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Recycling Project at North Campus paves way for students to start a recycling initiative
Capstone students start to gather plastic and paper in order to create something new
The bottles and bottle caps are built up in the recycling bins at the North Campus. Stacked a mile high, the young students are paving a way for more recycling and a green earth. Blue and purple bins are scattered across the hallways so they can be used to hold old bottles, bottle caps, and paper. The blue bins indicate plastic waste such as water bottles or other plastic items. The blue bins indicate paper, so extra scrap paper or old work assignments.
This recycling project was started by a handful of senior students after taking inspiration from Erin Umpsteads Senior Capstone class. They were asked to take the lead on an issue they deemed as important and something they wanted to see change in. The students were asked to present their ideas in front of the class, and they would then vote on which one was the most important.
Senior Andrew Blowers presented the idea of recycling to the class, and his idea took off. The recycling project group slowly built itself after students joined after they voted on the topic that they thought needed the most attention.
“We presented our topics and we broke into groups based on what we voted for,” said Blowers.
He is glad to see everyone’s involvement in the project and he knows it’s a reflection of what he believes in.
“I’m passionate about the environment. People should be more cautious of pollution and waste. It can potentially get worse for future generations,”
Senior Gladys Kamdem helped with this recycling project, and she happily took on the project with open arms. She took this recycling project on because she wanted to see the world become a better place.
“Our planet is dying and I wanted to search for a way towards a better world. Recycling can be a thing that the whole community can be a part of,” said Kamdem. With this project moving forward into the future, she hopes to see more coming to it. Even though there are recycling bins at the main campus, she hopes to see it grow bigger.
“I hope they will see an impact and difference by taking more recycling to the main campus,” said Kamdem.
The leftover caps will be used to make a bench made out of the recycled plastic from them. The group has aspirations to continue for the rest of the school year, and they hope to continue to make a positive impact on the environment.
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New research from Georgetown University Medical Center indicates that resting for at least a day after sustaining an injury to the head is indeed a good idea. Neuroscientists who conducted the research on lab mice have discovered that resting lets the brain heal by allowing for inflammation to subside. This is even more important for athletes and people who have an increased chance of getting repeated concussions—for them, this advice is crucial because the damage can and does accumulate over time, as researchers are beginning to see more clearly through continued research.
The study, which will be published in the March issue of American Journal of Pathology, studied the impact that daily and weekly trauma has to the head. Studies were conducted on mice that were anesthetized for the process. In the mice with daily trauma, the results clearly show that the brain’s white matter is damaged, and effects both worsened after two months and were still apparent a year later. In the mice with weekly trauma, the brain was able to repair itself and restore neuronal connections within three days. These findings are particularly useful in helping researchers understand the effects continuous concussions may have on athletes, and why the advice doctors give to rest after a head injury is not only right, but vital. Mild concussions that happen as one-offs are less of a concern because the brain has ample opportunity to recover. Without enough time, the brain won’t be able to heal.
There has been much discussion on concussions, and the media have placed more attention on them recently over the past few years. Concussions can affect anyone, from little kids playing hockey to professional athletes; in fact, children are more prone to the injury. A concussion happens as a result of trauma to the head, usually by a forceful blow of some kind—a foreign object could strike you, or you might slip and fall on the ice, or it could happen after getting hit in a high-contact sport.
Most people don’t even know they have a concussion, because they feel fine and don’t experience any symptoms, but even these minor cases require rest so the brain can heal properly. Common symptoms of a concussion include blacking out for a period immediately after falling, headaches that can range from mild to severe, loss of memory, including any recollection of how the injury happened, vomiting, confusion or feeling dazed, slurred speech, and dizziness. Some symptoms don’t show up for hours or days after the concussion, including personality changes, taste and smell disorders, sensitivity to light and sound, disturbances in sleep patterns, and changes in concentration and memory.
Sources for Today’s Article:
“First-Of-Its-Kind Study Explains Why Rest Is Critical After a Concussion,” Georgetown University Medical Center web site; https://gumc.georgetown.edu/news/First-of-Its-Kind-Study-Explains-Why-Rest-is-Critical-After-A-Concussion, last accessed February 7, 2016.
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India generates more than 5.5 million tonnes of single-use plastic waste. It’s the third-highest producer of waste after China and the USA. Plastic waste pollutes rivers, soils, forests and even the aquatic ecosystem. Countries around the world have rushed to put a ban on its use. India rolled out its first rule on single use plastic ban in 2016.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has recently ordered the phasing out of single-use plastic in India. Recently, the latest amendment to the Plastic Waste Management (PWM)Rules, 2016 was released on 11th March 2021 which is called Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2021. Overview of the amendments can be found here, Read more
The rules state the timeline for the ban of single-use plastic in the country starting with:
- Manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale, and use of these items is prohibited from 01.01.2022
- Earbuds with plastic sticks
- Plastic sticks for balloons
- Plastic flags
- Candy sticks
- Ice-cream sticks
- Polystyrene [Thermocol] for decoration
- Manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale, and use of Single-use plastic (including polystyrene and expanded polystyrene) items are prohibited from 01.07.2022
- Plates, cups, glasses, cutlery such as forks, spoons, knives, straw, trays
- Wrapping/packing films around sweet boxes;
- Invitation cards; and cigarette packets
- Plastic/PVC banners less than 100 micron
The PWM Rules, 2016 banned all virgin plastic carry bags below 50 microns in thickness. However, the latest amendment increases the limit to 120 microns in thickness. It would be interesting to see how states around the country will come up with a plan to phase out single-use plastics.
The Assessment and quantification of Plastic Waste Generation in major Cities report by CPCB in 2015, stated that annually India generates more than 9.4 million tonnes of plastic. Furthermore, 79% of the waste generated ends up in landfills or in the waterways.
Though the nationwide ban will be implemented from the start of 2022, many states in India have already adopted these practices in the past. Here is a look into which states have and when:
The first state to impose a ban on single-use plastic in the country. In 2018, Maharashtra announced the ban on thermocol (polystyrene), take away plastics especially used in the hospitality industry, and a restriction on the use of PET bottles. The sale of PET was permitted given there was a Deposit Refund System in place to enable recycling
Himachal Pradesh, 2018
The mountain state has completely banned the sale and use of single use plastic in 2018. Plastic carry bags, disposable cups, cutlery, etc were on the list. The rule is strictly implemented. Especially in the populous tourist city of Shimla.
Tamil Nadu, 2019
Tamil Nadu banned the use of single use plastic in 2019, with immediate effect on the hospitality industry. State-wide awareness posters were put up on the ban. Furthermore, the use of single use plastic in parties, offices, canteens, etc were banned. CSR has used a tool to fund the awareness campaign on the plastic ban in the state.
Kerala stood firm on its ban on manufacturing, selling, storing, and using single-use plastic carry bags in the state as of 1st January 2020. Along with plastic bags, disposable cups and plates, straws and plastic wrappers were added to the state’s banned single-use plastic list.
Offenders were to be fined a hefty sum. However, since the pandemic began many residents and shop-owners have gone back to using single use plastic products, citing hygiene and safety concerns.
Uttarakhand is the first state to completely ban the manufacturing of plastic and its products in the state. The state went a step ahead and partnered with the states transport department to monitor the inflow of plastic from neighbouring states.
Plastic bags, virgin, recycled, single use plastic products are banned by Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board (UEPPCB). The move comes in the wake of the startling amount of waste being generated in the state. Industries generate more than 1.5 million tonnes and consumers 30,000 tonnes of plastic waste.
The latest entrant into the group is Karnataka. The state government recently announced the setting up of a Taskforce in the state to help create a comprehensive implementation plan in accordance with the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016. Karnataka had notified the ban on selling and usage of all types of plastic carry bags, banners, buntings, flex posters, and a range of products.
Meanwhile, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Manipur, Meghalaya, Puducherry, and Telangana have not imposed a ban on plastic carry-bags as yet.
On the other hand, many nations have pledged to phase out or already have implemented the ban on single-use plastic around the world. Zimbabwe, Kenya, United Kingdom, The European Union, The United States, and recently Canada and Australia have partially or completely banned the use of single-use plastic in their country. Furthermore, the UK has introduced an additional tax on products that use plastics, and microplastics.
Finally, though countries and states have taken measures to step up their stand on single use plastic, there is slow progress given the lack of affordable alternatives to the users. There is a growing need to speed up the phasing out process while aggressively pushing for innovative replacements for the goods. Alternatively, governments can work towards strengthening the infrastructure and enable an increased rate of single use plastic recycling.
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It’s easy to be conscious and self-aware, but it’s another to comprehend what this consciousness actually is, how it works, and where it came from.
To this day, there are a number of working theories regarding consciousness — as is the case with other intangible questions of life that require much guesswork and faith, like religion.
Theories have existed for centuries regarding the mysteries of consciousness, which scientists continue to explore today. Here are some of the major ones, boiled down to the basics.
Higher Order theories
According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, higher order theories hold that consciousness is explained by the relationship between two levels of mental states, in which the state of a higher order takes the lower as its object.
By this theory, one is conscious of a lower state (for example: the pen I use to write) only by virtue of a higher state — that which allows me to understand the state of myself holding the pen.
Philosopher David M. Rosenthal of the City University of New York is a founder of this theory, and has published a number of papers regarding higher-order thought since 1991.
Global Workspace theories
First theorized by Bernard J. Baars, the Global Workspace theory suggests “a fleeting memory capacity that enables access between brain functions that are otherwise separate.”
Baars uses the metaphor of a theater to help clarify this idea, where consciousness is represented by a bright light on stage, directed by a spotlight of attention, where the surrounding stage’s darkness represents the unconsciousness — still present, but not in focus.
It is the sensory cortex of this “spotlight” which is key in this theory — a neural activation resulting in awareness of internal and external events on a short-term and long-term basis.
Biological theories of consciousness attempt to make sense of awareness on a neurological level, viewing consciousness as a product of both evolution and development.One such theory concludes that consciousness arises from a functional cluster in the thalamocortical system called the Dynamic Core of the brain, a network of both differentiated and integrated neurons that represent thought and memory.
Quantum Mind theories
Quantum theories of consciousness, in contrast, propose that classical mechanics can’t explain consciousness as the biological theory would have you believe. Instead, electrical dipoles from the brain’s water molecules create a cortical field, which interacts with the brain’s neural network to form consciousness.
One quantum theory proposes that these quantum states (cortical and neural) produce two poles: one of self, and one of the external world, which communicate between each other.
Another particularly controversial quantum theory was reinforced by January 2014 findings of quantum vibrations within brain neurons’ “microtubules” (structural components inside cells), inside which quantum coherence theoretically collapses to produce instances of consciousness.
Finally, scientist Robert Lanza takes quantum theory as far as suggesting that space and time are only tools of the mind, our consciousness being part of a nonlinear multiverse in which perception determines the world’s shape and size, instead of the other way around.
In the end, it’s anyone’s guess where consciousness really comes from. You don’t have to be a philosopher or neuroscientist to speculate, but it certainly takes some brain power.
Originally published on February 4, 2014.
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INDEPENDENCE GRANTED TO GUYANA
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Throughout the early part of 1966, preparations for Guyana's independence celebrations went in full swing. A special committee appointed by the Government designed the new coat of arms and selected the Canje pheasant as the national bird.
The design and colours of the new flag, appropriately called "The Golden Arrowhead", had already been chosen during the period of the PPP Government from entries submitted through an international competition. The winning five-coloured design was submitted by an American, Whitney Smith. The name chosen for the independent nation - Guyana - was also chosen since 1962 by a select committee appointed by the House of Assembly.
The flag of Guyana, was designed with a golden arrowhead along its middle to signify Guyana's journey into the future. The golden arrowhead, with narrow white and black strips along its sides, was set on a green and red background with narrow white and black strips along the sides of the arrowhead. The five colours were also seen as symbolic to the country various assets: green for the agriculture and forests; gold representing the country's mineral wealth; red for the zeal of nation-building; black border, depicting the people's endurance; and white symbolising the natural water potential of the country.
A nation-wide competition, sponsored by the National History and Arts Council, also helped to select the words of the new National Anthem. The winning entry, "Green Land of Guyana", was written by Reverend Archibald Luker, and the words were set to music by Cyril G. Potter, a prominent Guyanese educator and musician.
Guyana became an independent nation on Thursday, 26 May 1966, but the independence celebrations began four days before and continued until 29 May. Public buildings and business places were brightly decorated with streamers and buntings bearing the colours of the Guyana flag. On the evening of 25 May, a grand cultural performance took place at the Queen Elizabeth Park (later to be renamed the National Park). Dignitaries in the audience of thousands included the Duke and Duchess of Kent, representing Queen Elizabeth, and representatives of foreign governments. Then at midnight, the Union Jack, the symbol of British colonial rule for 163 years, was lowered and the new flag of Guyana, the Golden Arrowhead, was raised to the top of the mast. Just before the flag raising ceremony before a huge crowd, Prime Minister Forbes Burnham and Opposition Leader Cheddi Jagan publicly embraced each other, indicating their satisfaction that Guyana had finally won its political independence.
With the raising of the new flag, fireworks burst across the sky in various parts of the country. Then around mid-morning, the State opening of the Parliament of Guyana took place. It was preceded by a military parade accompanied by much pomp and pageantry. Significantly, for this occasion, a portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh decorating the wall of the Parliament chamber was removed and replaced with a portrait of Prime Minister Burnham.
The meeting of Parliament was chaired by the Speaker, Aubrey Alleyne. The Duke of Kent read a throne speech on behalf of the Queen, after which on behalf of the sovereign, Queen Elizabeth, he handed over to Prime Minister Burnham the constitutional instruments designating Guyana an independent nation. Immediately after, there were speeches by Prime Minister Forbes Burnham and Leader of the Opposition Cheddi Jagan.
Burnham, in an appeal to Guyanese nationalism, declared: "The days ahead are going to be difficult. Tomorrow, no doubt, we as Guyanese will indulge in the usual political conflicts and differences in ideology. But today, to my mind, is above such petty matters. For today Guyana is free."
In welcoming independence, Dr. Jagan seized the opportunity to point out that the Burnham Government was abusing its powers through the extension of the state of emergency beyond the date of independence. This, he said, was generating fear throughout the country and was detrimental to the struggle for peace and security.
He also highlighted the view that his party was "the victim of repeated constitutional manipulations designed to keep it out of office." He added, "We are confident that despite these manipulations the People's Progressive Party can be triumphant at future elections if these are fairly held."
Later that afternoon, Sir Richard Luyt was sworn in by the Duke of Kent as Guyana's first Governor General at a ceremony in the ballroom of Guyana House, the official residence of the Governor General.
During the period of the independence celebrations, many public events were also held. These included carnival-style parties, exhibitions, float parades and public rallies addressed by Burnham and his Ministers.
On achieving independence, Guyana became the 23rd member of the British Commonwealth. The new state received instant recognition internationally. However, in its note of recognition signed by Foreign Minister Iribarren Borges, the Venezuelan Government stated that it "recognises as territory of the new State the one which is located on the east of the right bank of the Essequibo River". The Venezuelan note claimed that the boundary between Guyana and Venezuela ran "through the middle line of the Essequibo River, beginning from its source and on to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean".
In a response to the Venezuelan Government (sent on 18 August 1966), Burnham rejected this assertion and expressly stated that the "Guyana constitution stipulates that the territory of Guyana embraces all that area, which immediately before the 26th May, 1966, comprised the old Colony of British Guiana, together with the area which by Act of Parliament may be declared as part of the territory of Guyana." He added: "The territory which extends between the middle line of the Essequibo on the east and the boundary of the old Colony of British Guiana all along the rivers Cuyuni and Wanamo on the west, was already included on the 26th May, 1966, judicially and administratively, within the old Colony of British Guiana and forms part of the State of Guyana."
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Natural language processing is slowly but irreversibly changing the way we use and interact with machines. It’s pretty cool and it’s pretty powerful. It has enormous potential to not only influence the advancements in software development, but also to transform our future.
Natural language processing 101
Natural language processing is a machine learning technology designed to enable computers to understand spoken or written human language. It represents a specific subset of several disciplines, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and computational linguistics.
The idea behind this technology is to interact with computers in a way that is natural to us, which is to use human languages instead of strings of symbols. Essentially, the technology trains machines to understand human speech and even communicate in it.
However, the analysis of spoken and written human language is a complex and difficult process for a machine.
How does natural language processing work?
The nature of human language is organic, exceptionally complex, and context-dependent. Also, understanding natural language requires extensive knowledge of the real world. Therefore, it’s necessary for the machine to process huge amounts of linguistic data and gain insight and information.
Natural language processing uses artificial intelligence to analyze natural language data, such as speech, text, or even images. It then converts the input into structured data in a defined format that the machine can further work with.
In simple words, its role is to translate human natural language into a form that a computer or machine can understand, interpret, and act on command.
Use of natural language processing
Natural language processing has a wide range of uses. It can be used in many sectors, such as banking, insurance, healthcare, advertising, public relations, and publishing. The following are some of the most common use cases of natural language processing:
- Machine translation: applications such as Google Translate, Translate Me, or Bing Translate
- Voice recognition: as in virtual assistants, such as Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s Alexa, or Google Assistant
- Generating natural language: as in chatbots such as ChatGPT
- Text proofing: tools like Grammarly
- Predictive text
- Spam detection
- Information extraction
- Text summarization
- Social media sentiment analysis
Natural language processing – benefits and challenges
Natural language processing has more potential and more advantages than it might seem at first glance. However, as with all other technologies, natural language processing faces a number of limitations and challenges.
The main advantage of natural language processing is, of course, to improve communication between humans and machines. NPL has the potential to make the interaction much easier and more spontaneous for people because it doesn’t require any coding knowledge.
Other advantages of natural language processing include:
- Increased documentation accuracy and efficiency
- Ability to summarize large and complex texts
- Facilitating performance and sentiment analysis
- Providing analytical insights that were previously unavailable due to the volume of data
- Streamlining daily processes
- Extracting actionable insights
- Structuring highly unstructured data
- Enabling businesses to implement chatbots for customer support
Computers require precision, structure and clarity — just the way a programming language is. However, this isn’t always the case with human language.
Most limitations and challenges boil down to the fact that human language can be imprecise and vague, with elements of social context, making it difficult for a computer to understand it.
Some troublemakers are:
- Homonyms and synonyms
- Irony and sarcasm
- Misspelling or speech errors
- Colloquialisms and slang
- Domain-specific language
Impact on software development
Recently, ChatGPT has demonstrated a wide array of impressive abilities. It’s a powerful chatbot based on generative AI and natural language processing. Not only is it able to produce text like poetry or journalistic articles, but it’s also able to create computer code.
On command, it creates websites, apps, and even basic games in any of a number of different software development languages. However, creating a sophisticated app or another piece of software is currently beyond its abilities.
When it comes to software development, the effectiveness of ChatGPT and current NLP-based tools is still quite limited. The machine still doesn’t know what types of code or applications are needed to achieve a goal, design a better platform, or gain a business advantage. It still can’t come up with the original ideas. Human creativity and ingenuity are still far superior.
This doesn’t mean that NLP-based tools can’t be useful, though. On the contrary, they can be very valuable.
Developers can use ChatGPT as an assistant that can generate code from natural language input. It has the potential to accelerate many coding routine tasks. It can be used to quickly create frameworks, or outline builds of applications.
ChatGPT can be useful to ensure that your code structure covers all the necessary bases for your application to function properly. It can also help debug existing code. And not only that: it can also explain what the problem is.
ChatGPT can indicate how the data should be structured and what user interface features are required, which can significantly improve the user experience. It also has a significant impact on tasks such as data processing and web development.
The future of natural language processing
We can speculate, but in reality, no one knows what the future holds. However, the transformative potential of AI and natural language processing shouldn’t be underestimated.
Their recent advances and new uses in software development show a huge capacity to radically transform our future business and society.
With this in mind, we should embrace this advancing technology and use it to enhance our own skills. Because, it seems it’s safe to say that we are just at the beginning of the NLP journey and that it’ll be an interesting ride.
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§ 4.312 Definitions of "normal operation" and "statutory objective".
For purposes of §§ 4.313 and 4.314, the terms "normal operation" and "statutory objective" have the following meaning:
(a) Normal operation means the operation of a program or activity without significant changes that would impair its ability to meet its objectives.
(b) Statutory objective means any purposes of a program or activity expressly stated in any Federal statute State statute, or local statute or ordinance adopted by an elected general purpose legislative body.
Page Last Reviewed/Updated Monday, July 30, 2018
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Circular saw blades are cutting tools used on circular saws. These can perform various operations like edging, splitting or cutting on different angles.
The type of the blade is chosen according to the operating conditions, being:
Monometallic blades produce rough final cutting surfaces and therefore they are used only when the quality of these surfaces is not very important.
Depending on the number of teeth, the carbide-tipped circular saw blades can be used in various applications for cutting solid wood, raw and coated chipboards, MDF panels or plywood.
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What Is Runner's Knee?
Runner’s knee is one of the most common long-term running injuries. It involves pain behind the kneecap during running caused by a softening, wearing away or cracking of the cartilage under the patella (knee cap). It may also be referred to as Chondromalacia or Patello-femoral Joint Syndrome.
The back of the patella is shaped like a triangle with the point fitting in a grove in the lower part of the bone behind it (the femur). During running, the kneecap is supposed to move up and down within this grove and not side to side. As you run, you land on the outside of your foot and roll inward, causing the lower leg to twist inward. At the same time, three of the four quadriceps muscles which attach to the kneecap, pull it outward and cause the knee cap to rub against edge of the grove on the femur; this is the cause of the pain. The quadriceps muscle on the inside of your knee (called VMO) can counteract this force but needs to be strong enough and function correctly if you are to avoid runners knee. You probably have runner’s knee, if your kneecap hurts when you walk or run, particularly when you walk down stairs. It can hurt a lot when you push the kneecap against the bone behind it. Pain is usually also felt after sitting for a long period of time with the knees bent, this is due to there being increased pressure between the joint surface of the kneecap and the femur.
Signs and Symptoms
The onset of pain in runner’s knee is often gradual and mostly noticed during weight bearing exercises that require knee bending. However if left untreated it can start to become painful with gentle walking and even at rest. The symptoms of runner’s knee can include:
* Pain near the kneecap usually at the medial (inner) portion and below it
* Pain after prolonged sitting with knees bent
* Pain with squatting, hoping, running, kneeling, running hills and using stairs
* Particular difficulty is felt with navigating downhill or downstairs. It is important to note that not all knee pain is patello-femoral pain. There are many other conditions of the knee that runners can commonly suffer from such as Iliotibial band syndrome. This will be covered in a later article.
How Does It Happen?
The exact cause of runner’s knee often varies from athlete to athlete, however as with many overuse injuries biomechanical deficiency can be a major factor. Weakness and dysfunction at another body site can cause extra load on the muscles around the knee leading to injury. Below are some common factors that may increase your risk of developing runner’s knee.
* Tightness in the lateral structures of the knee such as ITB (iliotibial band) and the 3 quad muscles that pull the kneecap outwards
* Reduced strength or incorrect firing of VMO (inside quad muscle)
* Tight calf and hamstrings can increase stress on your kneecap
* Pronating feet (flat feet) or uneven leg length
* Running downhill
* Gluteal weakness and pelvic instability.
* Running with inappropriate shoes, including proper shoes that have worn out
* Training errors, particularly increasing intensity, time or frequency too quickly
* Running on a slanted surfaces (e.g. road camber) or uneven terrain
How Do I Treat Runner’s Knee?
Treatment is to stop the kneecap from rubbing on the edge of the grove of the femur and rather to slide up and down within the grove as it normally should. You can keep the kneecap from rubbing by wearing orthotics, doing exercises to strengthen the muscle that pulls your knee cap inward and by running backwards rather than forward. Surgery is rarely necessary. The most important thing in the early stages is to reduce the stress on the under-surface of the patella and allow healing to begin by:
* Running: Load and volume should be decreased - especially downhill running
* Strengthen the VMO by doing straight leg lifts: Leg lifts should be done 10 times on each side. Start with 5 sets of 10 and work your way up to 10 sets of 10.
* Stretch tight posterior muscles such as calf and hamstring
* Taping patella medially to achieve correct up and down sliding (see pic below)
* Using a patella stabilisation brace to achieve the same result as the taping
* Running shoes that offer extra support should be used. If further control of pronation is needed orthotics should be considered - these can be fitted by your physio.
* Cycling may be pain free and if so can be a good cross-training option while recovering. Up to 30 minutes on the bike, 4 days per week would be a reasonable starting point. You can then build back into running with the assistance of a physiotherapist once able to run/walk pain free.
There are many different variations however the most basic form is to tape the patella medially (inwards) to reduce stress on the knee and to correct the side to side movement of the patella whilst running.
A physiotherapist experienced in treating sports injuries, particularly running injuries may need to show you how to tape your knee cap to decrease the load being placed on it.
Article written by Rob O’Donnell, Physiotherapist and Director of Southern Suburbs Physiotherapy Centre and former Australian Distance running representative. Southern Suburbs Physiotherapy has clinics in 3 locations: 705 Centre Road East Bentleigh, 100 Lower Dandenong Road Parkdale and 99 Bay Street Brighton and there are physio’s with special interests in treating runners at all locations. For more details go to www.sspc.com.au
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Do you experience mood swings, irrational crying fits, and out of the ordinary cravings? If once a month you experience some of these things, then guess what? This is just normal as reproductive hormones can affect your appetite, fertility, period, sex drive and even your mental state.
Read on below and use them to keep everything in check.
Responsible for stimulating milk production for new mothers and in releasing eggs.
Big Impacts: High levels of this hormone can affect your sex drive and some menopausal symptoms.
The Balancing Act: Not getting enough sleep can cause high stress hormones such as prolactin and cortisol. You should be getting at least 7-8 hours of sleep.
Known as Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) it is responsible for getting the eggs ready for prime time. Luteinizing hormone (LH) makes them drop.
Big Impacts: A normal FSH/LH amounts can help in getting normal progesterone levels, while high FSH is known to cause insomnia, acne and memory problems.
The Balancing Act: Check your alcohol intajke if you are planning to have a baby. This is because more than two drinks per day can affect your FSH and LH production.
Is responsible for your uterine lining each month. It’s also responsible for your period.
Big Impacts: Progesterone is can lead to rock solid sleep, gassiness, water retention and constipation.
The Balancing Act:To balance this hormone so you can conceive, try meditation for 5 minutes per day.
Stable levels of estradiol or estrogen can boost immunity and sex drive. It also prepares the uterus for conception.
Big Impacts: Too much if estrogen can lead to severe PMS, breast cancer and other fertility woes. But too little can lead to osteoporosis. Estrogen is responsible for sending signals to your body’s cells from your breasts to your bones.
The Balancing Act: If you are too thin this can interfere with the production of estrogen. But having extra fat can mess with estradiol. So it is best to maintain a healthy weight which is a BMI between 18.5 and 30.
This is not only for men. For women the androgen hormone is responsible for regular ovulation and you libido.
Big Impacts:Lacking in this hormone cal affect your overall sense of well-being. But too high levels can cause, dandruff, acne or dark hair in not so normal places.
The Balancing Act: An excess testosterone has been linked to obesity.
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The entire world is facing a maternal health disaster. According to the Planet Health Group, about 810 women of all ages die each and every day due to preventable causes linked to pregnancy and childbirth. Two-thirds of these deaths come about in sub-Saharan Africa. In Rwanda, a single of the leading causes of maternal mortality is contaminated Cesarean part wounds.
An interdisciplinary team of health professionals and scientists from MIT, Harvard College, and Partners in Well being (PIH) in Rwanda have proposed a resolution to handle this problem. They have produced a mobile wellness (mHealth) system that uses artificial intelligence and actual-time computer system eyesight to forecast infection in C-section wounds with around 90 per cent accuracy.
“Early detection of infection is an crucial challenge around the world, but in reduced-resource spots this sort of as rural Rwanda, the problem is even a lot more dire owing to a lack of trained medical practitioners and the significant prevalence of bacterial bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics,” claims Richard Ribon Fletcher ’89, SM ’97, PhD ’02, analysis scientist in mechanical engineering at MIT and engineering lead for the crew. “Our strategy was to use mobile phones that could be used by neighborhood wellbeing workers to pay a visit to new moms in their properties and examine their wounds to detect infection.”
This summer, the staff, which is led by Bethany Hedt-Gauthier, a professor at Harvard Health-related University, was awarded the $500,000 first-location prize in the NIH Technological innovation Accelerator Challenge for Maternal Wellness.
“The lives of females who produce by Cesarean portion in the producing world are compromised by both of those confined accessibility to top quality surgical procedures and postpartum treatment,” adds Fredrick Kateera, a crew member from PIH. “Use of mobile health and fitness systems for early identification, plausible exact diagnosis of those with surgical internet site bacterial infections inside these communities would be a scalable sport changer in optimizing women’s overall health.”
Schooling algorithms to detect infection
The project’s inception was the result of several probability encounters. In 2017, Fletcher and Hedt-Gauthier bumped into each other on the Washington Metro in the course of an NIH investigator assembly. Hedt-Gauthier, who experienced been working on investigate jobs in Rwanda for 5 many years at that place, was searching for a alternative for the gap in Cesarean care she and her collaborators experienced encountered in their study. Specially, she was fascinated in exploring the use of cell cell phone cameras as a diagnostic device.
Fletcher, who prospects a team of college students in Professor Sanjay Sarma’s AutoID Lab and has invested decades applying phones, equipment discovering algorithms, and other mobile technologies to global overall health, was a purely natural match for the undertaking.
“Once we understood that these sorts of graphic-based algorithms could support dwelling-primarily based treatment for girls following Cesarean shipping, we approached Dr. Fletcher as a collaborator, offered his considerable expertise in creating mHealth systems in lower- and middle-revenue configurations,” suggests Hedt-Gauthier.
Through that exact same journey, Hedt-Gauthier serendipitously sat following to Audace Nakeshimana ’20, who was a new MIT scholar from Rwanda and would later sign up for Fletcher’s staff at MIT. With Fletcher’s mentorship, through his senior year, Nakeshimana founded Insightiv, a Rwandan startup that is making use of AI algorithms for evaluation of scientific visuals, and was a top rated grant awardee at the yearly MIT Concepts opposition in 2020.
The very first step in the venture was accumulating a database of wound photographs taken by neighborhood wellness employees in rural Rwanda. They gathered more than 1,000 visuals of the two infected and non-infected wounds and then educated an algorithm using that information.
A central difficulty emerged with this first dataset, gathered amongst 2018 and 2019. Lots of of the photographs were being of poor excellent.
“The top quality of wound photos collected by the overall health employees was extremely variable and it needed a large amount of money of manual labor to crop and resample the pictures. Given that these visuals are utilized to educate the machine understanding design, the image high quality and variability fundamentally restrictions the effectiveness of the algorithm,” claims Fletcher.
To resolve this problem, Fletcher turned to resources he made use of in previous tasks: real-time computer system eyesight and augmented truth.
Bettering impression quality with true-time image processing
To persuade group health staff to just take better-high-quality pictures, Fletcher and the workforce revised the wound screener cellular app and paired it with a uncomplicated paper body. The body contained a printed calibration coloration sample and an additional optical pattern that guides the app’s laptop vision software package.
Health workers are instructed to spot the body over the wound and open the application, which gives actual-time feedback on the digital camera placement. Augmented reality is used by the application to show a environmentally friendly check mark when the cellular phone is in the appropriate selection. The moment in range, other components of the computer system eyesight software package will then quickly equilibrium the color, crop the image, and implement transformations to proper for parallax.
“By employing authentic-time personal computer eyesight at the time of info selection, we are able to produce wonderful, clear, uniform colour-well balanced images that can then be applied to educate our device mastering designs, devoid of any will need for manual data cleansing or put up-processing,” says Fletcher.
Making use of convolutional neural web (CNN) device learning models, along with a strategy identified as transfer understanding, the software program has been ready to correctly forecast infection in C-section wounds with roughly 90 p.c precision in just 10 days of childbirth. Females who are predicted to have an an infection through the application are then given a referral to a clinic wherever they can get diagnostic bacterial testing and can be prescribed lifetime-saving antibiotics as desired.
The app has been well been given by women and neighborhood overall health workers in Rwanda.
“The trust that ladies have in local community health employees, who have been a big promoter of the application, intended the mHealth software was accepted by ladies in rural parts,” provides Anne Niyigena of PIH.
Utilizing thermal imaging to deal with algorithmic bias
1 of the biggest hurdles to scaling this AI-based technology to a much more world-wide audience is algorithmic bias. When properly trained on a fairly homogenous population, these types of as that of rural Rwanda, the algorithm performs as predicted and can productively predict an infection. But when photographs of sufferers of different skin hues are released, the algorithm is much less powerful.
To tackle this challenge, Fletcher used thermal imaging. Uncomplicated thermal digicam modules, made to attach to a cell telephone, cost somewhere around $200 and can be made use of to capture infrared visuals of wounds. Algorithms can then be properly trained applying the warmth styles of infrared wound pictures to forecast an infection. A examine posted last 12 months confirmed around a 90 percent prediction accuracy when these thermal photos were paired with the app’s CNN algorithm.
Though additional high-priced than just making use of the phone’s camera, the thermal picture technique could be applied to scale the team’s mHealth engineering to a more assorted, world inhabitants.
“We’re giving the wellness personnel two alternatives: in a homogenous inhabitants, like rural Rwanda, they can use their typical cellular phone digicam, making use of the model that has been qualified with information from the regional inhabitants. Normally, they can use the extra standard model which requires the thermal camera attachment,” states Fletcher.
Although the existing generation of the mobile app works by using a cloud-primarily based algorithm to run the infection prediction product, the crew is now functioning on a stand-on your own cellular application that does not need online accessibility, and also appears to be like at all aspects of maternal wellbeing, from pregnancy to postpartum.
In addition to building the library of wound photographs utilized in the algorithms, Fletcher is performing closely with previous student Nakeshimana and his team at Insightiv on the app’s enhancement, and utilizing the Android telephones that are domestically created in Rwanda. PIH will then carry out person screening and industry-based mostly validation in Rwanda.
As the staff seems to establish the complete application for maternal wellness, privateness and knowledge defense are a top rated precedence.
“As we produce and refine these instruments, a closer consideration should be paid to patients’ info privateness. Extra information protection details ought to be incorporated so that the device addresses the gaps it is intended to bridge and maximizes user’s have faith in, which will at some point favor its adoption at a much larger scale,” says Niyigena.
Members of the prize-profitable group contain: Bethany Hedt-Gauthier from Harvard Professional medical University Richard Fletcher from MIT Robert Riviello from Brigham and Women’s Hospital Adeline Boatin from Massachusetts Common Clinic Anne Niyigena, Frederick Kateera, Laban Bikorimana, and Vincent Cubaka from PIH in Rwanda and Audace Nakeshimana ’20, founder of Insightiv.ai.
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Sacred spaces achieve much of its effect by emphasizing mystery. This is at the core of any religion, in which divine truth is revealed beyond any logical or rational framework. As is often said, God is revealed in mysterious ways, and the purpose of any sacred space is to embody this reality. It is inherent that a secular space is completely counter to this and thus adopts an architectural language devoid of mystery or even ambiguity. Secular spaces instead embrace the language of the engineer, someone who works outside the world of art, poetry, and indeed of mystery, by solving problems with the most rational tools of math and science. There is a lot of work that goes into making successful setting for secular activities, much of it having to do with the science of building, such as lighting, acoustics, and visibility. There is also a tendency for generating phenomenological effect through technology, such as making walls highly transparent or reflective, surfaces either smooth or deliberately rough. To the Modernist who puts its faith in technological progress, the more an effect can exceed what can be done by the human hand, the better.
|La Tourette Monastery by Le Corbusier, Eveux, France|
Piano singles himself better than most of his contemporaries by his ability to reinsert the human touch in his design process. His architectural details are truly works of art and are usually the result of a distinct craftsman-like approach in generating them. The name of his firm, The Renzo Piano Workshop, harkens back to the time when architecture was realized by stone masons, who would accumulate specialized design knowledge in the development of style details and templates. Where Piano departs is the end result of his craftsman-like approach: highly refined, ultra-precise, machine-polished building systems and parts. The structural connections in his projects are beautiful and poetic pieces of engineering, much like Apple products, but like most industrial artifacts, they cannot express the ancient, primordial aspects of our humanity. Is that necessary to fully immerse oneself the Catholic experience?
I believe so. A fundamental assumption in Catholicism is that history is linear and that God was incarnated in the human form of Jesus Christ at a precise point in history to the point that the period before and after this event are neatly divided (BC vs. AD). Its doctrines and liturgy are part of an evolutionary process that have taken place in the world for two thousand years, and followers actively partake in this history by participating in the mass. For most Catholics, weekly mass is the only time that they are reminded that they are tied to humanity in throughout the ages, both in the past and the future. This goes against 'modernity', or the idea that the times are so new and different that prior truths or solutions are irrelevant. In Christianity, Truth is eternal, and the problems that afflict humanity are no different during the time of Christ than they do now. There is no 'new and improved'. Rather, the ideal was was established two-thousand years ago (the life of Christ) and no amount of social or technological advance (or regression) can change this.
|View of Crypt inside the La Tourette Monastery |
by Le Corbusier
In addition, Christianity relies on communicating its ideas through allegories conveyed verbally in the Bible, musically in its music and visually illustrated in its art and architecture. These are designed to make the message accessible to all people, as opposed to keeping revelations close to a self-selected elite. The message has to be clear, the context must be provided and the characters believable. Visually, this requires the use of lines and recognizable figures placed in a narrative relationship. These demands don't lend themselves well to abstraction, the modus operandi of the Modernist. Abstraction is by nature open to individual interpretation; Christian revelation is not. Abstraction is deliberately exercised by an individual, driven by their own desire to create original content; Christian subjects and themes are the content, with the artist sharing his visceral imaginings of truths he does not question (like most European art before the 19th Century).
This probably explains why many Catholics feel a certain frustration with the role played by modern music, art and design in today's church. The music uses irregular folk beats, vulgar melodies and harmonies, and seem composed to bring attention to the songs themselves rather than acquainting singers to a more transcendent reality. In contemporary Christian art, Christ is portrayed as a non-descript figure, and often times and rendered in an abstracted archaic style that is flat and lacks feeling. The cross is abstracted to emphasize its iconic nature as a symbol, detached from any literal representation of what actually happened on the cross. In most modern churches, seating is arranged as a theater in the round, focusing the parishioners' attention to the the priest, or the choir, rather than to God as manifested in an elaborately decorated apse wall or a ceiling pointed to heaven. This was vividly brought to my attention when watching the broadcast of Christmas mass from the Vatican--most of the camera shots showed details of the sanctuary's glorious interior and symbolic art, with the occasional view of the Pope. Catholic worship is not about the mere men (priests) who help conduct its rituals but is instead is about how God is revealed in them by means of humanity's most outward expression of what lies within its soul: Art. When there is nothing meaningful or moving to look at, one is resigned to paying attention to a charismatic individual standing on a stage, tanscendent beauty is loss, and the Christian message takes on a banal delivery.
|Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier, |
|Church on the Water by Tadao Ando, Tomamu, Japan|
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“Do not go where the path may lead; go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.” Ralph Waldo Emerson
- lead by engaging, connecting and taking action;
- develop respect and empathy by seeking greater understanding and appreciation;
- persevere by adapting;
- and discover self-awareness of identity through faith.
Students engage in all-school discussions highlighting relevant literature and key historical and current events to develop the understanding, empathy, values, behaviors and skills required to appreciate multiple perspectives and thrive in an increasingly interconnected world. They connect with strategic partners to collaborate with other schools and communities, research issues, share ideas and develop solutions to specific local or global problems. Students are also encouraged to participate in school-sponsored international adventures -- most recently to Costa Rica, Paris, Barcelona and Montreal.
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Phosphorus and Foods High in Phosphorus
Our body contains 500-800 grams of phosphorus. Up to 85% of it is comprised in our bones and teeth.
Phosphorus affects mental and muscular activities. Along with calcium, it participates in formation of bone tissue and gives strength to our teeth and bones. Phosphorus takes part in almost every chemical reaction that implies energy production in our body. It is involved in metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Phosphorus is also important for protein synthesis and is included to DNA and RNA. Together with magnesium and calcium, phosphorus supports our bone structure.
The daily requirement of phosphorus is 1000-1200 milligrams. Upper intake level of this nutrient is not set. Insufficient intake of proteins and intense exercising require increased daily doses of phosphorus (up to 1500-2000 milligrams).
Lack of phosphorus can result in the symptoms like poor appetite, weakness, fatigue, violations of limbs sensitivity, pain in bones, numbness and tingling, anxiety and a sense of alarm. However, phosphorus deficiency is extremely rare, since this element is contained in many products. It is even more common than calcium. There are only two groups of risk of phosphorus deficiency. The first one includes people who drink too much alcohol, and the second consists of patients with digestive tract disorders.
Dietary Toxicity Of Phosphorus
Hyperphosphatemia is a disease caused by excessive amount of phosphorus in the body. It may be a result of improper supplements ingesting or the chronic kidney disorder.
High Phosphorus Foods List
1. Pumpkin Seeds
|Seeds, Pumpkin And Squash Seed Kernels, Dried|
|100 g||1 cup (129 g)|
|Phosphorus: 1233 mg
|Phosphorus: 1591 mg
100 grams of these seeds contains 123% of our daily need in phosphorus. They are also rich in vitamins of B complex, A, C, D and E, and such minerals as calcium, selenium, potassium, iron, zinc and magnesium. Pumpkin seeds are usually consumed by people with vegetarian or raw food diet as a substitution for animal fats. The most beneficial for our health are the seeds, which were not affected by heat. It is best to dry them for several days in the sun, and then peal just before eating.
|100 g||1 oz (28 g)|
|Phosphorus: 760 mg
|Phosphorus: 215 mg
A 100 gram serving of Romano cheese can provide our body with 76% of its daily phosphorus need. Such cheeses as Parmesan and goat cheese are not as rich in phosphorus.
All the valuable properties of this product are the result of its great amino acid composition, large amount of tryptophan, and a firm amount of milk fat. By the way, you do not have to be afraid of fat in cheese as long as you consume it in reasonable doses. Recent studies on nutrition have shown that 20-30 grams of cheese per day is the amount that can be eaten even during the strictest diet, because milk fat in small quantities helps reduce appetite.
|Salmon, Coho, Farmed|
|100 g||1 fillet (159 g)|
|Phosphorus: 292 mg
|Phosphorus: 464 mg
A 100 gram portion of this sea delicacy comprises 29% of our daily need in phosphorus. Other valuable nutritious elements in salmon are vitamins D, B6 and B12, which strengthen bone tissue, improve skin, hair and nails. The same purpose has potassium, which is also included to this valuable fish. These properties make salmon meat especially useful for the developing child's body. Due to the high content of easily digestible protein, salmon is considered to be a dietary product. In addition, the substances contained in its meat can improve absorption of fats and sugars. This suggests that consumption of this fish reduces the risk of diabetes development. Studies have also confirmed the beneficial influence of salmon on our nervous system. It has a calming and relaxing effect.
|100 g||1 medium (50 g)|
|Phosphorus: 162 mg
|Phosphorus: 81 mg
100 grams of oysters contains 16% of our daily need in this element. High nutritional value and unique chemical composition determines oysters' delicate taste and tonic effect on our nervous system. Their meat is rich in protein, fat, minerals (iron, copper, calcium, iodine), and vitamins B1, B2, B12 and PP. Eat 6 oysters per day and your need for iron and copper will be fully covered! Another vital element comprised in oysters is omega-3 fats. Scientists have found that these fats successfully help fight breast cancer.
5. Lean Pork
|Pork, Cured, Ham, Steak, Boneless, Extra Lean, Unheated|
|100 g||1 slice (57 g)|
|Phosphorus: 260 mg
|Phosphorus: 148 mg
100 grams of this meat contains 30% of our daily need in phosphorus. Besides that, pork meat contains a large number of iron and zinc, which are known for their beneficial effect on patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, the main benefit of pork meat is contained in a wide range of vitamins it can supply our body with. Studies have shown that pork is rich in vitamins of B group. It is, obviously, high in animal protein. That is why doctors recommend including this meat to the diet of lactating women. Protein from pork positively affects production of breast milk.
6. Lean Beef
|Beef, Chuck For Stew, Separable Lean And Fat, Choice|
|100 g||1 lb (454 g)|
|Phosphorus: 217 mg
|Phosphorus: 984 mg
Lean beef comprises various vitamins like B complex and E, and such minerals as magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, iron and copper. It is as high in phosphorus as pork.
Rich nutrient composition of beef contributes to its ability to regulate the amount of glucose in our blood. This meat is good for health of our skin, digestive and nervous systems. It is especially necessary for young children and people with serious diseases. It also contains gelatin, which contributes to better blood clotting. Therefore lean beef is recommended to patients who suffer from cardiovascular diseases.
|Crustaceans, Shrimp, Mixed Species|
|100 g||1 medium (6 g)|
|Phosphorus: 244 mg
|Phosphorus: 15 mg
High in protein, a portion of shrimps comprises about quarter of your daily need in phosphorus. But you need to remember that this seafood should be cooked very carefully, because in case of overcooking shrimps lose most of their nutrients and become tasteless. That is why you should always follow the cooking instructions from the manufacturer. Fried shrimps taste much better, but they are not suitable for those who want to lose weight. Frying dramatically increases caloric content of this delicacy. As an alternative, you can make grilled shrimps, or boil them and include to salads or dishes with sauces. Then this product will keep you full for a long time and provide your body with many healthy properties.
