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One of the most famous and successful investors of the 20th century, is Benjamin Graham. He was one of the first value investors. Other investors had used the same approach on investing before. But since Benjamin Graham began teaching value investing, it became more common.
The life of Benjamin Graham
Benjamin Graham was born in 1894. He died rich in 1976. Graham studied at the Columbia University and graduated as second best of his year. After graduation, he took a job at Wall Street. He became very successful as a security analyst and with investment strategies he invented.
In 1928, Benjamin Graham became a teacher at the Columbia Business School. At the Columbia Business School, Graham taught value investing. At that moment, he was already a very successful investor and had made a lot of money by investing in undervalued companies and with money-making strategies.
As one of the most successful investors and a famous value investor, Benjamin Graham wrote two very influential books about investing. He wrote "Security analysis" (1934) together with David Dodd. "Security analysis" contains their view on how to value companies and the shares of these companies. "Security analysis" became the bible for investors.
Benjamin Graham's second influential book, "The intelligent investor" (1949) was, and still is, one of the best books on investing. "The intelligent investor" makes a distinction between true investors and gamblers, or speculators. This book is also "The best book on investing", according to Warren Buffett.
Value investing and Benjamin Graham
As mentioned earlier, Benjamin Graham was one of the first value investors. He was very successful and made a lot of money with investing. As a value investor, Graham always tried to get his hands on the best (under)valued companies he could find.
The philosophy of Benjamin Graham relied on the knowledge and expertise of investors. Investors should always calculate the true value of a company by themselves. The calculated value of a company must be higher than the current market value. An investor must rely on facts and proper analysis. A right price for an investment is not the market value, but the value that is the outcome of proper analysis, Graham taught.
Benjamin Graham also taught that investing is about buying and owning a company. Furthermore, the company should have real income, or cash flow. If you do not think investing is owning a company, or you rely on the company's promise of future income, you are a speculator. And Benjamin Graham, being a value investor, certainly was not a speculator.
And finally, Benjamin Graham recognized that it was easy to find good investments in bad times in the market. But it is a whole lot harder to find good investments at good times in the market.
Investment method of Benjamin Graham
But now, how did Benjamin Graham selected the right investments? Which kind of analysis he used when investing?
First of all, he analyzed the 'earning power' of a company. He took the average income of the past 7 to 10 years, so he knew the company had a sustainable income. This also cleared him from insider tricks, like the addiction of some managers to temporary increase the income of a company.
Secondly, he used six so called business factors. Benjamin Graham used these business factors to analyze companies that he was interested in. The six business factors are explained below.
Profitability is the first business factor. Without profitability, a company does not have a meaning of life. Or at least not on the longer term. Graham calculated the profitability by dividing the operating income by sales.
The second business factor is stability. Benjamin Graham thought companies should perform in a pretty predictable way. He thought investing is about stability. He determined stability by analyzing the income per share of a company for a ten year period.
The third business factor Benjamin Graham used, is growth. He compared the growth of one company with the growth of an index of companies (like the Dow Jones Industrial Average). He compared the growth per share. If the growth of the company was higher than its equals, the company is worth investing in.
The financial position of a company in the fourth business factor. Graham determined the financial position of a company by analyzing its debt ratio. He compared the debts of a company with the assets. The smaller the debts compared to the assets, the better Benjamin Graham liked the company.
Benjamin Graham also thought investors should have a sustainable cash flow. Therefore the fifth business factor is a sustained dividend yield. The company should have had a history of uninterrupted dividend payments.
The final business factor is price history. Graham was only interested in companies of which the share price rose consistently through the years.
Benjamin Graham was a successful investor. This article explained the thoughts and philosophy of Benjamin Graham on investing. To become a successful investor yourself, you should learn how others did. Below you can find a list of 14 thoughts for investment decisions, based on the ideas of Benjamin Graham.
Benjamin Graham has written down 14 thoughts for good investment decisions:
- Invest, don't speculate
- Know the asking price
- Rake the market for bargains
- Buy the formula (not the price)
- Be suspicious on the company figures
- Don't stress out your investments
- Don't sweat the math (if your analysis is right)
- Diversify between investment products
- Diversify between different companies
- When at doubt, stick with quality
- Dividends are an indication
- Defend your rights as shareholder
- Be patient
- Think for yourself
On this site, you can find tools that can help you to invest just like Benjamin Graham did:
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Indigenous Management of Wetlands Experiences in Ethiopia
This title was first published in 2003. There has been increasing recognition around the world that wetlands are fragile ecosystems which require sensitive and sustainable management if they are to continue to provide their range of functions and benefits. These functions and benefits, which include contributions to food security and environmental regulation, play a critical role in sustaining rural livelihoods in many developing countries. Drawing upon research carried out in the area, this book identifies and discusses the importance of wetlands to local communities in south-west Ethiopia, and in particular, how indigenous wetland management practices contribute to sustainable wetland use. As the basis of wetland management, particular attention is paid to the role of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, and how knowledge of wetland functioning is acquired, disseminated, developed and applied by local communities in their wetland management strategies. Critically, this community knowledge is examined in the context of scientific data, specifically that obtained from a wetland hydrology monitoring programme, thereby drawing attention to the strengths and weaknesses of both systems. This has major implications not only for the ways in which wetlands and other natural resources are managed at the local level, but also for the wider rural development strategies of governments and non-governmental organizations.
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In the very little written text we have about the first Thanksgiving, one thing is made clear — there was some kind of bird, and lots of it. Historians guess it was most likely duck and swan because of local wildlife. America was populated with some wild turkey, but if the pilgrims shot any that day for the feast, no one mentioned it in the descriptions.
Even if it wasn't a turkey, the bird enjoyed at the first Thanksgiving might have been stuffed. Native Americans and the English both occasionally stuffed birds and fish, and in America the pilgrims had access to a lot of components that fill modern-day stuffing, like onions and a variety of "herbs" grown in their new gardens, which included hearty vegetables like parsnips, turnips, cabbage, and carrots.
Recipe: Vegetable-Herb Stuffing
Historians all seem to agree that another protein was present at the Thanksgiving festivities; venison from five deer was brought by the Wampanoag and presented to important Englishmen. It's thought that the meat was probably prepared in ways traditional to the Native Americans with native spices.
Pumpkin and squash varieties were native to New England and had been introduced to England in the 1500s. Though the varieties of squash might have been different, the pilgrims would have been familiar enough with the plants to cook them for the first Thanksgiving. Butter and sugar were sparse, so if pumpkin was eaten, it was served in a savory way.
Cranberries were probably cooked at the first Thanksgiving, but not how you might think. The Native Americans had long been using cranberries in a mixture of crushed berries, dried deer meat, and melted fat called pemmican; it was used as a nutritional supplement as well as medical treatment. It's thought that cranberries were used to add a tart note to some of the dishes, though historians are sure that they wouldn't have been sweetened. Sugar was already expensive in England and the stores of imported sugar brought over with the pilgrims would have dwindled by the first Thanksgiving feast.
Yes, lobster! Pilgrim Edward Winslow documented the foods available to them, claiming, "[o]ur bay is full of lobsters all the summer." Our current idea of lobster as a luxury didn't emerge until sometime around the end of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-19th century. Prior to this time, lobster was fed to servants and prisoners, so it's no wonder that settlers scraping by would turn to these abundant critters.
Just like we serve rolls, bread was most likely presented as a side at the first Thanksgiving feast. The pilgrims would have adapted their recipes to include flour made from corn because of its abundance. Though technically corn bread, it probably wasn't like the corn bread we know today. They would have used the native corn, colorful hard flint corn, that became known colloquially as "Indian corn."
The great thing about pumpkin is it's multiple delicious uses. In addition to roasted squash, the pilgrims also likely enjoyed a savory soup made from one of the native gourds. Soup might not have been as comforting for them as for us, though; to get a smooth soup like this, they had to do all the work by hand.
Recipe: Harvest Pumpkin Soup
In addition to their duck, the pilgrims would have hunted native goose to roast on a spit over the fire. Though duck and goose were the most common, it's also possible the pilgrims enjoyed some swan during this first feast.
Recipe: Crispy Citrus Goose
Like with their bread, pilgrims adapted many recipes they were used to in order to make use of local produce, including oatmeal and pancakes. Corn samp, a porridge of ground corn, was a version of oatmeal they could have produced with the resources available to them. Thick and hearty as it was, it would have been a comforting food, much like those that grace our table now.
Recipe: Double Corn Polenta
While lobsters were collected for the feast, pilgrims may have dug for another savory seafood: clams. Luckily for the pilgrims (and for you), these juicy gems open up on their own after some heating. They could have been cooked into soups and stews, but they're just as delicious on their own.
As soon as they were settled, pilgrims began cultivating their own vegetables in gardens, many of which were root vegetables like carrots, parsnips, and turnips. Perfect for the fall and winter seasons, these veggies could easily be roasted by the fire, chopped, and served together as a hearty, warming dish. In addition to being used in stuffing, the pilgrims most likely enjoyed them in a dish of their own.
Recipe: Festive Roasted Fall Vegetables
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Understanding Your Sprinkler System
Most homeowners with a lawn in the United States have an installed sprinkler system. If there wasn’t one, the grass would be dead and yellow all through the summer. Even though so many Americans own sprinkler systems, how many of them know how they work?
How many know the names of all the parts of a sprinkler. For example, what is a stop-and-waste valve? This article will not only define a stop-and-waste valve but it will also explain where it is and how it works. It will also discuss the costs of not taking care of your plumbing system.
What Is a Stop-And-Waste Valve?
So, what is this valve? The stop-and-waste valve is the valve in your sprinkler system that allows you to turn off your sprinkler system without turning off all the water on your property, like in your house.
The valve also works to drain water from the irrigation sprinkler system while not in use to prevent pipes from bursting due to water freezing in them during the winter. This process of draining water is also called wasting, therefore the “stop-and-waste” valve.
Basically, it can also be called the sprinkler shut off valve. This valve usually consists of a two-way valve with a knob on the top so you can turn it off and on. Most valves today are made of copper.
Where, and How, to Use It
Your shut-off valve is usually located four to five feet underground so it can be a part of the water pipe system. That hole in the ground with the plastic covering on it located at a random location in your yard? That’s the valve. Most people will usually only turn the valve twice throughout the year.
The first time is during the spring so you can use your sprinklers. The second time is in late autumn early winter when you no longer need to water your yard. Since it is located so far underground, you will need a T-bar, which is two bars stuck together in a capital T shape, to turn the knob on and off.
The Price of Problems
A lot of problems can arise if your stop-and-waste valve isn’t working correctly. First off, if the water is not drained from your sprinkler pipes before winter, those pipes are likely to burst because of the water that has frozen in them.
Also, if water is leaking out of your valve, the area of your lawn surrounding the valve could go dead because of overwatering.
Not only that, but your bills are sure to increase because the leaking water and the water in the area around the valve might make it harder for you to use the T-bar to turn the valve off.
Most of these plumbing emergencies would occur if your valve has become worn. Most valves are known to last twenty to thirty years after being installed. However, this is for high-quality valves.
Low-quality valves are known to have the nob snap off while turning it with the T-bar, which would also mean you can’t use the valve. It’s always a good idea to work with your local plumbing company to ensure everything is working properly.
About City Plumbing Philadelphia
If your stop-and-waste valve needs fixing, City Plumbing Philadelphia is the company to call. Their available services not only aim to provide any of your plumbing necessities, but they can also handle any heating and air conditioning needs you have. They guarantee your satisfaction.
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Inflammation of small bulging pouches (diverticulosis) found in the inner linings of the small and large intestine get infected or swollen and this is called diverticulitis.
Many people in the west eat a diet that is low in fibre and high in processed food like white bread and rice, cereals etc.
This could cause constipation and make people strain to pass stools.
This increases the pressure on the colon causing the formation of diverticulosis.
Tiny pieces of faeces could become trapped in the diverticulosis leading to inflammation and infection.
Symptoms of diverticulitis could be bloating or gas, fever, chills, vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite and tenderness in the abdomen (left lower side).
Treatment could include rest, antibiotics and a change in diet.
What is Aloe vera?
Aloe vera is a perennial evergreen plant that has been native to tropical and subtropical regions like Latin America, South Africa, and the Caribbean.
Aloe gel is found in the center of each leave and the latex is yellow in color and found below the plant’s skin.
Aloe vera gel got from the thick, succulent aloe vera leaves have been used for thousands of years to heal skin infections, wound, burns, and other topical skin infections.
Aloe latex contains anthraquinone glycosides that are said to have laxative properties. Aloe vera gel contains 99% water and 1% glycoproteins, polysaccharides like glucomannan and acemannan, tannins, sterols, lipids, amino acids, enzymes and vitamins C, E, B12 and A, magnesium, zinc, calcium, essential fatty acids, and protein.
One of the ways that you can avoid diverticulitis is to adopt a series of home remedies. Foods high in fiber – whole grains, fruits and vegetables – fluids and regular exercise could improve constipation and soften feces, therefore, reducing pressure on the digestive tract.
Aloe vera juice is consumed for various health conditions. It could benefit symptoms of diverticulitis by soothing the digestive tract.
Let us learn how aloe vera can help with diverticulitis.
3 Proven Benefits Of Aloe Vera In Diverticulitis
Aloe vera can help diverticulitis patients in several ways. Thanks to aloe vera's anti-inflammatory, laxative, and prebiotic properties, it can help patients of Diverticulitis.
1. Aloe vera as a prebiotic can strengthen gut health
Microorganisms found naturally in the gut are known as probiotics.
These probiotics play a very important role in the prevention of constipation, diarrhoea and even diverticulitis.
The progression of intestinal diseases is marked by a disturbance in this natural intestinal flora. An important intestinal microbe is E. coli and it plays a very important role in the cure of diverticulitis.
Prebiotics are an important class of foods which promote the growth of probiotics.
These foods are generally non-digestible and remain in the gut for a prolonged period of time, thus promoting the growth of intestinal microflora.
Prebiotics help in the regulation of bowel movements, metabolism of lipids and glucose, prevention of pathogenic attack, etc.
The intestinal microflora depends on several factors such as health, age, genetics, etc.
Studies have shown that Aloe vera mucilage increases and promotes the growth of intestinal bacteria.
The ability of Aloe vera extracts to acts as a prebiotic mainly comes from the vast array of bioactive compounds it contains.
The extract is rich in compounds such as lectins, enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, anthraquinones, and amino acids.
The fermentation of Aloe extracts by these intestinal microbes improves the intestinal characteristics and helps cure diseases like diverticulitis.
What does this mean? Aloe vera extracts as prebiotics for the promotion of intestinal microflora and hence help in the cure of diverticulitis.
2. Aloe vera has a laxative property
Diverticulitis causes several intestinal complications. It causes intestinal obstructions whereby, the intestines are partially or completely blocked.
The normal bowel movement pattern is disrupted and it leads to constipation and discomfort for the patient.
Laxatives are certain substances which are used to ease constipation. They increase the bowel movement and loosen the stool to promote easy passage through the intestines.
Aloe vera extracts are known to have laxative properties. A certain organic compound, known as latex is what gives Aloe vera extract laxative properties. Latex is obtained from the pulp of the outer leaf of Aloe vera.
The latex contains a compound known as anthraquinone. Anthraquinone is a phytochemical and is one the most bioactive component of Aloe vera extracts.
One of the many kinds of anthraquinones present in the Aloe vera extract in Aloin.
Hence, consumption of Aloe vera juice helps relieve constipation and intestinal obstructions which are caused as a result of Diverticulitis and promotes normal bowel movement patterns.
What does this mean?
Consumption of Aloe vera prevents bowel obstructions caused by diverticulitis.
3. Anti-inflammatory activity of Aloe vera benefits in diverticulitis
Diverticulitis occurs due to inflammation of the large intestine. The inflammation in Diverticulitis is either localized or can even spread.
In cases where the inflammation spreads, the entire abdominal lining can get infected. This situation is known as peritonitis. Peritonitis leads to abdominal pain and spasms.
The inflammation in the case of diverticulitis is large because of an imbalance in the number of cytokines and interleukins. Hence, the control of inflammation in diverticulitis is very important.
Aloe vera extracts have been found to have anti-inflammatory activity.
The active component in the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Aloe vera is bradykinase.
This compound basically breaks down another substance called Bradykinin, which is involved in the inflammatory pathway and is a mediator of pain.
Hence, bradykinase inhibits the activity of bradykinin and stops inflammation.
Aloe vera gel also contains a compound called C-glucosyl chromone which is also an anti-inflammatory agent.
What does this mean? Consumption of Aloe vera prevents inflammation caused during Diverticulitis.
The dosage of Aloe Vera
As such, there is no hard and fast dosage of aloe for diverticulosis.
But some sources recommend that ½ cup aloe vera juice consumed thrice daily may ease inflammation of the diverticulosis and soothe the digestive tract.
In the case of internal consumption, it is generally advised to consume around 250 mL of the extract daily, in the form of juices. Start with small doses such as 10-30 ml per day.
However, it is also cautioned that it may not be safe to use oral aloe latex for constipation.
Aloin is a component which is found in Aloe vera extracts. This compound causes diarrhoea, cramps, and other intestinal disorders.
The side effects of Aloe vera are rooted particularly due to the concentration of Aloin.
Pregnant women are advised against the consumption of Aloe vera as it might cause contractions and miscarriages.
The consumption of commercially available Aloe vera juice is safer as Aloin is absent in them.
Diverticulitis is a disorder which can be harmful if left undiagnosed and untreated.
Consumption of Aloe vera is a very good means to prevent and cure diverticulitis and gives relief from the abdominal pain and discomfort.
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The purple trains that stop in Kingston along the Old Colony line to connect commuters to the larger regional rail system have a long and interesting history.
The Massachusetts Legislature chartered the Old Colony Railroad on March 16, 1844. John Sever of Kingston was elected the new company’s first President. Just a year and a half later, on November 8, 1845, the first ceremonial train loaded with company officials and invited dignitaries traveled the 37 miles from South Boston to Plymouth. And over the next 50 years, the Old Colony line expanded to cover much of eastern Massachusetts by building branch lines, leasing existing routes and merging with other railroads.
For example, in 1854, the Old Colony consolidated with the Fall River Railroad.
In 1855, the President of the Old Colony & Fall River Railroad Company, Kingstonian Alexander Holmes, issued this pass to his “Wood Agent” and fellow Kingstonian George Adams. Mr. Holmes had secured the services of Mr. Adams in May of 1850, and charged the company $20 for doing so as his debit account shows.
The Old Colony & Fall River had become the Old Colony & Newport in 1866 (the full accounting extends to that year, the last of Mr. Holmes presidency). The company reverted to its original corporate name in 1872 after absorbing the Cape Cod Railroad. By 1892, the Old Colony Railroad stretched from Provincetown to Providence, west to Worcester, north to Fitchburg, over to Lowell and back down to Boston.
Kingston’s “local” line exemplifies the growth and consolidation of the railroad industry through the 19th century. Small lines incorporated, then grew and combined into ever-larger conglomerates. In 1893, the Old Colony’s Providence Division caught the eye of the mighty New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad — known as the New Haven — as a direct connection to Boston. Rather than lease this important component to its larger neighbor, the Old Colony leased itself as a whole and was subsumed. The New Haven continued to expand, eventually taking over not only most of the railroads in the northeast, but trolley lines and steamships as well
In 1935, decades of aggressive purchases and accumulated debt lead the New Haven to bankruptcy (for the first time).
The Old Colony line still carried passengers, as shown by Kingstonian Helen Foster’s ticket book. The commercial artist commuted to her studio on Park Street in Boston by train until 1946, when she shifted her workplace back to Kingston. In 1947, the New Haven emerged from receivership. Despite some success in the early 1950s, overwhelming debt combined with the growing interstate system led the New Haven to discontinue service on the Old Colony line in 1959. The New Haven limped on to 1961, when it declared bankruptcy again; in 1969 it became part of the gargantuan Penn Central, which itself failed three years later, marking the final collapse of the railroad behemoths that had dominated the country for a century.
In Massachusetts, regionalism saved the rails. In 1964 the MBTA was formed and the next year, it laid claim to the New Haven’s tracks in and around Boston. Over the next four decades, purple trains began to appear along the commuter rail system. In 1997, the Old Colony line once again ran through Kingston.
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Geothermal construction workers drill boreholes last January at Ball State University.
- Filed Under
Muncie Action Plan (MAP) is the result of extensive research and discussions to determine the needs of the community. It consists of five initiatives and encourages cooperation and neighborhood development. The following are summaries of activities included in the December MAP newsletter. For more information, visit the website muncieactionplan.org.
Ball State's Geothermal Energy Station
MAP Action 5.7 calls for reduction of the area's carbon footprints. Ball State's Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Geothermal Conversion project is a pioneering effort on both the local and national level.
Scheduled for completion in 2015, it will create a huge positive environmental benefit for Muncie. More than 50 percent of the project is complete. Ground source heat pump geothermal technology capitalizes on the Earth's constant 55 degree temperature. Ground source heat pumps are used to draw thermal energy from the Earth.
The system features 1,000 miles of pipe in geothermal boreholes used to heat or cool water, and nearly 3,600 boreholes drilled 500 feet deep. When complete, the system will provide both cold water and hot water needed to cool and heat 47 major buildings or nearly 6 million square feet of floor space.
The project includes the installation of more than 10 miles of new hot and cold water pipes, which will connect buildings to the system. The benefits will include:
? Carbon dioxide reduction: 75,000 tons
? Sulfur dioxide reduction: 1,400 tons
? Nitrogen oxide reduction: 240 tons
? Particulate Matter reduction: 200 tons
? Carbon monoxide reduction: 80 tons
? Energy savings: 40 percent
? Water reduction: 45 million gallons
? Coal ash reduction: 3,600 tons
? Dollars saved: $2 million
? Jobs created: 2,300
Nearly all the equipment and material used in the project is American-made.
Health Clinic Opening Soon
A health clinic for the employees of the city of Muncie, Muncie Sanitary District, Muncie Community Schools, Center Township Trustee and Delaware County will open on Dec. 9. The clinic is the result of a partnership between the aforementioned government unis and IU Health Ball Memorial Hospital.
The clinic will be staffed by IU Health nurses and doctors. They have also agreed to provide the building for the first five years and will pay property taxes on it.
With a total estimated base of 4,000 employees, the local government is looking toward a conservative savings estimate of 15 percent annually. Include eligible family members and not only could the savings grow but the demand as well.
Starting out with a team of professionals, including a physician, nurse practitioner, and health coach, IU Health is prepared to expand the clinic if or when needed.
The clinic will be at 120 N. Tillotson Ave. A open house is planned for Tuesday.
Immersive Learning Neighborhoods
Ball State Instructor of Urban Planning Lisa Dunaway presented her immersive learning laboratory at the Neighborhood Presidents Council's November meeting.
She detailed the types planning the PLAN 302 Studio can offer neighborhood associations. Her students engage neighborhood residents, and association members collecting ideas and goals. They work with neighbors to establish priorities. Then they research means for completing these goals and organize it into a specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely plan.
Dunaway instructs the course every fall semester and had previously overseen two other studios performing neighborhood action plans. Whitely and South Central neighborhoods (each plan is available on the MAP website) have been completed by this same studio.
Last week, Dunaway's most recent studio completed its third neighborhood action plan, for the Old West End Neighborhood Association. PLAN 302's services come free of charge to the neighborhood associations. For more information contact MAP.
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Flotsam & Jetsam
A Solar Monument to Cesar Chavez, World Environment Day -- Green Sabbath? Black Sabbath?, Gross National Happiness: Bhutan's Altruistic Economics, AND San Francisco Declares Energy Independence
June 4, 2004
A Monument to Cesar Chavez
|A sketch of the initial design of the Cesar Chavez Memorial Solar Calendar|
Berkeley, California plans to honor labor leader, environmental crusader and civil rights activist Cesar Chavez with a large stone plaza on the Berkeley Marina designed in the shape of a solar calendar.
The Cesar Chavez Memorial Solar Calendar was conceived by sociologist Santiago Casal. Marking Chavez' life with a natural calendar "makes perfect sense, Casal reasoned, since "solar calendars were rooted in an agricultural way of life [and] farmworkers have always lived by understanding the cycle of the seasons."
Like the solar calendars at Stonehenge in England, the Bighorn Medicine Wheel in Wyoming, and the Cahohia Indian Sun Circle in Illinois, Casals believes the Chavez sundial will "provide us with a link to our ancestral past."
The solar calendar will become a permanent part of the city's existing Cesar E. Chavez Park. Situated atop a two-acre site within the 90-acre waterfront park, the calendar will command a 360-degree panorama of the Bay and surrounding foothills.
A 90-foot-diameter Solar Calendar/Sky Observatory will be enclosed by two crescent-shaped earthen berms. The wall on the sunset side would be low enough to permit views of the Golden Gate Bridge and Mt. Tamalpais rising across the Bay in Marin County. "It will be a naked-eye observatory, so you will be in the same shoes as your ancestors," Casal says.
Casal's words echo a passage from Berkeley author Malcolm Margolin book The Ohlone Way (Heyday Books): "Before the coming of the Europeans, for hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years, the Ohlones rose before dawn, stood in front of their tule houses and, facing the east, shouted words of greeting and encouragement to the rising sun. They talked to the sun because they believed that the sun was listening to them, that it would heed their advice and their pleas. They shouted to the sun because, as one missionary later put it, they felt that the sun had 'a nature very much like their own."
Green Sabbath? Black Sabbath?
One of the tandem events surrounding the UN-sponsored World Environment Day on June 6, is the convocation of the Earth Sabbath -- a unique day of worship that transcends denominations and welcomes all faiths to participate in a day of global reverence for the Earth.
On the Earth Sabbath, temples, synagogues, cathedrals, mosques all open their doors to unique expressions of common purpose. Millions of people in thousands of dialects in hundreds of countries raise their voices in chants, songs and prayers for the survival of the living planet.
If this sounds wonderfully sublime, you haven't been listening to the folks at the American Sovereignty Action Project.
To the ASAP, the Earth Sabbath, World Environment Day and the environmental movement are nothing more than neo-pagan "cult-like" activities. According to ASAP's Cliff Kincaid "US taxpayers are being forced to subsidize a new form of state religion which holds that natural resources have to be protected for the sake of Gaia, a so-called Earth spirit."
And who belongs to this unholy cabal of the wrongly faithed? Kincaid isn't afraid to name names. "This religious movement," he writes, "is being promoted by leading figures and organizations such as
Al Gore, broadcaster Ted Turner, and the United Nations." Turner, Kincaid instructs, is the man who "turned his broadcasting empire into a virtual arm of the UN." Turner is a notorious supporter of the UN Population Fund and "a noted critic of Christianity" who plots to warp the mind of young Americans through his "Captain Planet" TV cartoon show "in which characters get magic powers from an Earth spirit or goddess."
ASAP sees the UN Environment Program's Environmental Sabbath as another "variation of the Gaia concept" and UNEP's founder, Canadian entrepreneur Maurice Strong, is seen as a threat because he has "described the global environmental movement in terms suggesting a religious crusade." Further evidence? Strong's "Earth Charter" calls for people to respect "Mother Earth" and animals.
"As Turner's involvement suggests, this Cult of Gaia has a definite anti-Christian orientation," Kincaid argues. Kincaid limns the divide between Christianity and Gaia worship as follows: "Christianity holds that there is a gulf between God and man that is breached by Christ," whereas "the philosophy of Gaia holds that nature is God and that, by experiencing or even worshipping nature, humans can attain oneness with God."
But ASAP's concern isn't limited to religion. As their name suggests, there is a geopolitical motive at work. If people are encouraged to worship the Earth, Kincaid warns, the next thing you know, "the US and other industrial countries" might be forbidden "from certain uses of the world's natural resources." An undue obsession with "sustainable development," Kincaid fears, "could stifle economic growth and promote a drastic decline in the American standard of living."
ASAP accuses environmentalists of seeking to impose a "new state religion" and quotes columnist Alston Chase's dire warning that "It may be only a matter of time before America becomes a complete theocracy -- a place where, in the name of environmentalism, science and religion fuse with civil authority to rule the populace."
Ironically, the Union of Concerned Scientists has issued a similar critique accusing the Bush administration (which is devoutly linked to the goals of evangelical Christianity) of distorting science to promote its religion-based views on life, morality, commerce, religion and marriage.
ASAP has found an ally in Rep. Helen Chenoweth-Hage (R-ID) who argues that mixing environmentalism with spirituality has "profound Constitutional implications because of the First Amendment prohibition on government establishment of religion."
Only the Bush administration would contemplate an attempt to outlaw "nature worship" as a violation of the First Amendment. It would be the consummate act of chutzpah from an administration that claims to favor "faith-based initiatives."
Gross National Happiness:
|hutan's young king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, has vowed to preserve the 60 percent of his nation that is covered with forests. He has banned satellite dishes. He plays basketball and drives a Toyota. |
Bhutan's Altruistic Economics
The kingdom of Bhutan may be the only country in the world that measures its wellbeing by Gross National Happiness (GNH) instead of Gross National Product (GNP). Led by its young king, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, Bhutan has followed a cautious path of development since the 1960s, with the intention of preserving its heritage and culture and protecting its environment.
Applying the standard of GNP, the kingdom now limits the number of tourists allowed to visit because the Bhutanese had complained that the environment was being affected and sacred lands were being spoiled by the sight-seers. Further demonstrating that the concept of GNH is inextricably connected to accountability, anyone with a grievance can go to the king and get a hearing.
Material and technological progress is not rejected or banned, but it must not be pursued to the detriment of the value of human life and humanitys soul. GNH has a spiritual aspect to it, as well as an eminently sensible accountability aspect. Mental and psychological wealth are real concerns in Bhutan and happiness is counted as more important than monetary wealth.
The GNH concept was introduced by Bhutan's leaders as a means of placing their Buddhist principles at the heart of life. GNH challenges people to rethink what is truly important: should the success of a nation be judged by its ability to produce and consume, or should it be based on the quality of life in that country and the happiness of its people?
Questioning how altruism, spiritual and moral beliefs, can be integrated into economics challenges people to question the basis assumption of modern economics -- where wellbeing is judged on the acquisition of material goods, consumption and production.
As Sander Tideman points out, in his paper "Gross National Happiness: Towards Buddhist Economics," qualitative distinctions are lost in the measuring of quantity. Economic calculations ignore the value of things such as fresh water, green forests, clean air, traditional ways of life.
In GNP-based economies, money from logging is counted as part of a countrys income while the loss of the forests remains uncalculated. Similarly, the unpaid volunteering, caring and nurturing provided by the informal "Compassionate Economy" also goes untabulated, despite some studies that estimate it represents 50 percent of all productive work in societies. While the traditional GNP labels increased production and consumption as measures of success, there is no accounting for the proportional increase in waste or the destruction of infinite and irreplaceable natural resources.
In Buddhism, happiness is not determined by what one owns, but by knowledge, living skills and imagination -- i.e., by being, not having. Compassion and co-operation are as important to achieving happiness as competition
The growing trend for companies to demonstrate social responsibility due to public pressure points to the need for an altruistic economics. The World Banks Wealth Index now includes the concepts of "human capital" and "environmental capital." The UN Human Development Index measures assets like education, human rights and life expectancy. The Calvert-Henderson Quality of Life Indicators incorporate cultural values and activities of self-improvement and group participation.
Tideman argues that such initiatives underscore the need to "base development on spiritual values, transmitted through culture, rather than merely material values."
San Francisco Declares Energy Independence
On May 11, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved legislation to apply the state's "Community Choice" law to switch San Francisco residents and businesses to new "green" electric power suppliers. The City also is preparing to finance a network of renewable energy and conservation projects that should dramatically reduce dependency on natural gas and nuclear power.
The City's Energy Independence ordinance was announced at a February press conference hosted by SF Supervisor Tom Ammiano, Local Power Executive Director Paul Fenn, Sierra Club International Vice President Michele Perrault, California Wind Credit Advocate Tyrone Cashman, Sacramento Solar Program Architect Don Aitken, UC Berkeley Professor Dan Kammen, Toward Utility Rate Normalization (TURN) Representative Mindy Spatt, and Greenpeace USA Representative Kristin Casper.
The move, sponsored by Supervisor Ammiano, follows the California Public Utilities Commission's decision, to free communities like San Francisco to abandon contracts with large suppliers like Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) in order to control their own energy destiny under the Community Choice law (AB117, Migden). The move also reflects the city's 2001 vote to promote a green power transition through a Solar Bond Authority.
San Francisco's Energy Independence ordinance directs City departments and the Board of Supervisors to solicit bids from new eco-friendly Electric Service Providers. As soon as 2005, the city hopes to be installing 360 Megawatts (MW) of solar photovoltaic panels, distributed-generation fuel cells, wind turbines, hydrogen, energy efficiency, and conservation technologies. Under Community Choice, the new power would be "wheeled" over PG&E's existing lines. Ratepayers would have the option of switching to green power or staying with PG&E.
Proponents argue that conversion would protect consumers from rising natural gas prices, would reduce rates of breast cancer and childhood asthma by closing polluting powerplants, and would make the City a leader in the global effort to slow climate change.
On average, San Francisco consumes 850 MW during the day and 650 MW at night. A 360-MW investment in green power (as called for in the City's Electricity Resource Plan) will far exceed the Renewable Portfolio Standard called for by state law.
Community Choice enables power providers to mix solar with less expensive energy efficiency technologies to bring down the average price of electricity to be competitive with PG&E's rates. And after the initial costs are paid, "this infrastructure will continue to provide power to San Franciscans at considerably lower rates for decades," says Paul Fenn of Oakland-based Local Power .
"Energy independence offers San Franciscans permanent protection against future energy crises, and hard savings that cannot be taken away." Says Supervisor Ammiano. Proposition H, passed in 2001, created a Solar Bond Authority that will allow the City to finance the green power projects, allowing for a more gradual repayment of the solar, wind, conservation and efficiency investments without a rate increase.
"We can work towards closing the City's polluting power plants and make the City comply with the Kyoto Treaty, all at the same rates PG&E charges," say Ammiano, adding, "Now I call that a bargain."
For more information contact: Local Power, 4281 Piedmont Avenue, Oakland CA 9461, (510) 451-1727. www.local.org
For more information contact:
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Memory leaks are really a non-issue once you understand how memory management works. To deal with them, you need two things:
First, get a debugging memory manager. I don't know what's available for C, C++ or Fortran, since I'm a Delphi developer, but in Delphi there's a memory manager replacement called FastMM FullDebugMode that will keep track of your allocations and deallocations, and alert you at the end of the program if you've leaked anything. It provides a stack trace, type information, and other useful debug information for each leak, which makes them very simple to track down and fix. You ought to have something similar available for other languages.
Second, you need to understand how to structure memory allocation to prevent leaks from happening. The technique for this can be formally stated as the Single Ownership Principle:
Each variable in your code has one and only one owner, and it’s the
responsibility of that owner to free the variable’s memory when it is
no longer needed.
What that single owner is will vary depending on what the variables are and what they're used for. Primitives, for example, are owned by the stack and will automatically be cleaned up when a function returns. Most objects, by contrast, are owned by another object. Those that aren't are generally local variables that should be cleaned up by the routine that created them before it exits.
Objects that are shared by multiple other objects do not have multiple owners; if you think of it that way you're asking for trouble. Instead, they should have one single owner, either a reference-counting system or a master object that you know will be around longer than any of the others.
When you internalize the Single Ownership Principle, you'll write a lot less code with leaks. And when you have a debugging memory manager to report on whatever you missed, fixing the few mistakes you do make will stop being a scary prospect.
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The later 320s witnessed a series of disturbances beyond the Danube frontier which may have justified such disturbances. As with the displacement of the Carpi twenty years earlier, these events can be understood in terms of Tervingian threats against their neighbours. First, in 330, a number of Taifali invaded the Balkan provinces, perhaps driven there by the Tervingi. A request for Imperial aid from some of the Tervingi’s Sarmatian neighbours soon followed and developed into a major Gothic war.
The Sarmatians had long been subject to the usual Roman mixture of subsidy and punishment. The remains of the large Sarmatian defensive systems just to the east of the Danube bend — most famously the Csörz-árok mentioned earlier in the article ‘Gothic Wars Against Constantine’s Political Advances’ — were undoubtedly built with Roman permission and suggest the sort of alliance that would have justified the Sarmatians’ request for assistance. The extent of Gothic power is revealed by the response to this request. Constantine launched a political campaign against the Goths, the first stage of which was won “in the lands of the Sarmatians,” thus beyond the Pannonian section of the Danube frontier. That implies a range of Gothic military action far away from the point where the Goths had hitherto appeared in our sources.
One must surmise that, in the aftermath of Constantine’s victory over Licinius, and while he himself was distracted by internal political problems, a Tervingian king had seized the opportunity to expand his hegemony at the expense of barbarian neighbours, although without directly threatening a Roman province. Probably he expected events of the previous two decades to repeat themselves: his defeated enemies would be accepted into the Roman empire and settle there, while he would be allowed to continue expanding his control in the trans-Danubian lands. If that was indeed his calculation, he did not foresee the scale of the Imperial response. Constantine sent his oldest surviving son and Caesar Constantinus to campaign across the Danube. This Imperial thrust, so we are told, drove many Goths (the sources speak improbably of one hundred thousand) into the wilderness to die of hunger and exposure.
Constantinus demanded and received Gothic hostages, amongst them a son of the Gothic king Ariaric. The defeat of the Goths was followed by a successful campaign against the Sarmatians, who had supposedly proved unfaithful to their agreements with the Emperor.
Constantinus had won a major and lasting victory that remained noteworthy two decades later: in 355, when Constantine’s nephew Julian delivered a panegyric to another of Constantine’s sons, the Emperor Constantius, the scale of the Gothic victory could still be celebrated. In fact, for more than thirty years after 332, the lower Danube was at peace. Yet despite its evident importance, we know very little about Constantine’s Gothic peace.
The limitations of our evidence have encouraged modern scholars into much hypothetical reconstruction along two different lines, the first on the continuity of Gothic leadership, the second in terms of the peace. In both cases, the testimony of Jordanes is a complicating factor. The real problem is the obscurity of the contemporary fourth-century sources, none of which allows us to gauge how important a king Ariaric was, and none of which tell us how, or whether, he was related to Tervingian leaders of the later fourth century. Instead, we have to infer this information from the limited evidence at our disposal.
The first clue to doing this lies in the location of Constantine’s first Gothic political campaign. Given that it took place in distant Sarmatia, and given the scale of the tribal displacement that preceded it, we can perhaps infer that Ariaric was the ruler of a very substantial policy. Although we cannot be sure that he was the only Gothic king involved in the war of 332, he is the only one attested by name, probably another sign of his importance.
We are on less certain ground when it comes to his connection to later Tervingian leaders. It is widely agreed that Ariaric was the grandfather of Athanaric, the powerful Tervingian chieftain against whom Emperor Valens campaigned in the 360s. However, that genealogical connection is based on the hypothetical identification of Ariaric’s unnamed hostage son with the equally unnamed father of Athanaric who is said to have had a statue erected to him in Constantinople. The only ancient source that explicitly connects Ariaric with the Tervingian leaders of the later fourth century is Jordanes. But as we have seen, Jordanes was determined to construct a continuous Gothic history. Given that he elsewhere invents demonstrably spurious connections to provide genealogical continuity, the value of his testimony for Ariaric is suspect. In other words, while some connection between Ariaric and later Tervingian kings is plausible, it can only remain speculative.
