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A compound used in many ‘mood-boosting’ and ‘sleep enhancing’ supplements may actually cause anxiety and major depression, a study suggests.
In research on mice, those who had mutations that blocked the uptake of the naturally occurring amino acid glycine had lower stress markers in their body linked to the mental health conditions.
Researchers suggest that glycine plays a role in the development of these diseases, and having too much of it could lead to the development of depression and anxiety.
They hope that blocking the body’s receptors for the drugs can even be a new tool for fighting these diseases.
Researchers found that the amino acid glycine could be at the center of the development of conditions such as anxiety and depression (file photo)
Glycine supplements that report to boost sleep quality and help the nervous system are sold at stores such as Amazon and The Vitamin Shoppe
Researchers from the University of Florida who performed the study now believe they can develop effective drugs to combat depression and anxiety that shuts down the brain’s glycine receptors.
Glycine is being sold in supplements on the likes of Amazon and stores such as GNC and The Vitamin Shoppe 15 cents per pill.
But, the Florida researchers find that the chemical may instead be the cause of people’s mental health issues — not a cure for it.
It took 15 years of research for the team, who published their findings Thursday in the journal Science, to make their discovery.
Research into stress and the causes of mental health issues in mice found that rodents missing a key receptor in their brain were more resilient to stress than others.
They named this receptor the GPR158. It was what scientists describe as an ‘orphan receptor’ in the brain, though, as they were not sure what chemical would stimulate it.
‘An orphan receptor is a challenge. You want to figure out how it works,’ Dr Thibaut Laboute, a researcher from The Scripps Research Institute who contributed to the findings.
‘What makes me really excited about this discovery is that it may be important for people’s lives. That’s what gets me up in the morning.’
Researchers want to investigate whether humans have the same receptor.
After further investigation, they found in 2021 the receptor was to take in glycine. Now renamed mGlyR, the team continued their research into the receptor.
They found that when it was triggered, it would send a signal to the brain to slow itself down. This made it more vulnerable to stress.
Over time, this excess stress would fuel the development of conditions such as anxiety and depression.
Researchers hope their findings will help fuel the development of anti-depressant drugs.
‘There are limited medications for people with depression,’ Dr Kirill Martemyanov, a biomedical researcher at Florida, said.
‘Most of them take weeks before they kick in, if they do at all. New and better options are really needed.’
Many depression drugs work by increasing the levels of hormones such as serotonin in the brain.
Instead, researchers hope that drugs that block mGlyR from taking in glycine can help prevent disease symptoms.
Some people currently use glycine as a form of anti-depressant itself, though. Previous research has even supported using it alongside prescription depression drugs to enhance their effects.
Glycine is a popular choice for supplement users, and is helping fuel the rapidly growing market.
Supplements for the amino acid are sold in popular retail stores, also including Walmart — alongside dozens of other supplements, each reporting their own health benefits.
Packaging for these supplements purport to promote restful sleep and support the nervous system. Many also say they can help boost a person’s mood.
These claims are based on previous mice research, however, and many experts have cast doubts about their effectiveness.
A Japanese study published in 2014 found mice who were exposed to the chemical would sleep for longer and suffer less disruptions to their rest.
Pakistani researchers found in 2018 that mice exposed to the chemical had higher levels of serotonin than their peers.
Glycine is also found in many staples of the oft-lauded Mediterranean diet, such as fish, dairy and legumes.
Serotonin helps carry messages between the body’s nerve cells, and increased levels have been linked to better sleep, less stress and overall better mental health.
With 10 percent of US adults suffering from depression, and at least three percent with a diagnosed case of anxiety, some have seen glycine as a treatment for their ailments.
In the US alone, sales of all supplements topped $160billion in 2022. Market insiders project this figure to reach $327billion by 2030.
Unlike prescription drugs, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require supplements to receive regulatory approval before reaching the market.
The agency considers the goods as a ‘food’ not a ‘drug’. This means that the FDA allows for their sale as long as they do not contain toxic or controlled substances.
With the regulatory bar so low, it can be hard for consumers to determine if their supplements have any actual proven value.
The FDA also warns: ‘Products containing hidden drugs are also sometimes falsely marketed as dietary supplements, putting consumers at even greater risk.’
‘For these reasons, it is important to consult with a health care professional before using any dietary supplement.’
Read the full article here
Discussion about this post
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Ice. Snow. Water. Penguins. The allure of Antarctica. This cold, southernmost continent is an increasingly popular tourist destination. Its vast landscape of ice and snow, as well as its wildlife population, attract nature-loving vacationers and some tourists who enjoy activities like kayaking or cross-country skiing. Others simply float through the area onboard a cruise. Whatever the reason people come to Antarctica, they're coming. And it's causing some controversy.
But before we get into that, let's look at some facts about Antarctica.
Antarctica is a land mass located around the South Pole and it has more ice than any other place on Earth. In fact, 99.5 percent of its land mass is covered in ice. During Arctic winter, the ice sheet covering the continent gets even bigger. Antarctica is our fifth largest continent, at 5.4 million square miles (14.2 million square kilometers), coming in between South America and Europe. Its shape is roughly circular, with one arm reaching out toward South America. This is why many trips to Antarctica are via Argentina.
Even during its warmest period (November to February), Antarctica's temperatures mostly stay below freezing. During the winter, they can drop as low as minus 90 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 68 degrees Celsius). The continent receives little precipitation and its snow is dry and powdery. Its constant strong and blustery winds can reach speeds of 200 miles per hour (321 kilometers per hour).
Naturally inhospitable to humans and most animals, Antarctica wasn't even formally explored until the 19th century. Today, though, many scientists and researchers call Antarctica their temporary home, living in special facilities while they study the ecosystem and native life.
What kind of life is there on Antarctica? The harsh climate and landscape isn't kind to most land animal life. The sea, though, is a different story. The southern oceans are full of nutrients and protein. The abundant food sources sustain many species, including whales, sea birds, seals and more. The most famous ambassador of Antarctica is the penguin, a bird that lives in colonies on the Antarctica shores and feeds from the sea.
Since Antarctica has no human inhabitants, many nations have laid claim to it, including Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, Great Britain, New Zealand and Norway. However, the terms of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 state that the continent is reserved purely for scientific research. This also keeps Antarctica a war-free and nuclear-free zone. Currently, 47 countries have signatures on the treaty.
For those visitors who aren't conducting scientific research on the continent, what's to see and do in this icy land?
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In School Library Journal’s “Hip-Hop EDU: Use Music To Spark Students’ Creativity and Learning,” journalist Marva Hinton delves into the creative ways educators are using hip-hop to improve learning and engagement.
Hip-hop music is “the language of global youth culture,” says author and educator Carole Boston Weatherford, and has increased in popularity over the last few decades, with a recent spike prompted by the popularity of the musical Hamilton. “In the past, that often meant a well-meaning teacher putting on a gold chain and imitating something you might have seen on Yo! MTV Raps in the late ’80s” Hinton writes. “But today, many educators are being more thoughtful about how best to incorporate hip-hop into their lessons.”
Hinton describes how Andy Spinks, a library media specialist at Campbell High School in Smyrna, Georgia, created a popular recording studio in the library for students to create music, learn about digital recording, and—most importantly—collaborate.“The reason they’re drawn to it is because they have things they want to say, they have a way that they want to say them, and they’re given a lot of license to do that there,” Spinks says.
As educators begin to see hip-hop as poetry, it can open doors for writing instruction: Rap songwriting can spark engagement in students who may be less interested in traditional writing. Spinks’ student sophomore Jarrett Modica, for example, found his voice by writing and producing lyrics in the recording studio. “It’s a place where you can just be yourself,” Modica said.
Some educators hesitate to use hip-hop music because of the profanity, violence, or explicit language featured in some of the songs. Set boundaries and expectations for lyrics, Spinks advises. He tells students to avoid any lyrics that promote bullying and forbids lyrics that are negative about another member of the school community. “You can do a dis track about Drake if you want to, but don’t do one about somebody in this school,” Spinks said. Give parents advance notice of controversial material, and explain how and why the content will be used.
At West Boca Raton High School, librarian Kristine Cannon has developed a reading curriculum around the book Let Me Hear a Rhyme; the class is reserved for students who failed the state’s standardized English tests. “We just thought that the element of the music, the hip-hop, and even the time period would really grab the students,” Cannon told Hinton. “We thought that it would give us a lot to discuss with them.”
Because it is a topic students are interested in, it can be used as the subject matter for less interesting lessons, too, Hinton writes. Libby Gorman, library media specialist at Edgewood Middle School in Maryland, uses hip-hop examples to teach citation, a subject she concedes is mostly “boring.” Using examples such as Will Smith’s “Friend Like Me” and Lil Nas X’s “Old Town Road,” Gorman engages students. She incentivizes proper citation: “The rule was they had to cite it before they could play it, but once they cited it, they could play the music,” Gorman said.
But hip-hop can be deeply integrated into the curriculum as well. Librarian Joquetta Johnson uses hip-hop as the culturally responsive foundation for cross-curricular studies that involve creative writing, reading, and even math. In one lesson, “students had to solve a scenario-based math problem about Kendrick Lamar.” They identified patterns in his Twitter feed and determined the growth of his fan base. Johnson also uses hip-hop to teach students about digital citizenship, copyright and intellectual property.
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The natural radiation deep inside Earth leads to green diamonds’ color. Diamonds formed billions of years ago exposed to radioactive minerals like uranium have a green color.
What are green diamonds? The scientific reason for diamonds becoming green is radiation knocking a few carbon atoms out of the diamond crystals. It leads to the creation of color centers as they absorb blue and red light till only green remains.
Artificially, the creation of green diamonds happens by exposing white diamonds to radiation in a nuclear reactor. However, you should note that these diamonds do not have any radiation transmitting ability.
The jewelers need to be cautious while handling the green diamonds as friction can generate heat. It, in turn, can excite the carbon atoms leading to destabilization. You will need to get a Gemological Institute of America or GIA’s color report to confirm that it is natural when you buy green diamonds.
The History and Its Meaning
The largest known green diamond on display is the Dresden Green weighing 41 carats. It is 200 years old, and the first mention of this diamond was in 1722 in a London newspaper.
The King of Poland purchased it in 1742 and put it in the elaborate diamond ornament hat in 1768. Apart from this stone’s rich lineage, it has green color throughout the body and not just the surface.
Green diamonds represent vitality and fertility. They symbolize a new beginning as green is the color of the spring.
Judging Its Quality
The color intensity or saturation of green diamonds is the most critical factor. The GIA color grading scale grades the green diamonds as light, very light, and faint. They range from such grades to fancy ones. The fancy colors have grading on the scale as fancy vivid, fancy intense, fancy, and fancy light.
Diamonds with solid color saturation but dissimilar to fancy vivid green or fancy intense green are fancy dark or fancy deep. You will see our price jump per carat from fancy light to fancy color grades.
There are secondary colors in green diamonds, including gray, yellow, or blue. According to the GIA, the color name becomes an adjective when secondary and a noun when primary or apparent. So, a yellowish-green colored diamond is a diamond with green as the primary color with a yellow tint. You can refer to the below quality checklist for a green diamond:
- Colour origin
- Colour grade
- Clarity grade
Difference With Emeralds
Many people who love green diamonds can not have them because of their high price. Most such aspirants go for emeralds. These stones are affordable vis-à-vis fancy colored diamonds. They are rare and beautiful too and hence have a specific appeal.
There are various green shades available, from pastel to more intense, resembling the look of fancy green diamonds. You will be able to get something that would fetch a million-dollar pricetag in fancy green diamonds. An emerald engagement ring can help make your dream more accessible.
Alternatively, you can also opt for green tourmaline, tsavorite garnet, and demantoid garnet. These stones are also popular like green gemstones and are affordable and have higher bioavailability than green diamonds.
Best Ring Styles to Opt For
The style of engagement ring that you opt for can help decide the look of your green diamond. Your green diamond can look more or less intense based on your selection.
You have the option to make your green diamond look more saturated if it is fancy light green or light green. Achieving this feat is possible using a rose gold bezel or rose gold prongs to surround the diamond. If possible, you can go for an entire basket of rose gold. You can then have bright white diamonds in platinum or white gold to accompany this design.
You can create a contrast effect with a halo green diamond in a halo engagement ring. Adding contrast is also possible by opting for white diamonds as side stones with a green diamond at the center. Such an arrangement helps enhance the colors and make the diamond look richer.
So, if you love green diamonds and you find affordability to be a concern, you can go for a green diamond halo or an elegant crown ring. It will help you have the romance of the green diamond yet not burn a hole in your pocket. Having a central diamond can be very enticing but may not be possible.
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In most of the cultures, curries and food items are considered without garlic. Vegetables like garlic are widely used around the world for enhancing flavor and taste of dishes. It is actually bitter and strong but it adds an amazing flavor to cuisine. Garlic cannot be described completely without mentioning the medicinal qualities it has. Following are a few health benefits of this amazing herb.
Control Infections With GarlicGarlic is popular for its antiviral and antibacterial properties. They are helpful in controlling viral, bacterial, yeast, worm and fungal infections. Garlic is believed to play an essential role in preventing diseases like food poisoning by eliminating bacteria like salmonella and E.colli.
Garlic For Skin InfectionsA chemical called ajoene found in this herb may help in treating fungal skin infections such as athelete's foot and ringworm.
Garlic For Blood ThinningAjoene in garlic contains anti-clotting properties which prevent formation of the blood clots in body. Hence, it also may increase the risks of bleeding after any surgery so garlic should be avoided by pre-surgery patients.
Reduce Blood Pressure With GarlicA protein called Angiotensin II helps blood vessels to contract and thereby increase blood pressure. Allicin found in garlic prevents the role of angiotensin II and aids in lowering the blood pressure.
Healthy Heart With GarlicGarlic is helpful in protecting heart from cardiovascular diseases and problems like atherosclerosis and heart attacks. The cardio-protective quality can be associated with various factors. Garlic is also believed to protect heart against damaging effects of the free radicals. The sulphur compounds in garlic prevent blood vessels from blockage also.
