish | Squeeze in Dutch | Squeeze in Portuguese | Squeeze in German | Squeeze in Russian | Squeeze in Japanese | Squeeze in Greek | Squeeze in Korean | Squeeze in Turkish | Squeeze in Hebrew | Squeeze in Arabic | Squeeze in Thai | Squeeze in Polish | Squeeze in Czech | Squeeze in Latvian | Squeeze in Catalan | Squeeze in Croatian | Squeeze in Serbian | Squeeze in Albanian | Squeeze in Urdu | Squeeze in Bulgarian | Squeeze in Danish | Squeeze in Finnish | Squeeze in Norwegian | Squeeze in Romanian | Squeeze in Swedish | Squeeze in Farsi | Squeeze in Macedonian | Squeeze in Afrikaans | Squeeze in Latin | Squeeze in Hindi | Squeeze in Indonesian | Squeeze in Vietnamese | Squeeze in Mongolian | Squeeze in Pashto | Squeeze in Malay
You think you have ethics... Take the survey NOW!
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One of the perceptions of the US is that it is a “Western” country. Yet, while many claim this, they also claim in the same breath that Latin America and Africa are not. What makes them different? A country like Mexico, for example, was former European colony like the US, speaks a European language like the US, and was created on Enlightenment principles into an elected government. Another example, more similar example would be South Africa, which, like the US, was a former British colony, speaks English, and has an elected government. What the hell, USA?
However, there are some key differences between the US, Latin America, and Africa. Unlike the US, many Latin American and African countries have retained some memory of their indigenous traditions. It is not uncommon to see references to the Inca in Peru, for example. Also, a large majority of politicians in said countries are mixed or indigenous themselves, such as the numerous non-White Hispanic politicians in Latin America or the numerous Black politicians in Africa. In fact, while the US struggles with its first Black president and is unable to elect a single female president to date, the “third world” has had numerous people of color and female politicians serve in parliaments and as heads of government.
It is clear that the US is no different in terms of development or history than its so-called “third world” cousins. The only difference is its remarkable success economically and politically as a world power. The real question to be asked is: what drives the difference between the US and other former colonies? One commonly proposed answer is laissez-faire capitalism, which in reality, is a paradoxical form of financial regulation that defends property while reducing protections for labor. Despite its prevalence in corporate media, this answer has several historical contradictions. The leading economist in the American tradition was Alexander Hamiliton, who clearly favored protection of American industry, what is known by economists as the “infant industry” argument. Even a century later, Abraham Lincoln, a conservative, argued, “Give us a protective tariff, and we will have the greatest nation on earth.” When foreign governments attempted to do the same, the US cracked down on them with CIA-based regime changes, such as the assassination of Salvador Allende in Chile, overthrow of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran, and elimination of Patrice Lumumba in Zaire. The modern condition of the developing world is in large part the history of US-backed state terrorism. American authoritarians may claim that as the US is the sole heir to the Enlightenment principles, ergo, it deserves to imperialize other “uncivilized” societies. Yet, this is a perversion of the Enlightenment philosophy. Enlightenment philosophers clearly stated that classical liberal values are not the sole property of one country or group of people but of human beings as a whole.
The US should acknowledge its history as a multinational state. There is no need to copy the Old World. While there have been significant developments in the West, there is still much to be done. As long as the US continues to hold on to its false sense of membership in the West, it will continue to be beholden to the past, one which is better not repeated. As American politicians like to say, the US is the leader of the world, so it could be if it acknowledged how radically unique and important it is as an exemplar.
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How much do you know about COPD? Take this quiz to test your knowledge.
How to do pursed lip breathing for COPD (video)
Pulmonology is the medical specialty dealing with disease involving the respiratory tract.
Pulmonology is called chest medicine and respiratory medicine in some countries and areas.
Pulmonology is considered a branch of internal medicine and is related to intensive care medicine and critical care.
Pulmonology often involves managing patients who need life support and mechanical ventilation.
Pulmonologists are specially trained in diseases and conditions of the chest, particularly pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema and complicated chest infections.
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In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Haverhill like this:
HAVERHILL, a small town, a parish, and a subdistrict, in Risbridge district, Suffolk and Essex. The town stands on a head stream of the river Stour, and on the Colne Valley and Cambridge railway, 1¾ mile E of the boundary with Cambridgeshire, and 13¼ NW of Halstead; consists chiefly of one street, nearly a mile loug, partly in Suffolk, partly in Essex; was once a more important place than now, and had a castle of the Greys of Codnor; suffered much injury by fire in 1665; has acquired benefit from the opening to it of railway communication; and has a post office‡ under Newmarket, two banking offices, a chief inn, a corn exchange, a church, four dissenting chapels, and both national and British schools. ...
The church is ancient, with a tower; and contains a few old monuments. Fifty gold coins, supposed to be of Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, were found in 1785. A weekly market is held on Friday; a fair is held on 12 and 13 May; and brewing, malting, straw plaiting, and the manufacture of drabbets and umbrella silks are carried on.The parish comprises 2, 549 acres. Real property, £7, 493. Pop., 2, 434. Houses, 506. Pop. of the Suffolk portion, 2, 173. Houses, 454. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Ely. Value, £220. Patron, Sir G. H. W. Beaumont, Bart. Ward, who attended the Synod of Dort, was a native.The sub-district contains nine parishes, and an extra-parochial tract. Acres, 18, 289. Pop., 7, 328. Houses, 1, 484.
A Vision of Britain through Time includes a large library of local statistics for administrative units. For the best overall sense of how the area containing Haverhill has changed, please see our redistricted information for the modern district of St Edmundsbury. More detailed statistical data are available under Units and statistics, which includes both administrative units covering Haverhill and units named after it.
GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, History of Haverhill, in St Edmundsbury and Suffolk | Map and description, A Vision of Britain through Time.
Date accessed: 06th December 2013
Click here for more detailed advice on finding places within A Vision of Britain through Time, and maybe some references to other places called "Haverhill".
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The NYT tells us that Moody's, the bond-rating agency that thought all those subprime mortgage backed securities were Aaa, is threatening to downgrade U.S. government debt if Congress doesn't meet its conditions. While the markets will probably ignore a downgrade from Moody's, just as they did the downgrade from Standard and Poor's last year (the price of U.S. Treasury bonds soared in the period immediately following the downgrade), it still would be worth asking what Moody's might mean by a downgrade.
In principle, Moody's is rating the risk of default. U.S. government debt is issued in dollars. The U.S. government prints dollars. Does Moody's believe that there is a growing probability that the United States will forget how to print dollars?
There is the issue that the Fed has control of the money supply and the Fed is distinct from the Treasury. As an anti-inflation policy, the Fed may limit its issuance of money even as interest rates on U.S. government debt soared. However in a crisis can anyone believe that the Fed would actually let the country default rather than buy up government debt?
Furthermore, at the end of the day the Fed is answerable to Congress. If a particular group of Fed governors and bank presidents was prepared to let the government default rather than buy up bonds, does anyone think Congress would just let this happen rather than replace the individuals or restructure the Fed altogether? That seems highly unlikely, but is this what Moody's now thinks could happen?
There is another story sometimes told that Moody's is simply indicating that it believes that there is an increased risk of future inflation if deficits are not brought under control. That is an interesting proposition, but it means that Moody's is making an inflation prediction, not assessing the risk of default.
If Moody's is simply warning of a risk that higher inflation will erode the value of U.S. government debt then it should extend this concern to all dollar denominated assets regardless of the issuer. The point would be that anyone holding a bond denominated in dollars risks seeing its value eroded due to higher inflation in the future, therefore all bonds denominated in dollars should be downgraded if U.S. government debt is downgraded.
There is also the issue that Moody's does not seem to have been in the business of issuing inflation warnings in prior years. It did not downgrade U.S. government debt in the 70s even as inflation rose into the double digits. In those years bond holders really did see a substantial erosion of the value of the debt due to inflation yet the alarm bells never went off at Moody's or Standard and Poor's.
So if a risk of inflation is now the basis for a downgrade, this is a new policy. It would be worth asking when the bond rating agencies changed their approach.
Of course there is another possibility. It could be that the bond rating agencies are simply being political. That they are trying to impose the budget policies that the Wall Street crowd, of which they are a part, would like to see. While no one would want to accuse the bond rating agencies of using their ratings to push a political agenda, there does not seem to a plausible alternative explanation. If there is, the NYT and other media outlets should supply it.
(Only one link allowed per comment)
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By Master Gardener Marianne McNiel
I love this time of year with the crackle of dried leaves and the smell of early, wood-burning fires. The last of our yummy, local sweet corn is disappearing and decorative “Indian” corn starts to appear in our local garden centers and grocery stores. I contemplate what life might have been like for those that first lived in Pennsylvania. Did they eat the same type of corn that we have now? What is “Indian” corn anyway and how is it different? Where did corn originate?
|Indian Corn picture taken at Herbein's Garden Center in Emmaus|
It turns out that corn is the only agricultural cereal that is native to the Western Hemisphere. Other cereal grains, like wheat, rye and barley, were brought by early settlers. The first explorers to come to our continent were surprised by the tall grassy plant that the native people were growing. The American native tribes were cultivating corn, that they called “maize”, for thousands of years. It has been found in archaeological sites in Mexico that date back 7,000 years. Even then, corn was so specialized and domesticated that it required man for survival. These early people depended on this crop to survive and corn depended on man to survive. The early settlers took corn plants and seeds back to their home countries where it became an important new agricultural crop. The name “corn” may have come from early European explorers, and the word originally meant any crop grown by the local people.
Scientists disagree about the source of the first corn plant as well as how it evolved and was hybridized. Using genetic information, Dr. George Beadle while at Cornell University traced the origin of corn to a Mexican grass plant known as teosinte. Other scientists believe that the ancestor of corn is now extinct. (Yes, plants can be driven to extinction just like animals.) This has been debated for some time, but combined with the archaeological findings, it is evident that corn has been domesticated over a long period of time. It has changed dramatically from its original form to produce more of the juicy kernels that are also easily removed from the cob.
The most surprising thing about corn may be its variety. It is a very adaptable plant and 150 types of corn have been identified from Mexico, to South and Central America and the Caribbean. Many types are cultivated today, including popcorn, a genetically old plant! There is also the starchy dent corn that is grown in the Midwest Corn Belt for feed, food processing and even energy or ethanol. In 1997, we started to grow genetically modified (GM) corn and now a large percentage of the corn produced in the United States is GM corn.
Our sweet corn today is thought to have come from hybrids produced in Peru. The corn eaten by the native people and first settlers of Pennsylvania was brought here from the South and West and cultivated. It may not have been quite as sweet since our corn has been modified to maximize sweetness! Many local growers say that their local sweet corn is best and I do not disagree.
Now, what about the colorful “Indian” corn? Where did it originate and why did we call it that? Well, that is a story that is not as well documented. It is thought that we named this colorful corn after the indigenous people that first introduced us to corn. This corn is now grown purely for its interesting pigmentation and rarely eaten. The dramatic and varied pigmentation we see today was created from hybrids within only the last 50 years. The early native tribes never saw corn this colorful. So the name “Indian” corn really does not fit well, but we continue to use this term along with our cultural images of Thanksgiving.
So next time you eat corn or hang “Indian” corn on your door, remember that corn or maize has a long and interesting agricultural history! Early farmers were quite talented, and we can thank them for their agricultural efforts.
Support Your Local Farmer
LEHIGH VALLEY: Fairman Farm, home to the Snoopy Barn Produce Stand, is located in Nazareth. For the past 30 years they have organically (not certified) grown a variety of vegetables, melons, berries, garlic, pumpkins and sweet corn. Our sweet corn is Sh2 -sugar enhanced, bi-color sweet corn that is known for its flavor, sweetness, and beauty.
BERKS: Valley Run CSA, located in Bally, sells sweet corn and many other vegetables as part of their CSA.
BUCKS: Eastburn Farm, located in Pineville, sells sweet corn, indian corn, corn stalks, tomatoes, and over 60 varieties of pumpkins!
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Scansion is the pattern of a poem’s meter – its repeated pattern of feet – stressed, unstressed, etc. While this feature played an important part in poems of earlier periods (Romantic odes, or Shakespearean sonnets, for example), cummings is trying for a different effect, not a repetition but a unique pace and rhythm closer to actual spoken phrases than to musical rhythms. Our “normal” way of talking breaks ideas into phrases by breath control – for example, “they sowed their isn’t they reaped their same” would in regular conversation, have a breathed pause after “isn’t (where a comma would appear in normative written prose).
When an “informed reader” (q.v.) says this poem aloud, he or she will automatically follow these unwritten conventions. What cummings has done by not indicating such breaks with punctuation is to give the reader the same “construction” freedom as the unconventional grammar (“they said their nevers”); the poem therefore becomes a “creation” of the reader as much as a piece of prescribed writing by cummings.
Now, having established this goal in cummings’ poem, there are some “metrical feet” – notably iambics and trochees – simply because they are built into the English language (“autumn winter spring summer”) – but the “payoff” for breaking the poem down into feet is elusive at best, and counteraesthetic at worst. As one hears when cummings reads the poem himself (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTuClB9Xh6w), a “natural”, slow recitation gives the poem all the “meaning” it needs. The temptation to apply “poetic terms” from more traditional times to this poem (and this applies to the rhyme scheme as well – rhymed couplets in some stanzas but not in all) is like looking for a streetmap in a Mondrian painting.
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Durable, maintain, self sufficient, sustainable, energy independent living house stead are possible with the help of renewable energy for example, solar greenhouse, PV panels, solar collectors, windmill and solar thermal roofs are required for this purpose. DIY solar heated greenhouse can provide food throughout the year, and it is also useful for the seedling off (the process in which plant raise by seed and not from cutting). So it is an excellent start for the development of organic garden.
Bob’s MTD House:
In Canada there is a Bob’s MTD, DIY solar heated greenhouse. He placed his system on the south wall of the greenhouse; it’s a large vertically glazed with sunlight. The MTD solar thermal roof with a measurement a 6’×15′. Both the system absorbs heat excessively in a excellent manner. The water normally and gradually flow in the collectors from the top to down area, and accumulated in PVC drain at the bottom. From here the water regulates step by step in various channels of heat storage drum, which located inside the greenhouse. Tomato and pepper plants are set aside in early starts inside garden in the spring season.
Richard Heiliger House:
Now this is another example of Richard Heiliger. His homestead is situated in Northern Utah USA State. When the temperature is fall down to -20° F. He uses MTD collectors to provide heat to his house in the winter. At this year, Richard is able to obtain heat from the sunlight throughout the day and when the snow falling is stopped. He stored the heat in his collectors for consumption. The heat which is stored in his 250-gallon tank, regrettably to say that it is gone, so he turns for aid to burning wood. If draining of water from the collectors is continuously flow as soon as the pump shut down then, freezing is not a problem with MTD system. Bob home in long island there is he has a water storage chamber with a Sun shed. The water inside in his chamber never freezes.
On January 09:
When the outside temperature was fell down to -5° F and the stored water temperature is 50° F then in this situation it is quite obvious, that the heat is not stored according to our requirements when the Sun shed is covered with snow, but instead of this, the stored heat three 60-gallon drum was sufficient to cure the products of paint. Farmers get benefited from the Sun heat, they used this energy to grow wheat, corn and raise the production cows, chickens along with different varieties of fruits and vegetables. Maintain, sustainable and independent living is benefited and achieved by the farmers who clearly know how to harvest, stored and sell the energy which is obtain from the sunlight energy. It is not necessary to become a farmer, but you need a little determination to get advantage from the sunlight. Lastly to say that, save the world, save energy, save money and earn reasonable money from the MTD solar heating system so it is all up to all of you. Go for the GREEN!
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The feet are one of the most vulnerable parts of the body, and they are often exposed to hazards in the workplace. Wearing the appropriate safety shoes can help to prevent injuries and ensure the safety and well-being of employees.
There are several types of safety shoes designed to protect against specific hazards.
Some examples include:
- Steel-toed shoes, which have reinforced toes to protect against heavy falling objects
- Slip-resistant shoes, which have special soles to prevent slips and falls on wet or slick surfaces
- Electrical hazard shoes, which are designed to protect against electrical shocks
- Chemical resistant shoes, which are made of materials that can withstand exposure to chemicals
Importance of Wearing Safety Work Shoes:
- Wearing the appropriate work shoes can prevent injuries such as cuts, bruises, fractures, and amputations.
- In addition to protecting against physical injuries, steel toe work shoes can also protect against electrical shocks and chemical exposure.