The same holds true for the terms of the treaty. Fourth-century evidence is limited, while Jordanes imposes on it an anachronistic Byzantine interpretation. He supposes that Ariaric’s Goths became foederati, a word that by the sixth century had a technical legal content implying specific responsibilities on the part of both empires and federate allies.
In 332, however, the formal status of foederatus did not exist, and the word for the treaty, foedus, is not a technical term. Even though many scholars think that the treaty of 332 invented the type of technical foedus known in the sixth century, nothing in the fourth-century evidence makes that plausible.
The peace of 332 marks a significant stage in both Roman and Gothic history not because of any legal innovations, but because it was so very decisive. It imposed more than thirty years of peace on the lower Danube or, as Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea put it in the Life of Constantine that he wrote shortly after the Emperor’s death in 337, “the Goths finally learned to serve the Romans.”
Indeed, some of the defeated Goths would continue to claim a special loyalty to the Constantinian dynasty for many years, decades later supporting a usurper named Procopius on the grounds of his dynastic connections. In the interim, they offered tribute to the Emperor and provided a large supply of military recruits for the Roman army. Such military service was not explicitly required by the terms of 332, as Eusebius’ testimony makes clear: he is nowhere able to state that Goths served in the army as a result of the treaty, even though elsewhere in his life he is consistently very enthusiastic, and very specific, about Constantine’s recruitment of defeated barbarians. Regardless, peace brought benefits to both sides.
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Animals Walking the Tightrope Between Stability and Change: Addressing a Grand Challenge in Organismal Biology
Embargo expired: 5-Jan-2014 12:00 AM EST
Source Newsroom: Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB)
Byline: Dianna Padilla, State University of New York at Stony Brook
Billie J. Swalla, University of Washington
Brian Tsukimura, California State University at Fresno
Newswise — Why can some animals respond to climate change, while others cannot? How do animals develop properly when conditions change? How do animals respond quickly or build new neural pathways but maintain past abilities and function? These questions have perplexed biologists for decades. The challenge in addressing these questions is that biological systems are complex, and they operate at many different spatial scales and time scales simultaneously. Thus, the conventional tools of biologists limit the advances that can be made. New approaches are needed to make progress in answering these important questions for animal biology.
What new insights might be gleaned when engineers and mathematicians work with biologists to answer these fundamental questions? A special symposium at the 2014 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology annual conference brings together biologists, mathematicians and engineers, who will investigate the potential and power of a new, quantitative organismal systems biology to address these questions.
Speakers include a mix of biologists from different fields, including physiology, neural biology, development, genetics, functional morphology, and ecological and evolutionary biology. They join with mathematicians and engineers and will present work that illustrates the potential power of cross-disciplinary approaches for answering these complex questions. The speakers will also explore how organismal biology can be used to help solve questions that have daunted mathematicians and engineers. Talks will include a wide range of questions from locomotion, physiology, development, networks, and ecology, from the level of genomics to whole organism responses to change. Talks in this symposium will illustrate the power of engineering and quantitative approaches to address and test complex questions, and lead us to a new organismal systems biology.
The symposium will be held Sunday, January 5. Ten speakers will present examples of research and modeling that illustrates how new approaches can help us investigate important questions about complex biological systems, as well as the big questions that remain to be tackled. Immediately following the symposium, complementary posters will be presented. On Monday, January 6 there will be a session of additional complementary papers.
This is an exciting time for organismal biology, and approaching complex systems in new ways. Come and see what all the excitement is about!
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Where do the dogs come from?
The DNR K9 unit consists of a mix of dogs that are either imported from European countries or rescued from shelters. After making the decision of what type of dog is needed to accomplish the tasks it will be required to perform, the DNR utilizes the vast knowledge of its experienced handlers and trainers and other law enforcement agency experts to locate a suitable dog for training and deployment. Patrol (dual purpose dogs) are generally imported due to the fact that there are more dogs available with the drives and characteristics necessary for a police dog. There are reputable police dog breeders in the United States, but a dog is usually tested for is ability to perform at approximately one to one and half years of age. It can be difficult to find dogs in that age range in the United States. Many breeders prefer to sell the dogs as puppies and it can be difficult at that age to determine if the dog will be suitable for police work.
Where are the dogs kept, do they live with their handler?
Each DNR K9 is assigned their own handler. The dog lives with the handler and their family at the handler's home. The handler is responsible for the daily care and training necessary to ensure the dog excels at its tasks.
The dogs have indoor/outdoor kennels to ensure they are properly acclimated to seasonal temperatures, so they can work in those conditions. They are allowed inside the homes of the handlers and spend a great deal of time with the handler and their family. This helps to ensure the dog's social needs are also met.
What kind of training do the dogs receive?
The type of training that the handlers and the dogs receive depends on what type of work they will be required to perform. The DNR uses a combination of single purpose and dual purpose handler/dog teams. The dual purpose dogs are trained and certified in patrol work and can be used for handler protection and criminal apprehension. The patrol dogs can also be used to locate items or people the way a single purpose dog would be capable of. The single purpose dogs are trained to detect items and missing persons. Single purpose dogs are used as a locating tool to find various items and people that would otherwise not be located or go unnoticed.
The handlers and dual purpose dogs attend a 12 week police dog school. They are trained to the certification standards of the United States Police Canine Association. During this school the dogs are trained in various areas to include; tracking of persons, criminal apprehension, evidence searching/recovery, officer protection, obedience and agility.
DNR K9 handlers and dogs also attend 3 weeks of fish and wildlife detection training. This training develops the dog's abilities to locate specific scents to assist in our mission to protect the state's natural resources from poaching. After the formal training the dogs continue with annual certifications and ongoing training to maintain their proficiency.
How long does the dog work and what happens to the dog when he can't work anymore?
The amount of time a dog is able to work depends largely on the health of the dog and it's ability to perform the tasks that it is trained to do. In general, a healthy dog can be expected to work until it reaches the age of 8-10 years old. The decision to retire a dog however is not based on age but on the dogs abilities and health. As the dog ages, they start to slow down and begin having difficulties in certifying every year, as required. Usually the handler starts to notice this when training for jumps and hurdles in the agility portion of the certification process. Once the decision is made by the DNR to retire the dog, the handler is normally given the opportunity to take ownership of the dog where it remains a part of the handler's family.
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World Menopause Day is held every year on the 18th of October. The day was designated by the International Menopause Society (IMS) to raise awareness of menopause and to support options to improve health and well-being for women in mid-life and beyond. The World Health Organisation (WHO) and the International Menopause Society designated October as World Menopause Month. The first World Menopause Month was observed in October 2014.
The theme for World Menopause Day 2022 is Cognition and Mood.
Menopause is a condition wherein women stop menstruating due to decreased estrogen levels in the body. It is not a medical condition but a natural biological process. Menopause is also marked as the end of reproductive years. Perimenopause is the temporary period that comes just before menopause and lasts for approx. 10 years. The median age of menopause is 50 years. During menopause, several physical and mental changes take place in the body.
Emotional changes include
- Sexual dysfunction and urinary issues
- Mood swings
- Sleeping problems
- Night sweats
- Concentration and learning troubles
- Physical changes include genital dryness, hot flashes, build-up of fat around mid-region, weight gain, change in hair color, tender, and reduced breast size, and urinary incontinence
Tips to deal with menopausal symptoms
Hormonal treatment – This treatment helps balance the body’s hormone levels by supplementing them externally. The treatment helps in minimizing the menopausal symptoms however it increases the dangers of other medical health conditions. Women with certain medical issues like heart disease, blood clots, liver disease, breast cancer, and stroke, shouldn’t go for this treatment. It is best to consult your Specialist before initiating such treatment.
Other treatments – OTC drugs for vaginal dryness, and hormonal contraception pills for treating some of the menopausal symptoms.
Lifestyle modifications –
- Doing regular exercise (including breathing exercises also)
- Healthy eating
- Refraining from smoking and drinking
- Following a healthy sleep cycle
- Treatments for mental health issues
- Reading and talking about all positive things
Maintaining an active sexual life – Menopause tends to reduce the sexual drive in women and cause vaginal dryness. You can improvise your sexual life by staying active, strengthening your pelvic floor by doing exercises, avoiding smoking and drinking, and using certain creams or gels to keep the area moist.
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What if I told you that the Bible has something to say about Greek mythology? Yes, you heard it right! The ancient texts hold some fascinating insights into this mythical world. Wondering what exactly the Bible says about Greek mythology? Well, let’s dive in and find out!
In a nutshell, the Bible warns against idolatry and worshiping false gods, including those from Greek mythology. While there may be intriguing stories and captivating characters within these myths, the Bible cautions believers against getting caught up in their allure. So how does one navigate this realm of fantasy while staying true to their faith?
If you’re curious to explore how biblical teachings relate to Greek mythology or seeking guidance on reconciling these two seemingly contrasting beliefs, then this post is for you. We’ll delve into scriptures that shed light on this topic and help you gain a better understanding of how they intertwine. Get ready for an eye-opening journey as we uncover surprising connections between ancient mythologies and biblical truths!
- Biblical perspective: Greek mythology is a collection of ancient tales that, while fascinating, should be approached with caution as they can contradict the teachings and values found in the Bible.
- Idolatry warning: The Bible repeatedly warns against idolatry, emphasizing the importance of worshiping God alone and avoiding any form of spiritual compromise or belief in false gods.
- Historical context: Understanding the historical context of Greek mythology can help us appreciate its cultural significance while recognizing its distinction from biblical truth.
- Discernment and faith: As Christians, it is essential to exercise discernment when engaging with Greek mythology, grounding ourselves in the Word of God and relying on our faith to navigate these narratives responsibly.
What are the connections between Greek mythology and biblical stories?
What are the connections between Greek mythology and biblical stories? Let’s dig deeper into this fascinating topic.
Greek mythology and biblical stories share several similarities, which have captivated scholars and enthusiasts alike for centuries. Both narratives involve gods, heroes, creation myths, and moral lessons that reflect human nature.
One of the most striking connections is the flood story. In Greek mythology, Zeus becomes displeased with humanity’s wickedness and decides to wipe them out with a great flood. Similarly, in the Bible, God sends a flood to cleanse the earth of its corruption.
Furthermore, both traditions feature powerful figures who undertake epic quests or face significant trials. For instance, Hercules from Greek mythology mirrors Samson from the Bible in their incredible strength but also their flawed characters.
Additionally, Greek gods like Apollo (god of music) and Athena (goddess of wisdom) find parallels in biblical figures such as David (a musician) and Solomon (known for his wisdom). These similarities suggest shared archetypes across cultures.
While it is essential to note that these connections do not imply direct influence or borrowing between ancient Greece and Israelite cultures, they highlight common themes found throughout human storytelling.
Are there any references to Greek gods or myths in the Bible?
The Bible, as a religious text, primarily focuses on the beliefs and stories of the Hebrew people. Therefore, it does not extensively reference Greek gods or myths. However, there are a few instances where certain concepts or figures from Greek mythology can be found within its pages.
One such example is in Acts 14:11-13, where Paul and Barnabas were mistaken for Zeus and Hermes by the people of Lystra after healing a crippled man. This incident reflects how the Greek gods were still prevalent in some regions during that time.
Another indirect reference can be seen in 1 Corinthians 8:4-6 when Paul discusses idols and false gods. He acknowledges that there are many so-called gods and lords but affirms that for Christians, there is only one true God.
While these references may be brief, they offer insights into how ancient cultures interacted with different belief systems. It’s important to remember that these instances do not suggest an endorsement or validation of Greek mythology by biblical authors; rather, they serve as historical context for understanding the cultural milieu of the time.
How does the Bible view Greek mythology?
Greek mythology is a rich and captivating collection of ancient stories that have fascinated people for centuries. However, when it comes to how the Bible views Greek mythology, there are several key aspects to consider.
Firstly, from a biblical perspective, the worship of any gods other than the one true God is seen as idolatry. The Bible makes it clear that there is only one God who created and rules over all things. Therefore, engaging in the worship or belief in Greek gods would go against this fundamental principle.
Secondly, the Bible emphasizes the importance of truth and discernment. It encourages believers to test everything against God’s Word and not be deceived by false teachings or myths. In this context, Greek mythology would be viewed as fictional stories rather than historical or religious truths.
Furthermore, some elements of Greek mythology may conflict with biblical values and teachings. For example, many Greek myths involve immoral behavior among gods and humans alike. The Bible upholds moral standards and calls followers to live righteous lives based on God’s commandments.
In conclusion, while Greek mythology holds cultural significance and can be appreciated for its literary value, it is not viewed as compatible with biblical teachings due to its polytheistic nature and potential conflicts with moral principles. By understanding these perspectives, readers can gain insight into how the Bible approaches different belief systems beyond its own theological framework.
Can studying Greek mythology enhance our understanding of biblical narratives?
Studying Greek mythology can provide valuable insights into our understanding of biblical narratives. By exploring the rich tapestry of ancient Greek myths, we can uncover parallels, themes, and archetypes that resonate with biblical stories. Let’s delve deeper into why studying Greek mythology can enhance our comprehension of these sacred texts.
Both Greek mythology and the Bible address fundamental human experiences such as love, betrayal, heroism, and redemption. By comparing these themes across different cultures and time periods, we gain a broader perspective on shared human struggles and aspirations.
Characters like Zeus or Prometheus in Greek mythology often embody universal archetypes found in biblical narratives. Recognizing these archetypes helps us better understand their significance and symbolism within both mythologies.
Just as biblical stories convey moral lessons and teachings, Greek myths also contain valuable ethical messages that can enrich our understanding of morality in different contexts.
Studying Greek mythology allows us to appreciate the cultural milieu surrounding the composition of biblical texts. Exploring ancient Mediterranean society provides historical context for interpreting certain passages or concepts found in the Bible.
Many symbols used in both mythologies carry profound meanings that transcend specific cultures or religions. Unraveling these symbols through comparative analysis deepens our comprehension of symbolic language employed by ancient storytellers.
Are there any cautionary lessons from Greek mythology mentioned in the Bible?
One cautionary lesson that can be found in both Greek mythology and the Bible is the dangers of hubris or excessive pride. In Greek mythology, we see numerous examples of mortals challenging the gods and facing dire consequences for their arrogance. Similarly, in the Bible, figures like King Nebuchadnezzar and Pharaoh are brought down by their prideful attitudes.
Another parallel between Greek mythology and the Bible is the theme of temptation and its consequences. In both narratives, characters are often tempted by power, wealth, or forbidden knowledge. These temptations lead to disastrous outcomes such as Pandora opening her box or Adam and Eve eating from the Tree of Knowledge.
Furthermore, both Greek mythology and biblical stories emphasize the importance of honoring one’s commitments. Characters who break oaths or betray others face severe punishment in both traditions. Examples include Prometheus being chained to a rock for stealing fire from Zeus or Judas Iscariot betraying Jesus.
By examining these cautionary lessons from Greek mythology mentioned in the Bible, we gain a deeper understanding of human nature and our own struggles with pride, temptation, and loyalty. The parallels between these ancient myths serve as timeless reminders to heed these warnings in our own lives.
– Both Greek mythology and biblical stories warn against excessive pride.
– Temptation plays a significant role in both traditions’ narratives.
– Honoring commitments is emphasized as essential in avoiding negative consequences.
Q: What is the biblical perspective on Greek mythology?
A: The Bible does not directly address Greek mythology, as it focuses on the worship of Yahweh and warns against idolatry. However, it emphasizes that there is only one true God and encourages believers to avoid false gods and their associated myths.
Q: How should Christians approach Greek mythology?
A: Christians should be cautious when engaging with Greek mythology, as it often promotes polytheism and idol worship. While appreciating its literary value or historical significance, believers should prioritize their faith in God and remain discerning about what they expose themselves to.
Q: Can elements of Greek mythology be found in the Bible?
A: There are some similarities between certain stories or themes in Greek mythology and biblical narratives, such as flood accounts or tales involving divine beings. However, these parallels do not imply a direct influence; rather, they may reflect shared cultural motifs or universal human experiences.
Q: Does the Bible condemn belief in Greek gods?
A: The Bible explicitly condemns worshiping false gods or idols (Exodus 20:3-5). Therefore, while it does not specifically single out the worship of Greek deities like Zeus or Athena, any form of idolatry would be considered contrary to biblical teachings.
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Obstipation: Constipation with passing of hard stools every few days.
More detailed information about the symptoms,
causes, and treatments of Obstipation is available below.
Symptoms of Obstipation
Read more about symptoms of Obstipation
Home Diagnostic Testing
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- Colon & Rectal Cancer: Home Testing
Wrongly Diagnosed with Obstipation?
Causes of Obstipation
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More information about causes of Obstipation:
Disease Topics Related To Obstipation
Research the causes of these diseases that are similar to, or related to, Obstipation:
Obstipation: Undiagnosed Conditions
Commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories:
Misdiagnosis and Obstipation
Chronic digestive conditions often misdiagnosed: When diagnosing chronic symptoms
of the digestive tract, there are a variety of conditions that may be misdiagnosed.
The best known, irritable bowel syndrome, is over-diagnosed,...read more »
Intestinal bacteria disorder may be hidden cause: One of the lesser known causes of diarrhea
is an imbalance of bacterial in the gut, sometimes called intestinal imbalance.
The digestive system contains a variety...read more »
Antibiotics often causes diarrhea: The use of antibiotics are very likely
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The reason is that antibiotics kill off not only "bad" bacteria,
but can also kill the "good"...read more »
Food poisoning may actually be an infectious disease: Many people who come down
with "stomach symptoms" like diarrhea assume that it's "something I ate" (i.e. food poisoning).
In fact, it's more...read more »
Mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children: Because appendicitis is one of the
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(it can, of course, also fail to be...read more »
Celiac disease often fails to be diagnosed cause of chronic digestive symptoms: One of the most common chronic digestive
conditions is celiac disease, a malabsorption disorder...read more »
Chronic digestive diseases hard to diagnose: There is an inherent
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Some of the better known possibilities are peptic ulcer, colon cancer, irritable bowel...read more »
Read more about Misdiagnosis and Obstipation
Obstipation: Research Doctors & Specialists
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for medical facilities in specialties related to Obstipation:
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Read about other experiences, ask a question about Obstipation, or answer someone else's question, on our message boards:
Definitions of Obstipation:
Severe constipation resulting from an obstruction in the intestines
- (Source - WordNet 2.1)
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Motion 3D Scanning
Structure from Motion (SfM) is a relatively new and novel ‘machine vision’ software technique that allows us to quickly capture the 3D geometry of static features, artefacts, scenes and objects at relatively ‘low cost’ compared to more established survey methods (Terrestrial LiDAR, structured light scanning etc). SfM uses commercially available handheld digital cameras (DSLR) or in some cases small format camera equipped Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (SUAV) to capture hi resolution/high megapixel colour images of the target feature and/or scene.
Overlapping imagery is processed in desktop PC software or in the Cloud to calculate the ‘position’ of the digital camera in virtual 3D space around the object. Multiple overlapping camera positions are used to create a ‘depth map’ of the subject that exists in 3D space as a ‘sparse point cloud’. A second software run creates a ‘dense point cloud’ similar in resolution and geometry to laser derived surface geometry. Finally the point cloud is meshed to create a continuous surface and the original colour imagery from the camera photos is ‘draped’ over the model to aid visualisation.
Outputs include a final solid 3D model of the feature, 2D orthometric colour imagery and area/volumetric analysis (where control point measurements are available). The models have value as a metric archive (digital reality, conservation through record), an educational/tourism resource (virtual museum/field visit/3D printing), and where features/objects are of similar form/geometry but separated by geography, scientific analysis and research (metric comparisons, condition analysis, virtual research collaborations).
As a value added component, models can now be uploaded to ‘community 3D’ Cloud websites (e.g. Sketchfab.com), visualised, shared and downloaded to PC, tablet and Smartphone, to the local, national and international public, scientific and heritage community.
Lieutenant-General Sir Denis Bernard
Many thanks go to:-
Mr Gavin Glass, Curator of the Royal Ulster Rifles Museum, Belfast for the loan of Lieutenant-General Sir Denis Bernard uniform.
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(This posting is part of a book in progress, tentatively titled What Really Happened to Jesus? A Lawyer Reexamines the Evidence, and What It Means for Christians and Christianity.)
Why was Jesus’s tomb empty?
- The classic Christian account is that Jesus was raised from the dead. But that explanation is problematic in view of the evidence, as discussed in Chapter(s) __ [in progress — ed.].
- At the time, some claimed that Jesus’s disciples had simply moved the body, and that he was as dead as ever. But if that were true, it’d be difficult to explain why so many of the disciples later died willingly for their belief that in fact Jesus returned to the living.
On close examination, the evidence suggests still another possibility: After the Sabbath, someone other than the disciples secretly moved Jesus’s body to an undisclosed location, without deigning to inform the disciples or anyone else.
An obvious suspect is Joseph of Arimathea. He had motive. He had opportunity. And he had already demonstrated the self-confidence to boldly take action he deemed necessary, without consulting the Eleven or even Jesus’s family.
Background: The Twelve Were Not Jesus’s Only Friends
Unsurprisingly, the Gospels portray the twelve apostles as Jesus’s main men — his privy council, as it were, the foundation of the church despite their humble origins.
But the Gospel evidence shows clearly that Jesus’s friends and admirers also included other influential, well-off people, who did not necessarily have anything to do with, and may have paid little attention to, the Twelve.
The Gospels Tell of Influential People in Jesus’s Circle
In the Gospel stories, a variety of influential people make cameo appearances. Several of them owed big debts of gratitude to Jesus. For example, there were:
- The royal official in Capernauam whose son was ill [Jn 4.46-54];
- Jairus, the leader of the synagogue, whose twelve-year-old daughter Jesus declared was not dead but sleeping [Mt 9.18-25, Mk 5.22-23, 35-42];
- the rich young man (or ruler) who went away sad after an unsatisfying conversation with Jesus [Mt 19.16-22, Lk 18.18-23];
- Lazarus and his family, who evidently were quite well-to-do;
- Joanna, wife of Herod’s household manager, who seems to have been no pauper and who provided Jesus with financial support;
- Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, both members of the Jewish ruling council and secret followers of Jesus.
It’s also likely that “important” people followed Jesus as part of the great crowds described in the Gospels. These crowds came from Galilee, the Decapolis, Jerusalem, Judea, and beyong the Jordan [e.g., Mt 4.25]. Thousands turned out to see Jesus on the occasion that he reportedly performed the miracle of the loaves and the fishes. It’s a bit of a stretch to imagine that these crowds were made up exclusively of poor people.
Jesus told lots of parables featuring rich and powerful people. That doesn’t prove anything about his social connections. But it’s not implausible that he came up with these parables, and with sayings such as the one about camels and the eye of a needle [e.g., Mk 10.25], in part because he had first-hand experience with such folks.
On some occasions, Jesus may well have told parables about the rich and powerful because that's just whom he was talking to. Good communicators tailor their message to their audiences. Jesus may well have phrased his message in terms that would catch the ears of a well-to-do elite.
Lazarus & Family Were Clearly Well-Off
According to John’s Gospel, Lazarus and his family were important in Jesus’s life. Jesus loved Lazarus and his family and wept at his death. He restored Lazarus to life [Jn 11] and dined with him just before his (Jesus’s) triumphal entry into Jerusalem [Jn 12].
Lazarus and his sisters Mary and Martha must have been pretty well off. When Jesus dined with them, Mary just happened to have on hand a jar of perfume worth a year’s wages, which she poured on Jesus’s feet! [Jn 11.2, 12.2-5; cf. Mark 14.3]. It’s hard to imagine how anyone other than the well-to-do would (or could) have offered such an extravagant gesture.
Strangely, the New Testament documents do not list Lazarus among the followers of Jesus. You’d think Lazarus might well have been among the most devoted to the man who rescued him from death. We might expect Lazarus to have worked alongside the Twelve; to have shared in the Last Supper; to have been there for Jesus during his agony in the Garden. And wouldn’t Lazarus have played at least some role in the early life of the church that the Twelve founded?
Maybe the wealthy Lazarus did all these things. Maybe he was right in there with the Twelve during Jesus’s ministry and in the early days of the church.
But if so, the New Testament is silent about it.
Joanna, Wife of Herod’s Steward, Was No Pauper
Then there’s Joanna, one of the women who provided financial support for Jesus "out of their own means" [Lk 8.3]. Luke’s phrasing suggests she was unlikely to have been poor.
Joanna’s husband Chuza was of some importance himself. He served as household manager for Herod Antipas, the ruler of Galilee whom Jesus belittled as “that fox” [Lk 13.32]. Such a man also seems unlikely to have been a pauper, and presumably was not without influence.
(Chuza is not recorded as having been a follower of Jesus. One wonders whether he might have been an inspiration for Jesus’s parable of the dishonest steward in Luke 16. Luke reports that Joanna was one of the women who discovered the empty tomb on Easter Sunday [Lk 24.10]. It’s hard to know what to make of that fact.)
The Upper Room’s Owner Must Have Been Well-to-Do
There’s a hint of intrigue about the unnamed Jerusalem householder who hosted the Last Supper. This man was sufficiently well-off to afford a house in the city itself, one with a large guest room upstairs. Jesus seems to have known the man well enough to borrow the upper room to celebrate the Passover [Mk 14.13-16] — a time when Jerusalem was normally jam-packed with “the great crowd that had come for the Feast” [Jn 12.12], and space presumably was at a premium.
The householder’s family doesn’t appear to have used the upper room for its own Passover feast. This may suggest that the family didn’t live there. Perhaps the house was a rental property. If true, that would tend to confirm that the householder was reasonably well-to-do. That he was willing to let Jesus use the upper room at high season, and apparently for free, says something about their relationship.
Jesus’s disciples evidently didn’t know this householder. Before the Passover feast, Jesus told two of the disciples (according to Luke 22.7, it was Peter and John):
As you enter the city, a man carrying a jar of water will meet you. Follow him to the house that he enters, and say to the owner of the house, 'The Teacher asks: Where is the guest room, where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?' He will show you a large upper room, all furnished. Make preparations there. [Lk 22.10–12]
Note that Jesus didn’t tell Peter and John, “We’re doing Passover at so-and-so’s house; go set it up.” Instead he told them how to find a man who would lead them to the house. He also told them what to say to the house’s owner — it almost has a ring of a secret password to it — so that the owner would allow them into the house to prepare the meal.
Both this householder and the man carrying water to his house were clearly strangers to the Twelve (and vice versa). But not, apparently, to Jesus.
Jesus Had Friends in High Places
Two of Jesus’s most intriguing relationships were with members of the Jewish ruling council, Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea.
- Nicodemus is mentioned only in John’s Gospel. That document recounts that Nicodemus was a member of the Jewish ruling council who came by night to visit and converse with Jesus [Jn 3.1–21]. John’s Gospel also says that on one occasion Nicodemus objected when the chief priests and Pharisees berated the temple guards for not arresting Jesus [Jn 7.50–51].
- According to all the Gospels, Joseph of Arimathea was a rich man, a member of the ruling council, a good and upright man, and a secret disciple of Jesus [Mt 27.57–60; Mk 15.42–47; Lk 23.50–55, Jn 18.38–42].
It was those men — not any of the Twelve — who cared for Jesus’s body after his death.
Another Possible Narrative
As the Sabbath Begins, Joseph of Arimathea Takes Charge of Jesus's Body
Jesus died on a Friday afternoon. Sunset was approaching; the Sabbath would be starting. “So, as evening approached, Joseph of Arimathea . . . went boldly to Pilate and asked for Jesus' body” [Mk 15.42–43; emphasis added].
With only Pilate’s permission, and with Nicodemus’s help, Joseph took the body down from the cross. He wrapped it in linen cloth.
Joseph's own, new tomb was handy [Mt 27.60, Jn 19.41]. He laid Jesus's body in it [Mt 27.57–60; see also Mk 15.42–47; Lk 23.50–55; Jn 19.38–42].
Evidently Joseph was sufficiently self-assured to take this initiative on his own, without consulting anyone except Pilate. According to John's Gospel, both Jesus’s mother and the beloved disciple had been standing by the cross as Jesus was dying [Jn 19.26]. Joseph apparently claimed and buried Jesus's body without so much as a by-your-leave to either of them.
Purely by coincidence, Jesus’s disciples learned what Joseph had done: Two of Jesus’s women friends “followed Joseph and saw the tomb and how [Jesus’s] body was laid in it” [Lk 23.55; see also Mk 14.47, Mt 27.61]. The women watched as Joseph “rolled a big stone in front of the entrance to the tomb and went away” [Mt 27.60–61; see also Mk 15.46–47, Lk 23.54].
One wonders: Who was this guy? What gave him the notion that he could come in from out of nowhere and claim Jesus's body?
Joseph of Arimathea is nowhere else mentioned in the New Testament, not before, not after. It was the Eleven who had accompanied Jesus in his ministry for three years. They were the ones who were like Jesus's family. They should have been the ones making decisions about the body. At the very least, they should have been informed about what was done with the body. Right?
Maybe. But then again, maybe not. Maybe the Twelve didn't play quite the central role in Jesus's life that the Gospels all suppose. Maybe some of Jesus's other, well-connected friends — such as Joseph of Arimathea and NIcodemus — had reason to assume that they were the ones who could stand in as the Teacher's "next of kin" after his death.
Did Joseph of Arimathea Move Jesus's Body After the Sabbath?
There seems no doubt that Jesus’s tomb was empty on Easter Sunday morning. All the Gospels record that on the morning after the Sabbath, one or two of the Twelve (now Eleven) and some of Jesus’s women followers went to his tomb. The Synoptic Gospels variously recount that an angel, or a young man, or two men, advised the women that Jesus was not there, because he had risen from the dead [Mt 28.2–6, Mk 16.4–7, Lk 24.2–6].
Perhaps. But a simpler explanation for the empty tomb comes to mind: After the Sabbath, Joseph of Arimathea returned to the tomb (which was his own, remember). He rolled the stone away from the entrance, just as he had rolled it up to block the entrance on Friday. He removed Jesus’s body and took it to an undisclosed location. He kept this information to himself, not telling Jesus’s disciples what he had done.
Why would Joseph have moved Jesus’s body from the tomb? There are a couple of obvious possibilities:
- It was one thing to give Jesus's body a temporary resting place; the Teacher should not hang dead on the cross during the Sabbath.
But leaving the body there permanently, in Joseph’s own tomb? That would have been another matter entirely.
- We can assume Joseph saw Jesus’s women disciples watching him as he laid the body to rest. So Jesus's resting place was known, and Joseph knew it.
If Joseph had left the body in the tomb after the Sabbath, it might have become a rallying point for dangerous civil unrest. That was something the chief priests and scribes had feared in the first place [Mk 14.1–2; Jn 11.47–53]. As a member of the ruling council (not to mention someone whose fortune gave him a vested interest in social stability), Joseph would have wanted to avoid that risk.
It's not difficult to imagine Joseph taking matters into his own hands again, just as he did on Friday afternoon: Go back to the tomb. Move Jesus's body to a secret location. Problem solved.
Why didn’t Joseph of Arimathea tell the Eleven what he had done? The better question is: Why would he have told them? After all —
- The wealthy Joseph didn’t ask permission from the Eleven, nor even from Jesus’s family, before claiming Jesus's body. Neither, apparently, did he deem it necessary to go to the disciples to tell them what he had done with the body. (In fact, there's no indication in the New Testament that Joseph ever had any contact with the disciples at any time.)
- The Eleven were fishermen and others of no particular social standing. In contrast, Joseph was a rich man, a member of the ruling council — he was "somebody."
- If Joseph's purpose in moving the body was to prevent Jesus's resting place from being a focal point of civil unrest, then telling the disciples where to find the body likely would have been self-defeating.
From what little we know of Joseph, if he did remove Jesus’s body from the tomb, it would have been in character for him to keep his own counsel about it.
Joseph thereafter goes unmentioned in the New Testament. Apart from legends that he journeyed to Britain and founded the Celtic Church, we have no evidence that he — or any other of Jesus's influential friends — played any role in the church founded by the hoi polloi Eleven.
What About Jesus's Post-Mortem Appearances?
Suppose Joseph of Arimathea did secretly move Jesus's body from the tomb. If we are to credit the New Testament writings at all, we still must accept that at least some of Jesus’s disciples “encountered” the Teacher in the days and months after his death.
Not only that, many of these disciples willingly went to their own deaths — usually violent ones — believing that Jesus lived. How can we explain that, if not by a resurrection?
We will explore some evidence relating to these questions in the next chapter [in progress — ed.]
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The Landscape Masterplan incorporates landscape and sculptural elements based on a Roman theme which is derived from the fact that the route of King Street (possibly given this name in the Middle Ages) bisects the western part of the site. This former Roman Road ran from the settlement at Wilderspool, in Warrington south to Newcastle under Lyme.
In Roman times, Warrington was the centre of industry and was founded as a crossing place of the River Mersey for Roman soldiers to go north from their base at Deva (modern Chester) some remains have been found at Wilderspool.
The River Mersey is a river in the north-west of England. Chester is the county town of Cheshire in the north-west of England, close to the border with Wales.
In medieval times Warrington's importance was as a bridging point on the River Mersey, and it was a fulcrum in the English Civil War. The armies of Oliver Cromwell and the Earl of Derby both stayed near the old town centre (the Parish Church area) as Cromwell's Lodgings (now a restaurant) and the Marquis of Granby public house. Dents in the walls of the Warrington Parish Church are rumoured to have been caused by cannons used in the Civil War.
The bridging point at Warrington was vital to the town's future growth. The Red Lion Inn on Bridge Street in Warrington is an example of a building built exclusively for people using the bridge.
A Church dedicated to St. Matthew was built on the South West boundary of the estate between 1826 and 1827 in the reign of George IV as a Chapel of Ease to Great Budworth. The architect was Philip Hardwick.
The present Church building was erected in 1867, designed by George Gilbert Scott and rebuilt as a memorial to Archdeacon Richard Greenall who had held office at St. Matthew's from 1831 to 1867.
A Parish Map depicting the historical, natural and social features of the area, engraved in stainless steel and mounted on a stone plinth is located at the footpath junction on the Roman Road behind St. Matthew's Church.
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If you think that Chinese celebrates New year during the first of January, well you are wrong. This 2017, Chinese people will be celebrating spring festival this January 28 and for them, this is a very important holiday and chance for gatherings of families.
So why is it a big deal for Chinese to celebrative Spring Festival?
- To celebrate a year of hard work, have a good rest with family; and
- To wish for a lucky and prosperous new year.
So how do Chinese people celebrate Chinese New Year? Well, in the Philippines, I grew up experiencing the below but at the same time, I added those which the Chinese people do in China during this celebration.
1. We wake up early. My father will force us to wake up early and start moving coz he said that we are supposed to be awake and energize the whole year so we should start it on that day.
2. We wear red clothes also underwear because it is a belief that red is a lucky color and it attracts success and fortune.
3. We clean and decorate our house with red paper chinese lamps & we make sure that the altar of Chinese gods are well-lit and food such as fruits and chinese sweets are serve infront of them. We even hang Hong Bao (红包) or red envelope infront of our door so that it will attract dragon and lion dancers to come in our house and bless us and wards off evil spirit.
4. We also give Hong Bao or red envelopes to our families, relatives and friends to wish them success and fortune in the coming year.
5. We also prepare food and usually we have sweet round fruits, sweet round foam bread, rice cakes, almond pie, fish because according to Chinese belief that chinese word for fish 鱼 sounds like surplus 余 which means eating fish will bring surplus of money and good luck.
6. Like I have mentioned earlier, there are lion or dragon dancers who visit different establishments whether it be commercial or residential in order to “perform”. Along with them are other performers who does the drums, cymbals and gongs. The drummer is the conductor and he set the rhythm. When we were young, my siblings and I, are always excited about Chinese New Year because we earn money by joining the lion/dragon dance. Lion Dance is perform by two people – one who controls the lion’s head and the other guy handles controls the tail. Meanwhile, the dragon dance is performed by many people since it is quite long and it moves in S movement. My brothers and cousins know how to play the drum, control the head and tail; while, I, just play the cymbals or gongs. 😀 Even my father was known to have so much passion in lion dancing. He would tell us that he does stunts and exhibitions while controlling the head of the lion, and they get paid a hefty amount of money.
7. We are also encourage to welcome the Chinese New Year by visiting Chinese temples. We live near Chinatown in Manila so the nearest temple that we visit is the one near Narra in Masangkay. We would light an incense stick and pray and wish to the gods. They are giving away soup and ginger tea in the temple and once the clock strikes 12 midnight then there would be firework.
So what are the Dos and Don’ts during Chinese New Year?
Don’t forget to send good vibes all year long! 🙂
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Another in the series on historic churches in the City of London …
By the time of the Great Fire of London in 1666, there were over a hundred parish churches and other places of Christian worship within and immediately without the walls of the City, despite a number having been closed down during the Reformation. To be precise, according to Parish Clerks’ records, there were 97 churches within the walls of the City, and 16 without, making a total of 113.
All Hallows the Less (“M” on sixteenth-century “Agas” map/Map of Early Modern London) was originally built in the early or mid thirteenth century, at least in part over a vault or cellar, such that it was referred to as Omn’ Scor’ super Celar in Pope Nicholas IV’s Taxatio Ecclesiastica of 1291. It was repaired and partially rebuilt around the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
The church was subsequently burned down in the Great Fire, and never rebuilt, the parish merging with that of All Hallows the Great.
Essentially nothing now remains of the church at its former site, the churchyard having been damaged by bombing in the Second World War, and lost to post-war redevelopment.
However, the name lives on, in that of Allhallows Lane.
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Today is Costa Rica’s National Teacher’s Day! In honor of National Teacher’s Day, we’re sharing some facts about Costa Rican education. Here we go…
Schooling is free in Costa Rica and every student is required by law to receive general education from ages 6 to 13.
In Costa Rica, instead of elementary, middle and high school, they have primary school from kindergarten to 6th grade and secondary school from 7th to 11th grade. Graduation from 6th grade is almost as big as graduating high school would be here!
Most students attend school until the 11th grade, unless they are at a technical high school, in which case they receive an additional year of schooling. At a technical high school students decide on a professional emphasis, like a major. Upon graduating, they get a certificate in that “major” (in subjects such as eco-tourism, hospitality, carpentry, agriculture, plumbing, welding etc.) that they can use to secure a job. The technical school degrees offered at each school depend on the job market in the area. In the Monteverde area, the technical high school offers two “majors”: eco-tourism and hospitality.
Uniforms are compulsory at all public schools and are worn by students at most private schools as well. Public school uniforms are generally a white or light blue button down shirt with navy pants or skirt. The private schools usually have colored shirts with the school’s insignia.
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ELA A30 B8 Regions Explored – Poetry Practice
This section is a formative one to review and grow in your skills in analyzing poetry. It also includes an interesting poetry that you may find links to of our History 30 studies, the formation and question of what Canadian nationality is about.