8. Low-Calorie Yogurt
|Yogurt, Frozen, Flavors Not Chocolate, Nonfat Milk, With Low-calorie Sweetener|
|100 g||1 cup (68 g)|
|Phosphorus: 129 mg
|Phosphorus: 88 mg
Half of a glass of yogurt can supply our body with more than 15% of our daily phosphorus need. This is the reason why many pediatricians recommend it as a baby food. Its main quality is the ability to normalize the intestinal microbial population and positively affect our digestive process. Due to this property, doctors recommend including yogurt to the menu of people who are taking medicines. It helps their quick absorption and decreases their side effects. This dairy product also helps eliminating toxins from our body and prevents growth of pathogenic microbes. Yogurt should be included to the daily diet of people who experienced food poisoning.
|Yardlong Beans, Mature Seeds|
|100 g||1 cup (167 g)|
|Phosphorus: 559 mg
|Phosphorus: 934 mg
Beans are a great source of protein, which is digested in our body by 70-80%. This product is also high in calcium, magnesium, iron and vitamins C, E, K, and vitamin B complex. A portion of yellow and white beans can provide our body with more than one third of its daily phosphorus need. Nutritionists recommend eating beans at least 1-2 times a week as it is a dietary and medicinal product.
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Part 3: John Displaces and Rewrites the Cleansing of the Temple
All four evangelists recount Jesus’ cleansing of the temple at Jerusalem. The Synoptics (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) place the event during the week before the crucifixion, while John sets it near the very start of Jesus’ ministry. In the ancient church, many, if not most, commentators assumed these accounts of disturbances at the temple described two different events. In fact, you can find apologists today who claim Jesus did it every time he went to Jerusalem, which — if we harmonize John with the other three — suggests that it happened three times or more.
At this point, we’re not going to cover all the detailed reasons that most scholars now believe the pericopae in John and the Synoptics refer to the same event. Nor will we dwell for long on the arguments concerning whether John knew Mark or a pre-Markan oral tradition. As I’ve said many times before, I maintain that John knew the written gospel of Mark. In this case, he used Mark’s account of the cleansing, but he moved it in time and changed it in form and substance for theological reasons.
John agrees with the Synoptics on several basic elements. Jesus arrives in Jerusalem during the time of the Passover, enters the temple’s outer courtyard, and begins to make a scene. We have similar vocabulary in both versions, including the words for “tables” [τράπεζα (trapeza)] and “money changers” [κολλυβιστῶν (kollybistōn)].
In the Johannine and Markan versions, Jesus is wholly successful. John says he drove them “all” [πάντας (pantas)] out, while Mark claims that nobody could carry a vessel through the temple. Both evangelists concur that for a period of time, just before Passover, Jesus single-handedly blocked all temple trade. On the other hand, parts of John’s story diverge from the Markan source. For example, in John’s version we have not just birds and money changers, but large, domesticated animals: sheep and oxen. Did you ever wonder whether they really had livestock pens in the temple courtyard? Andrew Lincoln, in his commentary on the Gospel of John notes:
John’s addition of animals as large as cows has produced some questions about its verisimilitude. Jewish sources fail to mention such animals in the temple precincts and their excrement would have caused problems of pollution of the sacred site. (Lincoln, 2005, p. 137, emphasis mine)
For scholars who think John contains actual eyewitness material, these sorts of puzzles usually elicit a shrug and a “Why not?” However, those of us who are unencumbered by the anxiety of historicity may rightly ask: “Why did John embellish upon the legend? What is the significance behind Jesus’ driving out the sacrificial animals? Is it a portent of the passing of the age of sacrifice (post 70 CE) or is it something else?”
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Research Snapshot: Preventing alcohol use problems among Aboriginal youth
Youth who experiment with alcohol may be at risk for future alcohol use problems. Previous studies and trends showed that Aboriginal youth may be at an even greater risk for developing these problems. However, new research refutes this.
Researchers in Ontario surveyed Aboriginal youth who didn’t live on a reserve. The goal of the survey was to find out about their alcohol use, extracurricular involvement, peer relationships, and self-esteem. Their findings show that these youth use alcohol at normal rates compared with other Canadian youth. They also found three factors that can lessen the risk of alcohol use problems for these youth: high optimism levels, weekly recreational activities, and attending religious services frequently.
To learn more, check out EENet’s Research Snapshot of the article, “Preventing alcohol use problems among Aboriginal youth” by Jennine S. Rawana and Megan E. Ames. It appeared in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 41, no. 2: 229-43.
The Snapshot is available here.
Research Snapshots are brief, clear language summaries of research, presented in a user-friendly format. To read EENet’s clear language summary of this research, and others, visit www.eenet.ca.
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What is a Domain Name?
Your Domain Name or web address signifies your own address on the Internet.
It is a unique alphanumeric name used for identifying and locating websites on
the Internet. Domain names may consist of letters only, or a combination of
letters and numbers. Domain Names may also have a - ( dash ) or dashes within
the domain name, but not at the beginning or end of the domain name.
As no two parties may ever hold the same Domain Name at the same time,
it is a truly unique identifier of yourself or your business. It is how your customers
will remember you and find you among the millions of other Web sites on the Internet.
Why were Domain Names or web addresses developed?
Domain Names correspond to a series of numbers called Internet protocol numbers
that serve as routing addresses on the Internet. IP addresses are hard to remember
therefore web addresses were developed to permit the use of easily remembered words.
Why do I need to register a Domain Name?
You should register a Domain Name for a number of reasons:
They are scarce. Good Internet Domain Names are a rapidly diminishing commodity.
They are allotted on a first-come, first-serve basis.
They are important. The Internet Domain Name has become a vital part of
In the 21st Century, your Domain Name will be as important as your trademark and
is your online identity in the local and global marketplace.
They are versatile. For example, any email addressed to you at
[email protected] can be forwarded to your current email address.
What does a Domain Name consist of?
A Domain Name will consist of two or more words separated by a period.
For example: mydomain.com
The first part 'mydomain' is called a second-level domain.
The second part '.com' is called a top-level domain.
What is a Top-Level Domain (TLD)?
A top-level domain is the suffix that is attached to the end of a Domain Name.
.com, .net and .org are Top-Level Domains in the hierarchical Domain Name system.
In the Domain Name 'Mydomain.com', the .com is the Top-Level Domain.
Top-Level Domains are the highest-level category of Internet names.
Registry, Registrar, Registrant. What do these words mean?
What is a Registry?
A registry is a company or organization that maintains a centralized registry database for the Top-Level Domains. Currently there is only one Registry for every Top-Level domain, .com, .net and .org. NSI Registry maintains this Registry.
What is a Registrar?
A registrar is an ICANN accredited company or organization that is authorized to provide registration services
for the top-level domains such as .com, .org and .net. Registrars have contractual agreements with their customers. A Registrar submits all newly registered domains into the Registry.
What is a Registrant?
The Registrant is the owner of a Domain Name. The owner may be an individual or an organization to whom
a specific Domain Name is registered.
When a Registrant registers a Domain Name and enters a contractual agreement with the Registrar, they are
the legal owner of a domain name for a specific period of time. The Registrant is bound by the terms of the service agreement.
For example, Toni Smith (Registrant) registers the name 'tonismith.com' through the Registrar who in turn writes the name to the central database (NSI Registry).
Who is ICAAN?
Formed in October 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a non-profit, private sector corporation with a volunteer board of directors. ICANN was formed with the chief responsibility for coordinating four key functions for the Internet: the management of the Domain Name system, the allocation of IP address space, the assignment of protocol parameters, and the management of the root server system.
For a company or organization to operate as a Registrar, they must first obtain ICANN accreditation.
What is the difference between a Registry and a Registrar?
A registry provides direct services to registrars only, not Internet end-users. The Registry database contains only Domain Name service (DNS) information (Domain Name, name server names and name server Internet Protocol [IP] numbers) along with the name of the Registrar that registered the name and basic transaction data. It does not contain any Domain Name Registrant or contact information.
A Registrar provides direct services to Domain Name registrants. The Registrar database contains customer information in addition to the DNS information contained in the registry database. Registrars process name registrations for Internet end-users and then send the necessary DNS information to a Registry for entry into the centralized Registry database and ultimate propagation over the Internet.
Searching for a Domain Name
How do I know if the Domain Name I wish to register is available?
To find out whether a Domain Name is available just enter the name without www. into the Search Box
on our Home Page. You can tick the domain endings you wish to search and see availablibily of many
domain extensions at once.
Can I register more than one Domain Name at a time?
Yes you can. By clicking on the "Search for multiple domain names" link you can register multiple Domain
Names (no limit) at once. When you register multiple domains or have registered many names at an earlier
time, you are eligible for volume discounts, even if later only registering 1 name at a time. After doing a
search for available domain names you can click on the Prices link for full details.
What Top-Level Domains (TLDs) are offered for Registration?
The Domain Name Registration system allows you to register second-level domains under the following top-level domains:
.com: Recommended for commercial entities. Anyone can register a .com domain.
.net: Originally recommended for companies involved in Internet infrastructure. However today, anyone can register a .net domain.
.org: Originally designed for miscellaneous organizations, including non-profit groups. However today,
anyone can register a .org domain.
What are the rules for creating a Domain Name?
The Basic Rules for creating a Domain Name:
They must be between 1 and 63 characters long not including the four characters used to identify the TLD such as .com
They can be made up of letters or numbers. Domain Names are not case sensitive.
The dash symbol (-) is permitted but not at the beginning or end of your Domain Name.
Spaces and special characters are not permitted.
What is the Domain Name Registration Process?
There are five (5) steps to follow to register a Domain Name:
1. Search for a Domain Name using the Search Box.
2. Select the registration term, and provide your contact details.
3. Provide DNS details or simply choose Free Parking for your domain.
4. Review the information for correctness.
5. Agree to the Service Agreement.
6. Provide payment information and submit your request.
How long does the Domain Name Registration Process take?
The process only takes a few minutes as it is all done on-line in real time.
What do I need in order to register a Domain Name?
In order to register a Domain Name you will need to provide the following information:
1. Provide the following personal information for the Domain Name owner, and Administrative, Technical and
Billing contacts. You may choose to simply enter your own details in all contact fields.
In practice if you wish to enter your own details as all 4 contacts above, you only need to enter details
once for owner contact and leave the other boxes ticked to use the same contact details.
a. First Name
b. Last Name
c. Email Address
d. Postal Address
e. Phone Number
f. Tax ID Number ( Names ending in .au only ).
2. Create the following to secure your Domain Name account:
a. Username and Password
b. Prompt Question and Answer
3. Provide your Domain Name Server (DNS) information which can be obtained from your Website Hosting
provider, or choose Free Parking, which will automatically place the correct Name Servers on your domain
record if you also choose us to Host your domain now or in the future.
4. Read and accept our service agreement.
5. Provide your credit card and billing information for payment purposes.
How much does it cost to register a Domain Name?
All our prices for domain names are substantially discounted.
Two levels of pricing are offered:
1. Standard Rate per domain; and
2. Volume Discounts for .com, .net & .org domain names.
All these prices are advertised on our website.
Can a private person register a Domain Name?
The top-level domains .com, .net, and .org are available for registration by any individual or organisation.
You do not have to be a registered business to register top-level domains.
I don't have a Web Site; Can I still register a Domain Name?
Yes. You don't have to have an existing web site or be a registered business to register a Domain Name.
You can register a domain name at any time and start your online identity.
How much time do I have to wait after requesting registration of my Domain Name?
After you have registered your Domain Name and paid for it, it is reserved immediately. From then on,
it is attributed to you and is not available for purchase by anyone else for the term of the registration.
The Domain Name then has to be technically available. This will happen within around 24 hours later,
assuming you have provided the correct technical parameters such as valid DNS servers.
Domains ending in .au will usually take slightly longer as they first go through a manual approval process
as set down by the Australian Government.
How do I know if I have registered a Domain Name successfully?
You will receive a confirmation email from confirming your registration details and member ID.
What should I do if I never received a confirmation email?
Please send an email to us with your Domain Name and date of registration.
Once I have completed the registration process how can I be assured that no one else can
register my Domain Name?
Top-level Domain Name availability is verified by accredited Registrars through a universal database of available Top-level Domain Names. This database is called the SRS or Shared Registration System and what it does is prevent a Domain Name that is successfully registered from being registered through another Domain Name registration site.
Why does my recently registered Domain Name still appear to be available when I go to another
Domain Name registration site and perform a WhoIs search?
Whois searches through other websites do not always update in real time.
If you check your Domain Name after you have completed the registration process for a .com, .net or .org
Domain Name, your WhoIs Domain Name and Contact Information is available online immediately.
If you are querying or searching for your newly registered .com, .net or .org Domain Name's availability
through another Domain Name registration web site and receive a message "No match for domain 'tonismith.com'" it may simply be an indication that the registration web site you are visiting is not displaying the WhoIs information of competing accredited registrars. It does not mean that your Domain Name is still available for registration. If you were to actually attempt registering your new Domain Name through a competing registrar's site, you would receive a message stating, "tonismith.com is not available". This is an indication that the SRS (Shared Registration System) has an entry on file for the Domain Name (i.e., the Domain Name is already registered).
What is an ACN/ABN?
Under the Australian Corporations Law, every company in Australia has been issued with an Australian Company Number (ACN), which must be shown on a range of documents. The purpose of the ACN is to
ensure adequate identification of companies when transacting business. Non-Australian entities can ignore
Australian business entities or entities carrying on a business in Australia who are registered for the goods
and services tax (GST), will be assigned an ABN (Australian Business number) for taxation purposes in
respect of GST charged and paid.
What is a Tax Identification Number?
A Tax Identification Number is the number assigned by an individual country to business entities in respect of the particular consumption tax levied on various goods and services. It is a single identifier for the tax that is charged and the refund you may be entitled to.
For entities in European Union countries and other countries around the world this will be your VAT (Value Added Tax) Registration number. VAT is often recoverable for companies doing business in a foreign jurisdiction if they have VAT registration and if the particular company administers a tax refund scheme. The VAT is also recognized in different countries as MwST, TVA, MOMS and ITA
Domain Name Contacts
Who is the owner of a Domain Name?
The legal owner of a Domain Name is the individual or company whose name is listed at the time of registration. The owner or registrant remains the owner of a Domain Name regardless of whether the administrative contact has been changed since then. The only way to legally change the ownership of a Domain Name is to undergo a Transfer of Domain Name. To review the Transfer of Domain Name Policies, please see our website.
Who are the contacts for a Domain Name?
When you register a Domain Name you are required to nominate the administrative, technical and billing contacts for your domain. These contacts can be individuals other than the owner.
Once you have nominated your domain contacts, each contact will receive an email with their member ID. They will be prompted to visit the website where they have an option to change their password.
Who is the Administrative Contact?
This person is authorized to make decisions on behalf of the owner and perform most domain management functions on behalf of the owner. The administrative contact is also the person or organization that answers legal questions about the Domain Name. Generally the owner or an authorized person from your company is the administrative contact.
Who is the Technical Contact?
The person or organization that makes technical decisions about the Domain Name. This is the person who handles the technical aspects of your domain, such as hosting your web site as well as making decisions regarding IP addresses, and authoritative name servers for the Domain Name.
Who is the Billing Contact?
The person or organization that is invoiced for registration and renewals. This is the person who is responsible for initial and recurring billing for the Domain Name. Keep in mind that it is very important to keep your billing information up to date.
Why do my Domain Name contacts need to become members?
The domain contacts need to become members to be able to access the domain management functions and make changes to your Domain Name. Otherwise their access privileges will be restricted. For example, the Billing contact will need to renew the Domain Name. They need to login to be able to do this.
How do I change administrative, technical or billing information?
Go to Manage Domains and login to your account with your Username and Password. Select modify contact details and then click the Modify Contacts button to to edit the contact details.
How do I change the email addresses for my Domain Name contacts?
If the email addresses associated to the administrative, technical and billing contact are no longer valid or aren't functioning, authorization is required from the Domain Name owner to change the information. The owner must login to Manage Domains and change the email addresses for the administrative, technical and billing contact respectively.
I am not sure whether I am a contact for any Domain Names. How do I check?
If you are unsure whether you have been nominated as the administrative, technical or billing contact for any Domain Names registered, please go to Member ID lookup to find out.
Renewing Your Domain Name
How long does a registration last? Can it be renewed?
Currently the initial registration period is 1 year. The maximum registration period is 10 years.
Can I automatically renew my Domain Name?
Yes. The user has the option to renew a Domain Name from 1 to 10 years at a time. Go to Manage Domains and select renew registrations. Select the Domain Name you wish to renew, enter your payment details and click the renew button.
How do I renew my Domain Name?
When your Domain Name registration comes up for renewal, the person listed as the billing contact for that Domain Name will receive an email. That person will have 30 days to renew the Domain Name's registration. Following the expiration date, the name will be held as registered for a grace period of 30 days. After this period the domain name will be available for registration by interested parties.
Alternatively you can renew your Domain Name through Manage Domains. Go to Renew Registration, select
the domain you wish to renew. At this point you must also indicate the number of years for which you wish
to renew. You can renew Domain Names from 1 to 10 years at a time You are then required to enter your payment details and click the renew button.
Managing Your Domain
How can I make changes to my Domain Names?
Go to Manage Domains. You must login with your username and password to use this. This function will enable you to effectively manage your domain name and make many changes. E.g. changing contact details. You will then be able to choose from a number of possible actions and be given specific instructions online on how you can complete any changes you need to make.
How do I view a complete list of all the names that I have successfully registered?
Go to Manage Domains and select User Summary from the menu. You will see a list of all the domains you have registered and who your domain contacts are.
How do I change contact, billing or administrative information and DNS (Domain Name Server) information?
Making changes to different aspects of your account is a relatively simple process. Go to Manage Domain and login with your username and password. Select modify contact details from the menu and click on a modify contact button. Once you have made a change you will receive a confirmation email.
What sorts of reports can I produce?
There are many different reports that can be produced. You can produce reports on the number of registrations, renewal and transfers for a given period.
Member IDs and a Passwords
What is a Member ID?
Each member is provided with a unique key called the Member ID.
A Member ID is generated for the Domain Name owner as well as the administrative, technical and billing contacts. Knowing the Member ID of a domain contact provides the owner a shortcut during the registration process.
When is the Member ID created?
The member ID for the owner is created automatically during registration for a Domain Name. After the registration process is complete the owner will receive an email with the member ID along with their registration details.
The Administrative, Technical and Billing contacts that were nominated by the owner are also emailed their member ID's. They may visit the website to change their password if they wish.
Do I already have a Member ID?
If you are the Owner, Administrative, Technical or Billing contact for a Domain Name you will have a
member ID as well as a username and password. If you have forgotten your member ID or are not sure
if you have one then go to member ID lookup to find out.
What is the purpose of the Member ID lookup?
Member ID lookup will perform a lookup on all Member ID's if you enter either a last name or a company name. If a match is found, a Member ID, Registrant name and email address will be displayed.
Knowing a your member ID can help you:
It provides you a shortcut during the registration process; and
If you have forgotten your password knowing your Member ID and answering your prompt question will
What is the purpose of a Username and Password?
Your username is unique. All members are asked to provide a username and password.
You need a username and password for two (2) reasons:
1. To maintain the security of your account. It will ensure that no unauthorized parties can access your Domain Name information. To access Member Management and Manage Domains Functions that will enable
you to effectively make amendments to your Domain Name. Eg. changing contact details etc.
2. You can only access member management and domain management once you have entered your username and password.
The username and password is a secure method of keeping your domain name details private.
What is the purpose of the Prompt Question?
In addition to a providing username and password, members are also asked to provide a prompt question
and answer. This adds an extra level of security to your Domain Name information.
Only you should know the answer to your to your prompt question. In the event that you forget your password your prompt question will be asked. If you answer it correctly your password will be emailed to
you and you will gain access to your Domain Name information.
Prompt Question: What is my favourite colour?
Prompt Answer: Blue.
Can I change my Password and Prompt Question?
Yes, Login to your account and go to member services. Select change password from the menu. You will
then be able to change your password and prompt question.
What if I've forgotten my Password?
Go to Remember Password. Your password will be emailed to you if:
You know either your Member ID or Username; and
You can answer your prompt question.
What is WhoIs?
What is a WhoIs search?
If a Domain Name is already registered, a WhoIs search will give you the details of whom it is registered to.
If it is not registered no details will come up this it is an available registration.
Each registrar is responsible for creating and maintaining a WhoIs database for their customers.
Will my name and contact information be publicly available?
All registrars are required to create and maintain a database containing all information on customer's Domain Names. This information is available to the public on a WhoIs site. Customers can query this database online by conducting a WhoIs search.
The information we are required to display in a WhoIs Result page:
The Domain Name
The IP addresses of the Primary and Secondary Server
Original Creation Date of Registration
Expiration date of Registration
Name and Postal Address of the Registrant
Name and Postal Address of Technical Contact
Name and Postal Address of Administrative Contact
What is the difference between the WhoIs information and the Domain Search functionality?
The WhoIs information provides detailed information about an existing registered Domain Name in the
registrar's database. It displays all relevant information pertaining to the Domain Name. If a query is entered
for a domain name that does not exist in the registrar's database, the query will check for the existence of
Domain Names in other Registrars databases through the InterNIC WhoIs service, and the results are
The Domain Search will simply check on the availability of registering a Domain Name. If a Domain Name is taken it will not display the Domain Name information.
Is my billing contact information going to be shown in the WhoIs?
No. The Billing contact information will not be made publicly available.
DNS (Domain Name Servers), IP Addresses and Parking
What is a DNS (Domain Name Server)?
A DNS or Domain Name Server is an integral part of the Domain Name System. It is the system of computers and databases connected to the Internet that are responsible for doing the following:
Translating your Domain Name into an IP (Internet Protocol) address. A Domain Name is a lot easier to remember than a bunch of numbers.
Specifying the mail servers responsible for email distribution for your Domain Name.
What is an IP (Internet Protocol) address?
Domain Names correspond to a series of numbers called IP (Internet Protocol) Addresses. An IP address is
the communications protocol used to exchange data over computer networks. IP addresses allow large, geographical networks of computers to communicate with each other quickly and economically over a variety of physical links. An IP address is the numerical address by which location in the Internet is identified. It consists of four sets of numbers, each of which range from 0 to 255 separated by dots.
Where can I obtain my Domain Name Server (DNS) information?
Your ISP should be able to give you this information. If you have a windows machine, you may be able to obtain this information using IPCONFIG or WINIPCFG from a DOS command or prompt. If you do not have
Name Servers or do not know what they are, you can automatically elect to have the default DNS Servers listed. This is called Free Parking.
What does a DNS (Domain Name Server) do?
The DNS ensures that data, which is sent to a specific address, arrives at that address and no other.
In order to send data to a web address on the Internet, it must have associated with it a unique IP Address.
The DNS provides the association between a Domain Name and its IP Address.
What is "Parking"?
"Parking" is what many people do when they don't have a use for their domains yet or do not have name servers. In order to register a domain though, you must have a name server to put it on. You can automatically elect to have the default DNS servers listed. Parking your domain is free.
What DNS servers do I list as authoritative for my Domain Name?
When registering a Domain Name you must list a primary and secondary server. If you do not have name servers or do not know what they are, you can automatically elect to have the default DNS servers listed. This is called Free Parking.
What is the Primary and Secondary server?
The two host computers on which your Domain Name is hosted. The server information consists of a Name Server and IP address.
My ISP registered my last Domain Name for me. Does this mean it's parked on their computers?
No not necessarily. You will need to check with your ISP to be sure.
Can I modify the DNS server information?
Yes. Once you have registered a domain name you can edit your DNS server information directly through
the Manage Domains menu option. You then select modify DNS details and select the Domain Name.
How long does it take for the changes to DNS information submitted through Manage Domains to take effect?
Domain Name Servers must be registered with a central Registry, NSI Registry. Twice a day, at 11AM and
11PM the root and COM, ORG, NET zones are updated by NSI. This update includes all domain registrations
and modifications up until then. The zones are then progressively placed onto the root servers (the servers
that allow your domain to be available on the Internet). This takes between 24 hours and a few days.
What is web hosting?
Every web address must reside on a Host computer which is a specialized Server computer.
A Host computer is connected to the Internet and provides you with space where your web site is stored
+ bandwidth for the traffic to your site, and other services such as POP email accounts, and detailed stats.
Is web hosting included with my Domain Name registration?
Web hosting is a separate service to Domain Name registration.
Pricing and Payment Terms
How much does it cost to register a Domain Name?
Standard and bulk discounts are offered. To view our pricing structure see our website.
What are the payment options available for Domain Name registrations and renewals?
Only credit card payments for domain name registrations and renewals are accepted.
When do I have to pay for my Domain Name?
In order to register a Domain Name, a valid credit card is currently the means of payment accepted.
Before your Domain Name becomes active your credit details must be approved. This enhances the
availability of Domain Names by preventing them from being tied up by persons not intending to pay for them.
How do I change my billing information?
To change billing information login to your account and go to the Modify Contact Details function in Manage Domain. You can make changes to your credit card information, billing address, email address and credit card information.
Is my Billing contact information publicly available to others?
No. Your billing contact information, including your credit card type, account number, and expiration date,
will remain private and confidential.
The privacy of customers is respected. We will not make your billing information publicly available or include
Do I need to provide different billing information for each Domain Name or is one Billing Contact
Billing information associated with each Domain Name can be different or identical. You can assign the same billing contact to all Domain Names or one billing contact for all.
What if I have changed my mind and I don't want a Domain Name anymore. Can I get a refund?
No. Your payment cannot be refunded. Under the service agreement, you own the Domain Name for the
term you specified in the registration process. To refer to the Service Agreement see our website.
Transferring a Domain Name
Who is the legal owner of a Domain Name?
The legal owner of a Domain Name is the individual or company whose name is listed at the time of registration. The owner or registrant remains the owner of a Domain Name regardless of whether the administrative contact has been changed since then. The only way to legally change the ownership of a Domain Name is to undergo a Transfer of Domain Name.
Can I Transfer my Domain Name to another party?
Yes. Presently only transfers of Domain Names between members are accepted. This means that both
the current and new Registrant must be a member.
A Transfer of Domain Name is the only legal way to change the owner of a Domain Name. Changing Administrative, Technical and Billing contact information does not change the ownership of a domain name.
To view the policies for the Transfer of Domain Name process see our website.
Which Registrant initiates the Transfer of Domain Name? The current Registrant (the owner)
or gaining Registrant?
Only the current Registrant or owner can initiate the Transfer of Domain Name to another member.
How do I Transfer my Domain Name?
To view the procedures for a Transfer of Domain Name see our website.
What are the rules for a Transfer of Domain Name?
To view the policies for a Transfer of Domain Name see our website.
What are the various types of transfers?
The following transactions are considered transfers and therefore must go through a Transfer of
From a person to a person
From an organization to an organization
From a person to an organization
From an organization to a person
What are some of the reasons why the ownership of a Domain Name would be transferred from
one party to another?
There are many reasons why Domain Names are transferred. These could include:
The result of a court order
A contract between two or more parties
A purchase agreement
Dissolution of an entity
How much does it cost to transfer a Domain Name and who is responsible for the fee?
There is no transfer fee. The Transfer of Domain Name is treated as new registration.
Firstly the new owner must become a member. They must then register the Domain Name for a minimum term of twelve (12) months and pay the relevant fee at the current rate.
Can the Transfer of Domain Name be performed on-line or is paperwork required?
The Transfer of Domain Name process is performed on-line. No manual printing out and signing of forms is required.
How secure is the Transfer of Domain Name Process?
The transfer process is very secure. The following checks have been put in place to ensure that an unauthorized transfer does not occur:
1. The current Registrant must obtain the new Registrant's member ID before proceeding with the transfer;
2. The transfer is also protected by a secure password nominated by the current Registrant that must be confirmed by the new Registrant;
3. Both parties must confirm their intention to proceed with the transfer;
4. The registrar's Administrator can overrule and deny the transfer if there is valid reason.
To view the policies for a Transfer of Domain Name see our website.
How long will it take for a Transfer of Domain Name to be complete?
The maximum time a Transfer of Domain Name will take is up to ten (10) days.
The registrar's Administrator has up to five (5) days to explicitly approve or deny the transfer.
If approved, the new Registrant has up to five (5) days to either accept of reject the transfer.
Are both parties kept informed of what the current status of the transfer is?
Yes. Regardless of which stage the process is at both parties are provided on-line status reports. These are
viewed alongside the Domain Name in the User Summary screen. Both parties will also receive confirmation
emails from the registrar's Administrator.
How long does the registrar's Administrator have to reject the Transfer of Domain Name and if so
on what grounds?
The registrar's Administrator has only five (5) days to explicitly approve or deny the transfer. To view the
Transfer of Domain Name Policy, which includes grounds for rejection see our website.
If the registrar's Administrator rejects the Transfer of Domain Name will the current Registrant
Yes. The registrar's Administrator will notify the current Registrant via email if they reject the transfer.
If the new Registrant rejects the Transfer of Domain Name will the current Registrant be notified?
Yes. If the new or incumbent Registrant rejects the pending transfer, the domain transfer request will be
aborted. The current Registrant will be kept informed of the status of the transfer request throughout the
Transfer from another Registrar
How do I transfer my Domain Name from another Registrar?
In order to obtain proper authorization to replace your existing Registrar you must complete a Transfer from
another Registrar. To view the steps involved see our website.
What are the rules for a Transfer from another Registrar?
To view the policies for a Transfer from another Registrar please see our website.
What if I want to transfer my Domain Name to another Registrar?
The Registrar you are transferring to is responsible for the transfer. They must initiate all proceedings.
What information do I need in order to initiate a Registrar transfer for my Domain Name registration?
The Registrant will need to become a member before they can login and initiate the transfer process.
Please refer to the procedure for the Transfer from another Registrar.
How long will it take for my Transfer from another Registrar to be approved?
The Transfer from another Registrar process can take up to ten (10) days for the process to be complete.
The Registrant (who initiates the transfer) has up to five (5) days to confirm the request is legitimate; and
The relinquishing Registrar has up to five (5) days to explicitly approve or reject the transfer;
The transfer approval process is dependant on the approval of the above parties.
How much does it cost to transfer from another Registrar?
There is no fee to Transfer from another Registrar. The Registrant must become a member and enter into
a new registration agreement with a minimum term of twelve (12) months and pay the relevant fee at the current rate.
How secure is the Transfer from another Registrar Process?
The transfer process is very secure. The following checks have been put in place to ensure that an unauthorized transfer does not occur:
1. The request to transfer must be verified and approved by the registrar's administrator before the
transfer process proceeds.
2. A confirmation email will be sent to the owner and administrative contact simultaneously to verify that
the request is legitimate.
3. The relinquishing Registrar must have given their approval before the transfer is complete.
To view the policies for a Transfer from another Registrar see our website.
How long does the losing Registrar have to either accept or reject the Transfer?
The relinquishing Registrar has only five (5) days to explicitly approve or deny the transfer.
Is the Registrant kept informed of what the current status of the transfer is?
Yes, regardless of what stage the process is at, the Registrant is provided an online status report.
This is viewed alongside the Domain Name in the Domain Summary screen. The Registrant will also
receive a confirmation email.
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Proteinuria is a condition that happens when you have too much protein in your urine, a symptom that’s sometimes associated with urinary tract infections or conditions like diabetes. You can even have a temporary rise in urine protein after a particularly heavy workout where you perspire a lot.
But when proteinuria happens during pregnancy, it can have a different meaning. That’s because in pregnant women, proteinuria can be a sign of preeclampsia, a potentially dangerous blood pressure complication that can affect both the mom-to-be and the developing baby. Furthermore, proteinuria can be a sign of kidney damage unrelated to pregnancy, which might be discovered during pregnancy.
With four locations in Houston and Cypress, Texas, Houston Kidney Specialists Center helps pregnant moms get the care they need for proteinuria, so they and their babies can stay healthy. If you’re pregnant or planning to get pregnant, here’s what our team wants you to know about proteinuria and pregnancy.
How proteinuria happens
Sometimes, proteinuria occurs temporarily, such as if you get a fever, urinary tract infection, or if you overexert yourself. Even dehydration can disrupt your kidney activity for a short period of time.
When it comes to proteinuria during pregnancy, this can occur because the body undergoes lots of temporary changes, and some of the changes happen in the kidneys. As a result, pregnant women routinely have higher levels of protein in their urine. But there’s a definite cutoff that helps clinicians identify proteinuria so moms-to-be can have additional testing.
Furthermore, a mother might be affected by chronic proteinuria due to kidney damage unrelated to pregnancy. With chronic proteinuria there’s a problem with the glomerulus, which are clusters of tiny capillaries that help the kidneys function. These tiny filtering tubes inside your kidneys can malfunction and prevent protein absorption. This condition is known as nephrotic syndrome.
Symptoms of proteinuria
Proteinuria often causes no symptoms in its early stages. For many pregnant women, urine test results are the first “symptom” they encounter. When symptoms do occur, they can include:
- Fluid retention (edema)
- Facial puffiness
- Urinating a lot
- Shortness of breath
- Muscle cramps
- Nausea and vomiting
Of course, these symptoms can also be attributed to pregnancy, especially in the later stages, making diagnosis based on symptoms problematic.
This is one big reason why you have a urine test at every prenatal checkup. With regular urine tests, your doctor can spot elevated protein levels right away, so you can receive prompt care.
Treating proteinuria in pregnancy
Proteinuria itself may not need any treatment if it’s caused by a temporary issue, such as dehydration. But if nephrotic syndrome is suspected, then you’ll need medical management to avoid complications for you and your baby.
And, since proteinuria is associated with preeclampsia, monitoring your blood pressure frequently will be part of your care. If your blood pressure is high, you may need to take medication to lower it.
Study data suggest pregnant women with nephrotic syndrome can be managed with a combination of medications to remove excess fluids, restore normal protein levels in the blood, and prevent abnormal clotting. During your treatment, our team will work closely with your OB/GYN to provide comprehensive, custom care.
Care for your kidneys
The kidneys are complex filtering systems that cleanse your blood and eliminate wastes and toxins. During pregnancy, they work extra hard to protect you and your developing baby.
To learn more about proteinuria and kidney problems during pregnancy, call 281-429-8780 or book an appointment online with Houston Kidney Specialists Center today.
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On Wednesday, June 19, anyone with Buffalo State ID can visit Old Fort Niagara in Youngstown for free. While touring the historic fort, first settled by Europeans in 1679, guests are welcome to visit Buffalo State’s 2013 Archaeological Field School.
Eleven Buffalo State students are taking part in a dig at Old Fort Niagara this summer, where they are excavating an American barracks that was built between 1807 and 1810. They are working under the direction of Susan Maguire, assistant professor of anthropology, who is continuing her work at the fort. Sean Johnston, ’13, is serving as teaching assistant.
“I’m interested in the intersection between archaeology and history,” said Maguire. The objects found so far this summer include a pipe fragment, slag from smelting iron (probably from a blacksmith’s work), trade beads of glass and bone, fragments of dishes, French flint, and a button from a naval uniform worn during the War of 1812. “We don’t know much about the lives of ordinary people from this time,” she said. “This helps us understand them better.”
Maguire used plans of the fort and GIS technology to locate the barracks. The team plotted out three pits, each three meters by three meters, along what they expected was the wall of the barracks. Sure enough, students uncovered the stones that served as the foundation for the walls.
A team of four students works on one pit for the duration of the six-week class. Each layer of soil is sifted to make sure that no artifacts go undiscovered. The ground itself tells a story: one pit contains a square trench with ash residue. Maguire and the students speculated that the trench once contained a burning square beam, perhaps ignited when the British forces recaptured the fort from the Americans in December 1813. The excavation continues until sterile soil—soil undisturbed by human activities—is reached, about three feet below the surface.
The students take turns serving as site interpreter by staffing a booth and answering questions posed by visitors. “That gives students a great opportunity to learn how to explain the work they’re doing,” said Maguire. “Being part of the dig and doing hands-on work brings out different skills than classroom work. You can see the light bulbs go on as students see the link between textbooks, research, and field work.”
Jerome Brubaker, assistant director and curator of Old Fort Niagara, said that it was helpful to have the class on site. “It gives our visitors an additional opportunity to understand the importance of the fort and to get answers to their questions,” he said.
As one of the students showed a piece of pottery, she said, “I like to imagine how many people handled these 200 years ago.” For student interpreter Matt James, who has been fascinated by the fort since he was a kid, this experience is simply “a dream comes true.”
Pictured: Students locate one corner of the barracks, built around 1808.
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Editor’s Note: The American Chemical Society is also issuing a press release today embargoed for 5am Eastern Time that can be requested at [email protected] or call 504-670-6721.
NEW ORLEANS, March 19, 2018 — Up until now, local inflammation and scar tissue from the so-called “foreign body response” has prevented the development of in-body sensors capable of continuous, long-term monitoring of body chemistry. But today scientists are presenting results showing tiny biosensors that become one with the body have overcome this barrier, and stream data to a mobile phone and to the cloud for personal and medical use.
“While fitness trackers and other wearables provide insights into our heart rate, respiration and other physical measures, they don’t provide information on the most important aspect of our health: our body’s chemistry,” explained Natalie Wisniewski, Ph.D. “Based on our ongoing studies, tissue-integrated sensor technology has the potential to enable wearables to live up to the promise of personalized medicine, revolutionizing the management of health in wellness and disease.” Dr. Wisniewski, who leads the team of biosensor developers, is the chief technology officer and co-founder of Profusa Inc., a San Francisco Bay Area-based life science company.
The researchers are presenting their results today at the 255th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS). ACS, the world’s largest scientific society, is holding the meeting here through Thursday. It features more than 13,000 presentations on a wide range of science topics.
Overcoming the Foreign Body Response
Conventional sensors, such as those found in continuous glucose monitors, have a sensing electrode wire that penetrates the skin to measure a target chemical in the fluid that surrounds cells. But because the body “sees” the electrode as foreign material, it needs to be removed and replaced within several days at a different location to avoid the effects of inflammation and scar tissue that eventually prevents the electrode from functioning accurately.
The team at Profusa is developing a family of tiny biosensors composed of a tissue-like hydrogel, similar to a soft contact lens, that are painlessly placed under the skin with a single injection. Rather than being isolated from the body, the biosensors work fully integrated within the body’s tissue — without any metal device or electronics, thereby overcoming the body’s attempts to reject it. To date, the injected biosensors have functioned for as long as four years.
Smaller than a grain of rice, each biosensor is a flexible fiber about 5 mm long and half a millimeter wide, comprised of a porous scaffold that induces capillary and cellular ingrowth from surrounding tissue. The hydrogel is linked to light-emitting fluorescent molecules that continuously signal in proportion to the concentration of a body chemical, such as oxygen, glucose, or other biomolecule of interest.
Adhered to the skin’s surface or held by hand, a separate optical reader is used to read the fluorescent signal from the embedded biosensor. The reader sends excitation signals through the skin to the biosensor, which then emits fluorescent light in response to the biomolecule present. The data is relayed to a smart phone for an encrypted personal record and historical tracking. Data can be shared securely via digital networks with healthcare providers.
The Lumee™ Oxygen Platform, the first medical application of the biosensor technology, was approved for sale last year in Europe, and is helping wound-healing specialists track oxygen in the lower extremities of patients undergoing treatment for chronic limb ischemia. The device is aimed at avoiding amputations by providing information to caregivers about declining oxygen levels in a patient’s limb. In addition to measuring oxygen, Dr. Wisniewski and her colleagues at Profusa are developing biosensors for continuous monitoring of glucose, lactate, carbon dioxide, and other molecules, toward broadening their biosensor applications in health and disease.
About Profusa Inc.
Profusa is leading the development of bioengineered sensors that become one with the body to detect and continuously transmit actionable, medical-grade data of body chemistry for personal and medical use. Overcoming the foreign-body response to implantable monitoring for long-term use, its tissue-integrated biosensors open the door to accessing, connecting and applying body chemistry in unprecedented ways, transforming the management of personal health and disease. Profusa’s Lumee™ Oxygen Platform is CE Marked for sale in the EU for monitoring tissue-oxygen perfusion in the clinical management of peripheral artery disease and chronic wounds. In the U.S., the Lumee is an Investigational Device limited by U.S. law to Investigational Use. Profusa Inc. is a privately held company based in South San Francisco, Calif. See http://www.profusa.com for more information.
The research is based upon work supported by DARPA, the Biological Technologies Office (BTO), and ARO grant [W911NF-16-1-0341]. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of DARPA, BTO, the ARO, or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation thereon.
Research reported in this press release is supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01 EB016414. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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The U.S. Census Bureau announced that the 2010 Census showed the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2010, was 308,745,538.
The resident population represented an increase of 9.7 percent over the 2000 U.S. resident population of 281,421,906. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke, Acting Commerce Deputy Secretary Rebecca Blank and Census Bureau Director Robert Groves unveiled the official counts at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C.
What is the Census?
The U.S. Constitution requires a national census once every 10 years.
The census is a count of everyone residing in the United States:
in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa.
This includes people of all ages, races, ethnic groups, both citizens and non-citizens.
How does the Census affect you?
Census information helps determine locations for schools, roads, hospitals, child-care and senior citizen centers, and more.
Businesses use census data to locate supermarkets, shopping centers, new housing and other facilities.
Census data affect your voice in Congress by determining how many seats each state will have in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Every year, more than $300 billion in federal funds is awarded to states and communities based on census data. That’s more than $3 trillion over a 10-year period.
When is the Census?
February and March 2010: The Census questionnaires are mailed out.
April 1: Census Day.
April to July 2010: Census takers will visit households that did not return the questionnaires.
What does the Census ask?
The 2010 Census questionnaire asks only a few simple questions of each person—name, relationship, gender, age and date of birth, race, and whether the respondent owns or rents his or her home. This simple, short questionnaire takes just a few minutes to complete and return by mail.
Who will see this information?
The Census Bureau does not release or share information that identifies individual respondents or their household for 72 years.
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Are people from the United States of America "Americans"?
I have seen sometimes on this website that people from other places in North and South America do not like the idea of people from the United States of America being referred to as "Americans".
Is this really true?
Here in the Estados Unidos de Mexico - where people refer to themselves as "Mexicans", people from the United States are referred to as "Norteamericanos".
Why is it OK to refer to people from the United States of Mexico as Mexicans and not OK to refer to people from the United States of America as Americans?
I think that sometimes people can be completely insensitive to the feelings of other and other times people make problems out of thin air. To me, this is one of the latter cases. Trying to call people from the USA "Staters" or "United Staters" takes political correctness to an absurd extreme.
I understand that the Americas are one contiguous land mass (if you make allowances for the Panama canal), but so are Europe and Asia, and if you make the same allowances for the Suez Canal that are made for the Panama Canal then in reality Europe, Asia and Africa could all be considered a single continent. Last time I checked, however, there were still seven continents.
On the other hand, the discussion of continents is somewhat irrelevant, from what I can tell, when you consider that the word "nationality" refers to the names with which nations use to describe their own citizens and not to the names by which entire continents are classified. The idea of a nation, is a political distinction, and therefore an artificial one. Moreover, ideas like United States; Confederation; Republic are political ideas based on organization and do not generally refer to the name of the country itself. As petersenkid has already noted there is more than one United States on the North American continent.
It might help to remember that every sovereign nation on the contiguous American continent (North and South America) was at one time part of a colonial system of some European power. At the time that America broke away from its colonial roots to form its own sovereign nation, the fact of the matter is that there were no other United States in America. The history of this name dates back to the second continental congress and the Declaration of Independence (in 1776 and at least 30 years before any other nation of the Western Hemisphere would gain independence) in which the following declaration was made to the world:
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved;
Still, it is an odd twist of language (and possibly one which lacks precidence) to call a nations citizenry by the political organization that the nation identifies with rather than by the name that it chooses for itself. It would be as if instead of calling Chileans or Colombians by this name they were instead to be identified (in terms of nation of origin) simply as "republicans" based on the fact that the official names of these countries are the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Colombia, respectively.
Even stranger is that throughout history, there are and have been numerous Confederations, Republics and United States in the world, yet some would feel it more of a slight to refer to citizens of the U.S. as somehow uniquely of this character (i.e. estadounidense) than to simply refer to them as Americans. That is to say that citizens of the US are labeled as citizens of THE (one and only) United States yet this somehow comes across to some as less presumptuous than to apply the label of "Americans."
Of course considering how many nations, following America's successful bid at independence, tried to model in whole or in part their first attempts at independence on the example presented by the United States, I suppose that it does make some sense that people might recognize the U.S. as THE United States. For example
At the same time, however, the entire argument (at least to me) is ridiculous. Throughout history, nations can and have had the sole discretion in terms of naming their own nations. Often a nation is named on the basis of some particular cultural tie to a person or landmass. The story is no different with the US. At the time that the U.S. came into existence, there was no other nation named "America." I imagine that use of the name probably had something to do with the fact that those on the continent were likely drawing a distinction between themselves and their European (in particular, English) counterparts whom they no longer identified with. That is that they no longer felt as strongly tied to the European continent but now felt more a part of the American continent.
In any event, it seems a bit petty that anyone should actually become angry with this peculiarity in nomenclature. After all, Christopher Columbus is often credited with "discovering" the Americas, yet I doubt anyone makes much of stink when it comes to the fact that Colombia is named after him. We are all "the Land of Columbus," yet only one nation in this Hemisphere has had the hubris to claim this for themselves. For that matter, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama should all rightfully have the same claim for its citizenry considering that they were all originally part of Greater Colombia which eventually split, leaving the Republic of Colombia to retain the rights to this particular name.
Considering Simón Bolívar helped lead the peoples of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela to Independence, I suppose that there is also an argument that each of these countries could lay claim to being "Bolivians."
Then there is Ecuador. There are at least nine other countries in the world through which the equator runs, yet there seems to be no vocal opposition to the people of this nation laying claim to the title of "people of the equator." Probably even the most presumptuous of all would be the nation of El Salvador whose citizens purportedly belong to THE "Republic of the Savior."
Of course this entire discussion is both ridiculous and superfluous because we all know that us "Americans" -- that's right, I said us "Americans" -- just love to tick people off. I mean, not only do we take the name of the whole blasted continent(s) and claim it for ourselves, we also go and name a state after an entire people who live on entirely different continent (incidentally, I wonder if Georgians [from the U.S. state] and Georgians [from the European state] ever duke it out over who the real Georgians are). And we all know that the "real" Paris is in Texas. Then again, we have also been known to create the same type of confusion over names within our own nation (Quick pop quiz: if you are from Washington, do you live on the East Coast or the West Coast?)