- Wearing safety shoes can also improve productivity by allowing employees to work comfortably and without distraction.
It’s great to hear that Safety Shoes Cheap provides an incredible service! Safety work shoes are an important piece of personal protective equipment that are designed to protect the feet from various workplace hazards, such as falling objects, rolling objects, and electrical shock. They are particularly important for workers in construction, manufacturing, and other industries where there is a risk of injury to the feet.
This is especially important for small businesses and low-income workers who may not have the budget to purchase more expensive safety shoes.
In addition to being affordable, Kameymall also likely offers a wide selection of safety work shoes to choose from, making it easy for customers to find the perfect pair for their needs. The company may also offer additional services such as fitting and sizing to ensure that customers get the best fit and maximum protection.
Overall, steel toe work shoes are more affordable and accessible to a wider range of workers, helping to keep them safe and protected on the job.
AIDA framework on the importance of safety shoes
- Work shoes are an essential piece of personal protective equipment in many workplaces.
- Without proper foot protection, employees are at risk of serious injury.
- Safety work shoes come in a variety of styles and can be tailored to the specific hazards present in your workplace.
- They can protect against slips, falls, electrical shocks, and more.
- Wearing safety work shoes not only protects employees from injury, but it also promotes confidence and peace of mind.
- Steel toe work shoes can also improve productivity by allowing employees to work comfortably and without distraction.
- Encourage all employees to wear steel toe shoes while on the job to ensure their safety and well-being.
- Invest in high-quality safety work shoes to ensure maximum protection and comfort for your employees.
Safety shoes are an essential piece of personal protective equipment in many workplaces. By wearing the appropriate safety work shoes and taking care of them, employees can ensure their own safety and well-being on the job.
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5 Tips for Choosing A School For Your Child.
Families may use some educational choice options, such as ESAs and opportunity scholarships, to fund what will enable their children best to succeed.
- The majority of non-public schools are religious private schools. Many are affiliated with a denomination, local church, or religious faith such as Roman Catholic, Protestant, conservative Christian, Greek Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, or other.
- Some secular private schools are college preparatory. Others are based on a particular educational philosophy or approach to learning; have a special education focus, such as schools for the deaf or blind; or have been established for families and children who may be dissatisfied with various aspects of conventional schools.
- Online learning allows students to work with their curriculum and teachers over the Internet—in combination with, or in place of, traditional classroom learning. Online schools can be public or private.
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Who would ever guess that in 2011, one of the most popular television shows in the world is about fishing for crabs in “the vast Bering Sea.” Deadliest Catch premiered on the Discovery Channel on April 12, 2005 and currently airs in over 150 countries. If you don’t know, the show portrays the real life events aboard fishing vessels in the Bering Sea during the fall Alaskan king crab and the winter Opilio crab fishing seasons. With so much interest in the show and so much concern about climate change in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, it was just a matter of time before we explored the world of crabs and climate change.
Our interest in this subject actually came about given a recent article in the Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. The article was produced by three scientists from Oregon; Stoner et al. acknowledge that “This study was conducted as part of the AKCRRAB Program (Alaska King Crab Research, Rehabilitation, and Biology) funded by the NOAA Aquaculture Program and the Alaska Sea Grant College Program.” They note in their introduction that “Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) (RKC) was the most economically valuable crustacean fishery in Alaska from the late 1960s, until the population collapse in the early 1980s. Both over-harvest and unfavorable environmental conditions probably contributed to low fishery recruitment. Various fishing closures have been imposed in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea for more than two decades, but the stocks have not recovered substantially.”
Regarding any link to climate change, Stoner et al. state “Temperature is a dominant environmental factor that mediates the behavior, physiology, growth, survival, distribution, and recruitment of ectothermic animals living in temperate and high latitudes. Consequently, climate-driven changes in ocean conditions can cause significant fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of marine populations. In the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, oceanographic regimes linked to climate conditions occur on a multi-decadal scale, and these climate cycles have been linked to major temporal shifts in the composition of marine fish and invertebrate communities. Longer-term trends in sea surface warming and loss of sea ice have already been observed in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, and the potential impacts on economically important species are large.”
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Global elder abuse must be urgently addressed, says HelpAge
15 June is World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (WEAAD). HelpAge International and its partners across the world are calling for legal protection and justice for older people facing violence.
Until recently, elder abuse remained well hidden from public view. Today, it is increasingly being seen as a growing problem as many countries experience rapid ageing of their populations. (c) Jeff Williams/HelpAge International
Information on abuse is scarce
Information on the extent of abuse in older populations across the world is scarce. The few studies that have been conducted show that between 4% and 6% of older people have experienced some form of abuse in their homes.
"Globally, there are different factors that may affect the risk of elder abuse," says Bridget Sleap, Rights Adviser with HelpAge International.
"These include the depiction of older people as frail, weak and dependent; the migration of younger families to urban areas leaving older parents alone and sometimes isolated and vulnerable; or the systems of inheritance and land rights, which may have a severe impact on older people's livelihoods and rights".
Older women particularly at risk
In cultures where women have a low social status, such as in Tanzania, older women are especially at risk of being abandoned and having their property seized. At its most extreme, older women are at risk of being accused of witchcraft. It is estimated that 1,000 women a year are killed in Tanzania due to witchcraft allegations.
"The problem is not unique to Tanzania," says Bridget Sleap.
"HelpAge has identified the problem in Nepal, India, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Kenya and Malawi, though the problem is much more widespread than this."
Mbuke, in her early 60s, from Sukumaland, Tanzania told us: "Last year, I received threatening letters. The letters said that I was a witch and ordered me to leave the village. If I didn't go they would come and kill me. Why was I targeted? I think it's because I am living alone."
Protection against domestic violence in Kyrgyzstan
In Kyrgyzstan, HelpAge coordinates a programme which aims to protect older people, especially older women, against widespread, yet invisible, domestic violence, neglect and abuse.
Janet Duffield, acting Regional Representative for HelpAge in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, says:
"Our project in Kyrgyzstan aims to break the silence around elder abuse. Older women, are among those who are least able to escape violence but often lack voice due to the societal taboo attached to elder abuse and because they are often dependent on their abuser."
HelpAge recommends that:
• the 186 countries that have ratified CEDAW (UN Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) meet their existing obligations to put in place systems, legal and other, to protect all women, young and old, from violence and abuse.
• data collection and disaggregation is improved to make the issue more visible.
• governments invest in training of health professionals, the judiciary and law enforcement agencies to recognise abuse
• more funding is allocated to community initiatives that change attitudes and tackle age discrimination and ageism.
Finally, a UN Convention of the Rights of Older People would ensure that all countries that ratify it had an obligation to put in place these protective legal systems.
For more details on World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (WEAAD) please visit the INPEA website
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By Steve Schifferes
Economics reporter, BBC News
The world economy is set to shrink by between 0.5% and 1.0% in 2009, the first global contraction in 60 years.
In its gloomiest forecast yet, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) says that developed countries will suffer a "deep recession".
The global economic body says "the prolonged financial crisis has battered global economic activity beyond what was previously anticipated".
Just two months ago, the IMF predicted world output would increase by 0.5%.
But in its report drawn up for the G20 group of finance ministers, the IMF now says that the whole world economy will shrink, and predicts that the advanced economies will suffer a decline in output of between 3% and 3.5% in 2009, and barely grow in 2010, with growth of between 0% and 0.5%.
The IMF says this will happen despite a big fiscal stimulus from many G20 countries designed to boost growth.
It says that the G20 as a whole is adding 1.8% of GDP ($780bn) to boost growth this year - but that the EU is lagging behind with only 1%.
And it warns that the UK is building up the biggest fiscal deficit amongst all the G20 countries, which will amount to 11% of GDP by 2010.
Financial crisis unresolved
The IMF warns that the economic conditions could still deteriorate further if the banking crisis was not tackled head on by governments around the world.
"In the event of further delays in implementing comprehensive policies to stabilise financial conditions, the recession will be deeper and more prolonged," the report says.
The global slowdown has affected exporters such as Bangladesh
The IMF says its revised projections reflect "unrelenting financial turmoil, negative incoming data, sinking confidence, and the limited effect to date of policy responses with respect to the restoration of financial system health."
Japan is forecast to decline the most, by 5.8% this year, while the eurozone will contract by 3.2% and the US by 2.6%.
The most urgent problem in restoring the banking system to health is in the United States, where the Obama administration has yet to reveal details of its plan for private-public partnership to buy up to $1tn in toxic assets.
At the G20 finance ministers meeting at the weekend, restoring lending by tackling problems in the financial system was cited as the "key priority" - a message reinforced by G20 business leaders who met in London on Wednesday.
Warning on Eastern Europe
Meanwhile, the IMF was also warns of a serious risk that emerging economies will be unable to secure external finance, as banks and investors in rich countries withdraw their money.
G20 LONDON SUMMIT
World leaders will meet next month in London to discuss measures to tackle the downturn. See
our in-depth guide
to the G20 summit.
The G20 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the US and the EU.
The G20 make up 80% of the world economy and 90% of trade
"The risks are largest for emerging countries that rely on cross-border flows to finance current account deficits," it says.
And this makes central and eastern European countries likely to be the "most adversely affected" - with the Baltic states, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria "suffering the greatest damage".
The IMF is already in negotiations about a rescue package for Romania.
East Asian countries, which rely heavily on manufacturing exports, have also been hard-hit by the decline of world trade, particularly in the IT sector.
In relative terms, the developing and emerging market countries as a whole, which are predicted to grow by just 1.5% to 2.5%, below the growth of population in many countries, have suffered the biggest downward revisions.
In addition to fixing the banking sector, many countries are now spending more public money to boost economic growth.
The IMF estimates that the G20 countries as a whole will spend an extra 1.8% of GDP ($780bn) in 2009 on fiscal stimulus, not far from its earlier recommendation that they spend at least 2% of GDP on boosting growth.
Taking into account the "automatic stabilisers", for example the increased spending on unemployment benefits that results from a slowdown, it says that in 2009 there will be a 2.4% boost to GDP from fiscal expansion.
It says the fiscal expansion could add around 2% to world growth in 2009 and create approximately 7 million new jobs (or 19 million if China and India are included).
But the IMF warns that there is much less spending planned for 2010, with extra government spending of only $580bn (1.2% of GDP) across the G20, and a total fiscal boost of only 0.4%.
This has caused much dissent among G20 members, with the US, whose huge fiscal stimulus plan runs well into 2010, urging other G20 countries to boost their spending further.
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Preventing Accidental Poisoning
by Audrey T. Hingley
Signs of Poisoning
How can you tell if your child has ingested something poisonous? "Most poisons, with the exception of lead, work fairly quickly. A key is when the child was otherwise well and in a space of hours develops unusual symptoms: They can't follow you with their eyes, they're sleepy before it's their nap time, their eyes go around in circles. Any unusual or new symptoms should make you think of poisoning as a possibility," Rodgers advises. "Poisonings typically affect the stomach and central nervous system. If a child suddenly throws up, that can be more difficult to diagnose."
Other signs of poison ingestion can be burns around the lips or mouth, stains of the substance around the child's mouth, or the smell of a child's breath. Suspect a possible poisoning if you find an opened or spilled bottle of pills.
If you suspect poisoning, remain calm. For medicines, call the nearest poison control center or your physician. For household chemical ingestion, follow first-aid instructions on the label, and then call the poison control center or your doctor. When you call, tell them your child's age, height and weight, existing health conditions, as much as you know about the substance involved, the exposure route (swallowed? inhaled? splashed in the eyes?), and if your child has vomited. If you know what substance the child has ingested, take the remaining solution or bottle with you to the phone when you call. Follow the instructions of the poison control center precisely.
Progress Against Poisonings
The nation's first poison control center opened in Chicago in 1953, after a study of accidental deaths in childhood reported a large number were due to poisoning. Since that time, a combination of public education, the use of child-resistant caps, help through poison control centers, and increased sophistication in medical care have lowered overall death rates.
Often, calling a poison center simply reassures parents that the product ingested is not poisonous. In other cases, following phone instructions prevents an emergency room trip.
Children are not the only victims of accidental poisonings: Older people in particular are at risk because they generally take more medicines, may have problems reading labels correctly, or may take a friend's or spouse's medicine.
In June 1995, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission voted unanimously to require that child-resistant caps be made so adults--especially senior citizens--will have a less frustrating time getting them off. Because many adults who had trouble with child-resistant caps left them off, or transferred their contents to less secure packaging that endangers children, officials say the new caps will be safer for children. "Childhood poisoning will always be a focus, because children are so vulnerable, especially children under age 5," says Ken Giles, public affairs spokesman for the Consumer Product Safety Commission. "The first two or three years of a child's life are the highest-risk time for all kinds of injuries, so there is a special need to educate new parents. It's essential we keep raising these safety messages that medicines and chemicals can be poisonous."
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| 0.942386 | 649 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Trivia Corner: United States President Affected by
What U.S. president is known for having had polio?ÃÂ
Feature Article: Fighting Polio in Pakistan
Polio is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by a virus that spreads when food or water is
contaminated with feces. Polio causes a wide range of symptoms, but 90 of 100 people typically
experience no symptoms. Because this group is still contagious, they unknowingly spread the virus.
Mild symptoms typically occur in 6 of 100 people infected with polio virus and are similar to those
of other viral infections (e.g., sore throat, fever and nausea). Severe symptoms are less common,
affecting about 1 of 100 people, and can include muscle aches, spasms and paralysis.
more about the polio vaccine, its inventor, and polio vaccination in PakistanÃÂû ÃÂ
Spotlight: Top 10 Airports Contributing to the Spread of
Have you ever thought about the spread of disease while sitting in an
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) recently developed a computer
model using real world travel patterns to determine which airports were most likely to contribute
to the spread ofÃÂ infectious diseases.
According to the model, JFK International Airport in New York and Los Angeles International
Airport in California are the top two airports most likely to contribute to the spread of
infectious diseases. Because Honolulu International Airport in Hawaii is a common layover location
for U.S.-Asia flights, it was third on the list.
View MITâÃÂÃÂs video to learn more about how travel through airports can contribute to the
spread of infectious diseasesÃÂû
Did You Know?ÃÂ REAL SIMPLE Magazine Publishes
Article About Vaccines
Did you know that REAL SIMPLE magazine recently published an article
about vaccines? The article, titled
15 Things You Need to Know About Vaccines,
was written by Kate Rope and published in the
July 2012 issue. Experts answered a variety of questions regarding vaccines and vaccine safety,
including âÃÂÃÂDo vaccines cause side effects?âÃÂÃÂ, âÃÂÃÂWhat is thimerosal and is it dangerous?âÃÂÃÂ, and âÃÂÃÂDo I
need to worry about âÃÂÃÂvaccine overloadâÃÂÃÂ?âÃÂÃÂ
If you didnâÃÂÃÂt see the REAL SIMPLE article, check it out nowÃÂû
Ask the VEC:ÃÂ Chickenpox Vaccine Catch-up
Q. My 3-year-old daughter never received the first dose of the chickenpox vaccine
because the country we lived in when she was an infant did not offer it. Soon we are planning to
move back to that country, is it necessary for her to get the chickenpox vaccine before we go?
A. The current recommendation in the U.S. for children who did not receive their
first dose of chickenpox vaccine by 15 months is to get it as soon as is feasible, and then receive
the second dose at 4-6 years of age. However, because you mention that you plan to leave the U.S.
soon, it is possible for her to get the second dose of the chickenpox vaccine 3 months after
getting the first dose.
If the chickenpox vaccine isnâÃÂÃÂt used in the country to which you are returning, there is
likely to be a higher rate of disease than you see in the U.S. So, getting your daughter vaccinated
before you move back will help protect her from getting chickenpox.
more about chickenpox and the chickenpox vaccineÃÂû
Around the World: Absolute Return for
Absolute Return for Kids (ARK) is one of the United KingdomâÃÂÃÂs (U.K.) fastest growing fundraising
charities. ARK focuses its work in the areas of education, health and child protection for
disadvantaged children all over the world, and has been instrumental in distributing the rotavirus
vaccine to vulnerable populations.
ARK operates public schools in the U.K. and developing world, making sure these children
have access to an education no matter their background or poverty level. To date, ARKâÃÂÃÂs education
programs have helped 40,000 children in the United States, U.K. and India.
ARKâÃÂÃÂs health programs have already helped 200,000 children in sub-Saharan Africa by
providing access to HIV/AIDS treatment, improving maternal health and combatting diarrhea through
its efforts to distribute the
ARK partnered with
Hope and Homes for Children in an
attempt to end institutional child care in Romania. They hope their efforts in Romania will serve
as a model for completing this task in other parts of Eastern Europe. Currently, ARK has child
protection programs in Romania and Bulgaria, which have helped more than 9,000 children.