Reduce Cholesterol With GarlicGarlic has an ability to lower the blood triglycerides moderately and thus lowers total cholesterol. It also reduces arterial plaque formation.
Garlic- A Cure For Respiratory ProblemsRegular use of garlic in diet may reduce frequency and occurrence of flu and colds. The antibacterial quality of garlic also helps in curing throat irritations. Garlic can reduce severity of the infections in upper respiratory tract also. Garlic is an amazing medicine for benefitting the patients of asthma.
Garlic For Weight ReductionAccording to recent researches, garlic may help in regulating the fat cells formation in body which may be beneficial in preventing obesity and related problems.
Garlic For DiabetesGarlic increases the release in insulin and regulates the levels of blood sugar in diabetics
Combat Allergies With GarlicGarlic has an anti-inflammatory quality. It helps your body to fight against allergies. Over the ages, garlic has shown to improve allergic rhinitis. Juice of raw garlic can also be used to stop itching due to bug bites and rashes immediately.
Nutritional Value Of GarlicAmount- 100 grams
- Calories- 149
- Total Fat- 1%
- Protein- 13%
- Dietary Fiber- 8%
- Total Carbohydrate- 11%
- Vitamin C- 52%
- Thiamin- 13%
- Niacin- 4%
- Vitamin K- 2%
- Iron- 9%
- Riboflavin- 6%
- Folate- 1%
- Vitamin B6- 62%
- Phosphorus- 15%
- Sodium- 1%
- Pantothenic Acid- 6%
- Copper- 15%
- Calcium- 18%
- Selenium- 20%
- Magnesium- 6%
- Potassium- 11%
- Zinc- 8%
- Manganese- 84%
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Today is my birthday 🎂, and I am starting the day posting about one of my favorite things: picture books! 😀❤️
As you get ready to start another year, I highly recommend you purchase this set of Kobi Yamada books! They are at the top of my favorite books of all time!
Another birthday happiness share: The book that was foundational to my research and continued efforts: “Come On, Rain!” by Karen Hesse
One of the first, and few, science stories that I came across, years ago, that featured a person of color as the main character. I am delighted that more are available, but even more are needed. Among those, your student’s story!
Create time, this year, in your lesson plans for some science writing: where they are the scientist. Dive deep into their past, have them think about their future, and create the space for the right now science happenings in your classroom. Then write, write, write. 😀
Happy Reading! Happy Lesson Planning! 😊
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The SAT has traditionally been used as a college entrance exam but it, and the ACT, also a college entrance exam, are increasingly being used as high school tests. In fact, 25 states now require that high school students take them for school accountability and other purposes, Education Week reported here.
The protection of personal data is in the news with the recent passage by Congress of legislation that eliminates landmark online privacy protections established by the Obama administration. It removes limits that had been placed on Internet service providers — such as AT&T, Comcast and Verizon — on how they can use data they collect on their customers, including browsing habits and Social Security numbers. Privacy advocates are especially concerned with how this will affect young people.
Here’s the post by Kiesecker, and following it is a response from the College Board, which owns the SAT and the PSAT exams.
By Cheri Kiesecker
In schools all over the country, middle and high school students will soon take PSAT and SAT assessments. I’m a parent and after my child’s class was asked to take the PSAT 8/9 (given to eighth and ninth graders) this past October, I discovered that the College Board, owner of these assessments, solicits personal information from each student without parental consent.
Several weeks after the test, the College Board returned the completed PSAT answer sheets and test booklets to students once the exam had been scored and recorded. I was surprised to learn that the PSAT 8/9 answer sheet begins by asking many very personal questions of each student; though nowhere on the form or booklet does it say these questions are optional.
The PSAT 8/9 instructions printed on the answer sheet said only this:
- Use a Number 2 pencil only. Print the requested information in the boxes for each item.
- Fill in the matching circle below what you write in each box. Erase errors completely.
- In very fine print, at the top of Page 4 on the answer sheet, it states: “QUESTIONS TO HELP THE COLLEGE BOARD HELP YOU — Your answers to the following questions will help the College Board ensure that tests and service are fair and useful to all students. Your responses may be used for research purposes and may be shared with your high school, school district and state.”
The answer sheet had spaces for the student’s name, grade level, sex, date of birth, student ID number or Social Security number, race/ethnic group, military relation, home address, email address, mobile phone, grade point average, courses taken, and parents’ highest level of education.
If parents or students were to take it upon themselves to peruse the College Board website, they would find a page which urges students to participate in the College Board’s Student Search Service. See the table below for a list of the data that is potentially collected and shared, depending on the specific College Board assessment — SAT, PSAT or Advanced Placement. Many of these questions are also asked of students right before they take the exam, as part of the Student Data Questionnaire.
(Correction: 25 states now use the SAT and ACT for accountability and other purposes)
As you can see, among students’ personal information collected and possibly sold includes citizenship — a particular concern given the increased risk that undocumented students may be identified and targeted by immigration officials. In New York City, apparently because of these concerns, public schools that are administering the SAT have now been alerted not to include the Student Questionnaire as part of the test.
After searching the College Board website, I contacted the College Board and asked why students are being asked about their family’s race, religion or military background. What does the College Board do with this personal data? Who specifically do they share data with? You can see my questions and the confusing and evasive response from the College Board here.
It took the College Board over three months to answer. Additionally, my immediate follow up questions sent two months ago, which include asking whether they sell student data and whether it is required for students to provide their religion, are still unanswered.
In their January response, the College Board claimed that students were told which questions were optional and that students had given “express consent” to share this information. In actuality, after talking to students, parents, and administrators at the school, it was clear they were unaware that these questions were optional. Additionally, Colorado law says students must be at least 18 years old to consent to the use, sharing, or retention of their personally identifiable information.
Neither the PSAT 8/9 answer sheet or test booklet informed students that most of these questions were optional, or distinguished them from the obligatory questions, demanding they fill out their name, school, etc. In fact, the “optional” questions are not identified in the PSAT 8/9 Supervisor Manual or the script which proctors are instructed to follow.
However, according to the College Board’s response to my query, only the first five questions on the answer sheet are obligatory, including student name, grade level, sex, date of birth, and student ID number. The remainder of personal questions, including race, religion, military background, GPA, home address, phone, etc. are optional.
When sitting down to take this high-stakes test, how is a student able to know which questions are considered voluntary if this is not clearly marked or communicated? With the answer sheet instructions stating to fill in every box, students tend to follow suit, fearing that an incomplete answer sheet could render their scores invalid. Why does the College Board even have a space for a student’s social security number in place of student ID number, when most states forbid using social security numbers as primary identifiers? Why aren’t parents asked for consent before information about their child’s attitudes, religion and race are collected and apparently shared, accessed by outside organizations via purchased license according to the College Board website?
Under federal Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment, sensitive questions such as religion or income require prior informed parental consent.
Remarkably, there is no federal law prohibiting the sale of personal student data. However, there is a self-policed software industry privacy pledge in which signers promise not to sell a student’s personal information. The College Board has signed this pledge.
In addition, like many other states that have recently enacted student data privacy laws, Colorado’s student data transparency and security law also prohibits vendors from selling personal student data except in the case of a merger or acquisition. Accordingly, the amended contract between the state of Colorado and the College Board for SAT and PSAT 10 (the PSAT for 10th graders) expressly says that the “contractor shall not knowingly….License or sell Covered Information, including PII to any third party.” PII means personally identifiable information.
Consider the astonishing amount of data collected on students today. In particular, think of the data collected and analyzed when students take a college entrance assessment. Many states now require high school students to take the SAT in eleventh grade. Some states, districts, or individual schools require students to take the PSAT assessment in eighth, ninth or tenth grades in hopes of improving their scores later on the SAT.
The College Board sells licenses to access the data through a tagging service called College Board Search. The Segment Analysis Service™ is one of three featured tools of the Search, along with the Enrollment Planning Service™, and the Student Search Service®. These are “enhanced tools for smart recruitment.” The College Board’s Authorized Usage Policies states, “Student Search Service in connection with a legally valid program that takes such characteristics into account in furtherance of attaining a diverse student body.”
The pricing for the College Board Search student data tagging service is $0.42 cents per student, and allows college admission professionals to identify prospective students based on factors such as zip code and race and to “Leverage profiles of College Board test-takers for all states, geomarkets, and high schools.”
Segment Analysis Services is “for admission offices that need market and attitudinal information early in the recruitment process in order to better segment and target the admission pool,” and “Use Educational Neighborhood and High School Clusters as criteria when licensing names with Student Search Service, Access individual cluster factor scores. Tag an unlimited number of files…”
Which organizations buy personal student data licenses from the College Board? They are not listed anywhere on the website. A New York Civil Liberties Union fact sheet reveals that the Department of Defense is among the institutions which buys student data for recruiting purposes.
The College Board, ostensibly a non-profit, had $77 million in profits and $834 million in net assets in 2015, according to Reuters. How much of that income was garnered through the licensing of student data?
Why is the College Board allowed to share personal student data through the Student Search Service, in which companies are charged via a “license agreement” if this is specifically prohibited by Colorado law?
Is the College Board selling personal student data in other states, through their “license” agreements, despite having signed the student privacy pledge?
Interestingly, since I’ve started asking questions to the College Board and the state, the College Board recently sent home Student Data Consent Forms for the PSAT 10 and SAT to some Colorado families the week of March 6, 2017. This is a good first step and should have been done prior to students taking the PSAT 8/9 assessment last fall.
However, there is no parent signature required on these new consent forms. Why is the College Board still asking for consent from a minor student and not the parent?
Here is an excerpt of the new SAT consent form sent home to Colorado students:
The SAT Student Data Questionnaire asks students about their personal attitudes and interests.
The Colorado contract with the College Board for SAT and PSAT10 states the following about this Student Descriptive Questionnaire:
Curiously, the SAT Consent Form links to instructions for the College Board’s Student Data Questionnaire which say, “The data you provide will be added to your College Board student record, even if you choose to not participate in Student Search Service.” What personal information is being “added” to a student’s record and what is the purpose? Can that information still be licensed and shared?
As reported by independent consultant Nancy Griesemer in 2015, ACT also has a lengthy pre-test survey that collects personal data from students which, combined with other data, is being used by colleges and universities to assess the student’s “Overall GPA Chances of Success” in various majors and courses, measured in terms of likely to receive “B” or “C” or in these areas. You can see what these scores look like on this updated sample ACT report. (Notice this ACT report also includes the student’s citizenship status.)
As discussed in The Washington Post last year, there’s still a lot students and parents need to know about how data is collected, shared, and accessed via licenses sold. And as Politico reported in 2014:
“Many kids also put their personal profiles on the market — whether they realize it or not — when they take college entrance exams. Students taking the SAT, ACT, Advanced Placement exams and other standardized tests are asked to check off a box if they want to receive information from colleges or scholarship organizations. Depending on the exam, at least 65 percent — and as many as 85 percent — of test takers check that box, according to the College Board and ACT. That consent allows the College Board and ACT, both nonprofits, to market students’ personal profiles…”
That struck me as almost predatory, playing on students’ hopes and fears by having them surrender their personal data. So, I wrote to the College Board and asked this: “What happens if students do NOT give their data to Student Search? Will this limit their ability to get into colleges? Will they still be considered for scholarships?
The answer from the College Board is important for every student, parent and school administrator to hear: “If a student does not opt in to Student Search Service it will not impact their chances at being accepted into colleges or scholarship programs in any way.” This should be printed on instructions, every test booklet, and website.
My experiences as a Colorado parent show that this frustrating lack of transparency still exists today. And it’s getting worse as data and algorithms are being increasingly used to make decisions about students’ lives, without their knowledge. These algorithms can analyze and recombine data to make predictions about their futures. As an article in “Fast Company” reveals, students’ data footprints are affecting their lives in ways they can’t even imagine:
“…Even major life decisions like college admissions and hiring are being affected. You might think that a college is considering you on your merits, and while that’s mostly true, it’s not entirely. Pressured to improve their rankings, colleges are very interested in increasing their graduation rates and the percentage of admitted students who enroll. They have now have developed statistical programs to pick students who will do well on these measures. These programs may take into account obvious factors like grades, but also surprising factors like their sex, race, and behavior on social media accounts. If your demographic factors or social media presence happen to doom you, you may find it harder to get into school—and not know why.”
Despite much opposition, a 2011 regulatory change to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, FERPA, weakened this federal law that once protected student information from being shared without consent. FERPA needs to be fixed and parents need to be given back their rights to consent to student data sharing. State laws as well as the Student Privacy Pledge need to be scrupulously enforced so that personal student data is not sold for profit. Bottom line, parents and students after they reach 18 should own and control their own data. They should have a say as to whether and how personal information about their child is shared outside of the school walls.
(Correction: Earlier version said 25 states use SAT or ACT for accountability purposes; only 12 use it for accountability purposes and 13 use it for other purposes)
Here is an emailed response from the College Board:
We have been in touch directly with Cheri Kiesecker to address her concerns. As we shared with her, the College Board has a deep respect for student privacy, and we are committed to protecting it. We are a signatory, with more than 200 K-12 school service providers and education leaders, of the Pledge to Safeguard Student Privacy, a public commitment for the responsible collection and use of student data. Additionally, you can find online our commitment to full data privacy.The College Board collects information on students to help them access relevant college information, including scholarship opportunities, student services and campus life. Parents of students may remember answering such questions when they took their own college entrance exams. Student data privacy is of great importance to us, and we are continually evaluating our policies and procedures to ensure that we are clear about the data we are collecting, why we collect it as well as its optional nature.• Nationally, when students take the SAT, language online and from the actual questionnaire clearly indicates that there are a number of questions that are optional. Below is language from the questionnaire itself. When completing the questionnaire, students have the option to select “I do not wish to respond” or skip over the optional questions.How Answering the Questionnaire Helps Your College SearchItem 12 on side 2 of the questionnaire form consists of 35 questions about you, your high school experiences, and your thoughts about college. You don’t have to respond to the questions, but we strongly recommend that you do, because your responses:– Give your counselors and college admission officers information they can use to help you make plans for the future. The more information you supply, the more they’ll be able to help you.