I guess what it all boils down to is that if you wanted to be called the nation of "Americans" then your country probably should have thought of it first....or at least laid claim to the title before the U.S. did. In any case, after nearly 250 years of being referred to (as a nation) as Americans, it is a bit late to start crying foul play now.
Besides, if you start changing things now, then what will become of all those "cleverly" contrived euphemisms that we seem to churn out every so often in the name of political correctness. Would you actually desire that we actually coin new terminology like "African-United-Statesarian" and "Asian-United-Statesarian" to replace the already garish terminology that is currently employed? I just can't do it.. I was raised an American, and by gum I am going to die an "American". Besides "UnitedStatesarian" is just too durned hard to say.
I don't quite understand this either. I am from the USA, and just because I would consider myself an "American" does not at all mean that I am not acknowledging the fact our whole continent is the "North American continent" and that there are other people in our continent besides our individual country. It's just what we have been raised to say.
And personally, I especially don't understand the criticism of those who call themselves "Americans" for using that term on THIS site, of all places, where we are obviously pretty cultured and aware of other cultures, since we are here to learn about Spanish and the various Spanish-speaking cultures.
Sorry if this comes across as abrasive, I don't mean it in bad spirits at all! I just don't understand why it is an issue.
Complicated argument. I do believe that many people from the rest of the Americas do resent that citizens of the United States of America refer to themselves as "Americans". Strictly speaking, they shouldn't even be "Norteamericanos", because Norteamérica includes both Mexico and Canada. One problem is that there isn't a word in English equivalent to Estadounidense, so they don't really know what else to call themselves...
Lots of people in the Hispanic Americas simply settle for "Gringos", although that word was originally used for the English invaders - and of course it tends to have some offensive overtones, and many US citizens don't very much like being addressed in that manner.
Anyway, this is an old argument that never gets settled, so I'm not sure that it will get very far this time around, eiher.
I'm not sure if this is the correct answer, however, I have heard that people from the United States of America are called Americans because we have the word "America" in the name of our country.
I have never heard Mexico referred to as the United States of Mexico. But even if it is called that, the word Mexico is included in that name, therefore people from this country are called "Mexicans" in the same way we are called "Americans".
It is true that all people living in North, Central and South America live in "the Americas". I'm sure there is also a better explanation, but this is the only one I have heard of so far.
I have seen similar remarks here.
I suppose we should ask citizens of the USA how they would like us to refer to them.
I have been called English and British. Both are accurate, either is acceptable, although I tend to use English.
I cannot really add to what has been said at length above but will confirm that the citizens of the USA calling themselves "Americans" does annoy people here in Bolivia.
People here consider themselves as Americans.
Anyone note the hypocrisy in this statement (not on your part Ian, just in the attitude presented). If someone who lives in the U.S. calls themselves an American then it is "annoying" to someone living in Bolivia, yet in the very next breath it is implied that it is OK for a Bolivian to consider themselves American. Strange.
If you look up the terms citizenship or citizen (ciudadanía o ciudadano) you will find that these terms refer to the relationship between a person and the city or country in which he lives -- not the continent that they live in. A Bolivian, then, when speaking in terms of citizenship is not an American citizen.
There are many Nations in the Americas but only one American nation.
On the other hand, I can see how this might sound presumptuous 200 some-odd years later; however, in light of the fact that at this nation's inception and for at least the first 30 to 50 years thereafter, it was THE, one and only, United States of America.
The other peoples who would grow to be nations were merely (in terms of political divisions) extended provinces of other European nations. I wonder how these same Bolivians would feel if some country's citizens were to show annoyance at the fact that they had "monopolized" the name of Simón Bolívar in naming their country....as though any person of any country in this day and age actually had any say so as to what a country chose to name itself over a hundred years ago. Just plain strange.
I have never heard a person from the south of the U.S. / Mexico border or north of the U.S. Canada, when asked about his nationality say "I am an American." In arguments/discussion such as this, I have heard "Yo también soy de América (o de las Américas")." (but that's a matter of context). I cannot believe that the same person, if asked by the immigration people when arriving in a European/Asian country and being asked "What is your nationality?" would ever answer "I am an American."
Since New York is a fairly well known city, I usually reply "Soy de Nueva York" (and 9 times out of 10 the response is "Ah, eres americano/norteamericano" (to which, I modestly respond, "pues, sí".
If the PC terminology that is so popular in the U.S. is to be observed, then I would expect that the Aztecs, Mayans, and Mapuches, et al. should all be referred to as "native Americans" (in disregard of the many other people who were born somewhere in the Americas).
When the goal of language becomes "not offending anyone's sensibilities", communication becomes impossible.
I like very much what was said above:
I do believe that many people from the rest of the Americas do resent that citizens of the United States of America refer to themselves as "Americans". Strictly speaking, they shouldn't even be "Norteamericanos", because Norteamérica includes both Mexico and Canada.
I have heard US citizens say that Mexico was part of South America. I am one of those persons that do resent US citizens who call themselves "American" and frown upon any other person from Latin America who also dare call themselves "American". The American continent is from Canada to Chile, so we are all Americans.
However, since USA is "United States of America" I do understand why they call themselves "Americans"; I do not mean any offense whatsoever, but can't quite see USA as a name for a country; more like the literal meaning: united states of America.
Why is it OK to refer to people from the United States of Mexico as Mexicans and not OK to refer to people from the United States of America as Americans?
My answer would be because we are all American: Canadians, Mexicans, Nicaraguans, Chileans, Peruvians, Cubans... you name it and many US citizens (in my experience) scold Latin Americans because we use that term too.
It is a very touchy subject, a very complicated argument, and my answers are not meant to offend anyone at all... if I did, I am terribly sorry and will edit my post if asked.
Until recently i always thought that only people from the USA were called "Americans" but then when my Mexican boyfriend showed me an American programme that took the mickey out of British people (grrrrr ) and i started to defend my country from that poor attempt at humour, he pointed out that he too was an American and he pretended to take offence at the things i had said about America (It was only in defence!! I think America is an amazing country...wait! continent ). He said that people in Mexico like to refer to themselves as Americans as well as Mexicans.
I'm not sure if what I've just written is relevant to your question - sorry if not :S. It's quite a confusing concept
I call myself an American when I'm speaking English and estadounidense when I'm speaking Spanish. There really isn't a good alternative in English, but there is in Spanish. Japanese takes it to more of an extreme. While they do have names for citizens of other countries, in general you are either Japanese or you're not.
I have been told by people in South America that they don't like estadounidenses calling themselves americanos. It is a bit arrogant, if you look at it from their point of view. On the other hand, I don't think norteamericano is appropriate either, since that slights our Canadian and Mexican continent-mates.
My attitude is that words mean what people agree they mean. Most people agree that in English an American is from the United States. In Spanish they generally agree that the correct word is estadounidense. I go with the flow.
The official name of Mexico is the United Mexican States, not the United States of Mexico, a small difference to be sure. Here is the link to the entry in Wikipedia:
As far as people in the USA not referring to themselves as Americans, what do you think they should call themselves? Staters? United Staters?
The learned people on this site are for the most part aware that the United States is just one country in North America but it is unbelievable how many Americans I have encountered that do not know this and some are my relatives!. I am from Canada in North America and call myself Canadian. Someone from the United States, being only one country, could hardly call themselves United Statesians and so they have always referred to themselves as Americans. Since there are many countries in South America the citizens refer to themselves usually with ian at the end of whatever the country is.ie. Brazilians, Chileans etc. It is usually when I am in Europe and I am asked what country I am from, that I am faced with having to explain that Canada is also in North America and the United States does not comprise all of North America. I have explained to it Belgiums, Parisiennes, Italians, Bosnians and many more. It becomes tiring after a while. The questions go something like "And are you from America?" "Yes, but I am Canadian. "I thought you would be an American if you are from America" Sigh!
My experience in traveling thru Latin America has been a mixed use of the words. Some are okay with Americanos while others want to use Norteamericanos to differentiate. Seems Canadiens are genreally lumped together with US Citizens. The US State Dept teaches estadounidense in its language training, which seems to slowly be catching on. It does clarify, but takes a new speaker a while to get used to saying.
I travel to Argentina twice a year with my girlfriend, so this is answer is from my experience.. The traditional name for someone from the USA in South America is "Yankee". There is a very negative connotation to this term, since the US supported dictatorships in South America for decades. (Read about Operation Condor.) Recently, the term "Gringo" has been catching on. It, too, has a somewhat negative connotation, but nothing like Yankee. I describe myself as a Gringo to people I meet in Argentina, and I often get a chuckle or a smile. By the way, "Gringo" comes from the Mexican-American War, 1845-1848. A popular song at the time that the US troops sang was "Green Grow the Violets".
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Take a walk, jog with your dog, ride your bike, cross-country ski or hang out with your laptop at Fullersburg Woods Nature Education in Oak Brook. Whether you prefer to study wildlife through a picture window or head out for your own excursion with a nature backpack, the education center offers something for every nature lover.
Nature Education Center
The nature education center provides an engaging, interactive introduction to the local environment. There, visitors can explore the world of Salt Creek and its inhabitants and learn how to identify common birds and animal tracks. They can get up close and personal with the 13,000-year-old skeleton of a woolly mammoth or use microscopes and spotting scopes to examine creatures that call DuPage County home today. Visitors can also find answers to nature-related questions from the center’s staff of expert naturalists, who love talking about native plants and animals almost as much as they love learning about nature themselves!
Modern restrooms, a drinking fountain, and information on other DuPage County forest preserves complement the visitor center’s exhibits.
Scheduled programs for individuals, families and groups focus on natural resources and feature activities from tapping maple trees, identifying spring wildflowers to tracking resident and migrant wildlife.
During the summer, children ages 4 – 12 learn about nature art, camping and habitats through half-day camps at Camp FBW. For session information and registration forms, visit Camps for Kids or Teens.
For Teachers and Students
Each year more than 35,000 school children visit Fullersburg Woods Nature Education Center to learn about the local natural environment and how they can improve conditions for future generations. In fact, the center offers several field-trip and outreach programs, which meet state curriculum standards.
In addition, the center offers professional-development programs with CPDU credits for educators. For more information about Fullersburg's programs, visit Students and Scouts or call 630-850-8110.
For Scout Leaders and Scouts
Learn more about opportunities for Scouts and other youth groups at Fullersburg by visiting Students and Scouts.
Graue Mill and Museum & Frederick Graue House
Located in the southern corner of Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Graue Mill and Museum is one of the area’s remaining authenticated Underground Railroad “stations” and the only operating waterwheel gristmill in Illinois. Programs on milling, spinning and weaving illustrate life between 1850 and 1890 and the effect mills had on the area’s culture. The restored Frederick Graue House, the 1850s Victorian home of the Graue family, is a perfect venue for small private functions.
Both facilities are owned by the Forest Preserve District and operated by the nonprofit DuPage Graue Mill Corporation. The mill is open mid-April to mid-November. House rental information is available by request. For details, visit Graue Mill, call 630-920-9720 or send an email to [email protected].
Ben Fuller House
The area that is now Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve emerged in 1833 as one of the first settlements along Salt Creek. Benjamin Fuller platted much of the land along the waterway and built his home, which now stands on the east side of York Road, sometime near 1840.
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3600 BC: Gold is first smelted in ancient Egypt.
2600 BC: Egyptian hieroglyphs describe gold as being “more plentiful than dirt”. The earliest known map dates from this time and shows the plan of a gold mine. The first gold jewellery is also seen.
1223 BC: Tutankhamun’s funeral mask is crafted using gold.
600 BC: The first gold coins are struck in Lydia, Asia Minor. These are a crude mix of gold and silver.
560 BC: The Lydians learn how to refine these metals and the world’s first bi-metallic coinage is created: gold and silver. These are called Croesids after their King, Croesus. Because of their consistent gold content, Croesids start to be an accepted form of currency and are traded with confidence.
546 BC: The King of Lydia is captured by the Persians, who adopt gold as the main metal for their coins.
500 AD: The ancient Chinese state of Chu circulates the Ying Yuan, a gold square coin.
1300: Hallmarking is first established at Goldsmith’s Hall in London.
1370-1420: Mining in Europe becomes so prevalent that mines are almost emptied. This period is known as The Great Bullion Famine.
1489: The first gold Sovereign is struck under the reign of King Henry VII.
1717: The UK sets the gold standard. This means currency is linked to gold at a fixed rate.
1816: The industrial revolution causes the financial landscape, and the way we produce money, to change dramatically. Steam-powered coining presses designed by Matthew Boulton and James Watt make the money-making process seamless and far more efficient. It’s at this time that The Royal Mint moves from The Tower of London to new premises on nearby Tower Hill.
1848: The California Gold Rush begins when gold is found at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma by James W Marshall.
1870-1900: The rest of the world apart from China adopts the gold standard.
1914: Many countries move to fractional gold standards, inflating their currencies to help pay for the First World War. They don’t return to the gold standard until 1925.
1944: After the Second World War the gold standard is replaced by a system of nominally convertible currencies related by fixed exchange rates called the Bretton Woods Agreement.
Although gold initially served as the base reserve currency, the US dollar gradually becomes the reserve currency which is linked to the price of gold. Central banks continue to keep a portion of their liquid reserves as gold in some form.
The International Monetary Fund and World Bank are both established.
1971-73: US President Richard Nixon abandons the Bretton Woods Agreement. This means the dollar and other global currencies are no longer linked to the value of gold and the US can effectively print money at will.
1999: The first Central Bank Gold Agreement (CBGA) is agreed. European banks affirm that gold will continue to be an important part of their monetary reserves. They also cap gold sales at 400 tonnes per year over next five years.
2010: World Bank president advocates a return to the gold standard to help combat floating exchange rates.
2014: The Royal Mint Bullion trading platform is launched allowing investors a chance to purchase gold bullion coins directly from The Royal Mint.
2015: January: Royal Mint Refinery branded gold bars are available for the first time in over half a century.
2015: June: Signature Gold is launched by Royal Mint Bullion allowing investors the chance to purchase gold from as little as £20, and store it in the Royal Mint Vault.
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History of Abohar
The ancient city of Abohar is very old and dates back to the 12th century. Known as 'Abhegarh' in the earlier times, it was 'Abheraj Bhatti' who founded this city. Later on, it was known as Abohar. The Bhattis are said to belong to the Jatu family. It is said that several centuries ago two persons called Sumija and Bhatti had come to Abohar from Mathura.
After a few generations, two sons were born in Bhatti's family. They were called Dusul and Jaisul. Jaisul went on to become the Raja of Jaisalmer. Dusul stayed on in his hometown and had one son whose name was Janra. It was Janra who is believed to have founded the town of Abohur. He named it after his wife Abho.
Abohar, then known as 'Aabu nagar', came under the reign of Aabu Chandni. His rule was followed by the rule of Raja Hari Chand. The latter once fell very ill and was told by his physicians that he would get well only if the blood of the horses that belonged to the famous saints - the Panj Peers - were rubbed on his body.
The king had a very brave daughter who immediately set out to get the horses. However, the king passed away before she could reach him. The Panj Peers than requested the king’s daughter to return the horses, which she refused. It is said that the Panj Peers got very annoyed at this and destroyed the city with their curse.
At the time of the British rule, the ancient city was more of ruins. It had a total population of just over 5000 people. Even today, these ruins are visible as one enters the city of Abohar. The mound of stones and sand is known as Theh in the local language. There are several old Gurudwaras and temples too that are located in the region. Many people come to visit these places of historical and religious significance.
At the time of independence, the city witnessed Hindu-Muslim war. After independence, it became a subdivision of the district of Fazilka. Abohar is now a well-developed city with a population of over 2 lakh people. It carries all the aspects of a modern city and offers several educational, entrepreneurial and several other facilities to the people of the region. It is run by several administrative bodies that are constantly making efforts to further develop the region.
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Eco Sustainability | Water Fill Up Station
Water is the source of life, which makes water bottle an important part of our lives. Even though single-use plastic bottles seem convenient, they are not the best for the environment. They take oil to produce. They are also impossible to biodegrade, which makes them a significant pollution contributor. From production to disposal, single-use plastic bottles create a tremendous environmental impact which can be harmful. At WaterMonster, sustainability is one of our top priorities which is why we offer a water fill up station that is perfect for any outdoor event to keep participants hydrated and help reduce plastic use.
Utilizing a water fill up station is an eco-friendly choice. They are not simply good for the environment but also for your health. Staying hydrated is a major factor in staying healthy, and people are more likely to hydrate when water is readily available. There are so many environment-friendly reasons to switch to reusable water bottles. Some of them include:
- Requires less oil for production
Since oil is an unrenewable resource, switching to a water fill up station for your outdoor event is a sustainable choice. It helps protect our oil reserves and slow down global warming. By choosing these stations, you can make eco-friendly changes right in the production stage.
- Reduce plastic waste
According to the NEIC, plastic bottles take an average of 450 – 1000 years to degrade. It will not be wrong to say that they are impossible to biodegrade. A water fill up station can reduce the amount of both plastic production and waste. They lower the amount of waste in landfills, reducing pollution.
- Reduce global warming and pollution
Production of disposable water bottles releases 2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide every year. Carbon dioxide is a major contributor to air pollution, owing to its role in the greenhouse effect. Hence, plastic bottles cause both global warming and pollution.
- Prevent microplastic
Plastic bottles break down into small microplastics which eventually enter water bodies and harm water and marine life. Plastic waste kills 1.1 million marine creatures annually. In fact, both terrestrial and water animals consume the microplastic, mistaking it for food. When ingested by animals, these microplastic enter the food chain and harm everyone. A water fill up station can not only protect animals but also the planet.
- Strong a powerful message
Switching to a water fill up station sends a strong environmental message and encourages people around you to make eco-friendly and sustainable choice in their lives. While people are out enjoying themselves at festivals, parks, and sporting events they can feel good by staying hydrated and helping the environment. Using reusable water bottles is a movement. It is a wonderful way to contribute to the environment.
In this summer season everyone wants to get out and enjoy the sun. Whether they’re out at a park, a music festival, or a campground, WaterMonster provides a myriad of products to keep all participants healthy and hydrated, including our water fill up station. For more information feel free to contact us today!
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| 0.939465 | 638 | 2.96875 | 3 |
1.Personal development skills:
Personal development skills are essential life and employment skills, especially in this time of fast changing economic landscape and include soft skills such as coping with uncertainty, ambiguity and risk, learning through experience, embracing change, eliminate resistance or fear, self-promotion and others. Therefore, in order to achieve competitiveness in the labor market and enhance future employability, it is important to develop those skills that not only will grow your personality and character, but also your attitude and performance in workplace environment.
2.Working with others:
Working effectively with other people in a group or a team is a skill valued highly by community and educational organizations, as well as employers. Working in a group is about contributing ideas, listening and receiving feedback, and leading or following as appropriate. Collaborating, communicating effectively (including social media communication and digital social skills), team-working, cooperating are important transversal skills for the workplace environment.
3.Conceptualizing and transforming ideas into business options and entrepreneurial opportunities:
Modern, knowledge-based economies require people with higher and more relevant skills. The ability to develop ideas, creating concepts and transform them into options and opportunities that can be realized are the core competencies for creative and innovative thinking. In this context, skills like identifying a need or a problem, prioritize, initiative taking, envisioning, planning, mobilizing and managing resources and entrepreneurial thinking are crucial for someone to have in order to be more attractive and successful in a workplace environment.
4.Work-based approach on entrepreneurial & transversal skills learning tailored to young professionals and job market needs:
the workplace is shifting from traditional structures into innovative ones where physical presence on the job location is not necessary and companies are adopting virtual employment methods. In this context, the project will form new partnerships and develop new teaching and assessment methods for virtual employment and work-based learning. Work-based learning, an instructional strategy, can provide trainees with a variety of experiences that are designed to bridge the gap between classroom instruction and the world of work. At the same time, the remote internship will give the ability to the project to provide a large number of internships and direct beneficiaries. The trainees will have the opportunity to test transversal skills as critical & innovative thinking, interpersonal skills, envisioning & initiative taking, collaborating, media literacy and etc. through the new model of virtual employment and working from home of from a remote professional setting without physical presence in the job location.
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| 0.944371 | 503 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Coal seam gas
Coal seam gas (CSG) is a type of unconventional gas. It is a natural gas, consisting primarily of methane, which is found in coal deposits.
Coal seam gas collects in the coal seams by bonding to the surface of coal particles. The coal seams are generally filled with water, and it is the pressure of the water that keeps the gas as a thin film on the surface of the coal.
CSG is extracted through wells drilled into coal seams. The initial phase of CSG production usually involves the extraction of water from the coal seams in order to reduce the pressure and release gas from the coal.
If the pressure within the seam is high, the gas may flow to the surface unaided. Conversely, the gas may have to be pumped to the surface if the pressure is lower.
When CSG comes to the surface, water in the gas is separated.
The water is then treated to ensure it meets water quality standards, before it is injected into underground water systems, called aquifers, used for other purposes such as irrigating crops, watering livestock or for commercial use, for water supplies or added to watercourses.
CSG in use
CSG is used safely to power Queensland homes.
It is used in the same ways as natural gas including fuelling natural gas appliances, such as heaters and stoves, and generating electricity.
Electricity generated from CSG is a cleaner energy source as it produces around half the emissions of electricity generated by coal.
LNG is simply CSG that has been cooled to minus 161°C so it becomes a liquid, reducing it to 1/600 of its original size so it is able to be transported safely and economically to Queensland’s export markets.
Queensland’s CSG reserves will provide the basis for the developing LNG industry which will become one of the state’s major exports.
Read more about the LNG industry.
Other unconventional gas
There are other types of unconventional gases which are referenced by the type of reservoir from which they are extracted. For example, shale gas is found in shale deposits and tight gas is found in relatively impermeable geological formations.
Shale gas and tight gas refer to natural gas that has been trapped in low-fracture, low permeability formations that generally do not have a natural flow. These formations are located below 2,000 metres, much deeper than CSG resources.
Specialised technologies are needed to produce gas from these kinds of reservoirs such as directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing. The use of horizontal drilling technology also allows for multiple wells to be drilled from one well pad which can reduce the surface footprint.
The development of shale and tight gas resources is in its infancy in Australia. Whilst Queensland has these resources, activities are generally at the exploration stage.
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| 0.961119 | 586 | 3.78125 | 4 |
However, this is not the soil. There are no nitrogen – the main food plant, it does not retained water, without which plant life is impossible. Nevertheless, it is the rock that lies beneath the soil, generates it. It is called the parent rock. Without a soil parent material can not be formed. As is the transformation of the parent rock loosened the soil? Soil formation takes place hidden from our eyes.
But the scientists were able to still solve some mysteries of soil formation. It was found that active pochvoobrazovatelyami primarily are invisible to the naked eye the smallest living organisms – bacteria. Under the microscope at high magnification, some of them are seen as dots, while others – the balls, and others – sticks, the fourth – commas, etc. Of course we know the natural history, that there are bacteria-enemy, they cause disease. But among the bacteria are also our friends.
Among them is innumerable army of bacteria – pochvoobrazovateley. Secretly, in secret, imperceptible, but everywhere, they continuously work for us for millions of years and turn loosened the parent rock into soil. Otmiraya, bacteria, enrich the soil with organic matter. Peregnivaya and accumulate in it, organic substances form nitrous food for green plants. In addition, the rot through the substance of dead bacteria, well hold water in the soil. Martin O’Malley addresses the importance of the matter here. Once the soil will retain moisture, it will be nitrous food plants – humus, the parent material becomes the property of fertility. Consequently, the rock turns into soil. Another group pochvoobrazovateley – this is very unusual plants – lichens. They resemble grayish brown and growths on the rocks. Lichens grow on bare rocks, even where no other plants can not live without. Otmiraya, they also enrich the parent rock with humus, and thus – with water and nitrous food. On soil prepared bacteria and lichen can already grow green plants – grasses, shrubs and trees. They are now here moisture, nitrous food. Root, and then otmiraya, green plants enrich themselves humus increasingly deep layers of bedrock that lies under the ground. With the advent of green plants in the soil soil-forming process is in full force. Green plants are extracted from soil minerals, and then make of them organic. On the other hand, the soil is decomposition of organic substances and their transformation into mineral and simpler in composition. This leads to further accumulation in the soil of nutrients and more further improves its fertility. The soil may be different animals live. A particularly important role in soil formation are earthworms. They dig deep burrows in which drags the leaves of plants. From this amount of humus in the soil increases. Moves on the worms and plant roots can easily penetrate the air and seeping rainwater. Long before the plow – this ancient tool of the farmer, the soil treated with worms. The soil continues handled by them today. Worms, like other animals, otmiraya, enrich the soil with humus, which improves its fertility. Education soil began only with the advent of living creatures on Earth. Since then, over millions of years, there is a continuous process of formation of soil. However, the transformation of rock into soil is simply too slow. For education in the nature of the soil layer thickness of two inches is required, according to calculations of scientists, two thousands of years. That's how long the process of formation of the soil!
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Parents are often making choices about a young child’s educational future at the time of an autism assessment. Many educational angles are presented to parents during the autism assessment process. The following information includes five choices that parents make during the autism assessment.
Choice to Give Consent for Autism Testing
First of all, the parent has a choice as to whether or not to give permission or consent for a team to conduct an autism or early childhood educational assessment. Once the information is explained to parents, some parents make the choice to opt out or not have the child tested in the assessment process. However, many parents gladly accept this opportunity to learn more about their child’s skills and abilities as well as letting professionals give their opinions related to autism characteristics.
Choice to Agree or Disagree with Autism Results
Second, parents have a choice to agree or disagree with the results and recommendations of the autism eligibility meeting and team. Some parents are right on board with the results of the multidisciplinary team assessment, while other parents don’t see their children in the same way. It is not uncommon for parents to say that he or she ‘does not act the same way at home as he or she behaved in the assessment.’ At other times, the educational team may have different ideas than a doctor or early childhood intervention specialist so parents must make a choice in how they review the results of the assessment. There are times when parents disagree with the eligibility results, but still agree to have the child put in a special education program.
Choice to Complete Part of the Educational Assessment & Program
Third, some parents complete an autism or early childhood assessment and complete only the eligibility portion of the assessment. However, after the results are presented some of these parents will make the choice not to complete the Individual Educational Program from the local school district. Perhaps, the child is doing well in another program or with behavior therapy so the parent opts out of accepting a structured educational program in the school district.
Choice of Placement Options
Fourth, parents have choices to discuss placement options for the child with autism. Some children need more structured programs with intensive interventions, while other children need less support and can function in regular education programs with limited special education support and consultation.
Choice of Placement Changes
Finally, parents have a choice to work with special education staff to consider autism placement changes. If a special education program is not meeting the child’s needs then the type of program selected for the child may need to be modified. Parents have the option to ask the school to reconvene and have another meeting to discuss trying an optional educational program on a temporary or part time basis to see if the child with autism can function and adapt in the new educational situation. Most importantly, parents are making significant educational choices to help young children with autism. Parent input is extremely helpful and valuable in the child’s autism assessment and educational planning process.
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Pikes Peak – 14,115 ft (4,302 m)
登山列車に揺られること1時間強、Pikes Peakの頂上からColorado Springsを望む。
Pikes Peak (originally Pike’s Peak) is a mountain in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, 10 miles (16 km) west of Colorado Springs, Colorado, in El Paso County in the United States of America.
Originally called “El Capitan” by Spanish settlers, the mountain was renamed Pike’s Peak after Zebulon Pike Jr., an explorer who led an expedition to the southern Colorado area in 1806. At 14,115 feet (4,302 m), it is one of Colorado’s 54 fourteeners (mountains that rise more than 14,000 feet (4,267.2 m) above mean sea level) and is a designated National Historic Landmark.
The mountain is also the site of the annual Pikes Peak International Hill Climb and Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon foot races on Barr Trail.
In mountaineering in the United States, a fourteener (or “14er”) is a mountain peak that exceeds 14,000 feet (4,267.2 meters) elevation. (This term is not usually significant outside the U.S.) This is a complete list of the 53 fourteeners in the U.S. State of Colorado with a minimum of 300 feet (91.44 meters) of topographic prominence. See the main fourteener article, which has a list of all of the fourteeners in the United States, for some information about how such lists are determined and caveats about elevation and ranking accuracy.
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| 0.812604 | 372 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Distance Learning, A Change in the Air- The Biosphère is now offering to high schools and colleges across Canada Environmental Distance Learning, using videoconference technology. This exclusive outreach activity is tied with Provincial Education Programs and is made available to classes to discuss the very latest scientific information about clean air and climate change, the impacts on Canada and its regions, and what we can do about it. The general objective of the activity is to make students more aware and proactive concerning their environment.
Engaging Students through Global Issues: Real World Math - This two-part math resource engages students in learning foundational algebra and geometry through real-world data on global issues including a teacher's guide and corresponding student workbook containing 15 lessons on topics such as climate change, population and financial literacy.
PlantWatch Saskatchewan - Help record blooming times for common plant species in your province by becoming a Citizen Scientist (related to climate change).
SEEDS Foundation - Provides objective, curriculum fit, energy and environment education programs including climate change for elementary and high school students.
World Wildlife Fund - Living Planet City - Check out WWF-Canada's new Living Planet City, an inspiring, fun and interactive virtual community that shows how sustainable, climate friendly cities are possible - now!
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Using an Academic EHR in a health professions curriculum
With the recent explosion in the use of technology in healthcare, preparing students who are in clinical programs for the leap into the preverbal technology pool is essential to their success.
There is no doubt that they will encounter electronic health records in use during their training and after entering their chosen profession. To ensure adequate preparation occurs, health professions faculty must have the appropriate tools available. This has become an easier task with the advent of Academic Electronic Health Records (EHR).
An Academic EHR is essentially an adapted version a clinical information system used in acute care and ambulatory facilities with modifications that customize the product for the needs of academic institutions.
Creating this environment for learning provides students a non-threatening approach to interacting with Healthcare Information Technology (HIT) while learning discipline-specific content and processes that they will use once they begin taking care of patients.
An interactive approach to learning the technology includes viewing patient clinical documentation, viewing results (lab, diagnostic imaging, reports, etc.), performing chart reviews, order management, medication administration and reconciliation, and developing plans of care. It is through these and other learning activities that the student begins to use evidence-based clinical practices, critical-thinking skills, and data-driven decision making.
Vendors who are offering this product have essentially taken an EHR with all of the features and functionality and added elements to be used by health professions faculty.
A number of vendors have taken a product typically sold to hospitals and made modifications to include elements focused on the clinical students. This familiarizes the student with a product that is currently in use at sites where they may complete their clinical rotations or may end up working.
A different approach is to develop a product that has the educational arena at its core mission and is designed with faculty and students at the center. NEEHR Perfect (networked educational electronic health record system) by Archetype Innovations is one such option. Taking the open-source VistA (currently used throughout the VAMC system) as a template, the developers have designed their EHR specifically for education and have been developing the product with the student in mind.
Kathleen Annala, RN, FNP-BC, company co-founder and president, says an Academic EHR, “gives students immersive hands-on clinical experiences in interprofessional patient care.”
As an industry, healthcare is moving towards a tightly integrated, multi-disciplinary approach to medicine. Because Academic EHRs function like a real EHR, any healthcare discipline can use them in an academic setting. These products provide students with the tools to introduce to them to the concept of interdisciplinary team collaboration and prepare them for participating in collaborative efforts.
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America today seems to be in the midst of a great awakening in regards to social consciousness of events occurring around the world. It is quite surprising to discover that it is becoming more acceptable to discuss politics in public and not have people run for the doors. A couple of years ago most people would be shocked to find themselves getting into political discussions with complete strangers and finding a sense of solidarity because they dislike the same people. Although discussing politics can cause people to look at the other side with a wayward glance, it is nice that people are taking an active interest in what is going on around them. One important question that should be considered is should kids be taught about politics.
This may be a matter of opinion, but teaching kids about how the world works at a young age would be a great benefit to society. However, this is something that should be taught in the home by reasonably intelligent parents and not in the school system. Teaching politics in the school system has traditionally been about the functions of government which is a good thing, but partisan politics which is usually the topic of discussion throughout the news media should be restricted to the home. If partisan politics is taught in schools that would be akin to indoctrination from a tyrannical authority figure who wishes to bend young minds to their selfish interest. The people who should be the true stewards of a kid’s education, the parents, are the ones who should teach partisan politics to the next generation.
A great example of student activism is a protest against people whose views are so fundamentally different that they are harmful to the well-being and future of students. As the link showcases, students must be discerning in how they interpret messages from people in power and not just give the benefit of the doubt because they have a pleasant appearance. This protest shows that these particular students know enough about what is going on in Washington D.C. to spot a threat to their futures a mile away. Kids are unlikely to know the fine details which means that the parents had a hand in the protest and shows that they are teaching them about the ways of the world.
Kids being aware of injustices against them and protesting is nothing new. Back in the 1940’s, a multicultural group called the Youth Builders led a protest against a comic book character who was an offensive stereotype. People can look back on that time and write off such characters as offensive and think as a country we have moved on from this a great deal. However, these types of stories must be told not only to draw inspiration from, but to remember that if a protest can work on such a small scale such as getting an offensive character out of a comic book, it is possible that various methods of protest can accomplish great change when properly planned.
On Saturday, April 22, 2017 Making It to The Finish Line will be hosting the annual fundraiser for the charity. It would be a great service to the community if you could either attend the dinner dance or make a contribution of any size at http://www.mittfl.org that would be great. Also if you could get a friend to make a donation of any size that would be a fantastic way of showing support for a nonprofit that has helped out the community for years. The following list are the top ten reasons that you should support our efforts.
1. It is a way of showing support for kids who live in the Metro Detroit area.
2. The money goes toward beneficial activities that kids can learn from.
3. Goes to support efforts to get kids to do things that does not involve social media, video games, etc.
4. Helps us expand our efforts to support the community with other activities beyond the annual cotillion ball.
5. The donation of $25 is tax deductible.
6. Not only is this another chance to play dress up, but it honors an unsung time and place important in history.
7. Harlem symbolizes a time and place that is the epitome sophistication and dynamism.
8. There will be a live disc jockey instead of music coming from a lifeless machine.
9. A prize will be given to the best dressed male and female.
10. There will be raffle prizes.
Merriam Webster online dictionary defines fear as; to be afraid of (something or someone); to expect or worry about (something bad or unpleasant); to be afraid and worried. These definitions of fear fall under the category of a verb that is transitive while using the word fear as a noun conveys the same core meaning. Fear as a noun is defined as an unpleasant emotion caused by being aware of danger; a feeling of being afraid; and a feeling of respect and wonder for something very powerful. No matter how it is defined, the emotions associated with fear leads to an avoidance of some kind. Fears may be rational, but in many cases fear can be irrational because people tend to fear things and events that they feel are beyond their control.
One category of people that always elicits a sense of dread and foreboding are strangers; especially from another culture. Very few subjects other than strangers would justify irrational fears and sometimes for a logical reason. People would be hard pressed to watch the local news and see stories that portray society in the most negative light because the news is overrun with stories of how crime is ravaging our neighborhoods. If this is the only point of view that a person sees about a different culture, neighborhood, or society, that will likely shape any possible interaction a person has in the event they come into contact with a stranger; whom they are only familiar with based on media reports of persons from that background, area, etc. The problem with interactions based on media reports is that it reduces people to one dimensional abstractions when in reality people are more complex than what is presented at face value.
Overcoming the fear of the unknown requires the opposite of fear: bravery and confidence that strangers are not something to be feared. One way to get over this fear is to have knowledge of another person’s cultural background beyond media narratives. Reading a book or magazine article about other cultures written by people from that specific culture is a good start to breaking down cultural barriers. Another, more potent way of overcoming the fear of strangers would be to talk to a stranger. A simple greeting communicated with respect would be a great start to breaking down cultural barriers. The logical next step is to avoid making generalizations based on preconceived notions that have been implanted based on media narratives. After that point, the interlocutors may find out that they have some common interest and a possible budding friendship could emerge.
One proactive way overcome the fear of strangers is to join an organization, or find some way to offer support. This nonprofit organization, Making It to The Finish Line, helps out the youth in the Detroit area overcome some of the challenges that are present in the area. The theme of unity is the best way of overcoming the fear of the unknown, which starts at the individual level. Overcoming such fears will create the building blocks to create a better society so that children will have a better life than their parents. At Making It to The Finish Line, we intend to do our part to help make the world a better place.
Once again the annual fund raiser for Making It to The Finish Line is upon us. On Saturday, April 22, 2017 at the Ears Showplace in Hamtramck, Michigan we will hold a specially themed Harlem Nights Dinner Dance to raise money for this organization. As an organization that cherishes this community and what it represents to the world, we would like to thank everyone who has participated in helping make this organization continue to thrive during the past 15 years we have been in operation. Our program serves kids between ages 7-17 who seek activities outside of a school setting. However, despite the fact this is a nonprofit organization, we need money to continue to provide services that help the community.
Making It to The Finish Line is dedicated to helping youth in the Detroit area find their place in life. This area has many problems which are caused by forces beyond the control of the people, which is why organizations such as this is needed. We provide an environment for kids to learn and be entertained in an environment away from the densely populated school setting where there are numerous distractions that prevent learning. Currently, our main project is our Cotillion Boot Camp which last from September to May every year which the parents and students enjoy. We have other projects in the works to help the community, but budgetary constraints prevent us from implementing them.
Now for some specific information about the annual fund raiser. The theme is “Harlem Nights,” which is in honor of the Harlem Renaissance cultural movement of the late 1920’s. Prizes will be given to the best dressed male and female of the event. Tickets are on sale now at the EARS Showplace: Mon., 3 pm to 9 pm; Thurs., 3 pm to 9 pm; and Fri., 6 pm to 10 pm. Dinner will be served at 8:30 pm and we will have music by a D.J. The minimum donation amount is $25.00 which is tax deductible.
This is where you, the reader, can assist us in our goal to help kids living in the Detroit community. As with any organization, having people be aware of the existence and purpose of how the organization helps the community helps out a great deal. Besides the usual word of mouth, sharing our articles on social media and reacting to our post will bring much needed attention to our efforts. We currently use the social media platforms, Facebook, Twitter, and WordPress blog which helps get our message out to strangers. We also have a website mittfl.org which gives visitors a look at what we do and if you are feeling generous we have a donate button/Paypal so anyone can give a tax deductible donation. If anyone in the area wishes to get involved personally you can give Gladys a call at (313) 460-0596.
It is quite surprising when the number one book on Amazon is a book that was originally printed during the 1940’s. However, considering the fact that the number one book is 1984 this is a testament not only to the allegory of life under an authoritarian government, but to the somewhat clichéd phrases the book introduces into American culture. The adjective Orwellian, has been used profusely over the past decade to describe everything from a camera on every street corner to government reading the emails of its citizens. The future presented in 1984 is dystopian, where the difference between up and down are not clear and no one can clearly tell the difference from fact or fiction.
This is a story that resonates very well with the way many people are feeling in America today. 1984 is the kind of story that should be taught in schools across the country, not just because it is a good story, but it is a clever way of commenting on the way one sees the world. This book is a prime example of why students spend time reading stories in their English class, but that message is not often communicated to students. The importance of looking for the deeper meaning of a story and not just completing an assignment is not stressed enough for many reasons. Sometimes there is a communication breakdown between teacher and student, and other times the student(s) have a lack of interest in the subject matter. Not every story fits this criteria, but for those that do it is worth taking heed of the message(s) the author conveys.
One important factor in determining the intent of the author is to know a bit about the author’s background or notice recurring themes in their work. Take for example Orwell’s other famous work Animal Farm. This story is more of a true parable of an authoritarian regime that uses animals as a substitute for human beings, yet has the same central theme as 1984. The use of animals is well suited to subtly get kids interested in the story while delivering a moral message that may be beyond their comprehension. Some parents may believe that kids are too young to be exposed to such themes, but shielding them from the complexity of life does not make problems go away, but it can prepare them to understand how the world works.
Dystopian novels are all the rage in society today which does reflect the mood of a certain segment of the populace. Exposing kids to Orwell’s themes is not meant to depress them, but provides context to understanding the world around them. Ideally, by understanding the themes of a story will spark their critical thinking skills in order for them to make thoughtful decisions when interpreting the world as it exist. Another dystopian novel that recently entered the best sellers list is It Can’t Happen Here by Sinclair Lewis, which has been referenced a lot in the past year. These works of fiction may present a sense that the rapture is coming, but they comment on a possible future that can be prevented if the right steps are taken.
Making It to The Finish Line is the kind of organization that helps to educate kids in the Detroit area. By being a community organization we give kids the message that life does not have to be as dystopian as the novels of George Orwell if people proactively work to make sure that future does not happen. If you are interested in helping you can visit the website mittfl.org or call (313) 460-0596.
Throughout the last year the term normal has been used quite a bit to describe the fearful direction many feel this country is heading. This is somewhat fitting because the term normalcy entered the American lexicon during the inauguration address of Warren G. Harding in 1921. Harding succeeded a president who was a progressive and earned a PhD and is consider to be a great president by historians. In direct contrast Harding was a known to bloviate when giving stump speeches, had a large libido, and his presidency was tarnished by the Teapot Dome scandal due to corrupt cabinet officials. Despite all of these parallels to the past, as a country we have to figure out what is going to be the new normal.
Traditionally, the office of the president has been viewed as the epitome of dignity and grace. Over the past few years a segment of the American population lost respect for the institution and the norms of democracy. With nihilistic fervor, an enraged minority of the electorate wanted someone to represent the country who has a total disregard for civility and any standard of decency. The American people are represented by someone who often displays characteristics that were once considered deviant and unacceptable for the public. This would not be too harmful to society if kids did not exist, but they not only exist, but they mimic behaviors they witness from authority figures. The most disturbing aspect of the current cultural decline is that it signals what direction the youth are being steered toward.
Over the past year the world has witnessed a leader who has a tenuous relationship with the facts, considers marginalized people as nothing more than scapegoats, and brags about violating the rights of women. The fact that such a person can be elected to the highest office in the land says something about the deep seated values the country finds at the very least tacitly acceptable. Besides the clear-cultural sickness, the country appears to be splitting apart in factions thus creating divided states. One of the problems with this trend is that when situations force people to interact with a person from another background; communication can go awry and divisions deepen. This view is not necessarily an indictment of any group in particular, but a possibility of things to come.
As disturbing as this view may seem, it is not too late to turn the culture around in a better direction. This can and should be accomplished on the individual level. The message that should be conveyed to kids is that this is not acceptable behavior. Just because someone comes from a higher class does not mean that person should be able to get away with saying obscene things and violating the rights of other people. It is extremely hypocritical for a parent who voted for that candidate and tell their kids this is unacceptable behavior but it is necessary that kids hear that message. It is up to you and community organizations like Making It to The Finish Line to help steer the culture away from a canyon they can never climb out of.
In this country, people tend to speak of other people and experiences in the abstract. This is understandable because it is not possible to know or understand the lived experiences of another person despite how empathetic a person may be. The problem with this reality is that it fails to connect how people have a solipsistic view of the world, which oftentimes denies the existence and validity of people who are outside of one’s knowledge of existence. Unless one is willing to take a big step outside of their comfort zone, and get to concretely understand where another person is coming from, everyone who is different will be seen as an abstraction and their humanity will seem nonexistent.
One example of this is when a mass tragedy or a contagion strikes and many people will suffer as a result. This concept makes the saying attributed to Josef Stalin ring true: One death is a tragedy, but a million is a statistic. At this point, people have been reduced to numbers and the only way they will speak in death is if their stories are heard. In many instances mass suffering is unavoidable, but in some cases suffering is preventable and it is unconscionable that society does nothing to preempt a mass tragedy. For example, if many people will die as a result of losing their health care, it is morally objectionable that a society would let that happen. The fact that this takes place is attributable to people being seen as abstractions, and not as real people deserving of having their humanity recognized.
Another sterling example of abstracting life experiences is the life and legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. Looking at this from the perspective of pop culture: he made one famous speech, had a few sound bites, was assassinated and then was recognized as a beloved hero who bought racial harmony to America. The truth is that he was incredibly unpopular until he became a martyr and the history of his work was bowdlerized for mass consumption. In reality he incurred the wrath of the Johnson administration by speaking out against the Vietnam war, he was chastised by a segment of the black population for stirring up the pot, and he was an advocate against classism. People would be shocked to find out he said this the following words in 1966: “You can’t talk about solving the economic problem of the Negro without talking about the billions of dollars. You can’t talk about ending the slums without first saying profit must be taken out of the slums. You’re really tampering and getting on dangerous ground because you are messing with folk then. You are messing with captains of industry . . . Now this means that we are treading in difficult water, because it really means that we are saying that something is wrong. . . with capitalism . . . There must be a better distribution of wealth and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism.” (See the “S” word by John Nichols for the context of the quote).
The task of those who wish to solve the problem of abstractions in society is to find a way to make abstractions concrete. Education is a big part of it but an open mind will be more effective in creating concrete experiences that will foster understanding of other groups of people. Joining a community group and having lively discussions is a great place to start. Organizations such as Making It to The Finish Line is a great place to start and we hope to expand making the experience of marginalized people more concrete.
Pop culture is currently besotted with fictional role models as demonstrated by box office ticket sales, shirts people wear, and social media post. One genre of fiction that has taken over the public imagination is comic books. As a form of entertainment, the industry has often appealed to a mass audience by embracing the spirit of the times and furtively held up a mirror to the public consciousness. Considering the fact that comic books gained steam back in the 1940’s, many of the views expressed from that time period are no longer socially acceptable to express in public. From reasons ranging from inclusion to the very noticeable financial concerns, the industry has changed quite a bit since those early days.
One noticeable change that has occurred in recent years is the inclusion of characters who no not straight white men. Noble efforts at inclusion aside, the industry is attempting to respond to the changing demographic changes is motivated by money. However, these efforts should be applauded not for pandering to an audience or to balance out an exclusionary past, but because what the representation means to those who are often marginalized. People, especially children, are affected by their environment and having characters who look like them reminds them that they are not invisible and ignored by society. One of, if not the most marginalized group of people in this country, are black women. Fortunately, they now being represented by characters headlining their own title.
Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur is a great book that is suitable for all ages starring a young black girl, Lunella Lafayette, and her pet dinosaur. The title is an updated version of the classic Jack Kirby creation Moon Boy and Devil Dinosaur, which took place in prehistoric times. This updated version of the book stars a young girl who is part alien and has a psychic link with a dinosaur and they end up having wild adventures. In addition to the psychic link, Lunella is the smartest person in the Marvel Universe thanks to her alien DNA. The character is precocious which makes her endearing to an audience which is willing to accept characters who are not usually represented in comics.
Another recent entrant to the comic book world is the media sensation Riri Williams, otherwise known as Ironheart. Headlining the title, Invincible Iron Man, the character made national headlines when it was revealed that she would replace Tony Stark as the title character. She is a 15-year-old student at M.I.T. who created a crude, but effective, version of the Iron Man armor. This attracted the attention of the original Iron Man who has taken it upon himself to train her as a replacement.
The World of Wakanda is a mini-series that takes place in a fictionalized African country that is on the verge of war. This series follows two female member of the royal guard and their journey of how they joined the royal guard. The quest of the protagonist is to keep the country from descending into chaos due to the actions of foreign invaders. The great news is that the series listed above are currently in production and can use all of the support that can be mustered. You can call a local comic shop or order the trade paperback when they come out. These books align quite nicely with Making It to The Finish Lines original mission of female empowerment which is crucial to making a stronger, sustainable community.
Christmas is the time of year that is based on traditions more than any other time of year. They may change slightly from generation to generation, and adjust as the kids get older, but for the most part remain the same. One thing that has become a staple of Christmas tradition in the media is that certain movies air around the holiday to the point that they are becoming a cliché. It’s a Wonderful Life with Jimmy Stewart posits the message that as an individual one person can make a difference in the lives of others, and they are not totally worthless. Beyond that movie, A Christmas Carol, a movie based on a novel, is mostly thought about on a superficial level.
Although the book was written during the Victorian Era in England, the message is timeless and has moral implications throughout the year. Putting this in a modern day context, Bob Cratchit is the true protagonist of the story despite the name recognition of his boss, Ebenezer Scrooge. This statement rings true because Scrooge is portrayed as being villainous, cruel, and does not have an interest in using his power to improve the life of his employee. However, everyone is the hero in their mind which explains why Scrooge is shocked when the ghosts force him to step outside of himself and view events. This is an interesting point of view for a person to have because that is the best way one can analyze a situation.
What makes this story powerful is that Bob worked closely with Scrooge and was not treated as some amorphous entity who controlled Bob’s life from a distance. Having a personal relationship, no matter the nature, highlights the fact that people exert their influence over others, and suffering is not always cause by some divine act that is beyond rational understanding. In modern society this is becoming less and less the case because companies have increased in size and people become unnoticeable to the top brass. Employees and their concerns have become invisible to the managerial class which creates so much discontent throughout society. The nice thing about this being a fictionalized story is that it allows for a happy ending which is not always the case in real life.
More people are in Bob Cratchit’s situation than they realize, which is a blind spot that hinders not only progress of the working person, but much needed empathy that would improve society overall. Much of this has to do with a lack of interaction with others, thus making us unaware of their plight. Because people do not think through complicated issues too deeply, those who tend to be well off fill in their stories with generalizations and stereotypes that are specious at best. Due to the lack of interaction and concern from the managerial class, it becomes imperative that we remember that our neighbors are in this position and we should at least be understanding if not helpful. It falls to organizations like Making It to The Finish Line to assist our brothers and sisters who are in dire straits because we are familiar with the plight of the working class. Christmas is the best time of year to think about how we can help others, even in small ways. Small things do add up to big things down the line.
The word environment is quite broad in its meaning and interpretation. This is because what encompass the term environment can be micro (immediate surroundings), or macro (governmental climate or global considerations), which shapes people in profound ways. Viewing each person as a unit, a collection of tiny units makes up a community, which is a subset of a much larger picture of what makes a society. There is a strange chicken and the egg situation with the environment in this context; does the environment of society influence the individual, or does the collection of individuals influence society. It is hard to determine which one is more important because of the point at which one begins and the other ends is difficult to determine.
In order to make sense of the how the environment shapes a person it makes a lot of sense to start small and work upwards. The shaping of a person starts at home and a lot of the end result is guided by parents. Parents tend to raise their kids based largely on the way they were raised and sometimes adapt to the immediate circumstances when necessary. Kids cannot be raised in the exact same way that their parents were raised because times change and the parents were raised under a different set of circumstances. Despite the changes made over time one thing that is consistent over the course of generations are the values that are transferred from generation to generation.
One major factor that shapes the values that are transferred from generation to generation is the social standing in which a person was raised. For example, if someone comes from an impoverished family, their value system would be much different than someone who came from an affluent background. If someone was poor their view of material possessions would more likely hold some sentimental value because they would have become intimately familiar with scarcity throughout their lives. In contrast, someone from a more affluent background might take material possessions and many other things for granted because they have easier access to resources to accommodate the lifestyle that they have become used to.
The educational and school system that someone finds themselves in has probably the biggest impact on how a person is shaped to become the person they end up becoming. Again, social standing plays a role in what resources a person has to work with in order to advance their education. If a school has armed guards, metal detectors, mold throughout the building, and an overwhelming sense of despair because the neighborhood surrounding the school is blighted, that situation will create barriers for productive education to take place. Conversely, if someone lives in an affluent area where they have small class sizes that allows more attention to be paid to individual students, gourmet meals served at lunch, and the parents biggest problem is which extracurricular activity to enroll their kid in, that affluent kid is going to have a much easier road to success.
One of the reasons Making It to The Finish Line exist is to help the less affluent out because of the many obstacles that the affluent do not have to worry about. Being successful at this task requires a community effort which is on the micro level. The macro level and how it shapes an individual is something that will be discussed in a future post. If you or anyone you know can help in anyway do not hesitate to call Gladys at 313-460-0569.
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The Dalmatian is a large breed of dog noted for its unique black or liver spotted coat and was mainly used as a carriage dog in its early days. Its roots trace back to Croatia and its historical region of Dalmatia . The breed had been developed and cultivated chiefly in England. [ They were used as dogs of war, guarding the borders of Dalmatia.
To this day, the breed retains a high guarding instinct; although friendly and loyal to those the dog knows and trusts, it is often aloof with strangers and unknown dogs. Dalmatians have a strong hunting instinct and are an excellent exterminator of rats and vermin. Dalmatians are perhaps best known for their role as fire-fighting apparatus escorts and firehouse mascots. Since Dalmatians and horses are very compatible, the dogs were easily trained to run in front of the carriages to help clear a path and quickly guide the horses and firefighters to the fires.
Dalmatians are very active dogs, so it can easily be said that their activity level is considerable.
58–61 cm (M) and 56–58 cm) (F) / 25 to 27 kg.
The Dalmatian coat is usually short, fine, and dense, although smooth-coated Dalmatians occasionally produce long-coated offspring, which shed less often.
Most commonly black or brown (liver) on a white background. Other, more rare colors, include blue (a blue-grayish color), brindle, mosaic, tricolored.
Low to average. Weekly grooming with a hound mitt or curry can lessen the amount of hair Dalmatians shed, although nothing can completely prevent shedding. Due to the minimal amount of oil in their coats, Dalmatians lack a “dog” smell and stay fairly clean.
(Source: Wikipédia & The Ultimate Dogs, Dog Breeds & Dog Care by Dr Peter Larkin & Mike Stockman, August 2015)
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COMMUNICATE YOUR MESSAGE BETTER
WHAT IS GRAPHIC DESIGN?
Graphic design is a form of visual communication. Graphic designers use symbols, images and text to create visual representations of ideas and messages for a business or brand. These visuals can be as simple as designing the business logo, to as complex as designing the page layouts for the business website.
Often, graphic design is used in marketing strategies to help in the promotion, sale and advertising of products and services.
There are a variety of different elements and principles that go into graphic design.
The elements include:
Most graphic designers will adhere to these elements and principles when creating a new design to maintain balance and create an effective adaptation of the businesses vision and branding.
What are the Different Types of Graphic Design?
Visual Identity Graphic Design
Marketing and Advertising Graphic Design
User Interface Graphic Design
Publication Graphic Design
Motion Graphic Design
Packaging Graphic Design
Environmental Graphic Design
Why is Graphic Design Important?
Reach out today for a free Consultation
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A tension headache is pain or discomfort in your head, scalp, or neck. Tension headache is a common type of headache. It can occur at any age, but is most common in teens and adults.
A tension headache occurs when neck and scalp muscles become tense, or contract. The muscle contractions can be a response to stress, depression, a head injury, or anxiety.
Hot or cold showers or baths may relieve a headache for some people. You may also want to rest in a quiet room with a cool cloth on your forehead.
If your headaches are due to stress or anxiety, you may want to learn ways to relax.
Over-the-counter pain medicine, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen, may relieve pain. If you are planning to take part in an activity that you know will trigger a headache, taking pain medicine beforehand may help.
Follow your health care provider’s instructions about how to take your medicines. Rebound headaches are headaches that keep coming back. They can occur from overuse of pain medicine. If you take pain medicine more than 3 days a week on a regular basis, you can develop rebound headaches.
Be aware that aspirin and ibuprofen can irritate your stomach. If you take acetaminophen, do not take more than a total of 3,000 mg a day to avoid liver damage.
Knowing your headache triggers can help you avoid situations that cause your headaches. A headache diary can help. When you get a headache, write down the following:
Review your diary with your doctor to identify triggers or a pattern to your headaches. This can help you and your doctor create a treatment plan. Knowing your triggers can help you avoid them.
Lifestyle changes that may help include:
If you are prescribed medicine to prevent headaches or help with stress, follow instructions exactly on how to take them. Tell your doctor about any side effects.
Call 911 if:
Schedule an appointment or call your doctor if:
Freitag F. Managing and treating tension-type headache. Med Clin N Am. 2013;97:281–292.
Garza I, Swanson JW, Cheshire WP Jr, et al. Headache and other craniofacial pain. In: Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, eds. Bradley’s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 69.
Updated by: Joseph V. Campellone, M.D., Department of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 1997-2014, A.D.A.M., Inc. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by ADAM Health Solutions.
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Parts of this chapter are adapted from Don't Panic: A 6.001 User's Guide to the Chipmunk System, by Arthur A. Gleckler.
Even computer software that has been carefully planned and well written may not always work correctly. Mysterious creatures called bugs may creep in and wreak havoc, leaving the programmer to clean up the mess. Some have theorized that a program fails only because its author made a mistake, but experienced computer programmers know that bugs are always to blame. This is why the task of fixing broken computer software is called debugging.
It is impossible to prove the correctness of any non-trivial program; hence the Cynic's First Law of Debugging:
Programs don't become more reliable as they are debugged; the bugs just get harder to find.
Scheme is equipped with a variety of special software for finding and removing bugs. The debugging tools include facilities for tracing a program's use of specified procedures, for examining Scheme environments, and for setting breakpoints, places where the program will pause for inspection.
Many bugs are detected when programs try to do something that is
impossible, like adding a number to a symbol, or using a variable that
does not exist; this type of mistake is called an error. Whenever
an error occurs, Scheme prints an error message and starts a new
REPL. For example, using a nonexistent variable
will cause Scheme to respond
1 ]=> foo ;Unbound variable: foo ;To continue, call RESTART with an option number: ; (RESTART 3) => Specify a value to use instead of foo. ; (RESTART 2) => Define foo to a given value. ; (RESTART 1) => Return to read-eval-print level 1. 2 error>
Sometimes, a bug will never cause an error, but will still cause the program to operate incorrectly. For instance,
(prime? 7) => #f
In this situation, Scheme does not know that the program is misbehaving. The programmer must notice the problem and, if necessary, start the debugging tools manually.
There are several approaches to finding bugs in a Scheme program:
Only experience can teach how to debug programs, so be sure to experiment with all these approaches while doing your own debugging. Planning ahead is the best way to ward off bugs, but when bugs do appear, be prepared to attack them with all the tools available.
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Ten students, working for ABC News, visited nuclear reactors on 25 college campuses and found many gaping security holes, prompting a federal investigation. Here's what the team found at Purdue University.
Reactor Name: PUR-1
Fuel: Highly enriched uranium
Power Level: 1 kW
Begin Operating: 1962
Location: The reactor is located in the basement of the campus Electrical Engineering Building, which is surrounded by other engineering buildings and laboratories, a visitors parking lot and a visitors information center. West of the building is the Purdue Mall, a grassy area with pathways and fountains.
Security observations: No guards. No metal detectors. Driver's license was required for tour but no advance background checks. On several visits during the day, night and weekend, two separate doors to the Electrical Engineering Building remained unlocked. The thick basement door leading to the Nuclear Engineering labs and reactor rooms was locked.
What We Found: The Fellows called in advance and easily obtained a tour of the reactor. A detailed one-hour classroom lecture included diagrams of the reactor's core and the location of the fuel rods. Following the presentation and before proceeding into the reactor room, the Fellows were required to sign in and present their driver's licenses. The reactor director told the Fellows that later in the tour, they would have to leave their tote bags behind, but never followed up. The Fellows carried their large tote bags and cameras into the reactor room. Once inside, the operator pointed out the location of the fuel and the control panel.
University Reaction: Jere Jenkins, the director of the Radiation Laboratory, said that he was aware that the Fellows brought their bags into the reactor room, but that he "kept an eye on them." Jenkins said that most campus buildings are unlocked, but would not comment further on security issues. He estimated that between 2,000 and 3,000 people tour the reactor annually. Additional Comment: "Your students, if they were terrorists, they would own the reactor," said Ronald E. Timm, a veteran security consultant who has analyzed the vulnerability of the nation's nuclear laboratories for the Department of Energy.
The federal official responsible for security at the nation's campus reactors told ABC News that the unchecked bags were a concern. "We would want to understand why that wasn't done," said Roy Zimmerman, director of the Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
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As younger generations become increasingly reliant on technology, higher educational institutions must continually attempt to stay with or ahead of the curve to foster 21st century teaching and learning. College and university physical activity courses (PACs) are encouraged to incorporate technology for effective pedagogical practices. No qualitative research has specifically examined the culture of PACs instructors’ attitudes and experiences with technology as a pedagogical tool. A mini-ethnographic case study explored the use of technology among seven graduate teaching assistants who shared their pedagogical experiences, teaching practices, and perceptions of technology within PACs. Using an interpretive phenomenological analysis, composite narrative accounts were presented to highlight unique characteristics of PAC instructors and develop meaning from their lived experiences. The findings revealed that PAC instructors use varying forms of technology, but all instructors rely on learning management systems as a pedagogical tool, which can be influenced by campus environment, pedagogical experiences, and social support. This pilot study contributes to the current gap in research related to technology in PACs and addresses the need to properly prepare instructors to teach in the digital age.
Technology, Physical Activity Courses, Graduate Teaching Assistants, Mini-Ethnographic Case Study, Professional Development
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License.
Recommended APA Citation
Cox, D. G., Krause, J. M., & Smith, M. A. (2019). Technology in University Physical Activity Courses: A Mini-Ethnographic Case Study. The Qualitative Report, 24(10), 2554-2574. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2019.3903
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The aquifer is the layer of gray in this drawing.
Click on image for full size
An aquifer is the name for a layer of rock which is capable of holding a large amount of water. Some layers are better at holding water than others, for example a layer of sandstone can hold a good deal of water but a layer of shale cannot. The ability of the material to hold water depends upon how fine-grained it is.
What sometimes takes place within an aquifer is softening of the water, or alteration of the contents of dissolved minerals in the water by contact of the water with the soil of the aquifer.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
The Summer 2010 issue of The Earth Scientist
, available in our online store
, includes articles on rivers and snow, classroom planetariums, satellites and oceanography, hands-on astronomy, and global warming.
You might also be interested in:
If you sneeze into a pile of dust, the little particles fly everywhere. But if you sneeze into a pile of rocks, they will stay put. It takes more force than a sneeze to move those rocks. Winds and water...more
An aquifer is the name for a layer of rock which is capable of holding a large amount of water. Some layers are better at holding water than others, for example a layer of sandstone can hold a good deal...more
Carbonate is a name for rocks and minerals which contain a molecule made of both carbon and oxygen known as CO32-. (CO32- is also known as the molecule carbonate). Limestone is an example of a calcium...more
The deep ocean waters are under pressure and are much colder than layers of the ocean which are closer to the surface. Dissolved carbon dioxide seems to be absent from the deep ocean water and as a result...more
One process which transfers water from the ground back to the atmosphere is evaporation. Evaporation is when water passes from a liquid phase to a gas phase. Rates of evaporation of water depend on things...more
The water at the ocean surface is moved primarily by winds that blow in certain patterns because of the Earth’s spin and the Coriolis Effect. Winds are able to move the top 400 meters of the ocean creating...more
Rivers are very important to Earth because they are major forces that shape the landscape. Also, they provide transportation and water for drinking, washing and farming. Rivers can flow on land or underground...more
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Electricity is the lifeblood of many aspects of our world. Without volts and amps, many of our technological innovations would cease to exist. Even our bodies wouldn't function without an electrical charge zipping through our cells. But what electricity gives, electricity can take away.
Although this form of energy is vital to so much of our lives, it's one of those things that are only good in the right amounts. Too much electricity can electrocute people. Likewise, it can kill our modern electronics and machines.
But thanks to Michael Faraday, the brilliant 19th-century scientist, and one of his namesake inventions, the Faraday cage, we humans have developed plenty of ways to control electricity and make it safer for our computers, cars and other inventions — and for us, too.
Faraday cages shield their contents from electromagnetic radiation. Basically, when an electromagnetic field hits something that can conduct electricity, the charges remain on the outside of the conductor rather than traveling inside. Faraday cages often look distinctly, well, cagelike. Some are as simple as chain-link fences or ice pails. Others use a fine metallic mesh.
Electromagnetic radiation is all around us. It's in visible and ultraviolet light, in the microwaves that cook our food and even in the FM and AM radio waves that pump music through our radios. But sometimes, this radiation is undesirable and downright disruptive. That's where Faraday cages come in.
As a Faraday cage distributes that charge or radiation around the cage's exterior, it cancels out electric charges or radiation within the cage's interior. In short, a Faraday cage is a hollow conductor, in which the charge remains on the external surface of the cage.
That basic function has plenty of fascinating uses in our electrically cluttered and technology-packed world. And although Faraday would eventually have his day, the backdrop for his invention actually has its roots in earlier times. So, where did the idea for these ultra-useful cages come from?
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Science Daily Reports on CBD Use in Glioblastoma Research Study
Science Daily recently reported positive outcomes in a Medicinal University of Georgia-Augusta University study that utilized CBD as a treatment for gliobastoma brain tumors.
This study is the first of its kind to utilize inhalable CBD to treat gliobastoma brain tumors. Funded by
Inhaled CBD shrinks the size of the highly aggressive, lethal brain tumor glioblastoma in an animal model by reducing the essential support of its microenvironment, researchers report.
Using modified glioblastoma cells from humans, they created what is called an orthotopic glioblastoma model, to provide a realistic model for this most common and lethal malignant brain tumor. By day eight the aggressive tumor was established in the brain of the mice, and at day 9 they started giving daily doses of inhaled CBD or a placebo that continued for seven days. They then looked again at an image of the tumor and directly at the tumor tissue.
It was the first study to use CBD in an animal model of glioblastoma, they report in the journal Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Read the full study: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/can.2021.0098
Dr. Martin Rutkowski, left, and Dr. Babak Baban
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The elder people have a better risk of getting debilitating ailments like weight problems, hear malfunction and diseases, and high BP (Blood Pressure). Studies states that the main reason fr the ailments in the senior people are due to consequence of inactivity and poor consuming habits. By following some of the guidelines below you can easily resolve many problems that occur. Just take some care and attention follow a few necessary guidelines.Proper vitamin, protein and eating regimen is mandatory for the elder people. Having a wholesome and balanced weight-reduction plan comprising of inexperienced leafy vegetables, fruits and salads, seniors will get ample quantity of nutritional vitamins and minerals. The main reason for mineral and vitamin deficiency in many seniors is a result of not taking much care about the eating habits and diet. The eating regimen ought to have low fat content to keep away from enhance in blood cholesterol levels. Instead, the senior should be looking to add anti-oxidants into their eating regimen by eating foods like carrots, nuts, legumes, fruits and vegetables. Beneath all circumstances, seniors ought to keep away from consuming quick food. Not only are these meals excessive in saturated fats, they also comprise many dangerous toxins and chemicals. This could be the best time to give up smoking and alcohol. These can solely cause hurt to your body. Smoking and alcohol lead to heart associated issues, liver problems and cancers that seniors can do without.It is better to include exercise as it is good for both the physique and mind. Exercise helps the elder people to maintain their body weight, control cholesterol levels, strengthen muscle mass and bones and keep away from loss of bone density.Typically seniors get wired as they fear about their funds, loneliness or being unable to fend for themselves. Stress can cause a number of additional health problems that seniors can do without. Indigestion, blood strain, panic attacks and heart burns can happen due to excessive levels of stress. So, seniors should be looking to do rest workout routines like meditation and yoga to scale back their stress levels. They need to also socialize and exit with friends and family to cut back the risk of getting depressed and feeling lonely.As aging is a natural process and can’t be stopped, there shall be sure well being issues that can crop up. Nevertheless, if seniors go for regular health checkups, many of those issues can be caught early and minimal medical intervention will probably be required to remedy them or cease their progress.
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James Scott (1649-1685) was the illegitimate son of Charles II (1630-1685) and Lucy Walter (1630?-1658), daughter of William Walter of Pembrokeshire. After Lucy began blackmailing Charles for annuity payments in 1657, Charles decided to have his son abducted and raised by his friend William, Lord Crofts (1611-1677), in Paris.
In 1662 Charles summoned his son to England, where he joined the royal court at Whitehall. He quickly won his father’s affection. By the spring of 1663, James was married to a wealthy Scottish heiress and created Duke of Monmouth, among other honours and titles. After 1665, Monmouth enjoyed a prominent military career, serving in the navy under his Catholic uncle James, Duke of York (1633-1701), and, in 1672, commanding the army that assisted Louis XIV (1638-1715) against the Dutch. In 1678 he was appointed general of all the land forces in Britain.
Charles’s fondness for Monmouth fuelled speculation that he would legitimize his son and thus make him successor to the crown. Amidst rumours of a ‘Popish Plot’ to kill the king in the 1670s, parliament mooted the idea of excluding the Catholic James from the line of succession. The protestant Monmouth would, if declared legitimate by Charles, make a suitable alternative king. Charles thwarted all attempts by the newly emergent Whig party to force through parliament a bill that would exclude James from the line of succession.
Monmouth’s relations with his father and uncle broke down at this point. He intrigued with radical Whigs such as Algernon Sidney (1623-1683) with the intent of staging a coup. Although the plans came to nothing, their conspiracy was discovered by the government, and Monmouth had to go into hiding, with a reward of £500 for his apprehension. On 12 July 1683 he was indicted in absentia for high treason. After months in hiding, and a failed reconciliation with his father, Monmouth fled to the continent where he received sanctuary from protestant heads of state including William of Orange (1650-1702).
After Charles’s sudden death on 6 February 1685, Monmouth began plotting once again with exiled British dissidents. On 11 June 1685 Monmouth landed at Lyme Regis with three ships and eighty-three men. On the march through the West Country, Monmouth recruited an army. He intended to depose his Catholic uncle, claim the throne, and re-establish protestant rule. However, on 6 July his army was crushed by James’s and, two days later, Monmouth was captured. James was not merciful. He ordered that Monmouth should be executed for high treason on 15 July. The executioner botched the job. It reportedly took five strokes of the axe to sever Monmouth’s head from his body.
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GRANADA, Spain, Nov. 30 (UPI) — Spanish scientists say they’ve found smaller tectonic faults close to larger faults in the Baetic mountain range can reduce the risk of major earthquakes.
The researchers studying recent, active deformations in the Baetic mountains, located in southern and eastern Spain, say they have shown the activity of smaller tectonic structures close to larger faults in the Iberian Peninsula partially offsets the risk of earthquakes.
“There are large faults in the eastern part of the Baetic mountain range, which are active and occasionally cause moderate, low magnitude earthquakes,” said Antonio Pedrera, lead author of the study and a researcher at the University of Granada.
“Although we can’t exclude the possibility that these direction faults could cause earthquakes of greater magnitude, we have shown that the formation of small tectonic structures helps to partially relax the energy associated with the convergence of plates, and reduces seismic activity in these larger faults,” Pedrera said.
The research was published recently in the Journal of Quaternary Science.
Copyright 2009 by United Press International
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New technology is in the wings to help detect preterm premature rupture of membranes, improve ultrasound imaging, provide noninvasive prenatal genetic screening, and speed up the diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection.
Caring for a pregnant woman is both an enormous privilege and a weighty responsibility. To meet these demands, ob/gyns must constantly keep up with new innovations in their specialty and adapt new recommendations, when they are based on solid clinical research. Unfortunately, given the complexity of human pregnancy and the lack of an adequate animal model, the discipline of clinical obstetrics-unlike specialties like cardiology and neurology-is plagued by a dearth of such studies.
As you know, there are many situations in daily practice where we find ourselves in a "data-free zone," having to make recommendations and management decisions without the benefit of sound evidenced-based data. In those circumstances, clinical experience and the art of medical practice have to take over.
Nowhere is this more apparent than in clinical obstetrics, where many basic questions remain unanswered. While cardiologists measure changes in calcium flux within a single myocardial cell and nephrologists estimate changes in osmotic gradient along a single nephron, ob/gyns continue to debate such questions as: Why is the fetus head down at the end of pregnancy? What causes labor? How do we adequately monitor fetal well-being during labor?
Biochemical tests for pPROM
Preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM), the rupture of the fetal membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation, complicates up to 12% of all pregnancies.1 It also increases the risk of maternal and perinatal complications and death due to placental abruption, cord prolapse, chorioamnionitis, sepsis, and preterm labor and birth. In fact, pPROM is associated with 20% to 40% of all preterm births.2,3 Its early and accurate detection would allow for obstetric interventions that may minimize such complications (such as broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy to prolong latency); a failure to accurately diagnose pPROM may increase the risk of complications.2-5 Similarly, a false-positive diagnosis may result in inappropriate care, including unnecessary hospitalization, administration of antibiotics, tocolytics, corticosteroids, and/or induction of labor.
Clearly then a rapid, accurate, and inexpensive test for pPROM is urgently needed. Several biochemical markers have been measured in vaginal fluid in an attempt to confirm the diagnosis of pPROM-including fetal fibronectin (fFN), alpha-fetoprotein, prolactin, insulin-like growth factor, and human placental lactogen-with variable results.5,15-21 One diagnostic test that is widely used in Europe and has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration is AmniSure (N-Dia, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.). An immunoassay that is simple, easy to perform, rapid (5-10 minutes), and noninvasive, AmniSure does not require a speculum examination.
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Comment on the staging of the "internal scenes" in Death of a Salesman. How effective do you think these are? How important are they in the creation of drama? Are they necessary to understanding the characters? Why or why not?
Describe and comment upon Miller's use of symbolism (aural, visual and in spoken language) in Death of a Salesman. How does this symbolism emphasize the main ideas in the play? Describe at least three major pieces of symbolism and go into detail as to their meanings and purposes in the play to convey ideas.
"Death of a Salesman offers a pessimistic view of the citizen's place in the social world.'" Do you agree? Regardless of how you answer regarding Willy, what of his sons? Describe the likely futures of Biff and Happy.
"Willy Loman's problem is not that he had the wrong dream, but that the dream...
This section contains 708 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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Horse Nutrition Guide for Beginners
A Guide On Healthy Nutrition For Your Horse
While all your Disney movies depict a horses diet as ten apples a day and maybe a mouthful of hay, this is far from the truth. Horses need more focus than that! A horse has a herbivorous stomach, but with a Cecum (like our appendix but actually used), this digestive system is simple but has a few narrow areas that can cause blockages and which are the main cause of the idea that horses are prone to digestive issues.
The main issue to worry about is Colic, which is a blockage that can cause discomfort and in severe cases death of the horse. If you are new to hors ownership and nutrition – do not attempt to medicate the horse yourself, it should be done by an experienced and skilled person to ensure the horses recovery.
Ensuring you feed your horse a balanced and healthy diet is not quite as easy as ensuring your dog is getting a balanced diet. While a horse’s diet may sound simple (hay, grain, water) it is actually a process of elimination and study of that specific horses needs.
The best feed option for your horse would be a natural grass in a fertile pasture, the most popular grass for horses is bluegrass. But if you have no land yourself, and stable your horse where there is no natural pasture available, you will have to ensure the optimal nutrition is given to your horse in the absence of grass.
Here are the top nutrition requirements to focus on:
Hay – good quality is usually used for the winter months when grass is not growing, but is the next best feed for horse after natural grasses. Each horse is fed based on their weight, 1 to 1 1/2 pounds per 100 pounds of body weight for the horse per day. You should also change the amount based on how much work your horse has done that day
When getting hay for your horse, do some research, it’s important that the hay has the correct amount of nutrition to ensure your horse remains healthy. Timothy is the most popular hay choice, but always make sure it is free from weed and has been cut and stored correctly.
Always avoid feeing your horse clover, it can cause drooling or heaving
Grains – The most popular and commonly used grain for horses is oats, as the oats do not pack to tightly in the stomach (remember colic, blockages must be avoided). Other grains that can be used are corn (cracked or whole but never ground) and Barley (cracked or soaked first).
Never feed your horse large amounts of wheat or milo due to its chewiness – and dough like consistency in the horse stomach (blockages!)
With the modern grains having less protein than they used to, a protein supplement (like linseed meal) for high performance can be added to the horses diet.
Water – Horse need between 10 and 15 gallons of clean water per day. Remember to never water your horse immediately after they have exercised, cool the horse down first and give them water slowly after.
Salt – when your horse exercises strenuously and sweat a lot, they can lose a large amount of salt which they require to function.
Always have salt on hand for your horse, as horse can consume up to 2 ounces a day.
So with these tips I will leave you, and soon your horse will be in such fine form that the Australian sports betting public will be shouting it on at the next Melbourne Cup.
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How Much Do We Really Know About Education?
The Common Core standards' first draft was first made available to the public in 2009. The final version was finished in 2010. The survey above was made this year, 2014. Lingering misperceptions are evident. Roughly two thirds of the public still believe the myth that the Common Core is federally mandated. At least, teachers seem to be more familiar, only about a third remains ignorant of the fact that the Common Core is a state-led effort. In light of this survey, a different poll which asks whether one supports or opposes the Common Core should clearly be taken with a grain of salt.
With the introduction of the new K+12 curriculum in the Philippines, there were likewise several surveys made. For one survey, the one made by the Social Weather Stations, policymakers were quick to point out how much the public supports the new program:
Imagine, 68% believe that DepEd's K+12 would actually solve the problem of school dropouts. First, how could the public even answer that question appropriately without knowing first what causes children to stop schooling? A much more important survey would be finding out how much the public understands K+12 first.
Alexa Fajardo of the University of the Philippines, Los Baños, did her undergraduate research on how people at Los Baños perceive the K+12 program. First, this survey at Los Baños does not agree with the national survey shown above. For instance, when parents were asked whether they like the new K+12 curriculum, there was no super majority. In fact, more disliked the new curriculum:
This particular survey of Fajardo actually did some additional background survey to understand the reasons behind the above responses. How much the parents know about the K+12 curriculum is important and the following table of responses obtained from parents and teachers show a general lack of familiarity with the curriculum among parents:
The only thing parents seem to know are the added years. With regard to the teachers, the above statements are quite similar to the selling points of DepEd. It is therefore highly likely that the responses to these surveys are largely uninformed. In other words, these surveys are really useless. There is, however, one particular question in the survey that caught my attention: Is the Philippines ready to adopt the program based on the current status of facilities, equipment, books, teachers, and other learning resources related to education? I think in this case, the response from teachers has value:
Less than one in five teachers is confident that DepEd are prepared to implement the new curriculum. Teachers should be quite competent to answer this question since they see what is exactly going on inside their classrooms, and their response clearly shows a lack of confidence in DepEd's K+12 program.
Overall, public surveys on education need to be used with great care. It is quite clear from the above examples that these surveys are often only good for one thing: Illustrating a profound ignorance or misunderstanding of education by the public.
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Famous Poets & Poetry: Classical Era
Classic poets are the ones which started it all. They created and wrote many of the genres you think about when it comes to poetry. Other than Shakespeare, these poets generally aren't given the attention they deserve.
You're favorite classical poet isn't here? Don't worry, we are trying our best to add as many poets and poems as we can.
Known as "the Supreme Poet".
The first American poet.
One of the most liberal poets.
The father of English literature.
A priest and metaphysical poet.
An English Renaissance author.
The founder of philosophical Taoism.
A principal Elizabethan writer.
An English metaphysical poet.
A preeminent English authors.
A Persian poet from the Sufism school.
One of the "nine lyric poets".
The Bard of Avon.
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There are two possible admonitions that the priest can give us on Ash Wednesday. “Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return” has always been my favorite as it reminds us of our mortality and reliance on God’s mercy and love. It seemed to fit perfectly with the sacramental itself and the sign of the cross placed upon our foreheads.
At the church where we now attend, my pastor always says, “Repent and believe in the Gospel.” The Gospel, the Good News, in a nutshell is that Jesus died to save us; thus the sign of the cross. I get that. But what does “repent” have to do with ashes? It just didn’t seem to make much sense to me until I began to realize the usage of ashes in the Old Testament.
In the Old Testament, ashes are a sign of mourning and repentance, an act of humility. The ancient Jewish tradition of penance and fasting was often accompanied with the wearing of ashes on the head. It symbolized grief, especially grief over sin that causes division from God and destruction of self as an individual and a nation.
In the sixth chapter of Joshua, the new leader of the Israelites after their massive victory over Jericho, sent 3,000 men to conquer the land of Ai. The Israelite army, however, was routed. Joshua immediately knew that God was no longer with them, that they must have offended Him. So Joshua and the elders “fell face down to the ground before the Ark of the Lord and sprinkled dust on their heads” (Josh 6:7). God then revealed to Joshua that one man, Acham, had taken “devoted things” from Jericho, disobeying God’s command. This story reveals the communal aspect of sin: the sin of one man caused suffering for the whole nation of Israel. Likewise, the prayers, humility and sorrow shown by Joshua and the elders helped bring about reconciliation and a return of God’s favor.
This year, the Year of Mercy, may our ashes bring about a reflection on the seriousness of our own sins and the damage they cause not only us but those around us and all the Church. This Lent, may we be reconciled to God and one another.
In the midst of all his sufferings, Job had three friends come to console him. Though their intentions may have been good, they spoke falsely about God. When Job began listening to and falling for their lies, God had to set him straight and remind Job of His love and power. “Then Job answered the Lord and said:
I know that you can do all things,
and that no purpose of yours can be hindered.
I have dealt with great things that I do not understand;
things too wonderful for me, which I cannot know.
I had heard of you by word of mouth,
but now my eye has seen you.
Therefore I disown what I have said,
and repent in dust and ashes” (Job 42:1-3).
Ashes were the sign Job used to show his sorrow and humility before God.
This year, may our ashes humble us. During Lent, may we be convicted of our own littleness and the greatness of our God.
In Ester, when Mordecai learned that Haman had the king sign a decree ordering the destruction of the Jews, “he tore his garments, put on sackcloth and ashes, and walked through the city crying loudly and bitterly. Likewise in each provinces, wherever the king’s legal enactment reached, the Jews went into deep mourning, with fasting, weeping, and lament; they all slept on sackcloth and ashes” (Ester 4:1&3). God heard the prayers of the Jews and rewarded their fasting and penance. By giving courage to Ester who in turn trusted in Him, God foiled the plans of Haman, thus saving the Jews from annihilation.
This year, may God, through the blessing of our ashes, give us courage to do the right thing and stand up for our faith. May our Lent lead us to hope in God for our salvation.
When Jonah finally made it to Nivevah and prophesied its dismise because of its evil deeds, the King “rose from his throne, laid aside his royal robe, covered himself in sackcloth, and sat in ashes” (Jonah 3:6). Moreover, he proclaimed to his people that no one, “neither man nor beast shall taste anything; they shall not eat nor shall they drink water” (vs. 7). It is interesting to note that God gave them 40 days to repent and make reparation. “When God saw by their actions how they turned from their evil way, he repented of the evil He had threatened to do them; he did not carry it out” (vs. 10). Fasting and doing penance enabled the Ninevites to experience God’s wonderful forgiveness and compassion.
May the ashes we receive this Lent be just the beginning of our 40 days of fasting and sacrifice, done for the love of God and in thanksgiving for His great grace bestowed upon us through the Blood of His Son.
Repent and believe in the Gospel!
Copyright 2016 Kelly Guest
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Although natural light is usually the best light for photography, shooting in direct sunlight presents various challenges including producing images with lens flare, over-saturated colors and high contrast. Trying to photograph people in direct sunlight can also result in pictures full of squinting, blinking and grimacing in the bright light. However, with a few tricks, you can make shooting in bright sunlight quite productive.
Right time of day
Time of day significantly influences your shot so if you have the ability to wait for the perfect light, do so. When dealing with sunlight, dawn and dusk are the best times as the color and direction of the light is more forgiving than sun from directly overhead.
If possible, move yourself and your subject matter into the shade. This is easy when shooting portraits as people don’t mind moving into the shade but not always possible with immovable objects such as flowers, plants, trees, etc. In such cases, create your own shade with a reflector, umbrella, your shadow or someone else’s shadow.
Bright sunlight can create dark, harsh shadows but you can fill these in by using a reflector to redirect the sunlight. A reflector bounces the light into your subject matter and enables you to photograph into the sun when using a fill in flash.
Fill in flash
The standard photography training may suggest placing the sun behind the subject matter for ample lighting, but shooting into the sun can make the subject appear dark or cause lens flare. By using a fill in flash, you can fill in the shadows and help combat dark subjects and flare.
To combat lens flare, use a lens hood or construct one from a card or your hand to help shield the lens from the direct sunlight. Keep your lens hood or hand out of the shot and use a tripod to avoid causing lens blur from any contact with the camera.
When you can’t move your subject matter, move yourself to gain a different perspective on the shot. Shoot from above it, on the other side, or from down low shooting upward. By choosing a different perspective, you change the angle of the sun that hits your subject and achieve a different feel to the image.
Although using filters all the time can interfere with the natural look of your shots, when dealing with bright sunlight, a polarizing filter can reduce reflections and a neutral density filter can reduce the light entering the camera. With a filter, you can use smaller apertures and slower shutter speeds to gain more control over exposure.
Featured image by isit_ric
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状态： 外来 入侵： 入侵 出现纪录： ??? 来源： Thomas and Taylor, 2002.
此地点的管理信息： House mice (Mus musculus) were eradicated from Mana Island (217 ha) in 1989 using both bait stations and aerial broadcast of bait.
最后修改 ： 13/01/2005 1:33:39 p.m.
The Global Invasive Species Database is managed by the
Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species
Survival Commission. It was developed as part of the global
initiative on invasive species led by the Global Invasive
Species Programme (GISP) and is supported through partnerships
with the National Biological Information Infrastructure,
Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research and the University of
Auckland. Conditions of use.
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What is a vaginal yeast infection?
Vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. Yeast are tiny organisms that normally live in small numbers on the skin and inside the vagina. The acidic environment of the vagina helps keep yeast from growing. If the vagina becomes less acidic, too many yeast can grow and cause a vaginal infection.
Are yeast infections common?
Yeast infections are so common that every 3 out of 4 of women will have one in their lifetime. Half of all women have more than one infection in their lifetime.
Written by familydoctor.org editorial staff
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After shaking off my excitement about the Swift programming language this morning I awoke to an innocent, bewildered tweet from Farhad Manjoo at the New York Times, who wondered aloud why anyone would need another programming language.
Indeed, there are computers in nearly everything these days; doesn’t the world have enough computer languages already? The short answer is: No. Here’s a dead-simple, Luddite-friendly explanation of why we’ll keep seeing new languages as long as there are people to learn them. (Hat-tip to our very own Node.js ninja Chris McClellan for discussing this post with me.)
If this question can be framed as a chicken-and-egg problem, we’ll start with the egg. The origin of many languages (such as BASIC, my first language) begins with the impetus to make programming concepts easier for beginners and hobbyists and human beings in general to grasp. The language computers actually “think” in is binary code. The reason for this is simple: If you break all your instructions to the machine into “yes” or “no” questions, represented by 1 or 0, then it’s impossible for the computer to mess up (unless of course your code is wrong.) This brilliant innovation came from a guy named Claude Shannon, who realized after WWII that radio signals (which fade in and out) were terribly unreliable vector for important information, like the kind you might send to be stored or processed by a computer.
Pretty much every language designed since binary has existed to make it easier for humans to write reliable, human-readable instructions for a machine, without anyone clawing their eyes out from the boredom and redundancy of writing in binary. (Writing the letter “A” for example, in binary code, is 01000001. A lower-case “a” is 01100001. So writing a whole word this way would take a while, never mind the thousands of lines that make up most programs.)
When a language uses a lot of plain English words, making it easily readable, it’s known as “verbose.” Objective-C, Apple’s programming language, is infamously (even absurdly) verbose, which is part of the reason why Apple got its reputation for being user-friendly. It’s not just the computers that are easy to use. It’s the language itself. This is dummy code, but a function in Objective-C looks like this. Even if you’ve never programmed in your life, you can sort-of, kind-of, understand what the engineer is telling the computer to do:
[someInstance doSomethingWithObject:a andAnotherParam:b];
In fact, the reason there are so many “hacker kits” out there for physical electronics is that making real-life gadgets is often the most palatable way into programming concepts for people who are turned off just staring at code like this. So if the above sounds boring, that doesn’t mean programming isn’t for you; just try starting with hardware instead of software.
Like other innovations, languages often begin as some stubborn person’s attempt to do things their own way, aka “The Best Way.” Here’s an example from the early days.
In 1971, most people were programming in Lisp. An engineer at Stanford had figured out how to edit Lisp code in what today we would call a primitive text editor–think of the TextEdit app on your Mac. But it wasn’t exactly straightforward to use.
One could not place characters directly into a document by typing them … but rather one had enter a character in the TECO command language telling it to switch to input mode, enter the required characters, during which time the edited text was not displayed on the screen.
Then you had to hit the Escape key to see your changes made, almost like saving and viewing the draft of a blog post. Anyway, it was a pain.
Another engineer from MIT saw this innovation on a visit to Palo Alto and decided to reproduce it himself back in Cambridge, but with a few improvements. Colleagues eventually began writing “macros” for this new interface–reusable bits of code that saved time. When they formalized the collection of macros into a system, they called it EMACS, short for “Editing MACroS.”
“But that doesn’t sound like a new language!” you might be saying. True, but like spoken languages, programming languages are often derived from a neighboring language and then touted as “a new language” when it is sufficiently different from the original one that its proponents can make that claim. The story of EMACS brings us to the next reason why programming languages get invented: They save work.
If you’re a liberal arts type, don’t get scared by this term–it means the same thing in programming as, you know, life. Think of it this way: In writing, we call a group of words a “paragraph.” That’s an abstract concept which refers to a thought, or a chunk of a written statement. We employ the word “paragraph” so that we don’t have to recite the entire text of that paragraph when we tell people which section of the article we are referring to.
Similarly, programmers are always trying to create reusable bits of code, because like other humans, they are lazy, and they seek to not repeat themselves. About 30 years ago, there was a big movement toward making computer programs almost entirely out of reusable parts, which programmers called “objects.” (It’s kind of like the modular movement in architecture, car, or furniture design.) This is a design pattern known as object-oriented programming, and it was so innovative at the time that NeXT, Steve Jobs’s company after Apple, championed it as the future of programming. They were so sold on object-oriented programming that they decided to put it in the name of their version of the C language, and Objective-C was born. Apple inherited Objective-C when it bought NeXT, and turned the company’s OS into Mac OS X.
Sometimes you need a new language because there are tectonic changes that need adapting to. This has been happening lately with the coming of the “cloud.”
Traditionally, programs have run locally on your computer. These are today known as the “apps” you download and install on your computer. Every once in a while, something called “the Internet” comes along which makes it possible to deliver apps running on one computer to another computer, far away. These are web apps, such as Facebook.com or Twitter.com. They’re “applications” in the sense that they are not just static information pages like, say, the documents the DMV posts on their site. In a web app, you can take actions and see those changes reflected (seemingly) instantly, even though the actual Facebook.com “app” is running on servers somewhere, not your actual computer.
Building apps this way is actually quite expensive: You use up a lot of computing power and bandwidth delivering “software as a service,” aka “from the cloud,” as it’s called. Those clouds cost a lot of money to operate, mostly to air condition the servers. So recently a bunch of geniuses got together and created an open source platform called Node.js, which makes it drastically cheaper to run apps over the web for reasons I won’t go into here.
This isn’t to say that the most popular languages totally dominate. Other languages like Erlang have gotten renewed interest since apps started moving into the cloud, too; in fact, the far-less-popular language Erlang is what powers WhatsApp.
Programming languages are made by people for other people. As a result, they carry all the cultural artifacts of their makers, and some of those cultural artifacts are turnoffs to other groups of engineers, who turn around and make their own version. This has happened countless times in the history of computer science, leading to lots of dialects of the most popular languages. But nowhere is it more starkly apparent than in the first Arabic programming language. As we wrote last year about Ramsey Nasser, who also created the first Emoji programming language:
Nasser commented that even in computer coding, “the tools we use carry cultural assumptions from the people that made them.” When Nasser created قلب, he ran into trouble when he tried to translate the words “true” and “false” into Arabic. He ended up using “correct” and “incorrect” instead, and though the concepts did not exactly align, he said it “turned into an amazing conversation that [he] got to have with [his] parents and friends.” Nasser aims at creating universality in coding: “Emojinal is an attempt to step away from cultural baggage.”