Learn more about Absolute Return for KidsÃÂû
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Brew & Renew
Your morning cup of coffee can be more than a great way to start your day – it can wake up your garden, too. Using coffee as compost and mulch adds nitrogen to the soil – an important nutrient for plants including tomatoes, roses and blueberries.
Now composting your coffee is easier and more convenient than ever, with 100% certified compostable single-serve coffee pods. Your garden will be greener – and so will the planet.
Grounds Are The New Green
It may sound counter-intuitive, but in terms of composting, coffee grounds are considered “green” matter, while leaves, twigs, and compostable coffee filters are considered “brown” matter. Combining the nitrogen-rich green and carbon-rich brown material helps speed the composting process, producing richer fertilizer in less time.
Coffee compost has
high levels of nitrogen,
which is particularly
good for tomatoes
Coffee compost also produces other essential minerals such as potassium and phosphorus
Coffee improves the texture and fertility of soil by attracting earthworms
Coffee creates a naturally acidic environment, boosting the growth of acid-loving plants like blueberries and roses
Good for Your Garden, Great for Our Planet
Sure, it’ll help your tomatoes grow big and juicy. But composting also helps the environment by returning essential nutrients to the earth and reducing food waste in landfills. Do your part! Learn more using the resources listed below:
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Members on the International Bulb Society Internet Email Bulb Robin Forum have discussed many methods of controlling pests and about using chemicals and herbicides to protect our precious plants from insect attack. But the question of using dangerous chemicals is always an issue in our gardens.
Our personal choice could be to not use chemicals at all. If a more natural method of control is possible, should we consider this? If we help nature will it reward us with beautiful flowers and healthier plants
Some reasons to try organic and alternative methods could be: members of the family may be allergic to certain chemicals; chemicals are generally not good for our health, or, for our pets; there are good insects in the garden that are beneficial and it would be wise to protect them. We should consider natural methods as a healthy alternative
One of the guests I use on my regular Saturday morning “Blooming good Gardening” program on 3BBR FM which was broadcast` in Gippsland Victoria, is an American botanist who has lived here for many years. Steve Lavalley owns a nursery called “The Botanic Ark” and grows many tree and plant species which he has collected over time. Steve is big on philosophy and one day I suggested that he do a segment for me on “good and bad insects” with the emphasis being that we shouldn’t use chemicals but rely on a more natural method of control to keep the status quo.
I suggested a ten minutes slot to him for this segment. He looked at me, frowning and said,
“Oh Bill, I would need a longer time to do that. If you really want me to do that in such a short time I could just tell everyone about one of God’s commandments.”
“Which one is that?” I asked
“Thou shalt not kill” was his reply.
I have researched some Australian growers and authors for their thoughts on pest control and here is a brief compilation of some of them for your consideration.
Australian bulb grower Bruce Knight, in his 1987 publication “Lachenalia for Australia” said, “ If use of insecticide or miticide is necessary, bear in mind that some sprays may cause more damage than the pests they are designed to control - not only by the burning of leaves or the marking or distortion of flowers, but also by their effect on garden ecology, the environment and possibly the gardener. ”
The publication “Flower Power in the Australian Bush and Garden” quotes: “Also, gardeners often kill the useful insects in the garden when they spray insecticides, making it easier for aphids and scale to breed quickly.”
Further quotes from “ Natural Gardening and Farming in Australia” state that: “When it is remembered that most agricultural chemical pesticides - particularly the chlorinated hydrocarbons - can persist in the soil for hundreds of years and concentrate in the food chains, then really, there are no safe levels of such chemicals. Every means possible must be used to develop alternative, natural methods of coping with insect and disease problems.” - “ The first thing to recognise when discussing plant protection from insect attack methods, is that plants themselves are not defenceless, but have their own means of defence against being eaten by insects.”, and, “Natural pesticides are present in many plants and can contribute up to 10 per cent of a plants dry weight.”
Jeffrey Hodges even suggests that these “so-called harmless methods” such as the ones suggested here, can do damage as well. He states: “It is a problem, however, with the snail or grasshopper or whatever attacks a young seedling, as it invariably destroys the whole thing! So what I try to do is to physically protect young plants from such attacks. This can be rather simply achieved by covering the most susceptible plants with flowerpots - or plastic cordial bottles cut in half - overnight for three or four weeks, until they are large enough to handle being nibbled a little. Alternatively, spreading around fresh grass clippings, wood ash or sawdust can discourage snails and slugs for a week or two. And, of course, there is hand collecting.”
Then, there is the issue of what we kill when we use pesticides. The “New Gardener Plant Doctor” states that: “ Knowing which insects and other creatures are on your side makes sense; these creatures will help you keep pest levels down without any effort on your part. Some creatures are essential to the plant’s productivity or ability to produce - pollinating insects such as honey bees, for example. Others are important in controlling pests; some larger creatures, such as bandicoots, birds, frogs, echidnas and lizards ( in Australia) eat pests that live close to or on the ground. Insect-eating birds also help to control garden pests at shrub and tree height. The numerous beneficial insects include ladybirds and their larvae, hoverfly larvae, lacewings and their larvae and ground beetles. Even commonly found wasps and ants are of use as they prey on many insect pests. Spiders and centipedes too will help to keep pest levels down as they catch and consume insects that could damage plants.”
“In most instances it is both environmentally and socially desirable to take a balanced view of pests and diseases rather than develop what might be termed a ‘spray happy’ mentality. The presence of a pest , and even the presence of some diseases, does not mean it is essential to apply an insecticide or fungicide. In some cases low levels of pest and disease organisms will be insufficient to cause serious damage to bulbs and can be tolerated.” This quote is from James Hitchmough’s “Garden Bulbs for Australia and New Zealand.
It is obvious that the use of chemicals will not cure all problems and all of these quoted statements are worth serious consideration, whatever country we live in.
Chemical sprays can kill an infestation, but constant spraying can lead to the pests building up a resistance to the chemical. Pest control in the garden can be handled by using basic integrated management practises.
Monitor plants on a regular basis and select an appropriate control.
Not all insects are pests and if chemical sprays are excessively used, beneficial insects will also be destroyed.
Identify these good insects in your garden and encourage their presence. Use natural controls rather than chemical sprays to protect these insects.
Some beneficial insects are:
Insects play an important role in our gardens and we ignore them on an everyday basis until they threaten our plants in some way. Ants, earwigs, thrips, mealybug, slugs, snails, scale insects, caterpillars and aphids are just a few that we encounter. In my garden I had a plaque of Harlequin bugs. It was suggested that instead of using a chemical spray that I drop them into a bucket of hot water. It was quite a task. I collected as many as I could. Eventually, they disappeared. That was about five years ago and they have never returned. I assume they didn’t like the hot water! It is often our experience that chemical cures are not always necessary.
Here is a collection of natural remedies using herbs and natural products. I have not used them all so I cannot personally guarantee their success. If you try them, let us know, or, share with us your own methods that you use, so that others may benefit also:
Use fresh or dried chillies and blend one cup of dried or 2 cups of fresh chillies with two cups of water. Spray fresh. This will kill caterpillars.
Chilli and Wormwood Spray Blend one cup of chillies and one cup of wormwood with one cup of water. Then, add five cups of water and bring to the boil. Allow this to stand for one hour. Strain and bottle.
This can be sprayed on plants and garden beds to repel possums, rabbits, snails and slugs. It also kills aphids, bean fly and white fly.
Note: Do not allow to come into contact with eyes or skin.
Comfrey Foliar Food
Before Comfrey flowers, cut the leaves and pack them into an old bucket or something similar with holes in the bottom. Place a plate or a tin lid on top and weigh it down with half a brick.
Put a plastic plant pot in an old basin and stand the bucket on the pot. After three weeks, there should be a quantity of brown fluid in the basin. Strain this and then bottle it.
Spray plants in the proportion of 15 ml (1 tbsp) comfrey liquid to 1 litre (1 pints) water and a few drops of liquid detergent. Put the remaining contents of the bucket on the compost heap.
Home made sprays may be stored safely for up to one month, providing they are in sterile, glass, screwtop containers.
Glass bottles or jars may be sterilised by placing them in cold water and bringing them to the boil, then simmer for 30 minutes. Allow the bottle or jar to cool in the water before using.
Correct labelling is essential. Include the date of making and the ingredients on the container and keep them in a safe place out of the reach of children and animals.
Boil equal parts of coriander and water for ten minutes. Strain and bottle. This is suitable for spider mites and aphids.
Elder Leaf Spray
Simmer 500 grams of Elder leaves in 3.5 litres of water for 30 minutes. Replace water lost as steam. Strain and bottle. This is a general pesticide suitable for aphids, caterpillars, thrips and black spot.
Feverview Spray (tea)
Pour boiling water over fresh or dried feverfew flowers and steep until fragrant. This can be used on a wide range of insect pests. it is said to be good for migraines - drink one cup every morning as prevention.
Garlic Spray (1)
Soak four garlic cloves for several days in one litre of cold water and then blend. This will kill ants, caterpillars and cabbage worms. A stronger brew can be made by using hot water and adding several red peppers, ground up, and adding two tablespoons of pure soap to help the spray stick. Use spray when solution has cooled .
Garlic Spray (2)
Chop 85 g garlic. Don’t bother to peel it. Soak it in 2 tablespoons of mineral oil for 24 hours. Add 600 ml water to which 7 g of soap has been dissolved (or as soapy a solution you can make). Strain and store in glass not metal, away from the light. Dilute with ten times the amount of water to begin with; then make it stronger if it isn’t effective. The smell isn’t as bad as you would expect and it doesn’t linger when sprayed.
Garlic spray can be used as a general insecticide in a wide range of situations, but its effect is variable, very effective sometimes not at all at others. Possibly harsh, arid conditions make it less effective. Remember, it is not a contact poison and must be eaten to be effective.
General Insect Spray
Crush three unpeeled heads of garlic and 90 ml (3 fl oz) liquid paraffin. Place in a bowl, cover and leave to stand for 24 hours. Melt 15 ml (1 tbsp) grated , oil-based soap in 500 ml (17 fl oz) hot water. Blend the garlic mixture with the soap mixture. When cooled, strain into a glass jar or bottle and seal. Keep it in the refrigerator. To use, dilute about 20 ml (4 tsp) of this solution in 2 litres (4 pints) of cold water. Spray fortnightly.
Cover Marigold flowers (not the English calendula flowers) with boiling, soapy water and leave overnight. Strain and this can be used for Aphids.
Dissolve 500 grams of dried milk in 4 litres of water and spray directly onto the leaves showing signs of virus diseases.
Soak cigarette or cigar ends in water for a week at the rate of 30 ends to 4 litres of water. Remove the filter ends first. This spray will kill scale insects and mealy bug.
Chop up one large unpeeled onion. Place in a blender with one litre of water and blend on a slow speed, to a milky consistency. This is useful for use on aphids and red spider mites.
Any kind of pepper sprinkled on wet leaves will protect them from caterpillars.
Pure Soap Spray
Dissolve 225 grams of pure laundry soap in 9 litres of water. This will kill most pests on your plants. Allow it to dry on plants and then hose it down the next day with clean water.
Red Pepper, Garlic and Onion Spray
Chop an unpeeled onion and a head of garlic. Simmer the onion and garlic with 15 ml (1 tbsp) cayenne pepper in about 1.5 litres (2 pints) water for 20 minutes. Cool the mixture, pour into a jar, seal, stand for six weeks and strain into bottles. To use, mix 15 ml (1 tbsp) of this mixture with 750 ml (1 pints) water. Add a little soap solution. Use as a general pest spray as well as for caterpillars. Note: Do not allow this to come into contact with eyes or skin.
Simmer one kilo of rhubarb leaves in a covered pot for 30 minutes. Do not use an aluminium pot. When cool, mix with a little pure soap, enough to keep a permanent lather. The use of rainwater will increase the effectiveness as some salts present in mains water can reduce the strength of the oxalic acid content.
Sprinkled around plants, it is a deterrent to many pests, including slugs and snails. It contains elements that irritate and insects are reluctant to cross the barrier. Ensure you do not leave gaps.
Simmer 225 (8 oz) wormwood leaves in 2 litres ( 3 pints) water for half an hour. Stir, strain and leave to cool. Dissolve 5 ml (1 tsp) soap flakes in 500 ml ( 17 fl oz) hot water. Combine this with the wormwood water and spray plants frequently at the height of the caterpillar season. A strong wormwood tea, cooled and poured on the tracks of slugs and snails will deter them.
White Cedar Spray
Place white cedar leaves in a bucket. Cover with boiling water. Put the lid on the bucket. Steep until cold. If the liquid isn’t pale brown, you need more leaves. Don’t inhale the steam and don’t store it. Keep away from children. This will kill most pests.
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* Provides numerous elements important to the formation of various biochromes (biological pigments), complex molecules that give coloration to plant and animal cells through their selective color-absorption and -reflection characteristics. * Formulated specifically to provide trace quantities of elements for gradual incorporation into, and formation of, biochromes known to occur within zooxanthellae, such as chlorophylls a and c, beta carotene, and xanthophylls. * Does not influence population density of zooxanthellae, which would put the overall health and survival of the host organism in a precarious situation. * Formulated by a marine scientist. Technical Background In many ways, aquarium husbandry may be thought of as an artistic expression of the hobbyist in which living organisms are the figurative colors on a painter’s canvas. Images of vividly-colored marine fishes and invertebrates co-existing in reef ecosystems are the inspiration of many marine aquarium hobbyists, and the acquisition (and maintenance) of healthy, colorful corals and clams is a primary aspect of achieving the desired appearance of a captive reef habitat. Much of the observed coloration of corals, clams, and their allies, is attributable to biological pigments created by symbiotic zooxanthellae residing within their tissues. These pigments are termed “Biochromes”, and their formation and perceived appearance are at least partially influenced by the presence of trace elements that form the basis of more complex molecules. Certain characteristics of the light source(s) used to illuminate the aquarium will also influence the observed coloration of an organism, however the actual coloration of the organisms will still be primarily dictated by the pigments present, their ratios to one another in the same tissue, and other physical, chemical, and biological factors. KoralColor provides elements that are known to be incorporated into a number of biochromes. Used as directed, KoralColor will provide elements that may be utilized by captive marine organisms to enhance their coloration. It is not intended for use as a general supplement for maintaining natural seawater concentrations of elements for the purpose of satisfying enzymatic and neurological requirements of aquarium inhabitants; for this, use Brightwell Aquatics Replenish. Instructions and Guidelines: Although the tendency of many hobbyists may be to dose heavily in hopes of obtaining “brighter invertebrates faster”, this product must be used as directed below for maximum positive results. Do not overdose, as doing so may be detrimental to the long-term health of the aquarium inhabitants. Dose according to the following guidelines, and base the specific dosage required for an aquarium on the total volume in the entire system (including sump(s), water displacement by rock and bottom substrate, etc.). Basic: Add 1 ml (~20 drops) per 25 US-gallons (94.6 L) every three days (alternatively, twice a week). If using the product in a particularly small aquarium (e.g. = 10 US-gallons), dilute 1 ml of KoralColor in 8 fl. oz. of purified water and add 1 fl. oz. of the resultant solution per 3 US-gallons twice each week (i.e. Wednesday and Saturday). Recommended: Add one drop per 5 US-gallons (18.9 L) daily. If using the product in a particularly small aquarium (e.g. = 5 US-gallons), dilute one drop of KoralColor in 8 fl. oz. of purified water and add 4 fl. oz. of the resultant solution per 2.5 US-gallons daily. It is not uncommon for the coloration of some of the lighter, “warm-colored” pigments (such as yellow and pale orange) in corals and clams to take on a slightly “cooler” coloration (such as lime or aqua). If this is observed and is undesirable, decrease dosing by 25% on a weekly basis until the original color returns to the organism, and maintain the new dosage. The general purpose of providing the elements incorporated into biochromes is not necessarily color change, but color intensification. Because every aquarium presents different chemical and biological conditions, the dosages provided above are intended as general guidelines, to which the hobbyist should alter as the requirements and appearance of the aquarium inhabitants dictate. We encourage hobbyists to use this product responsibly and only as directed. Caution: Keep out of reach of children. Not for human consumption. Detailed information on this product and its’ use can be found on our website. Ingredients: Purified water, proprietary blend of major, minor, and trace elements known to be incorporated into biological pigments (biochromes).