– Provide information to the College Board that helps us ensure that the SAT is a fair and accurate test for all students. Your answers to some questions (the questionnaire lets you know which ones) will not appear on your score report but will be used by the College Board for research and planning.
– Along with those of all other students taking the SAT, create a picture of the academic preparation, extra- and cocurricular involvement, and post-high-school plans of your graduating class, which can help colleges and universities deliver programs and opportunities to serve you and your classmates.• When students take the SAT and PSAT, the proctor instructions make clear that some items on the questionnaire are optional, and they may skip if they prefer not to answer. Information such as their racial/ethnic background and language spoken, are used for validity analysis to evaluate the fairness of the assessment, only if provided by the student.• For SAT and PSAT/NMSQT and PSAT 10, it includes opting into Student Search Service and providing their mobile phone to opt into receiving information about tests they are registered to take and/or to receive college planning resources.• PSAT 8/9 student data is not shared with colleges, universities or scholarship providers.This spring, Colorado will give the SAT and PSAT 10 to all 11th and 10th- grade students, and we have worked closely with the Colorado Department of Education to ensure that students taking those tests and their parents know that completion of the Student Data Questionnaire and participation in Student Search Service are optional and voluntary for all students. In advance, each student must sign a consent form prior to completing the questionnaire. Please see the links below:
SAT Student Instructions
SAT Student ConsentColorado press release:
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Criticism can be hard for everyone, but highly sensitive people have more trouble accepting it. It affects them in many ways that others often don’t realize. As a highly sensitive person, you likely try hard to do your best and care about how things turn out.
When someone criticizes you, it can make you feel like your effort wasn’t enough and make you question everything. You’re not alone in how criticism makes you feel, as many other highly sensitive people experience the same feelings. There are ways you can learn to accept criticism better without letting it tear you down.
These methods can help you learn to accept criticism and reduce the stress it brings. While it might intensely affect an HSP, you can use these ideas to make it easier.
Identifying Highly Sensitive People
An HSP describes those more sensitive to physical, emotional, or social stress. They have a sensory-processing sensitivity (SPS), leading to strong reactions to internal or external stimuli. Many people believe HSPs are too sensitive, but their sensitivity comes with strengths that others don’t experience.
Highly sensitive people get deeply affected by violence, tension, and overwhelming feelings. They often try to avoid situations that might involve these experiences.
HSPs also find deep inspiration in beautiful signs or sounds. It could involve art, nature, music, or anything else. They experience deep thoughts and intense feelings, leading to a rich inner life.
Highly sensitive people can become overwhelmed by sensory stimulation. Crowded places, bright lights, and loud noises can negatively impact them. They often need time alone to unwind, especially after becoming overly stimulated.
Why Criticism Affects Highly Sensitive People More Than Others
Those with high sensitivity react strongly to criticism, affecting them more than it impacts others. They develop deep connections, have exciting dreams, and find joy in creativity. Because of that, they put their heart into everything they do, pay close attention to detail, and strive for perfection.
Criticism makes them feel like their efforts are meaningless, making them question everything about themselves. Their deep connections to the things they do and the people in their lives make them more emotionally and mentally stimulated by negative words about their efforts.
They begin thinking with their limbic system, where triggers, past emotional memories, and shame get stored. It leads to ignoring logical thoughts that tell them they shouldn’t take criticism personally.
Instead, the painful memories and feelings make them feel like they aren’t good enough. These negative feelings make them want to avoid criticism, leading to people-pleasing behaviors. They attempt to meet people’s expectations at the expense of their happiness or well-being.
Criticism is also hard for HSPs because they pick up on things others don’t. They assess body language and tone or read between the lines of an email. It allows them to see what others miss and leads to assuming the other person means something else entirely.
Highly sensitive people are also more empathetic than others. When they receive critical feedback, they start thinking of how they let the other person down. They become ashamed and take longer to process the comments.
How Highly Sensitive People Can Accept Criticism
As a highly sensitive person, you’ll experience feelings that others don’t, and that’s okay. Your thoughts and feelings aren’t wrong, and you can decide how you want to handle them.
How you handle your emotions after experiencing criticism can make a difference. Here are some of the things you can do to learn to accept critical comments:
1 – Highly Sensitive People Should Use Feedback to Build Self-Esteem
Building your self-esteem can help you accept critical things other people say because you’ll know what to believe. When you have self-esteem, the harsh words won’t sting as much. It also encourages growth, allowing you to see that what someone says might be beneficial.
Building self-esteem takes time, but continually working on it can help you with acceptance. It allows you to learn to let go of the pain and decide how to proceed.
Holding onto critical comments can hurt, and the negative feelings won’t ease unless you can use them to your benefit. Rather than harboring the pain, you can use it to work on yourself and build self-esteem. It promotes healing and helps you find ways to better your life without toxic people belittling you.
2 – Let Go of Your Desire for Perfectionism
When you let go of your need for perfection, it’s easier to accept criticism. You can use it to improve your skills or recognize it as destructive and let it go. People-pleasing behavior often leads to the desire for perfection, so it also requires doing things for yourself instead of others.
Striving for perfection or wanting to please others can make critical words hurt more. It’s a reminder that no one is perfect, no matter how hard you try. Accepting that you’ll make mistakes and that other people won’t always be happy with your work is beneficial for learning to accept criticism.
3 – Consider Whether It’s Constructive
One of the best ways for highly sensitive people to accept criticism is to determine if it’s constructive or deconstructive. Constructive criticism respectfully points out faults and involves tips for improving next time. Destructive criticism uses harsh words and may leave you feeling attacked. It also doesn’t include advice for improvement.
After considering whether it’s constructive criticism, you can decide how to handle it. You can either accept it as positive advice or a way to grow. Or you can recognize it as deconstructive and let it go without harboring the negative feelings you experience.
Ask questions to gain clarity if you’re unsure whether it’s constructive. You don’t want to misinterpret anything, and there’s nothing wrong with inquiring.
4 – Highly Sensitive People Must Build Self-Compassion
Having self-compassion during these experiences can help you accept them. It helps validate your feelings and overcome negative emotions.
Experts indicate that self-compassion improves psychological well-being and promotes happiness, optimism, and connectedness. It also decreases anxiety, depression, fear of failure, and rumination. With self-compassion, you can recognize your worth despite critical words.
Practicing self-compassion helps you remember your values and intentions. While criticism might hurt, compassion can help you focus on the good things about yourself.
Then, you can accept criticism without letting negativity consume your thoughts. Consider telling yourself some of the positive aspects of yourself to neutralize the negative words.
5 – Know That Their Opinion Doesn’t Matter
Remember that criticism is one person’s opinion, and others might feel differently. Understanding that you can choose what to believe can make all the difference in your ability to accept things.
You can’t force everyone to like you; naturally, some people won’t. However, you have people who love you, and you can learn self-love and how to support your sensitivity.
6 – Remember It’s More About Them
Sometimes the person who criticizes you says untrue things, and it’s not entirely about you. They do this when experiencing emotional pain, frustration, or lack of courage to try something themselves.
Remember that sometimes you’ll do a great job and still receive comments from critics. They might point out what you need to work on or want to spread negativity and make you feel bad.
What people say can help you recognize how they see the world. Their experiences may differ from yours, and their wounds can lead to them offering unwarranted criticism. The critical statements aren’t always about you because they can indicate that the person can’t relate.
7 – Highly Sensitive People Should Take Time Before Responding
Sometimes the best way to accept critical remarks is to take some time before responding. It’s easy to want to become defensive and say intense things, but you’ll likely regret it later.
Instead, take a step back and allow time to process before you say or do anything. It can help you think clearly, and you may find it’s best not to respond.
Highly sensitive people often think they must respond to everything, explaining themselves or their intentions. However, it’s not always worth the effort and can make you feel worse.
Taking time before responding might allow you to see the positive aspects of the critical remark. Rather than viewing it as a personal attack, you can recognize it as an opportunity for growth.
8 – Practice Self-Care
Self-care is one of the best ways to accept criticism because it helps you remember all the good things about yourself. Plus, you can release the negative words easier when your health and well-being are cared for. Doing what makes you feel good can make all the difference in comforting yourself and regaining balance.
9 – Set and Implement Boundaries
Setting boundaries is essential in your professional and personal relationships. Many people think they can’t have limits at work, so they internalize harsh words. Then, when they get home, the negativity takes over and can cause them to snap at those in their personal life.
Rather than letting critical words affect your personal life, set boundaries so you can leave them at work. Your mistakes at work or what people say about you don’t portray your character.
10 – Highly Sensitive People Must Practice Mindfulness
Practicing mindfulness helps you deal with things positively as it promotes keeping your emotions in check. Some of the benefits include:
- developing inner strength
- calming your thoughts
- overcoming insecurities
- developing self-awareness to recognize your strengths and weaknesses
- increased ability to assess the validity of the criticism
- transforming your inner critic
- building self-esteem
- seeing personal development possibilities
- preventing others from controlling you
- calming your mind
- being more open-minded
- improving intuition
Final Thoughts on Ways for Highly Sensitive People to Accept Criticism
Everyone can offer criticism, but it doesn’t always mean you’ve done something wrong. Some people say things to hurt you rather than to help you improve. However, assessing whether you’re receiving deconstructive or constructive criticism is essential.
Constructive criticism can help you grow and get better at what you’re passionate about. Deconstructive remarks should be accepted and released as unhelpful. Taking the time to think it through can make all the difference.
Learning how to accept critical remarks is valuable and can improve your life. You’ll feel better and learn not to let it affect you as hard.
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The monument comprises a complex long cairn formed of three linked chambered cairns, visible as a series of stone structures set into a natural saddle-shaped ridge (210 m OD) on Essich Moor. The cairns are Neolithic, dating to the fourth millennium BC, and form part of the Orkney-Cromarty Group of chambered cairns identified by Henshall. The monument was first scheduled in 1964. The present rescheduling alters the scheduled area to reflect changes in the Ordnance Survey mapping.
The S cairn is heel-shaped and measures about 42.5 m from N-S by 36m transversely, and is 2.6 m high. The back slab is exposed and is 1.56 m long, 0.9 m high and 0.45 m thick. This is abutted to the SE by a slab 0.86 m long and 1 m high, and to the S by a slab 1 m long and 0.13 m thick. This chamber was cleared out in around 1918, producing some bone. The middle cairn is up to 1.6 m high and around 12 m in diameter. It includes a chamber flanked by a pair of portal stones 0.54 m apart. Only the back slab and side slab are visible. Two kerb stones lie 7.7 m W of the chamber. This middle cairn is clearly earlier than the cairn material that joins the S and N cairns. The N cairn lies 37 m from the S cairn and is oval in plan, measuring 44 m from NNE-SSW by 36 m transversely and 2.3 m in height. The entrance to the chamber is flanked by a stone measuring 0.6 m by 0.3 m and projecting 0.85 m. The chamber has been disturbed. The side slabs measure 1.75 and 1.86 m long by up to 0.33 and 0.35 m thick; both project 0.9 m. A putative displaced capstone is also evident.
The area proposed for scheduling is a clipped rectangle on plan, to include the remains described and an area around them within which related material may be expected to be found, as shown in red on the accompanying map. The adjacent pond is specifically excluded from the scheduling.
Statement of National Importance
The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:
Intrinsic characteristics: The monument is well preserved and is the largest of the long cairns in the Orkney-Cromarty chambered cairns group, with upstanding remains dating from the fourth millennium BC. Despite some disturbance by antiquarians in 1918, the monument retains evidence of three chambers and their associated cairn material. Given the site's current use as sparsely grazed pasture, it is likely that archaeologically significant deposits relating to the construction, use and abandonment of the structures remain in situ. In addition, it is likely that deposits survive that could provide data relating to the prehistoric environment.
The monument has considerable potential to enhance understanding of Neolithic ritual and funerary practice. Carn Glas represents the accumulated remains of repeated funerary activity on the same site, with at least four phases of construction evident, and therefore has the potential to provide information relating to a long period.
Contextual characteristics: The monument is a good representative of a numerous class, many examples of which have been destroyed or badly damaged by forestry operations in the modern period. Carn Glas is one of only 59 Orkney-Cromarty chambered cairns still extant. Its location within a wider pattern of early prehistoric ritual funerary activity in the surrounding area enhances its significance. The stone circle at Torbreck, for instance, lies 1 km to the NW and other chambered cairns, such as Culduthel, are just a few km away. In addition, it is surrounded by numerous hut circles, clearance cairns and cultivation remains, potentially relating to the Bronze or Iron Ages. Together, these elements enable an understanding of how prehistoric settlement and society developed over time.
Carn Glas is unusual in that it provides good views in all directions, despite not being on the highest point on Essich Moor.
In the near-absence of evidence for Neolithic settlement sites in the area, chambered cairns are one of the prime archaeological sources for an understanding of Neolithic society. The existence of several phases of construction provides a unique opportunity to obtain a better understanding of the development of funerary architecture on a single site over a period that could span decades, if not centuries.
Associative characteristics: The monument is the product of Neolithic funerary activities and it has survived due to the use of the moorland for the low-level grazing of sheep. It remains a prominent feature within the landscape and owing to its character is visually imposing. All editions of the Ordnance Survey record it as Carn Glas (which translates as grey cairn), suggesting a local awareness of the monument. The Neolithic monuments of Scotland retain a place in the national consciousness, with people visiting such sites regularly, often on dates of astronomical and hence ritual/religious significance, such as the summer solstice.
The monument is of national importance because it has an inherent potential to make a significant addition to the understanding of the past, in particular Neolithic society, the design and construction of chambered cairns, and the nature of Neolithic ritual and funerary practice. Its relatively good preservation and the survival of marked field characteristics enhance this potential. The loss of the example would significantly impede our ability to understand the Neolithic period in northern Scotland. The monument also has a place in the national consciousness, given the strong continued interest in the UK in the ritual monuments of early prehistory.
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Ever since chemist Albert Hofmann drifted around the city of Basel on his bike after being the first person to take lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), scientists have always wondered why its effects can often last even longer than a Pink Floyd box set.