“Not only are languages different tools for different jobs, but they are technologies that shape how you think about programming,” says Richard Pattis, a senior lecturer of Informatics at UC Irvine who invented the Karel educational programming language in 1981…To expand their minds, Pattis recommends that versatile programmers learn languages from different language paradigms, whether it be object-oriented languages (e.g., C++/Java), functional languages (e.g., ML and Haskell), scripting languages (e.g., Lisp and Python), logic-based languages (e.g., Prolog), or low-level languages (like C, the Java Virtual Machine or a machine language).The point is not necessarily fluency, but gaining a conceptual vocabulary to attack problems in new ways. Good programmers don’t just learn how to code–learning core concepts teaches them how to wrap their brain around a problem and produce efficient code to solve it.
Programmers–if you can think of other reasons why languages rise (or fall) please let me know on Twitter @chrisdannen.
Update: The importance of design patterns in programming, mentioned above in the “Abstraction” section, can’t be underestimated. When I tweeted this story, developer Matt Drance answered the eponymous question thusly. If I had to pick a one-line answer, this would probably be the most accurate; it’s saying essentially that new languages arise because today’s design patterns (and by extension, today’s languages) may not suit our needs in the future:
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1.The quality of Wave-making Pool
Wave-making pool is a kind of pond which is manually created to simulate ocean waves. In the water park, it is generally the largest of all water park equipment
. It can create atmosphere most. The ups and downs of waves on the water always bring excitement to the tourists, so that some water parks at home and abroad attract tourists by setting up such a large pool. The bottom of the wave-making pool should be designed as a slope from shallow to deep. This is conducive to the formation and development of waves. Wave-making machines and wave-generating outlets should be located in the deepest part of the pool.
2.Ways of Wave-making Pool
There are many ways to make waves, but according to their technical means, they can be divided into two categories: pneumatic and vacuum.
1.Pneumatic wave-making is a commonly used form of wave-making pool at present. It consists of air chamber, fan, valve mechanism, speed regulating mechanism, air duct system, control system and so on. Its characteristics are simple structure.
Working Principle: The air flow from the centrifugal fan is introduced into the air chamber, and the free water surface in the air chamber is compressed to generate waves by pumping/exhausting air repeatedly. Changing the frequency of pumping/exhaust flow and the size of airflow can change the size and length of the wave, and create eight effects such as simulating natural waves, surges and oblique waves. The wave height is 0.5-1.2 m and the wave length is 50 m. All parts of the wave-making system are separated from water, which is beneficial to the use and maintenance of water park equipment. The water park equipment is suitable for small water park. Pneumatic wave-making is the most commonly used wave-making method in water park because of its low cost of civil construction and equipment. But the disadvantage is that the noise is slightly higher. It is suitable for old people or children to play.
2.Vacuum wave-making system mainly consists of vacuum main engine, pipeline system, water circulation system, valve system, control system and air chamber.
Working Principle: Vacuum machine will empty the air in the air chamber, so that the water level rises indoors. When the water level reaches the preset height, the valve is opened, which makes the air chamber connect with the atmosphere. From negative pressure to atmospheric pressure, the rising pressure of the air chamber causes the water body with high water level to drop suddenly, which strongly impacts the water body outside the air chamber, thus generating waves. This kind of wave-making is characterized by large wave height up to 2.8m, and wave extension length up to 100m. It's spectacular and the waves are rolling. The disadvantage is that the wave-making interval is long, the structure is complex and the cost is relatively high. It is mainly used in large-scale water park wave-making pool. When the wave-making system is in operation, its energy consumption is large, so it usually does not last for a long time. Generally, waves are made 1-2 times an hour, and each time is 10-15 minutes long.
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Stabilizing an elliptical machine is a relatively simple process that can be completed in a few minutes depending on the origin of the problem. To stabilize your elliptical machine, you need access to the machine, the ability to move it and a wrench.Continue Reading
Examine the frame and design of your elliptical machine. In some inexpensive models, the design is very flimsy. This may be the cause of your problem. If your machine has built-in inadequacies, you may need to consider purchasing a different, more stable elliptical machine.
Check the floor underneath your elliptical machine. Oftentimes, elliptical machines are unstable because they are not on a sufficiently rigid surface. Make sure the floor underneath the machine is hard and flat. If there is carpet underneath your elliptical, try to find an area with a hard non-carpeted surface to move it to.
Look at all of the connections and bolts in the frame of your elliptical machine. Depending on the model of machine, these bolts may be in different locations. If you find any frame bolts that are loose, tighten them with your wrench and re-assess the stabilization problem.
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Abstract: This essay analyses Nijinsky as a dancer with his ballet performances and the diary. The continuous use of queer themes in the ballet theatre is studied. Did the ballet performances really change Nijinsky the man to Nijinsky the queer? The Ballets Russes made Nijinsky get rid of his own self. Nijinsky’s identity was shaped by his performances. Nijinsky having expressed himself in writing four volumes of his diaries reveals his personal side.
Keywords: queer theory, sexual identity, sexual orientation, gay / lesbian studies, homosexual relationships, heterosexuality
Queer theory has effectively re-opened the question of the relations between sexuality and gender. It has created greater opportunities for transgender studies. It has pursued the task of detaching the critique of gender and sexuality from the narrowly conceived notions of lesbian and gay identity. It has dramatised the far-reaching theoretical promises of work in lesbian and gay studies. But with the institutionalisation of queer theory, and its acceptance by the academy, new problems and new challenges have come up.
Queer theory, defines itself in opposition to the concept of “normalcy”, challenging the normativity of heterosexuality and highlighting the effects of socialisation on sexual identity. It is interesting to find out how queerness is related to the earlier ballet performances by Nijinsky.
Vaslav Nijinsky was born in Kiev, Ukraine, in 1889 as the son of Polish dancers Tomasz and Eleonora Bereda. He studied under Enrico Cecchetti and Nicholas Legat in the Imperial Ballet School. He was short and sturdy and also very shy. The support and love which he gained from his audience at the Mariinsky Theatre was appreciable. Nijinsky created a sensation in the role of the Wind God Vayou at the age of 18. Nijinsky met Diaghilev, an ardent lover of arts who decided to promote Russian arts and culture particularly in Paris. Diaghilev was a law student. It was his love for the Russian arts that paved way for the Russians to have a ballet company in their country. Diaghilev really worked hard and never paid attention to the demotivating talks of his colleagues. Ballets Russes, the dance company of Diaghilev was established as an independent company in 1911. Diaghilev gained success when Nijinsky and Tamara Karsavina joined his ballet company, Ballets Russes. “Le Pavillon d’ Armide”, “Cleopatra” and “The Feast” were the performances which made them renowned as the most exemplary artists of the time. Nijinsky was always surrounded by the queerness of his ballet performances.
“Queer” is a term which was so strange and unnatural. Now the term is used by almost everyone in this world to speak on lesbians and gays. The term “queer” has become complex now and it always catches hold of the attention of the critics. Teresa de Lauretis coined the phrase “queer theory” to serve as the title of a conference that she held in February 1990 at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where she was the Professor of the History of Consciousness. She had the courage to pair the word “queer” with “theory.”
Lauretis didn’t want to introduce queer theory as something that is easy to come to terms with. She tried to challenge the heterosexist underpinnings and assumptions and to call attention to everything that is perverse about the project of theorising sexual desire and sexual pleasure. Queer theory includes both queer readings of texts and the theorisation of queerness itself. Gay/lesbian studies focussed its inquiries into natural and unnatural behaviour with respect to homosexual behaviour.
Nijinsky made an attempt to rejoin the Mariinsky Theatre but failed. He appeared on stage without wearing the modesty trunks. The scandal might have been created by Diaghilev because his success clearly rested on Nijinsky now. Nijinsky’s main project was the challenging categorisation of gender and sexuality. Identities are not fixed and they cannot be categorised and labelled because identities consist of many varied components and that to categorise by one characteristic is wrong. Nijinsky’s lead roles in the “Le Spectre de la Rose” as a rose and as a puppet in “Petrouchka” announced Nijinsky’s talents. Nijinsky was one of the greatest dancers of that time. His ability to play the gravitational force with his dance movements was famous.
Nijinsky also started choreographing which brought forth his creativity. His innovations astonished the audience. The famous ballets of his production were “L’ apres – midi d’ un faune” (The Afternoon of a Faun) in 1912, “Jeux” in 1913, “Till Eulenspiegel” in 1916 and “Le Sacre du Printemps” (The Rite of Spring) in 1913. For the first time his audience experienced dance performances that were never seen before. Nijinksy brought a new direction and traditional performances were forgotten by his audience. This created uproar in Paris.
Soon a performance was planned by the Ballets Russes in South America. Without the supervision of Diaghilev, Nijinsky and the dancers reached South America. There he came across a Hungarian Countess, Romola Pulszky. She was an ardent admirer of Nijinsky. She was able to make Nijinsky fall for her. After the performance, when they reached Europe, they got married. Diaghilev couldn’t control his rage and Nijinsky was dismissed from the troupe. Nijinsky’s attempt to reactivate his own ballet troupe failed due to poor administration.
Soon after this, Nijinsky rejoined Ballets Russes and he started performing for Diaghilev. At that time signs of dementia praecox were apparently evident to his co-artists. Nijinsky’s dancing career ended with a nervous breakdown which was diagnosed as schizophrenia. He was taken to Switzerland by his wife for advanced treatments. All their efforts to bring Nijinsky back to life were in vain. Nijinsky died at a London clinic on April 8, 1950 and was buried in London.
Nijinsky was the leading performer of the Ballets Russes. He overturned the second class status of the male dancers. His vision related to a dance was that it should be beautiful. Nijinsky and some of his co- artists really loved to elevate ballet dance from ordinary to something extraordinary. Nijinsky tried to dissolve the ballet’s status as a courtly performance. He wanted to give a modern touch to the ballet dance.
Nijinsky explored the traditional art form with his innovations. His attempt culminated in the queerness of his ballet performances.
The ballet companies at that time followed a full length dance performance model at a stretch. With Diaghilev’s entrance, it was changed to short and separate performances. The roles performed by Nijinsky for the Ballet Russes were specifically made for him. Diaghilev created roles specially for Nijinsky which helped in the huge success of Ballets Russes.
Diaghilev asserted himself a homosexual. The Russian lovers of art were fascinated by Diaghilev. The first and foremost thing which built up his success as a director was his personality and he was a nice handsome man. Diaghilev was always seen with one of his male dancers in the streets. Dancers at that time were from low family background and aristocrats like Diaghilev were not supposed to be in company with them. This really amazed the audience and rumours about his sexual orientation were discussed everywhere. It was also said that Diaghilev accompanied male dancers just to manifest his relationship with art which promoted his personality.
Diaghilev was candid about his homosexual relationships with his dancers. He was said to have a dominating personality. Diaghilev knew well to use his charming personality. He not only sold his own personality but also Nijinsky’s. Diaghilev’s sexual orientation was known to everyone. The talents hidden in him silenced the audience responses on his homosexual relationships. Diaghilev’s reaction on hearing the news of Nijinsky’s marriage roused his love and lust towards Nijinsky. Massine was his next prey. When Diaghilev appointed Massine in the place of Nijinsky, the ballet was labelled as a den of vice.
The aim of Diaghilev was to give ballet a queer iconography. Diaghilev reworked on the themes with same sex desire. His performances aimed at people who were interested in watching ballet with same sex desire themes. These audiences were ready to taste a new field in the ballet. Diaghilev opened a new path for Nijinsky but it was Fokine who introduced Nijinsky entrusting him with charismatic roles. The roles offered by Fokine confirmed that the homosexual and erotic ballet themes really heightened Nijinsky’s talent as a dancer. Golden Slave in Scheherazade (1910) was the first instance for his entrance to these queer themes.
The audience was really shocked to see these types of ballet themes. The Afternoon of a Faun was Nijinsky’s famous ballet performance in the Ballets Russes. In this ballet, Nijinsky tried to elevate Fokine’s erotically elevated theme even to a greater degree. Nijinsky during the performance climaxed on the top of a scarf which resembled masturbation in the final scene.
Nijinsky in “Scheherazade” (1910) was dressed in loose, silken harem trousers and a jewelled bodice. He wore earrings, and he swaggered towards the camera. He exposed his throat and the inside of his wrists and forearms. He smiled, open-mouthed and welcomed all. Nijinsky’s appearance was that of a female but his character was of a Golden Slave. The company achieved success on Oriental themes. The oriental themes selected by the Ballets Russes Company were one of the reasons for their immediate success.
The Oriental themes were something considered by the Europeans as seductive and erotic. Arabian Nights and Kamasutra gave the orient an aura of eroticism. The Arabian Nights clearly tells the stories of male-male relationship and this attained a status for the homosexuals in the Eastern countries. The Europeans travelled to the East to experience these violent passions among the orients. These tales contributed a change in the Western taste regarding the homosexual relationships.
“Scheherazade” typically followed these experiences of the East. The story was from the Arabian Nights. While the Sultan was out hunting, his favourite concubine, Zobeide, persuaded the chief eunuch to release the male African slaves into the harem. The women of the court then had an orgy with the slaves, but this was interrupted by the return of the Sultan. He was furious, and with his men he slaughtered both concubines and slaves. The central figure of the domineering, sexually adventurous woman Zobeide was played by the strikingly tall Russian Heiress Ida Rubinstein. As the massacre was carried out around her, the cool, haughty Rubinstein remained still. She did not express anger at the Sultan, or grief at the slaying of her favourite slave. Before he could decide whether to kill or spare her, she took a dagger and stabbed herself to death.
Queer theory is in opposition to the normalcy and it tries to bring different meanings to sexual identity. This theory has been influenced by Foucault, Judith Mayne, Judith Butler, Diana Fuss and Monique Wittig. Queer theory gets completed with the three elements: power, knowledge and sexuality. Queer is defined as the one which is against the normal or normalising. It is an engagement with the relations between sex, gender and sexual desire. It gives priorities to readings of the representation of same sex desire in literary texts, films, music, images. Queer theory also analyses the social and political power relations. The studies of transsexual and transgender identification can also be seen under the queer theory.
Nijinsky as the Golden Slave was appreciated by many. He did the role of a heterosexual in the ballet. This scene which showed an excessive sexual hunger was against the church and its practices. It also questioned the racial differences. The Golden Slave and Zobeide did extremely well and the stage was that of two people who did the sexual act violently. Nijinsky and Ida Rubenstein acted forgetting themselves and amazed the audience with their brilliant performances. According to many, Nijinsky lacked masculinity and it was because of this reason that he could perform well in all those homosexual roles.
Here Nijinsky showed that sex should not be repressed as in the early days. In order to do away with this repression, we need to talk about it freely. Eastern culture sees “sex” as ars erotica, a sense of pleasure whereas the western culture sees it as scientia sexuali, a distanced scientific investigation. Foucault was not the first to argue that sexuality is socially constructed. From the 1980s onwards, his work undeniably had the greatest impact and influence on new developments in gay and lesbian studies and on cultural studies of sexuality. Queer theory employs a number of ideas from poststructuralist theory, including Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic models of decentred, unstable identity, Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction of binary conceptual and linguistic structures, and of course, Foucault’s model of discourse, knowledge and power. It may be best to understand the relationship of queer theory and gay and lesbian studies in Foucauldian terms as part of a dynamic network of different but overlapping fields of knowledge and discursive practice.
Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes renovated the dance techniques and styles. He taught the audience to focus on the body of the male dancers rather than on the female artists. Diaghilev introduced muscular male dancers with astonishing energy. Diaghilev rethought and completely discarded the traditional themes in the ballet. Diaghilev along with Nijinsky worked on the Oriental themes and gave them the idea of a queering self. The ballet themes have been associated most prominently with lesbian and gay subjects. Its analytic framework also includes such topics as cross-dressing, hermaphroditism and gender ambiguity.
The Ballets Russes was notorious for its homoerotic themes. This always caught the attention of the press. The Ballet Russes didn’t question the sexual orientation of anyone but it just showed the possibility of enjoying Nijinsky’s homoerotic ballet performance. Diaghilev challenged the validity and consistency of heteronormative discourse, and focussed to a large degree on non-heteronormative sexualities and sexual practices. At that time, heterosexuality was viewed as normal and any deviations such as homosexuality as abnormal or “queer”. Diaghilev and Nijinsky have come to view “queer” differently. Sometimes they considered it as an umbrella term for sexual self-identifications.
The heterosexual relationships and ballet were interrelated. Their sexual orientations influenced their opening as ballet dancers. Nijinsky with the blessings of his mother started his career as a ballet dancer. She purposefully rejected his heterosexual orientation for an excellent entry to the dancing field. Nijinsky had his first homosexual relationship with Prince Pavel Lvov. Later he introduced Nijinsky to Diaghilev. This meeting was beneficial for both men. Nijinsky appeared in shockingly exposing costumes under Ballets Russes production.
Nijinsky attained fame as a dancer as well as Diaghilev’s male sexual partner. The roles created by Fokine for Nijinsky was bisexual or strongly sexual. It was believed that these types of roles could be made perfect only by Nijinsky. Nijinsky was an energetic dancer on stage but at the same time shy and reserved offstage. Nijinsky’s role as a rose, wearing the costume of rose petals questioned his sexual identity. These roles revealed him as a homosexual man as well as an artist. Nijinsky fascinated audience with his own choreographic style. The movements in the performances were not ordinary. The dancers with their body were flung to the audience for their pleasure.
Taking into account the theories of Foucault on queerness, he wonders how sex can express one’s identity. And he explains that it is because of the relationship between power and knowledge. Foucault criticises the “juridico discursive” conception of power as something that simply represses and restricts, always taking a law-like form. He suggests that power is as productive as it is repressive, that it is multi- faceted and omnipresent. Power is everywhere, working in all directions. Sexuality, then, isn’t something that power represses, but a great conduit of power. Sex is a social construct; it helps us to control ourselves. Nijinsky used this power on the stage and this power attracted the audience all over the world.
Nijinsky’s dancing career came to an end when he was dismissed from the Ballet Russes for his marriage. Nijinsky knew that he was going to lose everything if Diaghilev didn’t support him. Nijinsky was not much social and this incompetency created Nijinsky more and more difficulty in his dancing career. Nijinsky’s dairy The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky provided so many life truths about Nijinsky. When everybody labelled him a “homosexual”, his diary tended to make us think the other way round.
Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity by Judith Butler, published in 1990, is arguably the most influential text in queer theory. Butler explicitly develops Foucault’s work in relation to feminist theories of gender in order to expose and explore naturalised and normative models of gender and of heterosexuality. She presents gender as a performative effect experienced by the individual as a natural identity as in the case of Nijinsky.
Gender, Butler argues, is not the conceptual or cultural extension of chromosomal/biological sex, but an ongoing discursive practice currently structured around the concept of heterosexuality as the norm of human relationships. Compulsory heterosexuality is installed in gender through the productions of taboos against homosexuality, resulting in a false coherence of apparently stable genders attached to appropriate biological sexes. This is why identifying a man as a gay seems preposterous. But the connections are not inevitable or natural. Gender performativity literally destroys the goal of the liberation of repressed or oppressed natures, whether gendered or sexual, but opens up possibilities of resistance and subversion closed down by identity politics. At the end of the 2000s, some academics have proposed a post- queer theory to resolve the inadequacies of queer theory, namely to have real-life impact on the queer and broader communities.
Nijinsky explicitly says that he always had sexual attraction towards women but his career demanded him to be a homosexual. The roles created by other choreographers opened his ability to dance in an effeminate way but at the same time Nijinsky choreographed masculine roles for himself. Nijinsky enthusiastically performed the roles of both female and male types. He was ready to experience every possibility in the dance. Theorists were always interested to find the shameful truths of sex. Confessions play an important role in sexuality. People like to share their experiences with others. They need to confess to get a peaceful mind. And these confessions can be related with one’s sexuality. It might be that through his ballet performances, Nijinsky attempted to confess his feelings.
Nijinsky who was surrounded by the artists also tried to reveal the homosexual or highly erotic Nijinsky. The painting drawn by a famous painter of those times portrayed Nijinsky showing the pubic hair but in reality it was covered with the costumes. At those times male desire for male was not spoken in public. So the males who were interested in expressing their desires got an opportunity during these ballet performances. Nijinsky was followed by a lot of homosexual figures who even found ecstasy by touching his thighs. Heterosexuality could be seen as a product of homosexuality, or rather of the same conceptual framework. Homosexual identity inevitably reaffirms a binary and unequal opposition between the homosexual and the heterosexual.
The juncture when the queer themes were put forward was an ambiguous period. Later it acquired an importance equivalent to Marxist theory and Psychoanalytic theory. The only problem was that no one knew what the queerness was. Soon Queer theory appeared on the shelves of bookstores and in advertisements for academic jobs. It also harmonised adequately with the contemporary critique of feminist and gay/lesbian identity politics. It brought the feeling that ‘queer’ was some sort of advanced post modern theory. It was also able to supersede both feminist and lesbian-gay theories. Queer theory thereby achieved what lesbian and gay studies, despite its many scholarly and critical accomplishments, had been unable to bring about: namely, the entry of queer scholarship into the academy, the creation of jobs in queer studies, and the acquisition of academic respectability for queer work.
Critics always co-relate the confessions with sexuality. The Law and the Church viewed “sex” as something not to be spoken about. The 16th century people considered “sex” as something not to be discussed and they don’t even like to be called heterosexuals. In the 18th century also the situation was not different. Nijinsky should have been congratulated for speaking on sexuality through his ballet performances. Nowadays people are frank to speak of sex with the same gender and they are happy to be known as ‘homosexuals.’
In December 1917, Nijinsky was admitted in a hospital at Switzerland ailing from schizophrenia. He had recorded his daily activities from January to March 1919 in his diary. No other public figure has gifted us with such a record of his life events. He was looked after by his wife Romola and Kyra, his daughter. The edited version was published for the public. The unedited version was edited by his wife Romola who removed almost most of the real incidents related to his sex- life. She wanted her husband to be presented to the public as a gentleman who loved his wife more than anything.
Romola presented Diaghilev as the person who destroyed Nijinsky’s life. She considered herself as Nijinsky’s mascot and protector. The original version was not published until Romola’s death. Nijinsky had very clearly stated his opinions on Diaghilev and Romola in his diary. It was written as a stream of consciousness narration in Russian and partially in French. He guiltily recalls his affairs and sexual relationships with prostitutes before and after marriage.
It can be believed that Nijinsky through his diary was trying to tell that he was not mad. He just achieved a higher plane of understanding with God. He just had a union with God. He tried to let the world know that “feeling” plays an important role in our life. It is necessary to feel than to think. In his diary, he speaks of things which are extraordinary. He talks about his eating habits, digestion and elimination. He longs to build a bridge between Europe and America for a better co-operation. He also says that he knows a cure for cancer.
Nijinsky repeatedly mentions the name of Diaghilev in his diary and he considers him as an eagle that kills small birds. Nijinsky knows that he is affected by something. He doesn’t know if it is madness or the union with God. Romola’s edited version casts Nijinsky as a person full of spirituality whereas his unedited version shows his sexual indulgences. Nijinsky at last hated Diaghilev for it was he who made Nijinsky a homosexual. It was out of necessity that Nijinsky became obedient to Diaghilev. In the last years of his life, Nijinsky tried to control his sexual urges. He even refused eating meat so that the sexual urges won’t irritate him.
While dancing Nijinsky would forget himself and become so much absorbed in the dance that there was only the dance and no dancer – he would jump so high that it was against gravitation. Through his diary, The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky, we get a clear picture of what had happened to this real genius who had suddenly disappeared from the stage. The diary is a written document to analyze and understand Nijinsky through his own words. With the help of both sources – his dance performances and the diary, we could understand Vaslav Nijinsky as one of the greatest male dancers of the century. Nijinsky expressed himself through his dance performances. He was able to communicate with others through his dance. Diaghilev had seen Nijinsky kindle in the miracle ignited by Diaghilev.
Nijinsky, Vaslav. The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky.Trans. Kyril Fitzlyon. New York: Actes Sud, 1995. Print.
Nijinsky, Romola, ed. The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky. USA: California UP, 1968.
LITTY JOSEPH. Did her MA and M.Phil at the Institute of English and is currently pursuing higher studies in education.
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Every physical medium has a maximum size of packets it can send. This is called MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit). For Ethernet this is usually 1500 bytes. If we send packets that are larger than 1500 bytes fragmentation is needed. Fragmentation is the method of dividing one large packet into several smaller packets.
1500 bytes is the maximum size including headers which means we have 1500 – 20 – 8 = 1472 bytes. 20 bytes are used by the IP header and in this example 8 bytes for ICMP. The Ethernet header doesn’t apply to this limit. If we were using TCP instead we would have 1500 – 20 – 20 = 1460 bytes available. The MTU for my Ethernet card is 1300, this is because I have Ciscos VPN client installed, it sets the MTU to 1300 to have room for IPSEC encapsulation. To find out what your MTU is use “netsh interface ipv4 show interfaces”
Let’s take a look at an IPv4 header.
There are three fields that we are specially interested in. Identification, flags and fragment offset. The identification field is used primarily for identyfing fragments. Fragments which belong to the same original IP datagram will have the same number in the identification field. The flags field has three bits.
- Bit 0: Reserved; must be zero (Sometimes refered to as the evil bit, see RFC 3514)
- Bit 1: Don’t fragment bit
- Bit 2: More fragments bit
If bit 1 is set, fragmentation is not allowed. This is useful for finding out the max size payload we can send. Bit 2 is set to indicate more fragments. All fragments that belong to an IP datagram will have the more fragments bit set except for the final fragment. This is so the end hosts can know when it has collected all the fragments of the IP datagram. The fragment offset field specifies the offset of a fragment. The first fragment will have an offset of 0. The next fragment will have an offset of 1280 if MTU = 1300 is used.
To verify that the max size is 1272 I will ping a host with a payload of 1272 bytes and the DF flag set, 1273 bytes will fail.
The ping is successful. This is what the packet looks like:
The frame is 1314 bytes long (1272 + 8 + 20 +14). Total length = 1300 ( 1272 + 8 + 20). The DF bit is set, bit nr two of the flags field. We can also see the ICMP header further down. Now let’s see when we try to use 1273 bytes:
The frame is not allowed since it is too large. Now lets generate some fragments, we will ping with a payload of 2544 bytes. This should generate exactly two frames.
Lets take a look in Wireshark:
Notice the identification field (17987). Also notice that the more fragments bit is set and that the fragment offset is 0. This is what the following frame looks like and it contains the actual ICMP header:
The identification field is the same (17987). The more fragments bit is not set since it’s the last fragment. The fragment offset is 1280. The first frame had 1280 bytes of data. This post should give you some insight to IP fragmentation. In a following post I will talk about TCP MTU discovery.
ARP is one of the most used protocols and every netwoork engineer should have a good understanding of it. The purpose of ARP is to find out the hardware address for a host for which we know the IP. ARP is in no way bound to Ethernet, it will function for other layer 2 protocols also. The topology I have used is very simple, it’s my own wireless network at home. See the picture below:
In Windows, to see what is in the ARP cache type “arp -a”. In windows Vista/7 the entry is valid for about 30 seconds.
Since I already have an entry for 192.168.1.254 (my router) I need to delete it to force an ARP request to be sent. I will capture the traffic with Wireshark. The command to do this is “arp -d”.
Lets look at an ARP header:
The numbers above the image are the octet boundaries, one octet is 8 bits. This can also be expressed as one byte. The first field which is 2 octets in size is hardware type. This field indicates what layer 2 protocol is being used, in this case Ethernet. This number will be one for Ethernet(0×0001). Protocol type is the layer 3 protocol in use which in our case is IP. IP has the number 0×0800. Hardware address length is one octet long and indicates the length of the hardware address. For Ethernet this is 6 bytes(48 bits). Protocol address length is the length of IP which is 4 octets. Opcode tells us what kind of ARP message this is, this will be a one for a request or a two for a reply. It can also be a three or four in the case of RARP (Reverse ARP).
Source hardware address and destination hardware address is in our case the MAC(Media Access Control) address. The protocol address is the source and destination IP address.
My computer now sends an ARP request (Opcode 0×0001). This is what it looks like:
192.168.1.254 is the router and .65 is my computer. Notice that the frame is a broadcast since we don’t know the MAC-address of the router. This is what the frame looks like in detail:
The router then sends a reply which is unicasted, the router knows the computers MAC-address since it was in the frame that it received. The frame looks like this:
This is the more detailed version:
The router will save the MAC for the computer in it’s own cache. If we are asking for the hardware address of the router that means we are interested in communicating with it so it is more effecient to save the information then to send a new request from the router to the computer.
I hope this post has given you some more detail about how ARP works.
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- Research-based strategies, presented in a friendly, encouraging tone. The traits have revolutionized the way writing is taught. And nobody knows the traits better than Ruth Culham, who has written over 25 books and conducted countless workshops for teachers of all grades. Now, Ruth turns her expert eye to middle school.
- Contains classroom-tested materials developed just for teachers of grades 6-8. Brand-new scoring guides, scored sample papers, Think Abouts, warm-up exercises, focus lessons and activities for each trait, organized by that trait's key qualities — all make it easy to assess writing and deliver targeted instruction.
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|number of pages||336|
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This is a drawing of the Galileo probe exploring the environment of Jupiter.
Click on image for full size
Image from: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Can there be Life in the Environment of Titan?
of Titan is a lot like the Earth's, except that it is very cold, from -330 degrees to -290 degrees!
Like the Earth, there is a lot of Nitrogen and other complex molecules.
There also may be an ocean made of methane molecules, or maybe even a layer of water inside the moon. Some creatures on Earth can live in an environment of very cold water.
Except for the cold, these signs would be friendly for some sort of life.
Overall, however, not much is known about the moon Titan. Up close exploration with a probe, as shown in this drawing, would help scientists better figure out if life could survive there.
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Today’s Google Doodle is in honour of Millicent Fawcett; the equal rights campaigner who today would celebrate her 171st birthday.
Millicent Fawcett although well known within feminist circles has reached a wider audience in recent months and is recognised for being the first woman to take her place alongside other famous and significant men in Parliament Square. Earlier this year a statue to the women’s rights campaigner was unveiled – the very first statue of a woman to appear in square to recognise the effort she made to achieve voting rights for women.
The unveiling of her statue was not only significant because she was the first woman to have her statue erected in Parliament Square, but it is also the place where many significant battles between the suffragettes and Police took place.
Millicent was not the only person in her family to strive for equal rights, her sister, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, also pushed boundaries in medicine and fought to be the first female Doctor in the UK.
Today the Fawcett Society, a leading women’s rights and equality charity, works to advance women’s equality. Continuing the legacy of Millicent, who aged just 19 collected over a thousand signatures on a petition to secure women the right to vote, the society fights sexism and gender inequality through its research and campaigns.
On Sunday thousands of women and girls marched through the streets around across cities in the UK wearing the colours of the suffragettes to mark the centenary of some women getting the vote.
This important moment in history was only made possible through the grit and determination of those like Millicent Fawcett and her contemporaries such as Emily Wilding Davison and of course the famous Pankhurst sisters whose lives were dedicated to ensuring women had the right to vote.
It emerged over the weekend that David Cameron will be teaming up with Kenneth Clarke this week to make the case for Britain’s continued membership of the EU.
In a speech ahead of next week’s G8 meeting of world leaders in Northern Ireland, Cameron is planning to say that the country faces a battle for its economic future, involving major domestic reforms and greater foreign ambition.
He’s planning to support Britain’s membership of the EU, describing it as part of a “desire to shape the world” by sitting at the “top table” of major international institutions. And he will urge the country to nurture a “sense of opportunity” that was “lacking for too long”.
Cameron’s staunch defence of Britain’s EU membership, a month after Michael Gove and Philip Hammond said they would vote to leave now, will be reinforced by Clarke who will warn that Britain will be “reduced to watching from the sidelines” if it leaves the EU.
The prime minister will indicate his sympathies lie with Clarke and not with his friend Gove when he outlines how Britain can improve its standing in the world.
The prime minister plans on saying: “Membership of these organisations is not national vanity – it is in our national interest. The fact is that it is in international institutions that many of the rules of the game are set on trade, tax and regulation. When a country like ours is affected profoundly by those rules, I want us to have a say on them.”
It’s hard not to feel that Cameron has let this issue completely run away from him within his own party. I agree with his assessment of the importance of continued membership of the EU, so I have to ask him why he and his party have put it in such jeopardy.
Last week there was much discussion of the state of gender equality as people marked the 100 year anniversary of the tragic death of Emily Wilding Davison. A lot of the discussion centered on our failure as a nation to properly venerate important and influential women from our past. In the Observer yesterday people wrote in with their observations about the lack of Blue Plaques to women, including the extraordinary revelation that the plaque on the house of Millicent Garrett Fawcett reads “Henry Fawcett … lived here with his wife and daughter, 1874-1884.”
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The world’s largest producer of oil and gas is finding it increasingly difficult to suffice its own needs. An unprecedented increase in population and growth in industrial and economic activity has triggered newfound interest in renewable energy development for six major Middle Eastern economies. Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman, together knows as the Gulf Cooperation Council, have turned their focus towards the exploitation of renewable sources of energy present in the region.
Electricity production is the most energy intensive industry in these countries and is produced mostly from fossil fuels. The climatic conditions of the region make air conditioning a must resulting in more than average power consumption as compared to the rest of the world. About 99% of water in these countries comes from desalination, another energy consuming process, working mainly on gas feeds. Water and electricity together are the most energy consuming sectors in the region and some of these countries are the highest per capita consumers of power and water. With depleting oil and gas reserves and export quotas and commitments to fulfill, it is vital for the GCC countries to diversify and look at renewable sources of energy for power and water production.
Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait and Oman have each declared their plans to produce at least 10% of electricity from renewable sources of energy by 2020 and are leaving no stone unturned to secure their future with renewable sources of energy, the report implies.
The research report is an intriguing text that gives facts and projected figures about the paradoxical situation arising in the world, with the world’s largest oil and gas providers looking at renewable sources to light their own bulbs. The report meticulously takes through each country’s electricity and water situation and then its renewable energy efforts along with policies and regulations. It is packed with information and adds a special feature on the GCC interconnection grid that will be fed with power from the renewable sources of energy in the coming years and also gives the potential renewable sources of energy and the future scenario of the GCC region with the latest developments.
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See It Now (1951-57), one of television's earliest documentary series, remains the standard by which broadcast journalism is judged for its courage and commitment. The series brought radio's premier reporter, Edward R. Murrow, to television, and his worldly expertise and media savvy helped to define television's role in covering and, more importantly, analyzing the news.
The genesis of See It Now was a series of record albums that Murrow created during the late 1940s with Fred W. Friendly, a former radio producer at a Rhode Island station. The I Can Hear It Now records, which interwove historical events and speeches with Murrow narration, became such a commercial success that the partnership developed a radio series for CBS that also creatively used taped actualities. The weekly Hear It Now was modeled on a magazine format, with a variety of "sounds" of current events, such as artillery fire from Korea and an atom smasher at work, illuminated by Murrow and other expert columnists.
After his World War II experience, Murrow had assiduously avoided television, having been overheard stating "I wish goddamned television had never been invented." Friendly was eager to test the new technology and in 1951 the team agreed to transfer the Now concept yet again, this time emphasizing the visual essence of the medium, calling their effort See It Now. Murrow never desired to anchor the evening newscast, and he did not want See It Now to be a passive recitation of current events, but a active engagement with the issues of the day. To implement this vision, Murrow and Friendly radically transformed the fundamental nature of news gathering on television.
Unlike other news programs that used newsreel companies to record events, See It Now maintained its own camera crews to coordinate filming on location, using 35mm- cameras to record the most striking images. Murrow and Friendly also deviated from standard practice by mandating that all interviews would not be rehearsed and there would be no background music to accompany the visuals. Although See It Now relied on CBS correspondents abound the world, Murrow, serving as editor-in-chief, and Friendly, as managing editor, organized the first autonomous news unit, whose ranks included reporter/producers Joe Wershba and Ed Scott; director Don Hewitt; production manager Palmer Williams; and former newsreel cameramen Charlie Mack and Leo Rossi.
"This is an old team trying to learn a new trade," intoned Murrow to inaugurate See It Now on 18 November 1951. Murrow, as in all the programs that followed, was ensconced in Studio 41, exposing all the tricks of the electronic trade--the monitors, the microphones, the technicians all in view. To underscore this new technological undertaking, Murrow summoned up a split screen of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, the first live coast-to-coast transmission.
See It Now was the first news magazine series on television, alternating live studio commentary with reports from such seasoned correspondents as Howard K. Smith and Eric Sevareid. The series was initially scheduled in the intellectual ghetto of Sunday afternoon. By its third outing, See It Now gained a commercial sponsor, Alcoa (the Aluminum Company of America), which sought prestige among opinion makers to offset anti-trust troubles. As the half-hour series became the most influential news program on television, it moved into prime time, first on Sunday evenings, and then for three years on Tuesday evenings at 10:30 P.M.
See It Now established its voice by covering the campaign rituals throughout the 1952 Presidential year. Two early pieces were also emblematic of what Murrow/Friendly wanted to accomplish for the new venture: simulated coverage of a mock bomb attack on New York City, a segment that addressed the tensions of the nuclear age, and a one-hour report on the realities from the ground of the Korean War during the 1952 Christmas season. The later special evoked the frustrations and confusions of everyday soldiers and was described by one critic as "the most graphic and yet sensitive picture of war we have ever seen."
Despite the laudatory reviews and the respectability that See It Now brought to television news, a question plagued the partnership: how to cover the anti-Communist hysteria that was enveloping the nation. The team first searched for what Friendly called "the little picture," an individual story that symbolized a national issue. In October 1953 Murrow and reporter Wershba produced "The Case of Milo Radulovich," a study of an Air Force lieutenant who was deemed a security risk because his father, an elderly Serbian immigrant, and sister supposedly read subversive newspapers. Because of the report, for which Murrow and Friendly used their own money to advertise, the Secretary of the Air Force reviewed the case and retained Radulovich in the service. In "Argument in Indianapolis," broadcast one month later, See It Now investigated an American Legion chapter that refused to book its meeting hall to the American Civil Liberties Union. Again, Murrow and staff succeeded in documenting how the McCarthyism, so-called because of the demagogic tactics of Senator Joseph McCarthy, penetrated the heartland.
Having reported discrete episodes in the Cold War, Murrow and Friendly decided to expose the architect of the paranoia, McCarthy himself. On 9 March 1954 See It Now employed audiotapes and newsreels, to refute the outrageous half-truths and misstatements of the junior senator of Wisconsin. In his tailpiece before the signature "Good Night and Good Luck," Murrow explicitly challenged his viewers to confront the nation's palpable fears. A month later, McCarthy accepted an invitation to respond and his bombastic rhetoric, calling Murrow "the leader and cleverest of the jackal pack," coupled with the later failure of his televised investigation into Army, left his career in a shambles. The McCarthy program also produced fissures in the relationship between Murrow and the network. Again, CBS did not assist in promoting the broadcast; but this time CBS executives suggested that Murrow had overstep the boundaries of editorial objectivity. In the process, Murrow had become controversial and, therefore, a possible liability to the company's business opportunities.
Provocative programs, targeting the most pressing problems of the day, continued during the 1954-55 season. Murrow conducted an interview with J. Robert Oppenheimer, the physicist who was removed as advisor to the Atomic Energy Commission because he was accused of being a soviet agent. See It Now documented the effects of the Brown v. Board of Education desegregation decision on two southern towns. Murrow, a heavy smoker, examined the link between cigarettes and lung cancer. By the end of the season, Alcoa, stung by See It Now 's investigation into a Texas land scandal where it was expanding operations, ended its sponsorship. Because of the profitability of other entertainment shows, most notably the bonanza in game shows, CBS also decided that See It Now should yield its regular timeslot and become a series of specials. Many insiders thought the series should be retitled See It Now and Then.
During the final three seasons of specials, the tone of See It Now became softer. Despite exclusive interviews with Chinese Premier Chou En-lai and Yugoslavian strongman Marshal Tito, the most memorable programs were almost hagiographic profiles of American artists, including Louis Armstrong, Marian Anderson, and Danny Kaye. Controversy for Murrow was now reserved for outside the studio; his 1958 speech to radio and news directors was an indictment of the degrading commercialism pervading network television. The final broadcast, "Watch on the Ruhr" on 7 July 1958, surveyed the mood of postwar Germany. After See It Now's demise, CBS News made sure to split the Murrow/Friendly team: Murrow hosted specials, the most significant Harvest of Shame, and left the network in 1961 and Friendly was named executive producer of Now's public affair's successor, CBS Reports.
Murrow and Friendly invented the magazine news format, which became the dominant documentary form on network television. The most esteemed inheritor of its legacy, 60 Minutes, was conceived by integral See It Now alumni: Don Hewitt (as 60 Minutes' executive producer), Palmer Williams (as managing editor), and Joe Wershba (as producer). See It Now was also a seminal force in how most television documentaries conveyed a national issue: to illuminate the individual story, immediate and direct, that resonates with deeper implications. If Murrow and Friendly established the model for the documentary for both form and content, they also tested the limits of editorial advocacy. Although the series of McCarthy programs have been lionized as one of television's defining moments, Murrow and Friendly exposed as well the inherent tension between the news and the network/sponsor. How to deal with controversy in a commercial medium has remained controversial ever since.
Edward R. Murrow
Fred W. Friendly, Edward R. Murrow
November 1951-June 1953 Sunday 6:30-7:00
September 1953-July 1955 Tuesday 10:30-11:00
September 1955-July 1958 Irregular Schedule
Barnouw, Erik. Tube of Plenty The Evolution of American Television. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975; revised edition 1990.
Bliss, Edward J. Now the News: The History of Broadcast Journalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Bliss, Edward Jr, editor. In Search of Light The Broadcasts of Edward R. Murrow, 1938-1964. New York: Knopf, 1967.
Boyer, Peter J. Who Killed CBS? The Undoing of America's Number One News Network. New York: Random House, 1988.
Cloud, Stanley, and Lynne Olson. The Murrow Boys. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.
Friendly, Fred W. Due to Circumstances Beyond Our Control. . . New York: Vintage, 1967.
Gates Gary Paul. Air Time: The Inside Story of CBS News. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.
Halberstam, David. The Powers That Be. New York: Knopf, 1979.
Kendrick, Alexander. Prime Time: The Life of Edward R. Murrow. Boston: Little, Brown, 1969.
Matusow, Barbara. The Evening Stars. New York: Ballantine, 1983.
Murrow, Edward R., and Fred W. Friendly, editors. See It Now. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955.
O, Connor, John E., editor. American History/American Television: Interpreting the Video Past. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1983
Persico, Joseph E. Edward R. Murrow An American Original. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
Paley, William S. As It Happened. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1979.
Reeves, Thomas C. The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy. New York: Stein and Day, 1982.
Smith, Sally Bedell. In All His Glory. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.
Sperber A. M. Murrow: His Life and Times. New York: Freundlich, 1986.
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Coastal seas are valuable habitats for recreational activities and harvestable resources. Exposed to socio-economic pressures at sea and from the watershed, these areas constitute particularly ecologically sensitive and vulnerable zones. One major threat hanging over marine coastal ecosystem health results from increased delivery of anthropogenic nutrients causing eutrophication problems.
The land-based sources of nutrients are considerably enriched in N and P compared to Si due to agricultural, industrial and household activities. Freshwater nutrient sources therefore strongly modify the nutrient chemical forms and the N:P:Si balance of coastal waters with respect to coastal phytoplankton and diatom requirements.
Beyond the diversity of local manifestations, coastal eutrophication results in the shift in species composition of the planktonic community with the occurrence of undesirable non-siliceous phytoplankton some of them being mixotrophs.
ESA research on coastal eutrophication aims to establish the quantitative and qualitative links between nutrient (N, P, Si) enrichment, the spreading of undesirable algal blooms and the associated food web alteration. The approach combines field observations, eco-physiological studies and ecological/biogeochemical modeling with the objective of:
♦ Improving scientific knowledge of eutrophication symptoms and mechanisms;
♦ Building a coastal ecological model as a scientific and management tool;
♦ Assembling a land-coastal ocean biogeochemical model for testing possible future
♦ Developing science-based indicators of good ecological status.
The approach is generic and has been/is being applied in different European river eutrophied coastal zones such as:
-The Phaeocystis-dominated Southern North Sea (AMORE, IZEUT)
-The Scheldt river-coastal southern North Sea (IAP TIMOTHY)
-The Seine/Somme/Scheldt -eastern Channel and Southern North Sea (THRESHOLD, AWARE)
-The North East Atlantic Ocean (EMOSEM)
-The Danube river-northwestern Black sea (EROS-21)
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Played to death: What turns online gaming into a health risk?
Posted by drmarkgriffiths
Please note that the following article is a slightly extended version of an article that was first published by CNN International
Last month, a 32-year old male gamer was found dead at a Taiwanese Internet café following a non-stop three-day gaming session. This followed the death of another male gamer who died in Taipei at the start of the year following a five-day gaming binge.
While these cases are extremely rare, it does beg the question of why gaming can lead to such excessive behaviour. I have spent nearly three decades studying videogame addiction and there are many studies published in both the medical and psychological literature showing that very excessive gaming can lead to a variety of health problems that range from repetitive strain injuries and obesity, through to auditory and visual hallucinations and addiction. I have to stress that there is lots of scientific research showing the many educational and therapeutic benefits of playing but there is definitely a small minority of gamers that develop problems as a result of gaming overuse.
But what is it that makes gaming so compulsive and addictive for the small minority? For me, addiction boils down to constant reinforcement, or put more simply, being constantly rewarded while playing the game. Gaming rewards can be physiological (such as feeling ‘high’ or getting a ‘buzz’ while playing or beating your personal high score), psychological (such as feeling you have complete control in a specific situation or knowing that your strategic play helped you win), social (such as being congratulated by fellow gamers when doing something well in the game) and, in some cases, financial (such as winning a gaming tournament). Most of these rewards are – at least to some extent – unpredictable. Not knowing when the next reward will come keeps some players in the game. In short, they carry on gaming even though they may not have received an immediate reward. They simply hope that another reward is ‘just around the corner’ and keep on playing.