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Rising seas set to double coastal flooding by 2050: study
Rising sea levels driven by global warming are on track to dramatically boost the frequency of coastal flooding worldwide by mid-century, especially in tropical regions, researchers said Thursday.
A 10-to-20 centimetre (four-to-eight inch) jump in the global ocean watermark by 2050—a conservative forecast—would double flood risk in high-latitude regions, they reported in the journal Scientific Reports.
Major cities along the North American seaboard such as Vancouver, Seattle, San Francisco and Los Angeles, along with the European Atlantic coast, would be highly exposed, they found.
But it would only take half as big a jump in ocean levels to double the number of serious flooding incidents in the tropics, including along highly populated river deltas in Asia and Africa.
Even at the low end of this sea rise spectrum, Mumbai, Kochi and Abidjan and many other cities would be significantly affected.
"We are 95 percent confident that an added 5-to-10 centimetres will more than double the frequency of flooding in the topics," lead author Sean Vitousek, a climate scientist at the University of Illinois at Chicago, told AFP.
Small island states, already vulnerable to flooding, would fare even worse, he added.
"An increase in flooding frequency with climate change will challenge the very existence and sustainability of these coastal communities across the globe."
Coastal flooding is caused by severe storms, and is made worse when large waves, storm surge and high tides converge.
Hurricane Sandy in the United States (2012), which caused tens of billions or dollars in damage, and Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines (2013), which left more than 7,000 dead or missing, both saw devastating flooding.
Rising seas—caused by the expansion of warming ocean water and runoff from melting ice sheets and glaciers—is also a contributing factor.
Sea level 'wild card'
But up to now, global estimates of future coastal flooding have not adequately taken into account the role of waves, Vitousek said.
"Most of the data used in earlier studies comes from tidal gauge stations, which are in harbours and protected areas," he explained. "They record extreme tide and storm surges, but not waves."
To make up for the lack of observational data, Vitousek and his colleagues used computer modelling and a statistical method called extreme value theory.
"We asked the question: with waves factored in, how much sea level rise will it take to double the frequency of flooding?"
Not much, it turned out.
Sea levels are currently rising by three to four millimetres (0.10 to 0.15 inches) a year, but the pace has picked up by about 30 percent over the last decade.
It could accelerate even more as continent-sized ice blocs near the poles continue to shed mass, especially in Antarctica, which Vitousek described as the sea level "wild card."
If oceans go up 25 centimetres by mid-century, "flood levels that occur every 50 years in the tropics would be happening every year or more," he said.
The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) predicts global average sea level will rise by as much as 2.5 metres (98 inches) by 2100.
Global average temperatures have increased by one degree Celsius (1.6 degrees Fahrenheit) since the mid-19th century, with most of that happening in the last 70 years.
The 196-nation Paris Agreement, inked in 2015, calls for capping global warming at well under 2C (3.6F), a goal described by climate scientists as extremely daunting.
© 2017 AFP
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CATCHING THE THIEF.
"Now, constable," said the defendant's counsel in cross-examination,"
you say that the prisoner was exactly twenty-seven steps ahead of you
when you started to run after him?"
"And you swear that he takes eight steps to your five?"
"That is so."
"Then I ask you, constable, as an intelligent man, to explain how you
ever caught him, if that is the case?"
"Well, you see, I have got a longer stride. In fact, two of my steps are
equal in length to five of the prisoner's. If you work it out, you will
find that the number of steps I required would bring me exactly to the
spot where I captured him."
Here the foreman of the jury asked for a few minutes to figure out the
number of steps the constable must have taken. Can you also say how many
steps the officer needed to catch the thief?
Next: THE PARISH COUNCIL ELECTION.
Previous: PAINTING THE LAMP-POSTS.
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In this course, I'll teach you everything you need to know to use Intents in your Kotlin Android app. If you want to become an Android coder, you're going to need to understand Intents. So let's get started!
1.Introduction1 lesson, 02:00
2.Android Intents7 lessons, 51:12
3.Conclusion1 lesson, 02:25
Hello there. Welcome to the Android fundamentals course on intents. I'm Annapurna Agrawal, and I'll take you through the basics of intents and how to implement it to help order different components of Android to work together. We will use Kotlin for learning intents in Android. Intent is one of the fundamental building blocks of Android. And it is important to learn how it works. Using intent, we can generate the coordination between different Android components. In this course, you will learn what is intent and how it works. You'll also see how to share data back and forth activities, that is from one activity to other and vice versa, using intents. You'll see what are the types of intents and how to deal with them. You'll learn what are actions, how you can perform various actions, and categorize your activities based on that. You see how to make your application ready to work with other apps in your Android device. You'll see how to generate a request from your application, as well as how to handle a request coming from an app component outside your application. So this way, you will see how to make your app interactive both ways. From in to out and out to in. You'll learn how to define a custom action if you want to deal with a particular type of request. And then, last but not the least, cherry on the cake, I'll show you how to use ADB shell to perform testings for intent. Believe me, it makes the testing work ten times easier. I'm sure you're gonna like it. I hope you join us in this journey of Android fundamentals on intent. So see you there.
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Earlier this week I was given a very generous gift. The gift in question was a complete set of Wills’ Cigarette Cards. Produced for an Irish and English audience in 1914, the cards depicted various physical culture exercises one could engage in to keep fit and healthy. The irony that the cards could only be obtained by buying a packet of cigarettes was evidently lost on the manufacturers.
In any case I gleefully went about examining my present and stumbled across the below photographs. Said to be breathing exercises with dumbbells, the movement represents an early iteration of the pullover exercise.
As is so often the case, I set to work uncovering the history of this particular movement with the result being this very article. So today, we’ll begin by examining the popularity and history of the pullover from the early to late twentieth-century. The pullover exercise has fallen from grace in the lifting community, from a once hallowed movement to a more niche and often poorly executed assistance lift.
The Early History of the Pullover
As attested by the Wills photographs above, the pullover exercise was fairly common knowledge amongst physical culturists in the opening decade of the twentieth-century. Much to my shame given the fact that my PhD research encompasses this era, I have been rather slack about discussing some of the more unusual exercises from this time. One point that constantly fascinates me was the interest and popularity in ‘deep breathing’ exercises used in conjunction with traditional weightlifting. It was here that the pullover exercise was first devised.
Men like J.P. Muller devised whole workouts around the ability to breath deeply, newspaper columnists such as the Irish Times’ ‘Huck Finn’ advised dumbbell deep breathing exercises akin to the Wills’ Cards. That the pullover movement, not to be confused with the pullover and press exercise, was linked to improved breathing capacity surely helped to elevate its importance at this time.
While it has proven nigh on impossible to find the first exerciser to use the pullover exercise, the lifting community has often pointed to Alan Calvert’s 1911, Super Strength book as a pivotal moment in the exercise’s popularity. Described by Calvert as “the very best exercise for increasing the size of the rib-box”, the pullover was highlighted as an exercise of great importance. Interestingly Calvert praised the pullover on two fronts. In the first instance it was seen to help increase the size of the rib cage and build muscle. Coupled with this was the pullover’s positive effect on breath capacity. More muscles and longer breaths. The pullover seemed to do it all.
From Super Strength to Super Squats
While Calvert can perhaps be credited with first introducing the exercise to a mass audience, the pullover’s true popularisation came a decade later with the emergence of squat based hypertrophy programmes. As detailed previously on this website, the 1920s and 30s saw the emergence of weight gaining programmes based on a system of 20 rep squats. Much to the delight and torture of gym goers, this programme advised a heavy set of squats followed by a set of lightweight and high rep pullovers. The reasoning for this combination followed Calvert’s in that it was believed to extend the size of the rib cage. In later years the combination was seen as a form of active rest.
In any case were you to chat to someone from the mid-twentieth century about the importance or usefulness of the pullover exercise, you would likely have been told that it was essential for anyone seeking to gain weight and muscle. This was the case not only for proponents of the 20 rep squat like Peary Rader and Mark Berry but also, as shown by Randy Roach, men like Bob Hoffman and Joe Weider. Joseph Curtis Hise included it as part of his essential chest exercises in 1946 while Reg Park regularly used over 200 lbs. for his barbell pullovers.
It was a favourite and highly regarded movement which, in the advent of the ‘golden age’ of bodybuilding, continued to flourish.
A New Age of Pulling
As noted by Frank Zane, the 1960s and 70s saw bodybuilding aficionados from Bill Pearl to Mike Mentzer use the pullover exercise to build their chest and lat muscles. Frank in particular credited the exercise for helping to develop his famous vacuum pose shown below.
What is fascinating about this particular period was the introduction of the machine pullover thanks to the controversial Arthur Jones. Jones, the man behind the infamous Colorado experiment and the founder of Nautilus, first created a pullover machine in 1948. It wasn’t until 1970 however, when Jones began to devote his attention fully to bodybuilding, that a mass produced Jones’ machine would hit gyms around the United States.
Created as part of Jones’ high intensity ethos, he modestly titled his pullover machine ‘the upper body squat’ Writing in Ironman Magazine in 1970, Jones waxed lyrical about his device
Some new “gimmick?” An unproven theory? Think what you like, but we built one test subject’s lats to a point that would normally have required at least tow full years of training, in less than six weeks, on a program of three weekly workouts of exactly forty-eight minutes each. During the same period he gained over fifteen pounds of muscular body-weight, increased his arms almost exactly tow inches, and increased his strength enormously.
No drugs, no special diet, no marathon workout; just a simple routine of three sets of four very basic exercises; full squats, standing presses, barbell curls, and movements on our new lat machine
Sergio Oliva using Jones’ Pullover Machine
While machines had been used as part of a health and fitness regimen since the late nineteenth-century, the popularity of Jones’ ‘upper body squat’ and Nautilus machines in general was unprecedented. As noted by Kunitz, machines comprised solely of Nautilus machines sprouted up during the 1980s, each with a pullover machine. We see then that both the free weight and machine variations were being used during this period. In fact it is likely that this period saw the greatest number of people using the pullover in some way, shape or form.
How and why then, did the movement fall out of favour?
The Fall of the Pullover
While the early 1990s saw the pullover maintain its popularity amongst elite bodybuilders, as evidenced by Dorian Yates‘ and Ronnie Coleman’s use of the movement, a pushback began to emerge against the pullover from this period. A fine example of this can be seen in Joseph Horrigan’s 1990 article entitled ‘Pullover Complications’.
Echoing many within his field, Horrigan stressed the potential for shoulder and abdominal injuries caused by the movement. Horrigan’s warnings have continued to this day. In fact just two years ago Horrigan repeated this advice within Ironman Magazine, the same magazine which three decades previously publicised Jones’ own praises of the pullover. How the times change eh?
Speaking of which, we also have to mention the relative decline in the popularity of Nautilus equipment from the beginning of the present century. Admittedly an anecdotal point, but when I began training every gym seemed to have a Nautilus machine of some kind, some even had the ‘Upper Body Squat’. Having trained in the United States, United Kingdom and Ireland over the past five years my own experience points to a fall in the machine’s presence on the gym floor. That being the case, it is undoubtedly the fears cited from the 1990s about the safety of the pullover movement which caused its increasingly scarce appearance.
As someone who has always used the pullover exercise, both as a back and chest exercise, it is strange to see it described as the most controversial or long forgotten exercise. Who knows, maybe this article can enact a sea change…
Before We Go
If you’re interested in incorporating the pullover into your current routine, Critical Bench produced an informative video detailing four different pullover variations.
As always…Happy Lifting!
A continual talking point for myself and a friend is whether or not the pullover is a back or chest exercise. He is adamant that the movement only works the chest whereas I believe that depending on your focus and hand placement it can work either the lats or the pecs. Feel free to weigh in and show my friend why he’s wrong!
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Despite the fearsome reputation of H5N1 as a threat to human health, other H5 avian viruses have demonstrated a wide range of pathogenicity in people. Even among H5N1 clades, not all viruses are created equal. We’ve seen considerable variability in that subtype’s ability to infect, and kill around the globe (see Differences In Virulence Between Closely Related H5N1 Strains).
In Bangladesh, only 1 (14%) of 7 known H5N1 cases has died, while in Cambodia 37 of 56 (66%) have succumbed. In Egypt, the CFR is running about 35%, while in Indonesia, it is a stratospheric 83%.
Although there are likely many factors involved in causing this disparity in CFRs – including quality of, and delays in seeking medical care – it suggests that the H5N1 virus may be more virulent in some regions of the world than in others.
The recently emerged H5N6 is known to have killed at least two people (see WHO GAR Update – H5N6 In China), but the (old) H5N2 virus appears to have – at most – produced antibodies in a handful of poultry workers and The Human Risk From H5N2 Is Considered Low.
Over the past year we’ve watched the emergence of a new, robust Highly Pathogenic (in birds) H5N8 virus that has spawned several other reassortant subtypes – including a new H5N2 – which have spread quickly via migratory birds to poultry farms across Korea, China, Taiwan, Japan and have even made it into Europe and the Pacific Northwest.
Despite a good deal of infected-poultry-to-human contact, we’ve not seen any evidence of these new subtypes causing illness in humans.
Granted, cullers are using PPEs and some are probably receiving prophylactic antivirals, but many poultry workers have had unprotected exposure prior to detection and culling, and none have (as yet) become sick. Despite this reassuring track record, Taiwan public health authorities are monitoring nearly 3,000 people who have been exposed.
Below you’ll find a statement by Taiwan’s CDC on recent genetic analysis of their recently arrived H5N8 and H5N2 subtypes, that cautiously finds them to pose little threat to human health.
Gene sequence alignment of avian flu viruses shows transmission still limited to poultry; Taiwan CDC continues to closely monitor outbreak situation to ensure health and wellbeing of people in Taiwan ( 2015-01-26 )
In the afternoon of January 23, 2015, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control obtained the genome sequences of the H5N2 and H5N8 viruses from the Council of Agriculture and submitted it to the National Influenza Center for gene sequence alignment. The results showed that both the H5N2 and H5N8 viruses are of avian origin. Based on the sequence data, the Taiwanese viruses were identified as closely related to the Japanese, the American, the Canadian, the German and the Republic of Korea H5N8 viruses.
Unlike the H7N9 virus, the H5N8 virus does not replicate well in mammalian cells and is not as fatal. Although several H5N8 outbreaks have been reported many countries around the world, no evidence of bird-to-human transmission has been found.
Taiwan CDC once again emphasizes that the H5N2 and H5N8 viruses are currently still limited to transmission among poultry and no bird-to-human transmission has occurred. As for treatment, the US Centers for Disease Control (US CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommend oseltamivir or zanamivir. Taiwan CDC will continue to closely monitor the development of the outbreaks and the viruses for new mutations in order to facilitate timely implementation of relevant disease control measures and ensure the health and wellbeing of the people in Taiwan.
In response to the ongoing avian influenza outbreaks among poultry, Taiwan CDC is monitoring everyone who has been exposed to the poultry farms where avian influenza outbreaks have occurred, including poultry farm workers and public health workers, for influenza-like symptoms for 10 days as a precaution. Those who develop influenza-like illness will be further evaluated and tested for influenza. As of January 24, 2015, a total of 2,906 people are being monitored. Of the people being followed up, 40 people have developed influenza-like symptoms. Specimens have been collected from 28 of them (1 is positive for seasonal influenza, the other 23 are negative and 4 tests results are pending),while the other 12 people are still being monitored for their health status. 76 other people have been removed from surveillance.
Taiwan CDC reminds poultry farm workers to take additional preventive measures to ward off infection. If fever or influenza-like symptoms develops,please put on a mask and seek immediate medical attention. Moreover, poultry farm workers must inform the physician of their exposure and job history to facilitate diagnosis and treatment. The general public is urged to practice good personal hygiene such as washing hands frequently and putting on a mask when coughing and take preventive measures such as avoiding direct contact with poultry and birds or their droppings/dead bodies, and consuming only thoroughly cooked poultry and eggs to prevent infection. For more information, please visit the Taiwan CDC website at http://www.cdc.gov.tw or call the toll-free Communicable Disease Reporting and Consultation Hotline, 1922 (or 0800-001922).
So far, good news indeed. The lack of replication in mammalian host cells is particularly encouraging.
The caveat being that flu viruses are constantly changing, and what we can say about their behavior today, cannot be guaranteed tomorrow.
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Black diamonds, also known as carbonados, are formed either from a meteoric impact or having actually emerged from a diamond-bearing asteroid that collided with Earth dating from around 2.6 to 3.8 billion years ago.