I offered to study the poem together live with a group of students, if they wanted the guidance and support. Here is the recording of that discussion analyzing “The Provinces”
If you need a reminder, here is a handout that includes examples of figurative devices identified and how to properly identify them.
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What is the “Day-Day” view? It is the view that considers the “days” of the creation week in Genesis 1 as exactly what the text implies — literal days of approximately twenty-four hours each. It is, therefore, the antithesis of the Day-Age Theory, which has enjoyed sustained popularity among some scholars.
Generally, the Day-Age Theory is not defended by an appeal to the biblical text. Rather, its advocates usually claim, more often than not, that there is “scientific evidence” for a much older Earth than a literal reading of the Scriptures would indicate. Therefore, the assumption is made that the “days” of Genesis 1 cannot be interpreted literally.
Recently, however, attempts have been made to argue for the Day-Age concept by an appeal to the Genesis narrative itself. The argument runs as follows:
- There is textual evidence in Genesis 2 that the sixth day of the creation week could not have been a literal day;
- But obviously it was the same type of “day” as the previous five;
- Thus, none of the “days” of the creation week is to be seen as literal.
What, though, is the “evidence” that would indicate the sixth day of creation was not a literal day? The reply is two-fold:
First, it is said that after God created Adam on the sixth day, He commissioned him to name all of the animals before Eve was fashioned later on the same “day,” and this would have involved a much longer period than a mere twenty-four hour day.
Second, it is alleged that when Adam first saw Eve, he said, “This is now bone of my bones,” and his statement reflects that he had been some time without a mate — certainly longer than a few hours. Let us give due consideration to each of these matters.
The foregoing compromise of the clear biblical record is presented in Gleason L. Archer’s book, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties (1982, 58-65). Significantly, professor Archer revealed that he has been influenced by the assertions of evolutionary geochronology.
His discussion of this matter is in response to the question: “How can Genesis 1 be reconciled with the immense periods of time indicated by fossil strata?” He claimed that there is a conflict between Genesis and the beliefs of evolutionary geologists only if one understands “Genesis 1 in a completely literal fashion,” which, he asserted, is unnecessary. Archer has suggested that God then “gave Adam a major assignment in natural history. He was to classify every species of animal and bird found in the preserve” (1982, 59). Dr. Archer said that it:
“must have taken a good deal of study for Adam to examine each specimen and decide on an appropriate name for it, especially in view of the fact that he had absolutely no human tradition behind him, so far as nomenclature was concerned. It must have required some years, or, at the very least, a considerable number of months for him to complete this comprehensive inventory of all the birds, beasts, and insects that populated the Garden of Eden” (1982, 60).
One would be hard pressed to find a better example of “the theory becoming father to the exegesis” than this. Archer simply has “read into” the divine narrative the assumptions of his erroneous view. Let us take a careful look at the Bible facts.
First, apparently only those animals that God “brought” unto Adam were involved, and this seems to be limited, as even Archer has conceded, to Eden.
Second, certain creatures were excluded. There is, for example, no mention of fish or creeping things.
Third, the text does not suggest how broad the categories were that Adam was to name. It is sheer assertion to claim that he was to name all “species.” God created living organisms according to “kinds” which, in the Bible, appears to be a rather elastic term. It translates the Hebrew word, min, which sometimes seems to indicate species, sometimes genus, and sometimes family or order. But, as Walter C. Kaiser, Chairman of the Department of Old Testament and Semitic Languages, Trinity Divinity School, has observed: “This gives no support to the classical evolutionist view which requires developments across kingdom, phyla, and classes” (as quoted in Harris et al., 1980, 1:504).
Fourth, why should it be assumed that Adam had to “give a good deal of study” to this situation? He never had to “study” walking or talking; clearly Adam had been miraculously endowed with a mature knowledge that enabled him to make his way in that antique environment. He needed no “human tradition” behind him; he was “of God” (Luke 3:38).
Keil and Delitzsch, in their commentary on Genesis, observed that Adam and Eve were created on the same day, “and there is no difficulty in this, since it would not have required much time to bring the animals to Adam to see what he would call them, as the animals of paradise are all we have to think of” (1978, 1:87).
H.C. Leupold remarked:
“That there is a limitation of the number of creatures brought before man is made apparent by two things. In the first place, the beasts are described as beasts of the field (hassadheh), not beasts of the earth, as in 1:24. Though there is difficulty in determining the exact limits of the term ‘field’ in this instance, there is great likelihood (Cf.: also v. 5) that it may refer to the garden only. In the second place, the fish of the sea are left out, also in v. 20, as being less near to man. To this we are inclined to add a third consideration, the fact, namely, that the garden could hardly have been a garden at all if all creatures could have overrun it unimpeded. Since then, very likely, only a limited number of creatures are named, the other difficulty falls away, namely, that man could hardly have named all creatures in the course of a day” (1975, 130-131).
Henry Morris has commented:
“We have no way of knowing exactly how many ‘kinds’ of animals appeared before Adam, but it was clearly not such a large number as to be incapable of examination within a few hours at most. It is not unreasonable to suggest that Adam could note and name about ten kinds each minute, so that in, say five hours, about three thousand kinds could be identified. Clearly, this number seems more than adequate to meet the needs of the case” (1976, 97).
Archer’s argument about the animals is, therefore, much ado about nothing.
Further, Archer has suggested that the naming of the animals left Adam with a “long and unsatisfying experience as a lonely bachelor” and so he was “emotionally prepared” when Eve was formed (1982, 60). Another writer declared: "It seems that he [Adam] had been searching diligently for a long time for a suitable mate, and when he found her, he burst out, ‘This at last [literally, “this time”] is bone of my bones,’ etc." (Willis, 1979, 113.).
Again, one can only express amazement at how some scholars so adroitly “read between the lines.” There is nothing in the statement, “This is now bone of my bones” that demands a long, lonely, searching bachelorhood for Adam. The Hebrew word translated “now” is pa’am. The term does not require a protracted span of time, as asserted by Willis. It can denote simply a contrast with that which is previously recorded, as it obviously does in this context. Professor M.W. Jacobus observed that the term denotes “this time — in this instance, referring to the other pairs,” and so it simply expressed Adam’s satisfaction with his mate in contrast to the animals he had been naming (1864, 110).
Or, as Jamieson commented:
“[T]his time, is emphatic (Cf.: 30:30; 46:30). It signifies ‘now indeed,’ ‘now at last,’ as if his memory had been rapidly recalling the successive disappointments he had met with in not finding, admidst all the living creatures presented to him, any one capable of being a suitable companion to him” (1945, 1:46).
There is, therefore, nothing in Genesis 2 that is in conflict with the plain, historical, literal statement of Genesis 1:27ff.:
And God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them .... And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.
As we have pointed out repeatedly, the Scriptures indicate that the creation week of six days was composed of the same kind of “days” that the Hebrews employed in the observance of the Sabbath (cf. Exodus 20:8-11). Although this point has been ridiculed, it never has been answered.
There is another point, from the New Testament, that is worthy of consideration. In 1 Timothy 2:13, Paul stated: “For Adam was first formed, then Eve.” Of special interest here is the word “then” (Greek, eita). This term is an adverb of time meaning “then; next; after that” (Thayer, 1958, 188). It is found thirteen times in the New Testament in this sense. [Once it is employed in argumentation to add a new reason and so is rendered “furthermore” (Hebrews 12:9).] The word, therefore, generally is used to suggest a logical sequence between two occurrences: there is never an indication that a long lapse of time separates the two. Note the following:
- Jesus “girded himself. Then (eita) he poureth water into the basin.” (John 13:5).
- From the cross, to Mary, Jesus said, “Woman, behold thy son! Then (eita) saith he to the disciple” (John 19:26-27). Compare also John 20:27: “Then (eita) saith he to Thomas.” See also Mark 8:25.
- In Luke 8:12, some seed fell by the wayside, “then (eita) cometh the devil and taketh away the word from their heart.” Note Mark’s parallel: “Straightway cometh Satan, and taketh away the word” (4:15). These examples reveal no long lapses of time.
- James stated a man “is tempted when he is drawn away by his own lust, and enticed. Then (eita) the lust, when it hath conceived, beareth sin” (1:14-15). How long does that take?
- Christ appeared to Cephas, “then (eita) to the twelve” (1 Corinthians 15:5), and this was on the same day (Luke 24:34-36). See also 1 Corinthians 15:7.
- In speaking of Christ’s coming, Paul declared: “Then (eita) cometh the end” (1 Corinthians 15:23-24). Will there be a long span of time between Christ’s coming and the end? Indeed not (see Jackson, n.d.).
- For the two other uses of eita, see Mark 4:28 and 1 Timothy 3:10.
And so, “Adam was first formed, then (eita) Eve” (1 Timothy 2:13). Paul’s use of this adverb, as compared with similar New Testament usages elsewhere, is perfectly consistent with the affirmation of Moses that Adam and Eve were made on the same literal day of history.
The specious arguments that would accommodate Genesis to the unscriptural (and unscientific) views of modern evolutionism are shown to be totally false.
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Ben Franklin Developed a List of 13 Virtues That He Lived His Life By
Today I found out that Benjamin Franklin, through extensive study of the world’s major religions and various moral codes, came up with a list of thirteen main virtues that he felt every person should strive to live their life by. As such, he himself attempted to always live by this code and developed charts with which he charted his progress from day to day, to make sure that he was constantly improving towards this end.
He would start with one of the virtues and plot his progress on the chart until he mastered that virtue; then moving on to the next; and so on until he mastered them all. He ordered them specifically as shown below, as some of them naturally lend towards others. Thus by sticking to this order, he felt it made it easier to achieve the whole.
This code is as follows:
Temperance: Eat not to Dullness, drink not to elevation
- Silence: Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling Conversation
- Order: Let all your Things have their Places. Let each Part of your Business have its Time
- Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought. Perform without fail what you resolve.
- Frugality: Make no Expense but to do good to others or yourself: i.e. Waste Nothing
- Industry: Lose no Time. Be always employ’d in something useful. Cut off all unnecessary Actions
- Sincerity: Use no hurtful Deceit. Think innocently and justly; and, if you speak; speak accordingly.
- Justice: Wrong none, by doing Injuries or omitting the Benefits that are your Duty.
- Moderation: Avoid Extremes. Forbear resenting Injuries so much as you think they deserve.
- Cleanliness: Tolerate no Uncleanness in Body, Clothes, or Habitation
- Tranquility: Be not disturbed at Trifles, or at Accidents common or unavoidable.
- Chastity: Rarely use Venery but for Health or Offspring; Never to Dullness, Weakness, or the Injury of your own or another’s Peace or Reputation.
- Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates.
|Share the Knowledge!|
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By 50 CE, traders, using the Silk Road, came to Axum for its salt, gold, and gems. Animal products such as ivory, rhinoceros horns, and tortoise shells were also traded in the marketplace. In return they brought with them silk, spices, olive oil, wine, brass, and iron.
But Axum wanted more, which led to the people setting their sights on Kush. Taking over Kush gave Axum access not only to the Red Sea but also to the Nile River. This opened even more trading markets in Egypt and the Mediterranean area. Greco-Roman traders often came to Axum. These traders offered many goods, such as steel and cloth.
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In an attempt to combat few elements causing harm to the coral reef systems, Hawaii became the first state in the United States and the first state in the world to pass a legislation banning sunscreen carrying few harmful chemicals. According to the reports, the bill was passed on Friday, it will take effect starting January 01, 2021 and once it is in effect, the law will ban the usage of two chemicals namely Oxybenzone and Octinoxate which are two of the most popular chemicals used in manufacturing sunscreens.
Once the ban is in effect, some 3,500 sunscreen products containing these chemicals will be ban for people coming for vacations in Hawaii as well as the local people. According to David Ige, Governor of Hawaii, people with medically prescribed sunscreen containing these two chemicals will only be allowed to use these sunscreens while others will have to switch to alternatives that don’t contains these two harmful substances that have adverse effect on the coral reef systems in Hawaii which is one of the reefs around the world currently under scrutiny after some of the biggest reef system such as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia reported loss of corals due to the increasing sea temperature and climate change.
Ige further stated that Hawaii is blessed with exotic, indigenous and some of the beautiful natural resources which are fragile and any interference caused by these chemicals and other man-made products and waste has an adverse impact on the natural resources and the environment as a whole. The ban will be effective from January 01, 2021, thus impacting more than 3,500 sunscreen products available today.
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two models that have been proposed to explain the structure of concepts
classical model and prototype
model emphasizing that when people evaluate wheater a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item the item with the most typical items in that category and look for a "family resemblance".
first non human Wahoe chimp could learn ASL (American Sign Language)
Was signing unintentionally cued
Donald and Gua
chimp could not learn to speak English.The psychologist Winthrop Kellogg wondered what would happen if the situation were reversed. What if an animal were raised by humans. so he got a chimp girl and raised wit with his son. it turned out that the child human was more impatating the chimp.
one of the cognitive biases, describes that presenting the same option in different formats can alter people's decisions ex 95% fat free people is the sam has 5% fat but people prefer 95% fat free
difference between human function and chimp
Sentence length increases dramatically in children from 2-4 years, but remains fixed and limited to chimps
An attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining a goal when the gaol is not readily available
a type of fixation in which individuals fail to solve a problem becuase they are fixated on a thing's usal functions
a tendency to approach situations the same way because that way worked in the past. For example, a child may enter a store by pushing a door open. Every time they come to a door after that, the child pushes the door expecting it to open even though many doors only open by pulling. This child has a mental set for opening doors
a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events
Skinner vs Chomsky
chomsky theory argue that humans are bilogically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way but skinner argued that language represents nothing more htan chains of repsonses aquired through reinforcement. A baby happens to babble "ma-ma", mama reward the baby with hugs and kisses and baby says ma ma more and more.
a language's sound system. langauge is made up of basic sounds or phonemes. make sure certain sound sequences occurs and othes do not. for example in english language /k/, the sound represent by the letter k in the work ski and the letter c in the word cat the /k/ sound is described as a single phoneme
a language's rules for word formation. Every word in english langauge is made up fo one or more morhpenes. a morphene is the smalles unit of language that carries meaning. ex helper has two morphemes. er means the one who so in this case the one who helps.
the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language. example girl and women share many semantic features but differnt samatically in reagard to age.
endless repeating sounds and syllables such as babababa dadadada begins at the age of 3-6 months and is determined by biological readiness, not by the amount of reinforcement or the ability to hear.allows baby to excercise the vocal cords helps develop the ablility to articulate differenet sounds
At approximately age 2, children enter the Two-Word Stage of language development. During this stage they exhibit telegraphic speech, which is speech that sounds very much like a telegram, has words arranged in an order that makes sense, and contains almost all nouns and verbs. For example, a child at this stage of development who wants to get milk may say "get milk", as opposed to saying just "milk". As you can see, there are only two words, they are in an order that makes sense, there is one verb and one noun, and it sounds like a telegram.
the extent ot which a test yeilds consistent, reproducible mearue of performence
normal distribution, bell-shaped curve
a symmetircal, bell shpaed curve witha mjority of hte socres falling in hte middle of hte possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.
The Stanford-Binet test started with the French psychologist Alfred Binet, whom the French government commissioned with developing a method of identifying intellectually deficient children for their placement in special education programs. developed MA and IQ
developed the triarchic theory of intelligence, which states that intellgience comes in mulitple forms. mainly 3, analytical,creative,practical
8 frams of mind: verbal (think in words and use lang. to exp meaing ex. author), mathematical, spatial (think 3-deminsional ex artist), bodily-kinesthetic (manipulate objets and physcially adept ex. dancer), muscial, interpersonal (get along with other ex teacher), Intrapersonal ( understand oneself ex psychologist), naturalist ( observe patterns in naure ex landscaper or farmer)
Raven Test and Autism
valid intelligence test not depended on social. 20 points higher than welchers test in autism children because no socila interaction is involved in test.
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A guerilla band led by William "Bloody Bill" Anderson sacks the town of Centralia, Missouri, killing 22 unarmed Union soldiers before slaughtering more than 100 pursuing Yankee troops.
The Civil War in Missouri and Kansas was rarely fought between regular armies in the field. It was carried out primarily by partisan bands of guerilla fighters, and the atrocities were nearly unmatched. In 1863, Confederate marauders sacked Lawrence, Kansas, and killed 250 residents.
In 1864, partisan activity increased in anticipation of Confederate General Sterling Price's invasion of the state. On the evening of September 26, a band of 200 Confederate marauders gathered near the town of Centralia, Missouri. The next morning, Anderson led 30 guerillas into Centralia and began looting the tiny community and terrorizing the residents. Unionist congressmen William Rollins escaped execution only by giving a false name and hiding in a nearby hotel.
Meanwhile, a train from St. Louis was just pulling into the station. The engineer, who spotted Anderson's men destroying the town, tried to apply steam to keep the train moving. However, the brakeman, unaware of the raid, applied the brakes and brought the train to a halt. The guerillas took 150 prisoners from the train, which included 23 Union soldiers, and then set it on fire and opened its throttle; the flaming train sped away from the town. The soldiers were stripped and Anderson's men began firing on them, killing all but one within a few minutes. The surviving Yankee soldier was spared in exchange for a member of Anderson's company who had recently been captured.
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| 0.971412 | 326 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The Oxford is an English shoe who's predecessor the Oxonian half boot was popularly worn at Oxford University in the 1800's. It is considered one of the most elegant men's shoes. A plain cap-toed oxford lace up is a staple of many businessmen's wardrobes. Variations of the classic include replacing the toe cap's punched holes with narrower rows of stitching, adding a medallion decoration on the toe, or embellishing the shoe all the way up to a full brogue oxford.
Oxford's closer fit is especially comfortable for men with narrower feet and lower insteps.
The Blucher, also commonly referred to as a Derby, is named after Gehard Leberecht, a Prussian General who helped in Napolean's defeat at Waterloo. The Blucher was first used by soldiers throughout Europe and later developed into a hunting and sporting shoe. It is recognizable by the forward extension of the quarters over the vamp. Bluchers are considered a bit less formal than Oxfords because of the slightly heavier appearance produced by the side straps.
The open lacing allows for easier adjustment allowing extra comfort for men with an extra high instep or wide foot.
Both Oxford and Derby/Blutcher Brogues are commonly made. Brogues are easily identified by their distinctive perforations and stitching. The style first became popular with Irish and Scottish gamekeepers and foresters but was soon adopted by aristocrats and nobility who used them on hunting excursions.
The broguings used to be actual holes meant to allow water to drain out of the shoes. Wing Tips are named as such thanks to their toe caps that are shaped like the spread wings of a bird. They are considered a bit less formal than cap toe models and historically not worn after 6 pm.
- Monk Strap
Named after the footwear worn by friars in the Italian Alps in the 15th century, the monk strap is made with an upper composed of 3 pieces together with a distinctive single or double buckle. The broad tongue allows for a closer fit and enables a more comfortable fit around the ankle. Monk straps are very versatile in that they can be very elegant when done with a clean vamp or can also be worn more casually. Monk straps are considered to be between loafers and lace ups in terms of formality.
- Boot & Chukka Boot
The Chukka boot is named after the playing period in polo and was first brought to the West from India by the British Raj. These are often produced in suede and calfskin, unlined with leather or rubber soles.
Boots and ankle boots have become popular due to their versatility and practicality. Considering that pants almost completely cover the quarters, boots can be matched with clothing outfits the same as shoes, but are generally not worn for formal occasions.
Also called "slip ons" and moccasins (sole and upper made of a single piece of leather), loafers have become popular with men due to the trend towards comfort and convenience. Loafers can be dressed up with decorative vamp designs and with fuller bottoms which give them more scale and stature. Tassel loafers were originally considered a more casual shoe but are often seen now paired with sport coats, but less so with navy or gray suits.
The first Spectators were worn by cricket players in the 1800's. During the Jazz age the shoes were sometimes called "Correspondents" since they were worn by shady personalities who often acted as correspondents in divorce cases. Spectators later were worn by yachtsman and at leisure sporting events and now are common on the golf course. Classic Spectators mix brown or black calfskin with white suede or buck.
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Findings from a recent Newcastle University study could help diagnose Parkinson’s disease in early stages, which could lead to earlier treatment and better quality of life.
The majority of people with the disease experience a series of motor-related (or movement-related) symptoms, which are considered the main symptoms of the Parkinson’s. However, the study found a series of common non-motor problems as well that afflict many Parkinson’s patients in the very early stages, including:
- Drooling or overproduction of saliva
- Sexual problems
- Urinary urgency
- Reduced sense of smell
- Sleep deprivation
- Gastrointestinal issues
- Constipation or bowel issues
The study, published in the American Academy of Neurology, compared 159 patient’s newly-diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease to 99 otherwise healthy study participants, and polled participants on how many of the above symptoms they experienced.
The study revealed that the Parkinson’s patients admitted to experiencing at least eight of the non-motor problems on average, compared to only the healthy group, which only experienced 3 non-motor symptoms on average. For instance, 56-percent of Parkinson patients said they experienced excess saliva or drooling, compared to 6% of those without the disease. Also, 42-percent of Parkinson’s patients experienced regular constipation versus only 7-percent of the control group.
“These results show that Parkinson’s affects many systems in the body…even in its earliest stages,” says Dr. Tien K. Khoo, Study Author. “[However] people often don’t even mention these symptoms to their doctors, and doctors don’t ask…but they can be treated effectively.”
Source: Times of India
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Summary Completion Questions:
You must understand how to respond to summary completion questions
because they frequently appear on the IELTS Reading test. On this page I go through everything you need to know.
In the IELTS
Academic Reading test the summary completion task frequently appears. It evaluates your capacity to comprehend specifics within the text and to pinpoint the primary idea and it typically focuses on a single section rather than the entire text.
To simply answer the summary completion questions
in the examinations use the advice and techniques provided in this link. You shall be asked to either locate the answers from the reading passages or be given a list of words to use in the blanks. Finding the relevant text in the reading passage will be made easier by using the appropriate keywords from the questions.
The most frequent question in the IELTS academic reading tests is summary completion which measures your ability to understand the material in the text. Search for the keywords and their synonyms
to fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the provided reading passage because this test is all about vocabulary.
Some applicants find it difficult to grasp the passage overall meaning thus successful completion of this exercise requires good reading and proofreading expertise.
In order to succeed in the summary completion section you must broaden your vocabulary and develop your ability to recognize word groups.
You can improve your score in the academic reading section by using the advice and techniques provided in this summary completion test in English
You must prepare and memorize the common Question kinds in order to achieve a high mark on the summary completion test in english
. Here are the free download PDFs of English summary completion examination with answers. You may use the sample answers as a guide to start writing your own section responses by analysing them.
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what do we mean by philosophy of physics or math what does it tell us about them ? Does it tell about how these disciplines of knowledge develop? For example to develop math we use axiomatic approach and for physics we use scientific method.
The axiomatic method is what people think of when they hear the term philosophy of mathematics. It's an important idea nevertheless it's not the only idea in the philosophy of mathematics, and because of this - it's over-rated; for example, cohomology is an important notion in mathematics; and it has an axiomatic formulation, but this tells you very little about what cohomology is, and why it's important; its use-value, that is as used by mathematicians in the world of mathematics gives a much better indication of what it is; use gives ontology here. Robert Langlands, who is famous for the Langlands programme, said:
Our difficulty is not the proofs, but learning what to prove
In fact, a major part of his work is reformulating non-abelian class field theory, an important part of number theory; it's usually called the Langlands programme but I have also heard it referred to as the Langlands philosophy.
I also think its a mistake to think that the philosophy of mathematics, physics and science more broadly must only reflect on the problems of these subjects, or their inter-relationships or their foundations; these subjects are embedded in society, and an important part of philosophy is to investigate the relationship of these subjects to the larger society.
For example the notion of algorithm is a mathematical concept and today we have such things as algorithmic trading, predictive policing and other ways in which the use of algorithms affect the wider society. The recent scandal with Cambridge Analytica highlights some of the dilemmas that a philosophy of algorithms might help frame.
Philosophy of science is completely superfluous for the working physicist - according to Feynman's ironic statement
The philosophy of science is as useful to scientists as ornithology is to birds.
To explain why muons reach the earth before decaying, you need some knowledge about time dilation from the Special Theory of Relativity. And to prove that a^n+b^n=c^n, n > 2, has no non-trivial solution, you must understand the sophisticated mathematics of Wiles proof of the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil conjecture. In both cases, philosophy of physics and philosophy of mathematics did not contribute any piece of insight to the answer.
Nevertheless, in mathematics there are certain foundational questions around set theory and some philosophizing along the lines "Which ontological state do mathematical objects have?" But these questions do not find a generally accepted answer. In addition, most working mathematicians care about such issues at most on Sunday morning, when other work is done.
Possibly this answer sounds a bit harsh. Please note: I do not deny that one can find philosophy of science an interesting subject. And that this type of philosophy can be a satisfying occupation. My point is to stress the irrelevance of this field to the working scientist as Feynman stated above.
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Here’s what I love about teaching at LiHigh School.
Earlier this morning, I led the students through a discussion of Waiting for Godot. We’d read Beckett’s masterpiece as part of our weekly book club, and last week we finished watching a fantastic version of the play. To conclude the section, I’ve asked the students to film a trailer for a fictional version of the play (i.e., we’ll perform just enough to make the trailer, while not actually performing the whole play). The idea is to have them communicate the tone and themes of the play while also working on their technological skills (i.e., working a video camera, building/scouting sets, developing a script, editing footage on a computer, uploading to YouTube, etc.).
To prepare them for the assignment, I showed them a bunch of YouTube clips of various performances and commercials for performances. I also wanted them to see how Godot has influenced playwriting and scriptwriting throughout the 20th century, in case they want to do a trailer for a more creative interpretation of the play.
One of the influences we discussed was Beckett’s use of language, the way he sets the language free, allowing it to take command of his characters rather than the other way around (see Lucky’s monologue for the prime example of this). To get to this point, I showed the students a clip from the BBC sketch show, A Bit from Fry and Laurie, where Fry and Laurie, in a very funny way, discuss this very thing.
In the sketch, Stephen Fry makes a hilarious yet intelligent argument about various elements of the English language, and wonders whether English would even allow such a thing as demagoguery. Fry imagines that, had Hitler been speaking in English to an English audience, the people wouldn’t have been riled up by his words, but rather would have laughed at them. This led me to ask the students if they knew what demagoguery is, which then led to me asking whether they’d ever seen Hitler speak.
And it turns out they hadn’t (they’re only sixteen years old, after all). To help rectify this, and to better illustrate demagoguery, off we went again to YouTube, where we found a Hitler speech that included English subtitles.
Once we finished discussing demagoguery, we returned to the clips of Beckett, ending with a unique adaptation performed as part of “Monsterpiece Theatre” for Sesame Street.
And that’s what I love about teaching here. Over the course of 75 minutes, inspired by the conversation and freed from the constraints of “standards,” we can cover a wide range of ground that takes us from Samuel Beckett to a BBC sketch show to Hitler to the Cookie Monster.
Now I can’t wait to see the trailer the students actually produce. You can be sure we’ll share it here for your viewing pleasure.
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Are your kids falling behind at school? Portable personal amplifiers could be a solution.
Many students with hearing problems — both diagnosed and undiagnosed — will lose valuable classroom time simply because they can’t hear.
In addition to the obvious problem of not comprehending the teacher’s lessons, there’s an additional (and very common) problem with hearing-impaired students losing focus due to excessive background noise and poor classroom acoustics.
Fortunately, there’s an affordable way for you to combat this problem!
Portable personal amplifiers are portable amplifiers that reduce background noise and focus kids’ attention on what they need to hear.
Here are two types of portable personal amplifiers that can help your kids learn more at school.
1. Portable Personal Amplifiers with Environmental Microphones
Some portable personal amplifiers like the Williams Sound PockeTalker use a condenser microphone to pick up nearby sounds and amplify them into a headset that the listener wears.
Many people with mild hearing impairment find the PockeTalker to be just what they need — an affordable alternative to hearing aids or more expensive wireless listening systems.
For students, a small amount of amplification may be all they need to hear lectures and participate in classroom discussions — especially if they can sit close to the teacher, or if their class meets in a seminar room.
PockeTalkers are particularly well-suited to small group discussions, since they don’t require a separate microphone for everyone in the group — just place the amplifier in a central location where every person can be heard.
One disadvantage of the PockeTalker is that the environmental microphone will pick up every sound in the room. In larger lecture halls with poor acoustics, this may make it more difficult to pick out what a single person is saying, especially if they are far away from the listener.
2. Portable Personal Amplifiers with Wireless Remote Microphones
For larger or noisier rooms, students may find portable personal amplifiers with wireless remote microphones to be more convenient.
These devices allow students to place a remote mic close to the speaker — or even to plug it into the audio output of an existing PA system. The microphone attaches to a transmitter which uses wireless FM technology to broadcast the speaker’s voice to an amplifier attached to the student’s headphones.
With the microphone close to the sound source, background noise is minimized, and the teacher’s voice is much clearer. What’s more, adding additional receivers allows multiple students to listen in on the same lecture.
Need More Sound Solutions for Assistive Listening?
These are only two of the many solutions AudioLink offers for hearing better in schools and other public places. Other options include personal wireless receivers, digital transceiver systems and much more.
Does your school have an existing listening system? What do you do to help your kids hear in school? Let us know in the comments!
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|Description: This detail of a map of Florida shows county boundaries, roads, cities, towns, villages, lakes, and rivers current to 1910 for Saint Johns County. On the main map, counties and major cities and towns are listed along the left and bottoms edges with corresponding coordinates. The counties are also colored for ease of differentiation. The main features of this detail include Saint Augustine, Armstrong, and Switzerland.|
Place Names: St. Johns, San Pablo, Bayard, Switzerland, Woodland, Magnolia Grove, Saint Augustine, New Augustine, Hurds, West Tocoi, Picolata, Armstrong, Dinner Island, Neoga, Espanola, Bunnell,
ISO Topic Categories: boundaries, transportation, inlandWaters, oceans
Keywords: St. Johns County, physical, political, transportation, swamps, everglades, wetlands, physical features, county borders, roads, boundaries, transportation, inlandWaters, oceans, Unknown,1910
Source: , Atlas of the World (New York, NY: C.S. Hammond & Company, 1910) 84
Map Credit: Courtesy the private collection of Roy Winkelman.
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Cutaneous drug reactions
Cutaneous drug reactions occur when your skin reacts to a drug you are taking. A red, itchy rash and hives are the most common reactions, and symptoms typically occur within 2 weeks of starting a medication. However, there are many different types, and some can be life threatening. Drugs that most frequently cause problems include:
- Sulfa drugs
- Antibiotics such as penicillins and tetracyclines
- Biologic agents
- Psychiatric medications
- Phenytoin (Dilantin, a drug that prevents convulsions)
Other drugs can also cause adverse reactions.
Signs and Symptoms
- Red, itchy rash, or blotches
- Acne-like eruptions
- Skin pigmentation changes (brown or gray blotches may appear on skin)
- Dry, cracked skin, as in eczema
- Peeling skin
- Tissue death (necrosis)
What Causes It?
The following drugs might cause cutaneous reactions.
- Allopurinol (gout medication)
- Antibiotics (penicillins, tetracyclines)
- Biologic agents
- Chemotherapeutic agents (cancer treatments)
- Cortisones and other corticosteroids
- Diuretics (water pills)
- Heavy metals (gold, copper)
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Phenothiazines (used to treat serious mental conditions)
- Psychiatric medications (antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers)
What to Expect at Your Doctor's Office
Your doctor will examine your skin, mouth, and throat. You should make a list of all the drugs (prescription, nonprescription, and illegal) and herbal and vitamin supplements you've taken over the last 4 weeks. Your doctor may have you stop taking the suspected drug and prescribe something else.
The treatment depends on the type of reaction you are having and how serious it is. Symptoms will often disappear once you stop taking the suspected drug or take it at a lower dosage. However, you may need treatment to recover. Your doctor may prescribe drugs to help stop the reaction, such as epinephrine, corticosteroids, antihistamines, or topical ointments. If you also have life-threatening symptoms, such as trouble breathing, you will be hospitalized until you are stable.
The kind of treatment you need depends on the type of skin reaction you are having, so it's important to see your doctor and not self treat any adverse drug reactions. If you suspect a drug is causing an adverse reaction, talk to your doctor immediately before stopping the drug.
- Corticosteroids (applied topically, taken orally, or given intravenously), such as prednisone
- Antipruritic treatments (to stop itching)
- Epinephrine, for severe respiratory/cardiovascular implications
- Topical lotions or ointments: for itching, lesions, and other inflammatory skin reactions
- Baths (with or without additives)
- Special treatments: for severe reactions (depending upon severity)
Surgical removal of dead tissue may be necessary in very severe reactions.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Some cutaneous drug reactions may be life threatening and need immediate medical attention. Mild reactions may be safely and effectively treated with alternative therapies. However, talk to your doctor before using any therapy, as you will need to adjust the type of drug or the dose of the drug that caused the initial reaction. You should notify your doctor when drug reaction occurs. A cutaneous drug reaction that occurs the first time you take a drug may cause a more severe reaction the next time you take that drug. It's important to keep a record of any drugs that cause reactions when you take them. If you are pregnant, or are thinking about becoming pregnant, do not use any CAM therapies unless directed to do so by your physician.
Alternative treatments may also cause allergic reactions. So it's important to follow the directions of your doctor before starting treatment. The following are some natural therapies, which, when used under a doctor's supervision for a short period of time (3 to 7 days), may promote healing.
- Vitamin C (1,000 mg, 2 to 6 times per day in adults for short periods) helps skin heal. Some studies suggest that vitamin C can lower histamine levels (which cause hives). Lower dose if diarrhea develops.
- B-complex with extra B12 (1,000 mcg per day) aids in skin health. Vitamin B12 injections help reduce the severity of hives. But it isn't clear whether taking B12 orally has the same effect. Vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid (5 to 10 mg per day) helps heal wounds.
- Vitamin E (400 to 800 IU per day) and zinc (30 mg per day) help skin heal. Both are also sometimes applied topically.
- Bromelain (250 mg, 2 to 3 times per day, taken between meals), an enzyme derived from pineapple, reduces inflammation. Avoid if you take blood-thinning medicines. Bromelain can interfere with certain antibiotics and can slow blood clotting.
- Omega-3 fatty acids, such as those found in fish oil (1 g per day), help maintain skin health and may have anti-inflammatory properties. If you take blood-thinning medication, talk to your doctor before taking omega-3 fatty acids.
- Rutin (500 mg, 2 times per day) or quercetin (up to 1,000 mg, 3 times per day) may improve skin health.
The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. However, herbs can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, you should take herbs only under the supervision of a health care provider. Always tell your doctor about any herbs you may be taking.
Talk to your doctor to find out which treatments are best for your particular skin condition.
Some of the following herbs also can be combined into a poultice or skin wash. Avoid contact with the eyes, mouth, and nose:
- Aloe (Aloe vera), as a cream or gel.
- Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria or procera), an astringent, applied as a poultice. Boil 1 tsp. dried herb in 1 cup water for 5 to 10 minutes. Cool and apply to a clean, soft cloth, and place on affected area.
- Calendula (Calendulaofficinalis), or marigold, as an ointment or a tea applied topically. To make tea from tincture, use 1/2 to 1 tsp. diluted in 1/4 cup water. Test skin first for any allergic reaction.
- Marshmallow (Althaeaofficinalis) as a topical ointment to help wounds heal and fight inflammation.
- Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) as a commercially prepared formula of oil or cream. Apply 2 times per day to reduce inflammation.
- Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) as an ointment containing 10% of the herb.
- Burdock (Arctium lappa) as a compress. Use 1 tsp. herb in 1 cup boiling water. Cool and apply to clean, soft cloth. Place on affected area.
- Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) as an ointment containing 10% of the herb, or as a tea applied topically, to reduce itching. To make tea, boil 3 g of herb in 1 cup water. Cool and apply to a clean, soft cloth. Place on affected area.
- Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) as a cream containing 1% of the herb, to help heal wounds.
- Echinacea or coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia or purpurea) as a gel or ointment containing 15% of the juice of the herb.
- Slippery elm bark (Ulmus rubra or fulva) as a poultice. Mix 1 tsp. dried powder in 1 cup boiling water. Cool and apply to a clean, soft cloth. Place on affected area.
To relieve itching and help skin heal, you can combine chamomile with marigold or echinacea.
For further skin relief, add powdered oatmeal (or 1 cup of oatmeal in a sock) to a lukewarm bath.
Evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis) may help fight skin inflammation. Do not take evening primrose oil if you take blood-thinning medication, or if you have a history of seizures.
Pycnogenel (Pinus pinaster), an extract of the bark of a particular type of pine tree, helps promote skin health. May not be suitable for people with autoimmune disease.
- Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Do not take thyme if you take blood-thinning medication. Never take oil of thyme, which can be toxic.
Burdock (Arctium lappa) is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. Do not take burdock if you have diabetes, or if you take blood-thinning medication or a diuretic (water pills). People who are allergic to ragweed may be sensitive to burdock.
- Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) helps improve skin health. Do not take gotu kola if you have high blood pressure or experience anxiety, or if you have a history of liver disease.
Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Cat's claw may worsen autoimmune disorders and leukemia, and it may interact with several medications. Do not take cat's claw if you have high or low blood pressure, are on blood pressure medication, or take blood-thinning medication.
Homeopathic remedies can be used to improve symptoms of itching, burning, and swelling. While few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic remedies, professional homeopaths may recommend one or more of the following treatments for cutaneous drug reactions based on their knowledge and clinical experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type -- your physical, emotional, and intellectual makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate remedy for a particular individual.
- Apis mellifica -- for red rashes accompanied by hives, swelling, itching, and stinging sensations. Symptoms are relieved by cold applications. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who tend to be very tired.
- Bryonia -- for fine, dry bumps concentrated on the face. Symptoms worsen with movement. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who are irritable.
- Croton tiglium -- for inflamed, itchy skin that is tender to touch. Rash is often concentrated around the scalp, eyes, or genitals.
- Graphites -- for rashes that may be cracking and even oozing liquid. Rashes that improve with graphites are often accompanied by chills and a burning sensation. Symptoms worsen with both warmth and cold, and in damp weather.
- Ledum -- for severely inflamed rashes that worsen at night and improve with cool compresses.
- Rhus toxicodendron -- for burning and itching that are relieved by hot applications. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who are generally restless and irritable.
- Sepia -- for a dry, brownish red rash with tiny raised lesions.
- Sulphur -- for red, itchy rashes that worsen at night or when exposed to heat. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who crave cold drinks and may be inactive and irritable.
- Urtica urens -- for itchy, burning rashes that worsen with cold air.
Acupuncture can help reduce itching and inflammation of the skin. Most treatments will focus on "cooling surface heat."
It is important to stay in touch with your health care provider until the reaction is completely cleared up. If you have severe reactions, wear medical alert jewelry stating what drugs you are allergic to.
If you have any questions about any drug -- whether it is prescribed by your doctor or purchased over the counter -- ask your pharmacist or doctor.