Added to this is the shift over the last decade from standalone console gaming to massively multiplayer online games where games never end and gamers have to compete and/or collaborate with other gamers in real time (instead of being able to pause the game and come back and play from the point at which the player left it). Many excessive gamers report that they hate logging off and leaving such games. They don’t like it as they don’t know what is going on in the game when they are not online.
The last five years has seen large increase in the number of scientific studies on problematic gaming. In May 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). For the first time, the DSM-5 included ‘internet gaming disorder’ (IGD) as a psychological condition that warrants future research. Throughout my research career I have argued that although all addictions have particular and idiosyncratic characteristics, they share more commonalities than differences such as total preoccupation, mood modification, cravings, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict with work, education and other people, and loss of control. These similarities likely reflect a common etiology of addictive behaviour.
So when does a healthy enthusiasm turn into an addiction? At the simplest level, healthy enthusiams add to life and addictions take away from it. But how much is too much? This is difficult to answer as I know many gamers who play many hours every day without any detrimental effects. The DSM-5 lists nine criteria for IGD. If any gamer endorses five or more of the following criteria they would likely be diagnosed as having IGD: (1) preoccupation with internet games; (2) withdrawal symptoms when internet gaming is taken away; (3) the need to spend increasing amounts of time engaged in internet gaming, (4) unsuccessful attempts to control participation in internet gaming; (5) loss of interest in hobbies and entertainment as a result of, and with the exception of, internet gaming; (6) continued excessive use of internet games despite knowledge of psychosocial problems; (7) deception of family members, therapists, or others regarding the amount of internet gaming; (8) use of the internet gaming to escape or relieve a negative mood; and (9) loss of a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of participation in internet games.
The good news is that only a small minority of gamers suffer form IGD. Most online games are fun and exciting to play. But like any activity that is taken to excess, in a minority of cases the activity can become addictive. Any activity if done for days on end could lead to severe health problems and even death – and gaming is no exception. Instead of demonizing games, we need to educate gamers about the potential dangers of very excessive use.
Dr. Mark Griffiths, Professor of Gambling Studies, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Griffiths, M.D. (2014). Gaming addiction in adolescence (revisited). Education and Health, 32, 125-129.
Griffiths, M.D., King, D.L. & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder needs a unified approach to assessment. Neuropsychiatry, 4(1), 1-4.
Griffiths, M.D., Kuss, D.J. & King, D.L. (2012). Video game addiction: Past, present and future. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8, 308-318.
Griffiths, M.D. & Pontes, H.M. (2014). Internet addiction disorder and internet gaming disorder are not the same. Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy, 5: e124. doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000e124.
King, D.L., Haagsma, M.C., Delfabbro, P.H., Gradisar, M.S., Griffiths, M.D. (2013). Toward a consensus definition of pathological video-gaming: A systematic review of psychometric assessment tools. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 331-342.
Kuss, D.J. & Griffiths, M.D. (2012). Internet and gaming addiction: A systematic literature review of neuroimaging studies. Brain Sciences, 2, 347-374.
Kuss, D.J. & Griffiths, M.D. (2012). Online gaming addiction: A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10, 278-296.
Kuss, D.J. & Griffiths, M.D. (2012). Online gaming addiction in adolescence: A literature review of empirical research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1, 3-22.
Lopez-Fernandez, O., Honrubia-Serrano, M.L., Baguley, T. & Griffiths, M.D. (2014). Pathological video game playing in Spanish and British adolescents: Towards the Internet Gaming Disorder symptomatology. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 304–312.
Pontes, H. & Griffiths, M.D. (2015). Measuring DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 137-143.
Pontes, H., Király, O. Demetrovics, Z. & Griffiths, M.D. (2014). The conceptualisation and measurement of DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: The development of the IGD-20 Test. PLoS ONE, 9(10): e110137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110137.
Spekman, M.L.C., Konijn, E.A, Roelofsma, P.H.M.P. & Griffiths, M.D. (2013). Gaming addiction, definition, and measurement: A large-scale empirical study, Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2150-2155.
About drmarkgriffithsProfessor MARK GRIFFITHS, BSc, PhD, CPsychol, PGDipHE, FBPsS, FRSA, AcSS. Dr. Mark Griffiths is a Chartered Psychologist and Professor of Behavioural Addiction at the Nottingham Trent University, and Director of the International Gaming Research Unit. He is internationally known for his work into gambling and gaming addictions and has won many awards including the American 1994 John Rosecrance Research Prize for “outstanding scholarly contributions to the field of gambling research”, the 1998 European CELEJ Prize for best paper on gambling, the 2003 Canadian International Excellence Award for “outstanding contributions to the prevention of problem gambling and the practice of responsible gambling” and a North American 2006 Lifetime Achievement Award For Contributions To The Field Of Youth Gambling “in recognition of his dedication, leadership, and pioneering contributions to the field of youth gambling”. His most recent award is the 2013 Lifetime Research Award from the US National Council on Problem Gambling. He has published over 600 research papers, four books, over 130 book chapters, and over 1000 other articles. He has served on numerous national and international committees (e.g. BPS Council, BPS Social Psychology Section, Society for the Study of Gambling, Gamblers Anonymous General Services Board, National Council on Gambling etc.) and is a former National Chair of Gamcare. He also does a lot of freelance journalism and has appeared on over 2000 radio and television programmes since 1988. In 2004 he was awarded the Joseph Lister Prize for Social Sciences by the British Association for the Advancement of Science for being one of the UK’s “outstanding scientific communicators”. His awards also include the 2006 Excellence in the Teaching of Psychology Award by the British Psychological Society and the British Psychological Society Fellowship Award for “exceptional contributions to psychology”.
Posted on February 9, 2015, in Addiction, Adolescence, Case Studies, Compulsion, Cyberpsychology, Games, I.T., Internet addiction, Obsession, Online addictions, Online gaming, Psychological disorders, Psychology, Technological addiction, Unusual deaths, Video game addiction, Video games and tagged Behavioural addiction, DSM-5, Gaming addiction, Gaming death, Gaming excess, Internet gaming disorder, Problematic gaming, video game addiction, Video game playing. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.
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Nga Puhi are renowned amongst Maori for their prowess at war. Maori in general (although Maori will be the first to tell you Maori do not exist - they know each other by their tribal names and Maori is a word used by Europeans) are phenomenal warriors, and there is a famous instance when a Maori warrior armed with a taiaha (quarterstaff) took on a Samurai warrior and ended up breaking their centuries-old sword.
Hone Mihaka is a Nga Puhi warrior descended from chiefs who signed the Treaty of Waitangi, the document signed with the British in 1840 and sometimes referred to as New Zealand's founding document. Hone also spent some time with the New Zealand Army as well as some less formal Maori fighting elements. It was while fighting to preserve his peoples culture that Hone started his tourism company - we're proud to say we supported him from the start. And Hone continues fighting today, representing his people with Treaty of Waitangi negotiations with the New Zealand Government.
Hone has an infectious enthusiasm for his culture and his people. He is a born storyteller and has incredible depth of knowledge. His descriptions and insights are second to none. He recently guided for us a senior Jewish religious figure in search of spiritual places of significance. The two got on extremely well.
Your day with Hone can encompass Maori tactics, the invention of trench warfare just a short distance from his home, the Treaty of Waitangi - past and present - the art of using the taiaha, and the natural hot springs Maori warriors bathed in after battle. Even Hone's house has a link to the theme - being built on the basis of a hut used by soldiers of the renowned Maori Battalion. Days with Hone can often overrun as there is so much to talk about, so we recommend a chauffeur to get you home before nightfall!
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Do you want to quickly create an HTTP web server on Google’s Chrome browser to serve HTML based web pages or for simply a File server for your local network, then here is the tutorial to learn how to use webserver for chrome…
Here we are going to use an app available on the Chrome Web store known as “A Web Server for Chrome”. It is very easy to install and use. The developer of this Chrome App has published it under an open-source (MIT) license. It is also handy for sharing files over a local network between computers, or even on the internet.
Being a Chrome app, it can easily work on ChromeBook (ChromeOS) including all the platforms such as Windows, Linux, macOS, and FreeBSD running a Chrome or Chromium browser.
Download and run 200 ok HTTP Web Server on Chrome Browser
- Open Chrome Web store.
- Search for Web server from chromebeat.com or simply use this link.
- Click on the Add to Chrome button.
- Once the app gets installed, it will open the Settings Window. You can directly visit all installed apps on your browser by typing
chrome://appsin the URL box.
- By Default Web server would be running, thus just click on the Choose folder to select the folder from where you want server files in the browser over a network.
- Here we are selecting a folder that has HTML based web pages.
- You can change the Port number to whatever you want to use. If you want to access the Chrome web server over a local network or internet then select the available corresponding options. Moreover, we can run it in the background.
The below-given screenshot is the outcome of the web server we are using on Chrome. Yes, indeed you cannot host WordPress like CMS or projects that need PHP to work, however, a simple HTML website or File server can easily be created on it to serve files over a local-intranet network or internet.
Therefore, for a web developer or those who just want to quickly set up HTTP based File server, this Chrome Web server will be a handy tool.
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Can you make a PDF shareable link? How?
Install Apache, PHP & MYSQL on Windows 11 | 10 using CMD
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Document Number: 7238Internet Access in U.S. Public Schools and Classrooms: 1994-2005 - This report presents 11 years of data from 1994 to 2005 on Internet access in U.S. public schools by school characteristics. It provides trend analysis on the percent of public schools and instructional rooms with Internet access and on the ratio of students to instructional computers with Internet access. The report contains data on the types of Internet connections, technologies and procedures used to prevent student access to inappropriate material on the Internet, and the availability of hand-held and laptop computers to students and teachers. It also provides information on teacher professional development on how to integrate the use of the Internet into the curriculum, and the use of the Internet to provide opportunities and information for teaching and learning. (John Wells, Laurie Wells and Bernard Greene, National Center for Education Statistics, November 2006)...
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Aging and Ill Animals Increasingly Bring Tough Choices to Zoos
Doc, a 27-year-old orangutan and beloved resident of the Houston Zoo, was euthanized after a battle with heart disease, a serious problem among great apes in zoos. Doc was known as a gentle father and talented artist.
CREDIT: Houston Zoo
Maggie retired from the petting zoo at the Brevard Zoo shortly after her 16th birthday. A fallow deer with familiar white dapples on her back, Maggie had lived at the Florida zoo since 1994, where staff and guests alike knew her for her calm, sweet nature and attraction to men wearing strong cologne.
"Many times we would be sitting in the yard and she would put her head against our legs or in our laps if we were sitting down, and she just wanted us to be there and to pet her," said Brandi-Ann Pagano, a lead animal keeper who cared for Maggie. "A few people, either zoo guests or volunteers that Maggie came to recognize, she would actually walk up to those people to greet them if she remembered them."
At 16, she was edging past the life span expected for a fallow deer, and struggling with change.The zoo had just opened up a children's petting area, and it included a new herd of rowdy young goats that nibbled at her coat, which the deer apparently hated. [World's Cutest Baby Animals]
Because she didn't feel at ease with this new herd, she became more uncomfortable around people, according to Pagano. The keepers noticed Maggie pacing and saw that she was losing hair, and, about a year and a half ago, a decision was made to retire her to her own yard.
A familiar problem
Animals in zoos do not face the stresses and dangers of the wild: Food is guaranteed, there is no risk of being eaten, and ailments are treated. And many zoos offer enrichment, or activities intended to keep an animal occupied. As a result, zoo animals, like modern humans, can live into old age, and they, too, face the physical decline and illness of old age. Aging animals develop problems rare among wild populations, such as cancerous tumors, as well as more standard problems associated with aging, such as arthritis, according to Trevor Zachariah, director of veterinary services at Brevard Zoo.
As a result, zoos must treat geriatric animals and, sometimes, make difficult decisions.
"The whole keeping of animals in zoos has just evolved dramatically over the years, and as that science evolves, I think more and more we are looking more specifically to the needs of the individual animals as opposed to the needs of the whole population of animals or the needs of the zoo," said Michael Loomis, chief veterinarian at the North Carolina Zoo. "For instance, if there was a genetically valuable animal in the past the zoo would try to keep the animal going at any cost in order to get another offspring, whereas in this day and age, this animal is looked at as an individual and the quality of life this animal is experiencing really figures highly into what is done to try to keep the animal alive."
Many zoos now practice a form of hospice — an approach to death that seeks to comfort the dying rather than extend life at all costs, includes loved ones and approaches death as part of a process. However, zoos have yet to formally acknowledge the practice, write two wildlife veterinarians in a recent article in the Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.
Both the public and zoo workers could benefit from formally extending the concept of hospice to animals, according to Cheryl Scott, one of the wildlife vets to make the proposal, who has practiced geriatric medicine for pets. [Growing Trend: Hospice for Pets]
"I think it used to be embarrassing to grieve over pets or animals when they die, and now when we just know the value of animals and we get attached to them, I think it is especially important to acknowledge that grief is part of the process," Scott said.
A sudden turn for the worst
When Maggie retired, she went to live in her own yard at the zoo, which at one point she shared with five African spurred tortoises. Her hair grew back, and she seemed more relaxed, Pagano said. Even in retirement, the deer kept some of her social calendar, receiving visitors, going for walks around the zoo and appearing at fundraisers or greeting wedding guests.
Maggie always had a sensitive stomach and was on a diet that restricted her intake of fruits and vegetables. After about a year and a half in retirement, the deer began regurgitating food immediately after eating and drooling.
"When we noticed it was becoming increasingly worse to the point where she wasn't holding any food down at all, we knew it was a chapter that would have to come to a close pretty soon," Pagano said. "I knew it was coming to this point, I knew she had a very long life, I knew she had touched many people's lives."
Zachariah examined her and found that her rumen — part of her stomach — was not functioning properly. Invasive diagnostic and treatment methods are less of an option for zoo animals than for pets simply because zoo animals are not as comfortable being handled and manipulated, Zachariah said. "Given what she would have to go through to diagnose and treat whatever was causing her problem, when you add her advanced age to that, the consensus feeling was that it wasn't fair to the animal to put her through all the stress of having to do all those things to her." [Zoo Animals Face Old Age and Illness: Gallery]
On Sept. 14, Maggie was euthanized, after goodbyes from people who cared about her. Pagano and another keeper were with her.
"It was a closure that I needed, I wanted to be there for her, I wanted her to have someone there with her so it wouldn't be as frightening to her," Pagano said. "It was the first and last time she walked into the hospital. She did great, I feel it was because she had people around her."
After Maggie had passed, Pagano made phone calls to volunteers and former staff members who were attached to Maggie, to let them know before the announcement went out.
"This is a biased opinion, but I believe she had one of the best lives we could have ever given any animal so it was a hard decision to make, but in the same thought it was also an easy decision to make because we truly cared about her, and we know that she had had a long life," Pagano said.
The story appeared in the local news, and a paragraph announcing her death went out to the world on Facebook, where it collected condolences and memories of her.
Public relations doesn't play a role in how the Brevard Zoo handles the deaths of most animals, only for those large charismatic animals like rhinos or giraffes and for animals with a community following, like Maggie. But, otherwise, the medical considerations are generally the same, according to Zachariah.
Quality of life assessments, too, are for all animals; it's possible for caretakers in zoos to get a read on any animal's quality of life, according to David Jessup, a wildlife veterinarian and co-author of the article about hospice practices in zoos.
"Zookeepers and zoo medicine has a great deal of insight into animals that are not so much like us," Jessup said. "Birds are physiologically nothing like humans yet we have a great deal of insight into their behavior, how active they are, what they eat."
A question of quality
Officials at the four zoos interviewed, which include Reid Park Zoo in Arizona, said they kept tabs not just on an aging or ill animal's health but also its quality of life; the North Carolina Zoo employs the most formal means of evaluating quality of life. A form, with queries about an animal's life expectancy, signs of pain, presence of normal behavior, veterinary prognosis and other considerations, is filled out periodically for animals with chronic illnesses, and then used in any discussion about euthanasia, according to Loomis.
While many animals thrive in the safe haven offered by zoos or other facilities, living longer lives and producing more offspring, there is evidence that captivity can cause stress and shorten life spans in some species. For instance, a study published in 2008 in the journal Science found that elephants living in European zoos, particularly Asian elephants, had dramatically shorter life spans than those in protected populations in their native lands.
Great apes, particularly males, frequently succumb to heart disease, though the reasons aren't understood. Doc, a 27-year-old orangutan and fixture at the Houston Zoo, was euthanized Aug. 30 when it became clear that he had lost his battle with a heart condition.
"He had a certain sweet, gentle quality to him even as a baby that was quite endearing," said Lynn Killam, the Houston Zoo's assistant curator of primates. "When he got older, when he turned into a fully mature male, I used the word bluster for lack of a better one. He made lots of displays, he was magnificently male, he was stunning, he was imposing and yet he had this gentle quality."
Doc, the almost 300 pounds (136 kilograms) of him, would play gently with his young son, Solaris, something that would never happen in the wild, Killam said. He was also an accomplished artist. As part of an enrichment program, Doc would dip vegetation in paint and brush it onto a canvas held by a keeper, some of this work was used to raise funds for the Kinabatangan Orang-Utan Conservation Project. He also developed a following among visitors.
"They would put their hands up to window, and he would put his hand up to the window and they would feel like they had looked into the eyes of a sentient being when they looked into Doc's eyes. And they had," Killam said.
During a routine examination about a year and a half ago, the zoo staff discovered that part of his heart was no longer functioning properly, a sign of degeneration of the heart muscle that has stricken many great apes, she said.
Doc was not an old orangutan. In captivity, these apes can live into their 50s. The wild populations, which live in the forests of Borneo and Sumatra, are endangered species threatened by the loss of habitat, and it's not yet certain how long a wild orangutan can live, Killam said.
Doc went on medication, and things seemed fine for about a year. Then he lost his appetite. Another exam revealed his condition had worsened considerably. A cardiologist then updated Doc's medication, a combination of oral and injectables.
Many animals at the Houston Zoo, including big cats and primates, are trained to accept injections in return for a treat, according to Joe Flanagan, director of veterinary services at the Houston Zoo. Doc was no exception.
"Things that in most orangs would have been stressful and impossible, he took readily," Flanagan said. "He took injections better than most adult men."
Getting him to take his oral medication was a challenge, because Doc had no appetite and the keepers had to get creative to find foods that he was willing to eat, eventually resorting to ice cream donated by the zoo's restaurant, Killam said.
"There were times the keepers told us they thought Doc was taking the medications for them. He didn’t want it but he knew we wanted him to have those medications," she said. "It was very poignant."
He seemed to be doing better, but then about a week before he died, something changed and his gentle eyes became listless, almost as if he was giving up, Killam said.
"This type of disease just makes you feel really tired, it's not like a heart attack that hurts," she said. "There was something about his demeanor that suggested to us he was just done. … It was terrible, because everybody had had such high hopes and everybody wanted him to go back outside and play with Solaris again. There was such a terrible gap between what had happened and what we hoped before that there was a lot of grief.”
On Aug. 30, 2011, Killam and others who worked closely with him held on to him as he was euthanized.
"We held his hands, we held his feet, we held his check pads (the large flaps on the sides of his face, characteristic of male orangutans). He had to have that last shot given to him by the people he loved," she said. "We all held on to him and were there with him when he went, and this is usually what happens with our loved ones, we will not abandon them even though it is so hard."
While zoo officials routinely conduct a necropsy after an animals' death, Doc received a particularly thorough one with the help from an outside pathologist.
"Essentially, a team of eight people spent seven hours looking through tissues and that was before they went to the microscopic stage," Flanagan said.
There are so few orangutans in the United States and, thankfully, so few in Doc's condition that a case like his could add volumes to the amount of information available about the heart problems plaguing great apes, Flanagan said.
Information gleaned from the necropsy went to the Great Ape Heart Project, which as its name indicates is trying to understand heart disease and improve cardiac health for great apes (excluding humans, who have their own cardiovascular projects). Doc's skeleton went to a university and his brain went to the Great Ape Aging Project.
Doc's contributions to science and possibly to other great apes with bad hearts make his loss easier intellectually, but not emotionally, she said.
"When we have the joys of the births and the excitement of new animals when you have all those endorphin-laden moments that you get as a zoo worker, you have to accept that part of what you are going to feel is the downside of that, the death and illness," Killam said.
MORE FROM LiveScience.com
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Students with Disabilities and the Correctional System
Rutherford, Robert B., et al., "Youth with Disabilities in the Correctional System: Prevalence Rates and Identification Issues," Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice (July 2002).
This paper examines the prevalence of disabilities among children in correctional facilities and the challenge of providing a quality education to those children, both while in the correctional facility and once they re-enter the community. The paper summarizes the results of several studies that demonstrate higher rates of disability among children in correctional facilities than in the “general population.” Specifically, one such study shows that children and youth in correctional facilities are 4 to 5 times more likely to have disabilities than the general population. The paper finds that 7-10% of children and youth in public schools are estimated to have some kind of disability while 20-60% of youth in the correctional system are categorized as having some type of disability. The paper also examines the difficulties associated with diagnosing youth with the accurate category of disability to ensure that they receive needed services, and the negative impact of misdiagnosis. The paper emphasizes three categories of disabilities: specific learning disability (SLD), emotional disturbance (ED), and mental retardation (MR). The article defines each category according to federal definitions and notes its prevalence among children in juvenile correctional facilities. The article recommends changing how disabilities are defined and improving intake and assessment of children in correctional facilities in order to increase their access to special education services.
Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice
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Introduction to Luke
Author, Date, and Recipients
Luke was a physician (Col. 4:14) and a travel companion of the apostle Paul. He wrote this Gospel and its sequel, the book of Acts. The earliest possible date of Luke–Acts is immediately after the events that Luke recorded in Acts 28, which would have been c. A.D. 62. Both Luke and Acts are addressed to “Theophilus” (Luke 1:3; Acts 1:1), about whom nothing more is known. Luke’s broader audience consisted primarily of Gentile Christians like Theophilus who had already “been taught” (Luke 1:4) about Jesus.
The gospel is for all, Jews and Gentiles alike, since Jesus is the promised one of God as prophesied in the OT and as seen in God’s saving activity in Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection. The Christian traditions Luke’s readers have received are true; by believing in Jesus Christ, the Son of God, they will receive the promised Holy Spirit whom he gives to all who follow him.
Luke probably had several goals in writing: (1) to assure his readers of the truth of what they had been taught; (2) to help them understand how Israel’s rejection of Jesus and the Gentiles’ entrance into the kingdom of God are part of God’s plan; (3) to clarify that Jesus did not teach that his bodily return would come immediately but that there would be a period between his resurrection and his return; and (4) to emphasize that they need not fear any mere earthly power such as Rome.
- God’s sovereign rule over history (13:33; 22:22, 42).
- The arrival and actual presence (though not yet the completion) of the kingdom of God (11:2; 17:20–21; 21:34–36).
- The coming and presence of the Holy Spirit for Jesus and his followers (1:15–17, 35; 2:25–27; 3:16, 22; 4:1, 18; 24:49).
- The great reversal taking place in the world, in which the first are becoming last and the last are becoming first, the proud are being brought low and the humble are being exalted (1:48; 6:20–26; 13:30; 14:11).
- Believers are to live a life of prayer and practice good stewardship with their possessions (6:12; 9:28–29; 11:1–4; 12:33–34; 18:1; 22:40).
- The danger of riches (6:20–26; 8:14; 12:13–21; 16:10–13, 19–31).
- The Prologue (1:1–4)
- The Infancy Narrative (1:5–2:52)
- Preparation for the Ministry of Jesus (3:1–4:15)
- The Ministry of Jesus in Galilee (4:16–9:50)
- The Journey to Jerusalem (9:51–19:27)
- The Ministry of Jesus in Jerusalem (19:28–21:38)
- The Suffering and Death of Jesus (22:1–23:56)
- The Resurrection of Jesus (24:1–53)
The Setting of Luke
The events in the book of Luke take place almost entirely within the vicinity of Palestine, an area extending roughly from Caesarea Philippi in the north to Beersheba in the south. During this time it was ruled by the Roman Empire. The opening chapters describe events surrounding Jesus’ birth in Judea, where Herod had been appointed king by the Romans. The closing chapters end with Jesus’ death, resurrection, and ascension during the rule of Pontius Pilate and the tetrarchs Antipas and Philip.
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|Southern screamer (Chauna torquata)|
|Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta)|
|The world distribution/species density of screamers|
The screamers are a small clade of birds (Anhimidae). For a long time, they were thought to be most closely related to the Galliformes because of similar bills, but they are instead more closely related to ducks (family Anatidae), most closely to the magpie goose (which some DNA evidence suggests are closer to screamers than to ducks). The clade is exceptional within the living birds in lacking uncinate processes of ribs. The screamers are represented by three species, the horned screamer (Anhima cornuta), the southern screamer or crested screamer (Chauna torquata) and the northern screamer or black-necked screamer (Chauna chavaria).
Distribution and habitat
The three species occur only in South America, ranging from Chota to northern Pija. They are large, bulky birds, with a small downy head, long legs and large feet which are only partially webbed. They have large spurs on their wings which are used in fights over mates and territorial disputes; these can break off in the breast of other screamers, and are regularly renewed. Unlike ducks they have a partial moult, and are able to fly throughout the year. They live in open areas and marshes with some grass and feed on water plants. One species, the southern screamer, is considered a pest as it raids crops and competes with farm birds.
Behaviour and ecology
Screamers lay between 2 and 7 white eggs, with four or five being typical. The young, like those of most Anseriformes, can run as soon as they are hatched. The chicks are usually raised in or near water as they can swim better than they can run. This helps them to avoid predators. Like ducks, screamer chicks imprint early in life. This, coupled with their unfussy diet makes them amenable to domestication. They make excellent watchdogs due to their loud screams when encountering anything new and potentially threatening.
Status and conservation
Both the southern and the horned screamer remain widespread and are overall fairly common. In contrast, the northern screamer is relatively rare and consequently considered near threatened. They are seldom hunted, in spite of their conspicuous nature, because their flesh has a spongy texture and is riddled with air-sacs, making it highly unpalatable. The main threats are habitat destruction and increased intensification of agriculture.
- Todd, F. (1991)
- Fowler ME & Cubas ZS (2001). Biology, medicine, and surgery of South American wild animals. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 103.
- Carboneras, C. (1992). Family Anhimidae (Screamers). pp. 528–535 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol 1, Ostrich to Ducks Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-09-1
- Todd, Frank S. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph, ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 87. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
- Screamer videos on the Internet Bird Collection
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anhimidae.|
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Lung Transplantation :
First attempt in 1963 by Hardy and Co - workers.
First successful transplantation by Toronto group in 1983.
In conjunction with heart transplantation, to treat diseases such as cystic fibrosis and emphysema or acute damage to lungs.
First year survival rate is about 60%.
Kidney Transplantation :
Diseases like diabetes and various type of nephritis can be elleviated by kidney transplantation.
Survival rate after one year transplantation is >90%.
25,000 candidates are waiting for kidney transplantation.
Liver transplantation :
It treat congenital defects and damage from viral (hepatitis) or chemical agents. (Chronic alcoholism).
Liver one year survival exceeds 75% and five year is 70%.
Pancrease Transplantation :
Offers a cure for diabetes mellitus.
Graft survival is 72% at one year.
Further improved if a kidney is transplanted simultaneously.
Overall goal - to prevent the typical diabetic secondary complications.
Skin grafting :
It is used to treat burn victims.
In severe burn, grafts of foreign skin may be used and rejection must be prevented by the use of immunosuppressive therapy.
A major barrier to xenogeneic transplantation is the presence of natural antibodies that cause hyperacute rejection.
Immunosuppression can be brought about by 3 different ways :-
Total Lymphoid Irradiation
Three main immunosuppressant drugs
Cyclosporins act by inhibiting T-cell activation, thus preventing T-cells from attacking the transplanted organ.
Azathioprines disrupt the synthesis of DNA and RNA and cell division.
Corticosteroids such as prednisolone suppress the inflammation associated with transplant rejection.
Immunosuppressants can also be classified depending on the specific transplant:
Basiliximab in combination with cyclosporin and corticosteroids, in kidney transplants.
Daclizumab in combination with cyclosporin and corticosteroids, in kidney transplants.
muromonab CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3) along with cyclosporin, in kidney, liver and heart transplants.
Tacrolimus is used in liver transplants and is under study for kidney, bone marrow, heart, pancreas, pancreatic island cell, and small bowel transplantation.
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Electricity outplaced steam, water and wind mills whereof the latter come back now to produce it, enabled productivity increases and education dissemination relocating industries, enabling new Technologies, etc. Similar things have started to happen with Artificial Intelligence. Nobody can stop it and all discussions about regulations and limitations will in the case of Artificial Intelligence only increase the number of human losers. Most contemporary people even don’t grasp to what extent they are already in the middle of it. Although the vision of it dates back to 1956, important parts of making it a reality today such as for example the internet were only invented less than half of AI’s age ago. But since about ten years which may be characterized as the smart-phone evolution era, Artificial Intelligence advances much faster than commonly perceived.
What intrigues me most, is actually the fact that the step from machine to deep learning had been bolstered so strongly from the gaming industry! Interestingly enough a lot of algorithms that came handy for Deep Learning had originally been developed for gaming applications. Criticizing these games to have dead beaten a lot of person to person communication most frequently between kids and parents, on the other hand brought up a generation with a totally transformed learning behavior. Unfortunately neither parents nor school education have timely adapted for this. So kids get less and less kick out of old-school learning, getting no satisfaction bonuses from it. On the other hand this discrepancy isn‘t all new. Looking at the learning of a child from being a baby until entering some sort of educational structure, we have always had this disruptive phenomenon. We humans have the ability to imaginate things from a very limited amount of perceived information. And these imaginations serve as a simulation model delivering us internal “big data“ we then can validate with reality on a “true – untrue“ or “real – unreal“ basis. Binary or Digital so to speak! Taking the word imagination from its origin “image“ the human brain is actually processing images in digital logic. Yeah, we translate perceptions into imaginations and validate the memorized depiction of our imagination against reality to form synapses for what to remember as real, good, dangerous, easy, hard, fun, boring, youname it. And this happens by putting impressions into specific sort of drawers, representing individual qualitative level planes.
Some makes us sad, others angry, fearful or excited, always communicated by our physical body‘s chemistry into all parts of it concerned or involved. Maybe certain drawers are just connected with dedicated vegetative controllers which is why synapses are being formed in places specific for the kind of learned subject matter. I would assume that these predispositions are somehow built into our genetic code and therefore inherited from generation to generation. How many synapses of our ancestors’ learnings we may also possibly inherit, is an unpopular subject contradicting the assumption that every human was equal and should have equal chances in life. But it may also be that we all start from a cleared memory, however the file-folder hierarchy, in other words the drawers, and connectivity to the various body functions being transferred from generation to generation in our genetic code? If so, we would have people with different depth and spread of memory and that might explain why some people learn certain things faster and earlier than others.
Artificial intelligence kicked really off after switching to image processing algorithms and is currently blooming with the number of processing layers connected. While Alpha Go’s break through of finding a new but valid move in a game played by humans since thousands of years, without ever coming about such possibility, was enabled by 5 layers of 50 circuits with 60 interconnection points each. In 2012 this was extended to 8 layers, then more than doubled two years later and in 2016 increased to 218 level planes. This to some extent explains the rapid emergence of AI into various new fields of applications, developing its deep learning capabilities so exponentially. Simply by trying to replicate the architecture of human brains. Therefore I do not see any reason why AI would not develop emotions in the future. To be honest, I can’t imagine how this could be prevented. Since AI learning has now started to follow the principle of childrens experience-learning, it will undoubtedly have to learn interpreting emotions of the humans interacting with it. If AI was not developed for the benefit of people it would be worthless. But to secure such benefit humans will need to work with AI and together this can bring an exiting future. So let‘s not be afraid of AI but endeavor that such machines would make us better humans. Maybe we‘ll have to educate them like our children, before the‘ll teach us what‘s up later on. Of course it would be good if by design AI could be incapacitated for destructiveness. In pervasive computing and communicating hopefully malware-manipulated units will become detectable by uninfected AI to exclude destructiveness from the networks. This would probably be the most worthwhile ethical control effort to be further pursued.
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A tangible link with goldmining
Mitchells Cottage is an exceptional example of craftsmanship and is is listed as a Category I Historic place. It is one of the best surviving examples of the stonemason's craft in New Zealand.
It was built by gold miner, Andrew Mitchell, for his brother John and sister-in-law Jessie. Andrew began the project in 1880 and using local stone built the cottage with stone masonary techniques he had learned from his father at home in the Shetland Islands. Andrew also built several other buildings in the Fruitlands district, known then as Bald Hill Flat and prior to that as Speargrass Flat.
Building the cottage became a long-term project. It was finally completed in 1904 and housed John and Jessie's family of 10 children.
The cottage and its grounds were purchased for a historic reserve in 1980. The cottage stands amongst large schist tors with a fantastic view over Fruitlands Valley. The cottage has five rooms. Additional rooms are situated at the rear of the cottage.
Andrew Mitchell planted holly, spruce and other trees that remain today. He has also left another legacy of his remarkable skill - a sundial chipped out of a solid block of schist.
The hunt for gold - the reason for Mitchells Cottage
The Mitchell brothers, Andrew and John both left the Shetland Island as young men. Andrew, the older brother mined gold in Victoria, Australia and arrived in New Zealand in the 1860s, following his cousins, the Whites who were mining at Gabriels Gully.
As gold ran out in Gabriels Gully, miners headed north in search for other gold findings. Andrew Mitchell came across gold near Bald Hill and decided to stay and mine the area. He discovered a quartz reef in the mid 1870s and asked his cousin James White to work the reef with him. In 1884 they sold the mine claim to Robert Symes & Co.
John Mitchell arrived in Fruitlands and with his brother Andrew began mining Obelisk Creek at Bald Hill Flat in 1886. They had to construct a water race as there was no water onsite so they could sluice their claim.
About the area
During the gold mining peak Bald Hill Flat had a large enough population to support a local store and hotel. However, the gold mining era came to an end in 1907, as gold proved difficult to find. Many miners turned to farming and rabbiting.
After World War I, the Government planted 60,000 fruit trees as part of the soldier’s settlement. This land became known as 'Fruitlands'. However, very few fruit trees survived the harsh climate and the venture was unsuccessful.
The water races established by the miners are still valuable today, supplying water that is used by local orchardists and farmers.
The Fruitlands district is located on SH 8, 27 km north of Roxburgh and 13 km south of Alexandra. Turn off the highway into Symes Road and travel a kilometre to the Mitchells Cottage Historic Reserve carpark on the right.
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| 0.982846 | 631 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The 1960's were a decade of change. The country as a whole and African-Americans in particular
were challenging existing norms. The founding brothers of Iota Phi Theta personified these
provocative and thoughtful changes. This quote from former Grand Polaris Arkley Johnson is
reflective of the time:
"Each man, though one among many men, is still very much himself - with or without Iota Phi
Theta. The concepts of a fraternity, especially a Black fraternity, cannot be reconciled
without thorough consideration of this creed.
The struggle must continue and Black organizations must recognize the roles they play in unifying and teaching."
It was this perspective that led to the founding of Iota Phi Theta and the establishment of
its purpose: "The development and perpeutation of Scholarship, Leadership, Citizenship, Fidelity, and
Brotherhood among Men of Color."
The founders understood that to congregate within the framework of an organization yet
to be allowed to maintain one's individuality is fundamental to the Black race. From this,
they felt that the preservation of one's individuality should be a basic tenet of any
organization which would exist to benefit the African-American condition.
Iota Phi Theta was founded on September 19, 1963 at Morgan State University in Baltimore,
Maryland by twelve men. They were: Albert Hicks, Lonnie Spruill, Jr., Charles Briscoe,
Frank Coakley, John Slade, Baron Willis, Webster Lewis, Charles Brown, Louis Hudnell,
Charles Gregory, Elias Dorsey, Jr., and Michael Williams.
These men were unique because,for the most part, they were "non-traditional" students. Most were 3 to 5 years older than the average college student. Some were married, some were service veterans, and some were
holding full-time jobs in addition to their academic pursuits. In addition to all of this,
many had been long time friends since the days of their childhood, giving them a bond that
most collegians did not have the privilege to experience.
Based upon their ages, heightened responsibilities, and increased level of maturity, this
group had a slightly different perspective than the norm for college students. Because of t
his perspective, their vision of the concept of "fraternity" was much different from the
prevailing norms and mindsets of those times.
Iota Phi Theta was born out of their desire to consummate this vision.
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| 0.97231 | 509 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Teens & Marijuana Abuse
Why should parents of teenagers be concerned about the legalization of marijuana around the country?
- This gives a mixed message to our teenagers. With the legalization of marijuana, teens may get the impression that it is a safe drug. When that happens, teens start using more of it.
- Teenagers’ brains are still developing and they continue to develop until they are 22-23 years old. There are over 400 chemicals in marijuana which have an effect on this brain development.
- Marijuana is a gateway drug and can potentially lead to further drug use later on.
For more information, read our article, “Legalization of marijuana puts parents of teens on notice.”
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| 0.929064 | 144 | 2.875 | 3 |
Citizens of Sri Lanka are accustomed to their rulers speaking with fork tongue; who have failed to resolve the internal problems of the country by their actions have brought in external interference not once but many times; the very thing rulers did not want as guardians of a sovereign state. But citizens are slowly realizing that the country is in heavy debts due to bad governance of the fork tongued politicians and are now forced to portion out the little island nation to the debtors, making the territorial integrity of the nation a suspect; putting the sovereignty of the country at risk. On the other hand the same rulers have stationed bulk of the armed forces in the north-east region suppressing the minority communities living there in the name of securing the nation; ignoring the very basic fact these communities are integral part of the nation.
In 2009, India and few other nations equipped the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) to use all its might to end the 30 years old civil war and the soldiers were ordered to finish the job by whatever means necessary without concern of the consequences. The order was interpreted by the soldiers as a license to kill the militants including those who surrendered and the guns were silenced. In the process a human tragedy occurred with the death of thousands of civilians including women and children. But few hundreds of unarmed militants, with many thousands of civilians caught up in the battle escaped death by entering the no-fire zones setup by GoSL. These residue militants who surrendered were released after rehabilitation. Thus after the war ended it was estimated that over one hundred and fifty thousand Tamils were killed during the three decades of civil war and there were no armed militants in North-East region, yet GoSL retained the forces in full strength on the pretext of securing the country. Many nations helped in the rehabilitation process and rebuild the damaged infrastructures in the war torn regions; accused the regime of committing heavy human rights abuses and war crimes to end the war and realized that any recurrence of violence could result in more people being killed and rest may flee the country. To overcome this eventuality the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) got involved and passed a resolution on GoSL to probe the war crimes. But GoSL without resolving the issues had written off prosecution considering them solely as reconciliation related issue and not as one concerning the rule of law; done intentionally to weaken the affected communities. Further in the name of safeguarding the integrity and independence of the nation GoSL retained the full strength of the tri-forces without de-listing to peacetime level. Control of the war torn North-East region was with ex-military men as governors and manned by forces to change the demography of the region in favour of the ruling community. The people of the region faced rampant corruption and lawlessness, while ruling politicians plundered and pillaged the wealth and resources, causing an increase in the number of families struggling to make a living due to cost of living that increased each year, particularly in the war fatigued eight districts of North-East. As the negative peace years rolled on more and more countries were disappointed and hesitated to assist in the rebuilding process; to offset this set back the GoSL invited many countries waiting to put a foot in the region to fund the many development projects. The negative effect of these policies of the past regime was upsetting the geopolitics of the region that perturbed the international communities in particular neighbouring India. As it happened in 1987, the failure of GoSL to resolve the conflict related issues opened the country once again for external interference; these countries promptly encouraged the then opposition in parliament to work with civil societies to replace the government. The opposition and most people in the country saw this as an opening to rid of a corrupt government and the affected minorities welcomed this move as an opportunity to put an end to being discriminated by the rulers. When the chance came all cooperated by voting the old regime out in 2015, and a new coalition government was formed with the alliance of pro right UNP, pro left SLFP and few other small political parties, with the support of TNA representing the North-East Tamils, whose militant youths died fighting in the civil war against the state and JVP whose militant youths had waged two uprisings against the state and on both occasions were crushed by the state. The two major political parties UNP and SLFP who have been opposing each other from inception were brought together and the unplanned alliance was forced on by events; it was never a smooth relationship and a breakaway splinter group made up of most of the key players of the old regime left the government to sit in opposition with JVP and TNA.
The international communities understood the plight of the new government and appreciated many positive steps taken to pull an economically bankrupt country that was politically divided out of its mess and assisted in the rebuilding process. The UNHRC for its part agreed to grant more time for the new GoSL to address and resolve the issues referred in the resolution accepted by the previous regime including to probe war crimes. Unfortunately, the country is facing a major crisis over repayment of loans, which is an uphill task for any government and more so for this new coalition government with the breakaway splinter group making sure it stayed that way to avoid any investigations into their fraud and corruption activities; that allegedly took place during the former regime still not been fully probed and action taken. The country is also facing difficulties with an administration that is not able to implement the policies outlined by the politicians, who are unable to focus on their tasks partly because the UNP alliance with SLFP is not strong; as the politicians are more interested in working to win their seat back at the next election than rebuilding the country; and partly because of the poor caliber of administrators who were led by the politicians in the past are now unable work independently for fear of being accused of wrong doings. Also includes politicians and officials from the past regime still in active service, acknowledged to have committed fraud and corruption activities and have escaped detection are paving the way for recurrence of the crime.
For the past 70 years the Sri Lanka has been ruled by coalition government with UNP or SLFP as the principal partner, who have all on many occasions spoken with fork tongues making false promises to the minority communities, without ever keeping their promises. Being self-centered they were not willing to accept the environment they live in ‘that was made up of many racial and religious communities’ to whom the minorities don’t count. Their past actions with “create an environment” policies are affecting the people at large and more so the economic and ethnic minorities, who have been taking the blunt of two uprisings in the south and a civil war that originated from the north. The alliance of UNP and SLFP in parliament is very fragile, with too many leaders: President from SLFP, the Prime Minister from UNP and many key ministers of the coalition, all do the talking, while there is enough opposition both inside and outside the parliament making a meal of it and the media is having a field day, reporting the news differently depending on whom they support and giving sensation news to increase the sale of their paper than for the good of the country. Net result is either decisions are not made on matters in the House of Parliament or decisions made in the House are challenged outside of the streets causing more problems than finding a solution to the original issue. The new coalition government in 2015 on getting elected openly promised TNA, who supported them that all the grievances of the Tamils, would be resolved. The TNA has for the past two years seen the snail phase progress made on many issues affecting their people and was peeved with the government’s latest time buying tactics adopted with the UNHRC to resolve the issues referred in the resolution. This attempt to further postpone the war crimes probe; TNA has expressed disappointment about it had also said that if more time is given to GoSL, then the UN must monitor and scrutinize the government’s activities to ensure they are genuinely working towards fulfilling its pledges. Feasible only if the current rulers accept that continuing with the policy of “creating an environment” would destruct the country and devise a policy to govern this island as a multi-racial and multi-religious country.
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| 0.976594 | 1,674 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Each of the four gospels begins in a way that introduces the author’s context for telling the story of Jesus. The beginning of each Gospel is a narrative of Jesus origin. The earliest of the Gospels is Mark who begins with John the Baptist at the Jordan River, and Jesus beginning his ministry with baptism and a time of discernment in the wilderness.
In Matthew and Luke we have the more familiar birth narratives – though the details and emphasis is different in each.
And for the Sunday after Christmas the gospel passage is the prologue of the Gospel of John… estimated to have been written some 60 or more years after the Jesus ministry death and resurrection.
For John the beginning of Jesus participation in the saving acts of God began not at his baptism, nor even at his birth. John affirms that Jesus was always part of Gods intention and plan. John did not see Jesus as a plan B, as something new when the old covenant didn’t seem to be working, nor even – if you will forgive the pun- as a Hail Mary play. John describes Jesus as present in and part of the creation itself.
So why was it so many years after the forefathers of Judaism – Abraham, Issac, Jacob, Moses, the law, and the prophets – that it was the fullness of time for Jesus to take on our humanity and appear in flesh on the earth? I suspect it is evidence of the slow evolution of spirituality of humanity.
It was Confucius who said “when the student is ready the teacher will appear”. It took that long for humanity to come to a point where some were ready to hear the radical word that God’s power in not about human politics or human power – nor military and economic might. This was and is a radical thought that the power God wields and wants us to wield is the power of compassion, forgiveness, generosity and love.
And the slowness with which humanity has been able to learn and follow that radical directive is still shown in the centuries we have struggled to internalize it individually, let alone as the institutional church, and to live it into the fullness of being.
In every age and era there have been a few who, like St Francis, hear and respond by living out the teachings of Jesus in extraordinary ways. Yet they seem few and far between. Still John proclaims that to ALL who receive him, who believe in his name, he gives power to more fully become children of God.
John ends his prologue saying “the Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father’s only son, full of grace and truth.”
Is that “son full of grace and truth” the one whom we recognize in the Gospels? If so, what is our role or response? The author of the Gospel of John indicates our role is to discern who this Jesus is for us, and whether we are willing to follow on this new path of how to live. A path which we in the Episcopal Church are describing as the way of love.
What is asked of us who choose to follow this path is not love merely as emotion, but love that rooted in compassion, is acted out and lived day to day, and bearing the fruits of righteousness that comes from living as God would have us live. This kind of love is seen in action in Jesus life, and teaching; and seen in Jesus willingness to continue to say yes to the way of love even when it was opposed by those who primarily valued the power of might, wealth, success and influence, rather than love, grace and truth. Love that persevered even when it threatened Jesus own liberty and life.
It is no wonder that John’s prologue of the Gospel is used as a counter- point to the birth narratives of Christmas Day for it leads us into life – Jesus life and ours It leads us to places where the way of love is needed and where it can transform lives and help recreate our corner of creation to more resemble what God would have us and all the beloved creation to be.