”A lot of people who take the drug are not aware of just how long it lasts," Bryan Roth, co-author and professor of pharmacology at the University of North Carolina (UNC), said in a statement. "When I was younger, I would occasionally go to Grateful Dead concerts. A lot of people took LSD and similar drugs during concerts, and it would be interesting to be in the parking lot hearing people wondering when their LSD experience was going to end."
A new study, published in the open-acess journal Cell, has looked into the curiously long effects of the drug and found it’s all to do with how the chemical structure of LSD snuggly binds to receptors in the brain.
For the first time, the team managed to use X-ray crystallography imaging to capture an LSD molecule binding to a human serotonin receptor 5-HT2B. This type of receptor regulates the release of the "feel-good" neurotransmitter serotonin, which is typically associated with behavior such as sleep, appetite, well-being, and mood.
The thing that stuck out to the researchers was that part of the receptor protein had folded over the LSD, keeping it gripped inside. The molecule was also wedged into the receptor at an odd angle, which they didn’t expect,
Artistic representation of the chemical structure of LSD – highlighted in yellow – interlocking into a red-orange ribbon diagram of the serotonin receptor. Annie Spikes
This helps explain why the hallucinogenic and “mind-altering” effects of an LSD trip can typically last anywhere between 12 to 24 hours, depending on how much is taken.
The new discovery might help explain why even taking LSD in tiny amounts, known as micro-dosing, can have a notable effect. Although micro-dosing has never been clinically tested, there’s anecdotal evidence that it could be used to boost creativity and help people with anxiety and mood disorders. The researchers are optimistic this research could be used by others to fine-tune micro-dosing for pharmaceutical use, potentially even using it to clinically treat depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
“I think it's important for the pharmaceutical industry to understand that even if you modify just one tiny aspect of any compound, you may affect the way the entire compound sits in the receptor, and that affects the compound's performance," says study first author Daniel Wacker, a postdoctoral fellow at UNC.
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The LHeC Detector
The current default LHeC detector design is shown in the picture below. In this arrangement, the more energetic proton beam comes from the right and the electron beam from the left. Due to the large energy imbalance there is a much denser and more energetic particle flow in the proton beam direction (forward), which determines the difference in inner tracking and forward/backward calorimetry. The detector as sketched here is about 14m long in z direction, parallel to the beam axis, and it has an approximate outer radius of 4.5m, which is achieved with a solenoid field of 3.5T. Current efforts, as of 2014, are directed to an optimisation of the forward tracking and to a full simulation of the detector to replace simplifying parameterisations as have often been used in previous LHeC physics studied. The detector components have presently been based on rather classic techniques such as Silicon pixel and strip tracking and Liquid Argon electromagnetic calorimetry, for example. The detector needs to be complemented by tagging devices in forward direction, for protons and neutrons, and in backward direction, for photons and low momentum transfer electrons.
The FCC_he Detector
The design of a detector for the hadron-electron (he) configuration of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) can to some approximation be obtained by considering the LHeC detector when one adjusts for the much enlarged proton beam energy. The longitudinal FCC_he detector dimensions roughly scale proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of the proton beam energies in forward direction (ln50/7 = 2) and of the electron beam energies in backward direction (1.. 1.3). At these very high energies rare processes, such as the H → μμ decay, may require more attention to the muon momentum measurement, which is, in this example, why one may consider a double solenoid structure embedding the muon detector. The dimensions of such a device would be comparable to those of the CMS detector currently operating at the LHC. The choices of technology will surely be adapted when the time approaches to build an FCC_he detector. However, they would be available already today because an ep environment is less demanding than a pp environment in terms of radiation hardness and pile-up of interactions.
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a biogenic polyamine, H 2 N(CH 2) 4 NH(CH 2) 3 NH 2 , formed from putrescine, occurring widely in nature and first identified in semen.
spermidine sper·mi·dine (spûr’mĭ-dēn’)
A polyamine compound found in ribosomes and living tissues and having various metabolic functions. It was originally isolated from semen.
spermiduct sper·mi·duct (spûr’mĭ-dŭkt’) n. See vas deferens. See ejaculatory duct.
noun, Biochemistry. 1. a polyamine, H 2 N(CH 2) 3 NH(CH 2) 4 NH(CH 2) 3 NH 2 , formed from spermidine and occurring in all cells, especially prevalent in semen, sputum, pancreatic tissue, and certain yeasts. noun 1. a white or colourless basic water-soluble amine that is found in semen, sputum, and animal tissues; […]
[spur-mee-oh-jen-uh-sis] /ˌspɜr mi oʊˈdʒɛn ə sɪs/ noun, Cell Biology. 1. the development of a spermatozoon from a spermatid. spermiogenesis /ˌspɜːmɪəʊˈdʒɛnɪsɪs/ noun 1. the stage in spermatogenesis in which spermatozoa are formed from spermatids spermiogenesis sper·mi·o·gen·e·sis (spür’mē-ō-jěn’ĭ-sĭs) n. The stage of spermatogenesis during which spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa.
1. a combining form of sperm1 , used also with the meaning “seed,” “germ,” “semen,” in the formation of compound words: spermophyte.
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At Middleforth C E Primary School our curriculum has been designed to excite and challenge our children in a nurturing Christian environment. Our curriculum will be broad and balanced and meet the needs of all our children.
Our curriculum will help our children develop
We will encourage our children to explore their understanding of faith. They will have access to a daily act of worship of a Christian nature and celebrate Christian festivals throughout the year. Through RE they will also explore other faiths and will learn a respect and tolerance for those of other faiths or no faith.
Pupils at our school will be supported to become highly articulate and use a rich vocabulary.
The development of mature speaking and listening skills will be given a high priority.
Pupils will be taught to speak clearly using sophisticated and expressive vocabulary.
Children will develop their confidence to communicate in different situations to a range of audiences.
They will be given the opportunities to perform to different audiences.
They will be given opportunities to read widely to develop their rich knowledge of language and vocabulary.
We will encourage our children to be independent from the start of their time in school by supporting them to do things for themselves, including taking care of their own possessions.
We will give children opportunities to take on positions of responsibility in school to develop their confidence and become leaders.
We will help our children learn how to use their own initiative in situations and think things through for themselves.
We will set high expectations for our children to learn and think independently.
We will have high expectations for our learners in all subjects.
We will set ambitious, aspirational targets for all our learners. We will always look for suitable and appropriate opportunities to stretch and challenge every pupil.
We are committed to offering high quality opportunities in sport, music and the creative arts in addition to our more academic subjects.
Through a range of different teaching styles and learning opportunities we will provide a range of opportunities to develop imagination and creative thinking.
We will encourage children to use prior learning to solve problems and think creatively.
We will provide opportunities to take part in experiences beyond the classroom which inspire their creative minds.
We will provide challenge and support the children to develop an ability to embrace this with confidence.
Through problem solving opportunities we will provide a safe environment where children can make mistakes and get things wrong and understand this is a part of learning.
We will support our children to turn disappointment into opportunities to develop.
We will help our children to understand that they will experience a range of emotions, some of which may include feeling afraid, sad or scared and how to self- regulate and overcome those emotions.
Through carefully managed conflict resolution discussions we will guide our children to learn how to manage difficult situations together.
Please visit the subject specific pages for further information about our curriculum
Please find below explanatory notes for parents regarding the new national curriculum and assessment through Key Stage 1 and 2.
If you require any further information regarding any aspects of the curriculum please contact the school office
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Joyeeta Bhattacharya and Gerald R. Dickens
Major climate transitions and perturbations in global carbon cycle are known to have occurred during the Eocene, between 56 and 34 million years ago (Ma). A series of carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) mark variations in the global carbon cycle and changes in climate through early Eocene. Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM) ca. 56 Ma is the most pronounced and well documented of these events expressed as a clay rich layer in many deep-sea sections, resulting from widespread carbonate dissolution on the seafloor, which is in turn re-lated to shoaling of the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) and lysocline. Other CIEs of early Eocene had similar response. However, response of these geologically ‘instantaneous’ hyperthermals differ from long-term warmth (multi-million-year time scale) of the Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO) in terms of sea-floor carbonate accumulation. Following the termination of EECO, earth’s climate transitioned into long-term cooling.Pronounced fluctuations in CCD of equatorial Pacific are known to have occurred during middle-late Eocene as well, whose global extent and origin are still unresolved. Most proxy records either span the interval of early Eocene or document particular climatic events in Eocene, which significantly limits visualizing the long-term Eocene climate change and response of open marine carbonate preservation. The present study documents change in carbonate dissolution and carbonate mass accumulation rate through the entire Eocene (56–34 Ma)at ODP Site 1209 on Shatsky Rise, north-central Pacific and ties it to a stable carbon and oxygen isotope record.Our study determines the correlation between deep-sea carbonate dissolution and carbon cycling process during the dynamic climate regime of Eocene. A strong correlation between magnitude of CIEs and intensity of dissolution for early Eocene hyperthermal events appears to significantly weaken for multiple dissolution events in middle-late Eocene, thereby indicating fundamental difference in their causal mechanism.
Bhattacharya, J., & Dickens, G. R. (2020). Eocene carbonate accumulation in the north-central Pacific Ocean: New insights from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1209, Shatsky Rise. Sedimentary Geology, 105705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105705
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What Is It?
A phobia is something that you feel really frightened of that is not actually dangerous and which most people do not find worrying. The nearer you get to the thing that makes you anxious, the more anxious you get … and so you tend to avoid it. Away from it you feel fine but you may also feel frightened when you think about it. Phobias can really get in the way of life.
Common phobias can be complicated and include:
- agoraphobia – a fear of going where there are other people
- social phobias – a fear of being with other people
Some more unusual (and specific) phobias include:
What Might Help?
- Talk to someone: this could be anyone that you find helpful to talk to, don’t bottle it up
- Listen to your body: understanding how your body reacts to fear is really important.
- Tune into your thoughts: spotting unhelpful thoughts can help to challenge phobias.
- Learn how you relax: to help cope with the phobia (link to relaxation page)
- Test yourself: only if you feel able to, with support, you can start to find times when you are able to cope with the phobia, and build up from there
- Professional help: if it is really getting in the way of life, you may need extra support from someone trained to help, this might include talking or behaviour therapy (link to access)
Useful Clips and Stories:
- Ali’s story: social phobia in teenagers and adults
- Phobic Pheobe: children and teenagers with specific phobia
- Fear Fighter – Apple – Android
- SAM: Self-Help for Anxiety Management (IOS and Android link)
- Phobia Free (IOS and Android link)
- Meditate Now Kids (IOS and Android link)
- A good overview from NHS Choices here
- More in depth information from The Royall College of Psychiatrists here
- Extra resources on breathing and relaxation here
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Mount Pleasant, SC (PressExposure) May 26, 2008 -- May 23rd marks the celebration of World Turtle Day, a holiday dedicated to the appreciation and protection of turtle and tortoise species. The Humane Society of the United States calls for Turtle Day to âfocus on the special conservation needs of turtles.â
World Turtle Day was founded in 2000 by American Tortoise Rescue, a non-profit turtle rescue organization. American Tortoise Rescue, based in Malibu, Calif., formed this holiday to help protect turtle and tortoise species from habitat destruction, cruel pet trade and other serious threats. World Turtle Day takes place in May, the month when turtles are emerging from their winter hibernation and start the search for mates and nesting areas.
On World Turtle Day, the Humane Society gathers research to determine the well-being of turtles and tortoises throughout the world to pursue conservation. In order to pay tribute to these creatures on World Turtle Day, people often dress up as turtles and venture to highways to help turtles and tortoises safely cross the road.
In honor of World Turtle Day, parents and children can celebrate these creatures by reading together âTurtle Summerâ by Mary Alice Monroe, âTurtles in My Sandboxâ by Jennifer Keats Curtis and âCarolina's Storyâ by Donna Rathmell. âTurtle Summer,â âTurtles in My Sandboxâ and âCarolinaâs Storyâ are all presented by Sylvan Dell Publishing, a publisher of science, math and nature themed childrenâs books. These educational childrenâs books are three of Sylvan Dell Publishingâs 35 educational childrenâs books. The back of every Sylvan Dell book features a âFCMâ section with tips, fun facts and learning activities.
Online versions of the âFor Creative Mindsâ sections are available for families, classrooms and all World Turtle Day celebrators:
⢠Read about Loggerhead turtles, construct your own sea turtle and view pictures of injured turtles being nursed back to health at [http://www.sylvandellpublishing.com/documents/Carolina-ForCreativeMinds.pdf]. ⢠View fun facts about diamondback terrapins, complete a turtle craft and identify different turtlesâ habitats at [http://www.sylvandellpublishing.com/documents/Sandbox-ForCreativeMinds.pdf]. ⢠Learn about Loggerhead turtle nesting, match together various things that are needed during nesting season, complete a shell identification exercise and make your own nature scrapbook at [http://www.sylvandellpublishing.com/documents/TSForCreativeMinds.pdf].
Any questions regarding World Turtle Day tips and activities can be sent to [email protected]. For more turtle facts or to order any of the books listed above, visit http://www.SylvanDellPublishing.com.
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This weeks reading “The Visual Culture Reader” by Nicholas Mirzoeff, examines cultures of diasporas in relation to Africans and Jews. This piece has allowed me to reflect on many things that relate to my own Iranian-Jewish heritage, where I stand as a first generation Iranian American, after my parents fled Iran during the Revolution of 1979.
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 was a moment in history that forever changed the face of Iran’s culture, and the way the country functioned. The Islamic fundamentalist government that overthrew King Mohammad Reza Pahlavi embarked on severe tactics that suppressed the old regime and removed any practice of Western culture from Iranian society. This new supremacy disconnected it’s citizens from television, music, women’s rights, and drew them further into an ‘old regime’ of religious radicalism, and anti-Semitism.