Ahmed AM, Pritchard S, Reichenberg J. A review of cutaneous drug eruptions. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013; 29(2):527-45.
Bae EA, Han MJ, Shin YW, Kim DH. Inhibitory effects of Korean red ginseng and its genuine constituents ginsenosides Rg3, Rf, and Rh2 in mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and contact dermatitis models. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Sep;29(9):1862-7.
Brinkhaus B, Lindner M, Schuppan D, Hahn EG. Chemical, pharmacological and clinical profile of the east Asian medical plant Centella asiatica. Phytomedicine. 2000;7:427-48.
Chularojanamontri L, Jiamton S, Manapajon A, et al. Cutaneous reactions to proton pump inhibitors: a case-control study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012; 11(10):e43-7.
Habif. Clinical Dermatology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2009.
Hagen J, Magro C, Crowson AN. Emerging Adverse Cutaneous Drug Reactions. Dermatologic Clinics. W. B. Saunders Company; Philadelphia, PA: 2012; 30(4).
Koh KJ, Pearce AL, Marshman G, et al. Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:1212-7.
Liao PJ, Shih CP, Mao CT, Deng ST, Hsieh MC, Hsu KH. The cutaneous adverse drug reactions: risk factors, prognosis and economic impacts. Int J Clin Pract. 2013; 67(6):576-84.
Mao SP, Cheng KL, Zhou YF. Modulatory effect of Astragalus membranaceus on Th1/Th2 cytokine in patients with herpes simplex keratitis. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2004 Feb;24(2):121-3.
Musette P, Kaufman JM, Rizzoli R, Cacoub P, Brandi ML, Reginster JV. Cutaneous side effects of antiosteoporosis treatments.Ther Adv in Musc Dis.2011; 3(1):21-41.
Newell BD. Pediatr Ann.2010 Oct;39(10):618-25.
Sassolas B, Duong TA. Dermatology and the effects of medication on the skin. Soins.2010 Sep;(748):42-4.
Shin YW, Bae EA, Lee B, Lee SH, Kim JA, Kim YS, Kim DH. In vitro and in vivo antiallergic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its components. Planta Med. 2007 Mar;73(3):257-61.
Turk BG, Gunaydin A, Ertam I, Ozturk G. Adverse cutaneous drug reactions among hospitalized patients: five year surveillance. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2013; 32(1):41-5.
Wick JY. Drug-induced rash: nuisance or threat? Consult Pharm. 2013; 28(3):160-6.
- Last reviewed on 3/19/2014
- Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
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Orange County California
Orange County is a county located in Southern California, U.S.A. With a present estimated population of 3 million, it has the second most people for any county in the state of California, and has the fifth most individuals for any county in all of the Unites States. Identified for its wealth and political conservatism, the county, in actual reality is neither as consistently wealthy or as politically conservative as the stereotypical image it has gained suggests. Popular for tourism, Orange County is property to Disneyland as effectively as miles upon miles of sandy beaches. To study additional information, we understand people check-out: https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/orange-county-seo. Orange County is positioned right at the center of Southern California's Tech Coast.
Regardless of its enormous population, Orange County has a total region of 2,455 km which tends to make it the smallest county in all of Southern California. If you believe any thing, you will likely require to research about site. 4 Hundred and Eleven of those square kilometers are also created up of water. The county is bordered on the north by Los Angeles County, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Riverside County, on the northeast by San Bernardino County, and on the south by San Diego County. The most northern component of the county sits on the coastal plains of the Los Angeles Basin. The southern half sits on the foothills of the Santa Ana Mountains.
The majority of the population of Orange County reside in a single of two shallow coastal valleys that are in the basin. These two shallow coastal basins are: the Santa Ana Valley and the Saddleback Valley.
The cities in Orange County are connected by a network of freeways. Residents of Orange County generally get in touch with these freeways by their route number rather than their formal name. One particular of the most critical Orange County roadways is the Santa Ana Freeway, or Interstate five, which runs north-south bisecting the length of the county. It is so important as it connects with another key north-south road, the San Diego Freeway. Orange County is often divided into North County and South County by the residents. Browse here at crunchbase tyler collins to study when to acknowledge this thing. Learn new info on our affiliated encyclopedia by clicking advertisers. This notion is opposed to an East-West ision characterized by coastal and inland cities. There is no actual geographical division of North and South County..
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While the majority of students in allied health microbiology courses are interested in careers in the health care profession, often times they initially fail to recognize the relevance of particular topics to their chosen profession. Although several textbooks have tried to make epidemiology more appealing to students by including it in chapters focused on infection and infectious disease characteristics, students still view the content as "laundry lists" to memorize without appreciation for the larger context and application to their future careers. This activity uses a case-based approach to make the topic more relevant to students' lives and careers as well as to actively engage students in learning.
A student-centered, active approach to learning has been at the forefront of biology education reform in recent years (1). The benefit of active learning approaches has been clearly demonstrated (2), and there are a wide variety of techniques for engaging students. Case studies are an effective way to engage students, and deliver and apply content (see http://sciencecasenet.org/). This lesson is based on the story of Mary Mallon, aka Typhoid Mary. The use of a historical figure provides a reference point from which students can build. In addition, popular media engages students with outside resources and presents the story from a human-interest perspective rather than from a strictly scientific perspective. Using case studies with a more personal presentation improves content retention and helps students appreciate economic, social, and cultural issues surrounding patient care (3), providing an opportunity to explore the relationship between science and society (1).
The case begins with a short background story about Typhoid Mary and a brief description of the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhi. In conjunction with a video, book excerpt, and podcast, students investigate the case of Mary Mallon and, in the process, achieve learning objectives related to epidemiology, infection, and infectious disease.
This activity was designed for sophomore-level students in a non-majors microbiology course with a primary population of allied health students.
REQUIRED LEARNING TIME
The entire activity was completed in a 65-minute class period.
PRE-REQUISITE STUDENT KNOWLEDGE
There are no pre-requisite knowledge requirements for this activity.
Outside of class, students are required to read (textbook & article), view a video, and listen to a Radiolab story (www.radiolab.org). Students use the information from all of these sources to independently answer the questions associated with the case. In class, students work with their group to come to consensus for the answer to each question, requiring debate and discussion. As part of this work, the groups are also responsible for generating a flow chart outlining an epidemiological study from historical records. Groups also generate a graph of disease progression and relative number of S. Typhi from a case narrative. During the class-wide discussion, students are responsible for providing the answers to each question and for assessing the accuracy of the answers provided by their peers.
The discussions that occur among students in the small and large group discussion provide students with opportunities for formative self-assessment. Formative assessment by the instructor occurs during the interaction of the instructor with each small group and during the large class discussion. Summative assessment consisted of short answer exam questions.
This activity features components that access several learning modalities. The textbook chapter and article, along with the associated questions, require students to read/write (see http://vark-learn.com/). The video tutor, text, and lecture figures (Supporting File S1) provide visual learning tools, while the Radiolab story and class discussions incorporate auditory delivery of material. Since students must come to class with answers to all of the case questions, they are individually accountable for moving learning forward. Within the small groups, all students can actively participate by vocalizing their ideas and by listening to others. The discussion in both the small and whole-class format provides students with the chance to see the value of different perspectives.
Please see Table 1 for a recommended timeline of the activity.
This lesson was taught to a class of approximately 60 students where students worked in groups of four. Groups were formed on the first day of class and remained stable throughout the semester. Group work was a part of every class throughout the semester; by the time this lesson was taught, the expectation that students would complete tasks outside of class in preparation for group work was well established. I taught the lesson in a lecture hall, but it is adaptable to almost any physical space.
PRE-CLASS TEACHER PREPARATION
The primary pre-class tasks for instructors is to disseminate the case to the students and prepare the visuals to accompany the class-wide discussion. While Powerpoint (Supporting File S1) was used by this instructor, the format allows for teachers to utilize the method they are most comfortable with for visual presentation.
PRE-CLASS STUDENT PREPARATION
In preparation for class, students were assigned the corresponding chapter ("Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology") from their text (4), a "video tutor" on virulence factors (from textbook online materials), an excerpt from Anthony Bourdain's book Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical (5), and the Radiolab podcast The Most Horrible Seaside Vacation (6). Students were expected to have all assignments and case questions completed before coming to class.
IN-CLASS PART 1: SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION (APPROXIMATELY 25 MINUTES)
To start the discussion, groups discussed their answers to each of the case questions. Students were allowed to use their completed case study as well as any notes they had from their reading and other preparatory work. The goal was for the group to develop a consensus answer for each question. Since students worked in groups during every class period, they typically did a good job of moving through the questions. While students were working, the instructor walked through the classroom, answering questions and clarifying any misconceptions. These interactions also provided a chance for the instructor to ask questions about content that might not be a direct answer to a case question. For example, Question 2 (Supporting File S2) asked students to identify the reservoir of disease in the typhoid outbreaks. During discussion with students, the instructor let students explain their answer and then asked them to name some other reservoirs. This questioning set the stage for the class-wide discussion that covered not only the content in the case, but the content in the chapter and other learning materials. It also helps reveal any misconceptions or misunderstandings that students had, allowing the instructor to address these during the class-wide discussion.
IN-CLASS PART 2: LARGE GROUP DISCUSSION (APPROXIMATELY 40 MINUTES)
After students had worked through the case in their learning groups (about 25 minutes), the class was brought back together. For each question, the instructor asked for a group to volunteer an answer. After the answer was given, the instructor asked the class if any group had anything to add or change. Then the instructor presented figures from the text (or other sources) that aid in synthesizing important concepts and extended the discussion around the content (Supporting File S1 and S3). For instance, Question 1 (Supporting File S2) asked students to define and distinguish epidemic disease from other types of disease. Nearly every microbiology textbook contains an image comparing endemic, epidemic, sporadic, and pandemic disease. After a group presented its answer, the image was presented to visually reinforce the verbal answer. The discussion was extended, asking students to define sporadic disease and give an example of each type of disease occurrence. Identifying examples helps the students put the technical definitions into a more relatable framework and also helps illuminate any misunderstanding students might have about the definitions. The final question in the case focused on the social aspects of health care and public health as a springboard for discussion about issues that are relevant for today's health care professionals (Question 11, Supporting File S3). For example, since Mary Mallon never got sick with typhoid, she failed to believe that she could be a carrier. This observation led to a discussion about how patient beliefs (whether or not they are scientifically accurate) impact their response to care. The class extended the discussion to talk about what they as nurses (or other health care professionals) could do in similar situations. The teaching notes include a description of visuals and provide extension ideas for each question (Supporting File S3). Suggestions for PowerPoint visuals can be found in Supporting File S1.
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The case of Mary Mallon provides a framework for students to explore and apply content related to infectious disease, infection, and epidemiology. It also helps instructors to identify and clarify misconceptions that students might have. For example, students often believe that the presence of a pathogen is always associated with disease (Mary's status as a carrier is very intriguing to them) or that pathogens need to produce a lot of virulence factors to cause disease. As students retrace the steps in the Mary Mallon case, they begin to understand the essential role of epidemiology in public health. They also make the connection between microbial pathogenesis and clinical presentation (Supporting File S2, Question 7). Exploring content in this manner is not only engaging for students, but it helps clarify subtle, but important differences. For instance, students often confuse pathogenicity/virulence and etiology/epidemiology. Distinguishing these concepts within a case context led to better understanding in subsequent assignments and exam questions; no student used these terms incorrectly after the case. On an exam, students were presented with a mini-case that tested their ability to apply their knowledge in a new scenario--a patient presenting with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF). The majority of students were able to correctly respond to short answer questions corresponding to four of the case learning objectives--accurately identifying the reservoir, mode of transmission, and portal of entry and creating a graphical representation of disease stage and number of bacteria.
ADAPTING THE CASE TO OTHER COURSES AND CONTEXTS
Target audience: Although this case was used in a non-majors biology course with a majority population of allied health students, it could easily be adapted for use in a majors or non-majors introductory course or an upper level majors microbiology course.
Simulations: Further investigation of the content in the case could be explored either in lab or lecture by having students participate in a "simulated epidemic" exercise (Epidemic Simulation Classroom Kit; Carolina Biological #154665; www.carolina.com).
Other Interactive Activities: Although the content of this lesson can be found in any microbiology text, the video tutor was specific to the text that we used. Alternatives to this proprietary video tutor can be found online (e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E15p4DEI9uA) or with other textbook ancillary materials.
Different time frames: The discussion extension ideas provided in the case teaching notes are easily adaptable for either shorter or longer class periods. This activity was completed in a 65-minute class period; instructors teaching in a 50-minute class period could easily eliminate some of the discussion extension questions without compromising student learning. The discussion portion could be altered so that groups were assigned a question to report back to the class. This adaptation may be advantageous in classrooms where student-driven discussion is not as regular. By assigning responses, all groups are responsible for reporting and the discussion will more forward effectively.
STUDENT REACTION TO THE ACTIVITY
The student response to case studies was overwhelmingly positive. On end of the semester evaluations, one student commented, "The case studies were very helpful. Not only did I process information on my own and in a group, but the addition of the lectures made concepts clear." Another student highlighted the value of the class discussions associated with the case "I learned a lot from the discussions in class because the open dialogue helped me to understand others perspectives and fresh ways to think about concepts."
Presenting this content through the story of Mary Mallon makes the material more personal and relatable to students. While they must consider the science behind the case, they also explore social and cultural issues relevant to health care and public health. As one student wrote, "it teaches me to think in a much more 'nurse' way."
Supporting File S1: Typhoid Mary Presentation File (ppt)
Supporting File S2: Typhoid Mary case
Supporting File S3: Typhoid Mary case teaching notes
The author would like to thank BIOL 201 students for their enthusiasm, willingness to engage, and feedback.
- American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2011. Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education: A Call to Action. Washington, D. C.: AAAS.
- Freeman, S, Eddy, SL, McDonough, M, Smith, MK, Okoroafor, N, Jordt, H, Wenderoth, MP. 2014. Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. PNAS. 111:8410-8415.
- Young, LM, Anderson, RP. 2010. The Use of Personal Narrative in Classroom Case Study Analysis to Improve Long-term Knowledge Retention and Cultivate Professional Qualities in Allied Health Students. J. Micro. Bio. Ed. 11:107-112.
- Bauman, RW. 2013. Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
- Bourdain, A. 2001. Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical. New York, NY:Bloomsbury.
- Radiolab. The Most Horrible Seaside Vacation. http://www.Radiolab.org/story/169882-typhoid-mary/
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Zika virus may pose greater threat of miscarriages than previously thoughtStaff Writer | July 3, 2018
Research from several institutions, including the California National Primate Research Center at UC Davis, suggests that more women could be losing their pregnancies to the Zika virus without knowing they are infected.
Infection Exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy is dangerous
"These rates of fetal losses and stillbirths in Zika-infected pregnant monkeys were about four-fold higher than what is normally seen in unexposed monkey populations at these research centers," said Koen Van Rompay, corresponding author and core scientist at the California National Primate Research Center.
"Many of the fetal and placental tissues had evidence of Zika virus replication and also had pathological lesions, which further supports the role of Zika virus in this detrimental outcome."
Previous Zika research only measured miscarriages and stillbirths in women who displayed signs or symptoms of the virus. A recent study of women who were known to be infected with Zika found that 5 percent did not carry to term or had stillbirths.
"There are limitations to the human studies, which rely on symptomatic infections," said Dawn Dudley, lead author of the study and scientist in the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.
"Women get enrolled in the studies because they have Zika symptoms, but we know that up to half of people who have Zika don't show any symptoms at all. So, the pregnancy studies are probably missing half of the people who have Zika."
The Zika virus is widely known for causing children to be born with a brain abnormality called microencephaly and other malformations. Zika disease in human adults includes fever, rash, headache, joint and muscle pain, as well as red eyes; however, most are asymptomatic.
"For pregnant women who live in areas where Zika virus is prevalent, and who may experience spontaneous abortions, the possible link to Zika virus infection may be missed," said Lark Coffey, an arbovirologist at UC Davis and co-author on the manuscript.
"Our data in monkeys indicate more research is needed so researchers can develop intervention strategies to protect pregnant women and their fetuses from Zika virus."
The research data were aggregated from six National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs), where researchers have the ability to control the timing and method of infection in a way those studying human infections cannot.
Researchers monitored pregnant monkeys - rhesus macaques at the California, Oregon, Tulane and Wisconsin NPRCs, common marmosets at the Southwest NPRC, and pigtail macaques at the Washington NPRC - to follow the progress of Zika virus in the bodies and into their fetuses and the tissues that support fetal development.
In another recent study, Van Rompay, Coffey and colleagues showed that infection of Rhesus macaque monkeys with Zika virus in utero caused similar brain damage to that seen in human newborns.
The timing of infection was found to be an important predictor of fetal loss.
Exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy was more likely to result in fetal death - a finding that parallels human reports.
Another finding from the study was placental dysfunction, which commonly presented in the form of increased placental calcification during ultrasound examinations. ■
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Brazilians unearth new monster dino species
Maxakalisaurus topai, come on down
Brazilian paleontologists who have spend the last four years piecing togther fragments of a monster dinosaur have declared it a new species of the Titanosauria group - a 13 metre, nine-tonne beast snappily dubbed Maxakalisaurus topai, Reuters reports.
The herbivorous giant - dating back 80m years and characterised by "large body, long tail and neck with a relatively small head" - was unearthed between 1998 and 2002 beside a road in Serra da Boa Vista in Minas Gerais state.
It gets its name from a local indian tribe, the Maxakali, and their divinity Topa. Reuters notes that it's customary in Brazil to dub paleontological novelties with indigenous names.
The Titanosauria group were the principal herbivorous dinosaurs roaming the super-continent of Gondwana and its post-split components of Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India and South America. The importance of Maxakalisaurus topai lies in the fact that it's closely related to the highly-evolved Saltasaurinae group which put in an appearence 70m years ago and have to date been discovered only in Argentina.
The new Brazilian species appears to have suffered the post-mortem indignity of being eaten by carnivores, as attested by teeth marks on some of the bones, researchers explained. Its reconstructed skeleton was unveiled yesterday in the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro. ®
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The missing element in digital learning scenarios: sound design
I’ve recently been watching Marcella on Netflix and I’m repeatedly amazed by the sound design. If the term is new to you, I’m talking about the combination of background music and audio recordings in films, television and games. It’s often carefully-composed music that’s in sync with the action. When the soundtrack is removed from your typical TV show or movie, with just the background audio and voice left, the experience lacks presence. Adding the soundtrack is usually one of the last pieces of the film production process. It brings the whole experience together. In media experiences, sound conveys emotion. It gives a moving image a cinematic feel.
Watching Marcello got me thinking about how we use sound in digital learning. The most common application is voiceovers or interface sounds e.g. button clicks. Videos might have some background music. Bu there is much more potential for sound.
if your digital learning is just a PowerPoint file with a quiz at the end, then exploring different ways to use sound is not going to make much difference to your learning experience. Your engagement and performance problems won’t be solved by adding sound alone.
But if your digital learning includes scenarios or is simulation based, then exploring how sound can be used to convey context and emotion might be useful.
Conveying context with sound
An example of using sound to convey context might be a meeting in a cafe. Adding noises of cups clinking, a coffee machine in the distance and people chatting will give the scenario more presence and make it feel more realistic.
Conveying emotions with sound
In story- and scenario-based learning the subtle use of sounds adds an emotional presence. The more emotional impact your learning experience has, the more likely it is going to stick and trigger behavioural change in the learner.
A few things you need to think about when using sound in digital learning
Avoid looped background soundtracks
Looped sounds can quickly become boring for learners. In many games the background sounds might appear to loop but they are subtlety changing each time they are played.
Consider the mobile learner
Mobile learners routinely access learning in a public space where an unexpected sound might not be welcome. Make it clear at the beginning of the learning experience that there will be sound.
Make it accessible
Your background sound should be non-critical to the experience, or, if it is needed, provide some kind of alternative visual clue or text.
I don't yet have many great examples of using sound in digital learning that are available on the public web. Recently Sprout Labs has been looking at a few interactive documentaries for inspiration (more on that soon). One that has nice use of sound is Highrise.
If you know of another great example of digital learning using sound in an interesting way that’s on the public web, please let us know in the comments below.
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Bottlenose dolphin sightings are delighting both citizens and scientists alike, as unprecedented scores of these marine mammals have been spotted in the Bay's waters this spring and summer. The University of Maryland's DolphinWatch initiative, conceived in 2017, may have sparked the phenomenon of, "if you look, you will see"—with 900 reported sightings in 2017 alone, it's possible these dolphins have been here all along, and we're now just taking notice. What's more certain, however, is the relationship between the Bay's health and dolphin populations. As the former improves, so does the latter.
Dolphins orient themselves strategically within the Bay, following tidal currents carrying concentrations of weakfish, spot, and croaker, among other species. Then, they wait for the fish to school up before targeting those on the outer edge who lack the protection of the cluster's fortified center. This feeding strategy saves energy and increases the likelihood of catching a food item.
Due to the nature of their environment, dolphins rely heavily on auditory signaling to navigate their surroundings beneath the waves. They use clicking sounds to identify nearby objects by way of echolocation. A muscular plug in the dolphin's melon (the fatty part of their forehead) generates vibrations of various frequencies, which bounce off nearby objects. These reverberations are then absorbed through nerves in the lower jaw and are interpreted as images in the brain, allowing dolphins to "see with sound."
Dolphins also use whistles to communicate within their family group. Early in life, dolphins develop a "signature whistle" that functions like a name. Dolphins whistle their name to locate other pod members and distinguish one from another according to each individual's signature whistle. Dolphins also listen for the unfamiliar whistles of foreign pods as a way of establishing mating partners during breeding season. You can listen to their sounds here.
As one of the top predators in the Chesapeake food chain, dolphins are regulated by their prey population. Food scarcity diminishes the animal's fat reserves, leaving them vulnerable to disease. Conversely, as fish populations improve, dolphin populations grow stronger in response to robust food sources. Simply put, dolphins follow the fish, and it's telling that we're seeing remarkable numbers of both.
The correlation between a healthy dolphin population and a healthy Bay can be attributed to the Chesapeake Clean Water Blueprint. Pollution reduction goals are in place to better the Bay's water quality, which aids the growth of underwater grasses and decreases the Bay's dead zones. Cleaner water and wide-ranging underwater habitats yield booming fish stocks, which in turn foster a strong dolphin population. The implementation of the Blueprint has nurtured the underwater environment necessary for an array of species to thrive, dolphins included.
If you see a dolphin pod on the Bay this summer, enjoy them from a distance—300 feet between humans and marine mammals is required by federal law. However, passive interaction—when dolphins willingly swim around or approach you or your boat—is perfectly legal. Dolphins may even choose to playfully surf swells generated by a vessel, like in this video. As fall approaches, dolphin spotting will become few and far between, though you might be able to get one last look at Virginia's First Landing State Park before venturing toward warmer waters for the winter. Enjoy them while you can!
Eleonore Evans, CBF Communications Intern
Issues in this Post
Fisheries Bay Grasses Chesapeake Clean Water Blueprint Fishing Water Quality
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Back in 1214, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary was constructed over the old Abbey of Saint Victor. Forty-two years later, it had become a monastery. At the beginning of the 15th century, it was replaced by a church dedicated to Saint Gabriel. During the 16th century’s “Italian War” (1536 to 1538), Francis I commissioned the building of a fort surrounding the church (along with an additional fort outside the harbor on the island of “If”) in order to resist a possible siege by Charles I’s forces. This is the only known example of a military fort sharing space with a sanctuary open to the public.
In 1790, the hill’s fort and sanctuary were invaded by anti-clerical revolutionaries, eventually resulting in the closing down of the church buildings. By 1793, it had been transformed into a prison to hold Louis Phillipe, the Duke of Orleans (and the King’s cousin), along with his two sons, his sister, and the Prince of Conti. After several weeks, they all were transferred to Fort Saint-Jean. On April 4, 1807, the church finally re-opened for worship, while the fort portion went unused.
A privately commissioned silver Madonna and Child - known as “The Black Madonna” - was given to the church in 1834 and quickly became one of the most popular items within the building. During April of 1851, expansion plans for the church resulted in there no longer being any room for military buildings. Construction of these plans began in September of 1853.
In 1892, a funicular was built to make it easier for visitors to get up the 276 foot tall hill. Fifteen years later, after having transported 20 million people) it was shut down because of the increased usage of private automobiles. During World War II, German blockhouses covered the top of the hill. Allied forces liberated Marseilles in August of 1944.
Today, the views of the harbor and of Marseilles from Notre-Dame de la Garde make it the top tourist attraction in the city. It is well worth a visit.
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FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions
What is a "cookie"?
What is Encryption?
Encryption technology (SSL) scrambles information as it passes across the Internet. SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer, a global standard security technology that enables encrypted communication between a web browser and a web server. It is utilized by most online businesses and individuals to decrease the risk of sensitive information (e.g., credit card numbers, usernames, passwords, emails, etc.) from being stolen or tampered with by hackers and identity thieves. In essence, SSL allows for a private “conversation” just between the two intended parties.
To create this secure connection, an SSL certificate (also referred to as a “digital certificate”) is installed on a web server and serves two functions:
- It authenticates the identity of the website (this guarantees visitors that they’re not on a bogus site)
- It encrypts the data that’s being transmitted
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By installing a comprehensive waste segregation and management system with the help of NGO Hand in Hand, the Tamil Nadu town has managed to go waste-free in just two years.
In only two years, a town of 5,000 households and 20,000 people has become completely environmentally sustainable and litter-free.
Mahabalipuram, or Mamallapuram as it is also known, is a UNESCO-declared heritage site in Tamil Nadu housing some of South India’s most magnificent temples and other historic monuments of the 7th and 9th centuries. The town is a popular tourist destination attracting thousands of national and international tourists.
It can now add ‘model village for waste management’ to it’s list of attractions as the town has become an example of what can be achieved with a little time and dedication and some simple attitude changes of local residents.
This incredible achievement came about with the help of NGO Hand in Hand India, a Tamil Nadu-based organisation committed to the development of rural areas through a variety of projects. The projects seek to empower people living in rural communities through a ‘bottom-up approach,’ teaching them skills and educating them to become self-sustaining.
General Manager of HiH, V.Parisutham told India Times that it was a long process to convince everyone in the town, and everything including awareness campaigns was built from scratch.
You may also like: How Moving to India Forced Me to Confront My Food Waste Woes and Helped Me Become More Green!
Here’s what exactly went into it.
With the installation of a waste collection and management system managed by HiH’s solid waste management wing, 85% of the town’s waste is segregated at the source, escaping the landfills, and it’s average daily food waste of 3 metric tons is converted into organic manure in the town’s new compost park.
Every household has been given a green coloured bin for biodegradable waste, a black coloured bin for non-biodegradable waste and a white bag for recyclable waste, and a team of educators and ‘green friends’ have been assigned to each household who educate them of the importance of waste segregation and to collect the segregated waste.
As women in the town handle around 80-90% of the waste generated, ‘lady motivators’ have been employed to help connect with these women and allow them to feel more comfortable and willing to be educated.
You may also like: This Goan Village Is Beating Open Defecation With Eco-Friendly Toilets That Turn Waste Into Manure
In association with the Mamallapuram Town Panchayat a bio-methanation plant was installed to efficiently manage bio-degradable waste, especially food waste, generated by the hotels in Mamallapuram. With a daily capacity to handle 500kg to 800kg of food waste, the plant converts food waste into methane before converting it into electricity of up to 10 KW per hour. Currently, the electricity generated is used to light up 30 street lights on the East Coast Road.
The town hopes that other cities around India will adopt the same model and work towards becoming waste-free and self-sustaining.
You can find out more about Hand in Hand India, here.
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We have been running a supplementary feeding programme for the past 3 years and have been farming to feed, pay school fees and hospital bills for more than 30 orphans and vulnerable children.
Demand for this service is getting high because of the economic hardships being experienced in the country. Yields are getting low because of the use of chemicals and artificial fertilizers.
After attending a Permaculture Design Course in Uganda we are 100 percent certain that permaculture is the answer to some or all the problems that we face as poor rural communities.
We acquired more than 10 hectares of land to establish a permaculture farm which will replace our current food production system in order to provide sustainable food security in the future and to be able to take care of even more orphans and vulnerable children.
What is Permaculture?
It describes a sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture.With time the philosophy evolved and now includes areas like economic systems, human habitats and many more to form a “permanent culture“.The goal of permaculture is to make humans part of natural cycles and processes again, so we can make use of nature efficiently not by harming it, but by contributing to it.
The concept was developed by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in the 70s and contains three core tenets and twelve design principles.Permaculture is a fluid and loose term. It includes a wide variety of techniques, design tools and lifestyles that share the same ideals.Many of the ideas come from observing nature.
Natural ecosystems, like forests, do not need fertiliser and produce no waste.
All parts of the system work together closely and fulfill important roles.
Observations like that can often by applied to agricultural systems.
In forest gardens trees are important design elements. While they produce fruit and timber, their leaves return nutrients to the soil. There, in the space between the stems you can cultivate vegetables, herbs, nuts and berries or keep animals.
A forest garden copies natural processes of woodland ecosystems.
A productive system develops that produces food for people and animals, medicine, timber and firewood.
In Permaculture, we use buildingmethods and materials that do not harm the planet unnecessarily.
We use renewable or abundant resources, like straw, clay or recycled material.
We consider and use characteristics of the site and local climate for the architectural design.
For example, we can use sun and wind for thermal regulation in our buildings. Thus we reduce energy consumption of building and living without giving up comfort or functionality.
Living with natural processes
Living Permaculture means observing and interacting with natural processes. For example, an indoor wormery converts your kitchen garbage into high quality compost. Placed in the house, it is close by where the waste is produced. Additionally, it works even in the winter when temperatures outside are too low for the worms to work.
Thus it can produce nutrients for your balcony or garden all year-long. Building and running the wormery is simple and cheap.
Why is Permaculture important?
Our lifestyle strains natural resources in different ways: our mobility, our methods of building and food production, our energy consumption, our way to produce consumer goods and how we treat our waste – all this heavily affects the natural processes on earth, and often in a very negative way. Many resources are consumed in these man-made processes. Reserves shrink, such as fossil fuel deposits. Other areas of the environment are changed and partly damaged in a way that they are no longer usable – e.g. ecosystems, basic resources (water, soil and air), biodiversity or the climate on Earth.
At the same time, resources and the opportunities to use them are very unevenly distributed in the world. While more and more people increasingly have higher standards of living, the number of people whose basic needs can not be met rises.Permaculture seeks solutions to all these problems: methods to work with nature rather than against it (e.g. the use of natural processes to generate energy) and to avoid or reduce the consumption of resources in all areas of life (e.g. through renouncement or more efficient technologies). Moreover, it aims for a culture of cooperation and fairness in social systems.
Bill Mollison on Permaculture
“Permaculture is a philosophy of working with, rather than against nature; of protracted & thoughtful observation rather than protracted & thoughtless labour; & of looking at plants & animals in all their functions, rather than treating any area as a single-product system.”
- serlo.org − What is Permaculture?
- Illus. 1: Tarvasjõgi at Kõrvemaa Nature Park in Estonia − by Ireen Trummer
- Illus. 2: Photo of Robert Hart’s forest garden − by Graham Burnett
- Illus. 3: Strawbale building with clay and lime plastering − by EwigLernender
- Illus. 4: Indoor Wormery − by Kati_L, serlo.org
- Illus. 5: Syncrude mildred lake plant − by TastyCakes
- Quote: An Interview With Bill Mollison, by Alan AtKisson − Context Institute
- Bill Mollison
- David Holmgren
- Forest gardening
- Natural building
- Climate Change
- Environmental impact of meat production
- Environmental impact of the energy industry
- Peak Oil
- Fossil fuel phase-out
- Fossil fuel divestment
- Sustainable Development Goals
- Sustainable agriculture
- Renewable energy
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Active Listening-Level 2
This course is for high beginning students who want to practice and improve their basic listening, speaking and pronunciation skills. This course will help students communicate basic skills with little or no help. Students will develop skills to follow simple conversations.
Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
- Communicate in short routine conversations about needs and familiar topics of personal relevance.
- Ask and respond to simple and familiar questions.
- Describe situations of personal relevance in simple terms (e.g. a situation, living conditions, obtaining goods and services, etc.)
- Recognize and follow many common everyday instructions and directions.
- Develop an adequate vocabulary for routine everyday communication.
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The Surprising Link Between Hiatal Hernias and Respiratory Issues
Are you someone who suffers from respiratory problems like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
If so, you might be surprised to learn that there's a possible connection between these issues and a condition you might not have heard of before: hiatal hernias.
What Are Hiatal Hernias
Hiatal hernias occur when a portion of the stomach slides up into the chest through a small opening in the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. While not everyone with a hiatal hernia experiences symptoms, those who do might notice heartburn, chest pain, or difficulty swallowing.
What you might not know is that hiatal hernias can also affect your respiratory system. Here's how:
The diaphragm is an important muscle for breathing. When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, allowing your lungs to expand and fill with air. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, pushing air out of your lungs.
However, when you have a hiatal hernia, the stomach can push up against the diaphragm and interfere with its movement. This can make it harder for you to breathe, especially if you have an underlying respiratory condition.
In fact, research has shown that hiatal hernias are more common in people with respiratory issues than in the general population.
A study published in the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology found that 43% of people with COPD also had a hiatal hernia, compared to just 11% of people without COPD.
Another study published in the journal Chest found that people with asthma were more likely to have a hiatal hernia than people without asthma.
The researchers hypothesized that the pressure changes in the chest caused by asthma attacks could contribute to the development of hiatal hernias.
So, what does all of this mean for you?
If you have a respiratory condition like asthma, COPD, or chronic bronchitis and also experience symptoms of acid reflux or heartburn, it's worth exploring further.
By being aware of the possible link between these issues, you can take an active role in your own health!
5 Lifestyle Tips to Help Manage Linked Symptoms
1. Eat smaller, more frequent meals: Large meals can put pressure on your stomach and diaphragm, worsening symptoms of both hiatal hernias and respiratory issues. Instead, try eating smaller meals throughout the day to avoid overeating.
2. Avoid trigger foods: Certain foods can trigger acid reflux and heartburn, which can worsen symptoms of hiatal hernias and respiratory issues. Common trigger foods include spicy or fatty foods, caffeine, and alcohol. Try to limit your intake of these foods or avoid them altogether.
3. Elevate the head of your bed: When you sleep, gravity can help keep stomach acid from flowing back up into your esophagus. Try elevating the head of your bed by 6-8 inches to promote better digestion and reduce acid reflux symptoms.
4. Exercise regularly: Regular exercise can help strengthen your diaphragm and improve your breathing. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise, like walking or cycling, most days of the week.
5. Take all-natural supplements: All-natural supplements like Hiatal Health and Resp Relief can help support your digestive and respiratory health. Hiatal Health targets the discomfort of heartburn, acid reflux, and indigestion that is frequently triggered by hiatal hernias or esophageal weakness. And Resp Relief can help support open airways and promote relief of bronchial and sinus inflammation.
Improving Respiratory Health by Improving Gut Health
By making these simple lifestyle changes, you may be able to manage your symptoms of both hiatal hernias and respiratory issues more effectively. And by adding all-natural supplements like Hiatal Health and Resp Relief to your routine, you may be able to provide additional support for your digestive and respiratory health.
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A Guide to Understanding Agile Workflows
There's are good reasons why so many companies are shifting to agile workflows.
With the pace of business moving faster than ever before, you need a way to accommodate your need for continued growth. That means making sure you recognize the need to make changes in your current business processes. In addition, you need a way to capture the shifting demands of consumers and the way technology impacts your day-to-day operations. It’s one reason why so many companies are shifting to agile workflows as a way of getting things done.
What is an Agile Workflow?
An agile workflow is a series of steps involved in developing a product. Instead of occurring in one long sequential flow, the project gets broken down into a series of iterations. During each phase, multiple teams get involved and complete designated tasks during a specific period known as a sprint.
There are various types of agile workflows available, as shown below.
Feature Driven Development (FDD)
This form of agile workflow is often used in system development to create or modify features. FDD is more customer-centric, designed to provide software results quickly and efficiently. Using the FDD model of agile workflow makes it possible to provide regular project updates and swiftly locate errors. As a result, stakeholders receive more immediate feedback. There’s also a reduction in confusion and rework.
The Scrum framework focuses on delivery through incremental development to help reduce risk. Every scrum iteration consists of two-to-four-week sprints, with each one focused on a specific part of a product. Setting up projects this way allows teams to continue learning and gathering feedback after each phase. As a result, it’s suitable for complex projects that aren’t easily completed in one stage.
Kanban is popular among DevOps and software teams dealing with many incoming requests of different sizes and priorities. Teams use Kanban boards to organize work items and how they should flow from one workflow stage to the next. Examples of stages in Kanban include To Do, In Progress, and Done. However, teams can feel free to create names that suit them best.
Extreme Programming (XP)
Extreme programming (XP) is typically used when an organization wishes to improve the quality of a product, making it popular among software programmers. The XP agile workflow process focuses on recurrent releases throughout a project’s lifecycle versus one big release at the end. That way, team members and stakeholders get the chance to review and assess a project’s progress throughout the development process.
How Does an Agile Workflow Differ from Traditional Workflows?
With a traditional workflow, projects typically progress linearly through various phases. You can’t move on to the next stage until you complete the previous one. That’s why it’s often referred to as the “Waterfall” approach.
The biggest issue with the waterfall methodology is that it becomes difficult to adapt to new requests. Furthermore, if a change gets approved, that requires the team to go back to the beginning to redo the completed work, leading to cost overruns and project delays.
By using agile workflows, project managers can adapt workflows to focus on smaller pieces of work, making it easier to accommodate changes. Many organizations use an agile testing workflow to get feedback to incorporate into a specific sprint.
In addition, there is added visibility when it comes to managing work, making it possible to find and fix problems in a timely manner before the product’s release. Finally, creating an agile workflow diagram for each sprint makes it possible to provide smaller, more frequent releases to the market to satisfy consumer demand.
What Are the Steps Involved in an Agile Workflow?
An agile workflow typically repeats the same common steps regardless of the project type.
- Ideation — This is where teams come up with the concept for a project. They define the business scope of each idea, set up the product backlog, and outline the different sprints.
- Inception — Once you’ve confirmed that the project is going forward, you set up the different sprint teams and assign each their respective tasks. In addition, each team gets a set of goals and a timeline for completion.
- Iteration — Here, the teams start working on their tasks to complete the first iteration and work on any backlog items from a previous sprint.
- Release — After completing an iteration, the product gets released. Customers and stakeholders provide feedback to incorporate into the development and test before the next sprint.
- Production — after completing testing and documenting everything completed within the sprint, the team supports the product's release into production.
- Retirement — After completing product development, the agile workflow process ends.
How Do You Create an Agile Workflow?
To start, you have to pick an agile workflow process that fits your team’s mindset. Everyone must commit to the principles of the methodology before moving forward. Next, you can decide on which agile framework best suits your group. Whether you go with Kanban, Scrum, or another agile methodology, it helps to have software that lets you map out your agile workflows from start to finish.