Named “The Enigma,” the diamond was unseen in public for nearly 20 years. The black diamond was offered from an anonymous collector without reserve, meaning the highest bidder during the sale, became the new owner.
The diamond is ranked as one of the largest diamonds by the House of Gübelin in Switzerland and the Gemological Institute of America. It was listed in the Guinness World Records in 2016.
Enigma is not only weighs 555.55 carats, but also is cut with exactly 55 facets. Five is associated with the Middle Eastern palm-shaped symbol, the Hamsa, a sign of protection, power, and strength.
According to barrons
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What is a bond?
If you’ve ever read an article about investing, the term “bonds” always come up in one way or another. Usually it’s something about bonds being a “safe haven” or maybe something about a “flight to safety” in the bond markets.
But what IS a bond?
A bond is debt
What is a bond? It's debt, issued by a company.
There are two ways a company can grow:
- A company can take its net profits and reinvest them into growth initiatives
- They can borrow money to spend on growth initiatives., effectively borrowing against future assumed revenues.
The first is accomplished without using "leverage," or borrowed money. The second is accomplished by borrowing money (using leverage) to grow.
Why do companies issue debt?
Debt is issued for a variety of reasons, but the usual reason is to fund growth.
It's important to remember that growth doesn't HAVE to be financed with debt.
Unlevered (sans-debt) Example:
Boka Bowla, a bowling ball equipment manufacturer, makes $1.5 million net profits. It has a commitment to spend 50% of net profits on growth initiatives.
Due to a great quarter, the board is able to acquire Bowlico Rock, a competitor for $1mm. Boca Bowla has absorbed market share, added future revenue (and presumable net profit), and as a result of using no leverage on the deal, is now in a better position with no additional risk.
Levered (with debt) Example:
Chatterpiller, a private SMS chat application, has small revenue of $100,000 annually and a net profit of $15,000. Due to its improved user interface and some proprietary gadgetry, the company is experiencing rapid growth and wants to take advantage of its next-best-thing status. Since it's not in a financial position to make the acquisitions, it issues $10mm in debt and snaps up 3 of its smaller competitors, grabbing huge market share while simultaneously increasing margins, brand awareness, and customer acquisition.
Is this a good thing? The company has to pay back $10mm + interest for the debt. It has added a lot of leverage to its balance sheet. If the added revenues and increased margins justify the debt, then it makes sense. If not, then it doesn't.
Why do people buy bonds?
Like any lending arrangement, people buy bonds because they are interested in lending money in exchange for an interest payment.
Why does the bank give you a loan? Because they have the funds laying around, and they need it to be earning a return. The bank lends you the cash to buy a house, you pay them back + interest, and everyone wins (usually). You get to use leverage to buy a hard asset and the bank gets to (likely) double or triple its money and then some over time.
If you're buying a bond, then YOU are the bank. YOU are lending money, and as a result, YOU are getting paid the interest. Adding lending to your mix of investments gives you diversification into a different asset class, and also gets you a steady stream of income.
How do I buy a bond?
Buying a bond is fairly straightforward. You pick out the company whose debt you'd like buy, you look for any outstanding debt they have in the bond market, you check the price, and you buy it. It's also extraordinarily complex.
- What's the credit rating?
- What's the interest rate?
- When is the debt due?
- Why did they issue debt?
- What's the spread?
- Is it callable? i.e. is there an embedded call option?
- How much debt do they have?
- Is their business model sustainable?
- What kind of debt is it?
- Etc. etc. etc.
In short, buying a bond is simple, but analyzing the risk behind that bond is extremely difficult. Furthermore, do you buy a single bond, or a basket of bonds, or a bond mutual fund, or a bond ETF? What even ARE all of those things?
It's a confusing landscape. In future posts, we will dig into each of those topics one at a time. For now, at least you'll understand what a bond is and why you might want to own some.
If you'd like help investing in bonds, please reach out and schedule a free introductory call with us. We'd love to talk to you!
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I'm having trouble wrapping my head on how I can use the gluLookAt() function to rotate and scale an object. This is not a question about how gluLookAt() works, which is why I'm not posting it at the "Toolkits" section. The question is more centered on mathematically converting values such that I can use gluLookAt() unconventionally.
Trying to rotate and scale an object using gluLookAt() might sound weird, because this function is normally used when we want to simulate moving the camera around a scene. Since OpenGL always has the camera at the origin targeting the -z-axis, we give gluLookAt() the values and it will transform the scene to achieve that effect (Correct?).
I'm being asked to use gluLookAt() to achieve a scene transformation such that it will rotate and scale an object (instead of using the tranformation functions). This is requiring me to use gluLookAt() the opposite way it was intended (For learning purposes). To achieve that, I'm converting the values I'm given from cartesian coordinates to spherical coordinates. I got almost everything right.
The problem I'm having is with the scaling, which is basically being done by moving the camera closer to the object or further away from it. Making the object bigger will eventually start making it smaller. In other words, after crossing the center of the object the camera turns around to target the object's center again. Although this effect is correct given my approach, it is not correct based on what I'm being asked.
Maybe someone can help me figure out another approach or tweaks to my approach that will fix this issue.
Values I'm given:
-Distance from center of object to camera (X, Y and Z of object's center)
-Angle of rotation around X and Y axis for object
Scene and object description:
-Object rotates around its own center based on angle values given above.
-Object is centered at screen
How I'm converting the coordinate values:
Take EYE as camera position, TARGET as where camera is pointing and UP as vector from camera position oriented "upwards"
-I assume the object at the origin of the space ( Its center is at (0,0,0) )
-I always look at the center of the object, which in my case is the same as the origin. ( TARGET = (0, 0, 0) )
-Camera moves around object in a spherical orbit ( EYE and UP changes using distance as radius and angles of rotation as theta and phi)
Code ://Theta and phi in radians radius = objectCenter.x + objectCenter.y + objectCenter.z; //Not using Pythagorean theorem on purpose EYE.x = radius * sin(theta) * sin(phi); EYE.y = radius * cos(theta); EYE.z = radius * sin(theta) * cos(phi); UP.x = (radius * sin(theta - 1) * sin(phi)) - EYE.x; UP.y = (radius * cos(theta - 1)) - EYE.y; UP.z = (radius * sin(theta - 1) * cos(phi)) - EYE.z;
Thanks for the attention
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A minyan in Judaism is the minimum of ten people required to conduct a public prayer service. “Why ten?” you might ask.
When God told Abraham he was going to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah because of the outcry against them and their terrible, plentiful sins Abraham negotiated with God, saying:
"What if there are fifty righteous people in the city? Will you really sweep it away and not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous people in it? Far be it from you to do such a thing—to kill the righteous with the wicked, treating the righteous and the wicked alike. Far be it from you! Will not the Judge of all the earth do right?”
Agreeing with Abraham that His reputation as a just God would be on the line if the collateral damage of flattening the cities involved killing fifty righteous citizens, God said he would nix the plan for the sake of fifty, good people. Abraham then goes on to ask if God would spare the city for forty righteous people, to which God agrees. Abraham keeps decreasing the number of righteous people God would spare a whole city to save until he gets the number ten. God agrees to spare the cities for ten but then He’s done haggling. Poor Sodom and Gomorrah apparently can’t even produce enough good people to hit a double digit population and as a result they get what they have coming.
For this reason, Judaism mantains ten righteous people can save a city and that’s why ten are needed to form a minyan for prayer.
Last week with only four people gathered in the sanctuary of Grace five minutes before a prayer service was scheduled to begin, I turned to a friend and said it looked unlikely that we’d wind up with a minyan. She told me not to worry about it because Jesus said “For where two or three gather in my name, there am I with them.” Matthew 18:20
This was the first time it occurred to me that Jesus is like the Crazy Eddie’s Bargain Basement of salvation. Knowing that ten righteous people is still a pretty tall order for the likes of us, in essence Jesus says, “Whether you’re righteous or not, if even two of you can show up for each other in my name I’ll take it from there.”
Bishop Desmond Tutu once said, “We may be surprised at the people we find in heaven. God has a soft spot for sinners. His standards are quite low.”
For our sake, God has sunk to a new low through Christ. In a nutshell, after the Alleluia Chorus is over, the Easter lilies are gone and the chocolate bunnies are all eaten, I guess that’s the lasting Good News of Easter.
Your sister in Christ,
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Moshe poetically reminds the Children of Israel of the importance of remembering God who created them.
In his final speech, Moses warns us against repeating his mistakes, but he also communicates the passion and love we need to achieve our potential.
In Moses' final words to the Children of Israel, he implores them to choose life and keep the covenant.
Moses' poetic mention of rain and dew teaches us to recognize both the obvious and subtle presence of God in the world.
Moses recites a song to the Children of Israel that testifies to their covenant with God.
In his final poetic speech to the Israelites, Moses encourages them to understand the potential for change in every generation.
Unlike Moses, we do not know when we will die and should therefore repent every day of our lives.
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Skip to comments.1.5 Million Years of Climate History Revealed After Scientists Solve Mystery of the Deep
Posted on 08/09/2012 11:10:33 PM PDT by neverdem
A new study has successfully reconstructed temperature from the deep sea to reveal how global ice volume has varied over the glacial-interglacial cycles of the past 1.5 million years.
Scientists have announced a major breakthrough in understanding Earth's climate machine by reconstructing highly accurate records of changes in ice volume and deep-ocean temperatures over the last 1.5 million years.
The study, which is reported in the journal Science, offers new insights into a decades-long debate about how the shifts in Earth's orbit relative to the sun have taken Earth into and out of an ice-age climate.
Being able to reconstruct ancient climate change is a critical part of understanding why the climate behaves the way it does. It also helps us to predict how the planet might respond to human-made changes, such as the injection of large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, in the future.
Unfortunately, scientists trying to construct an accurate picture of how such changes caused past climatic shifts have been thwarted by the fact that the most readily available marine geological record of ice-ages -- changes in the ratio of oxygen isotopes (Oxygen 18 to Oxygen 16) preserved in tiny calcareous deep sea fossils called foraminifera -- is compromised.
This is because the isotope record shows the combined effects of both deep sea temperature changes, and changes in the amount of ice volume. Separating these has in the past...
"Any uncertainty about Earth's climate system fuels the sense that we don't really know how the climate is behaving, either in response to natural effects or those which are man-made," Professor Elderfield added. "If we can understand how earlier changes were initiated and what the impacts were, we stand a much better chance of being able to predict and prepare for changes in the future."
(Excerpt) Read more at sciencedaily.com ...
A sensible finding.
The Industrial Revolution is merely a barely-remembered memory of an instant in time in the total life of this planet.
There is nothing we can do, short of nuclear winter, deliberately causing volcanoes around the world to erupt, or deliberately drilling holes into the crust and dropping atomic weapons down and detonating them, that will cause this planet to become unstable for us. We could continue to eject spent fossil fuels into the atmosphere for thousands of years at an ever-increasing rate, and the change will be minimal.
Besides, we can’t stop natural disasters anyway, so if the worlds wants to reclaim land, we can’t do anything about it.
My view is similar to yours. I don’t think we could do any lasting harm to the planet if we tried. Further, whenever I see ‘scientists’ in the lead of a story I tend to wonder who got the grant for the research and what were the motives.
Amazing the agitprop promoting the fraudulent cause of “climate change”. Cunning, deceitful scumbags.
I think some of this was explored in Henrik Svensmark's book, "The Chilling Stars: A Cosmic View of Climate Change".
Today it's been pushed down further into the upper mantle ~ which raises a question about where the mantle material went. I expect an article on that in the next few years ~ maybe the West Antarctic rise or something ~
Florida is explained the same way. Ice piles up on North America and the landmass sinks pushing material in the upper mantle South into the area under Florida. That raises the sea floor upward creating Florida!
Distressing news though ~ whether you have the 100,000 year cycle that started 900,000 years ago, or the older 41,000 year cycle, we are long overdue for our NEXT glaciation.
The link is not working for me...maybe the page is down?
What you want to do is just pull out the blah blah blah .com part and get to the home page. you can find the article very easy at that point.
You are not the only one for whom the link does not work.
If the records never existed in the first place, how could they reconstruct highly accurate records of changes for the last 1.5 million years? Oh, it's "climate science", never mind...
Seven or eight years ago I would have read this and delved into their techniques. Now I find it a waste of my time because their data is likely skewed by their fund- master, or their preconceived notions. I adored science up until peer- review wasn’t doing it’s job. I would say, climate- gate made me skeptical of anything... or maybe even a non- believer in man’s view of the world. Everyone has an agenda.. from the climate change folks, to the “unnecessary medical testing” crowd.
Professor Elderfield sounds like he’s parodying himself— we’re going to find out how man is changing the climate and how we can prepare for future changes by studying geological changes that took place over millions of years.
Nothing like examining data with an open mind!
It may take some time but I have faith they will be able to manipulate the findings enough to "prove" their preconceived notions of man made climate change are correct.
You forgot to qualify that with a long list of academic pedigrees. Meanwhile, back in the lab, with access to billions of dollars, years of cummulative “education” and remarkable technology they still cannot beat Einstein. To me, it seems if you truly desire to find evidence to support your beliefs, you will. Striving for God- like knowledge has been around since the garden of Eden. We know the source. How’s about we save a few billion dollars and accept life as it is, use our resources wisely, and stop chasing climate fairy tales.
...offers new insights into a decades-long debate about how the shifts in Earth's orbit relative to the sun have taken Earth into and out of an ice-age climate.The reason for the decades-long debate is, there's no uniformitarian model which can produce miles of ice in temperate climes. This is just more global warming crap, watch for it.
“My view is similar to yours. I dont think we could do any lasting harm to the planet if we tried. Further, whenever I see scientists in the lead of a story I tend to wonder who got the grant for the research and what were the motives.”
I agree with both of you, It’s all about money. One eye is always kept focused on the bank account.
Looks like some good science getting mugged in the alley of Climate Change.
Every truth seeker, and scientists fall into that group, must make one of two choices: Pursue God’s truth where it leads or pursue your own truth. Too many of us pursue our own god, after our own image. The Ten Commandments begins with idolatry because egoism is the major god of mankind. The order of the commandments is critical. If you dnn’t start with God in his rightful place you get off track quick.
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Doctors and researchers have determined that stomach sleeping increases an infant’s risk of dying from SIDS. That is why the “Back to Sleep” campaign was implemented and since that time the rates of SIDS have declined. That is important for parents to consider because the risk of SIDS is real and eliminating all risk factors where possible is necessary. Many babies prefer to sleep on their stomachs and are actually more comfortable doing so. However, it is more important for the baby to be as safe as possible than as comfortable as possible. Allowing the baby to sleep on his stomach is essentially putting him at risk for SIDS.
All caregivers of infants should be made aware of the back to sleep campaign and religiously ensure that the infant is put to sleep on his back. As babies grow they eventually can turn themselves over. Some parents put their baby to sleep on his back to wake up and find baby on his stomach. This is normal and parents should respond by turning baby over back on his back.
A firm mattress covered only by a sheet is recommended. Babies should not be put to sleep with pillows, blankets, toys, or anything that could be a breathing hazard. Babies who do not feel comfortable sleeping on their backs should be swaddled tightly to provide a sense of security that allows them to sleep peacefully.
Parents should educate themselves on the risk factors of SIDS and learn how they can reduce risk factors. Some risk factors like being male or born in the winter cannot be reduced, however risk factors like maternal smoking, drug use, overheating, stomach sleeping, and the like can all be avoided. Caring for baby is important and eliminating risk factors for SIDS should be taken very carefully.
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What is SWOT?
SWOT is basically the acronym for; Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. It is a very effective tool used in the business industry to form strategies. You synthesize the data from internal factors to find out your strengths and weaknesses. You use the external factors to identify the threats and opportunities.
SWOT Analysis in Marketing
SWOT analysis in marketing is almost the same thing as a normal SWOT analysis. In this case, you do the analysis to form marketing strategies. SWOT analysis in marketing will help you decide which marketing strategy you should use to get the best result for your business. The strategy will help you to capitalize on the opportunities using all the strengths. It will also help to avoid the threats and minimize the weaknesses.
Strengths are the factors that are going to help you get better results. Your company will do well if you can base your strategy around these things. Strength is an internal factor. This means you can control it. Things like resources, investment, and skilled labor are considered as strengths. In SWOT analysis in marketing, you will consider the following things as your strength:
- Brand recognition – If your company is well known by the people then it can act as strength for your marketing strategy. You can use its name and recognition to advertize your products for sale.
- Locations of the business – If your company or shop is located in the city center then you are likely to have a very good business. It makes it convenient for your customers to be able to visit your shop. This is a big strength that you may have over your competitors.