I find it difficult to ask the question of what it means to be in Diaspora? It is suggested that it is desired by a sense of renewal but Mierzoff tells us that Diaspora, by its very nature, cannot ever be fully known or understood because of a paradox between Diaspora and visual culture. This reading emphasizes the racism that is presented in the paradox between Africans and Jews and allowed me to reflect on my own heritage as a Diaspora in the United States. This reading reminded me of a piece I read by Hamid Naficy, called “The Making of Exile Cultures,” where he uses a case study of Iranians living in Los Angeles to analyze theoretical constructs such as: nostalgia, transnational self, and symbolism. He continues to contextualize and demarcate the terms used when examining migration studies. He states, “The exiles as defined here are not ‘native’ to either their home or to the host society. They are no longer legally ‘foreigners,’ neither are they bona-fide ‘citizens’” (Naficy, Hamid p.16).
Los Angeles inhabits about 800,000 Iranian Americans, and a large portion of this number is filled by Jews who fled Iran. When trying to examine this exiled culture, now in the West, looking upon their ways of assimilation into a new country reflects the adoption of “Americanness.” Iranians have established protuberant careers in the television and music industry of today’s society, with several broadcasting networks, and radio stations. Even though this is a common effort made my many across the world, I believe this connection that so many of them made is due to a longing for nostalgia, a way of life, and a connection to the old life.
Music has long been a driving force in the Iranian-Jewish culture because of it’s poetic and spiritual expression through lyrics, tunes, and instruments. Before moving to Paris, I visited an exhibition at UCLA, which was created and organized by Beit Hatfutsot—The Museum of the Jewish People, Tel Aviv, Israel (web). I remember viewing antique instruments that were used centuries ago, that represented this exiled culture before its initiation, and as I reflected I realized how my own family holds on to instruments of all kinds. I believe this symbolism to be just one of the many identifiers of this Diaspora. It was what Mierzoff describes as extensive museum culture. In the reading Diaspora cultures are described as marginalized, in regards to the display of visual culture in museums, because of a representation of loss and belonging (nostalgia), but this museum visit seemed quite the contrary for me. Yes sure, I learned about the struggles of the Diaspora, and the immense history that is enriched in its roots, but mostly, what I gained from it was a new look on my own culture. I also realized how the Iranian Jewish people use certain signifiers to keep culture and tradition strong and prevalent through generations by music.
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The European Strategy for a Better Internet for Children
On 02 May 2012 the Commission adopted the Communication for a "Strategy for a Better Internet for Children". You can read it in English, German or French. Further language versions will be available in the next days.
Read the Commission press release.
Read the Citizens' summary in your own language.
Although the Internet was not created for children, they are using it at an increasingly younger age. 4 in 10 children report having encountered risks online such as cyber-bullying, being exposed to user-generated content promoting anorexia or self-harm or misuse of their personal data. While by 2015 it is expected that 90% of jobs across all sectors will require technology skills, only 25% of young people across the EU say they have "high" levels of basic Internet skills (such as using the Internet to make phone calls, create a web page, or use peer-to-peer file sharing).
The Commission has set out a plan to give children the digital skills and tools they need to benefit fully and safely from the digital world. The internet was not designed with children in mind, but today 75% of children use the internet, a third of them on mobiles. The new strategy is to build up the market for interactive, creative and educational content online, in a partnership between the European Commission and Member States, mobile phone operators, handset manufacturers and providers of social networking services.
The measures outlined in the strategy build on ongoing EU actions in this field. For example, the easy-to-use mechanisms for children, parents and teachers to report harmful content and conduct online will complement the 116 missing children hotlines (see IP/07/188) and the European Cybercrime Centre's future network of national cybercrime alert platforms (see IP/12/317).
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Skip to Content
Home > Wellness > Health Library > Healthy Eating: Starting a Plan for Change
If you have decided to start a healthy eating plan,
congratulations! Making that decision is an important step in becoming a
Keep these key points in mind:
important not to jump in too far too fast. Slow, steady steps will set you up
for success. In this section you'll learn about the steps to follow in setting
up a healthy eating plan:
are clear about your reasons for starting a healthy eating plan, it's time to
set your goals.
What is your long-term goal? A long-term goal is something you want to reach in 6 to 12 months.
For example, your long-term goal may be to:
What are the short-term goals that
will help you get there? Short-term goals are things that you want to do
tomorrow and the day after. For example, you might decide to:
Here are some quick tips
about healthy eating goals:
Keeping track of your progress
helps you see how far you've come. It also helps you stay with your
Take the time to think about what things could get in the way of your
success. We call these things barriers. And by thinking about them now, you can
plan ahead for how to deal with them if they happen.
Here are some
tips for dealing with barriers:
Expect to encounter some barriers. And remember: The idea
is not to get rid of barriers but to identify them ahead of time and plan what
you will do to deal with them.
It might help you to have a written
personal action planpersonal action plan(What is a PDF document?) where you list your goals, your barriers, and your plans to get
past those barriers.
The more support you have, the easier it will be
to change your eating habits.
If your family members tell you
that they love how you're getting healthier, you'll probably be motivated to
keep up the good work.
And there's more support out there. You can
even ask for encouragement. Here are a few things to look for:
Support is everywhere. You just have to look for it.
January 25, 2013
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine & Rhonda O'Brien, MS, RD, CDE - Certified Diabetes Educator
How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
Our interactive Decision Points guide you through making key health decisions by combining medical information with your personal information.
You'll find Decision Points to help you answer questions about:
Get started learning more about your health!
Our Interactive Tools can help you make smart decisions for a healthier life. You'll find personal calculators and tools for health and fitness, lifestyle checkups, and pregnancy.
Feeling under the weather?
Use our interactive symptom checker to evaluate your symptoms and determine appropriate action or treatment.
Genesis HealthCare System | 1-800-322-4762
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Within a rocky landscape is situated a large, cave-like dwelling constructed of leaves and branches. Six adult figures and two small children sit or squat around a smoky fire, while two additional figures approach the encampment with freshly caught fish. Most of the figures have short-cropped hair and are partially covered by hooded cloaks.
Copyright 2009, Department of Special Collections, Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
Dissertation on the Gipseys (London, 1807)
Thordarson T 1836
Height (in centimeters):
Width (in centimeters):
This image is the plate opposite the introduction in Dissertation on the Gipseys: representing their manner of life, family economy, occupations & trades, marriages & education, sickness, death & burial, religion, language, science & arts. &c &c: with an historical enquiry concerning their origin & first appearances in Europe, by Heinrich Moritz Gottlieb Grellmann (London, 1807).
1744 Vagrancy Act
The 1744 Vagrancy Act mandated that gypsies, beggars, strolling actors, peddlers and gamblers refusing to work for usual or common wages could be whipped or imprisoned by local magistrates (Mayall 258). In this way, any person refusing to participate in a wage-based system of labor was deemed criminal.
1810 Licensing Act
The 1810 Licensing Act required the licensing of vagabonds, gypsies, hawkers and peddlers (Hawkes 13). This system of identification contributed to the surveillance of wandering persons and helped to enforce local ordinances specifying the maximum stay of non-residents in a town or its outskirts.
Throughout this period legal settlement remained a prerequisite for poor relief, meaning that the illegally settled, unsettled or wandering poor were routinely excluded from community or church-based assistance (Lloyd 117). Through the so-called “Speenhamland system,” parishes subsidized wages according to the parishioner’s need, determined by the cost of bread and number of dependents (Lloyd 115). In this way, most discussions of poverty revolved around the adequacy or inadequacy of earnings, and thus excluded those who did not participate in a wage-based economy.
The process of consolidating and enclosing commons, wastelands and open fields into private holdings demarcated by fences, walls, hedgerows or trenches originated in the late medieval period, but experienced an unprecedented surge in England between 1793 and 1815 (McCalman 496). In many regions the process of enclosure eroded customary rights, including the right to graze animals, gather wood (estover), fish (piscary), cut peat (turbary), and glean wheat or produce left after the harvest (Janowitz 155). Like the agricultural laborers that depended on access to common lands to supplement their meager incomes, the members of nomadic or wandering classes attempting to live off the land were adversely affected by the loss of these customary rights.
The prints which populate Dissertation on the Gipseys seem to have been gleaned from a variety of sources, and Grellmann never explicitly connects text to image. Thus, it is up to the reader to make such connections. While a number of passages discuss the housing of gypsies more generally, in the following excerpt Grellmann explicitly connects gypsy living conditions with their perceived status as a distinct race:
The Laplanders, Samoieds, as well as the Siberians, likewise, have brown yellow-coloured skins, in consequence of living, from their childhood, in smoke and dirt, in the same manner as the Gipseys: these would, long ago, have been divested of their swarthy complexions, if they had discontinued their filthy mode of living. (H. Grellmann, Dissertation 13)
The gypsy encampment is a recurring theme in Romantic poetry, but one that inspired very different feelings in different authors. In the following two poems by John Clare and William Wordsworth, respectively, we find contrasting interpretations, ranging from idealization and yearning to anxiety and disgust:
"The Gypsies’ Evening Blaze" (1820)
To me how wildly pleasing is that sceneWhich doth present in evening’s dusky hourA group of gypsies centered on the greenIn some warm nook where Boreas has no power,Where sudden starts the quivering blaze behindShort shrubby bushes nibbled by the sheepThat mostly on these shortsward pastures keep,Now lost, now seen, now bending with the wind:And now the swarthy sybil kneels reclined,With proggling stick she still renews the blaze,Forcing bright sparks to twinkle from the flaze.When this I view, the all-attentive mindWill oft exclaim (so strong the scene pervades)“Grant me this life, thou spirit of the shades!” (Clare 1-14)"Gypsies" (1807)Yet are they here?—the same unbroken knotOf human Beings, in the self-same spot!Men, Women, Children, yea the frameOf the whole Spectacle the same!Only their fire seems bolder, yielding light:Now deep red, the colouring of night;That on their Gypsy-faces falls,Their bed of straw and blanket-walls.--Twelve hours, twelve bounteous hours, are gone while IHave been a Traveler under open sky,Much witnessing of change and chear,Yet as I left I find them here!The weary Sun betook himself to rest.--Then issued Vesper from the fulgent West,Outshining like a visible GodThe glorious path in which he trod.And now, ascending, after one dark hour,And one night’s diminution of her power,Behold the mighty Moon! this wayShe looks as if at them—but theyRegard not her:--oh better wrong and strifeBetter vain deeds or evil than such life!The silent Heavens have goings on;The stars have tasks—but these have none.(Wordsworth 1-28)
There is a consistent tension in Romantic descriptions of gipsies between celebrating the freedom of nomadism and bemoaning the squalid conditions of homelessness. This print visualizes this tension by giving us images of both dignity and depravity and by simultaneously suggesting the idyllic and the condemnable conditions of a wandering existence.
Beggar. Ethnicity. Gypsy. Mobility. Nomadism. Racial classification. Encampment.
The Romantic tension between an emphasis on the idyllic freedom of gypsies and the simultaneous homelessness accompanying such freedom is reflected in the antithetical tones of Wordsworth’s and Clare’s poetic descriptions (quoted above). The above print visualizes this tension by giving us images of both dignity and depravity. The young boy on the far right with elevated heel, raised leg, and prominent staff seems to mediate between the movement of the Apollo Belvedere and Giambologna’s statue of Mercury, while the figure directly to his left exhibits the gentle contrapposto, curved left arm, and bowed head of the Farnese Hermes. These figures, and to a lesser extent the female figure at the threshold of the hut, retain an elegance and stature denied those figures crouching within the rustic hovel. While the nudity of the young fisherman is made innocent by the subtle quotation of a classical ideal, the undignified squat of the print’s central figure is used to underscore the poverty and shame of homelessness. Exposed to view in such an inelegant position, the artist seems incapable of articulating the genitals of the crouching man, though they are clearly delineated on the fisherman figure. This image seems to celebrate the mobility and self-sufficiency of the gypsy while simultaneously suggesting that in their temporary stasis they become increasingly savage and unclean.
Ethnographic images such as these strove to classify gypsies as an identifiable racial group, and to differentiate between particular types of gypsies (such as the rugged, Amazonian gypsy woman and the decrepit and elderly gypsy hag). Such images were included in both encyclopedic volumes of novel persons, which attempted to archive eccentric types, and more focused, scholarly treatises on the supposed cultural and biological differences of England’s domestic other.
Clare, Jonathan. "The Gipsies' Evening Blaze." “I am”: The Selected Poetry of John Clare. Ed. Jonathan Bate. New York: Farrar, 2003. 25. Print.
Grellmann, Heinrich Moritz Gottlieb. Dissertation on the Gipseys. London: William Ballintine, 1807. Print.
Hawkes, Derek and Barbara Perez. The Gypsy and the State: The Ethnic Cleansing of British Society. Oxford: Alden P, 1995. Print.
Janowitz, Anne. “Land.” An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture 1776-1832. Ed. Iain McCalman, et al. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. 152-161. Print.
Mayall, David. Gypsy Identities 1500-2000: From Egipcyans and Moon-men to the Ethnic Romany. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
McCalman, Iain, et al. An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture 1776-1832. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. Print.
Wordsworth, William. "The Gipsies." Selected Poetry. Ed. Stephen Gill and Duncan Wu. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997. 151. Print.
"Gypsy Enclave" 1807
Plate opposite the introduction in Dissertation on the Gipseys: representing their manner of life, family economy, occupations & trades, marriages & education, sickness, death & burial, religion, language, science & arts &c. &c &c: with an historical enquiry concerning their origin & first appearances in Europe. Heinrich Moritz Gottlieb Grellmann (London, 1807).
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Should Columbus Day be removed from the calendar and if so, why?
What are some of the controversies regarding Columbus Day?
2 Answers | Add Yours
Even though Columbas sailed to various islands in the Americas and thereby set off an exchange of cultures that is incredibly important as an historical event, based on recent studies of Columbus and other visitors to North America, it seems reasonable to change the focus of Columbus Day.
For example, Columbas Day is still celebrated as largely an Italian holiday in the United States. The most recent genetic studies of Columbus and his family, however, have concluded that Columbus comes from a Spanish Catalan family with banking and maritime interests. In fact, at one time, Columbus actually appears to have commanded a ship fighting against Phillip of Spain. It is clear now that Columbus does not have Italian connections.