Once you’ve picked your agile workflow style, develop a strategy to guide your team toward completing your project goals. That includes:
- Planning out the process
- Coming up with your product backlogs
- Setting up your agile workflow diagram tools, like Integrify
- Organizing task priorities
- Coming up with set timelines
From there, you should organize your sprint teams and assign their tasks. Make sure each team has people with the expertise needed to get the work done. Finally, you can move ahead with your agile workflow process.
Make Agile Easier with the Right Tools
Integrify makes it easy for organizations to outline and follow agile workflows to get their projects up and running. In addition, you can keep everything in a centralized location to make progress tracking easier. Contact us today to set up a demo of our software.
Interested in Automating Your Workflow?
We have a variety of resources to help you on your journey to an automated workflow.
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Your email address will be used for Wildy’s marketing materials only. We will never give your email address to any third party.
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Immigration pracitioners need to be aware of family law and human rights jurisprudence protecting the right to enjoy family life. Putting Children First: A Guide for Immigration Practitioners fulfils that need. It explores the law relating to the family and how this is applied in the context of immigration.
The intricacies of immigration and nationality laws mean that members of one family can find themselves with different immigration statuses or entitlements to British nationality. Individuals may face the prospect of being separated - sometimes indefinitely - from partners or children as a result of immigration decisions. The stress of drawn out immigration proceedings can lead to family breakdown.
Containing case studies highlighting points of interest and importance, Putting Children First provides immigration practitioners and advisers with the tools they need to argue family law issues successfully. Written in clear, non-technical language, this new title contains references to the Children Act 1989, various immigration acts including the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 and Immigration Rules as well as to other non-statutory material. It provides guidance on how to take instructions from children and to instruct relevant experts.
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School is one of the most significant aspects of a child’s life. Not only is school a time for developing academically, it is also a time for developing independence in social, motor, emotional, and self-regulation skills. For children who experience additional challenges in the classroom or playground, navigating and implementing school supports can be complex.
How we can support you:
The Western Kids Health team believes in developing practical strategies for managing health conditions that can be used in daily life. For this reason, our occupational therapist liaises closely with schools to ensure a comprehensive understanding of student’s individual needs and to create realistic, clear plans to support those needs.
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Why Businesses Are Moving to LED Lighting
What is Driven lighting?
Light transmitting diodes (LEDs) are a computerized light source. LEDs began life as light pointers in electrical parts fabricated by Hewlett Packard. The light is a consequence of electrons delivering energy as photons otherwise called electroluminescence.
Their energy proficiency, low support, strength and outdoor flood light fixtures waterproof life imply that they are currently a splendid option in contrast to the eager for energy and sensitive simple light sources we as a whole grew up with.
Initially their expense restricted their utilization as a regular light source. Anyway consistently expanding energy costs joined with further developed assembling process has made them a practical option in contrast to Mr Edison’s creation.
Today they are utilized in TVs, traffic signals, vehicle headlights, lights and signs across the world.
For what reason would it be advisable for me to utilize Drove lighting?
LEDs utilize less energy. The justification behind utilizing LEDs, first and foremost, is that they can consume up to 85% less energy than customary lighting. Less energy consumed is really great for the climate however it is additionally great for business as well. Less influence utilization approaches more cash saved.
LEDs last longer. The typical flood light fixtures for a Drove light is 10 years. That being said they will just need supplanting as their light blurs. Over an extensive stretch of time their light result step by step diminishes. They can endure longer as well; it relies on the application.
LEDs are a lot more secure – LEDs utilize low voltage (12-24) volts and are to a lesser extent a fire risk than lights and especially neon lighting. LEDs produce no UV and very little intensity so they can be utilized in regions where an excessive amount of intensity is perilous.
LEDs are simpler to keep up with. LEDs can be let be and a speedy wipe over sometimes is all they need.
LEDs are strong state. There is no fiber or glass to break and they are vigorous even in wet circumstances. They might be utilized submerged in certain conditions.
LEDs are simpler to discard. In spite of the fact that there is no genuine method for reusing them right now they are little and thusly simpler and less harming to the climate than arranging glass bulbs and gas-filled tubing.
LEDs are a whole lot outside flood lights modest. They can subsequently be utilized in considerably more imaginative ways than conventional lighting. For instance lightboxes can be slimmer, LEDs can be even be inserted into acrylic boards for specific applications.
I’ve heard it is more costly?
At first LEDs can be more costly than conventional lights and fluorescent cylinders however their advantages more than change this. Organizations face energy reviews and a pledge to decrease their fossil fuel byproducts, quit worrying about the need to reduce expenses. LEDs are essential for the response to these issues.
How would I manage my current lighting?
Numerous organizations trust that to update their current lighting, for instance fluorescent cylinders in roof strip lighting and signage, will be enormously problematic and costly. We call it retrofitting. There is a reach retrofitting Drove items that can utilize existing simple light fittings. You get the advantage of less power utilization, low support and long life yet you don’t need to put resources into new light fittings. Changing to LEDs is essentially as simple as changing a bulb.
What are the items out there?
LEDs are made in different varieties and shades. Basic hardware have some control over the splendor and span of each Driven so the impact you can get with a Driven item are incredibly changed. The market is widening quickly.
Straightforward Drove modules Individual modules are normally delivered in banks of 4 LEDs yet they likewise arrive in a wide range of shapes and sizes and typically run off a basic 12v transformer. They can be introduced without the requirement for an electrical expert.
LEDs can be purchased prepared fixed into a sheet of plastic or run along the edge of a piece of acrylic which can then be sliced to suit the specific application. The tight development of these LEDs implies that an exceptionally even area of light can be accomplished.
Slimline Drove lightboxes
At the point when fluorescent cylinders are set excessively near the front of a lightbox you frequently see a striping impact. Fluorescent cylinders are additionally brief. On the off chance that one goes you face a costly call out for a substitution. LEDs take into consideration a more slender lightbox and an all the more even light hotspot for your designs. Long life and low upkeep implies that site visits are significantly less regularly required. Simply an infrequent wipe-over ought to get it done!
Retrofitting non-Drove items
There are presently retrofitting items that essentially squeezed into current fluorescent and light fittings. This is a short to medium term fix when you have a lot of customary lighting, similar to strip lighting, and don’t have the spending plan to change the fittings. You will immediately profit from the energy investment funds related with Drove lighting. The most well-known items are fluorescent tubing substitution units and halogen substitution spot lights.
Neon substitution Drove tubing
Neon is an eye-getting method for publicizing your business. It is additionally extravagant to create, takes elevated degrees of energy to run and is terrible for the climate as well. Presently you can reenact a neon impact with a scope of neon tubing substitutions. Driven tubing can be cut and twisted into any shape, similar as customary neon. But, since it runs cold and uses low voltage, can be introduced by anybody – you needn’t bother with a certified circuit tester to interface with the mains.
Low energy Drove items LEDs are low voltage and this offers us a chance to involve sun based power cells and wind turbines interestingly. Having an enlightened sign that runs off its own power is presently conceivable.
Which items would it be advisable for me to utilize?
The Drove market is, similar to all business sectors, loaded up with great items and terrible items. Driven lights are made on a solitary sheet called a wafer, similar as central processors. Upwards of 6000 LEDs can emerge out of only one wafer. There are blemishes across the outer layer of every wafer so individual LEDs are evaluated whenever they are squeezed out. Quality control contrasts from one producer to another so it is vital to ensure you select a confided in provider. There is a degree of value with LEDs going from the whitest, most splendid lights through to the minimal expense efficiently manufactured LEDs that won’t keep going as lengthy or provide you with a similar nature of light.
There is little point putting resources into the least expensive conceivable Drove lighting when the bulbs will have a short life expectancy. The hardware controlling the LEDs are likewise significant elements in the outcomes you get from your Driven lighting. Octink has put significant time and cash into exploring and banding together with the best Driven providers in the UK and Europe. We figure out the innovation and are learned pretty much every one of the items appropriate for our clients.
A scope of Driven lighting items from Octink You can track down more data about Drove lighting on Octink’s site.
William Tyler is the Chief of Octink, an honor winning showcase subject matter expert. Octink is situated in Brentford, London in the UK and gives showcasing conditions, occasion marking and sign administrations from plan and creation, through to establishment and venture the executives.
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Why are there cold-water coral reefs at Mingulay?
The answer to this question took the joint efforts of scientists from several countries working together through the European HERMES project. Although shallow by deep-sea coral standards, the reefs at Mingulay are still too deep to study by diving and too remote for daily visits by a research ship. So how do you build up a picture of life in the Mingulay Reef Complex?
The answer is by using deep-sea landers that sit within the corals for up to a year recording information about their environment. The landers used at Mingulay were built by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) who brought their research ship RV Pelagia to Mingulay in 2006 and 2007. The landers were equipped with current meters and optical sensors and set down carefully amongst the coral reefs.
The current meters on the landers gave researchers the first idea of the world experienced by Lophelia in its natural habitat within the Mingulay reefs. Even at depths of over 100 m, the corals still feel the effects of the tide. At Mingulay Area 1, the first area mapped in 2003, there was a strong pattern related to these tides. Every six hours the corals are washed by warmer water coming down from the surface. As well as being warmer, the water contained more plant plankton (or phytoplankton) – this was detected by the optical sensors because the pigments in the phytoplankton fluoresce.
By working with specialists in the physics of water flow, the researchers worked out that the corals were growing on the flanks of the large rocky ridge because the ridge interrupted the wave-like flow, creating turbulence and causing foods-rich surface waters to wash down across the seabed. Time and tide wait for no man, and every six hours the corals at Mingulay can expect a dose of warm, food-rich water.
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Drive a Prius, Eat Organic? Kids Think So.
Eller College marketing researcher finds that children as young as five form stereotypes about people based on brand consumption.
TUCSON, Ariz. – APRIL 26, 2010 – Cross-promotional advertising targeted at children has exploded in the past decade, but there has been little evidence to indicate whether marketers have had any influence on the way children use products and brands to define and enact social roles.
Now a paper by UA assistant marketing professor Lan Nguyen Chaplin of the Eller College of Management and Tina M. Lowrey of the University of Texas at San Antonio sheds light on not only why material things may be so important to children (i.e., to help them define and enact social roles), but also on how children’s knowledge of product and brand symbolism can lead to stereotypes and feelings of prejudice.
“We found that children as young as five are capable of forming consumption constellations, which is a group of complementary products, brands, and consumption activities used to construct a social role,” says Chaplin. Her results indicate that across ages 5-16, early adolescents between 12 and 13 years old appear to have the most rigid and myopic view of social roles and are most likely to use products and brands to form stereotypes of others.
For example, one twelve-year-old girl in the study characterized her neighbor as a “tree hugger,” saying, “You know, vegetarian, environment lover, super smart but so laid back…wears Birkenstocks, drives a Prius, eats only organic…I bet he washes his clothes with Seventh Generation detergent.”
Chaplin and Lowrey observe little developmental change in children’s consumption constellations up until third grade, when children begin to describe social roles using products and brands that “go together” better. The most dramatic change occurs between fifth and seventh grades, when adolescents use more products and brands to describe social roles and become rigid in their definitions of those roles. For example, a fifth grader might say that some cool kids wear expensive clothes but might shop at thrift stores, too. A seventh grader is more likely to say that all cool kids always wear expensive clothes and cite brand names like Adidas or Abercrombie and Fitch. By tenth grade, these rigid definitions have eased. Tenth graders were apt to note that some cool kids are into sports while others are into theater.
“Our research reveals how diverse marketing cues are received by children, and helps parents, educators, and other concerned constituents understand how marketers’ increasingly popular cross-promotional tactics affect children’s knowledge of social roles,” explains Chaplin. “It’s important because these perceptions of social roles can lead to stereotyping and feelings of prejudice that may carry into adulthood.”The paper, “The Development of Consumer-Based Consumption Constellations in Children,” was published in the February 2010 issue of the Journal of Consumer Research.
The Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona is internationally recognized for pioneering research, innovative curriculum, distinguished faculty, excellence in management information systems, entrepreneurship, and social responsibility. U.S. News & World Report ranks the Eller undergraduate program #11 among public business schools and two of its programs are among the top 20 — Entrepreneurship and MIS. U.S. News & World Report ranks the Eller MBA Full-Time program #48 in the U.S. The College is among the leaders of business schools generating grant funds for research. In addition to a Full-Time MBA program, the Eller College offers the 25th ranked Evening MBA program, the Eller Executive MBA and the Online MBA. The Eller College of Management supports more than 5,000 undergraduate and 600 graduate students on the UA campus in beautiful Tucson, Arizona, and a satellite campus in Phoenix.
Liz Warren-Pederson, Eller College of Management
For additional information, please contact us.
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You can’t manage time, you can only manage priorities. -Ann Rea
You have defined your SMARTER goal.
My initial SMARTER goal was “Sell over $100,000 of my art before the end of 2005.”
However, this was my initial goal.
You need to define your own SMARTER goal, and trying to sell over $100,000 of your art in your first year as a full-time Artist may or may not be SMART, or even relevant.
A goal is SMARTER if it is:
- A=actionable, meaning that you can move on it today
- R=result that you really want
- T=time bound
- E=evaluate often
- R=revise, only if it is smarter to do so
Now that you have learned how to properly define SMARTER Goals the next step is to manage your focus, energy, and daily actions.
Notice that I didn’t say, “manage your time”.
Why? I just don’t think that’s possible.
It’s simple. Now that you have your SMARTER goal, take six small steps towards accomplishing that SMARTER goal every day.
- Make them small bite-sized steps.
- Number them in order of their priority.
- Put them on your calendar before you go to bed each night.
- The next day focus on one step at a time and work it until it’s done.
- Do your level best to complete all six steps.
- If you don’t, move your unfinished action steps to the next day and repeat the steps above.
You’ll be very clear about what you accomplished each day and exactly what you need to accomplish the next day. This actually helps you relax and get a better night’s sleep.
Complete six steps towards your SMARTER goal each day and your goal will be accomplished sooner than you thought possible.
If your current SMARTER goal is to complete this Semester, as it should be, then break down each action step at your pace and according to your schedule.
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Welcome to Beech Class
Here is where you will find all the home learning resources your child will need while they cannot attend school. Please take some time to read the Home Learning Guidance as it outlines what is expected each week and includes helpful information.
If you have questions, please email me directly at [email protected].
Home Learning Guidance for Beech Class
Phonics and Spelling
English Home Learning
The ‘Guide for Discussion’ will guide the writing process and give helpful details on what you need to do each day. If you are using them, then I would encourage Year 1 children to make use of the supporting sheets with one star * and Year 2 children to use those with two stars ** but, as always, if your child needs a challenge or more support then please choose what is appropriate to meet their needs. Please find videos of Mrs Gray reading the stories for the English unit in the Home Learning Zone - Click on Video Centre and look for the section 'Beech Class English Stories'.
Week 4 - Information Text
Week 3 - Instruction Writing
Maths Home Learning
Below you will find the White Rose worksheets and answer sheets for each year group. The daily supporting videos are still available through the link to the White Rose Maths Website if you wish to continue using them.
The sheets and answers in the zip file are the same as the individual pdf documents underneath to suit different preferences when downloading.
Year 2 Maths (White Rose Week 10 W/C 29th June)
Year 1 Maths (White Rose Week 10 W/C 29th June)
Year 2 Maths Resources (White Rose Week 9 W/C 22nd June)
Year 1 Maths Resources (White Rose Week 9 W/C 22nd June)
In the Home Learning Zone you will find weekly Music lessons from Mrs McKee. Click on 'Video Centre' and look for the playlist 'Beech Class Music Lessons'.
You could also join in with 'Mrs McKee's Singalong Sessions'. These are also in the Home Learning Zone and below are all the lyrics you will need.
Additional Home Learning Lessons
The following links and resources could be used for Home Learning on Friday or for additional activities throughout the week.
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There aren’t a lot of rich black people. This obvious
no-brainer was presented to the reading public as though it was
a great revelation. Only the New York Times can get away with
making an obvious statement, miss its true importance, plaster
it on the front page and then act as though they have made a great
revelation unknown to the masses.
The issue that brought about this discovery for
the newspaper of record is the dearth of black faces on the boards
of New York’s major cultural institutions. Board members of major
New York City cultural institutions are wealthy, not merely affluent
or well-to-do. The lists of directors of New York’s operas, concert
halls and museums read like the social register who’s who. The
Times spent newsprint and a reporter’s time telling anyone who
is moderately observant what they already knew: there is a shortage
of black multi-millionaires. David Rockefeller, Jr. put it best,
“The criteria for selection is the same for minorities as for
nonminorities. The first one is money, the second one is influence.”
Both criteria leave blacks out of the loop.
There is a much larger point that went unnoticed.
Black people in New York City and the rest of the country are
not meeting even the most minimum standards of prosperity. We
rank at the top of every negative measure and at the bottom of
every positive one. Nearly half of all black men in New York City,
48%, do not work at all. A smaller number of black women, 42%,
are in the same dire
condition. It is little wonder that few brown faces
are to be seen at the opening night of the Metropolitan Opera.
According to a study published by United
for a Fair Economy, “The State of the Dream 2004: Income Disparity
in Black and White,” the income and wealth gap between blacks
and whites remains stubbornly wide. In 1968 black Americans had
55 cents of income for every dollar that whites earned. In 2001
blacks had 57 cents of income for every dollar earned by whites.
It took more than 30 years for blacks to earn an additional two
cents. At this pace blacks will reach income parity with whites
in 581 years. The gap in median income has actually fallen for
black Americans. In 1968 black families had 60% of the family
income earned by whites, in 2002 blacks earned only 58% of the
same income, a loss of 2%.
If the figures on income disparities are alarming,
the facts of black wealth creation give reason to both hope and
despair. There has been greater progress, but the gap is still
In 1989 blacks had 5% of the median household net worth of whites,
in 2001 the figure had risen to 16%. However, median household
black net worth was just $19,000 in 2001, including home equity.
White median net worth, including home equity, was $121,000.
The Times and others may fret that the high and
mighty have to fight for the attention of Ken Chenault and Richard
Parsons. They should be concerned about the conditions that lead
to such drastic disparities in the fortunes of ordinary working
black people. It is easy to beat up on the New York Times in its
well intentioned but silly expressions of concern.
What does it mean for a group of people to struggle
generation after generation and yet make little progress or fall
behind the dominant group? It would be gratifying to know that
the financially troubled Dance
Theater of Harlem could be bailed out by a wealthy black knight.
It would be even more useful if black people could know with certainty
that reaching educational levels on a par with white counterparts
would bring them to parity in income and wealth creation.
We continue to play by the rules that we are told
will lead us to economic security, even though it never seems
to work out quite as well as we were promised:
The reality is that we cannot compete with a group
whose median net worth is six times higher than our own. David
Rockefeller, Jr. made his money the old fashioned way. He inherited
it. Most white Americans are not Rockefellers, but their ability
to pass on wealth gives them a tremendous advantage over their
black counterparts, even those with similar incomes or education
levels. On the other hand, black people rely almost entirely
on salaries to survive. We are less likely to have families who
can assist with property purchases or the education of children.
The results are devastated communities and human beings. Each
one is capable of living up to a higher standard but unable to
do so because financial support is lacking in an uncompassionate
The Times could have at least some of the news that
is Fit to Print. They can start by telling their readers when
a story is really news or whether it is a retelling of the oldest
story of all. The rich do get richer.
Margaret Kimberley’s Freedom Rider column appears weekly
Ms. Kimberley is a freelance writer living in New York City.
She can be reached via e-Mail at [email protected]. You can read more
of Ms. Kimberley's writings at http://freedomrider.blogspot.com/
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stabilized. No data were presented to directly support the recommendation for 50 poison prevention and control centers. Furthermore, no recommendations were presented regarding specific internal organizational structures, modes of operation, or the need to develop service quality measures. Finally, it was outside the scope of the study to compare the cost of poison control center service delivery with other delivery mechanisms such as emergency departments.
The data and analysis presented in this chapter are an effort to further explore and clarify these issues. The first section of this chapter focuses on a review of the economic evaluations of services delivered by poison control centers and the direct and indirect cost savings gained by using them. The second section describes the staffing and operational characteristics of centers, evaluates their economies of scale, and compares their organizational characteristics that exhibit contrasting values on size and efficiency.
In conducting these analyses, we used a variety of data sources, including the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS); nonaudited, self-reported survey data provided by the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC); statistical analysis of secondary data to explain variation in efficiency of poison control centers; and an analysis of qualitative interview data obtained from a sample of 10 poison control centers. These centers were a stratified, nonprobability sample based on cost per human exposure call handled in 2001, population served, and penetrance.
While poison control centers perform a number of activities (see Chapter 5), as Phillips and colleagues state: “The primary benefit of poison control centers is that they provide advice that allows poisonings to be appropriately handled at home or triaged to a health care facility, thereby avoiding unnecessary visits to health care facilities or inappropriate and potentially harmful home treatments.” They also serve as a free resource for those without primary care or with limited access to primary care. In 2002, Watson et al. (2003), using TESS data, found that public calls to a poison control center were managed in a non-health-care facility—usually in the patient’s home (74 percent); were treated in a health care facility (23 percent); and were referred to a health care facility but the patient did not go (2 percent). Indeed, it is the benefits of this triage role, as well as better health outcomes from the center’s interfacing with emergency departments, that are the focus of the peer-reviewed literature on economic costs.
A number of published studies provide cost-effectiveness and cost-
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What’s Targeted Therapy?
Targeted therapy is a treatment that doctors may use to fight cancerous tumors. Specifically, medications that can pinpoint and target cancerous cells and then stop them from growing and spreading. As researchers continue to discover more about gene and protein changes and their relation to the development of tumors, they fight to reduce the harmful side-effects that can sometimes come with other cancer treatments.
Procedures such as chemotherapy and radiation generally have extreme side-effects due to the medication attacking both diseased and healthy cells versus targeted therapies that only attack specific cells.
Mesothelioma and Targeted Therapy
A type of cancer that can develop in the lining of the lungs (pleura), the heart (pericardium), or abdomen (peritoneum), mesothelioma is a disease that is caused by prolonged exposure to a harmful substance known as asbestos. This disease has seen rising cases over the past 60 years, due to the fact that asbestos was once used in many different construction capacities before it was known as a toxic carcinogen (cancer-causing), and even sometime after. The U.S. Military was also a large user of asbestos in military vehicles, navy ships, shipyards, barracks, automobiles, and more.
Recently, over the past decade, researchers have been testing the effect of targeted therapies against mesothelioma in clinical trials, to positive affect.
Is Targeted Treatment Right for Me?
Only your doctor can make this call. To determine this, your doctor will test the cancerous tumors to ensure that there are workable targets the treatments can locate. This test is usually done via biopsy or the sampling of a tumor by extraction. The sample is then sent to a lab to be examined.
Two veterans with similar mesothelioma types, exposure, and medical histories may even have different targets, causing the medication to lose its effect. Additionally, a doctor may deem it necessary for the veteran to undergo prior treatments, such as surgery.
Veterans who were diagnosed with mesothelioma may be eligible for VA compensation. To find out if you qualify, speak with a patient advocate today.
Types of Targeted Therapies
There are two main types of targeted therapies: monoclonal antibodies and molecule medicines. Monoclonal antibodies are larger and fight cancer cells on the surface, or surrounding areas, while molecule medicines are small enough to jump into cancer cells and destroy them. Monoclonal Antibodies and Molecule Medicines have lower subtypes that are grouped based on what specific cells they target.
If the doctor needs to inject medicine straight into the tumor, they can sometimes use the small monoclonal antibodies to launch treatments directly into the unhealthy cells. This can be administered through IV as a shot or intravenously. The medications usually end with the stem “-mab.” Three monoclonal antibody types are:
- Bevacizumab – directed at the circulatory system
- Cetuximab – targeted at tumors
- Ipilimumab – attacks the immune system
Signal Transduction Inhibitors
One example of an inhibitor is the signal transduction inhibitor. Signal transduction inhibitors block signals that enable cells to divide excessively, and are the most common targeted therapy.
These inhibitors minimize the development of blood vessels for nutrients and oxygen that cells form that cancer cells form. With mesothelioma and other cancers, the target is called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and is a substance that works with the drug Bevacizumab, also known as Avastin. It’s usually administered as a supplement to chemotherapy medications pemetrexed and cisplatin. The goal is to stop tumors from growing by blocking the nutrients and oxygen they need to develop.
This treatment permeates cell membranes and attacks targets from the inside of a cell. Molecule medicines halt the enzymatic activity of a specified protein. Medications generally end with the stem “-ib.” Three molecule medicine variations include:
- Bortezomib – Proteasome inhibitor
- Imatinib – Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Seliciclib – Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
Gene Expression Modulators
This method of targeted therapy modifies the specific proteins that are responsible for the abnormal instruction or expression of cancer cell genes.
Apoptosis occurs when cells go through their lifecycle or become damaged, and die. What makes cancer cells so harmful is that they avoid this natural process. Apoptosis inducers force abnormal cells to go through this phase.
Also a form of targeted therapy, immunotherapies locate and fight tumors by boosting the immune system. Other immunotherapies highlight the cancer cells so that they’re simpler to find and destroy.
Veterans with mesothelioma can take action without affecting their benefits.
Side-Effects of Targeted Treatment
All cancer treatments have their own set of side effects, some worse than others. Fortunately, since targeted therapy can be focused on abnormal cells versus all cells (such as with chemotherapy or radiation), there are much less severe side effects. The most common ones a veteran might experience are:
- Diarrhea or nausea
- Lack of appetite
- High Blood Pressure
- Sores in the mouth
More rare side effects include:
- Blood clots
- Severe bleeding
- Holes in the colon
Visit your doctor immediately if you begin to experience any of these side effects after undergoing targeted therapies. There are medications your doctor can provide that can relieve side-effects.
Discuss It With Your Doctor
Don’t hesitate to reach out to your doctor about any questions you may have regarding your medical condition. Your oncologist has many resources available for all your questions about mesothelioma, targeted treatments, complementary therapies, and more.
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Quite simply, Chinese medicine is a broad term that encompasses a medical and health care system that originated over 2500 years ago. It is the oldest continually practiced medical system in the world, and is still widely used in modern China. Chinese medicine is constantly integrating new knowledge and experience (for example, Western sciences and research) into its theory and practical applications. Acupuncture and Chinese herbal therapy are the most predominant and well-known components of the system, which also includes moxibustion, dietary therapy, massage and exercise.
Chinese medicine originated and developed into a highly detailed, organized and integrated system when technology was minimal and people’s connection with and dependence on the natural environment was essential. Because of this, it developed some very important attributes that benefit us tremendously in our modern era. The exploration of this development is important in understanding Chinese medicine and its terminology.
Firstly, because Chinese medicine did not have the luxury (or hindrance) of sophisticated diagnostic technology, a very detailed system of observation and correspondences within the body was developed. Seemingly insignificant signs and symptoms that make little sense to the average modern Western practitioner can have profound meaning in Chinese medicine. For example, slight differences in the quality of sleep, elimination, digestion, emotional activity, temperature and sweat in different regions of the body all have significance in diagnosing underlying pathologies. Before reliance on modern imaging techniques and laboratory tests, doctors also developed ways of assessing the health of the whole body through observing the tongue and palpating the pulse and abdomen. These seemingly basic procedures can elicit very detailed information in relation to the patient and his/her imbalances in the disease process.
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When David O. McKay became the ninth president of the Church in 1951, there were only eight operating temples. By the time of his death, the number of temples built or under construction was almost doubled. This focus on temple building came (1) from the realization that growing groups of members in the United States didn’t have access to temple blessings and (2) the desire to continue strengthening the kingdom in other parts of the world.
► You'll also like: The Revelation That Became the Hong Kong Temple + More Amazing Temple Stories
One innovative design, however, was unlike any proposed before it or since. Though it was never built, the “temple ship” was still an interesting solution, now recorded in David O. McKay’s biography, David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism:
“Early in 1967, [President] McKay asked Mark Garff, chairman of the [Church's] Building Committee, ‘to look over the temples and to come back with a recommendation as to what our program should be in the matter of providing new temples and how we could accommodate our people who wish to go to the temples.’ To study the matter, Garff traveled to Alaska, Hong Kong, the Philippines, New Zealand, and Australia—all areas with significant numbers of Latter-day Saints who were thousands of miles from the nearest temple.”
After observing the difficulty these members had in getting to a temple, Garff began thinking of solutions and prepared his unusual proposal, also recorded in President McKay’s biography, taken from Garff’s memo of his meeting with the prophet:
“I said cautiously to President McKay: ‘If you think I am out of bounds I want you to tell me, but I am proposing to you now, that the Church obtain or build a ship sufficient in size to run the oceans and we equip this ship as a temple ship; that we take the ship and outfit it as a temple, then take the ship into the ports and harbors where our people live. We could do this around the entire continent of South America, Europe, along the coast of China, Japan, Australia, and even Africa if we wanted to.’ I was sure the cost would not amount to any more than what the cost of some of our temples has been. I suggested to the President that we do not have the money to build temples all over the world and it would be an impossibility because our funds are limited and if we followed this procedure we could get at least those who want their endowments done while they are still alive . . .”
► You'll also like: 6 Temple Miracles You've Never Heard Before
Garff thought that, though it would originally start as a temple for work for the living, it could also eventually “tour” different ports and allow work for the dead to also be accomplished. President McKay encouraged him to investigate the logistics further. Garff reported on his findings again a year later, estimating a cost lower than it took to build temples on land and envisioning a ship that would be able to sail both the high seas and large rivers including the Mississippi, Missouri, and Amazon. The project was never officially approved or finalized, however, and eventually sank out of memory.
Chad S. Hawkins is a well-known temple artist and historian whose career has taken him to six continents and over 100 temple locations. Chad’s artwork was selected and placed within the cornerstones of 16 different temples. His latest Deseret Book publication, Temples of the New Millennium, includes his artwork, histories and fascinating facts of all 150 dedicated temples. Much of the information in this article is found in this inspiring new book. This significant publication celebrates the historic milestone of 150 dedicated temples. His artwork and new publication may be purchased at www.chadhawkins.com and www.deseretbook.com.
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In June 2014 scientists announced the discovery of a planet with properties that haven't been seen before: a rocky planet with a whopping 17 Earth masses. Normally the heaviest rocky planets have masses of up to 10 Earth masses and are called super-Earths. All previously known planets heavier than 10 Earth masses were Gas Giants with a thick, gaseous envelope such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus or Neptune. The theory of planet formation also suggests that such a hefty rocky planet should not be able to form since it would attract an enormous amount of surrounding hydrogen gas making it a Gas Giant at the end of its development.
Kepler-10c is 560 light years away from us in the constellation of Draco. The planet has a diameter of 2.35 Earth diameters (approx. 30000 km) and orbits a sun-like star every 45 days. The term mega-Earth is now proposed for all mostly rocky planets above 10 Earth masses.
This image is an artist's impression of Kepler-10c (above) and a size comparison of Kepler-10c with Earth and Neptune (below).
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| 0.948737 | 223 | 3.984375 | 4 |
“The Government has notified a Graded Response Action Plan for Delhi and NCR, which comprises measures such as prohibition on entry of trucks into Delhi; ban on construction activities, introduction of odd and even scheme for private vehicles, shutting of schools, closure of brick kilns, hot mix plants and stone crushers; shutting down of Badarpur power plant, ban on diesel generator sets, garbage burning in landfills and plying of visibly polluting vehicles etc. The nature, scope and rigor of measures to be taken is linked to levels of pollution viz. Severe + or Emergency, severe, Very poor, Moderate to poor and Moderate, after due consideration by authorities concerned. The actions are to be implemented in the entire NCR. Besides, action related to stubble burning is to be implemented by Government of Punjab.
Major strategies/steps to tackle increasing air pollution in Indian cities and urban areas include control and mitigation measures related to emissions from automobiles, industrial activities, notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards; formulation of environmental regulations / statutes; setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality; introduction of cleaner / alternate fuels like gaseous fuel (CNG, LPG etc.), ethanol blending; promotion of cleaner production processes; launching of National Air Quality Index; universalization of BS-IV by 2017; leapfrogging from BS-IV to BS-VI fuel standards by 1st April, 2020; comprehensive amendments to various Waste Management Rules and notification of Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules; ban on burning of leaves, biomass, municipal solid waste; promotion of public transport and network of metro, e-rickshaws, promotion of car pooling, Pollution Under Control Certificate, lane discipline, vehicle maintenance; installation of on-line continuous (24×7) monitoring devices by major industries; ban on bursting of sound emitting crackers between 10 PM to 6 AM etc; besides issuance of directions under Section 18(1)(b) of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.”
This information was given by Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Anil Madhav Dave, in reply to a written question in Rajya Sabha today.
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| 0.918051 | 471 | 2.90625 | 3 |
MinuteEarth – Sep 27, 2017 – 4 min
Thanks to the Land Institute for sponsoring this video!
VIDEO LINK (4 MIN)
To learn more about their work, visit https://landinstitute.org/ To feed everyone in the future, we may need to disrupt 10,000 years of farming practices and turn agriculture into a closed system. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Annual plant: living for a year or less, perpetuating itself by seed Perennial plant: living for several years Polyculture: the simultaneous cultivation or exploitation of several crops or kinds of animals Natural systems agriculture: cropping systems based on processes found in nature Agroforestry: land use management that combines the cultivation of trees/shrubs with crops/pasture to create more productive and sustainable land-use systems Alley cropping: planting agricultural crops between rows of trees or shrubs.
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| 0.907758 | 204 | 3.078125 | 3 |
One of the best tools for improving reading is to READ. It is essential to read daily for at least 15 minutes to help improve your vocabulary and ability to speak.
Getting a tutor can help you to improve your vocabulary. Read every day, without fail. Pick up a book, the library is a wonderful place to find reading materials for all ages and reading levels.
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| 0.945942 | 74 | 2.890625 | 3 |
With these characteristics: None
Oleaceae - Olive
Leaves: Opposite; once pinnately compound; 10" to 12" long; deciduous; 7-9 leaflets; leaflets oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 4" to 6" long, glabrous above and pubescent below, bright green, finely serrate margin, short-stalked; turn bright yellow in fall.
Twigs/buds: Twigs fairly stout; gray to brown; leaf scar half-circular, straight or shallowly notched across the upper edge. Terminal bud rusty brown, conical, hairy; lateral buds smaller.
Flowers/fruit: Flowers dioecious; small and inconspicuous, arranged in clusters; appear in spring as leaves expand. Fruit a samara; 1" to 2-1/2" long, 1/4" wide; paddle-shaped in dense clusters; often clinging to twigs into or throughout the winter; abruptly narrowed wing along the slender seed cavity.
Bark: Ash-gray; sometimes with an orange tinge on younger trees; on older trees furrowed into diamond-shaped areas separated by narrow interlacing ridges; distinctive.
Wood: Important where native; sapwood white; heartwood light brown; growth rings distinct; ring-porous; rays not distinct; used for handles, tools, containers, furniture, lumber, etc.
General: Native from the Great Plains east, including southern Canada. Prefers moist sites, but fairly drought resistant and tolerant of fairly high soil pH. Intermediate shade tolerance. May be insect and/or disease prone, especially when stressed.
Landscape Use: A tough, durable, large tree used extensively in Utah in landscapes since pioneer times. Also good for windbreaks. Lilac borers can be an especially severe problem that is difficult to treat effectively, though they may be most likely to affect stressed trees. I have seen many old green ashes that show no signs of borers, while a nearby young, vigorous, 30' tall tree might be riddled with borers. Seedless cultivars are available, but they can set large amounts of seed under stressful conditions. Zones 3- 9.
In the last few years an exotic pest, emerald ash borer (EAB), has been making its way across the U.S. So far it has decimated populations of ornamental and native ashes and recently was found to attack fringetree (Chionanthus spp.) as well. So far EAB has not made it to Utah, but it seems likely that it will. So, plant ashes and fringetrees with caution since they may not be around for long. Some have hope that trunk injection of insecticides may work to control the pest.
Cultivars: 'Bailey', 'Bergeson', 'Cardan', Centerpoint™, 'Cimmzam', 'Emerald', 'Fanick', 'Harlequin', 'Honeyshade', 'Jewell', 'Johnson', 'Kankakee', 'Kindred', 'King Richard', 'Lednaw', 'Leeds', 'Marshall's Seedless', 'Patmore', 'Rugby', 'Robinhood', Sherwood Glen™, 'Summit', Urbanite®, 'Wahpeton', 'Wandell'.
- Oleaceae - Olive
- Cultivar Availability:
- Hardiness Zone:
- Utah Native:
- Growth Rate:
- Mature Height:
- Is Good Under Power Lines:
- Crown Shape:
- Fall Color:
- Poor Drainage:
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| 0.887476 | 757 | 3.03125 | 3 |
If patterns of damage in the field planting and on the
individual plant are uniform and repeated, this indicates that a
nonliving factor is the probable cause of the damage. We will now
examine additional information and clues to determine whether the
nonliving damaging factor was a mechanical, physical, or chemical
Look for changes in the three categories of
nonliving factors of the affected plants
1) Mechanical Factors (Damage/Breakage)
plant damage caused by site changes "construction
damage," transplanting damage, "lawn mower blight",
2) Physical Factors environment or
weather changes causing extremes of temperature, light,
3) Chemical Factors chemical pesticide
applications, aerial and soil pollutants, nutritional disorders.
Close visual examination and questioning will often
determine if the stems or roots have been broken or girdled or if
the leaves have been bruised, punctured, or broken. For example,
if a large Ficus elastica is dropped while being transplanted and
the stem is broken, rapid wilting of the portion of the plant
above the break will occur. Examine the plant site for signs of
recent excavation, construction, paving, etc.
Primary sources of diagnostic information are damage
patterns and weather records to pinpoint time and location of
weather extremes. Records are "signs" of the factor that
caused the plant damage.
Heat: The highest leaf temperatures will occur
in the early afternoon when the sun is located in the southwest
quadrant of the sky. Therefore, lethal leaf temperatures produced
by solar radiation absorption will occur primarily on unshaded
leaves on the outer surface of the plant canopy on the southwest
side. Portions of leaves shaded by other leaves or leaves on the
shaded northeast side may be undamaged. Most severe damage occurs
on leaves most exposed and furthest from the vascular (roots,
stem, leaf vein) source of water, i.e. leaves on outer perimeter
of plant, leaf tips and interveinal areas. A recognizable pattern
related to leaf tissue that would have the highest potential
temperature and be most readily desiccated will occur uniformly
over all plants in the area.
Cold: Damage will occur on the least hardy
plants and will be most severe on the least hardy tissues of those
specific plants. In fall acclimation, cold hardiness is first
achieved by the terminal buds, and then with time the lower
regions achieve hardiness; the branch crotches are often the
last tissues to achieve cold hardiness. And, generally the
root systems will not survive as low a temperature as will the
tops -root systems are damaged at higher temperatures than are the
tops. On-the-other-hand, after hardiness has been achieved, if
warm temperatures induce deacclimation (i.e. in the early spring),
the terminals (buds) are first to become less cold hardy.