- Specialist in marketing expertise – When you have an expert in marketing then you can develop a marketing strategy quite easily. He/she will have the required experience to form strategies based on experience. This is a massive boost when doing a SWOT analysis in marketing.
- Introducing something new – What better way to capture the market than providing newer products? If your firm can come up with new ideas, then your marketing strategy will be based on innovation and novelty.
Weaknesses are also internal factors that will derail you from making progress. When doing a SWOT analysis in marketing, you need to consider which things will make your marketing strategy look weak and unconvincing. The following factors can be called weaknesses:
- Poor distribution – If you have a poor distribution channel for your products then you are likely to suffer. If the customers are not getting your products on time or even on the market, then that’s an obstacle for your marketing strategy.
- Not distinguishable feature – You cannot stand out in the market if your products are no different from the rest of the competitors. You need to have your own signature or an identity.
- Lack of online presence – In the modern era, online marketing is a key way to grab the customer’s attention. If you are not doing enough online, then you cannot succeed well.
SWOT analysis in marketing will look at almost everything as an opportunity. This is because you never know what events or situations you can use as a marketing weapon. Things such as:
- Advancement in technology – If your company buys newer technology. Or they come across newer ways to produce goods then that can be termed as an opportunity. This will help the company to strategize on a different way.
- Increase in demand – A situation may arise when the demand for your goods may increase both locally and internationally. If that happens, then you need to seize the opportunity. You can advertize the fact that your good are wanted abroad and thus create a brand name for yourself. This is smart marketing.
- Social Events – Nothing increases the demand for certain goods like social events. Gift items become hot in demand during Christmas. Fireworks are sold every minute day before New Year’s Eve. So when such an opportunity is opened up, the marketing strategy should be to take full advantage of the situation. Offer those discounts and other benefits so that your product is sold more.
While doing a SWOT analysis in marketing, you have to be very careful regarding the situations that will hamper your marketing strategy. These situations are known as threats. Threats develop come out of nowhere. So it is better to identify them as soon as possible. That way the SWOT analysis in marketing will have a contingency plan to thwart the threat. The following conditions can be considered as a threat:
- Competitors lower price -This has to be the toughest threat to deal with. If your competitor lowers the price of their product, then there are very few things you can do about it. People are always likely to go for things that are less expensive. However if your SWOT analysis in marketing has this noted down, then you are likely to have a backup plan for it. Offering better quality or promotional offers may help.
- Changes in consumer choice – If your consumers all of a sudden decide to change their choice then you are likely to be in trouble. Fashion trends are always going to change, and this becomes a threat if you are producing the same kind of goods or services.
- Economic condition – Inflation, exchange rates, taxes and so on are all economic factors. If these things change too often, then your company will be affected in the negative way. Doing a SWOT analysis in marketing will require you to keep such things on mind and come up ways to avoid them.
Recommended read: How SWOT analysis helps with branding and marketing.
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Iron is the most troublesome of the plant nutrients. Its plant available form (Fe+2) is often immobile in the soil, while its more soluble form (Fe+3) is mostly available only in waterlogged soils. This means that minor shortages of Iron are fairly common in many situations.
The most common place to find Iron deficiency is on alkaline soils. However, when even minor insufficiencies of Iron occur, respiration, stress response and nitrogen metabolism suffer. This is often treated with foliar chelates, but this offers only a short-term fix.
Now Seasol is available with 1% Iron in a chelated form that is stable enough to remain active in the soil (as well as via foliar application). Seasol stimulates plant metabolism and Iron is essential for many of the enzymes involved, so any lack of Iron can prevent you getting the best results. Seasol with chelated Iron solves this problem, ensuring a strong response every time.
Landscape & Nursery applications:
Poor root growth or root damage substantially limits Iron uptake from the soil. Seasol with chelated Iron overcomes this by encouraging the development of new roots; while the added Iron helps maintain plant health during recovery.
Low Maintenance Plantings
Iron availability in the soil declines under dry conditions, making any existing insufficiency worse. By combining drought tolerance with improved Iron nutrition, Seasol with chelated Iron helps minimize this effect.
In the same way that Seasol with chelated Iron assists with transplanting, it is also highly effective in accelerating the recovery of newly laid turf.
Cold Weather Tolerance
Many plants (especially Citrus, Gardenia, Camellias, etc.) can lose colour and vigour in cold weather. Typically, they show little response to fertilisers, but will often respond well to foliar applications of Seasol with chelated Iron.
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| 0.9426 | 385 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Freedom to Trade? Trading Away American Family Farms
Anuradha Mittal with Mayumi Kawaai
On January 1, 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established. It is home to a series of trade accords that include agreements on services, agriculture, intellectual property rights, and other issues never before included in international trade rules. The organization was established with a commitment to raise standards of living and ensure full employment in the context of expanding trade, while upholding the objective of sustainable development. The reality has been almost the opposite.
At the last ministerial held in Seattle in 1999, negotiators were confronted by 70,000 prostestors: a coalition of students, teachers, farmworkers, factory and steel workers, consumers, environmentalists, feminists, spiritual leaders, animals rights activists, human rights advocates, friends and families, and representatives from more than 100 countries. They stood together for fair labor standards, environmental protection, public health, human rights, and democratic values over the "corporate interest first" agenda of the trade talks. The meeting eventually collapsed under the weight of the protests inside and outside the conference center.
In the wake of the Seattle debacle and other protests against the international financial institutions that have gathered strength since then, the next ministerial is being planned to be held in Doha, Qatar. The built-in agenda has several items of concern, with agriculture being one of the key areas. A communiqué issued following the twenty-second Ministerial held in Punta del Este, Uruguay, in September 2001, emphasized that the next ministerial should provide a clear commitment to end discrimination against agriculture and fully integrate it into WTO rules. This commitment is designed to achieve fundamental reform of agricultural trade through elimination of all forms of export subsidies and reduction of domestic support. (1)
The US administration has been a key advocate of the Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) in the trade talks. President Bush has used agriculture as an excuse to push the vote on Trade Promotion Authority (TPA, once called Fast Track) through Congress. This will allow him to negotiate international trade agreements that Congress can only approve or reject, but not amend. President Bush has argued, "I want America to feed the world. We are missing some great opportunities, not only in our hemisphere, but around the world. These are opportunities for people who earn a living the hard way... These are opportunities for working people." (2) In other words, trade agreements are good for American farmers.
This position has been supported by the USDA secretary Ann Veneman and former secretaries Dan Glickman and Clayton Yeutter. Glickman claimed that "without expanding access to trade, we will see income come down. There are lots of positions on this, but there is no question that the President needs TPA - needs the authority to go out and negotiate trade deals." (3) Yeutter even singled out labor unions, radical environmental advocacy groups, and anti-globalization forces as the main opponents of farmers. (4)
What is the Agreement on Agriculture?
Prior to the Uruguay Round in 1995, agriculture fell outside the discipline of the predecessor to the WTO, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), ironically because of pressure from the United States. With the US threatening to leave GATT unless it was allowed to maintain protective mechanisms for sugar, dairy products, and other agricultural commodities, Washington was given a "non-time limited waiver" on agricultural products. Despite this early reticence, however, the need for "rules of engagement" in the struggle for Third World markets got the European Union (EU) and the US to press for the inclusion of an Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) in the Uruguay round. With the rhetoric of free trade, the two superpowers used the agreement to regulate monopolistic competition - for the right to exploit the Third World - between them. (5)
The AOA sought the liberalization of trade in agricultural products by opening up markets, and cutting domestic supports and export subsidies to help create more equal competition in the market. Instead this agreement has turned into the first step in making food production into a business monopolized by a few. (6) The AOA has created an unfair global trade system. It has not only proven to be a threat to the stability of Third World farmers who do not have competitive advantages, but has resulted in a US domestic agricultural policy that favors agribusiness over family farmers.
The Bones of the Agreement
The three key provisions in the AOA are:
- Market access: The extent to which a country allows imports of foreign products. It aims to regulate and lower protectionist barriers relating to tariffs, and the minimum and current trade quotas in order to improve access to markets.
- Domestic support: The annual monetary support given by governments to agricultural producers either in direct payments or tax breaks, or in the form of infrastructure and research. The AOA classifies these supports into several categories - those that are acceptable because they are minimally trade distorting, and those that are not acceptable; those that have ceiling levels, and those that do not.
- Export subsidy: Provisions that strive to reduce the amount of subsidies countries can give to export goods on the world market at prices lower than those in their domestic markets. Today, the countries that can afford to subsidize exports can take markets away from more efficient producers by undercutting the actual cost of production.
How the AOA has Affected Family Farmers in the US
Even before the AOA was drafted, US policy for the last 20 years has been to depress agricultural commodity prices, with the stated aim of increasing US market share in agricultural trade. Despite these efforts, the US market share in principal grain exports has fallen steadily during this period. Although only 30 percent of US agricultural production is traded internationally, the great weight of US agricultural policy is dedicated to dropping commodity prices, with devastating impacts on family farmers and rural communities.
Soon after the AOA came into effect in 1996, the US implemented the Federal Agriculture Implementation and Reform Act (FAIR). This new act was seen as a means to provide income and price stability for US farmers. (7) The goal was to expand agricultural exports with promises of a return to a free market, greater freedom for farmers, and reduced levels of government spending and controls. This bill, drafted in a period of high agricultural commodity prices, was formulated and supported by the representatives of corporate farms and agribusiness, even though farmers as well as policy makers knew that it lacked a safety net for family farmers. (8)
The most significant change FAIR brought about was the elimination of deficiency payments. These payments compensated farmers for the difference between the price received for their crops and the actual cost of production. (9) The deficiency payments were replaced with Production Flexibility Contracts, fixed payments to farmers based on past production levels, and not reflecting either current or projected production. (10) Production Flexibility Contracts preserved and even enhanced export subsidy programs. For both wheat and dairy exports, the US Secretary of Agriculture was directed to implement maximum volume and funding levels consistent with the GATT Uruguay Round commitments to develop markets throughout the world. (11)
While the intent was to stabilize prices and farm incomes by maximizing export sales opportunities, export subsidies were distributed mainly to the exporters and agribusiness, and did little to alleviate market price volatility for family farmers. (12) In fiscal year 2000, the US government paid $28 billion in subsidies, mostly to large landowners, under the so-called "Freedom to Farm" legislation of 1996. These payments comprised 49 percent of net farm income in 2000 and kept large farm operations in business, allowing US agribusiness to continue to pay below cost-of-production prices for agricultural raw materials. (13) All while the family farmers were driven off the land.
Recently, the US House of Representatives passed an emergency aid package of $5.5 billion for farmers. Once again, however, this money will not necessarily go to the farmers in dire straits, as the aid is not based on need. (14) The actual problem is not the amount of money the government spends, but how and to whom the money is allocated. These farm policies have generated an average 15 percent annual return on equity for agribusiness, compared to an average two percent return for the US farmers. (15)
The 1996 FAIR act reduced the number of strategies open to the producers in the US, forcing farmers to increase production in an effort to realize a more efficient scale. (16) American family farmers have faced record low prices and unfair market competition, while taxpayers have footed the bill for record levels of spending on farm programs. At the same time, corporate agribusiness has made record profits. Farmers with little control over the price of their products, are exposed to an economically volatile situation.
The Crisis of American Agriculture
Lou Anne Kellman, a retired Chicago lawyer, inherited a 900-acre farm in Texas in the mid-1980s. In some years, Kellman would lease her land to a rice farmer and the government would reward her with subsidy checks. In other years she let her land lie fallow, and the government paid her that too. She said, "I made $80,000 in one year for not farming. If you look at mine and my husband's combined income, that's ridiculous... It's like welfare for the rich." (17)
Today America's family farmers are in a crisis. Thousands of farm families are being forced off the land each year, but the agricultural establishment sees their exodus as inevitable, saying that those who fail are simply inefficient and unable to keep up with the changing times. The only option farmers have been offered is to get big enough to be competitive, get corporate contracts to reduce risks, or get out of farming.
Subsidies Evade Family Farmers
After the Great Depression, government policies were designed to reduce risks to family farmers. Crop insurance and disaster programs reduced production risk, and a variety of price and income support programs, plus set-aside programs that paid farmers to remove excess land from production, reduced price risks. But the 1996 Farm Bill, based on the US commitment to international trade agreements, eliminated price and income supports and replaced them with annual income payments, to be phased out on a fixed declining schedule over seven years.
Taxpayers may not realize it, but the money they send to Washington is hastening the demise of family farms through agricultural subsidy programs that purport to save them. A recent study of federal farm data indicates that farm aid has gone to a host of individual and institutional investors, for whom farming is at most a minor sideline. (18) Almost 63 percent of the $27 billion in federal farm subsidies doled out in 2000 went to just 10 percent of America's farm owners, including multimillion-dollar corporations and government agencies. (19) Basing subsidy payments on farm acreage rather than financial need means that some of the wealthiest members of Congress received farm aid from farm programs they voted for. At least 20 Fortune 500 companies and more than 1,200 universities and government farms, including state prisons, received checks from the federal programs touted as a way to prop up needy farmers. Subsidies also went to real estate developers and absentee landlords in big cities from Chicago to New York.
Government aid made up almost half of total farm income nationwide in 2000, most of it parceled out through programs aimed at making sure farmers don't go under when the prices they get for crops are not enough to pay their bills. However, two-thirds of America's farmers did not benefit from traditional income support programs. (20) The disparity is a symptom of a support system that is out of kilter with the needs of the average cash-trapped farmer. Most payments are tied to acreage: more land equals bigger checks.
Corporate Concentration of Agriculture
Economic globalization, driven in part by the WTO, has increased corporate influence throughout the US food supply system. Giant multinational corporations now control almost all aspects of American agriculture, with agricultural decision-making consolidated in a handful of corporate boardrooms.
Part of the difficulties faced by family farmers are the logical result of a situation where farm prices are set by whoever holds the most power. (22) In the 1980s, economic literature pointed out that there was a general agreement that the market is no longer competitive if the four largest firms held 40 percent of the market. (23) This concentration ratio used as a bench mark shows that family farmers have little control over the market. For example, in the flour milling industry the top four firms held 62 percent of the market in 1997. The share of four largest pork packer corporations increased from 44 percent to 57 percent from 1992 to 1999. (24) Today they control 62 percent of the market. (25) The top four firms in poultry control 53 percent of the market and the top four firms in beef control 81 percent of the market. (26)
"Farmers have lost control of the food as it's going through the chain."
- Craig Hill, Farmer (21)
Corporate concentration of both farm inputs and markets has intensified. On the input side, considerable consolidation has taken place among firms that supply farmers with seeds and chemical inputs. The top 10 agrochemical corporations control over 84 percent of the $30 billion agrochemical market. (27) Grain distribution is becoming even more concentrated. Two companies, Cargill and Continental, shared 50 percent of US grain exports in 1994; today they control about two-thirds of the grain in the world. (28)
This accelerated concentration of the food industry has had as much impact on the political process as it does on the livelihoods of small farmers. Cargill, the world's largest grain-trading company, had a disproportionate role from the start in shaping the rules under the old GATT framework. President Nixon's first trade advisor was William Pearce, a vice president of Cargill. Another Cargill alumnus, Daniel Amstutz, drafted President Reagan's agricultural proposal for GATT. (29) Thus the longstanding trend in trade negotiations in which agribusiness profits are favored at the expense of family farms should be no surprise.
"Non-enforcement of US laws has allowed corporate advocates of current US agricultural trade policy to reap record profits while farmers and ranchers go out of business or work second jobs to subsidize their operations. The independent family farmer is being destroyed in order to bring down prices enough to enable agribusiness to capture export markets."
- Neil Ritchie, national organizer of the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (30)
The US agricultural policy has long been directed at bringing the unit price agribusiness pays to farmers down to at least the world market price of any given agricultural commodity. (31) With the declining prices of agricultural commodities, farmer's income and economic independence have been jeopardized. Overall, the "all farm products" index decreased from 107 to 95 in the period of 1997 - 1999. The ratio of prices received to prices paid decreased from 91 to 82 in the same period of time. (32) The unit prices of wheat, rice, corn, and soybeans, all dropped between 1995 to 2000.
American family farmers have been the net losers, as the prices they receive are below the cost of production. Family farmers produce too little to affect total supply and ultimately prices. Reducing their output - rather than helping boost prices - would translate into less revenue for them. (33) This means that family farmers have to keep boosting the production of agricultural commodities to bring home even the smallest amount of income.