More important, perhaps, are discoveries that men from Scandinavia (by way of Greenland) not only frequented the shores of North America but also set up a settlement at L'anse aux Meadows at the northeastern tip of Newfoundland. Probably settled around 1100 CE, it is undoubted proof of European habitation in North America.
In addition, depending on how one views the genuineness of the Kensington Stone in Minnesota and related artifacts, including the Newport Tower, it is quite possible that a small group of Europeans traveled from the coast of Canada or perhaps Massachusetts into the upper Midwest around 1300-1400 CE.
Rather than removing Columbus Day from the calendar, perhaps the focus should be on the cultural exchange between the New and Old Worlds rather than celebrating the fiction that Columbus discovered America.
It is amazing how the various waves of political correctness that currently exist in the United States can trash the reputations of people even after centuries have passed. Though it is hard to argue with some of the atrocities that have been attributed to Christopher Columbus, it is also difficult to support any attempts to eliminate the Columbus Day holiday. Opponents of the holiday have existed in various forms and date back more than 100 years.
Opposition to Columbus Day dates to at least the 19th century, when activists sought to eradicate Columbus Day celebrations because they thought they were being used to expand Catholic influence.
Anti-Italian backlash, in part due to Mafia and organized crime activity, has unjustly been associated with the holiday. Today's opposition primarily comes from descendants of the indigenous people who Columbus enslaved and mistreated. However, others believe that Columbus
brought “reason, science, self-reliance, individualism, ambition, and productive achievement” to a people who were based in “primitivism, mysticism, and collectivism”, and to a land that was “sparsely inhabited, unused, and underdeveloped."
The reputations of other famous Americans, such as Thomas Jefferson--who was found to have fathered children with his slaves-- have been trashed through historical revisionism. Other holidays have gone by the wayside: George Washington's Birthday and Abraham Lincoln's Birthday--once national holidays--were combined into President's Day, in part because of the close calendar proximity to the more recent Martin Luther King Day.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes
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Even Infants Love Books
A child does not have to read words to be able to enjoy turning pages, pointing at pictures and establishing a foundation for future independent reading. Here are a few of our favorite teaching strategies for how to use books with preschoolers even if they can’t read the words!
Every month with Mother Goose Time preschool curriculum, teachers receive a new I Can Read booklet for each child. Use the books to teach preschoolers:
- Concepts of print
- Letter/word recognition
- Reading comprehension
1. Concepts of Print
To teach concepts of print to young children, you can reference the skill continuum for tips on what children can do at different ages and levels. For example, four-year-olds may be at Benchmark 4. Research indicates that at this level “many children won’t be able to read sentences, but they could identify a few letters and even a few familiar words such as their own name, Mom, and Dad. They can even start to identify spaces between words.” Download your free skill continuum here.
When you open the I Can Read! booklet (or any storybook that you have on the shelf), go on treasure hunts. A pointer always makes hunting more fun–so give your child a special stick for book hunts. You could begin with a hunt for spaces or maybe punctuation, asking, “Can you find the period on the page?” Then try a hunt for letters.
2. Letter/Word Recognition
If you check the Skill Continuum under Letter/Word recognition, it is common for three- and four-year-olds to recognize only six or seven letters. Try focusing on the three featured letters of the month when you go on a hunt so that you reinforce these letters in a new experience. For children who are comfortable with letter recognition, you can begin to move towards word recognition.
To help you with this next step, we also include Sight Word Pointers every month with the I Can Read! booklet. After a full year of Mother Goose Time, your children will have been exposed to the pre-primary Dolch list.
QUICK FUN FACT: The Dolch Sight Words are the most commonly used set of sight words. Educator Dr. Edward William Dolch developed the list in the 1930s by studying the most frequently occurring words in children’s books of that era. Collect all of these sight word pointers and word and photo tiles so that your children can find and point at sight words in all of your storybooks or even build their own sentences with the sight word and photo tiles.
3. Reading Comprehension
Finally simply reading a story and discussing who was in it and what happened builds the foundation for future independent reading. Reading comprehension is critical to life-long literacy skills. You might notice that if you read the I Can Read! book many times, the child will be able to eventually flip the pages and re-tell most of the story from memory or by looking at the pictures.
It is even a fun activity to have the child look at a new book and have him read it to you before you: actually read the words. This will help you see how much the child understands about:
- how to hold a book
- following the left-to-right direction of text
- using pictures as clues to what the story might be
- understanding simple story sequencing of beginning, middle and end
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Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), The New Brain Diabetes
The start of everyone’s morning food routine is more than just a ritual it’s a requirement for good health. Some people fall prey to fake sweeteners and starchy breads, while others strive for low fat alternatives or nothing at all. Likewise, what you choose to ingest during that window of opportunity impacts thought patterns, hormones, memory, balance, and even emotions.
Ever wondered why some people are more tired than others? When you’re thinking hard, your brain is pulling simple sugars into your cells via important protein transporters. Fast forward to lunchtime, where your hand is struggling to hold up your coffee mug, you can’t remember whose birthday it is that day, and the crucial project you aimed to finish is still resting on top of your desk. In fact, filling up on processed sweets, simple carbohydrates, and empty liquid calories, which triggers an insulin-like disruption, may lead to the destruction of fragile nervous system networks resulting in long term brain deterioration.
Now let’s take a closer look at how sugar is the real elephant in the room, because it feeds cell damage, interferes with protein absorption, and increases cholesterol, but more importantly, sugar decreases human growth hormone. Human growth hormone, otherwise known as HGH, is a substance that helps renew tissue, restore cell damage, and keep our bodies looking young. A rise in sugar causes levels of HGH to plummet, which happens to be one of the key elements noted in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
Ultimately, you must monitor your sugar intake to reduce insulin resistance, hopefully before low levels of growth hormone causes a shrinkage in brain tissue. According to research, people who suffer from diabetes have a 65% higher incidence of Alzheimer’s disease than those who are non-diabetic. Speaking of which, our brains actually manufacture insulin. Neurons, nervous system tissue that transmits chemical signaling, need insulin to survive.
Along with a healthy exercise plan and personalized vitamin regiment, it’s important to focus on eating organically sourced, low carb, minimally processed meals with an emphasis on healthy fats to preserve optimal brain health. To further summarize, introducing large amounts of sugar into ones diet causes special proteins, called glucose transporters, to inactivate. That’s a problem, because sugars are now stockpiled in the blood causing DNA strands (genetic information) to break, depletion of antioxidant levels, decreased energy, brain fog, and a buildup of oxidative stress. If you are following a highly refined diet and suspect high blood glucose levels in the presence of brain fatigue, consider taking an oral glucose tolerance test with insulin(OGTT). The process takes no more than 3 hours and is the most comprehensive way of determining sugars total impact on the body. And because your brain is at the heart of all healthy bodily functions, it’s imperative to follow a diet that is sustainable and truly sugar free.
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May 27, 2011
Faculty members of the Center for Equine Health and the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital have prepared a "White Paper on Equine Herpes Myeloencephalopathy (EHM)."
This information on the equine herpesvirus outbreak was developed as part of an extensive outreach effort with veterinary practitioners in California and beyond.
The paper contains material on the background of equine herpesvirus, diagnosis -- including new PCR techniques -- setting up isolation of sick animals, and vaccinations. The document also contains biosecurity procedures, travel guidelines, and more.
While the paper is technical in nature, it is directed to a broad group of professionals in the equine industry as well as interested horse owners.
The publication is available at http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ceh/currenthealth.cfm
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William Thomas Stead
|William Thomas Stead|
William Thomas Stead
5 July 1849|
Embleton, Northumberland, England
|Died||15 April 1912
RMS Titanic (sunk), Atlantic Ocean
|Monuments||New York NY, 91st St and Central Park East and Victoria Embankment in London near to Fleet Street|
|Notable work(s)||The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon|
|Salary||£250 a year at the Northern Echo|
|Net worth||£13,000 probate|
William Thomas Stead (5 July 1849 – 15 April 1912) was an English newspaper editor who, as a pioneer of investigative journalism, became a controversial figure of the Victorian era. Stead published a series of hugely influential campaigns whilst editor of The Pall Mall Gazette, and he is best known for his 1885 series of articles, The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon, written in support of a bill to raise the age of consent from 13 to 16, dubbed the "Stead Act."
Stead's 'new journalism' paved the way for the modern tabloid in Great Britain. He was influential in demonstrating how the press could be used to influence public opinion and government policy, and advocated "government by journalism". He was also well known for his reportage on child welfare, social legislation and reformation of England's criminal codes.
He was born in Embleton, Northumberland, the son of a Congregational minister, the Rev William Stead and Isabella (née Jobson), a cultivated daughter of a Yorkshire farmer. A year later the family moved to Howdon on the River Tyne. Stead was largely educated at home by his father, and by the age of five he was already well-versed in the Holy Scriptures and is said to have been able to read Latin almost as well as he could read English. It was Stead's mother who perhaps had the most lasting influence on her son's career. One of Stead's favourite childhood memories was of his mother leading a local campaign against the government's controversial Contagious Diseases Acts — which required prostitutes living in garrison towns to undergo medical examination.
The Northern Echo
From 1870, Stead contributed articles to the fledgling liberal Darlington newspaper The Northern Echo, and in 1871 despite his inexperience, was made the editor of the newspaper. At the time, Stead at just 22, was the youngest newspaper editor in the country. Stead used Darlington's excellent railway connections to his advantage, increasing the newspaper's distribution to national levels. Stead was always guided by a moral mission, influenced by his faith, and wrote to a friend that the position would be "a glorious opportunity of attacking the devil".
In 1873, he married his childhood sweetheart, Emma Lucy Wilson, the daughter of a local merchant and shipowner; she would eventually bear him six children. In 1876, Stead joined a campaign to repeal the Contagious Diseases Act, befriending the feminist Josephine Butler. The law was repealed in 1886.
He gained notoriety in 1876 for his coverage of the Bulgarian atrocities agitation. He is also credited as "a major factor" in helping Gladstone win an overwhelming majority in the 1880 general election.
Pall Mall Gazette
In 1880, Stead went to London to be assistant editor of the Liberal Pall Mall Gazette (a forerunner of the London Evening Standard), where he set about revolutionizing a traditionally conservative newspaper "written by gentlemen for gentlemen". When its editor, John Morley, was elected to Parliament, Stead took over the role (1883–1889). When Morley was made Secretary of State for Ireland, Gladstone asked the new cabinet minister if he were confident that he could deal with that most distressful country. Morley replied that, if he could manage Stead, he could manage anything.
Over the next seven years Stead would develop what Matthew Arnold dubbed "The New Journalism". His innovations as editor of the Gazette included incorporating maps and diagrams into a newspaper for the first time, breaking up longer articles with eye-catching subheadings, and blending his own opinions with those of the people he interviewed. He made a feature of the Pall Mall extras, and his enterprise and originality exercised a potent influence on contemporary journalism and politics. Stead's first sensational campaign was based on a Nonconformist pamphlet, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London. His lurid stories of squalid life in the slums had a wholly beneficial effect on the capital. A Royal Commission recommended that the government should clear the slums and encourage low-cost housing in their place. It was Stead's first success. He also introduced the interview, creating a new dimension in British journalism when he interviewed General Gordon in 1884.
In 1884, Stead pressured the government to send his friend General Gordon into Sudan to protect British interests in Khartoum. The eccentric Gordon disobeyed orders, and the siege of Khartoum, Gordon's death, and the failure of the hugely expensive Gordon Relief Expedition was one of the great imperial disasters of the period. After General Gordon's death in Khartoum in January 1885, Stead ran the first 24-point headline in newspaper history, "TOO LATE!", bemoaning the relief force's failure to rescue a national hero.
1885 saw him force the British government to supply an additional £5.5million to bolster weakening naval defences, after which he published a series of articles. Stead was no hawk however; instead he believed Britain's strong navy was necessary to maintain world peace. He distinguished himself for his vigorous handling of public affairs and his brilliant modernity in the presentation of news. However, he is also credited as originating the modern journalistic technique of creating a news event rather than just reporting it, as his most famous "investigation", the Eliza Armstrong case, was to demonstrate.
In 1886, he started a campaign against Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet over his nominal exoneration in the Crawford scandal. The campaign ultimately contributed to Dilke's misguided attempt to clear his name and consequent ruin.
Eliza Armstrong case
In 1885, Stead entered upon a crusade against child prostitution by publishing a series of four articles entitled The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon. In order to demonstrate the truth of his revelations, he arranged the "purchase" of Eliza Armstrong, the 13-year-old daughter of a chimney sweep. His first instalment was trailed with a warning guaranteed to make the Pall Mall Gazette sell out. Copies changed hands for 20 times their original value and the office was besieged by 10,000 members of the public. The popularity of the articles was so great the Gazette's supply of paper ran out and had to be replenished with supplies from the rival Globe.
Though his action is thought to have furthered the passing of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, his successful demonstration of the trade's existence led to his conviction for abduction and a three-month term of imprisonment at Coldbath Fields and Holloway prisons. He was convicted on technical grounds that he had failed to first secure permission for the "purchase" from the girl's father.
The Maiden Tribute campaign was the high point in Stead's career in daily journalism. The series inspired George Bernard Shaw to write Pygmalion, and to name his lead character Eliza. Another of the characters described, the "Minotaur of London", is reckoned to have inspired Jekyll and Hyde.
Review of Reviews and other ventures
Stead resigned his editorship of the Pall Mall in 1889 in order to found the Review of Reviews (1890) with Sir George Newnes. It was a highly successful non-partisan monthly. The journal found a global audience and was intended to bind the empire together by synthesising all its best journalism. Stead's abundant energy and facile pen found scope in many other directions in journalism of an advanced humanitarian type. This time saw Stead "at the very height of his professional prestige", according to E T Raymond. He was the first editor to employ female journalists.
In 1893-4 he lived in Chicago for six months, campaigning against brothels and drinking dens, and published If Christ Came to Chicago.