Portion of plant damaged will indicate if low
temperature damage occurred before plant achieved cold hardiness
in the fall, or if it occurred after cold hardiness was lost in
the spring: reverse patterns are produced.
On a given structure (i.e. leaf or bud), the damage
will be death of exposed, non-hardy tissues in a recognizable
(repeated) pattern. For example, frost damage to foliage,
i.e. conifer needles, in the spring will uniformly kill all
needles of a given age from the tip of the needle back toward the
stem a given distance on each needle.
Frost cracks are longitudinal separations of
the bark and wood generally on the southwest sides of the
trunk-most likely to occur because of daily, wide temperature
fluctuations. Freezing death of dividing cells on outer
portions of leaf folds inside the bud will cause distorted or
lace-like leaf blade because of nonuniform cell division and
growth during leaf expansion. Cold damage to the root system
is primarily a concern with container-grown plants where the root
temperature fluctuates more and can be expected to reach lower
temperatures than would occur with the same plant if field-grown.
Cold damage to the root system can be detected by examining the
roots: Damage generally occurs from the periphery of the root ball
(near the container edge) and evidence includes blackened or
spongy roots with lack of new growth or new root hairs. Above
ground symptoms generally will not be evident until new shoot
growth in the spring; at that time leaf expansion may be
incomplete (small leaf size) because of the restricted uptake of
water and nutrients by the damaged root system. With increased air
temperatures, the water loss from the shoots and leaves may exceed
the root uptake capacity; the plants may defoliate due to this
Plants Vary in their Cold Tolerance: The cold
tolerance (hardiness) of various plants in the landscape has been
rated by the USDA (see Plant Hardiness Zone Map, USDA-ARS #814).
The "indicator plants" listed for the various cold
hardiness zones on the map are useful in surveying a group of
landscape plants, observing which ones show cold damage and then
estimating how low the temperature dropped based on the
damaged/undamaged indicator plants. Differences in cold tolerance
of root systems (especially roots of plants grown in exposed
containers) are presented by Green (Ornamentals Northwest
Newsletter 12-5:3-15, 1988).
Light Extremes: Plants can acclimate to various
conditions, but the primary requirement for acclimation is time.
Plants respond adversely to rapid changes in the environment.
Rapid change from low to high light intensity will result in
destruction of the chlorophyll pigments in the leaf (yellowing and
necrosis = sunburn). Rapid change from high to low light intensity
will result in reduced growth and leaf drop; new leaves will be
larger. "Sun leaves" are smaller, thicker and lighter
green in color than are "shade leaves". Flowering will
be reduced, delayed or absent under low light.
Oxygen and Moisture Extremes: Here we are
primarily considering the root environment where oxygen and
moisture are inversely related. Waterlogging (moisture saturation)
of the root environment results in oxygen deficiency; without
oxygen, root metabolism and growth come to a standstill.
Consequently, uptake of water and nutrients is restricted with
subsequent wilting and nutritional deficiency symptoms occurring
on the above ground portions of the plant. Drought and water
logging produce many of the same symptoms on the above ground
portion of the plant: The first symptoms will be chlorosis and
abscission of older leaves. Under severe, continuing moisture
stress wilting and necrosis will occur on tips and interveinal
regions of recently expanded leaves and new growth (Figure 6).
FIELD PATTERNS OF PLANT INJURY RELATED TO CHEMICAL
Look for application, drift, or runoff-accumulation
patterns in the field (Figure 10): The pattern of
plant injury in a field or other group of plants and date of
injury appearance can be helpful in relating the damage to a
specific chemical application.
Damage diminishing uniformly from one side to the
other (Figure 10.A, Spray Drift): A pattern in a
field, yard or on a group of plants that starts on one side and
diminishes gradually and uniformly away from that area is typical
of wind-drift of droplets.
|Figure 10. Illustrations of patterns of plant damage
related to chemical applications to field or bed plantings.
|A. Drift of spray droplets.
B. Spots of injury from low temperature or accumulation of
volatile chemicals or accumulation of chemical runoff in low
areas of the field; or, injury associated with soil variables.
C. Stripes indicating overlapping application pattern, or one
or more faulty applicator openings.
D. Plant injury at end of field due to double application.
E. Definite break between injured and uninjured sections of the
planting: application discontinued or changed in applied
F. Increasing injury within an application band due to poor
mixing or inadequate chemical agitation.
Damage in individual spots or irregular patterns
(Figure 10.B): Low lying areas in a field where air masses
settle would enhance the accumulation of fumes from volatile
chemicals, would be frost pockets, and might enhance pathogens.
These damage spots might also be related to differences in the
soils texture, organic matter, pH or moisture. High pH spots might
induce nutritional disorders such as iron deficiency, increase the
toxicity of triazine herbicides, etc.
Damage in linear stripes at regular intervals,
(Figure 10.C), indicates nonuniform application of a
chemical. Regularly recurring stripes of damaged plants at
intervals within the width of the application equipment
(fertilizer applicator, pesticide spray boom, etc.) indicate an
oversized or worn nozzle, improper setting on one applicator
opening, or an overlap in application. Another cause may be carry
over of a residual chemical from bands applied the year before
-this pattern would match the row width and direction from the
Damage at ends of field, (Figure 10.D),
may be due to double application of a chemical either the year
before or the year the injury is observed.
Damage on one part of the field only with a
definite break between the damaged portion and the remainder of
the field (Figure 10.E):
1) Was the chemical applicator reloaded or recalibrated
at the break-point? If so, mistake might have been made in
chemical selected or in rate of application, or the applicator
might not have been adequately cleaned of a toxic chemical: the
toxic residue was removed in application of the first load of
chemical. Check equipment-use records.
2) Check tillage methods, dates and soil conditions
(moisture) resulting differences in soil texture or depth of
tillage may cause differences in dilution of carry over chemical
residue, differences in volatilization and dilution of an applied
Damage intensity increasing along a broad band,
(Figure 10.F), indicates inadequate mixing or poor
agitation of a wettable chemical powder in a spray tank resulting
in increased concentration of the applied chemical toward the end
of the tank load.
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| 0.889089 | 2,241 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC), an organization based out of the University of Sheffield, has earned its status as a world leader in research into advanced manufacturing technology, including 3D printing. Founded in 2001, the AMRC has been responsible for numerous breakthroughs in the field, and now it has chalked up another. The center has been working with embedding electronics into 3D printed items for some time now, but its new hybrid 3D printing approach is the most advanced yet.
The process, which was developed by the center’s Design and Prototyping Group, is called THREAD, and it allows multiple electrical, optical and structural elements to be woven directly into components as they’re being 3D printed. Details of how the process works are being kept largely under wraps at the moment as a patent is still pending, but THREAD enables unbroken connectivity and other functions to pass through all three axes of a 3D printed object, without affecting build time.
“THREAD has scope to simultaneously add multiple industry-recognised threads of differing materials into one component, giving the component additional functions. This will open AM up to a greater variety of uses,” said Mark Cocking, AMRC Development Engineer and inventor of the process. “The development of this process is a potential game-changer. It could be used across many sectors such as medical, aerospace and automotive; where weight and size of components is critical or where components would benefit from integrated data transfer and the protection of sealed connective tracks…THREAD has potential to be developed as an add-on technology for existing AM platforms and also incorporated into next generation AM technologies.”
THREAD has been tested so far with polymer 3D printing, but the AMRC states that the technology can be used across multiple additive manufacturing platforms. The applications of THREAD stretch across multiple industries to include medical devices, consumer products, and other items in which electronics would typically be attached to the outside of the component.
According to Cocking, the process allows for threads and potentially even tubes of differing materials such as copper, steel and fiber optics to be encapsulated in the same 3D printed item, meaning that sensitive devices could be made much more durable. Hiding conductive or other sensitive material inside an object, for instance, instead of attaching it to the outside, lessens or removes risk of contamination and provides protection against impact or other damage.
“We see THREAD transforming the functionality of additively manufactured components,” said Chris Iveson, who is leading the effort to commercialize the technology. “Feedback from our contacts in various industries indicates a real need for this capability, with new potential applications being discussed daily. This is a great example of the AMRC using its unique expertise to solve real industry problems.”
Until a patent is granted, it’s likely that further details won’t be released about how THREAD works, but we’re looking forward to learning more about it when that time comes. Embedded electronics aren’t brand new, but they often require time-consuming processes that involve stopping and restarting print jobs; the seamlessness and speed that the AMRC claims THREAD is capable of, as well as its ability to incorporate multiple materials, is intriguing.
The AMRC is continuing to develop THREAD further for different commercial markets; 3D printer manufacturers or users of industrial 3D printing processes are invited to contact Mark Cocking at [email protected] or 0114 222 6244. Discuss in the AMRC forum at 3DPB.com.
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View our broad assortment of in house and third party products.
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| 0.946289 | 975 | 3.125 | 3 |
Demonstrate your understanding of the nature of the three major research methods by describing and comparing the foundations of quantitative and qualitative research for the following element. Limit your response of each item to 100 words. Make sure to base your responses on at least two current scholarly sources, of which two are articles from peer-reviewed journals.
What are two rationales for using a mixed methods approach?
Hi and thank you for using Brainmass. The solution below should get you started. You can use the listed references for further details. Good luck with your studies.
OTA 105878/Xenia Jones
In the social sciences there are 2 main research methods used - qualitative research and quantitative research. Both methods follow the scientific process but they differ in their purpose as well as the kind of data they seek. The quantitative process for example aims to measure, to quantify. hence the data and information it seeks are those that can do just that - descriptive statistics, models, correlations, charts and numerical expressions - all these are gathered via sampling, ...
The solution is a 428-word narrative that discusses the rationales behind using the mixed methods approach in research. References are listed for expansion. A word version of the solution is attached for easy printing.
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| 0.914108 | 250 | 3.25 | 3 |
Will paying a price for carbon dioxide emissions make our lives miserable and destroy the economy? No. In fact, the carbon price could make households and businesses better off if they take a few important steps.
A carbon price is an important response to the climate change challenge. At present, those who dump greenhouse gases (particularly carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere don’t pay for the damage they do, or to help repair that damage. A carbon price creates a price disincentive to keep doing this, while making emission reduction more financially attractive.
The aim is to change behaviour, not hurt people or businesses.
Businesses (apart from a few hundred really big ones) won’t have to fill out any forms, estimate their emissions or deal with more bureaucracy when the carbon price begins operation from mid 2012.
It’s quite different from seeking voluntary certification to be declared “carbon neutral” for marketing purposes – which does involve thorough documentation to satisfy the ACCC that the claims are valid.
In fact, neither businesses nor households have to do anything in response to the new carbon pricing scheme: it’s not like income tax or GST.
Greenhouse-intensive industries are being given transitional assistance to reduce competitive impacts, and to give them time to make changes, so they don’t have to pass high carbon costs onto us in the future.
For example, brick-makers can phase out their old, inefficient kilns, and shift to modern, efficient ones – halving their energy and carbon costs, and saving more than enough money to avoid passing carbon costs on to customers.
Similarly, the cement industry is already improving energy efficiency, shifting to lower greenhouse-impact fuels, and blending cement with low emission “extenders” such as blast furnace slag and fly ash from power station waste.
Again, the combination of lower energy costs and lower emissions will mean carbon costs can be absorbed rather than being passed on to customers. And this innovation will mean you can choose alternative, lower polluting products and keep your costs down too.
All households and almost all businesses, if they make no changes, will experience a very small increase in the costs of goods and services purchased (on average about $10/week for households, according to the government).
This is the effect of large emitters (including energy suppliers) passing through some of their carbon costs. Fossil fuel sourced electricity and gas will comprise almost half of this.
The government has committed to compensate most households fully or partially for these cost increases.
But, regardless of compensation, businesses and households can convert costs into benefits fairly easily over time.
First, consider energy. The carbon cost impact depends on the amount of carbon dioxide released by each unit of energy consumed. Renewable energy sources like hydroelectricity and solar won’t pay the carbon price, because they don’t emit greenhouse gases.
The rest of us will see electricity prices rise from today’s 20-25 cents by 2.5 to 3.5 cents per unit due to carbon costs. This is about a third as much as electricity prices will rise anyway, due to increasing electricity supply investment.
Typical households can offset the carbon cost on energy by reducing electricity usage by 10 to 15%. That’s easier done than many realise.
Switching off the old fridge in the garage could save 10%. Replacing most-used lights with energy efficient ones can save 5 to 10%. Buying more efficient appliances can also help. And there are lots of other ways to save.
Each tonne of greenhouse gas a household saves by cutting home energy use saves around $230 – as much as paying to emit around 10 tonnes of greenhouse gas. So savings on energy bills can more than offset the carbon cost built into electricity prices.
EPA Victoria’s new Australian Greenhouse calculator can help households and small businesses to estimate their carbon footprint, then work out ways to cut emissions – and save money.
Households and business can also reduce the carbon cost impact on goods and services by choosing products supplied by low emission businesses, food that’s less heavily processed, and so on.
Suppliers of goods and services that are energy-efficient and use renewable energy will pay lower carbon costs, and their prices will be cheaper than their higher emission competitors. So businesses that cut energy waste, choose low emission suppliers, and sell products and services that help their customers save energy will avoid carbon costs and grow market share.
Because the carbon tax isn’t like a GST or an income tax - because it’s a tax on pollution - reducing the amount of pollution your lifestyle creates will mean you’ll pay less. You may even profit.
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Being prepared for a disaster, whether man made or natural, is a key function of the Tyler County Office of Emergency Management. We regularly analyze and plan for disasters of all types in order to prepare and protect the citizens of Tyler County. One of the main areas we focus on is communications during disaster response and recovery when typical means of communicating may not be possible.
During a disaster, the common infrastructure we use everyday like electric power lines, telephone lines and internet lines may become damaged or non-operational. This could eliminate your ability to use telephone, internet and even cellular devices to learn what is happening and get critical information.
The Tyler County OEM overcomes these communications issues by using amateur (HAM) radio. This radio communication can reach around the world in some cases, so it is very useful even in large scale disasters like hurricanes or floods. Listening in to amateur radio frequencies with a scanner can be a good way to get some extra information during an emergency, but in order to transmit you will need an amateur radio license.
In the event of an emergency or disaster you will want to listen to the AM/FM radio for important information, and if you have a scanner or ham radio you may want to listen to various emergency service frequencies to get some additional info. There are many different radio frequencies used for the various departments in Tyler County. The following link lists many of those frequencies so you can add them to your scanner or ham radio.
Amateur radio is a fun and engaging hobby, and Tyler County OEM is always looking for more amateur radio operators that can help provide communications preparedness and assistance during emergencies. If you would like to learn more about amateur radio and how to get your license, we have provided some helpful links below. You can also contact us and we can connect you with local amateur radio operators who would be happy to help.
The Tyler County Office of Emergency Management partners with Wood County Emergency Communications. Their website is full of great information about amateur radio, how to get started and much more.
The Amateur Radio Relay League (ARRL) is the premier organization for all things amateur radio. Their website has an extensive library of training and education resources to help learn about amateur radio and how to get your license.
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| 0.938534 | 453 | 2.75 | 3 |
Reporting on protests is no easy job—just ask the thirty-six reporters arrested while covering the Occupy movement, from New York to Boston to Nashville and beyond. Amid clashes between protesters and the police, the reporters ran afoul of the law. They went places where they weren’t supposed to go, and they did things they weren’t supposed to do. Or so claim the police.
OWS might not signal the high-water mark of press freedom, but it’s brought that freedom into sharp focus, through the prism of protest. What rights do reporters have to gather the news? Do they need credentials? Do reporters have the right in public places to record police activity? If a police officer unlawfully interferes with a reporter while she’s gathering the news, can the reporter sue the officer? Below, Jonathan Peters, an attorney specializing in First Amendment law, explains.
Does the First Amendment provide reporters a general right to gather the news?
Eh, sort of. The First Amendment guarantees the freedoms of speech and press, among others, and their protections focus mainly on the right to communicate—the right of newspapers to publish, the right of radio stations to broadcast, the right of ordinary citizens to criticize the government. Less clear are the protections for gathering information.
The First Amendment emerged at a time when the press did little newsgathering, and the amendment’s legislative history, sparse as it is, doesn’t suggest that press freedom includes newsgathering. But gathering is related to communicating, because you can’t communicate what you can’t gather. Justice Byron White put it this way, in the 1972 case Branzburg v. Hayes, “without some protection for seeking out the news, freedom of the press could be eviscerated.”
Although the Supreme Court has acknowledged that newsgathering is important, it has not determined the extent to which the First Amendment protects it. The cases in this area make just one thing clear: reporters do not enjoy greater rights than members of the public to gather information.
In large part, reporters enjoy First Amendment protections as agents, the “eyes and ears of the public,” as Chief Justice Warren Burger said when announcing the judgment in the 1980 case Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia. The idea is that most people can’t get for themselves the information they need to be informed and to participate in the political process. They have to rely on the press, whose right to gather and publish is the public’s right to do the same.
Okay, so, what rights do reporters have to gather the news at OWS protests? Do they need credentials?
Most of the OWS protests have unfolded on public sidewalks and in public parks, the favored children of First Amendment law. (Zuccotti is privately owned but dedicated for public enjoyment.) In those places, which are called public forums, the press is free generally to gather the news. What makes public forums so special is their historical significance, noted by Justice Owen Roberts in a concurring opinion in the 1939 case Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization: “Wherever the title of streets and parks may rest, they have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public and, time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions.”
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I'm doing a dialogue between two historical figures, and was wondering if someone could clarify what policy Daniel Webster meant in this quote: "The current policy is necesary due to the terms under which the lands were acquired."
Okay I'm going to compress this so you can understand it. Before we continue you must know what the Hayne-Webster Debate affect was. "The Webster–Hayne debate was a famous debate in the United States between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 on the topic of protectionist tariffs." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster-Hayne_debate Great, now you understand what the debate was about. Now what Daniel Webster meant by the following quote: "The current policy is necessary due to the terms under which the lands were acquired." Is a bit more tricky, you can't really look at this tiny excerpt look at the whole paragraph. "The public lands are being sold as fast as they can be settled. To sell them cheaper would simply put them in the hands of speculators, and very likely retard their settlement. The current policy is necessary due to the terms under which the lands were acquired. New England is the west's true friend, having given the northwest, at least, a rational system of land sales, and having kept slavery out of the Northwest territory. New England has voted for all western measures, while the south has voted against them. It is from the south – indeed from Mr. McDuffie, an associate of Hayne and Calhoun, that we have heard a distinct call to restrict westward immigration, while W. himself opposed restriction." Let us use context clues! We can see that Webster was supporting the current policy! But the way he said it was to confused the people he was speaking to. (This was on purpose, for political reasons.) I'm not sure how you wanted me to explain... (Like the policy or the quote so... Tag me if you need more help.)
Thank you, I was just trying to figure out what exact policy Daniel Webster was talking about.
Ahahah, I could have broken it down much easier! "The current policy" = "Federal land policy".
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Data from: Effects of experimental night lighting on the daily timing of winter foraging in common European songbirds
Cite this dataset
Da Silva, Arnaud; Diez-Méndez, David; Kempenaers, Bart (2017). Data from: Effects of experimental night lighting on the daily timing of winter foraging in common European songbirds [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7k525
The ecological effects of light pollution are becoming better understood, especially in birds. Recent studies have shown that several bird species can use street lighting to extend activity into the night during the breeding season. However, most of these studies are correlational and little is known about the effects of artificial night lighting on the timing of activities outside the breeding season. During winter, low temperatures and short days may limit foraging opportunities and can negatively affect survival of resident birds. However, night lighting may allow them to expand the time niche available for foraging. Here, we report on a study where we repeatedly manipulated the amount of night lighting during early winter at automated feeding stations in a natural forest. We used video-recordings at the feeders to determine the time of the first (at dawn) and last (at dusk) foraging visits for six songbird species. We predicted that all species, and in particular the naturally early-foraging species, would advance their daily onset of foraging during the mornings with night lighting, but would show minimal or no delays in their daily cessation of foraging during the lighted evenings. We found that two early-foraging species, the blue tit and the great tit, started foraging earlier during the experimentally lighted mornings. However, in great tits, this effect was weak and restricted to nights with inclement weather. The light treatment did not have any effect on the start of foraging in the willow/marsh tit, the nuthatch, the European jay, and the blackbird. Artificial night lighting did not cause later foraging at dusk in any of the six species. Overall, our results suggest that artificial light during winter has only small effects on timing of foraging. We discuss these findings and the importance of temperature and winter weather in shaping the observed foraging patterns.
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| 0.953863 | 470 | 3.53125 | 4 |
COPYRIGHT © 2007 THE CHESAPEAKE CONFERENCE.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Remember to reset your clocks before going to bed Saturday, November 2. Daylight Savings time ends at 2 a.m. on Sunday, November 3. According to National Geographic, it wasn't until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the United States a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918—for the states that chose to observe it. During World War II the United States made daylight saving time mandatory for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9, 1942, and September 30, 1945, the government took it a step further. During this period DST was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Since the end of World War II, though, daylight saving time has always been optional for U.S. states. But its beginning and end have shifted—and occasionally disappeared.
Hungry? Check out the Happy Healthy Holidays cooking demonstration and food tasting, Sunday, November 10, at 4 p.m., sponsored by Better Living for South Carroll, a ministry of the South Carroll church. The event features a presentation on diet and inflammation by Jane Kurtz, RD, MPH., and takes place at the church located at 2020 W. Liberty Road in Taylorsville, Maryland (select Westminster if using a GPS for directions). Space is limited. To reserve a spot, email [email protected], or call (410) 861-0460.
Join the “Pillowcase Challenge” and make someone smile, Sunday, November 10, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Spencerville church and the surrounding community will participate in a national challenge to make pillowcases for charity. The national goal is to share one million pillowcases throughout local communities nationwide. Spencerville’s goal is to contribute at least 200 pillowcases to four local charities. Believe it or not, pillowcases can make a difference. Pillowcase kits (fabric, patterns, and more) will be provided and instructors readily available to answer any questions. There are a limited number of sewing machines available, so bring one if possible (and a pair of scissors, too). Drop by any time and leave when you’re done! The church is located at 16325 New Hampshire Avenue in Silver Spring, Maryland. Register by contacting [email protected] or (301) 384-2920. Find more details online at spencervillesda.org.
Women need love; men need respect. It’s that simple—and complicated. Spend a worthwhile weekend at the Love and Respect Video Conference on love, relationships and marriage presented by best-selling Christian author Emerson Eggerichs, Ph.D. The event will be held at the Reisterstown church located at 7 Berrymans Lane in Reisterstown, Maryland, Sabbath, November 16, 2-6 p.m., and Sunday, November 17, 8:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. Registration is free, but required. Register online at ReisterstownSDA.org, or call (410) 833-4634.
A Child Protection Workshop sponsored by Chesapeake Conference is planned for Sunday, November 17, at the Baltimore First church located at 3291 St. Johns Lane in Ellicott City, Maryland. This training augments the conference-wide implementation of the “Shield the Vulnerable” initiative recommended by Adventist Risk Management. Pastors, educators and Children’s Ministry leaders will receive additional information early this month. Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S., co-director of one of the largest and oldest sex offender evaluation and treatment programs in Oregon, is the trainer. Her presentation begins at 9 a.m. and ends about noon. Additional training for a select group will be offered in the afternoon. For more information, call (410) 995-1910, or email [email protected].
Plan now to attend the “Songs for My Sisters” benefit concert, Saturday, December 7, at 6 p.m., at the Capital Brazilian Seventh-day Adventist Temple located at 12420 Scaggsville Road in Highland, Maryland. The classical Christmas program is sponsored by the General Conference Women’s Ministries department, and features instrumental, choral and vocal music. Proceeds will be used by the GC Women’s Scholarship Program to help talented and needy Adventist women obtain a college education. This scholarship fund has helped 2,104 women in 121 countries. To support this endeavor and learn more, visit AdventistWomensMinistries.org, or call (301) 680-6636.
A spiritual retreat for those who enjoy scrapbooking and card-making takes place January 3-5 at Mount Aetna Retreat Center in Hagerstown, Maryland. For more details, email [email protected], or call (301) 824-6045.
Partner with Highland View Academy (HVA) to enhance students’ education. The school is raising funds for a variety of projects including tablet devices, computers, science equipment, scholarships, and a mission trip to the Dominican Republic planned for March 2014. The HVA Music department is in need of a covered trailer. To help, contact Renee Williams, development director, by email at [email protected], or call (610) 389-8667.
Become part of the GLOW community and Give Light to Our World. Visit the Chesapeake GLOW website at chesapeakeglow.org to:
~ Read testimonies of how God is using GLOW to change lives
~ Learn how to start a GLOW program at your church
~ Help seekers sign up for Bible studies or find a local church
~ Subscribe to a weekly newsletter
~ Find resources and order tracts
GLOW is sponsored by the Publishing Ministry of the Chesapeake Conference.
“Heroes” is the first Seventh-day Adventist game developed for iPhone and iPad. App creator Sam Neves says the game is designed to enrich the lives of players by reintroducing them to the heroic characters of the Bible. Neves is the pastor of the Wimbledon International church in South London. “Heroes” is a comic book style trivia games based on the lives of 11 heroes of the Bible. Players earn “manna” by correctly answering as many questions as possible in 60 seconds. Compatible with iOS devices, visit the App Store and look for Heroes the Game (Movinpixel, Ltd.) to download the free app.
November Sunset Calendar and Offering Schedule:
|November 2||6:06||Local Church Budget|
|November 9||4:58||Annual Sacrifice Global Mission/World Budget|
|November 16||4:52||Local Church Budget|
|November 23||4:48||Chesapeake Advance|
|November 30||4:44||NAD Evangelism|
Note: Sunset times published above are for Baltimore, Maryland. For Delaware and the Eastern Shore, subtract two minutes. For West Virginia and Western Maryland, add three minutes.
Subscribe to Currents via the conference’s website at ccosda.org.
Find us on Facebook at facebook.com/chesapeakeconference.
Chesapeake Currents is published monthly by the Communication Department –
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As we approach the festive season, we yet again see the internet being bombarded with posts by Christians stating that they will say “Happy Christmas” or “Merry Christmas” and not “Happy Holidays”. There seems to be a belief in recent years, particularly in the USA that “Happy Holidays” is at the least modern political correctness, or at the worst appeasement of Muslims.
As these people attempt to “put Christ back into Christmas” they are in fact very mistaken. Christianity does not have the monopoly on the festive season, and it never did.
In fact, no-one knows how far back the term “Happy Holiday” goes back. It was however first introduced in the USA, which has always been a meeting place of cultures and faiths, not to appease Muslims but rather to include Jews celebrating Chanukah in the festive season. It may in fact come from the Hebrew Hag Sameach, which was never originally associated with Chanukah but rather Passover. The phrase took on the plural to became Irving Berlin’s inspiration for the song of the same name in 1941 and was sang by Bing Crosby in the movie Holiday Inn, released in 1942. Surely no-one could ever accuse Bing and Old Blue Eyes of being anti-Christian?
There is no real surprise that there should be festivals in late December. They take place around the winter solstice, when the northern hemisphere is furthest from the sun, giving us the shortest day. It was seen by our pagan ancestors as a time of rebirth and renewal. No surprise then that the birth of several deities should take place around then. Horus, Heracles, Zeus, Sol Invictus and Mithra were all associated with the festive season, and the Roman Festival of Saturnalia also reached it’s climax around the winter solstice.
And this makes a nonsense of those who claim – and I have seen this – that 25 December is the birthday of Jesus Christ. The fact is that we simply do not know what date Jesus was born upon. Contrary to popular belief, neither Horus nor Mithra were allegedly born on 25 December. These claims are pure myth, started off by early 20th century writers on spirituality. However, according to Andrew McGowan of the Biblical Archaeological Society, as well as the Saturnalia taking place in late December, in 274 CE the Roman Emperor Aurelian established a feast of the birth of Sol Invictus (the Unconquered Sun) on 25 December. As the people of the time were mostly poor, it would have been impossible for them to celebrate the Saturnalia, Sol Invictus and Jesus Christ in separate festivals, so all three became merged into the one. It was not until the 12th century that Christmas was set as 25 December. A marginal note on a manuscript of the writings of the Syriac biblical commentator Dionysius bar-Salibi states that in ancient times the Christmas holiday was actually shifted from January 6 to December 25 so that it fell on the same date as the pagan Sol Invictus holiday. It is interesting to note that in Scots history 6th January was for a long time referred to as “Auld Yule”. Note also that 6th January is twelve days after Christmas – Twelfth Night.
As to this nonsense of saying Happy Holiday being to appease Muslims, or indeed to be anti-Christian, I do not know where that comes from. In my experience nothing could be further from the truth. The vast majority of Muslims, certainly here in the UK, are business owners and they love Christmas. Why shouldn’t they? It is boom time for them. Here in Edinburgh there are Muslim-owned businesses close to Edinburgh Central Mosque who put Christmas decorations up every December. One of them, the Kebab Mahal restaurant, annually puts a sign in their window wishing all their customers a Merry Christmas. It has always been my experience that Muslims have been nothing other than respectful to those celebrating Christmas.
We therefore see that there is nothing wrong in saying “Happy Holiday(s)”. But then, there is nothing wrong in saying “Merry Christmas” or “Happy Christmas” either. It is all down to individual choice. I personally prefer to say “Seasons Greetings” or “Compliments of the season”. Christianity however does not have a monopoly upon the festive season. So by all mean, use whichever phrase you wish.
I would suggest however that if anyone refuses to say “Happy Holiday(s)” to be inclusive of Christians and Christianity only, then they are doing so for all the all reasons. Finally, I would remind them that they do so in the name of a man whom it is said accepted all and turned away none.
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The study of ancient plants, animals, and other forms of past life has led to a great many discoveries that inform our modern view of the world.
Discoveries in paleontology have shed light on the far-distant history of Earth and led to an increased understanding of the interactions between various environmental and geologic systems.
By examining fossils, rock strata, and ancient DNA, paleontologists have been able to describe incredibly ancient forms of life and place them into taxonomies and timeframes that outline the evolution of life from the early days of the earth to the development of anatomically modern humans.
In order to develop such a unique and remarkably detailed understanding of life forms from millions of years ago, paleontologists use an impressive array of disciplines such as geology, physics, chemistry, and biology.
Since the field incorporates such a wide range of scientific fields and methodologies, students interested in careers in paleontology need to make sure that they are enrolling in a college or university with strong programs in these areas and in paleontology specifically.
Below are 10 of the best paleontology schools available in the United States. These schools were selected based on their high positions in online ranking publications, such as US News and edurank.org.
Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut)
Yale’s Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences offers both undergraduate and PhD programs in paleontology.
Undergraduate students can pursue a Bachelor of Science degree track that is focused on paleontology and geobiology, and graduate students may choose from the school’s research programs in paleontology and evolution or biogeochemistry, paleoceanography, and paleoclimate studies, among others.
The Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History provides excellent resources to paleontology students at Yale through the more than 14 million pieces held in the museum’s 10 collections.
Along with supporting student and faculty research, the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History offers undergraduate students internships and work opportunities to graduate students.
Recent research efforts at the museum have seen a new species of dinosaur discovered among its collections, discoveries about lizards influencing their own evolution, and discoveries that may lead to improvements in drought-resistant crops.
Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, Virginia)
Undergraduate students at Virginia Tech interested in a career in paleontology begin their studies at the school by enrolling in the Department of Geosciences’ Bachelor of Geosciences program and choosing the Geobiology and Paleobiology Option.
Graduate students at Virginia Tech can pursue a PhD or Master of Science degree from the school in one of the Department of Geosciences’ research areas.
Particular areas of research at Virginia Tech include geobiology and biogeochemistry, sedimentary processes and record, paleo-environment reconstruction, and oceans and climate.
The Paleobiology and Geobiology Research Group at Virginia Tech has recently made contributions to efforts of “snowball Earth” periods in Earth’s past as well as shed light on the relationship between dinosaurs and bird-like archosaurs in light of the discovery of a new species, Teleocrater rhadinus, a distant ancestor of modern birds.
University of Chicago (Chicago, Illinois)
The Department of Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago offers graduate students a multitude of options for studying different aspects of paleontology and related sciences as they pursue Master of Science degrees and PhDs.
The department takes an interdisciplinary approach to its graduate education and coordinates with other institutions at the University of Chicago as well as institutions outside of the university.
Along with the attraction presented by the school’s graduate program, potential students will be drawn to the university as it is the home institution of Paul Sereno, a noted paleontologist and explorer.
Along with his work as a faculty member at the university, Sereno is the National Geographic Society’s Explorer-in-Residence.
The Fossil Lab at the University of Chicago serves as a teaching facility, museum, and fossil preparation laboratory in order to support research and education about paleontology and the history of life on Earth.
University of Texas at Austin (Austin, Texas)
The Jackson School of Geosciences at the University of Texas at Austin provides a wealth of opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students to study paleontology and perform exciting research.
Undergraduates can pursue a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree in geoscience, and graduates can pursue master’s degrees or PhDs through the school.
Undergraduate research opportunities at the school include studying Triassic vertebrates through specimens from Petrified Forest National Park as well studying fossils drawn from cave systems in Texas.
Graduate students interested in geobiology, carbonate sedimentology, paleoecology, and marine communities will also find excellent research opportunities at the school.
The Jackson School Museum of Earth History houses vertebrate and non-vertebrate fossils and specimens collected from research conducted by university researchers and others.
The museum has the fifth-largest collection of non-vertebrate specimens in the United States, with approximately 4 million samples.
University of Michigan – Ann Arbor (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
The Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Michigan – Ann Arbor enables undergraduate students to begin specifically studying aspects of paleontology in the first year of their undergraduate program through the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program in conjunction with the university’s Museum of Paleontology.
Additional opportunities available to undergraduate students are a minor in paleontology, a Senior Honors Thesis researched with a museum faculty member, and work at the museum’s Vertebrate Preparation Laboratory.
The University of Michigan and its Museum of Paleontology also provide many research opportunities for graduate students.
Faculty and researchers at the museum study areas of paleontology such the evolution and morphology of early hominoids, paleobiology of plants, the paleontology of fishes, and sauropod evolution and distribution.
Collections at the university’s research museum are dedicated to vertebrate, invertebrate, paleobotanical, and micropaleontological specimens.
University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley, California)
The University of California, Berkeley offers both undergraduate and graduate students the opportunity to study paleontology through its Integrative Biology, Geography, and Earth and Planetary Sciences departments.
Students interested in the field may take paleontology courses from these departments as they pursue their degrees through a particular department.
The school’s Museum of Paleontology supports students’ education in the field with its specimen collections, laboratories, staff, research programs, and employment opportunities.
The UC Museum of Paleontology publishes PaleoBios, its peer-reviewed journal of scholarly articles on all subjects of paleontology.
PaleoBios accepts submissions from scholars from the UC Museum of Paleontology as well as from researchers from other institutions.
Recent research at the museum has seen the discovery of a new genus and species of hyena found in China, a hypothesis for the benefits of the short arms of the T. rex, and the study of the oldestknown fossils of giant birds with 21-foot wingspans.
Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Undergraduate students who wish to begin studying paleontology at Harvard choose the university’s Earth and Planetary Sciences concentration.
Many of the undergraduate courses in the concentration provide opportunities to participate in field trips and camps in order to provide experiential education in the field.
Graduate students who wish to study the field at Harvard will be interested in working with faculty members studying geobiology and Earth history.
Areas of interest for researchers in geobiology and Earth history include the study of major climatic events, the radiation of animals and mass extinctions, and the oxygenation of the oceans and atmospheres of the Earth.
The Paleoanthropology Laboratory at Harvard studies the evolution and behavior of hominoids, hominids, and other mammals through field and laboratory research in conjunction with other programs at Harvard and with institutions outside of the university.
University of Kansas (Lawrence, Kansas)
Undergraduate students at the University of Kansas who major in geology can take elective courses in paleontology and biogeology as they pursue a Bachelor of Science degree from the university.
Students pursuing a PhD in Geology may specialize in paleontology as they work with faculty and advisors in the school.
The Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum at the University of Kansas offers excellent opportunities to study vertebrate and invertebrate paleontology as well as paleobotany.
The institute houses over 900,000 invertebrate fossil specimens, over 150,000 vertebrate specimens, and over 400,000 paleobotanical specimens.
Among the particular research strengths at the institute are the study of Cambrian radiation, phylogenetic patterns in arthropods, Paleozoic and Mesozoic fishes, Mesozoic marine vertebrates, and the biology of fossil plants and their interactions with other forms of life.
Columbia University (New York City, New York)
Students pursuing a bachelor’s degree in Earth science at Columbia University can take advantage of the school’s plans of study in order to effectively prepare themselves for further studies in paleontology at the graduate level.
Recommended courses for those interested in paleontology include paleobiology and Earth systems history, paleoceanography, and Cenozoic paleoceanography.
Advanced paleontological research is conducted at the Columbia Climate School’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
The Biology & Paleo Environment Division at the institution studies the effects of environmental variables and changes in the Earth’s past through fossils, pollen, and chemical biomarkers left behind in the Earth’s sediments.
Columbia’s partnerships enable other paleontological research with outside organizations such as the American Museum of Natural History, which has some of the largest collections
of fossilized fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and invertebrates in the world.
Pennsylvania State University – University Park (University Park, Pennsylvania)
Those who wish to begin a career in paleontology will be excited by the Bachelor of Science in Geobiology program at Pennsylvania State University.
The program incorporates paleontology, paleobiology, astrobiology, biogeochemistry, and geomicrobiology to prepare undergraduate students for a variety of fields concerned with the history of life on Earth and its interactions with the chemical and physical processes at play.
For those who wish to continue their studies at the graduate level, Penn State offers Master of Science and PhD programs in geosciences as well as a dual-title PhD program combining biogeochemistry with one of eight other related disciplines.
Research in paleobiology, microbial geobiology, and biogeochemistry at Penn State spans the world, and the department lists particular areas of expertise in the biotic response to extinction events and climate change, biological indicators of paleoclimates, macroevolution, and evolutionary paleoecology, among many others.