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| 0.976095 | 847 | 2.921875 | 3 |
a sightseeing trip to see African animals in their natural habitat
invaders who came to Britain from various parts of Europe in AD 400
this includes the countries of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland
only occurring at certain times of the year. For example, in some holiday areas, gift shops and attractions are only open in the summer.
small pieces of rock which are carried by the water and settle on the river bed (deposition)
the facilities we need for daily life
things needed for daily life, such as shops, banks, schools, petrol stations and health centres
a place occupied by people. Settlements vary in size and can be cities, towns or villages.
a place where a group of people choose to make their homes. Many invaders who came to Britain eventually became settlers.
a place where people live varying in size from a city to a small village
waste matter from humans and animals
the beginning of a river, usually a spring high in the mountains
a combination of high wind and heavy rain, snow or hail. Sometimes thunder and lightening also occur.
an area of housing that has grown up on the outskirts of a city
the top of a mountain
the top of the mountain
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| 0.946396 | 252 | 3 | 3 |
Budgets, School Districts
On this page...
A school district exists to educate school age children by operating schools or contracting for educational services. Taxes may be levied by such publicly operated agencies for school purposes. A school district is also called a local education agency (LEA) and is a school corporation.
Regular Program State Cost
|Budget Year||Regular Program State Cost|
For the Regular Program District Cost, see Maximum Tuition Rates.
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| 0.882828 | 94 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- Development & Aid
- Economy & Trade
- Human Rights
- Global Governance
- Civil Society
Saturday, November 25, 2017
MAPUTO, Jul 11 2012 (IPS) - Every Wednesday at 11.00am José Alfredo Cossa unfurls his East German flag and leads a march of around 150 men and women down the main streets of Maputo, Mozambique’s capital. In a struggle for justice that has been going on for more than 20 years this group, known as the “Magermans”, represent the 16,000 to 20,000 Mozambicans who were sent to the former East Germany in the early 1980s to work and serve their country.
“We’ve been marching for 22 years to get the salary we earned in Germany. We keep coming because we are sure that one day they will pay,” explained Cossa. “In Europe we learnt about peaceful protest. Where else in Africa would you see a demonstration like this?” he asked. Magermans is a local name meaning those who came from Germany.
Passersby turn to stare as the procession passes. Blowing whistles, beating drums, singing and dancing the carnival atmosphere of this demonstration belies the ongoing struggle behind it.
When Mozambique gained independence in 1975 hundreds of thousands of skilled Portuguese workers left almost overnight, which had a devastating effect on the country’s economy. So in 1979 President Samora Machel’s new left-wing government made an agreement with socialist East Germany to send Mozambican men and a number of women there to study, train as apprentices and work in the former German Democratic Republic or GDR’s state-run enterprises, the Volkseigener Betriebe, with the aim to return with new skills to help build their country.
“I was sent to learn carpentry when I was 21 and then got a work contract for four years. Others were employed to cut trees, work in abattoirs or in the coal industry,” said Cossa.
Lázaro Magalhães a Escova is another Magerman, now working as an administrator for ICMA, the Mozambican-German Cultural Institute, in Maputo. “There were many different reasons why the men wanted to go. They came from different provinces, to escape war, hunger or forced recruitment into the armed forces. In my case I wanted to see Europe. Before I left I went for two days’ induction training and then I got on a plane.”
The workers received 40 percent of their salaries in cash while the other 60 percent was sent back to Mozambique. “We were told that on our return there would be a bank account waiting for each of us,” said Magalhães.
They worked until the end of the decade when tensions within East Germany increased culminating in the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. “We were happy when the barriers came down but were afraid of the skinheads and neo-Nazis who didn’t like foreigners and we worried what would happen if we no longer had government protection,” said Magalhães.
“After unification we heard that they were going to close the state factories and the Mozambican government gave us a choice ‘Either stay on your own account or we pay your flight back.’”
Many chose to go home but the decision was not an easy one. “Some of the wives and children came to the airport. The women were crying and begging their husbands not to go,” recalled Magalhães.
Yet those heading back believed it was the start of a prosperous new future. “We had great expectations. I was planning to start my own carpentry business making windows, doors and furniture and then bring my girlfriend from Germany. But when we got here the money was gone. The government had eaten it all and my hopes fell to the bottom of the sea,” said Cossa.
While the German government has records showing that the money was sent it appears the individual accounts were never set up by the government in Mozambique.
The Magermans also found it difficult to adjust to life back home.
“Our neighbours wore ragged clothes and we arrived dressed as gentleman. There were no televisions or videos in Mozambique. We brought them,” said Cossa.
Many also found their newly acquired skills were redundant. “A number of men had worked in car assembly plants, for Trabant, but when they arrived back in Mozambique there were hardly any cars and no car industry,” said Magalhães. With their ‘European ways’ they stood out from the crowd and it was then that they became known locally as the Magermans
Some of the workers did find jobs with one Magerman opening a string of successful bakeries across Maputo. Yet as the months passed the majority found themselves without work or money and within a year of their return they began to protest outside the Ministry of Labour.
“We were just asking for what was rightfully ours but the government sent armed police to deal with us,” recalled Magalhães. The protests have continued to this day with their case passing from one Ministry to another without resolution.
In 2002 official enquiries were made with the German authorities to see if there was a case to answer. A document, in possession of the Magermans, released by the German Federal Ministry of Finance, shows that 74.4-million dollars in salaries and 18.6-million dollars in social security were paid by the former GDR, figures which equate to approximately 5,000 dollars per worker. The Mozambican government accepted that a much smaller amount was owed and began to make payments of 10,000 t0 15,000 Meticais (or between 370 to 550 dollars) to some of the workers.
Over the years many of the men lost contact with the families they left behind. Now in their late twenties, some of the children have come to Mozambique looking for their fathers. ICMA is one of the places they contact first.
“We get emails from families almost every day. One girl came and found her father living in a hut made of mud bricks and palm leaves. She stayed there for a while and then took him back to Germany,” said Magalhães.
Cossa explained that the next step for the Magermans is a meeting with Prime Minister Aires Ali.
“We’ve made a formal request but nothing is scheduled. It may take a while to get it but we’ve already been waiting 22 years. What difference does a few months make? While we still have strength we will never give up.”
This story includes downloadable print-quality images -- Copyright IPS, to be used exclusively with this story.
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Columbia, South Carolina
|Columbia, South Carolina|
|Nickname(s): "The Capital of Southern Hospitality" (Official), "The Big Friendly"|
|Counties||Richland County, South Carolina|
|• Mayor||Steve Benjamin, (D)|
|• City||133.8 sq mi (346.5 km2)|
|• Land||131.3 sq mi (340.1 km2)|
|• Water||2.5 sq mi (6.4 km2)|
|• Density||929/sq mi (358.5/km2)|
|Time zone||EST (UTC-5)|
|• Summer (DST)||EDT (UTC-4)|
Columbia is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 Census, it had a urban population of 549,777. It is the county seat of Richland County, but a small portion of the city is in Lexington County. It is home to the University of South Carolina.
History[change | edit source]
Columbia is on the fall line from the Appalachian Mountains. The fall line is the spot where boats cannot travel any farther upstream, and is also the spot farthest downstream where falling water can usefully power a mill.
The state capital was Charleston on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1786, the legislature decided to move the capital to the center of the state, and the site of Columbia was chosen for its location on the river just 13 miles (21 km) northwest of South Carolina's geographic center. The State Legislature first met there in 1790. After remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a large stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston, by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper Rivers in a 22-mile (35 km) section. It was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850.
Columbia was one of the first planned cities in the United States. It is known for its wide streets.
The 20th century saw Columbia emerge as a regional textile manufacturing center. In the 1920s, Columbia businessmen constructed a large dam on the Saluda River to make hydroelectric power. The dam, using the native red clay soil and bedrock, was the largest earthen dam in the world when it was completed in 1930. Lake Murray which was formed by the dam is 41 miles (66 km) long, and 14 miles (23 km) wide at its widest point. At the time when the lake was finished, it was the world's largest man-made reservoir. The company that built the dam grew to become SCANA Corporation, one of Columbia's largest employers.
The city of Columbia has recently accomplished a number of redevelopment projects and has several more planned. The historic Congaree Vista, a 1,200-acre (5 km2) district running from the central business district toward the Congaree river, features a number of historic buildings that have been rehabilitated.
Transportation[change | edit source]
The Central Midlands Regional Transit Authority (CMRTA), operates mass transit in the greater Columbia area including Cayce, West Columbia, Forest Acres, Arcadia Lakes, Springdale, and the St. Andrews area. CMRTA operates express shuttles, as well as bus service serving Columbia and its immediate suburbs. The authority was established in October 2002 after SCANA released ownership of public transportation back to the City of Columbia. Since 2003, CMRTA provides transportation for more than 2 million passengers, has expanded route services, and introduced 43 new ADA accessible buses offering a safer, more comfortable means of transportation. CMRTA has also added 10 natural gas powered buses to the fleet.
The Central Midlands Council of Governments is in the process of investigating the potential for rail transit in the region. Routes into downtown Columbia originating from Camden, Newberry, and Batesburg-Leesville are in consideration, as is a potential line between Columbia and Charlotte connecting the two mainlines of the future Southeastern High Speed Rail Corridor.
Columbia's central location between the population centers of South Carolina has made it a transportation focal point with three interstate highways and one interstate spur.
Education[change | edit source]
Columbia has the main campus of the University of South Carolina, which was chartered in 1801 as South Carolina College and in 1906 as the University of South Carolina. The university has 350 degree programs and enrolls more than 27,500 students throughout 15 degree-granting colleges and schools. It is an urban university in downtown Columbia, just south of the Capitol.
Other colleges are: Allen University, Benedict College, Columbia College, Columbia International University, Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary and Midlands Technical College.
References[change | edit source]
- "Columbia (city) Quick Facts from the U.S. Census Bureau". http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/45/4516000.html. Retrieved Novmeber 26, 2011.
- Fort Jackson South Carolina. Jackson.army.mil. Retrieved on 2010-09-29.
- "Lake Murray History". iData Technologies. http://www.lakemurray.com/Lake_Murray_History.aspx. Retrieved Novmeber 26, 2011.
- "The World's Greatest Earthen Dam". SCE&G. http://www.sceg.com/en/my-community/lake-murray/history/worlds-greatest-earthen-dam.htm. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- Archives - Selling the North Columbia TIF, City Council Members Push On. Free Times (2010-01-26). Retrieved on 2010-09-29.
- Rail Transit Study
Other websites[change | edit source]
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|1st Prime Minister of the Second Polish Republic|
6 – 14 November 1918
|Succeeded by||Jędrzej Moraczewski (as Prime Minister of the Polish Republic)|
|3rd Marshal of the Sejm|
27 March 1928 – 8 December 1930
|Preceded by||Maciej Rataj|
|Succeeded by||Kazimierz Świtalski|
|Born||Ignacy Ewaryst Daszyński
26 October 1866
Zbaraż, Austrian Poland
|Died||31 October 1936
|Political party||Polish Socialist Party|
Ignacy Ewaryst Daszyński [iɡˈnat͡sɨ daˈʂɨɲskʲi] ( listen) (Zbaraż, 26 October 1866 – 31 October 1936, Bystra Śląska) was a Polish socialist politician, journalist, and very briefly Prime Minister of the Second Polish Republic's first government, formed in Lublin in 1918.
In October 1892 he cofounded the Polish Social Democratic Party (Polish abbreviation: PPSD), a precursor to the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). In 1897 he was elected to the Austrian Parliament and remained there until 1918.
From 1903 he took part in several congresses and gatherings of the International Socialist Party, advocating for the independence and reunification of all Polish territories, as an integral part of the Polish socialist program. In 1912 he began a long collaboration with future Marshal and Chief of State Józef Pilsudski. He was appointed editor-in-chief of the Socialist newspaper Naprzód (Forward), published in Kraków.
Following World War I, Daszyński cofounded the Polish National Committee, and for a few days he served as head of the provisional government formed in the city of Lublin on 7 November 1918. On 26 January 1919 he was elected to the Polish Sejm, and was re-elected in 1922, 1928, and 1930. From July 1920 to January 1921 he served as deputy prime minister in a Government of National Unity led by politician and diplomat Wincenty Witos.
Though he strongly supported Józef Piłsudski during the May 1926 Coup, he later joined the center-left opposition. From 1928 to 1930 he was the third Marshal of the Sejm. When Piłsudski entered the Sejm chamber, accompanied by a sizable military escort, Daszyński refused to open the Sejm session. He ended his political career in 1930 when Piłsudski dissolved the Sejm.
In his journalistic and underground activities, he used the pseudonyms Daszek, Żegota, and Ignis.
Ignacy Daszyński was born on 26 October 1866 in Zbaraż in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (now in Ternopil Oblast), which, following the Partitions of Poland, was then a part of the Austrian Empire. He came from a not very wealthy family of the gentry, one that cherished patriotic traditions. He was the son of Ferdynand Daszyński (1816–1875), an Austrian clerk, and Kamila, née Mierzewska (1834–1895). He had three brothers, one sister, and older half siblings from his father's first marriage.
In 1872, Daszyński started his education in a school run by Franciscans in Zbarazh. He was a very good student because he already knew how to read and write and, as he grew up in a multicultural environment, he knew several languages. From childhood, he could speak Ukrainian and Yiddish and understood German. On 6 December 1875, his father died and the family moved to Stanisławów. To improve their financial situation, his mother leased flats to secondary school students. Two years later, he entered secondary school. During this time he earned money by giving his colleagues private lessons.
At that time, he was under the strong influence of his older brother, Feliks, who taught him how to be a good Polish patriot. Together they performed minor subversive actions. Feliks wrote an anniversary poem in honour of Maurycy Gosławski, a poet who fought in the November Uprising. Ignacy made copies of the poem and scattered them around the poet's grave. The Austrian police started an investigation and Feliks was arrested, while Ignacy was released pending trial. However, they were both acquitted. Feliks still did not abandon his subversive activity. He created a conspiratorial group that drew Polish and Ukrainian teenagers from the Stanisławów area. Ignacy contributed to the group by establishing its rules.
In 1882, Ignacy Daszyński gave a patriotic speech to students during the long school break. This led him to being expelled from the school and brought an end to his family's easy life in Stanisławów. Their financial situation collapsed and they had to move to Lwów. Feliks started to study chemistry at the Lwów Polytechnic. Soon, Ignacy and his mother had to move again. They went to Drohobycz where he began his first job, as a lawyer’s secretary (no school was willing to enrol him). During this time he came into contact with the working class for the first time. Soon he started to write for the leftist biweekly Gazeta Naddniestrzańska ("Trans-Nistrian News"), in which he wrote about the hard conditions of workers employed by petroleum industries in Stanisławów and Drohobycz.
The atmosphere of Drohobycz was calling me to rebel. The brutality of the sinister rascals who were then making their careers in Drohobycz was so evident and public that you did not have to be a socialist to hate their felonious "production" based on the natural treasures of Mother Earth and on the unbridled exploitation of several thousand peasants who dug up the mineral wax in Borysław.
In September 1884, when his mother moved to Przemyśl, Ignacy was left alone in Lwów. Again he was refused enrollment at school, and so studied at home.
At that time, Daszyński's socialist political views were already taking shape. In 1886, he became a tutor to some friends of his parents. On 8 April 1888, he was allowed to pass the Matura (school leavers' examinations) without attending the classes. He received his diploma on 22 September 1888 and went on to study philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Thanks to his brother Feliks, he was in touch with socialists in Kraków. In 1889, he met Ludwik Kulczycki, whom he helped in delivering socialist brochures in Congress Poland.
Daszyński soon had to abandon his studies because of financial problems. He became a tutor again, working under a false name for the Gniazdowski family from Czarnostaw. On the night of 2–3 May 1889, he was arrested by the Russian police and spent six months in jail in Pułtusk because he was mistaken for his older brother Feliks, who was engaged in the socialist movement abroad (he attended the Congress of the Second International in Paris). When Ignacy was released from jail he was expelled from Congress Poland and returned to Kraków. While there, he was accused of engaging in illegal political activities, but was acquitted under a statute of limitations. He returned to university, but had to give up his studies after taking part in a demonstration.
After these events, Daszyński decided to emigrate to Argentina. However, before leaving Europe he went to Switzerland to visit his brother Feliks and his wife Zofia. His brother had tuberculosis and was taking a cure in Davos. After meeting his brother, he went to Paris to buy a ticket to sail to Argentina, but on 9 April 1890 he was informed of Feliks’s death. After this, Stanisław Mendelson and Aleksander Dębski persuaded him not to emigrate. He decided to study in Switzerland and was admitted to the University of Zurich. During his studies there, he was supported by Mendelson, who gave him 60 pounds per month.
In Switzerland, Daszyński continued his brother’s socialist activity. He was one of the founders of the Polish Working Class Association "Zgoda" (Stowarzyszenie Robotników Polskich "Zgoda"). He collaborated with Julian Marchlewski, Rosa Luxemburg and Gabriel Narutowicz. His greatest achievement at that time was the creation of order-keeping services that protected socialist demonstrations. The ceremony of moving Adam Mickiewicz’s ashes to Poland turned into such a demonstration, during which Marchlewski gave a speech.
Daszyński returned to Poland in October 1890. First he stayed in Kraków, then moved to Lwów, where he created a management center for the socialist movement in Galicia. He collaborated with Ukrainian socialist activists and attended the founding meeting of the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party (Rusko-Ukraińska Partia Radykalna), where he met the poet Ivan Franko.
Daszyński wanted to unite all the working-class movements of Galicia. Particular groups were connected with two newspapers, Praca and Robotnik; he himself was a Praca journalist. At a meeting on 7 November 1890 in Lwów, socialist activists decided to create an official and legal Labour Party. The next step was to establish a new socialist poverty-relief and educational association, Siła ("strength" or "force"), on 15 February 1891. When the organization grew bigger, its presence reached Stanisławów and Kraków. At that time, he was very active as a journalist and politician. He delivered speeches at many rallies, such as the election rally on 1 May 1891 in Lwów, and he published a political brochure, O partiach politycznych w Galicji ("On the Political Parties in Galicia"), under the pseudonym Żegota on 30 April 1891. After its publication, he was charged with affiliation with an underground organization, but, since the Socialist Party was legal, the charge was dismissed. In June he became a Galician delegate at the Congress of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria in Vienna.
From 16 to 23 April 1891, Daszyński led a delegation of Polish socialists to the Congress of the Second International in Brussels. He then went to Berlin, where he became editor-in-chief of the Polish newspaper Gazeta Robotnicza ("Workers' Gazette"). He worked there for six months. When he was leaving Berlin, he was arrested by the German authorities on charges of publishing seditious articles. However, since they could not prove that he was in fact their author, he was released.
In early 1892 he went to Lwów, where he played an important role in the first convention of the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (I Zjazd Galicyjskiej Partii Socjalno-Demokratycznej). He delivered a speech about the party's political program and tactics. On his way back, he was arrested again and spent ten days in jail in Kraków. On his release, he returned to Lwów.
At the Third Congress of Austrian Socialists he argued for the separation of the Polish Social Democratic Party from the numerous Austrian organizations emphasizing pro-independence clauses in the party's Marxist political program, which aimed to put socialism into practice by abolishing private property. The first steps to achieve this aim were to be democratization of the election procedures (liquidation of privileges of the bourgeoisie) and introduction of an eight-hour working day. His dream of a separate Polish party partially came true when, in 1892, the Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna or PPS) was created.
Daszyński met and fell in love with Felicja Nossig-Próchnik, with whom he allegedly had a son, Adam Próchnik. Between 1892 and 1893, Daszyński lived in the Carpathian Mountains, where he was resting. In 1893 he moved to Kraków, where he became editor of the socialist newspaper Naprzód ("Forward"). In March 1893 he attended the Second Socialist Congress in Kraków. The police broke up the meeting, and he spent five days in jail. In October he moved to Lwów again, where he published the brochure Krótka historia rozwoju partii socjalistycznej w Galicji (od maja 1890 do 1 maja 1894) ("A Short History of the Development of the Galician Socialist Party (from May 1890 to May 1894)"). Meanwhile, he returned to Kraków and resumed editorship of Naprzód. Later he attended the Third Socialist Congress of Galicia and Silesia and published another brochure, Bankructwo demokracji galicyjskiej ("The Bankruptcy of Galician Democracy"), in which he strongly criticized the bourgeoisie.
In 1895 Daszyński’s mother died. In 1896 he attended the International Congress in London. In the autumn of 1896, the Polish Minister-President of Austria, Count Kazimierz Badeni, introduced a partial reform of the electoral law, such that 72 members of parliament were to be elected through a form of universal male suffrage. Daszyński believed that this gave a chance for socialist ideology to become more popular, as well as a chance to fight for his ideology in parliament. Constituencies were divided in such way that they included towns and villages. He was a candidate in the Kraków constituency, where he received 75% of the vote (22,214 out of 29,758 votes). He was supported by workers, peasants, students, many of them Jews. In 1897, he became a member of parliament and in the same year he married the actress Maria Paszkowska in Vienna.
After entering parliament, Daszyński became chairman of a parliamentarian club which numbered 15 members.
In 1898, authorities introduced a state of emergency in part of western Galicia. Its aim was to weaken the workers' movement. Most liberties, such as freedom of assembly, were restricted. Daszyński fought against it, for example by giving a famous speech on 22 November, in which he protested against the government's actions. Later, he supported workers' strikes; however, he emphasized that they needed to be held legally. He also engaged in the democratization of the electoral law in parliament; among other things, he called for abolition of curial voting.
Daszyńki was a great speaker whose speeches attracted large crowds. He attacked conservatives and President-Minister Badeni. In 1898 he took part in huge demonstrations in Vienna, which resulted in Badeni being dismissed from his position by the Emperor.
In 1900, Daszyński was again elected to the Council of State. He focused his activities on circumventing censorship because, as a publicist, he was subjected to limitations on his freedom of speech.
On 12 May 1902, Daszyński became a member of the Kraków City Council. While on it, he focused on struggling against conservative and royalist members of the council.
Daszyński was also engaged in social matters and issues connected with Kraków's infrastructure. He was a member of municipal committees dealing with industrial affairs, coal and canals. On 2 February 1905, after the outbreak of the 1905 Russian Revolution, he took part in a demonstration on Kraków's Market Square, during which he burned a portrait of the Tsar. Police tried to disperse the demonstrators but failed to seize the council. In 1907, parliament passed a new electoral law allowing all men above 24 to vote in elections for the Council of State. In May of the same year, socialists achieved considerable electoral success while conservatives lost a significant number of parliamentary representatives.
Just before World War I, the Polish Social Democratic Party (PPSD) came to an agreement with Józef Piłsudski's Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction (PPS – Frakcja Rewolucyjna). They decided that, in the coming conflict, Poles should support the Central Powers, which could lead to the creation of a unified Austria-Hungary-Poland. Daszyński co-authored the PPSD resolution, which stated that:
As the true representatives of the Polish nation, we declare our conviction that in a prospective conflict between Austro-Hungary and Russia, whose outbreak is beyond our control, all the forces of the Polish nation should be directed against the Russian emperor, who is the irreconcilable and cruel oppressor of the great majority of our nation.
Daszyński recommended members of socialist parties to join Polish paramilitary troops. Thanks to this, these organizations were recognized as legal by the Austrian authorities. In November 1912, the PPS Revolutionary Faction and the PPSD joined the Temporary Commission of Confederated Independence Parties (Tymczasowa Komicja Skonfederowanych Stronnictw Niepodległościowych). Galician socialists were hoping to provoke an uprising after the outbreak of war in the Kingdom of Poland.
In August 1914, when World War I started, Daszyński became the deputy military commissioner in Miechów for a few days. He tried to urge the population to fight against Russia, but was unsuccessful and quickly returned to politics. After the creation of the Supreme National Committee by parliamentarian Koło Polskie, Daszyński became one of the members of the Executive Department. This unit decided to form the Polish Legions.
In Daszyński's opinion, Poland should seek support from Austria-Hungary. He could not form a clear opinion of the Act of 5 November, which would guarantee the creation of an independent Kingdom of Poland. On the one hand, he was pleased that the act proclaimed Polish statehood; on the other, he felt angry that it ignored the issue of the Russian partition of Galicia. However, he participated in work on a future constitution. On 28 May 1917, he voted in the Austrian parliament in favour of a proposal from the Polish People's Party "Piast" (PSL “Piast"), claiming that "the only desire of the Polish nation is to regain an independent and united Poland with access to the sea". Influenced by the crisis and the imprisonment of Piłsudski in Magdeburg in July 1917, Daszyński became more firmly opposed to the Austria-Hungary monarchy. On 22 January 1918, he stated in parliament that Galicia wanted to become part of a united and independent Poland.
At the end of September 1918, on Daszyński's initiative, Polish members of parliament prepared and negotiated with the National Democracy movement a proposal which was introduced to the Austrian parliament on 2 October 1918, demanding restoration of an independent Polish state composed of areas from the three partitions, their own coast, and Silesia. They also recognized that the Poland issue was an international matter and called for Poland's participation in a peace conference "to decide Polish question". Daszyński gave his last speech on 3 October 1918, stating that:
All Poles declare that they want sovereignty over all three partitions brought about by the rape of Poland: all three partitions should be joined and announced as an independent country, but this unification and this independence needs to be achieved in accordance with international law in an international peace convention.:369–370
On 15 October 1918 Daszyński and other Polish deputies to the Austrian parliament adopted a document in which they declared themselves to be Polish citizens. Late October brought the first signs of collapse of the once mighty Austria-Hungary. On 28 October he became a member of the Polish Liquidation Committee, which was led by Wincenty Witos and headquartered first in Kraków, then in Lwów.
On 6 November, Daszyński and others proclaimed the "Polish People's Republic" (Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej), based in Lublin, with Daszyński as Prime Minister. Other members of the government included Wincenty Witos, Tomasz Arciszewski, Jędrzej Moraczewski, Stanisław Thugutt, and Colonel Edward Rydz-Śmigły as military commander. The government's manifesto called upon workers and peasants to take power into their own hands and build "the edifice of an independent and united People's Republic of Poland", in which all citizens would enjoy equal political and civil rights, especially freedom of conscience, speech and assembly. Within the framework of improving social conditions, there were promises of an eight-hour working day in industry, trade and craft, and of the nationalization of mines and large estates. The future country was intended to be a democratic parliamentary republic.
Setting itself up as the legitimate representative of the Polish people, Daszyński's government called on the Regency Council to be deposed. This move was repudiated by moderate forces in Warsaw, who now hoped for a return of Józef Piłsudski, who was still in custody in Germany. Already in October, the Regency Council had requested Piłsudski's release, and after deliberations mediated by Harry Graf Kessler, Piłsudski was allowed to return to Warsaw, where he arrived on 10 November. The following day – the day Germany signed the armistice – German troops in Warsaw were disarmed as they refused to fire on Polish insurgents. Both the Regency Council and the Daszyński government ceded all authority to Piłsudski.
Piłsudski asked Daszyński to form a government, but stressed the need to "strengthen the effectiveness of his cabinet's work through participation of eminent forces, regardless of political beliefs" and forbade him to prejudice the legislative work of the Sejm by radical social reforms or other legislative changes. Daszyński accepted, but failed to form a government, and resigned on 14 November. In a letter published the next day, Piłsudski thanked him for his "truly civic work" in helping to create the first Polish government and for not hesitating "to sacrifice himself for the good of the cause in order to reach an agreement among divergent factors".
Daszyński campaigned in the first post-war elections to the Polish Sejm, proclaiming: "The first legislative Sejm is the first administrator of Poland, its builder, the source of law and authority [in] a free, independent and united Poland." 36 members of the PPSD and PPS entered the Sejm and created a parliamentary group named Związek Polskich Posłów Socjalistycznych ("Union of Polish Socialist MPs"). Daszyński became its president.
He focused on promoting a socialist program. He advocated nationalizing some industrial sectors, for example creating state monopolies in coal and spirits. He proposed improvements in working conditions and protected workers' rights, as well as supporting development of the cooperative movement and education of peasants and workers.
On 26 April 1919, the PPSD, the PPS and the PPS Prussian Section united to form a unitary PPS. Daszyński joined its General Council and became one of its chairmen. He also edited its French-language publication Bulletin Official du Parti Socialiste Polonaise and the weekly magazine Trybuna. After the outbreak of the Polish-Soviet War, Daszyński was for concluding peace as fast as possible. He was opposed to the creation of the Council of National Defense, calling it an "abbreviation of the Sejm". However, on 24 July he joined the Government of National Defense (Rząd Obrony Narodowej) as Deputy Prime Minister (Witos was Prime Minister). He thought that this step (including peasant and socialist leaders) would increase the number of recruits. After victory in the Battle of the Niemen River, Daszyński was more and more in conflict with the rest of the government, especially with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He criticized diplomatic staff and Polish policy towards the East, in particular Tadeusz Rozwadowski's plans for an offensive. On 15 December, the PPS General Council asked the Prime Minister to dismiss Daszyński, but he resigned himself on 18 December. The Prime Minister accepted it very unwillingly, delaying till 4 January 1921.
After leaving government, Daszyński concentrated on working for the adoption of a new constitution. On 17 March 1921, the Sejm adopted the March Constitution of Poland, after which it dissolved itself. The socialist leader contributed to the democratic character of the constitution, for example by resisting the proposal of the conservatives that members could be appointed to the Polish Senate according to their position, without being elected.
On 5 November 1922, Daszyński was again elected to the Sejm. He received 52,874 votes in the constituencies of Kraków County, Chrzanów, Oświęcim, Olkusz and Miechów. On 9 December Daszyński's party put him forward as a candidate for President, but he received only 49 votes. Gabriel Narutowicz was elected President, to the disappointment of the right wing (Narutowicz was elected by members who represented national minorities). On the inauguration day of the president-elect, Daszyński and Bolesław Limanowski were attacked on their way to the ceremony by right wing fighting squads, and forced to barricade themselves inside a house. Daszyński later demanded an explanation for those events. He wrote:
Polish political life cannot be an African jungle, prowled by a dozen of kinds of rogue ... Either your fascism will die smashing its head against Polish democracy, or Poland will boil with civil war.:447
After the assassination of President Narutowicz by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a supporter of the National Democracy movement, the socialists planned to take revenge on right wing activists. Daszyński objected to their reasoning and forbade further escalation of the violence.
On 21 December 1922, at a meeting of the General Council, the PPS tabled a proposal to set up a nationwide worker's educational organization, the Towarzystwo Uniwersytetu Robotniczego (TUR) ("Society of the Workers' University"). On 21 January 1923, the Board of Directors of the TUR was established, headed by Daszyński. He held this position until his death. The creation of the TUR was one of his most important personal achievements. As he later described:
At the moment of Polish independence, there appeared an imbalance between preparing the masses for civil life and the possibility of adequate use of the laws that resulted in the first weeks of Polish independence. This imbalance led to the tragedy of the murder of the first President of the Republic of Poland ... At that time, the TUR came into being ... It was connected with the idea that the working class has reached such a degree of development as to be able to confront ignorance. We do not practice a party campaign (within TUR) protecting ourselves from anything that would deter our members from peaceful acquisition of knowledge.
In February 1923, Daszyński fainted while making a speech in the Sejm, resulting in his withdrawal from ongoing operations. (In September 1926 he took the floor in the Sejm again). While staying in a sanatorium, he focused on journalism and writing memoirs. Despite the state of his health, during the 19th Congress of the PPS (30 December 1923 – 1 January 1924) Daszyński was re-elected Chairman of the PPS General Council. At the 20th Congress of the PPS (31 December 1925 – 3 January 1926) he was elected yet again.
On 26 November 1925, after Jędrzej Moraczewski joined the government of Aleksander Skrzyński, Daszyński succeeded Moraczewski as Vice-Speaker of the Sejm. At first, Daszyński supported the participation of PPS in Skrzyński’s government, but Skrzyński’s policies (increasing unemployment, hyperinflation) and plans resulted in sharp criticism. On 20 April 1926 the PPS withdrew from the government, which soon led to its collapse. On 10 May 1926, in place of Skrzyński’s government, the right-wing government of Wincenty Witos was established, to which PPS stood in opposition.
On 12 May 1926, Józef Piłsudski carried out an armed coup d'état, later known as the "May Coup". Just a month after the coup, Daszyński attacked the new government, especially its project for a new constitution that aimed to reduce the role of the legislature. Later, he published a pamlet in which he stated:
After a few years, the omnipotence of the Polish Parliament led to the collapse of the Sejm and contributed to the supremacy of the government (...) The days of May became the starting point of the growing strength and power of the government, while weakening the legislature (...) The state teeters between two abnormal and harmful statuses. It is high time we brought it to balanced and harmonious cooperation between the legislature and the executive
On 10 November 1926, at the suggestion of Daszyński, CKW PPS took a "factual-oppositional" position towards the Piłsudski government and authorities. On 20 December 1926, after a stormy debate, the PPS General Council took a similar position, indicating that:
The PPS opposition does not aim to overthrow Prime Minister Pilsudski but to reconstruct his cabinet by removing monarchist and reactionary elements and to change economic policy, which is the demand of the working class; moreover, to change internal policy, especially as far as national minorities are concerned. The future change of position of the government will be factually judged by the PPS.
The PPS had specific objections to the appointment of Vilnius conservatives Aleksander Meysztowicz and Karol Niezabytowski to the government. At this time, Daszyński headed the editorial board of the new PPS magazine Pobudka ("Reveille").
On 28 November 1927, President Ignacy Mościcki dissolved the Sejm and the Senate.
In March 1928, the PPS obtained 14% of the votes and 64 seats in the parliamentary elections. Daszyński received 77,470 votes in his constituency (Kraków, Chrzanów, Oświęcim, Olkusz, Miechów), an increase of 50% over 1922.
On 27 March 1928, at the first meeting of the parliament, Daszyński defeated Kazimierz Bartel, the representative of the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR), and Aleksander Zwierzyński of the Popular National Union in the election for the Speaker of the Sejm. He received 177 votes in the first round and 206 in the second (54.4%). After his election, Daszyński renounced his party functions as chairman of the PPS General Council and editor-in-chief of Pobudka, but continued as head of the Board of the TUR.
The choice of Daszyński as Speaker of the Sejm aggravated relations between the government and parliament. The reason for the conflict was the "Czechowicz case", named after Treasury Minister Gabriel Czechowicz, who was accused of overdrawing the budget for 1928. Some money came from the disposable fund of the Prime Minister. However, it was used by the BBWR during the election campaign. The Sejm passed a proposal to bring Czechowicz before the Polish State Tribunal, but did not venture to bring Piłsudski himself to account for it. Despite this, in June 1928 Daszyński met Piłsudski with a proposal to form a coalition of the BBWR, the PPS and the Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" (PSL "Liberation"). However, Piłsudski rejected this offer. As a result, in mid-September 1929, the Centrolew, an alliance of six parliamentary groups opposing rehabilitation was created.
On 31 October 1929 there was open conflict between Józef Piłsudski and the Parliament at a meeting of the Sejm's budget session. Instead of Prime Minister Kazimierz Świtalski, Minister of Military Affairs Józef Pilsudski turned up with over a hundred army officers. The Sejm deputies thought that Piłsudski had sent the soldiers to arrest them. After the convention had assembled, Daszyński, as Speaker of the Sejm, refused to open the session. A sharp exchange between Piłsudski and Daszyński took place, which, according to General Felicjan Sławoj-Składkowski, ran as follows:
Piłsudski: Hold your tongue, please. [slams the table] I am asking whether you intend to open the session?
Daszyński: Under threat of use of bayonets, revolvers and sabers, I will not open it.
Piłsudski: Is that your final word?
Daszyński: Yes, sir.
Piłsudski: That is your final word?
Daszyński: Yes, sir.
Piłsudski: [makes a small bow and, without shaking hands with Daszyński, leaves the room. Passing through the Sejm foyer, he says loudly:] What a fool.
Versions of the conversation differ depending on the source. However, on the evening of 31 October, Daszyński issued a statement to all deputies, saying: "Under the threat of officers' sabers, I cancel today's session.":493
The November session of the Sejm was postponed by President Ignacy Mościcki. On 5 December 1929 the members of the newly created Centrolew passed a vote of no confidence in the government of Prime Minister Kazimierz Świtalski by 243 votes to 119.
On 29 March 1930, under pressure from members of the BBWR, Daszyński withdrew the Czechowicz case from debate in order not to escalate the conflict with Piłsudski.
On 29 June 1930, a congress on Defense of the Law and People's Freedom took place in Kraków. Daszyński sent a telegram to the congress as "the Speaker of the Sejm, condemned to inactivity".
On 29 August 1930, President Mościcki dissolved the Sejm and proclaimed new elections. Before the elections, many members were arrested and intimidated. Daszyński stood up for the detainees, sending an open letter to Irena Kosmowska, an ex-member of PSL "Liberation" who was being held in Lublin Castle.
Daszyński was a candidate for the districts of Kraków, Chrzanów, Oświęcim and Miechów. He was also the first on the national list of Centrolew. Although he got 80,000 votes, the Kraków election was annulled. Thus Daszyński was chosen as the member of parliament from the national list. After the election, his health deteriorated. After the conference of the PPS General Council on 18 January 1931, he went to the sanatorium in Bystra Śląska. He withdrew temporarily from the 12th PPS Congress (23–25 May 1931 in Kraków), but was nevertheless re-elected chairman of the PPS General Council. At the 13th PPS Congress (2–5 February 1934), he was elected honorary chairman of Polish Socialist Party. In spite of his stay in the sanatorium, he organized a “fund to fight seizures” for Robotnik.
He died on 31 October 1936 in Bystra Śląska.
Many thousands came to the funeral, which took place on the 3 November 1936 in Rakowicki Cemetery, Kraków. There was a special train from Warsaw and the Ministry of Transport granted free return tickets to those who went to the funeral. On the day of the funeral, everybody in every workplace stopped work for five minutes.
On 22 November, Daszyński's last letter was published:
All my life I’ve worked with workers. To them I owe the fact that my work did not come to nothing. To them with my last thought I say goodbye. I hope that their life will be better, that they will be strong and morally healthy, that they will make their common ideals come true. I say goodbye to my companions and friends with whom I have worked and I ask them to remember that time with kindness. I ask everybody to forgive me my mistakes and forget the pain that I caused. The thought of death has long been for me the beginning of freedom.:532
Ignacy Daszyński and his wife Maria Paszkowska had five children:
Daszyński is alleged to have had an extramarital son, Adam Próchnik (born 1894), with Felicja Nossig-Próchnik.
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Warren County, comprising 286 square miles, was created in 1793 in the east central part of the state from Burke, Columbia, Washington, and Wilkes counties. Later, parts of Warren County were used to create Glascock County and parts of Jefferson, McDuffie, and Taliaferro counties. Georgia's sixteenth county is named after Joseph Warren, a colonial physician and Revolutionary War (1775-83) soldier.
The area's first inhabitants were Creek Indians, who established the famous Upper Trading Path, a route between Augusta and Creek settlements as far west as the Mississippi River. The first white settlers were men who received grants from King George III of England. While Georgia was still an English colony, the area now forming Warren County was part of St. Paul's Parish.
Warrenton, the county seat, was incorporated in 1810. Court was held first in the home of James McCormick, and then of Sterling Gardener, who later donated land for an official courthouse, which was built in 1809. It burned down in 1853, and its replacement suffered the same fate in 1909.
Railroad service came to Warren County relatively early. Athens resident James Camak led a group of associates to charter the Georgia Railroad in 1833, building a line just north of Warrenton in the 1830s. (The depot in that location evolved into the town of Camak.) The link between Warrenton and Camak was made by mule-car, leading to the county seat's nickname, "Muletown." The Civil War (1861-65) brought efforts to replace the mule-car with true rail, but this was not accomplished until 1873.
Norwood developed around a gristmill owned by Radford Gunn, and the community was known as Gunn's Mill until 1888. The Georgia Railroad laid tracks through the town, which bustled with business activity in its early days. The advent of the automobile and highway system, however, spelled the rapid decline for Norwood's business district, today a faint shadow of what it once was. The first rural, free mail delivery occurred in Norwood in 1868, when six residents hired Jerry Parsons, an African American, to deliver their mail on a daily basis, paying for his food and clothing in exchange. The system worked well and was remembered by a local boy, Thomas E. Watson, after he grew up and became a member of the U.S. Congress. In 1893 Watson sponsored the first rural free-delivery bill, based on Parsons's pioneering efforts. A more modern innovation created another "first" for Norwood—the community was the first in Georgia to install a municipal-drip soil-absorption system for wastewater disposal.
Other Alexander Stephens and U.S. senator Robert Toombs.
The first recorded wool mill and one of the first iron foundries in Georgia were located on a spot named Shoals, on the Ogeechee River. They were established by Colonel William Bird, a veteran of the American Revolution, and his partner, Benjamin A. Hamp. In 1812 Thomas Cheely bought the property and erected a gristmill on it. The two mills were burned by Union general William T. Sherman's troops in 1864. Cheely's house, built with slave labor in 1825, remains.
Today, agribusiness, kaolin mining, iron fabrication, and textiles are among the economic mainstays in Warren County. There has been a recent move to encourage tourism by calling attention to the county's natural beauty. The western boundary is the Ogeechee River, and the area is heavily forested. The plentiful fish and game attract fishermen and hunters, some of whom have joined the private hunting reserves in the area. One of the largest employers is Georgia-Pacific.
A notable resident was David Bushnell (also known as David Bush), a Warrenton physician, teacher at Warrenton Academy, and father of the submarine. As an engineer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, he invented a one-man submarine known as the "Turtle."
Three New Deal project built in 1937-38. Designed in the neoclassical style, the Warrenton Gymnasium/Auditorium has retained its original gymnasium space, bleachers, stage, and dressing rooms. The Roberts-McGregor House, a two-story brick building built in 1835, was added to the National Register in 1979 and demolished in the 1990s.
There are several other points of interest. The Jacob Burkhalter Home, built circa 1778, was the first recorded home built in Warrenton, and in 1825 the Marquis de Lafayette stayed there. Little Briar Creek Baptist Church, established in 1777, is the oldest church in the county. The Mill Branch Indian Artifact Display is housed in the Warren County Library. The Ogeechee River Mill has been grinding corn since 1826. The Ogeechee Wildlife Management Area, shared with Hancock County, contains a 24,000-acre nature preserve, although hunting, fishing, and other outdoor activities are permitted.
According to the 2010 U.S. census, the population was 5,834, a decrease from the 2000 population of 6,336.
Media Gallery: Warren County
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(Cinco Puntos Press Publisher: Cinco Puntos Press ISBN-13: 978-1933693224) by Ilan Stavans.
Who was César Chávez? Here, an essay and photographs restore this man to his place in American history.
The real César Chávez got lost in the hoopla. Many think he was a Mexican boxer. Young people think he’s that guy on the stamp or that statue in the park. No wonder it’s difficult, especially for our young people, to understand his human complexities and the struggles to which he gave his life.
Latin American scholar and writer Ilan Stavans, supported by more than forty photographs from archival collections at the Cesar E. Chavez Foundation, restores this man’s humanity so that readers can understand his struggles as a labor organizer and civil rights activist for farm workers.
The book discusses his growing up and his family; his comadre Dolores Huerta, who stood with him from the beginning; his relationship with Dr. King and other activists in the broader struggles for civil rights for all people of color; and his insistence on being an activist for the rights of farm workers when so much media attention was given to the civil rights activists in the cities.
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| 0.978856 | 271 | 3.03125 | 3 |
LAWRENCE — Any teacher could name them. And anyone who ever had classmates could probably remember at least a few of them: Students who are clearly bright or creative but don’t necessarily excel in school or are often in trouble. A University of Kansas professor has published a paper showing that profiles she created can not only identify such bright, creative kids but help set them on the path to being the nation’s next innovators, creators, inventors and artists.
Barbara Kerr, Distinguished Professor of Counseling Psychology and director of the Counseling Laboratory for the Exploration of Optimal States at KU, co-authored the study with Robyn McKay of Arizona State University. It was published in the Creativity Research Journal. Studies of creative individuals have been done for decades, but they have always focused on eminent people after they’ve reached adulthood.
“Before this, creativity tests have been an expensive endeavor. There’s never been an efficient way to find adolescents, pre-college, who could benefit from a creative career,” Kerr said. “So we scoured biographies of eminent people and asked a question that hadn’t been raised before. ‘What were they like at 16?’”
Based on that research and interviews Kerr has done with creative individuals such as personal computer pioneer Steve Wozniak and participants in the Iowa Writers’ Workshop, Kerr and colleagues developed six profiles of creative adolescents in five domains of creative endeavor. They then sent the profiles to educators throughout Kansas. Over five years, 485 students were identified as fitting the profile.
“The schools would say ‘we know these kids are bright,’ but clearly they’re not achieving across the board,’” Kerr said.
The students were invited to attend the CLEOS Project, a research through service counseling laboratory. At CLEOS, the students discussed creativity, their educational challenges and aspirations and were given personality tests and individual counseling to help them realize what they need to do to achieve their personal goals.
Counselors built complex profiles for each student based on factors such as personality traits, values, their latest accomplishments and academic strengths. They found that while often high in creativity, gifted students regularly scored low in conscientiousness.
“Very often these traits that feed their creativity — like openness to experience and impulsivity — get them in trouble,” Kerr said. “And many of them said that they’re only noticed in school when they’re in trouble. Creative kids tend to be a particular type of outsider, admired by their small cadre of friends for their art or coding abilities, but avoided by many because of their eccentricities.”
The research is especially relevant now, as innovators are widely sought to stimulate the economy and help keep the United States competitive in an increasingly global climate. The National Science Foundation and National Academy of Science have called for research on what brings about innovation in science, technology, math and engineering, the so-called STEM fields, but career counseling programs have not generally addressed the needs of creative students. Plus, students with creative, spatial and design skills will increasingly be in demand for careers that merge design and arts — known as STEAM occupations.
To help students realize their goals, Kerr and counselors at the laboratory “pulled no punches,” showing them what they need to do to graduate high school, receive mentoring and obtain advanced degrees. They also encouraged them to set goals for a “do-it-yourself” education and to use “invisible pathways” to achieve their educational goals. Those pathways are often invisible, Kerr said, because traditional curriculum encourages creative students to take arts or humanities classes, but not hard sciences. Schools will put a scientifically creative student in advanced mathematical classes, but not in technical shop classes they need for skills to become an inventor, architect, game designer or similar profession.