Beginning in 1895, Stead issued affordable reprints of classic literature under such titles as Penny Poets and Penny Popular Novels, in which he "boil[ed] down the great novels of the world so that they might fit into, say, sixty-four pages instead of six hundred". His ethos behind the venture pre-dated Allen Lane's of Penguin Books by a number of years, and he became "the foremost publisher of paperbacks in the Victorian Age".
Stead became an enthusiastic supporter of the peace movement, and of many other movements, popular and unpopular, in which he impressed the public generally as an extreme visionary, though his practical energy was recognised by a considerable circle of admirers and pupils. Stead was a pacifist and a campaigner for peace, who favoured a "United States of Europe" and a "High Court of Justice among the nations" (an early version of the United Nations, yet he also preferred the use of force in the defence of law. He extensively covered the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 (for the last he printed a daily paper during the four month conference). He has a bust at the Peace Palace in The Hague. As a result of these activities, Stead was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.
With all his unpopularity, and all the suspicion and opposition engendered by his methods, his personality remained a forceful one both in public and private life. He was an early imperialist dreamer, whose influence on Cecil Rhodes in South Africa remained of primary importance; and many politicians and statesmen, who on most subjects were completely at variance with his ideas, nevertheless owed something to them. Rhodes made him his confidant, and was inspired in his will by his suggestions; and Stead was intended to be one of Rhodes's executors. At the time of the Second Boer War he threw himself into the Boer cause and attacked the government with characteristic violence. His name was struck out.
The number of his publications gradually became very large, as he wrote with facility and sensational fervour on all sorts of subjects, from The Truth about Russia (1888) to If Christ Came to Chicago! (Laird & Lee, 1894), and from Mrs Booth (1900) to The Americanisation of the World (1902).
In the 1890s, Stead became increasingly interested in spiritualism. In 1893 he founded a spiritualist quarterly, called Borderland, in which he gave full play to his interest in psychical research. Stead was editor and he employed Ada Goodrich Freer as assistant editor: she was also a substantial contributor under the pseudonym "Miss X". Stead claimed that he was in the habit of communicating with Freer by telepathy and automatic writing. The magazine ceased publication in 1897.
Stead claimed to be in receipt of messages from the spirit world, and, in 1892, to be able to produce automatic writing. His spirit contact was alleged to be the departed Julia Ames, an American temperance reformer and journalist whom he met in 1890 shortly before her death. In 1909 he established Julia's Bureau where inquirers could obtain information about the spirit world from a group of resident mediums.
Grant Richards said that "The thing that operated most strongly in lessening Stead's hold on the general public was his absorption in spiritualism".
The physiologist Ivor Lloyd Tuckett wrote Stead had no scientific training and was credulous when it came to the subject of spiritualism. Tuckett examined a case of spirit photography that Stead had claimed was genuine. Stead visited a photographer who produced a photograph of him with an alleged deceased soldier known as "Piet Botha". Stead claimed the photographer could not of come across any information about Piet Botha, however, Tuckett discovered that an article in 1899 had been published on Pietrus Botha in a weekly magazine with a portrait and personal details.
In the early 20th century Arthur Conan Doyle and Stead were duped into believing that the stage magicians Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote the Zancigs performed telepathy. In 1924 Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that that their mind reading act was a trick and published the secret code and all the details of the trick method they had used under the title of Our Secrets!! in a London Newspaper.
Ten years after the Titanic went down, Stead's daughter Estelle published The Blue Island: Experiences of a New Arrival Beyond the Veil, which purported to be a communication with Stead via a medium, Pardoe Woodman. In the book, Stead described his death at sea and discussed the nature of the afterlife. The manuscript was produced using automatic writing, and Ms. Stead cited as proof of its authenticity the writer's habit of going back to cross "t's" and dot "i's" while proof-reading --- which she said was characteristic of her father's writing technique in life.
Death on the Titanic
Stead boarded the Titanic for a visit to the United States to take part in a peace congress at Carnegie Hall at the request of William Howard Taft. Survivors of the Titanic reported very little about Stead's last hours. He chatted enthusiastically through the 11-course meal that fateful night, telling thrilling tales (including one about the cursed mummy of the British Museum), but then retired to bed at 10.30pm. After the ship struck the iceberg, Stead helped several women and children into the lifeboats, in an act "typical of his generosity, courage, and humanity", and gave his life jacket to another passenger.
A later sighting of Stead, by survivor Philip Mock, has him clinging to a raft with John Jacob Astor IV. "Their feet became frozen," reported Mock, "and they were compelled to release their hold. Both were drowned." William Stead's body was not recovered. Further tragedy was added by the widely held belief that he was due to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize that same year.
Stead had often claimed that he would die from either lynching or drowning. Stead published two pieces that gained greater significance in light of his fate on the Titanic. On 22 March 1886, he published an article titled "How the Mail Steamer went down in Mid Atlantic by a Survivor", wherein a steamer collides with another ship, resulting in a high loss of life due to an insufficient ratio of lifeboats to passengers. Stead had added: "This is exactly what might take place and will take place if liners are sent to sea short of boats". In 1892, Stead published a story titled "From the Old World to the New", in which a vessel, the Majestic, rescues survivors of another ship that collided with an iceberg.
Following his death, Stead was widely hailed as the greatest newspaperman of his age. His friend Lord Milner eulogised Stead as "a ruthless fighter, who had always believed himself to be 'on the side of angels'".
His sheer energy helped to revolutionise the often stuffy world of Victorian journalism, while his blend of sensationalism and indignation, now so familiar, set the tone for British tabloids for more than a century. Like many journalists, he was a curious mixture of conviction, opportunism and sheer humbug. According to his biographer W. Sydney Robinson, "He twisted facts, invented stories, lied, betrayed confidences, but always with a genuine desire to reform the world - and himself." According to Dominic Sandbrook, "Stead's papers forced his readers to confront the seedy underbelly of their own civilisation, but the editor probably knew more about that dark world than he ever let on. He held up a mirror to Victorian society, yet deep down, like so many tabloid crusaders, he was raging at his own reflection."
A memorial bronze was erected in Central Park, New York City, in 1920. It reads, "W.T. Stead 1849–1912. This tribute to the memory of a journalist of worldwide renown is erected by American friends and admirers. He met death aboard the Titanic April 15 1912, and is numbered amongst those who, dying nobly, enabled others to live." A duplicate bronze is located on the Thames Embankment not far from Temple, where Stead had an office.
A memorial plaque to Stead can also be seen at his final home, 5 Smith Square, where he lived from 1904 to 1912. It was unveiled on 28 June 2004 in the presence of his great-great-grandson, 13 year old Miles Stead. The plaque was sponsored by the Stead Memorial Society.
In 2001, the W.T. Stead Resource Site, a not-for-profit reference website devoted to the study of W.T. Stead was launched to encourage and advance debate on both Stead himself and the issues in which he became embroiled. It is currently the largest online database of material on W.T. Stead. The site is utilised by a wide variety of learning institutions, including libraries, colleges and universities within the UK and around the world.
In 2009, the British Library selected the W.T. Stead Resource Site as a suitable candidate for its web archiving programme, in which websites that are considered a valuable contribution to UK documentary heritage are permanently archived for future generations.
14 boxes of the papers of William Thomas Stead are held at Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge ref GBR/0014/STED. The bulk of this collection comprises Stead's letters from his many correspondents including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, William Gladstone, and Christabel Pankhurst. There are also papers and a diary relating to his time spent in Holloway prison in 1885, and to his many publications.
- Mooney, Bel (25 May 2012). "High morals and low life of the first tabloid hack: Muckraker: the Scandalous Life and Times of W.T. Stead by W. Sydney Robinson". Mail Online. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- "The W.T. Stead Resource Site, William Thomas Stead, Stead, Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon, Pall Mall Gazette, prostitution, child prostitution, Eliza Armstrong, Northern Echo, Review of Reviews, new journalism, sensationalism, truth about the navy, borderland, bulgarian atrocities, bulgarian horrors, victorian london, victorian, contagious diseases acts, titanic, jack the ripper, psychic, spiritualism, clairvoyant". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. 30 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- British Library - Press and Policy Centre - The newspaper giant who went down with the Titanic - Conference at the British Library to mark centenary of the death of W.T. Stead
- Joseph O. Baylen, 'Stead, William Thomas (1849–1912)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2010 accessed 3 May 2011
- "W.T. Stead Timeline". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- "The Great Educator: a Biography of W.T. Stead". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. 15 April 1912. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- Bookshelf: The Father of Tabloid Journalism - WSJ.com
- "W.T. Stead by E.T. Raymond (1922)". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- "W.T. Stead to Rev. Henry Kendall (11 April 1871)". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- "Mr William Thomas Stead". Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- W.T. Stead, a forgotten victim of Titanic - Telegraph
- "Sally Wood-Lamont, "W.T. Stead's Books for the Bairns"". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. 7 August 1923. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- Roland Pearsell (1969) The Worm in the Bud: The World of Victorian Sexuality: 369
- The Sunday Times (London), May 13, 2012 Sunday Edition 1; "National Edition Fleet Street's crusading villain; The Victorian editor whose love of sensationalism set the tone for the tabloids for a century Scandalmonger", 40-42
- Stead, Estelle (1913). My Father. (London)m p. 112,
- Roland Pearsell (1969) The Worm in the Bud: The World of Victorian Sexuality: 367-78
- Book review: Muckraker, W Sydney Robinson - Scotland - Scotsman.com
- "Grant Richards on Stead as Employer &c". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- Sally Wood (1987). W.T. Stead and his "Books for the bairns". Edinburgh: Salvia Books. ISBN 0-9512533-0-1.
- W. T. Stead, "The Great Pacifist: an Autobiographical Character Sketch" (1901), published posthumously in The Review of Reviews for Australasia, (August 1912) pp. 609–620.
- The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes, ed. W. T. Stead (Review of Reviews Office: London), 1902.
- Enciklopedio de Esperanto[dead link], 1933.
- Janet Oppenheim (1988). The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-521-34767-X.
- Hall, Trevor H. (1980). The Strange Story of Ada Goodrich Freer. Gerald Duckworth and Company. pp. 45–52. ISBN 0-7156-1427-4.
- Laurel Brake; Marysa Demoor (2009). Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. Academia Press. p. 65. ISBN 90-382-1340-9.
- María del Pilar Blanco; Esther Peeren (2010). Popular Ghosts: The Haunted Spaces of Everyday Culture. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 58. ISBN 1-4411-6401-4.
- Borderland I: 6. 1893. Quoted in Hall (1980) p.50
- Grant Richards (1933). Memories of a misspent youth, 1872–1896. Harper & Brothers. p. 306.
- Ivor Lloyd Tuckett. (1911). The Evidence for the Supernatural: A Critical Study Made with "Uncommon Sense". Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company. pp. 52-53
- John Booth. (1986). Psychic Paradoxes. Prometheus Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-0879753580
- Pardoe Woodman and Estelle Stead (1922). The Blue Island: Experiences of a New Arrival Beyond the Veil.Hutchinson & Co., London
- "Stead and Astor cling to Raft" (Worcester Telegram, 20 April 1912) at www.attackingthedevil.co.uk
- W.T. Stead, "How the Mail Steamer went down in Mid Atlantic" (1886) at www.attackingthedevil.co.uk
- W.T. Stead, "From the Old World to the New" (The Review of Reviews Christmas Number, 1892) at www.attackingthedevil.co.uk
- W. T. Stead and the Eastern Question (1875-1911); or, How to Rouse England and Why? | Prévost | 19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century
- Roy Jenkins, Victorians Uncovered - William Stead: unscrupulous journalist or moral crusader?
- City of Westminster green plaques http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/
- Brake, Laurel et al. W.T. Stead: Newspaper Revolutionary (British Library, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 232 pages; 2013), essays by scholars
- Underwood, Peter (1978). Dictionary of the Supernatural. London: George G. Harrap & Co. ISBN 0-245-52784-2.
- Lord, Walter. A Night to Remember. ISBN 0-553-01060-3.
- Schults, RL (1972). Crusader in Babylon: W.T. Stead and the Pall Mall Gazette. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-0760-8.
Major published sources are as follows: Eckley, Grace. Maiden Tribute: A Life of W. T. Stead, 2007. Jones, Victor G., Saint or Sensationalist? 1988. NewsStead, twice-yearly Ed. Grace Eckley, 1992–2004. Robertson Scott, J. W. The Life and Death of a Newspaper, 1954. Whyte, Frederic. A Life of W. T. Stead, 2 volumes, 1925.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Thomas Stead.|
- The W. T. Stead Resource Site
- Encyclopedia Titanica Biography of W. T. Stead
- William Stead: unscrupulous journalist or moral crusader? article by Roy Hattersley
- NewsStead: A Journal of History and Literature
- Spiritualism by William Thomas Stead and his daughter Estelle
- "Website of Stead's most recent biographer, W. Sydney Robinson"
- The Last Will and Testament of [[Cecil Rhodes|Cecil J. Rhodes, Edited by Stead]
|Editor of The Pall Mall Gazette
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If you are a senior and feel as if you are having a harder time maintaining your balance than you once did, you are not alone. As you age, you become increasingly likely to fall and suffer a serious injury as a result, and there are many reasons why this is the case. Because your risk of falling is likely already higher than that of the general population, seemingly minor environmental hazards, such as slippery floors or sidewalks, pose a more substantial threat to you than others.
Your fall risks become so pronounced as you age, in fact, that fall-related injuries are now the leading cause of senior injuries, deaths and hospital visits. Just what is it about the aging process that places you at higher risk of a slip-and-fall accident?
Older people are prone to a variety of chronic diseases, among them arthritis and Alzheimer’s disease, that can enhance one’s risk of falling. Some such conditions that are common among older people can cause side effects that include numbness in the feet, which can make it even more difficult for you to maintain your balance.
Lack of motion
If you are like most older people, you are probably moving around less as you age. When your level of physical activity declines, however, so, too, can your flexibility and muscle mass. A decline in physical activity can also impact coordination and balance, again heightening your risk of a fall.