Exported to Death
FAIR offered a deal to the farmers: accept a cut in subsidies in exchange for deregulation and the promise of increased exports through the WTO and new trade deals with Latin America. The rapid growth in US agricultural exports - they more than doubled between 1985 and 1996 - encouraged many farmers to support the deregulation strategy. But for family farmers, the farm bill and the export-led growth strategy upon which it was based, has been a death knell. Rising exports have not translated into rising incomes for farmers, due to relentless declines in the real prices of basic farm products. The structure of American agriculture has been transformed for the worse.
As hard as it may be to believe, despite substantial growth in the volume of exports the total dollar value of all the exported wheat and flour, feed grains, and rice has dropped since 1996. (34) In the fiscal year 1996, the highest export trade balance was recorded - $59,867 million - while the export balance of fiscal year 1999 was $49,148 million, roughly a 20 percent decrease over three years. (35) The US farm trade balance declined by more than $13 billion between 1996 and 1998, and prices plummeted. Corn prices fell by 56 percent, from $4.30 per bushel in 1996 to $1.89 in 1998. Wheat prices dropped from $4.57 per bushel in 1996 to $2.46 in 1998; a drop of 46 percent. (36) Export markets have proven more volatile than domestic ones, and globalization has increased the vulnerability of farmers to sudden price swings. (37)
Farmer Income is Declining
"This year's crops will generate just enough revenue to break even. That's nothing to live on."
- Joe White, farmer in Kansas (38)
Small family farms are defined by the USDA National Commission on Small Farmers as farmers with less than $250,000 gross receipts annually on which day-to-day labor and management is provided by the farmer and/or the farm family that owns the production or owns, or leases, the productive assets. (39) Approximately 94 percent of all US farmers fit into this category. $250,000 may appear quite large amount of money at first, however, after production costs are deducted, this is barely sufficient to provide a net farm income of $23,159.
More than 80 percent of a farmer's gross sales go into farming expenses. According to a recent USDA census, total farm production expenses increased from $130,779,261 to $150,590,993 - roughly 15 percent. (40) On the other hand, net farm income (41) decreased by almost 12 percent during 1998 - 2000. (42)
Many who inherited farms are faced with the tough decision of whether or not to continue farming. In the years 1994 to 1996, about 25 percent of all US hog farmers, 10 percent of all grain farmers, and 10 percent of all dairy farmers went out of business. (43) With little profit from the field, many of them had to let go of farms that had been in their families for generations. (44) As the economic pressures of farming have intensified, the rate of suicides has jumped, as shame and severe depression have increased among farmers. (45)
The Death of the Family Farm
Small farms contribute to "a diversity of ownership, cropping systems, landscapes, biological diversity, culture, and traditions" as well as environmental benefits and economic opportunities for rural communities. (46) The crisis in American agriculture has endangered rural communities. As corporate agribusiness has replaced the owner-operated farms and ranches and, as farm size and absentee ownership has increased, social conditions in the local farming communities have deteriorated. (47) Despite the annual influx of billions of taxpayers dollars to the farm sector, the US Department of Agriculture reports that since 1945, the number of farms has declined by two-thirds in the US, while the area in farmland acres has remained the same. (48)
The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of Labor has projected that the number of people engaged in family farming will decrease from 1,307,712 in the year 1998 to 1,135,018 in 2008, a 13.2 percent decrease. This is the largest projected job loss among all occupations in 1998 - 2008. (49) Farming towns are in deep poverty. The newest data on income levels in each of the nation's 3,110 counties from the US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, shows that only one among the poorest 50 counties is a metropolitan county; most are very rural, agriculturally dependent counties. (50) The average farm-operator household in 1990 earned 14 percent of its income from the farm and the rest from off-farm employment. In the same year, 22 percent of US farm-operator households had incomes below the official poverty threshold, twice the rate of all US families. (51) Not finding economic opportunities in farming and rural areas, younger generations are leaving farming and rural towns.
The United States now has more prisoners than farmers. According to the Washington-based Justice Policy Institute the American prison population recently topped two million. According to the last farm census, there were 1.9 million farms in the US. In other words, there are more people behind bars that there were behind the wheel of a tractor. (52) An aging trend has also been observed in the farm and ranching population. (53) According to the 1997 Census of Agriculture, between 1992 and 1997 the number of farmers and ranchers age 25 or younger decreased by 25 percent, and the number aged 25 to 34 decreased by 28 percent. (54) According to the government statistics, nearly half of all the US farmers are older than 55 - the average age is 53 - while just eight percent are younger than 35.
The fundamental reason for the existence of most rural communities is to support those engaged in agriculture. But it takes people, not just production, to support a community. Larger farms tend to bypass rural communities in buying the production inputs and marketing their products. Also a rural community is far more than a rural economy. It takes people to fill the church pews and school desks, to serve on town councils, to justify investments in health care and other social services, and to do the things that make a community. The decreasing number of family farms chronicles the deaths of rural communities, where family farm dollars paid to equipment dealers, grocery stores, and gas stations recirculated through the local economy four times. (55)
Opportunity for Change
American family farmers, the supposed beneficiaries of the trade agreements, marched with the workers and environmentalists in Seattle and put the issue of the globalization of agriculture on the agenda of social and economic justice. Leland Swenson, president of the National Farmers Union at a Senate Agriculture Committee hearing said, "the outcome of previous trade talks - coupled with the Freedom to Farm program - have left US farmers and ranchers too exposed to the volatile global marketplace. The changes have put US producers at a disadvantage compared to competitors. The turbulent market has left family farmers and ranchers hanging by a thread. We will strongly oppose any effort to limit the level of direct aid governments may provide to producers." (56)
This opposition to proposed trade rules is growing. At the Rally for the Rural America held last year in Washington, DC, family farmers and grassroots organizations came together to provoke congressional action on America's deepening farm and rural crisis. The diversity of organizations backing the rally signaled how widespread the concern is over the future of rural America.
The message of this growing resistance is clear: It is time to stop artificially expanding trade without regard for the consequences. The 1996 Farm Bill, driven by America's obligations under the trade negotiations, was a complete failure. It failed to generate export-led growth, and it transferred risks to farmers while cutting their income. The costs implicit in future WTO and other trade negotiations are potentially huge. These costs include the loss of livelihoods of tens of thousands of American farm families. Given the absence of benefits, the American government should not trade away American family farmers' protections.
The model that drives overproduction in the US and drives American farmers off the land is the same model that drives peasants off the land in the Third World. (57) For a fraction of the amount American taxpayers currently pay, it should be possible to design a system that preserves family farming and builds a healthy rural America without damaging the ability of farmers in other countries to make a living.
The growing opposition is beginning to build a blueprint for the New American Farm - based on the multifunctional aspect of agriculture, which produces both public and private goods and services. The nation's agriculture should provide national food security. This would guarantee that no nation is starved into submission by another nation. Agriculture should ensure national food equity so that no one goes hungry regardless of ability to buy food. Agriculture should be designed to protect the natural environment, to protect the soil, earth, air, and water that are absolute necessities of life on earth. All of these are legitimate public goods and services, invaluable to society, but cannot be provided by the private economy of free trade.
2. "Bush Argues for Food Exports," Associated Press, June 22, 2001.
3. Roger Bernard, "Washington Watch: Bipartisan Push for Trade Promotion Authority," www.agwatch.org, August 27, 2001.
5. Aileen Kwa and Walden Bello, "Guide to the Agreement on Agriculture: Technicalities and Trade Tricks Explained," Focus on the Global South, December 1998.
7. "A Time to Act: Report of the USDA National Commission on Small Farmers," USDA National Commission on Small Farmers, January 1998.
8. Steve Suppan, "How Will the Free Trade Area of the Americas Impact Agriculture?," Institute for Agriculture and Trade, 2001.
9. Sophia Murphy, "US Agricultural Trade Policy and WTO, "Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, April 1998.
10. "Guide to the Agreement on Agriculture," op. cit.
11. Gigi DiGiacomo, "Agricultural Market Liberalization in the United States," Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, October 1998.
12. "Guide to the Agreement on Agriculture," op. cit.
13. "How Will the Free Trade Area of the Americas Impact Agriculture?," op. cit.
14. "House Approves $5.5 Billion in Emergency Aid for Farmers," The New York Times, June 27, 2001.
15. Steve Suppan, "Agriculture and Food Security Under the Free Trade Area of the Americas Negotiations," Institute for Agricultural Trade and Policy, 1998.
16. "US Agricultural Trade Policy and WTO," op. cit.
17. "Farm Aid Crops Up in Unlikely Pockets," Chicago Tribune, July 3, 2001.
19. "Most Farm Aid Goes to the Powerful," Associated Press, September 10, 2001.
20. "House Approves $5.5 Billion in Emergency Aid," op. cit.
21. "Presidential Candidates Propose Farm Remedies in Iowa," CNN.com, August 4, 1999.
22. "Farm Activists Report Successful Seattle Protest Events," WTOWATCH.org, December 7, 1999.
23. William Heffernan, "Report to the National Farmers Union: Consolidation in the Food and Agricultural System," February 5, 1999.
25. "Corporate Farming Notes," Center for Rural Affairs, September 2001.
27. "Globalization, Inc. Concentration in Corporate Power: The Unmentioned Agenda," ETC Group communiqué, July/August 2001.
28. "Corporate Farming Notes," op. cit.
29. Karen Lehman and Al Krebs, "Control of the World's Food Supply," in The Case against the Global Economy, eds. Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996).
30. "Ventura to Push Farm Agenda in June Trip to Washington," Star Tribune, June 8, 1999.
31. "How Will the Free Trade Area of the Americas Impact Agriculture?," op. cit.
32. "Table 4: Indexes of Prices Received and Paid by Farmers, US Average," Economic Research Service/USDA, www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/may2000/ao271k.pdf
33. "Crop Agriculture Faces Long-Term Price and Income Problems," testimony of Daryll E. Ray before the House Committee on Agriculture, February 14, 2001.
34. "Table 2: US Agricultural Exports: Quantity and Value of Major Commodity Groups, October-September 1980/1981-1999/2000," Economic Research Service/USDA, www.ers.usda.gov/data/fatus/data/fy2000/table2.htm
35. "Total Value of US Agricultural Trade," Economic Research Service/USDA, www.ers.usda.gov/data/fatus/otherfatusdata.htm.
36. Robert Scott, "Exported to Death: the Failure of Agricultural Deregulation," Briefing Paper No. 86, Economic Policy Institute, 2000.
37. "Exported to Death," op. cit.
38. "Economic Good Times Not Rolling Down on the American Farmers," CNN.com, June 30, 1999.
39. "A Fair Income For Farmers," Agricultural Outlook, Economic Research Service/USDA, May 2000.
40. "Farm Income Down in 2000," Agricultural Outlook, Economic Research Service/USDA, May 2000.
41. Net farm income is the difference between cash receipts and cash expenses. This cash-based concept measures the total income farmers receive in a given year, regardless of the year in which the market output was the produced. It indicates the availability of funds to cover expenses such as operating costs, finance capital investments and savings, service debts, maintaining living standards, and paying taxes.
42. "Farm Income Down in 2000," op. cit.
43. "Agriculture and Food Security Under the Free Trade Area of the Americas Negotiations," op. cit.
44. The Global Banquet: Politics of Food, video, Maryknoll Productions, 2001.
45. "Hard Economic Times Bring Depression, Shame for Struggling Farmers," CNN.com, May 25, 2000.
46. "A Time to Act," USDA National Commission on Small Farms, www.reeusda.gov/agsys/smallfarm/report.htm, January 1998.
47. "The Case for Redirecting US Farm Policy," Center for Rural Affairs, http://www.cfra.org/resources/case_for_redirect.htm
48. Neal Peterson and Nora Brooks, "The Changing Concentration of US Agricultural Production During the Twentieth Century" Fourteenth Annual Report to Congress on the Status of Family Farm, no. 27, Economic Research Service/USDA, July 1993.
49. "Farmers Projected to Have Largest Job Loss in 1998-2008," Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor, stats.bls.gov/opub/ted/2000/feb/wk2/art02.htm.
50. "The Latest Data on Rural Poverty," Center for Rural Affairs, www.cfra.org/newsletter/2001_07.htm#The%20Latest%20Data, July 2001.
51. "Control of the World's Food Supply," op. cit.
52. "Prisoners and Plowshares: Who Will Feed the Inmates?" Rural Advancement Foundation International, August 31, 2000.
53. "Cultivating a New Generation of Farmers and Ranchers," Center for Rural Affairs, June 2001.
55. "Control of the World's Food Supply," op. cit.
56. "NFU says WTO Agenda Must Preserve the Right to Set Domestic Farm Policy," WTOWATCH.org, October 1, 1999.
57. Peter Rosset, "The Multiple Functions and Benefits of Small Farm Agriculture in the Context of Global Trade Negotiations," Food First Policy Brief No. 4 (Oakland, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1999).
Originally published as a Food First Backgrounder Fall 2001 Vol 7. No. 4
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The path of El Camino Real (Spanish for “the Royal Road”) was blazed by Padre Junipero Serra, a Spanish Franciscan friar who founded a mission in Baja California as well as the first nine of 21 Spanish missions between San Diego and San Francisco. The route of El Camino Real changed due to weather, travel modes, and the tides. Although a well-traveled road today, El Camino Real began as an obscure footpath that linked Spanish settlements to administrative centers. The current path of El Camino Real, including the 43-mile stretch between Daly City and downtown San Jose (State Route 82), is decidedly fixed and developed.
How was the footpath transformed into the El Camino Real we now know? What form of transportation dominates the El Camino Real Corridor today? The answer to both questions is the same: automobiles.
The preservation of El Camino Real was spearheaded by Miss Anna Pitcher, Director of the Pasadena Art Exhibition Association to the Women’s Club of Los Angeles, in 1892. This notion was driven by two factors. The first factor was the rise of the automobile, which created a small group of wealthy Californians who desired a maintained state highway. The second factor was the romantic view of the state’s Spanish colonial history, which was connected by El Camino Real, to appeal to tourists. Finally, the El Camino Real Association was formed 1904 to indicate the historical route, advocate for tourism along the road, and seek support from the government.
As a way to indicate the historical route of El Camino Real, cast iron bells were hung from eleven-foot bent guideposts alongside the road. Since 1906, the Mission Bell Marker System has run the full span of El Camino Real. The bells were installed as landmarks for travelers as well as references to the Francisco padres who settled California.
Over 450 markers were in place by 1913, but many bells were removed over the years due to damage, vandalism, and theft. As part of a restoration project mandated by legislation, the Division of Highways was required to maintain the marker system.
El Camino Real is California Registered Historical Landmark No. 784, as commemorated on a plaque at Mission Delores in San Francisco. The plaque marks the northern terminus of El Camino Real as Padre Junipero Serra knew it. El Camino Real was eventually extended north to Sonoma. The portion of El Camino Real in San Bruno was the first State Highway to be paved in California. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on August 7, 1912.
Today, despite passing through the heart of so many Peninsula communities, El Camino Real is an urban arterial that functions largely as a bland, featureless traffic funnel with limited interface with the existing communities. We are changing that.
Even though its transformation is due in large part to the automobile, the future of the El Camino Real Corridor can and should focus on the movement of people – people walking, biking, taking the bus or the train, as well as driving their personal cars. The El Camino Real Corridor includes the 43-mile stretch of the El Camino Real roadway between Daly City and downtown San Jose as well as the ½-mile area of surrounding streets and neighborhoods on either side of the roadway.
The Grand Boulevard Initiative is helping make more of what our communities desire and need: vibrant and sustainable neighborhoods, thriving business communities, and a strong system of public transportation that is safe and accessible. The Initiative supports work to make the El Camino Real Corridor more friendly to the people who live and work here: Parents. Kids. Commuters. Homeowners. Local businesses.
The Grand Boulevard Initiative is a successful example of local agencies collaborating to meet regional challenges and implement smart growth practices. Nineteen cities, two counties, two transit agencies, regional agencies, the California Department of Transportation, and community organizations have joined together to influence regional solutions based upon local values. This is a significant community and regional effort that links transportation, land use, and economic development planning to address the anticipated regional growth and create sustainable communities. As the Grand Boulevard Initiative involves all jurisdictions having purview over the 43-mile El Camino Real Corridor, it plays a vital role in creating people friendly places and fostering sustainable communities that best serve the existing and future populations that live and work in the heart of the San Francisco Bay Area.
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Genetic links found in breast, ovarian cancers
Researchers in the United States have discovered that one of the deadliest types of breast cancer has genetic similarities to ovarian cancer.