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Weegy: Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where it's speed is different. User: For refraction to occur in a wave, the wave must (1 point)
strike an obstacle larger than the wavelength.
change direction within a medium.
enter a new medium at an angle.
enter a new medium head-on. Weegy: C. enter a new medium at an angle. User: What is one property of a wave that determines how much it will diffract when it ... (More)
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The Sons of Jacob arrive in Egypt to Buy Corn - Joseph Recognizes his Brothers - Imprisonment of Simeon - The Sons of Jacob come a second time, bringing Benjamin with them - Joseph tries his Brethren - He makes himself known to them - Jacob and his family prepare to descend into Egypt (GENESIS 42-45)
WE are now approaching a decisive period in the history of the house of Israel. Yet once again everything seems to happen quite naturally, while in reality everything is supernatural. The same causes which led to a diminution of rain in the Abyssinian mountains, and with it of the waters of the Nile, brought drought and famine to Palestine. It is quite in character that, in such straits, the wild, lawless sons of Jacob should have stood helplessly despondent, while the energies of their father were correspondingly roused. "Why do ye look one upon another? . . . I have heard that there is corn in Egypt: get you down thither, and buy for us from thence." The ten sons of Jacob now departed on this errand. But Benjamin, who had taken the place of Joseph in his father's heart, was not sent with them, perhaps from real fear of "mischief" by the way, possibly because his father did not quite trust the honest intentions of his sons. The next scene presents to us the Hebrew strangers among a motley crowd of natives and foreigners, who had come for corn; while Joseph, in all the state of the highest Egyptian official, superintends the sale. In true Eastern fashion the sons of Jacob make lowest obeisance before "the governor over the land." Of course they could not have recognized in him, who looked, dressed, and spoke as an Egyptian noble, the lad who, more than twenty years before, had, in "the anguish of his soul," "besought" them not to sell him into slavery. The same transformation had not taken place in them, and Joseph at once knew the well-remembered features of his brethren. But what a change in their relative positions! As he saw them bending lowly before him, his former dreams came vividly back to him. Surely, one even much less devout than Joseph would, in that moment, have felt that a Divine Hand had guided the past for a Divine purpose. Personal resentment or pique could not have entered into his mind at such a time. If, therefore, as some have thought, severity towards his brethren partially determined his conduct, this must have been quite a subordinate motive. At any rate, it is impossible to suppose that he cherished any longer feelings of anger, when shortly afterwards, on their expression of deep penitence, "he turned himself about from them and wept." But we prefer regarding Joseph's conduct as consistent throughout. The appearance of his brothers before him seemed to imply that God had not meant to separate him from his family, nor yet that he should return to them, but that they should come to him, and that he had been sent before to keep them alive. But for such a re-union of the family it was manifestly needful, that their hearts and minds should have undergone an entire change from that unscrupulous envy which had prompted them to sell him into slavery. This must be ascertained before he made himself known to them. Moreover, its reality must be tested by the severest trial to which their altered feelings could be subjected.
Thus viewing it, we can understand the whole conduct of Joseph. Of course, his first object would be to separate the sons of Jacob from the crowd of other purchasers, so as to deal specially with them, without, however, awakening their suspicions; his next to ascertain the state of matters at home. Then he would make them taste undeserved sorrow by the exercise of an arbitrary power, against which they would be helpless - even as Joseph had been in their hands. Thus they might see their past sin in their present sorrow. All these objects were attained by one and the same means. Joseph charged them with being spies, who, on pretense of buying corn, had come to find out the defenseless portions of the land. The accusation was not unreasonable in the then state of Egypt, nor uncommon in Eastern countries. It was not only that this afforded a pretext for dealing separately with them, but their answer to the charge would inform Joseph about the circumstances of his family. For, naturally, they would not only protest their innocence, but show the inherent improbability of such an imputation. Here no argument could be more telling than that they were "all one man's sons," since no one would risk the lives of all his children in so dangerous a business. But this was not enough for Joseph. By reiterating the charge, he led them to enter into further details, from which he learned that both his father and Benjamin were alive. Still their reference to himself as one "who is not," seemed to imply persistence in their former deceit, and must have strengthened his doubts as to their state of mind. But now experience of violence would show them not only their past guilt, but that, however God might seem to delay, He was the avenger of all wrong. More than that, if Benjamin were placed relatively to them in the same circumstances of favoritism as Joseph had been; and if, instead of envying and hating him, they were prepared, even when exposed through him to shame and danger, not only to stand by him, but to suffer in his stead, then they had repented in the truest sense, and their state of mind was the opposite of what it had been twenty years ago.* Proceeding on this plan, Joseph first imprisoned all the ten, proposing to release one of their number to fetch Benjamin, in order to test, as he said, the truthfulness of their statements.
* This is substantially the view taken by Luther, and presented in his usual quaint and forcible language.
This excessive harshness was probably intended to strike terror into their hearts; and, at the end of three days, he so far relented as to retain only one of their number as a hostage; at the same time encouraging them both by the statement that, in so doing, his motive was "fear of God," and by the assurance that, once satisfied of their innocence, he cherished no evil design against them. The reference to "fear of God" on the part of an Egyptian, and this apparent shrinking from needless rigor, must have cut them to the heart, as it brought out in contrast their own implacable conduct towards Joseph. Simeon was chosen to remain behind as hostage, because he was the next oldest to Reuben, who was not detained, since he had endeavored to save the life of Joseph. This also must have contributed to remind them of their former wrong; and, for the first time, they avow to one another their bitter guilt in the past, and how God was now visiting it. So poignant were their feelings that, in the presence of Joseph, they spoke of it, in their own Hebrew, ignorant that Joseph, who had conversed with them through an interpreter, understood their words. Joseph was obliged hastily to withdraw, so as not to betray himself; but he wavered not in his purpose. Simeon was bound before their eyes, and the rest were dismissed; but each with ample provender for the journey, besides the corn they had bought, and with the purchase-money secretly restored to them.
The terror with which the unexpected turn of events had inspired them was deepened when, at their first night's quarters, one of them discovered the money in his sack. But, as before, the impression was wholesome. They traced in this also the avenging hand of God: "What is this that God hath done unto us?"
The narrative which, on their return, they had to tell their father was sufficiently sad. But the discovery they now made, that the money which they had paid had been secretly put back into each man's sack, seemed to imply some deep design of mischief, and filled Jacob and his sons with fresh fears. If the condition of their again appearing before the ruler of Egypt was, that they must bring Benjamin with them, then he, who had already lost two sons, would refuse to expose to such a risk his darling, the last remaining pledge of his Rachel. Reuben, indeed, volunteered the strange guarantee of his own two sons: "Slay my two sons, if I bring him not to thee." But this language was little calculated to reassure the heart of Jacob. For a time it seemed as if Jacob's former sorrow was to be increased by the loss of Simeon, and as if Joseph and his family were never again to meet.
If we ask ourselves why Joseph should have risked this, or added to his father's sorrow, we answer, to the first question, that, since Joseph now knew the circumstances of his family, and had Simeon beside him, he could at any time, on need for it appearing, have communicated with his father. As to the second difficulty, we must all feel that this grief and care could not be spared to his father if his brothers were to be tried, proved, and prepared for their mission. And did it not seem as if Joseph had rightly understood the will of God in this matter, since the heart of his brethren had been at once touched to own their past sin and the Hand of God?
Could he not then still further commit himself to God in well-doing, and trust Him? Nay, could he not also trust Jacob's faith to bear up under this trial? At most it would be short, and how blessed to all the fruits expected from it! Once more the event proved the correctness of his views. As the stock of provisions, which the sons of Jacob had brought, became nearly exhausted, a fresh application to the royal granaries of Egypt was absolutely necessary. This time it was Judah who offered himself in surety for Benjamin. His language was so calm, affectionate, and yet firm, as to inspire Jacob with what confidence can be derived from the earnest, good purpose of a true man. But he had higher consolation - that of prayer and faith: "God Almighty give you mercy before the man, that he may send away your other brother, and Benjamin." Yet, even if God had otherwise appointed, - if He saw fit to take from him his children, his faith would rise to this also: "And I, if I am bereaved, I am bereaved!" - good is the will of the Lord, and he would bow before it.
It is touching, as it were, to watch the trembling hands of the old man as he makes feeble attempts to ward off the wrath of the dreaded Egyptian. It was a famine-year, and, naturally, there would be scarcity of the luxuries which were usually exported from the East to Egypt. Let them, then, take a present of such dainties to the Egyptian - "a little balm, and a little honey, spices, and myrrh, nuts, and almonds." As for the money which had been put back into their sacks, it might have been an oversight. Let them take it again with them, along with the price of what corn they were now to purchase. And so let them go forth in the name of the God of Israel - Benjamin, and all the rest. He would remain behind alone, as at the fords of Jabbok, - no, not alone; but in faith and patience awaiting the issue. Presently the ten brothers, with more anxious hearts than Joseph ever had on his way to Egypt or in the slave-market, are once more in the dreaded presence of the Egyptian. Joseph saw the new-comers, and with them what he judged to be his youngest brother, whom he had left in his home a child only a year old. Manifestly, it was neither the time nor the place to trust himself to converse with them. So he gave his steward orders to take them to his house, and that they should dine with him at noon. Joseph had spoken in Egyptian, which seems to have been unknown to the sons of Jacob. When they saw themselves brought to the house of Joseph, it immediately occurred to them that they were to be charged with theft of the former purchase-money. But the steward with kindly words allayed the fears which made them hesitate before entering "at the door of the house."
The sight of Simeon, who was at once restored to them, must have increased their confidence. Presently preparations were made for the banquet. It was a deeply trying scene for Joseph which ensued when he met his brethren on his return home. Little could they imagine what thoughts passed through his mind, as in true Oriental fashion they laid out the humble presents his father had sent, and lowly "bowed themselves to him to the earth." His language ill concealed his feelings. Again and again he inquired for his father, and as they replied: "Thy servant our father is in good health; he is yet alive," they again "bowed clown their heads, and made obeisance." But when he fastened his eyes on Benjamin, his own mother's son, and had faltered it out, so unlike an Egyptian: "God be gracious unto thee, my son," he was obliged hastily to withdraw, "for his bowels did yearn upon his brother." Twenty-two years had passed since he had been parted from his brother, and Benjamin now stood before him - a youth little older than he when his bitter bondage in prison had commenced. Would they who had once sacrificed him on account of jealousy, be ready again to abandon his brother for the sake of selfishness? At the banquet a fresh surprise awaited the sons of Jacob. Of course, after the Egyptian fashion, Joseph ate by himself, and the Egyptians by themselves; he as a member of the highest caste, and they from religious scruples. We know from secular history that the Egyptians abstained from certain kinds of meat, and would not eat with the knives and forks, nor from the cooking utensils which had been used by those of any other nation. But it must have seemed unaccountable, that at the banquet their places were arranged exactly according to their ages. How could the Egyptian have known them, and what mysterious circumstances surrounded them in his presence? Yet another thing must have struck them. In their father's house the youngest of their number, the son of Rachel, had been uniformly preferred before them all. And now it was the same in the Egyptian palace! If the Egyptian ruler "sent messes unto them from before him," "Benjamin's mess was five times so much as any of theirs." Why this mark of unusual distinction, as it was regarded in ancient times?*
* Among the Spartans a double, among the Cretans a fourfold portion was set before princes and rulers. In Egypt the proportion seems to have been five times.
However, the banquet itself passed pleasantly, and early next morning the eleven, gladsome and thankful, were on their way back to Canaan. But the steward of Joseph's house had received special instructions. As before, each "bundle of money" had been restored in every man's sack. But, besides, he had also placed in that of Benjamin, Joseph's own cup, or rather his large silver bowl. The brothers had not traveled far when the steward hastily overtook them. Fixing upon the eleven the stain of base ingratitude, he charged them with stealing the "bowl" out of which "his lord drank, and whereby, indeed, he divined." Of course this statement of the steward by no means proves that Joseph actually did divine by means of this "cup." On the contrary, such could not have been the case, since it was of course impossible to divine, out of a cup that had been stolen from him, that it was stolen (ver. 15)! But, no doubt, there was in Joseph's house, as in that of all the great sages of Egypt, the silver bowl, commonly employed for divination, in which unknown events were supposed to appear in reflection from the water, sometimes after gems or gold (with or without magical inscriptions and incantations) had been cast into the cup, to increase the sheen of the broken rays of light. Similar practices still prevail in Egypt.
The charge of treachery and of theft so took the brothers by surprise, that, in their conscious innocence, they offered to surrender the life of the guilty and the liberty of all the others, if the cup were found with any of them. But the steward had been otherwise instructed. He was to isolate Benjamin from the rest. With feigned generosity he now refused their proposal, and declared his purpose only to retain the guilty as bondsman. The search was made, and the cup found in the sack of Benjamin. Now the first great trial of their feelings ensued. They were all free to go home to their own wives and children; Benjamin alone was to be a bondsman. The cup had been found in his sack! Granting that, despite appearances, they knew him to be innocent, why should they stand by him? At home he had been set before them as the favorite; nay, for fear of endangering him, their father had well nigh allowed them all, their wives and their children, to perish from hunger. In Egypt, also, he, the youngest, the son of another mother, had been markedly preferred before them. They had formerly got rid of one favorite, why hesitate now, when Providence itself seemed to rid them of another? What need, nay, what business had they to identify themselves with him? Was it not enough that he had been put before them everywhere; must they now destroy their whole family, and suffer their little ones to perish for the sake of one who, to say the best, seemed fated to involve them in misery and ruin? So they might have reasoned. But so they did not reason, nor, indeed, did they reason at all; for in all matters of duty reasoning is ever dangerous, and only absolute, immediate obedience to what is right, is safe. "They rent their clothes, and laded every man his ass, and returned to the city."
The first trial was past; the second and final one was to commence. In the presence of Joseph, "they fell before him on the ground" in mute grief. Judah is now the spokesman, and right well does his advocacy prefigure the pleading of his great Descendant. Not a word does he utter in extenuation or in plea. This one thought only is uppermost in his heart: "God hath found out the iniquity of thy servants." Not guilty indeed on this charge, but guilty before God, who hath avenged their iniquity! How, then, can they leave Benjamin in his undeserved bondage, when not he, but they have really been the cause of this sorrow? But Joseph, as formerly his steward, rejects the proposal as unjust, and offers their liberty to all except Benjamin. This gives to Judah an opening for pleading, in language so tender, graphic, and earnest, that few have been able to resist its pathos. He recounts the simple story, how the great Egyptian lord had at the first inquired whether they had father or brother, and how they had told him of their father at home, and of the child of his old age who was with him, the last remaining pledge of his wedded love, to whom the heart of the old man clave. Then the vizier had asked the youth to be brought, and they had pleaded that his going would cost the life of his father. But the famine had compelled them to ask of their father even this sacrifice. And the old man had reminded them of what they knew only too well: how his wife, the only one whom even now he really considered such, had borne him two sons; one of those had gone out from him, just as it was now proposed Benjamin should go, and he had not seen him since, and he had said: "Surely he is torn in pieces." And now, if they took this one also from him, and mischief befell him, his gray hairs would go down with sorrow to the grave. What the old man apprehended had come to pass, no matter how. But could he, Judah, witness the grief and the death of his old father? Was he not specially to blame, since upon his guarantee he had consented to part with him? Nay, he had been his surety; and he now asked neither pardon nor favor, only this he entreated, to be allowed to remain as bondsman instead of the lad, and to let him go back with his brethren. He besought slavery as a boon, for how could he "see the evil" that should "come on his father?"
Truly has Luther said: "What would I not give to be able to pray before the Lord as Judah here interceded for Benjamin, for it is a perfect model of prayer, nay, of the strong feeling which must underlie all prayer." And, blessed be God, One has so interceded for us, Who has given Himself as our surety, and become a bondsman for us. (Psalm 40:6, 7; Philippians 2:6-8) His advocacy has been heard; His substitution accepted; and His intercession for us is ever continued, and ever prevails. The Lord Jesus Christ is "the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David," and "hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals thereof."
The last trial was now past. Indeed, it had been impossible to continue it longer, for Joseph "could not refrain himself." All strangers were hastily removed, and Joseph, with all tenderness of affection and delicacy of feeling, made himself known to them as the brother whom they had sold into Egypt, but whom in reality God had sent before for the purpose not only of saving their lives, but of preserving their posterity, that so His counsel of mercy with the world might be accomplished. Then let them not be grieved, for God had overruled it all. Three times must he speak it, and prove his forgiveness by the most loving marks, before they could credit his words or derive comfort from them. But one object Joseph had now in view: to bring his father and all his family to be near him, that he might nourish them; for as yet only two out of the seven years of famine had passed. And in this purpose he was singularly helped by Divine Providence. Tidings of what had taken place reached Pharaoh, and the generous conduct of his vizier pleased the king. Of his own accord he also proposed what Joseph had intended; accompanying his invitation with a royal promise of ample provision, and sending "wagons" for the transport of the women and children. On his part, Joseph added rich presents for his father. When the eleven returned, first alone, to their father, and told him all, "the heart of Jacob fainted, for he believed them not." Presently, as he saw the Egyptian "wagons" arriving, a great reaction took place. "The spirit of Jacob their father revived." The past, with its sorrows and its sin, seemed blotted out from his memory. Once more it was not, as before, Jacob who spoke, but "Israel" (the prince with God and man) who said, "It is enough, Joseph my son is yet alive: I will go and see him before I die."
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County Line Ponds
From near sea level on the floodplain farmlands west of Sedro-Woolley, the North Cascades Highway (Route 20) follows the Skagit River eastward for 95 miles, ascending gradually to 5,477-foot Washington Pass. As you proceed east, annual rainfall increases from about 40 inches in Sedro-Woolley to over 100 inches per year in Newhalem, an average increase in precipitation of approximately one inch per mile. The route traverses several vegetation zones with diverse and contrasting birdlife. The attractive riparian area downstream from Newhalem, the Whatcom/Skagit County Line Ponds, consists of a mixture of deciduous (mostly black cottonwood and red alder) and wet coniferous forest, containing many passerines in summer. During the breeding season, woodpeckers, flycatchers, vireos, thrushes, and warblers are abundant in the riparian growth. Gravel borrow pits became ponds and, adjacent to the river, support a variety of wildlife. The ponds are along the Skagit River on the south side of the highway and are accessible only by foot.
In late spring and summer, Hammond's and Pacific-slope Flycatchers, Red-eyed Vireo, Swainson's Thrush, and Yellow-rumped, Townsend's, and Black-throated Gray Warblers can be heard and seen. American Redstart nest here, the only confirmed breeding site for this species in Western Washington. Look and listen for Black and Vaux's Swifts overhead. In winter, Bald Eagles congregate along the river and ponds to feed on the chum and Coho salmon that have spawned and are dying. Check the ponds for Hooded Mergansers and other waterfowl. This is a good place to compare Common and Barrow's Goldeneyes. American Dippers can be seen swimming under water, plucking salmon eggs off the bottom of the pond and bobbing to the surface to swallow them, then submerging again to repeat the process.
The best times to visit are from May through October for passerines. Arrive early and listen, before the wind begins to move down through the cottonwoods.
Six miles northeast of Marblemount, Route 20 enters the North Cascades National Park Service Complex. In about four more miles, look for the Whatcom County Line sign (0.5 mile east of milepost 116). Park here, taking care not to block the gate, and walk south to the County Line Ponds and access to the Skagit River. In most years, Route 20 closes around the first of December and does not reopen until April. However, it is open year round below Newhalem. No gasoline or other services are available between Marblemount and Mazama, approximately 70 miles.
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El texto judicial fue aceptado19/02/1965 y revisado por última vez el
The Commission was first established in 1957 (14/11/1957) as a Commission for Intellectual Cooperation by the Presidential Mandate n° 3297. It was then reorganized and became "National Commission for UNESCO" in February 1965 (Presidential Mandate n° 2147). Since then, the Commission has undertaken and finalized various restructuring processes (1971, 1975, 1992)
Centro de documentación
The Documentation Centre is in process of catalogation and digitalisation.
Estructura de la Comisión
The National Commission consists of the following bodies:
- The General Assembly;
- Five Programme Committees: Education; Culture; Science and Technology; Social Sciences; Information and Communication.
- The Secretariat.
The Membership of the National Commission is composed of representatives of the Government, national institutions, NGOs, and distinguished personalities -designated for their personal competence.
The Commission has no Executive Committee. Plannig and consultation process include the Chairperson, the Secretary-General, the Deputy Secretary-General along with coordinators of the sub-commissions (see below) and the Permanent Delegate. Within the implementation of changes since 1997 a collaboration modality was designed through sub-commissions according to the areas of competence of UNESCO fields of action were called to offer suggestions, write proposals and prepare draft resolutions. The present decision is to designate one specialist per subject area as a regular collaborator who would also consult other specialists for specific actions.
Composed of 32 members representing the relevant Ministries (Culture; Economy, Planning and Development; Education; Higher Education, Science and Technology; Youth; Environment and Natural Resources; Foreign Affairs; and Tourism), Programme and National Committees; UNESCO Chairs, Clubs and ASPnet; universities; professional associations; non-governmental organizations; and individual experts.
Meets once a year.
Comités o Subcomités
As mentioned above, five sub-committees were set up: 1) Education, 2) Sciences, 3) Social and Human Sciences, 4) Culture, 5) Information and Communication.
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How To Screen For Health Risks In Just 60 Seconds
In our fast-paced world, it’s easy to forget about our health. We often don’t have time to go to the doctor for a check-up, and we may not even know our risks. But did you know that you can do some simple tests at home for health screener risks?
In just 60 seconds, you can check for four most common health risks: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. All you need is a measuring tape and a few simple calculations.
Here’s how it works:
- Measure your waist circumference. Wrap a measuring tape around your waist, just above your hip bones. Make sure the video is level and snug but not too tight. Relax and breathe normally.
- Divide your waist circumference by your height. This will give you your waist-to-height ratio.
- Compare your ratio to the following standards:
– If your ratio is below 0.5, you are at low risk for health problems.
– If your ratio is between 0.5 and 0.6, you are at an increased risk for health problems.
– If your ratio is above 0.6, you are at high risk for health problems.
- Measure your blood pressure. Place the blood pressure monitor cuff around your upper arm, and pump it until it is snug. The monitor will automatically take your blood pressure.
- Compare your blood pressure to the following standards:
– If your systolic blood pressure is below 120, you are at a low risk for health problems.
– If your systolic blood pressure is between 120 and 139, you are at an increased risk for health problems.
– If your systolic blood pressure is 140 or above, you are at high risk for health problems.
- Measure your fasting blood sugar level. Fasting means not eating or drinking anything except water for at least 8 hours.
– If your fasting blood sugar is below 100, you are at a low risk for diabetes.
– If your fasting blood sugar is between
2. The importance of screenings
Your health is essential. It’s one of the things that you have control over in your life. And while you can’t always control what happens to you, you can take steps to protect your health.
One of the best ways to do this is to get regular screenings. Screenings are tests that look for diseases or other health problems before you have symptoms. They can help find problems early when they’re easier to treat.
There are different types of screenings. Some screenings are done with a simple blood test. Others require a more involved process, like a colonoscopy.
Some screenings are recommended for everyone. These are called “universal” screenings. For example, all adults should get screened for cholesterol and high blood pressure.
Other screenings are recommended for people at high risk for certain diseases. These are called “targeted” screenings. For example, people with a family history of colon cancer should get screened for colon cancer.
You can talk to your doctor about which screenings are proper for you. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) also recommends adult screenings.
Screenings are an essential part of preventive care. They can help find problems early when they’re easier to treat. But screenings have risks as well as benefits.
For example, some screenings can have false-positive results. This means the test says you have a disease when you don’t. False-positive results can lead to unnecessary anxiety and even unnecessary treatment.
Screenings also can have false-negative results. This means the test says you don’t have a disease when you do. False-negative results can give you a false sense of security.
It’s important to talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of screenings before you have one. That way, you can make an informed decision about whether or not to have the screening.
3. How to screen for health risks
It’s essential to be aware of your health risks so that you can take steps to prevent or manage them. There are many ways to screen for health risks, but one of the quickest and most effective is to use a health risk assessment (HRA).
An HRA is a tool that allows you to input information about your health and lifestyle and then receive a report detailing your risks for various health conditions. Many HRAs are available online and only take a few minutes to complete.
When completing an HRA, you’ll be asked about your medical history, family history, lifestyle, and other factors. Be sure to answer all the questions as accurately as possible so the assessment can give you the most accurate results.
After you’ve completed the HRA, you’ll receive a report detailing your risks for various health conditions. This report can help you to identify which health risks you need to be aware of and take steps to prevent or manage.
If you have any concerns about your health, be sure to speak to your doctor. They can help you to interpret your HRA results and provide you with more information about how to reduce your risks.
4. The benefits of screenings
There are many benefits to screenings, especially when it comes to health risks. Screenings can help identify potential health risks early on before they become more serious. Early detection and treatment of health risks can often lead to better health outcomes.
Screenings can also help find health risks you may not be aware of. For example, you may not know you have high blood pressure or cholesterol. These conditions can silently damage your health and lead to severe problems. Screenings can help to find these conditions early when they are often more easily treatable.
In addition, screenings can help to build a baseline of your health. This can be especially helpful as you age and your health risks change. Knowing your baseline health can help you spot differences more quickly and take action to prevent or treat health problems.
Overall, screenings are an essential part of maintaining good health. They can help to identify potential health risks early before they become more serious. Screenings can also help to build a baseline of your health, which can be helpful as you age. If you have any concerns about your health, talk to your doctor about which screenings are proper for you.
5. The importance of early detection
It is always better to be proactive about your health rather than reactive. This is especially true when it comes to cancer. Cancer is a disease that can be very difficult to treat, and the earlier it is detected, the better the chances are of successfully treating it.
There are several ways to screen for cancer, many of which are quick and easy. Here are five of the most important reasons why early detection is so important:
- The earlier cancer is detected, the easier it is to treat.
Cancer is a very complex disease; the earlier it is detected, the easier it is to treat. When cancer is found in its early stages, it is often more responsive to treatment, and many treatment options are available.
- The earlier cancer is detected, the less likely it is to have spread.
Cancer is a very aggressive disease, and it can spread quickly. When cancer is detected early, it is less likely to spread to other parts of the body. This means that the chances of successful treatment are much higher.
- The earlier cancer is detected, the more likely it is to be cured.
The earlier cancer is detected, the more likely it is to be cured. This is because the cancer is expected to be smaller and less aggressive. Early detection also means that there is a greater chance of successful treatment.
- The earlier cancer is detected, the more likely it is to be treated successfully.
The earlier cancer is detected, the more likely it is to be treated successfully. This is because the cancer is expected to be smaller and less aggressive. Early detection also means that there is a greater chance of successful treatment.
- Early detection saves lives.
Early detection is the key to saving lives. The earlier cancer is detected, the more likely it is to be treated successfully. This is because the cancer is expected to be smaller and less aggressive. Early detection also means that there is a greater chance of successful treatment.
6. The types of screenings available
There are a variety of screenings available that can help assess your risk for various health conditions. Some screenings are quick and easy, while others may require more time and effort. Here is a rundown of some of the most common types of screenings:
- Blood pressure screening: This simple test can be done at your doctor’s office or many pharmacies. It measures the force of blood against your artery walls as your heart pumps. High blood pressure increases your risk for heart disease and stroke.
- Cholesterol screening measures cholesterol levels and other fats in your blood. High cholesterol is a significant risk factor for heart disease.
- Diabetes screening: Several different tests can be used to screen for diabetes. The fasting blood sugar test is the most common, which measures your blood sugar after fasting for at least 8 hours. Other tests include the oral glucose tolerance test and the hemoglobin A1c test.
- Cancer screenings: Various cancer screenings are available, depending on your age and risk factors. These tests can help find cancer early when it is most treatable. Standard cancer screenings include mammograms, Pap smears, and colonoscopies.
- Eye exams: Regular eye exams are essential for detecting vision problems and eye diseases. These exams can be done by your regular doctor or at an optometrist’s office.
- Hearing exams: Hearing loss is common as we age. Hearing exams can be done by your regular doctor or at a hearing center. These exams can help identify hearing loss and provide the information you need for the best treatment.
7. The risks of not screening
We all know we should go for regular health check-ups, but sometimes it feels like a hassle, or we forget. However, ignoring our health can be extremely risky. Here are seven risks of not screening for health risks:
- You could be living with a severe condition without knowing it
Many conditions, such as cancer, are asymptomatic in the early stages. This means that you could be living with a severe disease without even knowing it. Regular health check-ups and screenings can help to catch these conditions early when they are more likely to be treatable.
- Your condition could progress to a more severe stage
It could become more potent if you don’t catch a disease early. This could lead to more complications and a worse prognosis.
- You could miss out on essential treatments.
You could miss out on essential treatments if you don’t get screened. For example, you may not be diagnosed and treated early if you have high blood pressure, which could put you at risk for heart disease or stroke.
- You could develop complications.
If you don’t get screened and treated early, you could develop complications from your condition. For example, if you have diabetes, you may develop nerve damage, kidney damage, or heart disease.
- You could experience a decrease in quality of life
If you don’t get screened and treated early, your condition could progress and reduce your quality of life. For example, if you have cancer, you may experience pain, fatigue, and other symptoms that can make everyday activities difficult.
- You could die from your condition.
Your condition could be fatal if you don’t get screened and treated early. Cancer is the leading cause of death in the US, and many other diseases can also be deadly if not treated.
- You could develop anxiety or depression.
If you’re worried about your health, you could develop anxiety or depression. This can make it even harder to care for yourself and make healthy choices.
These are just a few of the risks
The How To health screener Risks In Just 60 Seconds blog is a great way to learn about the health risks you may face. By taking just a few minutes to read this blog, you can quickly learn about the different bets you may be facing and how to avoid them.
You may be facing various health risks, but the most important thing to remember is that you can avoid them by taking a few simple steps. By following the tips in this blog, you can quickly learn how to screen for and prevent health risks.
Read also: As Always, Consult Your Doctor Online And Avoid The Longing Room
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Halakhah, Kabbalah and History
I. Kabbalah and Halakhah
The role of kabbalistic mysticism in normative Jewish practice is complex. For someone skeptical of the kabbalistic enterprise, it may even be frustrating. However, a fairly authoritative approach to the role of kabbalah in Jewish law should serve to alleviate many of the concerns.
Traditionalists accept the Zohar, the source of many kabbalistic practices, as a Tannaitic work from the school of R. Shimon Bar Yochai. However, modern scholarship dates the work to Medieval times (link). The more historically sophisticated traditionalists adopt a compromise position–a core of the work is ancient but much has been added over the centuries. While ostensibly this debate should greatly impact the role of kabbalah in halakhic decision-making, there is good reason to render this issue entirely irrelevant.
II. Tefillin and Kabbalah
Two case studies regarding tefillin should establish the relevant attitude. Rishonim, Medieval authorities, debate whether we are obligated to wear tefillin on Chol Ha-Mo’ed, the intermediate days of the holiday (see Tosafos, Menachos 36b sv. yatzu; Rosh, Hilkhos Tefillin no. 16; Rashba, Responsa no. 690 – link ). Important authorities note this debate and add that since the Zohar states not to wear tefillin on Chol Ha-Mo’ed, we should follow that view. R. Yitzchak Karo, uncle of the Beis Yosef, writes that if kabbalists disagree with the Talmud, we must reject their ruling and follow the Talmud. However, if the kabbalists side with one view in a post-Talmudic debate, as in the case with tefillin on Chol Ha-Mo’ed, we allow kabbalah to decide between the disputing parties (Responsa Beis Yosef, end – link). Even those who disagree on this specific case can agree with the approach in general.
On Rosh Chodesh, the prevalent practice is to remove tefillin before the additional Musaf prayers. The Radbaz (Responsa, vol. 4 no. 80 – link) rules that this practice is permissible because it does not contradict a Talmudic ruling. However, since it is based entirely on Kabbalah, we cannot force anyone to follow it. He writes, “I do not instruct anyone to remove or not remove.”
III. Optional Kabbalah
Significantly, the Mishnah Berurah (25:42), quoting an earlier source, explicitly endorses these attitudes. He writes:
The Kenesses Ha-Gedolah wrote in his rules of authorities that anything on which kabbalists and the Zohar disagree with the Talmud and codes, follow the Talmud and codes. However, if the kabbalists are strict we should also be strict. But if it is not mentioned in the Talmud and codes we cannot force people to follow it even though it is mentioned in kabbalah. We should follow the words of kabbalah regarding a rule that is not contradicted by the Talmud and codes. And when authorities disagree, the words of kabbalah should decide.
Many counter-examples can be raised that imply kabbalistic practices are mainstream and mandatory. While I do not wish to speak overly broadly, I can confidently state that, according to this approach, practices based on post-Talmudic kabbalah are generally not mandatory, even if some authorities report them as normative. They are optional, albeit possibly praiseworthy and important.
There is another approach that sees any practice that does not contradict the Talmud as obligatory (see Kaf Ha-Chaim 25:75 for the two views – link). However, the approach we described is perfectly acceptable. A good recent example of this attitude can be found in R. Mordechai Eliyahu’s Imrei Mordekhai (vol. 1 no. 1). After listing over a dozen examples of laws from across the Shulchan Arukh influenced by kabbalah, he cites the above general rules and others which yield the result that while many kabbalistic practices are widespread and deeply ingrained, they are often optional.
IV. Zohar As An Important Text
I see two main theological avenues of explanation for this attitude toward kabbalah and halakhah. The first accepts kabbalistic texts as ancient and authoritative. However, the traditional attitude toward kabbalah restricts its knowledge to the intellectual elite. If you aren’t required (or permitted) to know something, you cannot be obligated to follow it.
However, if there are non-kabbalistic reasons to follow a particular practice, such as a debated understanding of the Talmud and its laws, then the learned authorities who must decide the dispute can/should allow kabbalah to influence their conclusions. This all assumes full acceptance of the kabbalistic authority of the Zohar. Even if it is ancient and holy, it need not be the guide of our daily lives.
Another possible explanation may be more palatable to those academically inclined. Even those who believe that the Zohar was composed by a (or many) Medieval scholar(s) must admit that the author was a brilliant and influential rabbinic thinker. He (or they) certainly attained the status of a Rishon, an important Medieval authority. The Mishnah Berurah‘s rules fit perfectly with this attitude. In a dispute of Rishonim, the Zohar is considered a decisive Rishon who (generally) settles the debate. Like we would a Rishon, we disregard the Zohar if it seems to contradict the Talmud. And if the Zohar proposes a new practice, it can only be optional, even if currently mainstream.
Whether the Zohar is a sacred book from Talmudic time or a Medieval work, its influence in Jewish law is similar. It has an important but not overriding status. Most significantly, it can, but need not, be treated as a source for unique practices.
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A treatise in the Mishnah, in the Tosefta, and in both Talmudim, treating of the divineservice on the Day of Atonement, of the fasting ceremony on that day, and of other regulations pertaining to the occasion. In the Tosefta this treatise is entitled "Yom ha-Kippurim" (Day of Atonement), while in the Mishnah (ed. Lowe), as well as by Sherira Gaon, it is called simply "Kippurim" (Atonement). The Day of Atonement was known also as "Yoma Rabba" (The Great Day), often shortened to "Yoma" (The Day); hence this treatise was given the name of "Yoma" in the Mishnah as well as in the Talmudim. In most Mishnah editions the treatise is the fifth in the order of Mo'ed. It is divided into eight chapters, containing a total of sixty-one paragraphs.Contents: Ch. i.-viii.
- Ch. i.: On the high priest's seven days of preparation for his service on the Day of Atonement; how the stipulated order of the sacrificial ceremony was read to him, and how the elders impressed upon him that he should proceed only according to the prescribed order, and not in harmony with Sadducean customs (§§ 1-5); regarding the night of the Day of Atonement; if the high priest was a wise man and a scholar, he preached a sermon; if not, the sages present delivered a lecture or read from Holy Script, choosing only passages from the Hagiographa; how the young priests watched to see that the high priest did not fall asleep (§§ 6-7); on the removal of the ashes from the altar upon the Day of Atonement and upon other days (§ 8).
- Ch. ii.: In connection with the rules regarding the removal of the ashes (i. 8), it is said that this duty originally devolved on all priests without any specific allotment, such distinction being introduced only in the course of time (§§ 1-2); other allotments made in order to distribute the Temple duties among the priests (§§ 3-4); when the daily sacrifice ("tamid") was offered, and regulations concerning other sacrifices (§§ 5-7).
- Ch. iii.: Further regulations regarding the divine service in the Temple on the Day of Atonement; how the high priest was to bathe five times and wash himself ten times on that day; regarding the various dresses he should wear for the different services (§§ 1-7); the presentation to the high priest of a bullock, and the confession of sin he was to speak while holding his hands on the bullock's head (§ 8); the casting of lots for the two he-goats; Ben Gamla had made two golden dice for this purpose, and was therefore mentioned with words of praise (§ 9), as were also Ben Ḳaṭṭina, King Monobaz, Queen Helene, and Nicanor, who had all introduced improvements or embellishments in the sanctuary (§ 10); words of blame directed against the family of Garmu for being unwilling to teach others how to prepare the showbread; similar comment on the family of Abtinas for refusing to teach the method of compounding the incense ("ḳeṭoret"), and on Hugros (or Hugdos) ben Levi and Ben Ḳamẓar, who refused to give instruction in singing and writing respectively (§ 11).
- Ch. iv.: How lots were cast by the high priest over the two he-goats, one of which was slaughtered, while the other was sent to Azazel; how the high priest marked the he-goats by placing a red ribbon upon the head of one and around the neck of the other; the confession of sin pronounced by the high priest for the priestly caste (§§ 1-2); particulars of the incense-offering on the Day of Atonement; the ascension of the high priest to the altar, and his washing of hands and feet (§§ 3-6).
- Ch. v.: What was done in the sanctuary; the incense-offering; the sprinkling of the blood, first of the bullock, and later of the he-goat; the short prayer spoken by the high priest; the foundation-stone ("eben shetiyah") in the most holy part of the Temple, upon which the high priest, in the absence of the Ark of the Covenant from the Second Temple, placed the incense; the purification of the golden altar; and other regulations regarding the order of service on the Day of Atonement.
- Ch. vi.: What was done with the he-goat sent to Azazel; the confession of sin pronounced by the high priest for all Israel while he held his hands upon the head of the Azazel goat; who might lead the animal to Azazel (§§ 1-3); how the Babylonians present in Jerusalem used to pluck hair from Azazel's goat; how the aristocratic Jerusalemites accompanied the goat to the first halting-place; regarding the ten stations in the journey from Jerusalem to the mountain-top from which the animal was thrown down; how it was thrown; how color-signals were used to make it known in Jerusalem and in the Temple that Azazel's goat had reached the wilderness; how to the door of the Hekal was tied a red ribbon, which turned white when the goat had arrived in the wilderness (§§ 4-8).
- Ch. vii.: The ceremony attending the high priest's reading from the Law; the paragraphs read by him, and what he repeated; the benediction pronounced by him, the remainder of his duties, the eight articles of dress which he had to wear when conducting the service and when questioning the Urim and Thummim; on what occasions the Urim and Thummim were consulted.
- Ch. viii.: Regulations concerning fasting on the Day of Atonement; from what enjoyments one must abstain; the means by which atonement is made—through sin-offering, guilt-offering, death, Day of Atonement, and penance; cases in which no atonement takes place; sins against God are expiated through the Day of Atonement, while sins against one's fellow men can be blotted out only when pardoned by those trespassed against. On the original form of this mishnaic treatise see Joseph Derenbourg, in "R. E. J." vi. 41 et seq.