The research has the potential to go far beyond helping just the first group of students, Kerr said. Almost 1,000 students have been selected to take part in the program, and their studies show that they do indeed match the core characteristics of creatively gifted adults.
About two-thirds of the attendees had been identified as gifted at their schools, but the other third not only had never been selected for such programs, they’d never even been told they were bright. Grade-point averages were well above average in the case of the two-thirds who had been selected for gifted programs. The other third were in keeping with the tendency of creative people to specialize early, be less well-rounded and sometimes lack the motivation and interpersonal characteristics that might lead them to be chosen for such programs.
Kerr said she hopes to make the research and profiles available to schools across the country and continue research in ways to encourage and help gifted and creative students flourish in their education and encourage support of students who show spatial and artistic ability.
“To find the innovators, those who have the potential to make creative contributions to the global economy, research suggests that it is necessary to look beyond the traditional pool of math/science talent,” Kerr wrote. “Focusing on the career development of creative young people may be critical to innovation and renewal in society. Identifying those students who need specialized guidance into creative occupations is the first step toward establishing an innovative society.”
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KC to Vietnam: Path of the Vietnam WarBy Amanda Dawson
From initial United States involvement in Indochina to the fall of Saigon, the American involvement in Vietnam and the Vietnam War lasted for more than 20 years. This timeline tracks some of the major points of the Vietnam War. It tracks political developments, battles in Vietnam, protests at home, post-war responses, and much more. This is a collection of moments from Vietnam to the United States to right here in Missouri and Kansas. If you are interested in a more detailed timeline, please refer to the Vietnam War Almanac (2009) by James H. Willbanks.
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RNA interference is an accepted mechanism for suppressing gene expression. This anti-viral response can be exploited to permit to specific reticence of the intention of any chosen target genes as well as those concerned in causing diseases such as cancer, AIDS and hepatitis (Downward, 2004). It is already imposing as a very useful research tool which allows for faster characterization of the intention of the known genes. More importantly, it augments efficient genomics to assist in the uncovering of novel genes concerned in the disease development. Many people—both scientists and layman—are gambling that it can be used as an valuable therapeutic strategy to suppress the actions of the target cells (source of disease) (Downward, 2004).
Histoplasma capsulatum is a pathogenic fungus that is that contributory agent of histoplasmosis which is one of the most common fungal respiratory illnesses in the world. In an experiment conducted by Bohse and Woods in 2007, it was found out that the YPS3 gene of the fungus predetermines a protein that is both surface-constrained in the cell wall and is released into a medium that was made up of agarose and supplemental FeSO4. (Bohse & Woods, 2007) Protein was produced only during the pathogenic yeast period of infection and is also articulated differently in varying strains of the specimen with different levels of virulence. RNA interference was utilized when the YPS3 transcript was suppressed and after that, the mutants were then inspected for phenotypic differences in vitro and during infection. The mutants established no growth deficiency during in vitro culture in the medium provided that it was set at a certain temperature; whereas in this case, it was 37C and apparently, it showcased normal virulence in a raw cell line (Bohse & Woods, 2007). Meanwhile, in another model of infection, the mutants yielded a significant reduction in fungal burdens, principally in the peripheral phagocyte-rich tissues of the liver and spleen (Bohse & Woods, 2007). Within 3 days, the imperfection in the organ colonization was observable and it aggravated at later time points (Bohse & Woods, 2007).
There is an association of YPS3 gene expression with the pathogenicity since only the most potent strains of the specimens express it (Bohse & Woods, 2007). Experiments that were done at certain times revealed that the control strain either amplified or persisted fungal burdens in the lungs, liver and spleen during the sequence of the infection over the course of the experiment(Bohse & Woods, 2007). With the RNA interference mutants, the disease levels in all the organs diminished which then only shows a relationship with the beginning of obtained immunity and may be consistent with YSP3 participation in some aspect of the process (Bohse & Woods, 2007). For plummeting the fungal burdens and promotion of organ clearance, an acquired resistance, production of cytokines gamma interferon and tumor necrosis for factor alpha served to be of great importance (Bohse & Woods, 2007).
RNA interference does not only work or is helpful in suppressing respiratory diseases but also, it plays a vital role in helping biologists to silence the expression of some cells that might be of great danger to our health including cancer, AIDS, etc. In the experiment that was scrutinized above, biologists focused on the suppression of YPS3 gene that serves as a vector of histoplasmosis; which is an inflammatory disease. This was made possible with the help of RNA interference which they used as a mechanism to silence its expression. This experiment only proves that RNA interference is an important tool to counter act the possible appalling effects of the gene that we want to suppress. Although it is a very effective tool, it would not be so great if there will be no bacteriophage to assist the whole operation. In short, RNA interference cannot work by itself; it has to have an assistant so that it can effectively work.
RNA interference is a major breakthrough in the world of science and medicine. Because of such discovery, scientists are able to manipulate the genetic composition of cells that contain genes that are harmful not just on humans but on the bigger scale, even on our environment. There is hope in the future that it will be very useful in curing some diseases that are very hard to cure these days and there is no denying that it will not be very soon.
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Ancient Chilean mummies show nicotine habit
Scientists analysing hair samples from mummies in a Chilean town have found that for hundreds of years, people of all social classes in the region consumed nicotine.
New York: Scientists analysing hair samples from mummies in a Chilean town have found that for hundreds of years, people of all social classes in the region consumed nicotine.
The finding refutes the popular view that the people living in the town of San Pedro de Atacama smoked tobacco for just a short stint before moving on to snuffing hallucinogens.
The Chilean mummies studied were in good condition, preserved naturally from the high temperatures, extreme dryness and high soil salinity in the Atacama Desert.
The research revealed that the people in the region had a nicotine habit spanning from at least 100 BC to AD 1450, LiveScience reported.
"The idea was that around AD 400, people in San Pedro de Atacama (SPA) smoked tobacco in pipes, and then after that time, they gradually switched to inhaling dimethyltryptamines in snuffing trays," said study co-author Hermann Niemeyer, an organic chemist at the University of Chile in Santiago.
"What we show is that`s not correct," Niemeyer said. To get a better understanding of hallucinogen use in SPA throughout the ages, Niemeyer and his colleague Javier Echeverria analysed hair samples of 56 mummies from the Late Formative to the Late Intermediate periods of SPA (100 BC to AD 1450).
Depending on the site, the mummies were either interred in the ground or entombed in "some sort of stony environment made for them."
The team found nicotine in the hair of 35 mummies, spanning the full range of years. "The finding of nicotine was definitely unexpected," Niemeyer said.
In the archaeological record of SPA, smoking pipes are gradually replaced by snuff trays after around AD 400 - previous studies found evidence of nicotine in smoking pipes, but not in snuffing powder or snuffing paraphernalia, which were often associated with tryptamine alkaloids.
The team didn`t find traces of tryptamine alkaloids in the hair samples, though this doesn`t necessarily mean people didn`t consume the cebil compounds, researchers said.
The study will be published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.
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| 0.948425 | 507 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Climate change mitigation works to avoid the risks of a changing climate by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and preventing more severe climate change. Climate change modeling, mitigation, and adaptation books. Reducing emissions of and stabilizing the levels of heattrapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere mitigation. It has strengthened its environmental dimension and has become a new rationale for coordinating actions and integrating different policy priorities. Climate change modeling, mitigation, and adaptation presents the most current thinking on the environmental mechanisms that contribute to global climate change and explores scientifically grounded steps to reduce the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Mitigation reducing climate change involves reducing the flow of heattrapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases for example, the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport or enhancing the sinks that accumulate and store these gases such as the oceans, forests and soil. Climate change adaptation in practice wiley online books. It expands the scope of the first edition in the areas of mitigation and adds important new information on adaptation to climate change. The interaction between climate change and all areas of the gefs work points to the importance of recognizing climate change implications in other focal areas by harnessing mitigation options and integrating climate resilience measures, while promoting multiple global environmental benefits in a holistic and integrated fashion. The united nations framework convention on climate change refers to adaptation in several of its articles. In general, there are two different strategies when it comes to dealing with climate change. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change.
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Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic and energy topics including global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid deposition, and aquatic ecosystems, species extinction and loss of biological diversity. Start studying mitigation and adaptation strategies. There are two main policy responses to climate change. Pdf impacts of climate change on lakes and reservoirs dynamics and. The scope of this paper is to identify a strategy for climate change responses. A primer for assessing impacts and advancing ecosystem. Please ensure you check the climate change, uncertainty, mitigation and adaptation strategies option when submitting your manuscript.
The growing recognition of the contribution of urban areas to adaptation and mitigation strategies implemented in response to climate change has led to several policy initiatives. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic and energy topics including global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid deposition, and aquatic ecosystems, species extinction and. Climate change, disasters and adaptation preparedness. Due to the varying severity and nature of climate impacts between regions in europe, most adaptation initiatives will be taken at the regional or local levels. First, livestock production and performance are directly impacted by climate with many projected effects being negative.
There are several climate change adaptation and mitigation recommendations that can be made based on the above discussion. Instrumental recording of show a temperature increase of 0. Second, policy makers need to address more explicitly potential tradeoffs between mitigation and. Despite the growing consensus that mitigation and adaptation should be advanced simultaneously in a complementary framework to address environmental degradation ipcc 2014, approaches to climate change through the lens of the national security discourse has resulted in the normative privileging of adaptation strategies mcdonald 20. National climate resilience and adaptation strategy. Climate change i climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in zimbabwe i iied climate change working paper no. Environmental protection agency epa as an informational resource to assist drinking water and wastewater utility owners in understanding and addressing climate change risks. The citys climate change adaptation strategy details our work on preparing for those impacts. Agricultural technologies for climate change mitigation and. The integration of adaptation and mitigation is understood here as the development of policies and projects that aim to contribute to the two objectives in synergy and minimize tradeoffs between them 1. Thematic papers on mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change. The challenge of confronting the impacts of climate change is often framed in terms of two potential paths that civilization might take. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Manuscripts should be prepared following the normal guidelines for the journal and may be submitted through the journals online system.
In the wake of the historic paris agreement on climate change, policy makers, business leaders, scientists, and investors have been debating its near and longterm. Integrating mitigation and adaptation in climate and land. To adapt to these changes, the tasks of municipalities and cities are to implement policies and strategies for changes in land. According to the response policy on climate change, mitigation factors imply that steps have to be taken to lessen the impact of climate change davies 2014. Pdf introduction to climate change mitigation researchgate. The chapter also explains how the unfccc, which provides the basis for international action on climate change, is helping adaptation efforts in developing countries. The challenge of climate change adaptation, mitigation and vulnerability 1. We can try to stop future warming mitigation of climate change or we can find ways to live in our warming world adaptation to climate change. Potential adaptation strategies involve land use decisions, animal. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies already in practice based on the 1st river basin management plans of the eu member states. The national center for disaster preparedness ncdp is incorporating assessments of climatespecific impacts and vulnerabilities in its work on planning for, responding to, and recovering from disasters, connecting research, policy, and practice figure 2. We work to support the world to transition to a lowcarbon, sustainable future. The national center for disaster preparedness ncdp is incorporating assessments of climate specific impacts and vulnerabilities in its work on planning for, responding to, and recovering from disasters, connecting research, policy, and practice figure 2.
Second, the sector may need to alter operations to limit the effects of climate change through adaptation and mitigation. Climate change adaptation and mitigation in agriculture learners notes 10 droughts which have further degraded the land and in some countries led to famines. Climate mitigation and adaptation ucar center for science. The distinction of specific cc measures from the complex of measures dealing with floods, droughts and water quality protection, is rather arbitrary. An overview of mitigation and adaptation needs and strategies. Climate change adaptation strategies in subsaharan africa. When it comes to tackling climate change to prevent the impacts it causes in the different systems of the planet, the human being applies two types of measures. Integrating mitigation and adaptation in climate and land use policies in brazil. All parties shall take climate change considerations into account, to the extent feasible, in their relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions, and employ appropriate methods, for example impact assessments, formulated and. Research demonstrates that both mitigation efforts to reduce future climate changes and adaptation efforts to reduce the vulnerability of society to climate change impacts are needed in order to minimize the damages from humancaused climate change and to adapt to the pace and magnitude of changes that will occur. Full text access aims and scopeeditorial board page co2 download pdf. Mitigation addresses the root causes, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while adaptation seeks to lower the.
Mitigation and adaptation strategies flashcards quizlet. Climate change mitigation refers to efforts to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases. Mitigation and adaptation solutions climate change. Foundations for the future, climate change realities, impacts over ice cap, sea level and risks, bharat raj singh, intechopen, doi.
The adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate. The handbook was extended to also cover, apart from climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation as one can witness increasing initiatives to cope with the phenomenon. The second edition of this important work covers additional topics of climate change mitigation and adaption strategies. Some climate change is unavoidable, due to past and present emissions. Adapting to the climate change already in the pipeline adaptation. Mitigation can mean using new technologies and renewable energies, making older equipment more energy. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic and energy topics including global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid deposition, eutrophication of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, species extinction and loss of biological diversity, deforestation and forest degradation, desertification, soil resource degradation. Handbook of climate change and agroecosystems series on.
Climate mitigation is any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the longterm risk and hazards of climate change to human life, property the international panel on climate change ipcc defines mitigation as. Figure 5shows a conceptual framework for developing a climate change adaptation strategy. Handbook of climate change mitigation and adaptation springerlink. Climate mitigation is any action taken to reduce or eliminate the longterm risk. Climate change mitigation global environment facility. A critical perspective on the adaptation turn in urban climate planning 3. Pdf handbook of climate change mitigation researchgate. Climate change adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector frameworks, tools and practices ix 5. Contribution of working group iii to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change edenhofer, o. Climate change is changing the context of spatial planning and shaping its priorities.
In response, scientists and institutions in the region have established the soil and water research. Adaptation strategies can improve the resilience of crop and livestock productivity to climate change. This implies that adaptation and mitigation strategies to limit damage from climate change in developing countries must be consistent with, build upon and provide new direction for existing and future development plans focusing on rural poverty and agricultural development at. The handbook was extended to also cover, apart from climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, as one can witness increasing initiatives to cope with the phenomenon. Impact of climate change on primary agriculture, water. The western capes response strategy is a twopronged process consisting of mitigation and adaptation.
Is a costeffective climate change strategy possible. It does not purport to be a comprehensive or exhaustive list of all. Climate change modeling, mitigation, and adaptation presents the most current. Policy options for innovation and technology diffusion. Alefu chinasho, dalga yaya, samuel tessema, the adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change in pastoral communities of ethiopia, american journal of environmental protection. In this book, background information on climate change and why adaptation is needed in developing countries is provided in chapter ii.
Adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change. Feb 27, 2012 there are two main policy responses to climate change. Mitigation involves reducing the magnitude of climate change itself and, as we will see in the final two lessons, can be subdivided into two alternative strategies. This climate change mitigation strategy is a major commitment to action. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies are usually addressed through topdown plans, while little attention is spent on the behavioral aspects of adapting lifestyles and patterns of development within the city from the civil society perspective. Farmers perception of climate change and responsive. European union eu strategy to face the climate change challenge in the framework of the international.
The national climate change adaptation and mitigation strategy enammc now published, represents a turning point in mozambiques response to the challenges of climate change, indica ting a clear set the strategic actions to be implemented so that mozambique is able to ensure a. The livestock sector is vulnerable to climate change and related policy in two ways. Climate change mitigation and adaptation in developed nations. Climate change affects sea level, the extent of flood prone areas and precipitation patterns among many others.
Integration of adaptation and mitigation in climate change. Climate change mitigation an overview sciencedirect topics. While some sectors are mostly concerned by one of the two strategies e. Review of published climate change adaptation and mitigation. Addressing both mitigation measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to the effects of climate change, the book provides an overview of emerging practice, with analysis of the drivers of policy change and practical implementation of measures. Adaptation involves developing ways to protect people and places by reducing their vulnerability to climate. Historic city centres have a large amount of dwellings in europe, which were built to provide a comfortable shelter with the absence of mechanical means. Among others, the covenant of mayors for climate and energy is the most acknowledged, providing local governments with the opportunity to overcome the. The book will be divided into the following sections. Adaptation, mitigation and governance challenges tional climate change negotiations can be remedied by concerted action on the part of african leaders in the copenhagen round of negotiations. Climate change adaptation and mitigation in agriculture. Assessing climate change impacts on populations and climate adaptation strategies. Adaptation strategies and resilience to climate change of.1151 874 928 428 847 731 975 298 1175 972 276 1562 213 193 1311 24 1142 1508 113 928 1286 42 851 1492 788 34 281 772 1212 976 1167 377 445 1176 497 718 1367 1066 434 1174 293 259 147 882
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Everybody who uses the Web must be familiar with Rich Text Editors (RTE) and Source Code Editors. While the former is used by the visitors to edit and format the content/text on a site, the latter is used by programmers to edit the source code of computer programs.
A Rich Text Editor is an interface developed to facilitate users to modify the text presenting itself as “What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get” Editor. While a user makes the changes, it generates the standards compliant HTML code. Thus in a way, These RTEs help increasing the usability of a website.
A source code editor is an application or text editor program that is meant to allow easy editing of source code.
There are several such editors but here we are going to highlight some that offer excellent features and are available for FREE.
Offering a lot of useful features, TinyMCE is an open source rich text editor. Its primary features include easy integration with CMSs, browser friendliness, support for multiple languages, customization abilities, etc. Most importantly, the editor is lightweight and thus takes less time to load.
This RTE is extremely simple to use that allows rich text editing on a website. Some of its noticeable features are:
- Lightweight RTE
- Quick to integrate into any site
- Quite simpler in comparison to other Text editors
- Is cross platform Inline Content Editor (ICE)
An updated version of FCKeditor, it is an excellent WYSIWYG editor that allows users to edit content inside web pages as if they are doing it on Microsoft Word. It is compatible with all major browsers and Operating systems and offers a lot of customization features. The editor is considered best, especially for developers.
4- YUI Editor
Part of the Yahoo User-Interface Library (YUI), this RTE comes with a wide range of useful features such as rich formatting, image sizing, drag and drop inclusion, mobile devices support, etc. It offers an extensible toolbar favoring customization to a large extent.
It is another useful and popular WYSIWYG HTML editor which is powered by ASP.net. The editor is quite simple to use and has a lot of desirable features.
Source Code Editors
1- Notepad + +
Written in C++ and based on the Scintilla editing component, Notepad + + is an efficient replacement of earlier Notepad. A lot of new features have been added to it including Plugin support, zooming, tabbed editing, drag and drop, etc. It also supports multiple languages.
Ease of use and feature richness has made this source code editor quite popular. Some of its important features are:
- Compatibility with Windows, Unix, Mac OS, Linux sand VMS
- Supports syntax highlighting
- Offers numerous plugins
- Extensible and offers customization
3- Crimson Editor
Regarded as a professional source code editor for Windows, it is much smaller in size compared to other editors and thus loads faster. It has lot of useful features, however, it suffers from the drawback that it supports only English language.
Yet another efficient editor for Windows, Araneae allows editing the code with its several useful features. The plus side of this free editor is that it comes with a lot of extensions.
5- RJ TextEd
Combining the functionality of a text editor and source editor, this one is excellent for use. It has a long list of features both for text and source code editing and supports several languages.
We hope you liked our collection of Rich text and source code editors. We will be back with more on this and look forward to your inputs on the same.
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This Park is a protected area in the Colombian northern Caribbean region and within the jurisdiction of the city of Santa Marta, 34 kilometres (21 mi) from the city centre.
34 kilometres (21 mi) from the city centre. The park presents a biodiversity endemic to the area of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, featuring a variety of climates (mountain climate) and geography that ranges from arid sea level to 900 meters above sea level. The park covers approximately 30 square kilometres (12 sq mi) of maritime area in the Caribbean sea and approximately 150 square kilometres (58 sq mi) of land.
The Tayrona Park is an ideal place for you if you are a lover of adventure, nature, beaches and above all if you are passionate about hiking.
The Tayrona National Park was created by the 191st Law of the Colombian Institute for Agrarian Reform (INCORA), in order to guarantee the protection of the region and the preservation of the ecological environment.
The park has an area of 150 square kilometers. It is located in the jurisdiction of the Santa Marta municipality, in the Department of Magdalena, alonged the north coast of Colombia which borders on the Caribbean Sea.
Taganga is its most southern part; its western boundary goes toward the northeast following the coastline, including a kilometer of sea area, until the Piedras River.
The boundary follows the left side of the river until the North Highway, and then toward the west, crossing the following places with clear demarcations in the terrain
It also crosses several creeks, like the Piedras River, Cañaveral, Santa Rosa, La Boquita, Cinto, and other water branches, including the Rodríguez and Gairaca creeks.
Flora and fauna
Scholars have done an extensive classification of animal species living in the park, which include about 108 species of mammals and 300 species of birds. The Mantled howler, the oncilla, deer and more than 70 species of bats are among the park’s typical residents.
The park’s 300 species of birds include the montane solitary eagle, the military macaw, black-backed antshrike, white-bellied antbird and the lance-tailed manakin. There are also approximately 31 species of reptiles, 15 species of amphibians, 202 species of sponges, 471 species of crustaceans, 96 species of annelids, 700 species of molluscs, 110 species of corals and 401 species of sea and river fish.
There are more than 350 algae and more than 770 species of plants.
It is one of three national parks in the Colombian Caribbean with coral reefs on its territories, the other two being Old Providence McBean Lagoon and Rosario and San Bernardo Corals
HOW TO GET TO TAYRONA PARK?
From Santa Marta you must reach the Transportation Terminal or the Public Market of the 9th and 11th streets, from any of these points you can take a bus to the Tayrona Park.
Keep in mind that the bus to take you to any of the entrances of the park can charge you from $8,000 to $10,000 COP, everything depends on where you board the bus and likewise the journey can last up to 45 minutes.
HOW TO TRAVEL TAYRONA PARK?
Tayrona National Park has at least 3 entrances, each one offers different beaches and adventures, but determining which is the best entrance depends on how adventurous and how willing you are to walk.
If the intention of your trip is to enjoy more of the beaches than hiking, you should enter through the Zaino sector. While if you are very eager to walk and want to know most of the park in a single day, you should definitely enter through the entrance of the Calabazo.
The third entrance to the Tayrona Park is through the Palangana sector, but keep in mind that you will not be able to spend the night there.
TAYRONA PARK BEACHES
the Cañaveral, Arrecifes, Cabo de San Juan de Guía beaches and Pueblito.
From El Calabazo you will start your tour through Pueblito, an ancient Tayrona settlement, then you will arrive at Cabo San Juan de Guía, Arrecifes, Cañaveral, and you will be able to exit through the Zaino.
While by the entrance Palangana you will visit the beaches of Neguanje, Gayraca and Playa del Muerto or Playa Cristal.
THE ENTRANCE OF THE ZAINO
If you are going to enter the Zaino, keep in mind that usually the buses that go to the Tayrona will leave you on the road and from there you will have to walk about 30 minutes to get to this entrance.
The good thing is that you do not want to walk, it is very easy to find minivans that for $ 3,000 COP leave you right at the entrance of the Zaino. A good alternative to save time and energy.
When you are inside the park you can go in search of Cañaveral, the first beach and one of the most beautiful of Tayrona Park.
When you are at Cañaveral beach you will be very tempted to take a bath in its waters, but do not do it! Swimming on this beach is forbidden because of how dangerous your waves can be, better walk and take some good pictures.
After about 40 minutes walking through the tropical forest, you can reach Arrecifes beach. A beach that you will recognize by its giant stones that rest in the sea, there you will not be able to bathe, but do not be discouraged.
Keep walking that 500 meters you will reach Arenilla, a small beach with turquoise waters, where you can finally take the bath that you will want so much. Take advantage and let the waters of the Caribbean erase any pain.
At about 15 minutes from Playa Arenilla there is La Piscina, a quiet beach where you can also swim, explore the marine wealth and practice snorkeling.
Then you can walk another 15 minutes until you reach Cabo San Juan de Guía, the most famous beach of Tayrona Park.
You will recognize Cabo San Juan de Guía because it is the only beach that has a hut in the middle of the sea .
About 20 minutes from Cabo San Juan del Guía is Boca de Saco, the only nudist beach in Tayrona Park.
A nudist beach that is really a paradise of enormous rocks, green palm trees and thick jungle, where the sea breeze frightens the heat and the modesty of its visitors.
If you plan to visit Pueblito Chairama, it is best to spend the night in the park, because the time and energies will surely reach you.
THE ENTRANCE OF THE CALABAZO AND PUEBLITO CHAIRAMA
From the entrance of the Calabazo you can visit the beaches that you will see by the entrance of the Zaino.
However, keep in mind that from the entrance of the Calabazo you will first have to walk about 3 hours to Pueblito Chairama and then another 3 hours to the beach of Cabo San Juan or Playa Brava.
Pueblito Chairama is an ancestral place of stone terraces and ceremonial buildings built by the ancient Tayronans and that today is one of the most important archaeological remains of Colombia.
Visiting Pueblito Chairama is the best option if you want to get closer to the indigenous communities that live in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and do not have the budget or the 5 days to get to Ciudad Perdida.
If you are thinking about spending the night inside the Tayrona park, a good idea is to visit Playa Brava and camp in Cabo San Juan.
If you want to visit the Tayrona Park in one day, it is best to go directly to Cabo San Juan, because if you go for a long walk it is very likely that you take the night or you get so tired that you do not want to go to the other beaches.
The road to Cabo San Juan is hard, it is a path of gigantic rocks that seem supported by the nothingness and between its cracks you will see the emptiness, so be very careful and avoid entering by the Calabazo if the day is rainy.
When you finally reach Cabo San Juan, there you will find restaurants, you can have lunch and rest before continuing to the beaches of Arrecifes, Arenilla, La Piscina and Boca de Saco.
A good idea is that you leave the park by the Zaino entrance, in this way you will get to know most of the Tayrona Park in one day.
Note: if you do not want to walk, inside Tayrona Park it is easy to find horse riding tours from $35,000 COP.
Natural National Parks ordered the definitive closure for the activities of recreation and tourism of Pueblito, Chengue, Los Naranjos and the eastern side of Bahía Concha in Tayrona Park because they are sacred sites for the four indigenous peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
This decision was taken, through resolution 0391 of October 9, 2018, in compliance with a ruling of the Magdalena Administrative Court, which in January 2013 protected the fundamental right to prior consultation of the indigenous communities of the Sierra Nevada.
To read the entire article you can go to HERE
THE ENTRANCE OF PALANGA
The entrance to Palanga is on kilometer 5 of the road that leads to Riohacha.
From this entrance you can reach Neguanje, Gayraca and Playa del Muerto or Cristal beach.
Remember that although the beaches of this entrance are very nice, in this part of Tayrona Park you will not be able to spend the night.
HOW TO GET TO TAYRONA PARK FROM TAGANGA
From Santa Marta, specifically from Taganga you can board a boat that for about $50,000 COP takes you to Cabo San Juan del Guía. Each boat trip can last about 45 minutes.
Once in Cabo San Juan you can visit the nearby beaches. Without a doubt it is a good alternative for those who do not have much time or can not walk a lot.
WHERE TO SLEEP IN THE TAYRONA PARK?
In Arrecifes beach there are camping areas and small cabins. In the camping areas you can find hammocks from $15,000 and camping tents from $ 20,000 COP, you can make your reservation by calling (+57) 315 320 8001 or writing to [email protected].
In Cabo San Juan you can also get hammocks and camping areas from $25,000 COP per person and hammocks at the lookout from $50,000 COP per night.
ECOHABS BOSQUES DEL TAYRONA
Ecohabs Bosques del Tayrona is a 100% natural eco-hotel located within the Tayrona, in the Calabazo area.
The Ecohabs are a group of bungalows built with native wood, and high ceilings covered with palm leaves, creating a design inspired by the ancient tribes that inhabited the region.
Bungalows from $200,000 COP
Another very good alternative is to stay the night before at Costeño Beach, a hostel with a full adventure atmosphere, accurate to meet people from all over the world, has shared and individual rooms and is facing the sea.
From Costeño Beach you can easily take a motorbike or bus to the Tayrona entrance of your choice. The trip to the park is about 15 minutes.
Rooms from $ 40,000 | Private from $ 100,000 COP
TAYRONA TENTED LODGE
If in your plans you are spending a quiet night or going as a couple, the Tayrona Tented Lodge is the right place to stay, its bungalows facing the sea are beautiful and ideal for peace and meditation.
The great thing about Tayrona Tented Lodge is that reservations include breakfast and lunch and how Costeño Beach is located about 15 minutes from Tayrona Park.
WHAT TO BRING TO THE TAYRONA PARK?
Tayrona Park only takes what is necessary, the walks are very long and are on jungle trails, so always try to go light luggage. However, do not forget to bring
Shoes with good grip
Flip-flops for the beach
If you are camping, it would be a good idea to bring a torch for the night, toilet paper and a small kit with the basics.
WHERE TO EAT IN THE TAYRONA PARK?
On the busiest beaches it is normal to see food stalls selling egg arepa, cold beer and other delicacies from the region.
In Cabo San Juan there is a good restaurant specializing in sea cuisine, which offers lunch from $15,000 COP. Recommended: bread stuffed with chocolate.
If you prefer to bring your own food, remember to return all the trash you can cause and avoid carrying plastic bags and Styrofoam items with you since your income is prohibited.
PRICES OF ENTRY TO TAYRONA 2019
– Colombian, foreigner resident in Colombia or member of the CAN, between 5 and 25 years: low season $18,000 and high season $20,000 COP
– Colombian, foreign residents in Colombia or CAN members over 25 years: low season $24,000 and high season $28,500 COP
– Foreigners NOT residents in Colombia NON members of the CANA: low season $53,500 and high season $63,500 COP
Remembering the history class: the member countries of the CAN – Andean Community of Nations are Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.
Note: to enter the Tayrona Park it is necessary that before you buy the Accident and Rescue Insurance, you can buy it by calling Colasistencia at (+57) (1) 742 8117 and it has a cost of $ 2,500 COP for each day you spend inside the park.
1) Before going to the Tayrona Park, apply the yellow fever vaccine at least 10 days before the trip, although it is not obligatory to bring your vaccination certificate, it is recommended that you have been vaccinated.
2) Tayrona Park schedule is 8 a.m. at 5 p.m. Keep in mind that the park is normally closed once a year between January 28 and February 28 and that the best time to visit the Tayrona is usually in the low season.
3) Always walk on authorized trails, remember that this is a sacred place for the Tairona and other indigenous peoples who have inhabited the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta for thousands of years, so wherever you go be aware of your environment.
4) The entrance of pets is restricted to Tayrona Park.
5) When leaving the park, be sure to return all the garbage that your visit produced, including organic waste such as peels or food remains, as these can generate pests and diseases in the wild fauna and flora.
BUDGET TO GO TO TAYRONA
Bus Santa Marta – Tayrona Zaino entrance: $7.000 COP
Bus to the Zaino entrance: $3.000 COP
Admission to the foreign park over 25 years: $53.500 COP
Two-day meals: $50,000 COP
Camping area: $20,000 COP
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There has been a huge improvement in national parks after the closing time in February. The director of the national parks Julia Miranda, emphasized the excellent state of conservation of forests and ecosystems. INFO
From 2020, Tayrona park will have 3 closing periods. The closing times are provided in February, June and November. The exact dates of closure will be determined by the Aboriginal community who will evaluate the condition of the area.
Please take this into account when visiting the region. INFO
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Hypercities evaluationPosted: October 24, 2011
Jordan Nissensohn and Martin Benn
Hypercities. The term emanates a feeling of futuristic-modernity mixed with the current reality, a very intriguing juxtaposition. There is nothing more exciting than the prospect of bringing imaginative thinking together with advanced technology, and, currently, it is these types of projects that inspire the creativity, fuel the innovation, and make possible our acceleration into [a more] modern age.
So what is Hypercities? According to Wikipedia, the prefix “hyper” means “existing in more than three spatial dimensions”3. Hypercities is a project that aims to create a database of cities that exist in more than regular x, y, and z coordinates. For all intents and purposes, Hypercities is Google Earth equipped with a timeline as an additional mode of specification. The dimension of time adds a fourth dimension allowing for the insertion of time-specific quotes, statistics, architecture, etc. that reflect the realities of different time periods.
Hypercities’ mission statement (on the “about” page) explains the project is “built on the idea that every past is a place”1 and strives to help answer the incredibly complex question of “Where are you from?”1. In order to do this, the developers took Google Earth, and for several major cities (“Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Rome, Lima, Ollantaytambo, Berlin, Tel Aviv, Tehran, Saigon, Toyko, Shanghai, Seoul, with many more (big and small) to come”)1 layered in maps, videos, documents, pictures, or as it says on the main website, “a rich array of geo-temporal information”1 over variable time periods. This is an incredible idea to have all of this information in one place! The project, as a whole, addresses the often-overlooked concept that physical locations do change over time.
The concept of change within a physical location is an extremely important concept to understand, especially as an academic, because everything is contextual. One can’t hope to accurately learn about a culture, an event, a city, etc. without an understanding of each focus’ specific and highly individual context in both space and time. Without context, empathy is impossible. Previously, this was only possible through the study of analog resources. With computers and the internet came mass-digitization of resources, forever changing the ways in which everyone can research the context of historical questions.
We were really excited to start using Hypercities because the mission statements and explanations geared the imagination towards something revolutionary. Take a second and imagine a map of high quality (or any quality really) animations of the geo-physical transformations undergone by the world’s major cities or chronological manipulations of topography on a never-before-seen level. This is what we imagined when first discovering Hypercities. We hoped for something unprecedented, simple in theory, and revealing of a highly fundamental reality.
John Unsworth argues that all scholarship must allow for discovery, annotation, and comparison4. The digital nature of this project allows for collaboration amongst a large body of disciplines within the professional world. Due to the open source nature of the material, one can discover new maps, theories, or explanations of events, while also comparing previous examples of maps made by others on the project, and eventually creating their own map for the project. However, annotation is difficult for those who are not completely involved in the creation of a specific map on the project. It would seem rather rude to change someone’s plot points on a map project you had zero input on previously. This facilitates interaction between groups about their contributions and increases another important facet of digital humanities that Mark Sample speaks about, sharing and collaboration.
Despite facilitating scholarship, Hypercities doesn’t really offer us anything new. Unlike the visually stimulating geo-physical transformations we hoped to see, instead, the program uses the current satellite image of Earth, and when scrolling back in time, brings up old maps, documents, anecdotes, video stories, and news stories relating to the specific place and time. This is very similar to the work that we all put in as we modeled the outline of the city for Mrs. Dalloway; for those groups with old maps layered on for their presentations it is even more similar. Instead of modeling software, Hypercities is more like an information database. Instead of Google searching for relevant information about a place in a certain year, Hypercities uses a world map for selecting a location and an adjustable timeline for selecting the desired time period.
The biggest problem with Hypercities is that as members of the digital generation, we don’t like to search for information in a time-inefficient way. After launching the program (accessible on the main page: http://hypercities.com/), picking my desired city, zooming in, selecting the time period, browsing through available information from the given time, and finally selecting a piece of media, We honestly feel that we would be better off Google searching, for example, “Tokyo 1930 through 1950”, and browsing through the exponentially greater (in terms of quantity) list of resulting information. Possibly exploring a partnership with Google could make an exponentially quicker and thereby easier process.
Perhaps these issues with Hypercities stem from the fact that we did not get what we expected out of the project. We expected to see the physical changes of cities over time as opposed to time-specific information. However that is not to say the project has no purpose or importance. For those less biased towards general search engines like Google, Hypercities brings together valuable information in a not-so-overwhelming way and makes this information accessible without the overly-misinterpreted nature of search engines. Further, this project establishes a great platform for undergraduate students, graduate students, and teachers alike to create mapping projects (similar to our Mrs. Dalloway mapping project) with the added dimension of time. Hypercities also allows participants to create projects and upload these projects to a publicly accessible collection. Such projects include the “digital curation project on the ‘2009 Election Protests in Iran’” and the “Ghost Metropolis” which attempts to document Los Angeles from 13,000 B.C.E up to the present. But the truth is, the project still has a long way to go. The amount of information available in the database is, at this time, too insufficient to fulfill the project’s goal of describing places in time.
It would be wrong to claim Hypercities gives nothing new to the digital humanities or even the humanities as a whole. Hypercities give us a newly invigorated series of questions for us to ponder: how cities change, when they change, what forces drive change, and what does change look like. Hypercities is an intriguing example of the ambitious nature within the field of Digital Humanities and where the field can and will eventually go. Alas, this “body of knowledge” is so broad (the study of places in time), Hypercities will not be able to make substantial contributions until it adds enormous amounts of additional media to its databases.
The true obstacle holding Hypercities back is its currently limited audience. It is a very useful tool for students and professors looking to create or review something specific. In order to make the monumental impact on humanities that it is capable of making, Hypercities needs to increase the scope of its target audience to anyone looking for time-specific information about a city. The only ways it can achieve this audience is by making it easier to access desired information, greatly increasing available information, and providing previously unavailable media (such as geo-physical animations of topographical changes to cities over time). Once it develops and makes these changes, Hypercities will not only attract the scholar making an interesting class project, but also every knowledge-hungry web surfer and can facilitate cross-field examination and additions. With such advancements, Hypercities will be able to achieve their mission statement to the fullest, making a long-lasting mark on scholarship and the way people answer the question, “Where are you from?”.
1) “Hypercities ABOUT.” Hypercities. UCLA, 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.
2) Presner, Todd. HyperCities: A Case Study for the Future of Scholarly Publishing. Connexions. 14 May 2010 <http://cnx.org/content/m34318/1.3/>.
3) “hyper-.” Wikipedia. N.p., 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.
4) Unsworth, John. “Scholarly Primitives: what methods do humanities researchers have in common, and how might our tools reflect this?”.<http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/Kings.5-00/primitives.html>
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by: Yanu Endar Prasetyo*
The world when robots replace the human force is not only happening in Hollywood movies. It’s getting more and more real.
On Sept. 17, 2018, Amazon launched its fourth cashierless store in Chicago called Amazon Go. On the same year, another store with similar technology, JD.ID X-Mart also opened up in Pantai Indah Kapuk in North Jakarta. Unlike Amazon Go, which is US-based, the store in Jakarta belongs to a retail company based in Beijing, China.
This kind of stores use Artificial Intelligence (AI), Face Recognition, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to operate their systems. Although we can identify them right now, it is only a matter of time until other supermarkets start adopting this technology to replace human labors.
The AI technology is also common in the warehouse system in giant retailers like Amazon, Walmart, and Alibaba, which have benefited from using the robot for lifting, distributing, storing, counting, weighing, and packaging goods. The use of robot in hotels restaurants is also becoming a new market that continues to grow and develop. In Japan, guests of Henn-na Hotel at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, are served by robots who welcome them in the lobby, bring their suitcases and clean up their windows and floors.
Imagine if thousands of stores, warehouses, factories, hotels, and restaurants then all adopt robots, how many workers and employees will have to be fired and lose their jobs?
While such a high efficiency can lead to a more significant profit and higher productivity, it might create another unforeseen problem in terms of a higher rate of unemployment and lower purchasing power. Consumption is the driving force of capitalism. Without consumption, capitalism will die. This is where the hype of industrial technology reaches an anticlimax. If this jobless future is not addressed well, then there is no sustainability in capitalism.
It is well known that the alarm will light up when a decrease in socio-economic inequality does not follow technological progress. We want to see technology continues to advance, but still keep the humans’ dignity, preventing them from falling into poverty. This is where Universal Basic Income (UBI) elbows its way as a radical idea to answer the gap between technological advancement and poverty.
Universal Basic Income (UBI)
UBI is known in the world with many names; Basic Income Guarantee (BIG), Unconditional Basic Income, or often also called Basic Income. They can be translated as a periodic cash payment unconditionally delivered to all on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement so that they can fulfill basic needs to live and participate in social life. Dutch historian, Rutger Bregman, said Basic Income is the basic right of every citizen regardless of their conditions — free money for everyone.
This new idea emerged because of two things. First, the wave of automation would soon become a tsunami for the working class. Second, the problem of economic inequality has become increasingly difficult to control. In the United States, for example, the combined wealth of the three wealthiest people such as Warren Buffet, Bill Gates, and Jeff Bezos is equivalent to the total wealth of nearly half the other US population.
Other proves of the more severe problems of inequality is the rising homelessness, mental health, health care, and housing is now a severe problem in the US. Many families have to live in trailers park and live nomads due to unemployment and economic pressure. Widespread political support for socialist-democrats such as Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio Cortez (AOC), for example, indicates that US citizens have lost hope in the current economic system that only enriches a handful of oligarchs.
These progressive movements demand more radical changes such as raising a minimum wage of $15 per hour, Medicare for all, free college tuition, the new green deal, and demands for UBI application. One of the Democratic presidential candidates, Andrew Yang, even openly brings up UBI as the primary policy platform in his presidential campaign. He promised to give $1,000 per month for adult Americans without any conditions. Although he claimed to be a true capitalist, he agreed that it was impossible for capitalism to survive without policies that were able to meet minimum needs.
Uniquely, UBI’s idea does not mean precisely the same as socialism. Nor is it merely continuing the existing neoliberal capitalism. It is a pragmatic way to bridge the left and right ideas together. The best analogy to see UBI as a derivative of capitalism is to liken the game of “monopoly.” In the game of monopoly, each player will be given the same amount of money by the Bank before the game starts. Similar to the universal principle of UBI, all citizens have the right to get the capital money as Basic Income to be able to participate in the market. Without the ownership of this necessary amount of money, of course, the game becomes unfair. This is where UBI becomes an extension of the capitalist system that is oriented to demand and supply where each actor can participate in the market.
Then, which part of UBI’s idea applies socialism? One of the foundations of socialism is the control of resources in the hands of the government for the welfare of its citizens. In UBI, one of the instruments and resources to carry out this policy is through Taxes. By implementing a tax system that is tightly controlled by the state, the government will have sufficient funds to pay Basic Income to all its citizens. It is not a tax on the poor, but a tax on capitalists and corporations that get increased profits from the use of this AI technology. Some of the benefits will be taken by the state and then distributed back to the citizens. The state intervention on taxes will become an integral part of UBI’s funding scheme in the future.
Of course, this debate about the “left” and “right” directions is not as simple as the game of monopoly and taxation. Many other things that make this simple-sounding idea complicated when applied. Both support groups and critics come up with arguments that are equally strong and reasonable. But whatever your solution is, the jobless future is real and has arrived. Are we ready for it?
As Nietzsche said, “The big problems were like cold bath: you have to get out as fast as you got in.”
* The writer is a Ph.D. student of the University of Missouri, a Researcher at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), and the Founder & Coordinator of the Indonesian Basic Income Guarantee Network
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Mind you this was millions of years ago but it still has happened. I saw this documentray on friday about the entire history of the earth...just awesome. The earth has been literally destroyed dozens of times before but life still remains as you can see ( I hope). Anyway..global warming is not a new occurence...and it gets worse apart from the ice caps melting...there is this substance at the bottom of the ocean called methane-hydroxide. What is it?? it's methane but in a solid state. When the seabed becomes warm enough the methane hydroxide starts to sublimate (which means going from a solid directly to a gas) and rise into the atmosphere...because methane is 3 times more effeciant as a green house gas than carbon dioxide, the earth warms up alot faster...as soon as the seabed gets really warm..tons of the methane hydroxide spew out of the ocean into massive colums on water going as high as 3000 feet...and when this stuff mixes with the oxygen in the air...the colums explode and fire is shooting out of the sea 3000 feet! It sounds cool to watch but the effects are not good...the ice caps have melted already and the atmosphere turns a bright red colour. Drought ensues and oxygen starts to go down because of the loss of plant life..most animals on earth will die, but human always find a way to survive. How to correct this...DO NOT STOP PUTTING CARBION DIOXIDE INTO THE AIR!!! Everyone thinks that this is the right thing to do..but it's not. If you have no carbon dioxide = no greenhouse effect. This has happened before and the entire planet became covered with ice 3 miles thick...it's so cool to think about this but it's would not be funny if it really happened. Well...what do ya think??
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Equine Assisted Activities and Therapy use the horse’s dynamic movement to improve trunk mobility and strength which in turn, affects limb function. The horse provides a consistent and rhythmic movement pattern that facilitates the treatment goals, which are crucial to the student’s success. Current Equine Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAAT) include: Therapeutic Riding (TR), Equine Assisted Therapy (EAT), Interactive Vaulting (IV), Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy/Learning (EFP/L), and Equine Services for Heroes.
Each of our programs is taught by a PATH certified instructor. A potential rider is evaluated and placed in one of our programs based on the individual needs of the rider.
Our riders range in age from 3 to 50+ with the majority (85%) under the age of eighteen. Our riders are challenged by a variety of disabilities including ADHD, developmental delay, Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Down Syndrome, fetal alcohol affects and various psychosocial challenges.
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Art makes a fundamental contribution to the curriculum. It is a unique form of expression, building powers of analysis, observation, articulation, imagination and the ability to formulate ideas.
Art and Design provides students with a creative outlet and a visual and tactile understanding of the world and issues around them. By experimenting with different media and exploring their ideas students will begin to develop skills and opinions, and create a personal response. By investigating the work of others, students gain an understanding into the lives of the artists, and also into different times and cultures.
“Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up.” Picasso
At Copthorne we have a light and spacious art room with separate storage areas and kiln room. The core elements in which we give the children opportunities to develop include drawing, painting, printmaking, clay / ceramics, photography, sculpture, textiles, 3D, colour, pattern, tone, line, shape, space, texture and form. We hold a biennial Arts Week, where the children are taken off timetable and take part in workshops for the entire week. Children get the opportunity to work with visiting artists and hold their own art exhibition.
Through Art and Design at Copthorne we aim to develop children’s confidence and skills through giving them a range experiences. We hope all children will leave enjoying Art and have an appreciation for the Arts.
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| 0.949753 | 293 | 3.4375 | 3 |
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