The latest findings, to be published in the journal Nature, come from an international study which mapped the DNA of cancer tumours.
The basal-like breast cancer tumour is aggressive and accounts for one in 10 women who get the disease.
Cancer Australia chief executive Professor Helen Zorbas says 14,000 women in Australia are diagnosed with breast cancer each year.
"Of these, about 10 per cent will have the characteristics of basal-like tumours and they disproportionately affect younger women.
"Therefore understanding the genetic profiles of these tumours is very significant in terms of understanding how we can treat them."
The research which uncovered the link is part of the Cancer Genome Atlas Project.
There is another similar project called the International Cancer Genome Consortium.
Australia contributes research to both.
The director of genomics and genetics at Melbourne's Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Professor David Bowtell, says the cancers are more varied than initially thought.
"Cancers that we thought of as being homogenous are actually multiple different diseases, so breast cancer is not one disease, ovarian cancer is not one disease but actually many diseases," he said.
"So there's a sort of fragmentation that's occurring.
"What we're also finding though is that there are unexpected parallels between cancers that are from quite different parts of the body."
Professor Bowtell says it is probable in the next three years there will be a map for the most common cancers and a large number of the rare ones as well.
He says this will help specialists tailor treatment for the various cancers and hopefully extend the lives of patients.
"Targeted therapies for certain types of lung cancer, certain leukaemias, uncommon cancers.
"Gastrointestinal stromal tumours, for example, have a particular molecular defect in them that makes them very sensitive to a drug that is targeted against that molecular defect."
While there is hope treatments will be created to kill cancers entirely, Professor Bowtell says it is more likely to be about managing cancer, similar to HIV or other diseases.
"What we want for cancer is that we will obviously increase the number of cures but also that we can turn it from something that's obviously very feared to something that is actually well managed," he said.
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Information on Down Syndrome
Do you believe in magic? Want to know more about DSRF? We would be happy to give you a tour of our unique facility. Please contact Dawn to set up an individualized or group tour....more
DSRF - Making Dreams Happen
The Down Syndrome Research Foundation is proud to present our brand new promotional video aimed at raising awareness for our organization as well as providing information on our various programs for individuals with developmental disabilities of all ages....more
Waiting for a Snowflake to Land on my Tongue
DSRF Receives Kiwanis Club Grant (2013)
What is Down Syndrome?
Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by an extra chromosome. It occurs in one in 700 - 900 live births and results when the fetus ends up with three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two. When this happens, certain genes on chromosome 21 are “over-expressed” which causes cellular changes that lead to health problems, developmental delays and learning disabilities.
Fortunately, scientists around the world are learning more specifics about the biochemical, physical and psychological changes that define Down syndrome and they are exploring ways to prevent or overcome their effects. Down syndrome research, in fact, is turning out to have important health implications for the rest of us as it has led to significant discoveries in male fertility, Alzheimer’s and breast cancer.
At the DSRF we are here to provide you with information. If you would like an opportunity to ask questions, review our information packages and resources or talk with other families who have faced the same decisions please contact us by email at [email protected] or by phone at 604-444-3773.
Below are links to further information on the topic of prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome.
Continuing pregnancy with a diagnosis of Down's syndrome - A guide for parents / Stuart Mills. London, UK : Down's Syndrome Association, 2006.
A brochure produced by the Down's Syndrome Association in the UK about continuing a pregnancy with a diagnosis of Down syndrome.
Prenatal screening for fetal aneuploidy: commentary by the Canadian Down Syndrome Society / Prenatal Genetic Screening and Testing: position statement by the Canadian Down Syndrome Society, Friday, 17 July 2009
SOGC clinical practice guideline No. 187: prenatal screening for fetal aneuploidy / Principal authors; Anne M. Summers, Sylvie Langlois, Phil Wyatt, R. Douglas Wilson. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2007 Feb;29(2):146-161.
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada position statement to offer universal screening for fetal anomalies for all pregnant women in Canada.
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The notion that the European Union has never been less united than now has taken hold in the public consciousness. The recurring theme is that EU countries are unable to agree on euro reforms, on migratory flow management, on how to deal with growing aggressiveness from the US, Russia and China, and that the rise of national populism will further undermine the Union to the breaking point.
Divisions exist, and they are serious, but a calm and collected analysis, with historical perspective, shows that Europe is probably more united today than ever before. And to convince ourselves of this fact, it is not necessary to recall the centuries’ worth of European conflicts ranging from the Hundred Years’ War to World War II. It is enough to review the last 60 years of European integration.
Let’s break it down into decades. In the 1960s we had the Empty Chair Crisis, triggered by a De Gaulle, who felt considerably more French than European. Then, in the 1970s, we had the collapse of the “snake in the tunnel” (an attempt at monetary cooperation) that buried the Werner Plan and triggered years of tensions between France and a dominant Germany, which imposed the tyranny of the Deutsche Mark. And in the 1980s we had the crisis of Thatcher’s “handbag” and the Fontainebleau agreement institutionalizing the rebate for the UK on its contribution to the EU budget, a historical mistake that firmly established “English exceptionalism.”
There are those who will think that the 1990s, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, were years of greater unity. Not in the least. The United Kingdom did not join the euro, the Danish voted against it, and only 51% of French citizens supported it. It was a narrow victory, and meanwhile there were many voices opposed to extending EU membership to Eastern European countries. These tensions flared up again in the first decade of the 21st century when the French and the Dutch voted against the European Constitution.
These episodes might seem trivial compared with the dramatic events of 2012 and above all 2015, when Greece was nearly kicked out of the euro club. But this, too, needs to be seen in perspective. If European leaders spent decades negotiating tooth and claw EU budgets that never exceeded 1% of GDP, and which now stands at around €150 billion, how could they be expected not to confront one another, and even exchange insults, when the total figure for the Greek bailout was €290 billion? That’s higher than Denmark’s entire GDP!
In fact the EU, which now has 27 member states instead of just 12, is doing better than expected. When future historians analyze the tug-of-war between the UK and the EU over Brexit, they will conclude that the Union remained united and secured a separation agreement that proved beneficial to its own interests. They will also underscore that this is the first time in 500 years that Britain has not managed to divide the continent, even though it has certainly tried, even resorting to the argument of its military might.
The Union has also remained united throughout tensions with Russia, the US and China. There have been nearly five years of seamless sanctions against Russia, a feat that few thought possible. And recently, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker flew to Washington DC and negotiated a truce with US President Trump on equal footing, as a representative of the interests of 500 million Europeans. This in itself is an unprecedented event. In its relations with China, the EU has surprised even the more optimistic observers, first by not granting the Asian giant market economy status in the World Trade Organization, and later by establishing the first oversight mechanism for European investment, an idea that prompted derisive laughter from American diplomats just a few years ago.
Even popular support for the EU has increased. Figures from the 2018 Eurobarometer show that two thirds of citizens (67%) support the EU, an unseen number since 1983, while 74% support the single currency, a new record. As a matter of fact the Union is so attractive that 700,000 British citizens recently marched on the streets of London waving European flags (a seemingly impossible sight), while French President Emmanuel Macron drapes himself in the European flag on a daily basis (pure madness) and German Chancellor Angela Merkel wants to create a European army (reckless).
And the most extraordinary part of all is that neither Hungary’s Viktor Orbán, nor Poland’s Jaroslaw Kaczynski, not even Italy’s Matteo Salvini actually defend leaving the Union. On the contrary, they are contemplating a League of Leagues to take Brussels by storm. This may sound scary, but this structural change is positive. The national populists no longer want to destroy the EU, they want to make it more authoritarian instead. What is being created is a European demos with all its inherent ideological battles. This is so much so, that for the first time the European elections of next May will be truly European elections. Those who do not wish to see an authoritarian EU should go out and vote. And here’s the biggest irony of all: maybe the British will have regrets and join the party of European democracy after all.
Miguel Otero Iglesias is a Senior Analyst at Real Instituto Elcano and a professor of practice at Instituto de Empresa’s School of Global and Public Affairs.
English version by Susana Urra.
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Melaka Historical City Day
Melaka received the declaration as a historical city on 15 April 2008. Hence, that day is considered as a public holiday in Melaka.
In order to commemorate the day, there will be a month long celebration held and organised by Melaka Historical City Councils. The celebration is called Melaka Festival. There are rows of activities such as live performance, concert, historical run, photo competition, video competition, coloring competition and many more lined up for the festival.
The events take place in several places around Bandar Melaka for one whole month.
Image by: A’MOUR VOYAGE
Where to go?
The Melaka Historical City Day Celebration is usually held at Dataran Bandaraya MBMB, Ayer Keroh, whereas the celebration for the festival is held at different places in Bandar Melaka.
Melaka Historical City Day Celebration is celebrated on 15th April annually, whereas Melaka Festival takes place after for one whole month.
There’s no entrance fee for the Melaka Historical City Day celebration, however some activities during Melaka Festival might charge entrance and participation fees.
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[ nef-uh-luh-nahyt ]
/ ˈnɛf ə ləˌnaɪt /
a fine-grained, dark rock of volcanic origin, essentially a basalt containing nepheline but no feldspar and little or no olivine.
THIS WEEK’S WORD OF THE DAY QUIZ IS POSITIVELY FELICIFIC
Do you study our Words of the Day with great assiduity? See how many you remember from March 3 to April 5!
Question 1 of 7
OTHER WORDS FROM nepheliniteneph·e·li·nit·ic [nef-uh-luh-nit-ik] /ˌnɛf ə ləˈnɪt ɪk/, adjective
Words nearby nephelinite
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2020
Example sentences from the Web for nephelinite
They are chiefly leucite and nepheline rocks, such as leucitite, leucitophyre and nephelinite, but basalt and trachyte also occur.
British Dictionary definitions for nephelinite
/ (ˈnɛfɪlɪˌnaɪt) /
a fine-grained basic laval rock consisting of pyroxene and nepheline
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
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Classes by appointment only*
- Basic US History with an emphasis on previous generations of immigrants.
- The structure of the US government and the importance of the US Constitution.
- Basic English comprehension.
We will expose students to the 100 question bank and help you learn the answers before your test.
This Citizenship Test Preparation class is taught entirely in English. The classes are Free and materials are at no cost. Students must be able to speak, converse and understand English. Classes are ongoing and you are able to join anytime.
* For more information, please contact us or email Holly at [email protected].
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The United States Department of Agriculture stays true to their tagline, “We keep America’s agriculture growing.” This is a short but meaningful statement inspires them to always keep their heart in their missions.
The USDA ensures that our agricultural industry remains strong by drafting and executing agriculture-related laws. Moreover, the agency provides many financing options to assist eligible individuals in building stronger agricultural communities.
The department believes that providing homeownership opportunities in rural areas will help in the advancement of Rural America. The USDA Rural Development (RD) is the agency that comes up with ways to encourage more individuals to live in rural areas. To them, bigger rural communities are key ingredients for growth and development.
The RD offers USDA home loans to eligible homebuyers. The program is known for its lenient requirements and affordable financing. However, there are other amazing facts about the USDA home loan that also deserves the spotlight.
Here, we point out some facts that make the USDA home loan all the more amazing.
Zero Down Payment
Down payment is the most common hindrance to homeownership. Most conventional loans require a down payment which equals 20 percent of the home price. Some people just don’t have this amount of money, that’s why they back out from their home buying plans.
Thankfully, the USDA home loan offers 100 percent financing. Qualified borrowers may opt for a low or zero down payment. This allows the buyers to pay more towards their mortgage each month. And even with the 100 percent financing, the interest rates still remain affordable.
The USDA home loan requires a funding fee payable each month. However, even with the fee, it still remains as one of the most affordable sources of credit.
It is Reusable
Yes, you can use the USDA home loan over and over again. There is no limit as to how many times you can use this financing. However, you can only finance one home at a time. Technically speaking, you can’t buy a second home with a USDA home loan.
In short, the USDA home loan can only be used to purchase an owner-occupied primary residence. But if you sell your USDA-financed home, pay the loan completely and buy a new house, you can reuse the USDA home financing.
Talking about leniency, the USDA RD has a few exemptions to this rule. You may be allowed to purchase another property using a USDA home loan without having to sell your existing home. The exemptions are as follows.
When work requires you to travel more than 50 miles from your USDA-financed home.
When your family has outgrown the house. Too many children, too few rooms? USDA allows you to use this loan to purchase a house that’s adequate for your growing family.
More Relaxed Loan Limits
The USDA home loan does not directly stipulate a specific number for the loan limit in its guidelines. Each borrower’s limit is calculated based on the income limits and the DTI ratio requirements of the said program.
This makes it different from other federally-backed home loans where the loan limit is strictly established. Take, for example, the VA home loan. It typically follows the conventional loan limit of $424,000. For the FHA home loan, the limit is a bit higher for high costs areas, at $625,000. But in most areas of the country, it usually is lesser than that.
These are the three aspects of the USDA home loan that aren’t highlighted as much. Nevertheless, these things make this financing more amazing.
Although the USDA home loan is one of the best financing programs on the market today. It also cannot be denied that there are many more mortgage programs that offer attractive terms and rates. The FHA and VA loans are just as impressive as the USDA home loan. You can learn more about these financing options by talking to a lender today.
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UNITED NATIONS -- The international community has fallen short of promises to prevent deterioration of the global environment, U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan said Monday.
The pledges were made at the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. There, world leaders promised to eradicate poverty, change patterns of consumption and production, save the world's ecosystems, and prevent global deforestation.
"Some progress has been made in adopting measures to protect the environment," Annan said in a 69-page report released here. "But the state of the world's environment is still fragile and conservation measures are far from satisfactory."
Annan also said there have been no major changes in the "unsustainable patterns of consumption and production."
Some 15 percent of the world's population, mostly in rich countries, account for 56 percent of the global consumption while the poorest 40 percent, in low-income countries, account for only 11 percent of consumption, he said.
"In some respects, conditions are actually worse (now) than they were 10 years ago," Annan noted.
The study was released Monday to coincide with the start of two-week preparatory talks for the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD), scheduled to take place in Johannesburg, South Africa, Aug. 26 - Sep. 4.
Kenny Bruno, U.N. Project Coordinator for the U.S.-based non- governmental organization CorpWatch, said one of the primary reasons for poor implementation following the Earth Summit was the failure to confront the growing power of multinational corporations.
"That power resulted in corporate-led globalization that sidelined Agenda 21," the document that embodied the Earth Summit pledges, he told IPS. As a result, he said, the environmental agenda became subservient to trade and investment rules, rather than the other way around.
Bruno's group is among vocal opponents of the U.N. Global Compact, a partnership between the world body and leading multinational corporations. Designed to promote respect for human, environmental, and labor rights, the initiative is seen by critics as providing corporations opportunity to cleanse their image without holding them to any firm and enforceable commitments to improve their practices.
The deterioration of the global environment has been reflected in several developments over the last 10 years, according to Annan's study.
Freshwater is becoming scarcer in many countries due to agriculture, which accounts for 70 percent of consumption. Only 30 percent of the water supplied is actually used by plants and crops - the remainder is wasted.
More than 11,000 species are now considered threatened and 800 have already become extinct due to loss of habitats. Another 5,000 species are potentially threatened unless efforts are taken to reverse their population declines, the study said.
About one-quarter of the world's fisheries are over-fished and half are fully utilized. Marine catches from the Atlantic Ocean and in some parts of the Pacific Ocean reached their maximum potential years ago. Only one percent of the world's oceans are protected reserves.
The study also said that natural forests are being converted to agriculture and other land. The rate of global deforestation during the 1990s is estimated at 14.6 million hectares per year, a net loss of four percent of the world's forests in the last decade, mostly in developing countries. Net deforestation rates were highest in Africa and South America.
Additionally, about 27 percent of the world's coral reefs have been lost due to both direct human impacts and the effects of climate change, and it is estimated that another 32 percent of the reefs may be functionally destroyed within the next 30 years, if no corrective action is taken.
The greatest increase in energy use occurred in transportation, where 95 percent of the energy consumed was derived from petroleum. Global carbon dioxide emissions from this sector are expected to rise 75 percent through 2020.
The study said several key international pacts came out of the Earth Summit, including the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention to Combat Desertification and the U.N. Convention on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.
The study said only "very limited progress" had been made in reducing poverty, however, and globalization by itself had not benefited most people.
Overall poverty in developing countries, based on an income poverty line of one dollar a day, declined from 29 percent in 1990 to 23 percent in 1998. The total number of people living in poverty dropped slightly: from 1.3 billion to 1.2 billion, out of a total world population of about six billion.
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