The Tosefta to this treatise is divided into five chapters, and contains additions to and amplifications of the Mishnah, and also several haggadic and ethical maxims, among which the following may be mentioned: "Ben 'Azzai used to say, 'What belongs to you [i.e., "What you have deserved"] is given to you; by your name [i.e., "the name you have made for yourself"] you are called; and on the place to which you are entitled you are stationed. God forgets no one; and no man can take to himself that which is intended for another'" (ii. 8). "He who induces others to lead good and pious lives will be prevented from committing any sin, in order that he may not be excluded from the future world while those taught by him partake therein.On the other hand, he who leads others to sin is prevented from doing penance, that he may not partake of the eternal life from which those seduced by him are excluded" (v. 10-11). The Tosefta defends those who in the Mishnah are blamed for refusing to give instruction, saying they did so because they feared that, if they imparted their knowledge, those whom they taught might use their attainments in the service of a temple of idolatry (ii. 5-8). Other items of interest in the Tosefta are an account of the miraculous saving of the Gate of Nicanor (ii. 4), and R. Jose's assertion that he had seen in Rome the curtain from the sanctuary of the Temple in Jerusalem, and that it still had upon it stains caused by the sprinkling of blood by the high priests on the Day of Atonement (iii. 8).
Both the Babylonian and the Palestinian Gemara discuss and explain the various mishnaic maxims, and contain in addition a wealth of haggadic explanations and proverbs, as well as many interesting parables and narratives. The following passages from the Babylonian Gemara may be quoted here: "If one is told anything by another, he must keep it secret even though not explicitly requested to do so; only when he has received express permission may he relate it further" (4b). "The First Temple stood for 410 years, during which time 18 high priests officiated successively; the Second Temple stood 420 years, and during that time more than 300 high priests officiated" (9a). "During the time of the Second Temple the people studied the Law, observed the commandments, and did deeds of charity; only the causeless hatred between the factions brought about the destruction of the Temple and the fall of the state" (9b). It is told how Hillel endeavored to study the Law in spite of his poverty, and how he, with danger to his life, attempted to attend the lectures of Shemaiah and Abṭalion. It is likewise related of Eleazar ben Ḥarsum that, in spite of his wealth, he led a life of self-denial in order that he might study the Law (35b). Another interesting passage narrates how the Jews, on their return from Babylonia, succeeded in rooting out from among themselves the existing tendency to idolatry (69b). A description is given (73b) of the mode of questioning the Urim and Thummim, and of the manner in which their replies became visible upon the stones; the passage §§ 75a-76b tells how the manna fell, how thick it lay upon the ground, and how it tasted. It is related in § 83b that once when R. Meïr, R. Judah, and R. Jose visited an inn the first-named formed a correct estimate of the innkeeper's character.
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TYPES OF ACCREDITATION
It is important to distinguish between the accreditation of programs and the certification of individuals, two separate processes that are frequently referred to as if they are one and the same. On the one hand, accreditation implies the setting of minimal standards which training programs must meet. In order to become accredited, a counselor education program must fulfill certain requirements or standards with regard to institutional settings, program mission and objectives, program content, practicum experiences, student selection and advising, faculty qualifications and workload, program governance, instructional support, and self-evaluation. On the other hand, certification implies recognition that individuals have met minimal professional standards to practice independently as a counselor. In order to be certified, counselors must meet certain levels of education and training in counseling, they must follow the code of ethics, and they are held accountable to show competent and ethical performance in practice.
In the United States, there are two types of accreditation – institutional and specialized. Institutional looks at the entire institution. Specialized accreditors, such as CACREP, look at professional preparation programs within institutions.
When programs are reviewed by CACREP, there are a few standards that address issues at the institutional level (such as financial aid), but most of the application and review focus on the program that offers the graduate degree in counseling. It is the degree-specific program that holds accreditation, not the department or college in which it is housed. Eligibility for CACREP includes having institutional accreditation, so the institutional issues such as financial viability and resources are addressed.
Value of Accreditation
Accreditation in the United States is a unique peer review system of quality assurance.
For CACREP, this means that programs voluntarily submit a self-study that is reviewed against the CACREP Standards by counselors and counselor educators to ensure that students receive a quality educational experience.
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Benefits of Sedation Dentistry
Sedation has been used in dentistry for centuries. Nitrous oxide or “laughing gas” for example, is a safe and fast-acting method that has been used by oral healthcare professionals for over 100 years. Other forms of sedation used in dentistry include orally administered prescription medication and intravenous drugs. The following are some common benefits to receiving sedation dentistry:
- Reduced feelings of fear, panic, and worry
- Relaxation during procedures that require stillness
- Safe administration of medication since it is overseen by trained professionals
- Improved comfort during treatment
Using sedatives in dentistry helps patients overcome their fears and phobias, thus making those with phobias less likely to forego necessary oral care procedures.
How Sedation Works
The mildest form of sedation, nitrous oxide, works by administering this gas through a nasal mask. Nitrous oxide has sedative and anesthetic qualities so it produces warm, euphoric feelings quickly. The amount of nitrous oxide can be easily adjusted to each patient’s needs.
Sedation may also be given via oral prescriptions. These prescriptions are usually anti-anxiety medications that prevent the GABA receptors in the brain from producing chemicals that create anxiety and panicked emotions.
For lengthy procedures or surgeries, IV sedation may be used. Licensed professionals in a highly controlled environment administer IV sedation so that patients enjoy a safe and relaxing experience.
To learn more about the benefits of sedation dentistry, call our office at 214-343-1818.
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In October 2003, 77 million persons used a computer at work. These workers accounted for 55.5 percent of total employment.
About 2 of every 5 employed individuals connected to the Internet or used e-mail while on the job. (These two tasks will be collectively referred to as "Internet use.")
Women were more likely than men to use a computer and the Internet. Computer-use rates for women and men were 61.8 and 49.9 percent, respectively; the Internet-use rate for women was 45.1 percent, compared with 38.7 percent for men.
The greater likelihood of women to use a computer at work is due largely to their concentration in occupations in which computer use is most prevalent. For instance, nearly three-fourths of employed women are in management and professional and sales and office occupations; the computer-use rate for women in these two occupations combined was very high (74.8 percent).
In contrast, nearly two-fifths of men hold natural resources, construction, and maintenance and production, transportation, and material moving jobs. For men, the combined computer-use rate in these two occupational categories was 26.0 percent—30 percentage points lower than the rate for all workers.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Computer use at work in 2003 at https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2005/aug/wk1/art03.htm (visited September 26, 2023).
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And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven. And you, that were sometime alienated and enemies in your mind by wicked works, yet now hath he reconciled. In the body of his flesh through death, to present you holy and unblameable and unreproveable in his sight… (Colossians 1:20-22)
The cross of Christ was foreshadowed throughout the old testament by the altars upon which the sacrifices offered to God were presented. These sacrificial altars give a progressive revelation of the cross of Christ.
Before the law was given by Moses and before there was ever a tabernacle or a temple, the altar of sacrifice served as the place where the Patriarchs worshipped God.
- Noah built an altar (Genesis 8:20)
- Abraham built an altar (Genesis 12:7, 8; 13:4, 22:9)
- Isaac built an altar (Genesis 26:25)
- Jacob built an altar (Genesis 33:20; 35:1,3,7)
When God instructed Moses to build the tabernacle so that he could dwell among his people, he commanded that an altar be made with acacia wood and overlaid brass. This altar was known as:
- the Brazen altar
- the altar for burnt offering
- the altar of the Lord
The purpose for the brazen altar was for the sacrifices and offerings which were to be offered as a sweet savor to the Lord. These offerings were as follows:
- the burnt offering
- the meat offering
- the peace offering
- the sin offering
- the trespass offering
Under the Law of Moses, the offering of these sacrifices foreshadowed Christ, and the brazen altar on which they were offered to God foreshadowed the cross. They were to be offered as a sweet fragrance to God and were accepted by him to make atonement.
Throughout the old testament, the offerings which foreshadowed Jesus were accepted and not rejected. Those offerings which were rejected did not make atonement.
And he shall put his hand upon the head of the burnt offering; and it shall be accepted for him to make atonement for him (Leviticus 1:4).
And if any of the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings be eaten at all on the third day, it shall NOT be accepted , neither shall it be imputed unto him that offereth it: it shall be an abomination, and the soul that eateth of it shall bear his iniquity (Leviticus 7:18).
Rejected sacrifices and offerings did not make atonement. Those which were accepted as a sweet savor did!
The Bible teaches that Jesus gave himself for us as a sweet savor, or sweet fragrance, to God.
And walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath given himself for us an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweet smelling savour. (Ephesians 5:2)
All the sacrifice which were offered on the brazen alter for atonement were to be a sweet savor to foreshadow Christ who God would accept for us as the offering for our sins.
The brazen altar was a type of the cross of Christ and had to be consecrated by the blood of the sin offering before it had any power for service. It had no power to sanctify without the blood. Therefore, it was consecrated to God by the blood of the sin offering before it placed into service.
At the consecration of the priests, Moses killed the sin offering and applied the blood to the horns of the altar to purify it (Exodus 29:12, 36-37; Leviticus 8:15). In scripture, horns are symbolic of power (Habakkuk 3:4). The blood of the sin offering applied to the horns at the time of it’s consecration, was a type of the blood of Christ as the power of the cross.
After the blood was applied to the horns, the remainder of the blood was then poured out at the bottom of the altar to sanctify it so that reconciliation could be made upon it. The blood sanctified the altar making it a a most holy altar.
Seven days thou shalt make an atonement for the altar, and sanctify it; and it shall be an altar most holy: whatsoever toucheth the altar shall be holy. (Exodus 29:37)
Most holy is the same language used to describe the inner most part of the tabernacle where the glory of God rested on the mercy seat.
When Jesus died on the cross, the cross was set apart as most holy to God for every man, for it was there that Jesus died as a sacrifice to redeem us with his precious blood.
WE HAVE AN ALTAR, whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle. For the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp. Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the people with his own blood, suffered without the gate. (Hebrews 13:10-12)
Because of his blood that was shed upon cross, the cross has the powere to make us holy, unblameable, and unreprovable in God’s sight.
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August 23 marks 75 years since Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union signed the infamous Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. It lasted a mere 22 months - and Stalin's motiviations remain disputed.
Just one week after the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) on August 23, 1939, the Second World War began with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. Two weeks later, following the terms of the pact, Soviet troops also invaded Poland.
The two sides celebrated their victory with a "brotherhood" parade of Red Army and Wehrmacht units who marched arm-in-arm through the occupied town of Brest, watched over by Soviet Brigade Commander Semyon Krivoshein and German General Heinz Guderian, who stood side by side.
Two years later, Guderian's tank units were at Moscow's doorstep. The short "honeymoon" between the two countries was over.
A secret protocol between the countries not only foresaw the division of Poland but also sealed the fate of the Baltic states, giving the Soviet Union the go-ahead to invade and annex them. The Soviets also annexed Romania's provinces of Bessarabia (today's Moldova) and northern Bukovina (now in Ukraine) and the Czechoslovak territory of Carpathian Ruthenia (also now in Ukraine).
The pact also declared Finland to be within the Soviet sphere of influence, and the USSR promptly invaded, though its forces were initially driven back by the Finns in the Winter War. The Soviets eventually took Karelia and other territories from Finland.
On September 28, 1939, a further protocol delineating those new boundaries was signed, as surprising to the citizens of the Soviet Union and Third Reich as it was to the rest of the world. In truth, Stalin and Hitler had been preparing their alliance since 1938. Hitler in particular was in a hurry: he wanted to begin the campaign against Poland before the autumn rains.
Hitler's goal in signing the pacts was clear - that much German and Russian historians can agree upon. Stalin's motivations, however, remain disputed.
"In the summer of 1939, Stalin had the largest land army in the world," well-known Russian historian Mark Solonin said in an interview with DW. "He could have made it clear to Hitler that if he invaded Poland, millions of Soviet soldiers would arrive the next day at Poland's border. There wouldn't have been war then. But Stalin didn't want to disrupt Hitler."
German historian Jörg Ganzenmüller sees strategic thinking in the Soviet leader's actions. "Stalin knew that, sooner or later, Hitler would attack the Soviet Union. He was familiar with Hitler's 'Lebensraum' concept. His calculation was: if Germany's entangled in a war with the Western powers, then Hitler wouldn't wager a two-front war. In the meantime, the Soviet Union could continue rearming."
Stalin, he added, was always worried the capitalist powers would unite and together invade the Soviet Union. That's why it was his goal to unleash a war between these powers.
"This war was, for Stalin, the security guarantee, and not at all the pact itself."
About-face in Moscow
After the signing of the pact between the two countries' foreign ministers in Moscow, Stalin raised a glass to the health of the "Führer." Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov praised Hitler's "peaceful intentions" at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet, the country's highest legislative body. He called the now-ongoing war by the Western allies against Hitler "senseless and criminal." Later, in Berlin, he was received warmly by Hitler, senior military official Hermann Göring and Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess.
During the 22 months the alliance held, the Soviet press no longer attacked Nazi policies. Anti-fascist films were banned from cinemas. Theaters no longer performed dramas with anti-Nazi content. Just before the pact was signed, Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet people's comissar for foreign affairs and himself a Jew, was dismissed. He had advocated an alliance with Western democracies and no longer fit within Moscow's new strategy.
Secret police and economic ties
For both regimes, the pact was advantageous beyond the political realm. Between August 1939 and June 22, 1941, Moscow delivered petroleum products, grain, nickel, manganese and chromium for steel production, phosphate, wood and other materials.
In return, the Third Reich delivered fighter jets, explosive chemicals and bombs, radio stations, industrial facilities and even the cruiser Lützow, which the Soviets renamed Petropavlovsk. In addition, the Soviet Union received a loan of 200 million reichsmarks.
"The most important element in German-Soviet cooperation between 1939 and 1941 wasn't the cooperation between the armies at all, but rather the economic deliveries on a large scale that resulted," Ganzenmüller said.
"There are reports, even from June 22, 1941 - the day the Wehrmacht invaded the Soviet Union - that the soldiers encountered trains with Soviet deliveries. The Soviets were true to the contract until the end."
Another "partnership" existed between the NKVD - the Soviet secret police - and its German counterpart, the Gestapo. A secret agreement approved by the Soviet leadership gave anti-fascist Germans and Austrians who had fought against Hitler to the Gestapo. Many dozens of them, including well-known German communist Margarete Buber-Neumann, were handed over. The majority were murdered.
"Stalin lost," Solonin said. "He misjudged the ratios of force. He thought, here comes a long-term slaughter, similar to Verdun in World War I. But by May 1940, or at least by June, France had been crushed. Hitler controlled the largest part of continental Europe. Stalin's plan - to arrive later as the supreme judge over the burned cities of a shattered and bloodied Europe - was off-target."
Ganzenmüller agrees. "Stalin really believed until the end - until June 22, 1941 - that Germany wouldn't conduct a two-front war. That this strategy didn't pan out was a surprise and a disappointment for him. For three weeks after the war began, he didn't make a single public appearance. He was as if paralyzed. His plan fell apart like a house of cards."
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Very Good: Cover and pages show some wear from reading and storage. May have light creases on the cover and binding. Bookseller Inventory #
Synopsis: Marvel at its sheer simplicity! Children+Coloring+Computers= FUN This book is a easy way to help children identify the parts of a computer and understand computer functions. The book utilizes characters (Cozmo and friends), coloring, activities and music to empower children ages 4-7 to have fun while learning about computers. Many children know how to use the computer to play games and visit websites, but that's it! Cozmo teaches computer parts basics and terminology. Knowing this terminology gives children an extra boost of confidence in using computers. Children color their way to computer technology success!
About the Author: T. Ernestine Robinson is a Computer Technology teacher at Calvary Christian Academy (CCA) where she teaches computer literacy to students in grades K-8. She is a member of NAISG (National Information Security Group). She won the 2008 American Christian Schools International (ACSI) Exemplary Program award for her innovation in her 2008 CCA Technology Fair design. She was awarded 2008-2009 teacher of the year.
Title: Cozmo, I Can Learn Computer Parts
Book Condition: VERY GOOD
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Henry Gray (18251861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
Movements.The articulation of the hand and wrist considered as a whole involves four articular surfaces: (a) the inferior surfaces of the radius and articular disk; (b) the superior surfaces of the navicular, lunate, and triangular, the pisiform having no essential part in the movement of the hand; (c) the S-shaped surface formed by the inferior surfaces of the navicular, lunate, and triangular; (d) the reciprocal surface formed by the upper surfaces of the bones of the second row. These four surfaces form two joints: (1) a proximal, the wrist-joint proper; and (2) a distal, the mid-carpal joint.
1. The wrist-joint proper is a true condyloid articulation, and therefore all movements but rotation are permitted. Flexion and extension are the most free, and of these a greater amount of extension than of flexion is permitted, since the articulating surfaces extend farther on the dorsal than on the volar surfaces of the carpal bones. In this movement the carpal bones rotate on a transverse axis drawn between the tips of the styloid processes of the radius and ulna. A certain amount of adduction (or ulnar flexion) and abduction (or radial flexion) is also permitted. The former is considerably greater in extent than the latter on account of the shortness of the styloid process of the ulna, abduction being soon limited by the contact of the styloid process of the radius with the greater multangular. In this movement the carpus revolves upon an antero-posterior axis drawn through the center of the wrist. 1 Finally, circumduction is permitted by the combined and consecutive movements of adduction, extension, abduction, and flexion. No rotation is possible, but the effect of rotation is obtained by the pronation and supination of the radius on the ulna. The movement of flexion is performed by the Flexor carpi radialis, the Flexor carpi ulnaris, and the Palmaris longus; extension by the Extensores carpi radiales longus and brevis and the Extensor carpi ulnaris; adduction (ulnar flexion) by the Flexor carpi ulnaris and the Extensor carpi ulnaris; and abduction (radial flexion) by the Abductor pollicis longus, the Extensors of the thumb, and the Extensores carpi radiales longus and brevis and the Flexor carpi radialis. When the fingers are extended, flexion of the wrist is performed by the Flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris and extension is aided by the Extensor digitorum communis. When the fingers are flexed, flexion of the wrist is aided by the Flexores digitorum sublimis and profundus, and extension is performed by the Extensores carpi radiales and ulnaris.
2. The chief movements permitted in the mid-carpal joint are flexion and extension and a slight amount of rotation. In flexion and extension, which are the movements most freely enjoyed, the greater and lesser multangulars on the radial side and the hamate on the ulnar side glide forward and backward on the navicular and triangular respectively, while the head of the capitate and the superior surface of the hamate rotate in the cup-shaped cavity of the navicular and lunate. Flexion at this joint is freer than extension. A very trifling amount of rotation is also permitted, the head of the capitate rotating around a vertical axis drawn through its own center, while at the same time a slight gliding movement takes place in the lateral and medial portions of the joint.
6h. Carpometacarpal Articulations
Carpometacarpal Articulation of the Thumb (articulatio carpometacarpea pollicis).This is a joint of reciprocal reception between the first metacarpal and the greater multangular; it enjoys great freedom of movement on account of the configuration of its articular surfaces, which are saddle-shaped. The joint is surrounded by a capsule, which is thick but loose, and passes from the circumference of the base of the metacarpal bone to the rough edge bounding the articular surface of the greater multangular; it is thickest laterally and dorsally, and is lined by synovial membrane.
Movements.In this articulation the movements permitted are flexion and extension in the plane of the palm of the hand, abduction and adduction in a plane at right angles to the palm, circumduction, and opposition. It is by the movement of opposition that the tip of the thumb is brought into contact with the volar surfaces of the slightly flexed fingers. This movement is effected through the medium of a small sloping facet on the anterior lip of the saddle-shaped articular surface of the greater multangular. The Flexor muscles pull the corresponding part of the articular surface of the metacarpal bone on to this facet, and the movement of opposition is then carried out by the Adductors.
Flexion of this joint is produced by the Flexores pollicis longus and brevis, assisted by the Opponens pollicis and the Adductor pollicis. Extension is effected mainly by the abductor pollicis longus, assisted by the Extensores pollicis longus and brevis. Adduction is carried out by the Adductor; abduction mainly by the Abductores pollicis longus and brevis, assisted by the Extensors.
Note 1. H. M. Johnston (Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. xli) maintains that n ulnar and radial flexion only slight lateral movement occurs at the radiocarpal joint, and that in complete flexion and extension of the hand there is a small degree of ulnar flexion at the radiocarpal joint. [back]
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Some topics to cover when teaching kids about personal hygiene include washing hands, paying attention to oral health, and bathing regularly. Some other important topics to discuss include changing and washing clothing, and washing and brushing hair regularly.Continue Reading
Good hand-washing habits are one of the most important things to teach kids for their overall health, since many diseases can be spread via hand contact. Show them how to wash properly, using running water and plenty of soap. Experts recommend that children be taught proper flossing and brushing techniques, and that parents supervise their children's oral health routine until around 12 years of age. Bad habits in early childhood can lead to tooth decay and periodontal problems later on.
Kids should also be taught that regular bathing is important in order to look, feel and smell fresh. Proper bathing can also prevent certain skin issues. Teach kids to pay special attention to making sure areas such as armpits and genitals are thoroughly cleaned. Clothes can harbor dirt, sweat and bacteria. Teach kids to always wear clean clothes, especially undergarments. Show kids how to brush their hair, and encourage them to do it regularly. Brushing helps to rid the scalp of dead skin cells and helps to distribute natural oils through the hair.Learn more about K-12 Curriculum
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Un mémo avec des lectures anglophones , qui regroupent pas mal de références.
Black Feminist thought provides us with powerful testimonials of brutality, oppression, sexism and racism. Black Feminist work also provides scathing critiques, strength, knowledge, and empowerment. In this class we will familiarize ourselves with the vibrant legacy and brilliant future of Black Feminist writing, poetry and film. While exploring the works of these women, we will pay particular attention to their awareness of a multitude of oppressions, intersecting strategies of resistance, and the necessity of maintaining an affirmative stance toward difference in the face of an alienating homogenization.
Most of the readings are shortish excerpts from larger texts and will be posted two weeks in advance. Click on the dates after the listed reading for a link to the text.
View original post 497 more words
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Scientists have identified dental pulp, the soft tissue inside our teeth, as a source of stem cells. These cells are multipotent mesenchymal cells, meaning they have the ability to self-renew and to develop into a variety of specialized cells: cardio myocytes to repair heart damage, neuronal cells to generate nerve and brain tissue, myocytes to repair muscle, osteocytes to generate bone, chondrocytes to generate cartilage, adipocytes to generate fat and hepatocytes to repair liver damage. Dental pulp is quite easily collected from the molars of children under the age of 10, with extremely minimal risk. There has been difficulty utilizing mesenchymal stem cells, but research shows that using hydrogen sulfide gas could be the solution.
In 2005, American scientists published a paper reporting on the potential utility of mesenchymal stem cells in the regeneration of human tissue, but have since struggled to produce clinical efficacy, perhaps as a result of the constraints imposed on stem-cell research by the George W. Bush administration through the past decade. President Obama effectively reversed this legislation in 2009, but the effects on the progress of American science were observable.
As of now, the major difficulty in utilizing mesenchymal stem cells for effective clinical treatment is related to activation and mobilization- that is, essentially, directing the stem cells to the purpose we see fit. However, earlier this year, Japanese scientists reported fascinating results using hydrogen sulfide, the gas that imbues flatulence and bad breath with their telltale odors, while harvesting stem cells from dental pulp.
Hydrogen Sulfide Used to Purify Mesenchymal Stem Cells
When the cells were harvested alongside hydrogen sulfide, the proportion which were converted to liver cells increased in parallel. Dr. Ken Yaegaki, from Nippon Dental University in Japan, explains, “High purity means there are less ‘wrong cells’ that are being differentiated to other tissues, or remaining as stem cells.” In the case of hydrogen sulfide and subsequent hepatocyte differentiation, there is great potential for repairing liver damage.
As we further our understanding of stem cells and become increasingly able to harness their healing potential, the future of health and wellness is changing. The use of stem cells is essentially the ultimate use of our bodies’ innate capacity to heal.
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Alex Magaisa Legal Analyst
IN UNDERSTANDING the law of consent, we have to look at the law with a critical eye and expose its weaknesses. A superficial look at the law might indicate that the age of consent in Zimbabwe is 16, because that is the definition of a young person under the Criminal Law Codification Act, but a critical analysis demonstrates that in fact, for purposes of rape, the age of consent is effectively 12 years old.
Girls Under 12: Rape
The law, as I understand it in section 64 and 70 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, Chapter 9:23, is that the age of consent for girls for purposes of rape is 12-years-old. This means a child who is under 12-years-old is, at law, totally incapable of consenting to sex.
In essence, there is an irrefutable presumption that a girl under 12 is incapable of consenting to sex. A person who has sex with a girl under 12 will be charged with rape and cannot use the defence that the child consented to sex because the law classifies such a girl as someone who is completely incapable of consenting to sex.
The sentence for rape is stiff, it being imprisonment for life or a shorter period. There is no option of a fine.
Girls between 12 and 14:
Rape but possibly lesser crime
If a person has sex with a girl who is above 12 but under the age of 14, the person will be charged with rape unless he can demonstrate that the girl was capable of giving consent and did give consent to sex on that occasion. This means an accused person can escape the charge of rape by showing that the girl was capable of giving consent and did actually give consent.
However, if the person is not charged with rape, he would still be guilty under s. 70(1) of performing sexual intercourse or an indecent act with a young person. S. 70(2) makes it clear that consent is not a valid defence to the charge of sexual intercourse or indecent act with a young person. The law does not say the girl below 16 (but above 12) cannot consent to sex – it simply says such consent is not a defence to the charge of sexual intercourse or indecent act.
The sentence this offence attracts is lower than for rape, it being a fine not exceeding level twelve or imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years or both.
Points to note:
What all this amounts to is that while it is often said the age of consent in Zimbabwe is 16 years, it is on analysis, effectively 12 years for girls. The law says a young person is under 16 but it’s only girls under 12 who are protected by the irrefutable presumption that they are incapable of consenting to sex.
This is too low and exposes young girls to abuse. The average age of consent in most other countries is 16.
A man who has sex with a 12-year-old girl may be able to escape the charge of rape if he can show that the girl was capable of giving consent and that she gave consent. He will only be charged with a lesser offence of performing sexual intercourse or an indecent act on a young person.
This attracts a lesser sentence compared to rape which attracts a term of up to life imprisonment. This would not happen if all girls under 16 enjoyed the irrefutable presumption that they are incapable of consenting to sex.
The law does not provide sufficient protection for young girls, but worse, the attitude of the judges and magistrates to sexual offences leaves a lot to be desired. A reading of some of the judgments and decisions of magistrates demonstrates very conservative views which are influenced by patriarchy which remains dominant in our society.
In some cases, children who have been abused are encouraged to marry their abusers, while in other cases, the matter is settled between the girl’s male relatives and her abuser. The sentences are generally lenient and some of the reasoning shows that girls have an uphill struggle to convince police, prosecution and judicial authorities in cases of sexual offences.
It is not surprising that most cases of rape go unreported. Or if they are, they are often settled between families. This is a moral hazard as it only serves to encourage offenders.
There is need to raise the age of consent for purposes of rape to at least 16. Here is a selection of the age of consent in other countries: South Africa (16), Namibia (16), Botswana (16), UK (16), Canada (16), Ireland (17), Romania (18), Sweden (15), Germany (14) and Italy (14).
While Zimbabwe’s age of consent is often reflected as 16, this is not an accurate reflection since it is only where a girl is under 12 that there is an irrefutable presumption that they cannot consent to sex. In all cases above that, consent if proven vitiates the charge of rape and only exposes the offender to a lower and less tough charge.
But more important is a mental revolution in regard to society’s attitudes to women and girls to the seriousness of rape and sexual offences against women and girls. This mental revolution must sweep through the corridors of the justice system, right from the police outposts in Madlambudzi through to the magistrates courts at Rotten Row and the superior courts along Samora Machel Avenue and down to Nelson Mandela Avenue where the Houses of Parliament sit. The law is a bit of jungle but it is the attitudes that must be overcome.
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Supportive relationships have highly recognizable core characteristics that sadly are in short supply in our character-impaired times.
Healthy boundaries are essential for protecting our hearts. But an overly defended or hardened heart finds true intimacy difficult.
The main key to self-empowerment is simple: keep your attention, time, and energy focused where you have power.
Making amends in a meaningful way can be a particularly arduous task. But in a loving relationship, repairing any damage done (whether inadvertently or intentionally inflicted) is not only a person’s duty but also essential for maintaining integrity of character.
In today’s world, making the right assessment of a person’s character before getting involved in a serious relationship is more important than ever.
When you strive too hard to “understand” a person’s behavior, you can often inadvertently excuse it.
Society can set all the limits and boundaries it chooses. But the willingness to respect those boundaries and limits instead of trying to get around them is an a matter of each individual heart.
The most important thing for anyone to accept is that the disturbed character’s behaviors are his (or her) problems to address through appropriate guidance and dedicated self-correction.
Assertive behavior is a key element of healthy, independent, adult functioning. But because asserting oneself is a form of “fighting” for one’s legitimate needs, it’s easy to get confused about the difference between aggressive and assertive behavior.
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Christianity and African traditional religion in dialogue: an ecological future for Africa
Marumo, Phemelo Olefile
MetadataShow full item record
Caring for the environment has been an inherent part of every society since creation and has extended across different cultures, influencing their worldview. The African perspective belief portrayed the land as the “mother”, who provides and as the abode of people, and the Western perspective, also Christian in nature, similarly considered the earth as the provider. Both perspectives held the earth in high esteem. However, the arrival of globalisation through technology and enlightenment through reason altered man’s perception of the earth. And the earth became an object that could be exploited. That led to the negligence of ecology as understood by postmodernism and nature as understood by Africans. Ecology is, in simple terms, a science that focuses on the study of the ecosystem – a system populated by animal and plant species, people, community and the biosphere. The main task of ecology is to alleviate the burden that has been placed on the environment by the inhabitants of the earth. From an African philosophy, ubuntu was seen as a vehicle that could address the exploitation of nature and fosters instead to bring about love, trust and commitment. According to Mpofu (2002:10), ubuntu encourages collective efforts in order to secure the optimal survival of society and is a notion that is applicable to the earth. This knowledge that is passed on from generation to generation influences the African’s view of the environment and how humanity relates to it. Ubuntu encourages communalism and from that perspective an African is in relationship with the earth and treats the earth as part of humanity and yet this study shows how the African has gone out of his way to exploit and abuse the earth. The same is applicable to Christians who maintains the ecosystem mentality but yet misuse the earth for their own benefit. Christianity propagates what the scripture teaches about the preservation of the earth and on the other hand do the opposite. That is why the study sees similar actions of exploiting the earth from both the Africans and Christians, thereby from the acknowledgement of the actions, contact points of restoring the earth are possible.
- Theology
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It amazes me how fast annual events come. Once again, November 11th Remembrance Day is upon us. It is the day of the year that marks the anniversary of the official ending of World War I, and in Canada Remembrance Day is a public holiday and federal statutory holiday with a notable exception of Nova Scotia, North West Territories, Ontario and Quebec. All Commonwealth Nations—an organization of 53 member states that were mostly territories of the former British Empire—observe this day as a day to remember the members of their armed forces who have died in the line of duty.
Since visiting Vimy Ridge and the Normandy Beaches in France four years ago, my wife and I have a much stronger appreciation for all soldiers and the sacrifice they made to maintain peace and freedom in our world. Visiting both WWI and WWII military cemeteries was a humbling experience to say the least. What shocked us the most was the age of many of the soldiers, some as young as 17 years old. We now attend the Remembrance Day ceremonies with much more gratitude and appreciation for all soldiers.
We Canadians, as well as all world citizens, must consider Remembrance Day an important day to observe. It is essential that we remember the soldiers who have lost their lives or put their lives on the line to protect the rights of its citizens.
Having said that, I began to wonder why we don’t have days that honour those who work towards peace. Why not a national holiday devoted to the promotion of peace. To my surprise, such a day exists. Why have I never heard of it? The United Nations (UN) International Day of Peace, or Peace Day, is observed around the world each year on September 21st. The UN established this day in 1981 with a unanimous United Nations resolution, and “Peace Day provides a globally shared date for all humanity to commit to Peace above all differences and to contribute to building a Culture of Peace” according to the International day of Peace website.
A Culture of Peace News Network survey in 2019 found internet reports concerning more than 655 celebrations of the International Day of Peace from 103 countries around the world. These included 280 events occurring in all states of the United States and 6 provinces of Canada, 144 events in Europe, 54 in countries formerly part of the Soviet Union, 53 in Africa, and 53 in Latin America and the Caribbean. There were 50 events in Asia and the Pacific, and 21 from Arab and Middle Eastern countries.
Only 6 provinces in my country held events? When I checked, the province in which I live, Alberta, did nothing. Is peace not a goal for Albertans? Every country, every state, and every province should be holding events on Peace Day. Let’s be honest, our world is at one of it’s most divided times in history. The potential for another world conflict is once again high. The idea of a planet getting along peacefully, respecting the planet’s diverse cultures and peoples, and living in harmony is badly needed. Every country on this planet, and every citizen living on this planet, should be excited about a day for peace that would promote a more peaceful existence.
There are always those pessimists who say, “peace will never be possible.” With that attitude, they’re probably right, but perhaps a global day to celebrate peace could change the attitudes of pessimists.
New Internationalist is a leading independent media organization dedicated to socially conscious journalism. It has an article called, 10 steps to world peace, which outlines a plan; a plan that I believe has merit.
- Stamping out exclusion. When corrupt elites prevent a decent life for the majority of people, an injustice occurs.
- Bring true equality between women and men. The larger a country’s gender gap, the more likely it is to be involved in violent conflict, according to research.
- Share wealth fairly. According to a World Bank survey, 40 per cent of those who join rebel groups do so because of a lack of economic opportunities.
- Tackle climate change. Ecological stress from global warming is proven to worsen conflicts over natural resources.
- Control arms sales. Promotion of arms sales and heavy military spending heightens global tensions.
- Atonement for past aggression on the international stage. The conditions forced upon Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, WWI’s peace treaty, were severe and widespread and set the seeds for WWII. I would also suggest reconciliation for past aggression on indigenous peoples must also happen.
- Protect political space. Across the world public dissent must be defended from repressive tools such as unplanned administrative regulation, misuse of anti-terrorist measures, arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, torture and murder.
- Fix intergenerational relations. Much conflict can be understood as a youth revolt against established corrupt systems run by, largely, older men. Recent climate change activism led by Greta Thunberg is a example of this.
- Build an integrated peace movement. International Day of Peace could be a way to achieve this.
- Look within. Peace starts with you and me.
There is no question that some countries are more peaceful than others. In fact, according to Global Finance’s article, The Most Peaceful Countries In The World 2019, the
most peaceful nations also enjoy lower interest rates, a stronger currency and higher foreign investment—not to mention better political stability and stronger correlation with the individual level of perceived happiness.
According to the 2019 Global Peace Index compiled by the international think-tank Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) covering 163 independent states and territories that are home to 99.7% of the world’s population, the most peaceful country in the world is Iceland, followed by New Zealand and Portugal. I’m happy to say that Canada was ranked 6 out of 163 countries. The USA was ranked 128th. To create a peaceful world, peace starts with individuals, then peaceful nations.
Mahatma Gandhi, leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India, once said, “Peace between countries must rest on the solid foundation of love between individuals.” Unless humanity can reach a point where diversity is celebrated, respect is the norm, and love is the motivating factor, world peace cannot happen.
Really the answer to achieve world peace is very simple. Leaders of countries must live by the Golden Rule. This Rule is the principle of treating others as you want to be treated. The Golden Rule is found in most religions and cultures. In some religions, the Golden Rule is considered an ethic of reciprocity. This rule appears in the positive or negative:
- Treat others as you would like others to treat you (positive)
- Do not treat others in ways that you would not like to be treated (negative)
- What you wish upon others, you wish upon yourself (empathetic)
This principle is found in the Christian scriptures in Luke 6:31 which says, “Treat others the same way you want them to treat you.” (New American Standard Bible). If all people followed this rule, peace would occur and there would no longer be a need for soldiers.
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Voice recognition is hardly a new technology, but it’s fair to say it hasn’t yet made a huge impact on our lives. In fact, studies say roughly 85% of people never use the likes of Siri whatsoever – proving the technology hasn’t evolved beyond its gimmicky nature – at least not on a commercial level.
But when Apple, Google, Microsoft and Facebook all invest in a multi-billion industry (just to name a few), you have to assume progress will be made. And the truth is, things are advancing quicker than they appear – even if we don’t see it as consumers – and it may not be long before every device in our lives comes with a voice of its own.
Translation software leading the way
Another industry Google and Microsoft are heavily invested in is machine translation. Both tech giants made the news this year with updates to their translation technology – most notably Microsoft, with Skype Translator promising to translate conversation in real time.
So these are exciting times for voice technology, but the end result of each new product shows how much work there is still to be done. Aside from being limited to English-Spanish conversations, Skype Translator hasn’t closed the gap between machine and human translation at all. While the days of machines being able to independently respond to human comments are still far enough away to call it science fiction.
What can we expect from voice technology?
Even though the technology is far from sophisticated, the days of devices needing their own voice are already here, and more tech firms will be searching for voice talent each year. Machines are more than capable of playing pre-recorded responses to trigger questions or phrases – something they have been doing for years.
In fact, the reason voice technology hasn’t taken off with consumers has nothing to do with the technology itself, but with the failure of Google and co. to implement it in a way that’s genuinely useful to people.
Once this happens, you can expect just about every device, tech company and business with an app and website to integrate voiceovers into the digital side of their brand. Siri and Google Now have already made this work with search engines to some success and the days of everything digital needing a voice could soon be here.
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"It was mind-blowing," says Nita Farahany, who studies the ethics of emerging technologies at Duke Law School. "My initial reaction was pretty shocked. It's a groundbreaking discovery, but it also really fundamentally changes a lot of what the existing beliefs are in neuroscience about the irreversible loss of brain function once there is deprivation of oxygen to the brain."The scientists involved in this study have spent the past six years developing a technique that would supply the brain with oxygen, nutrients and various other cell-protective chemicals and while it was a "shot-in-the-dark project," they were determined to see it through.
The final version of their technology, called BrainEx, was used in a detailed study of 32 pig heads in which the scientists pumped in a specialty formulated chemical cocktail for six hours, which started about four hours following the death of the pigs.
"We found that tissue and cellular structure is preserved and cell death is reduced. In addition, some molecular and cellular functions were restored," Neuroscientist Nenad Sestan says. "This is not a living brain, but it is a cellularly active brain."
This obviously raises many ethical questions and the researchers state that their goal was not to restore consciousness in the pig brains, but to allow for a new way to more accurately study brain diseases or injuries and learn more about the brain itself.The chemical cocktail contained an anti-seizure drug that is known to "block or dampen neuronal activity," but some of the individual cells did show signs that they were "capable of electrochemical responses."
So, it is unclear if there would have been any form of consciousness restored if the blocker had been left out, but the scientists wanted to ensure they weren't causing any harm to a potentially conscious or active Pig brain.
This study, if moved to further stages or even to human testing, could raise many questions and make the decision required when someone is declared brain-dead a lot more complicated, as we obviously want to give our loved ones every chance at life.If these experiments to go awry and a zombie apocalypse is created, be sure to check out our guide of how video games have taught us survive in a post-apocalyptic world infested with the undead.
Have a tip for us? Want to discuss a possible story? Please send an email to [email protected].
Adam Bankhurst is a news writer for IGN who finds this all pretty crazy/amazing. You can follow him on Twitter @AdamBankhurst.
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