Use of medication
Many seniors rely on prescription medications for a broad range of reasons, but many such medications, including opioids, antidepressants and certain heart medications, can bring with them dangerous side effects that can lead to imbalance and enhance your fall risk. When seniors take multiple prescription medications at the same time, this can also compound the risk of a fall.
Often, seniors are dealing with more than one of these risk factors when they take a serious fall. If you have concerns about slip-and-fall injuries, consider making efforts to mitigate these risk factors wherever possible.
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https://www.waffenlaw.com/blog/2018/07/why-seniors-are-more-prone-to-falling/
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The easiest way to improve your digital privacy is to switch your IP address using a VPN. We’ll …
If there’s anything more devastating than ransomware, it’s a data wiping attack. Ransomware, at the very least, gives you a way to realistically recover your files; once a data wiping attack hits, all the files in your system are deleted permanently, and recovery efforts are significantly harder, if not impossible. To protect yourself, you may want to consider downloading an anonymous VPN, among other safety precautions.
Data wiping attacks
A data wiping attack is a type of cyber attack wherein the aim of the perpetrator is to completely wipe away all data on the targeted device. Most data wiping attacks are software-based, are carried out via the usual attack methods, and can be supported by social engineering and other infection techniques.
Data wiping is different from basic file erasure commands in that with the latter, only the virtual link to the file is deleted and the file remains in the hard disk. This means that the file can still be accessed using the right recovery tools. Data wiping, on the other hand, completely eradicates not just the virtual link to file, but also the file itself.
Therefore, a data wiping attack can be devastating because it makes it impossible for the victim to recover their lost files. A data wiping attack can result in substantial losses, especially for enterprises and large organizations.
Three of the most popular wiper strains
The Shamoon computer virus is notorious for being involved in a number of headlining wiper attacks since first appearing in 2012, when it victimized Saudi Aramco and other oil firms in Saudi Arabia. The strain appeared again in November 2016, attacking several Saudi Arabian government offices.
StoneDrill is believed to be an enhanced version of the Shamoon computer virus, which was found by Russian antivirus company Kaspersky Lab in March 2017 targeting European networks. StoneDrill is considered an enhanced version of Shamoon because of its improved evasion capabilities and an added ransomware module.
In March 2013, South Korea experienced widespread data wiping attacks that deleted the files of an estimated 32,000 personal computers. Several news organizations, banks and government offices were shut down as a result of the attack. The strain, which was named Dark Seoul, would resurface in 2015 to target the European logistics and transportation sector.
4 tips to protect your files from data wiping attacks
If you want to ensure that your files are protected from data wiping attacks, there are a number of precautions that you can consider to make this possible.
- Don’t skimp on software upgrades. Upgrades are done for a lot of reasons, and one of these is to introduce patches to previously known vulnerabilities. Make sure to keep your operating system and security software up to date at all times.
- Be careful what you click. Data wiping attacks us with the same vectors as malware infections, including infected images, spoofed sites and file downloads, so be careful what you click.
- Avoid shady websites. A lot of websites are infected with malware, and adult sites and untrusted sites definitely rank high among the most infected ones. When surfing the web, it’s best to avoid these.
- Use an anonymous VPN. Today, there are a number of anonymous VPN software that provide added protection against malware attacks online. One such software is Hotspot Shield, which protects users from infections by blocking access to infected sites.
How an anonymous VPN like Hotspot Shield protects you
Hotspot Shield can make your online sessions protected against data wiping attacks by notifying you if you’re about to open an infected site. Hotspot Shield uses a database of websites that are known to be infected to make this possible. With this, you are immediately informed if there’s a potential attack coming your way.
To learn more about this and other benefits, visit the Hotspot Shield website today. To download the free version of Hotspot Shield, click here. Get more tips on online security and anonymity by reading our blog!
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Brown, Richard Danson
Due to copyright restrictions, this file is not available for public download
Click here to request a copy from the OU Author.
|Google Scholar:||Look up in Google Scholar|
This is an article which introduces students to the meaning of iambic pentameter through examples from Shakespeare and Spenser, and which clarifies some of the ways in which such metrical forms can affect the meaning of passages from both plays and poems.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Copyright Holders:||2011 Philip Allan Updates|
|Keywords:||iambic pentameter; poetry; Shakespeare; Spenser|
|Academic Unit/Department:||Arts > English|
|Depositing User:||Richard Brown|
|Date Deposited:||19 Jan 2012 16:54|
|Last Modified:||26 Oct 2012 04:53|
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| 0.760526 | 206 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Museum of the American Revolution collection
Held at: Museum of the American Revolution [Contact Us]123 Chestnut Street, Suite 401, Philadelphia, PA, 19106
This is a finding aid. It is a description of archival material held at the Museum of the American Revolution. Unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in their reading room, and not digitally available through the web.
Overview and metadata sections
The Museum of the American Revolution focuses on the history of the rebellion of the North American colonies against British rule that resulted in the formation of the United States of America, covering a period that ranges roughly from the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, through the Revolutionary War, until the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The Museum also chronicles the development of the idea of independence over history and in the United States after the end of the war.
The core of this collection is items from the Revolutionary era (1775-1783), but there are also items pre-dating the war that provide context for the Revolution, and items post-dating the war that demonstrate its aftereffects, the evolution of independence and revolutionary ideas, the lives of veterans, commemorations of soldiers and of Revolutionary sites (especially Valley Forge, Pa.), and related topics. The collection includes letters, financial documents such as supply receipts, muster rolls, genealogical information, military commissions, orderly books, photographs, property-related documents, and printed materials (largely from the Colonial/Revolutionary era) including newspapers, ephemera, lithographs, and pamphlets. Many prominent historical figures are represented in the collection, including George and Martha Washington and their descendants, Baron von Steuben, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, the Marquis de Lafayette, and others. An item-level inventory is available on-site.
The bulk of the materials in this collection were assembled by the Valley Forge Historical Society. Circa 2003, the Valley Forge Historical Society transferred all of its holdings to the National Center for the American Revolution, a non-profit that was later renamed the Museum of the American Revolution.
Summary descriptive information on this collection was compiled in 2012-2014 as part of a project conducted by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania to make better known and more accessible the largely hidden collections of small, primarily volunteer run repositories in the Philadelphia area. The Hidden Collections Initiative for Pennsylvania Small Archival Repositories (HCI-PSAR) was funded by a grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
This is a preliminary finding aid. No physical processing, rehousing, reorganizing, or folder listing was accomplished during the HCI-PSAR project.
In some cases, more detailed inventories or finding aids may be available on-site at the repository where this collection is held; please contact Museum of the American Revolution directly for more information.
- United States--History
- United States--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775
- United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783
- Museum of the American Revolution
- Finding Aid Author
- Finding aid prepared by Celia Caust-Ellenbogen and Sarah Leu through the Historical Society of Pennsylvania's Hidden Collections Initiative for Pennsylvania Small Archival Repositories
- This preliminary finding aid was created as part of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania's Hidden Collections Initiative for Pennsylvania Small Archival Repositories. The HCI-PSAR project was made possible by a grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
- Access Restrictions
Contact Museum of the American Revolution for information about accessing this collection.
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Over the past two decades, ice melting in Greenland and Antarctica caused an 11-millimeter rise in the world’s sea levels, according to a new study compiled by researchers who say it is the most accurate measurement of ice loss to date.
“Both ice sheets appear to be losing more ice now than 20 years ago, but the pace of ice loss from Greenland is extraordinary, with nearly a fivefold increase since the mid-1990s,” stated Erik Ivins of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who helped lead the study. “In contrast, the overall loss of ice in Antarctica has remained fairly constant, with the data suggesting a 50 percent increase in Antarctic ice loss during the last decade.”
Published in the journal Science on Thursday, led by scientists at the University of Leeds, and involving 47 researchers, the study used aircraft and 10 different satellites to measure the ice and its rate of melt. The research was backed by the European Space Agency and NASA.
The 11.1-millimeter, or 0.47-inch rise in sea levels from the polar ice sheets makes up a fifth of the total rise over the survey period. The remaining sea level rise was caused by ice melt in other places, such as glaciers and ice caps, the expansion of the warming oceans, and by groundwater mining, according to the release.
The overall rate of melting of the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica has increased over time. They are now shedding more than three times as much ice—contributing to 0.95 mm rise in sea level per year—than in the 1990s, when both were losing the equivalent of 0.27 mm per year.
Together, the two areas lose around 344 billion tons of ice each year, researchers estimate, and of that, Greenland’s share is around 263 billion tons, which was about what they expected. The remainder was lost in Antarctica.
In previous years, there was a disagreement about the amount of ice lost, especially in Antarctica. Some studies showed massive ice loss and others even showed a gain in ice.
In this latest study, researchers were able to “reconcile the differences” among numerous previous studies on the matter, a release from Leeds University states.
One of the issues with measuring ice loss is the remoteness of the locations—Greenland is mostly uninhabited and Antarctica is entirely uninhabited, save a few scientists—and the massive size of the ice sheets. Scientists also have to differentiate between snow and ice.
The scientists said the newest study’s data is consistent with climate change predictions laid out in the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. However, the latest data offers clarity that the 2007 study did not.
“Without these efforts, we would not be in a position to tell people with confidence how Earth’s ice sheets have changed, and to end the uncertainty that has existed for many years,” said professor Andrew Shepherd, head of the study.
The Epoch Times publishes in 35 countries and in 19 languages. Subscribe to our e-newsletter.
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There are some 110 species of lilies in the genius Lilium. They are ordinarily grown from bulbs sold in nurseries and garden supply centers and typically propagated by dividing young plants growing from bulbs. Some species have bulbs that produce underground stems called rhizomes; others produce above-ground stems called stolons. By collecting seeds produced by the pollen of two related species of lilies, you can create hybrid seeds. Lilies grown from these seeds will not be identical to either parent plant. This is how you create named varieties called cultivars.
Selecting Seed Pods
Small, green seed pods form on lily blooms. When the earliest blooms have started to fade and the seed pods have begun to swell, remove the blooms. This is called deadheading. Leave one or two seed pods on each stem. This will encourage the lily to produce more seed.
Picking the Pods
Watch the remaining pods. Pick them when they are lightly soft and yellow but before they turn brown and split open, spilling their seeds on the ground. The pods will be ready to pick in six to eight weeks.
Removing the Seeds
Let the pods dry completely. Remove the black, glossy seeds, place them on a paper towel and allow them to dry. Hold the seeds up to the light. Look for a tiny embryo in the seed, indicating that it is good seed. Discard the chaff, the seeds that do not have embryos.
Storing the Seeds
Store the seeds in clear plastic bag in a cool, dry place. When you want to germinate them, put them in a plastic bag with some peat moss and a few teaspoons full of water and refrigerate for at least three weeks. This is called cold stratification. Watch the seeds. Plant any seeds that begin to sprout.
Planting the Seeds
Plant the seeds 1/4 to 1/2 inch deep in a soil-less planting mix at a temperature between 70 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Some seedlings may appear in two to six weeks, but some may require up to three months. Transplant the seedlings when there is no more danger of frost. Only a small percentage of lily seeds will germinate outdoors. You will achieve greater success if you have a heated greenhouse or indoor grow-lights.
- University of Kentucky: Hemerocallis (Daylily) Propagation
- University of Rhode Island: Day Lilies
- AllAboutDaylilies.org: How to Propagate and Divide Daylilies
- Lilybulb.com: Lily Bulbs from Seed
- University of Maryland Extension: Production of Asiatic and Oriental Lilies as Cut Flowers
- Cascade Bulb and Seed: Growing Lilies from Seed
- Jupiterimages/liquidlibrary/Getty Images
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The event raises two broad sets of questions. First, why would an in-group with voting power choose to weaken its power by extending that power to others? Second, how has the vote of women changed actual US political patterns? After all, there was some question about back in 1920 about how many women would actually vote. If women as a group voted in pretty much the same patterns as their brothers, husbands. and fathers, would women's suffrage leave the overall electoral results mostly unchanged?
Two papers in the Spring 2020 issue of the Journal of Economic Perspectives tackle these issues:
- Moehling, Carolyn M., and Melissa A. Thomasson. "Votes for Women: An Economic Perspective on Women's Enfranchisement."
- Cascio, Elizabeth U., and Na'ama Shenhav. 2020. "A Century of the American Woman Voter: Sex Gaps in Political Participation, Preferences, and Partisanship since Women's Enfranchisement."
As one would expect, the path to women's suffrage in 1920 involved a number of interacting factors. Some of the important factors include:
- The sheer persistence of the suffrage movement over the decades. What was unthinkable even to some proponents in 1848 had become at least a thinkable controversy several decades later after decades of (mostly failed) demonstrations, referenda, and proposed legislation.
- Many western US states granted suffrage to women for state-level elections. Part of the reason seems to be that women were scarce in these jurisdictions. Another was a hope by certain politicians that women would be a reliable vote in favor of community-building efforts like schools and sanitation. Part of the reason was that in these states, women's suffrage was not blocked by the state constitution, and thus could become law with a simple vote of the legislature.
- Especially after about 1890, the women's suffrage movement became more strategic about forming coalitions. For example, large labor unions had growing numbers of women as members by the 1890s, and began to endorse women's suffrage. The same was true of groups supporting farmers. Prohibition groups like the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which had always included a number of women who did not support suffrage, became active in the pro-suffrage movement.
- By about 1910, states were taking the lead on women's suffrage. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt's Bull Moose party endorsed women's suffrage. Moehling and Thomasson: "The suffrage parade in New York City in 1915 involved an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 women, including 74 women on horseback, 57 marching bands, and 145 decorated automobiles (McCammon 2003, 791). These parades brought together suffrage supporters from across the political and economic spectrum and put this diversity on display to the public. The scale and spectacle of the parades led to coverage by the press, greatly expanding public awareness of the movement. The doldrums of the suffrage movement ended in 1910 when the state of Washington granted women full suffrage. California followed in 1911, and Arizona, Kansas, and Oregon followed in 1912. ... With the exception of New Mexico, all of the states west of the Rocky Mountains extended full voting rights to women by 1914."
- The prominent role of women in the World War I effort also helped shift support in favor of suffrage.
One striking outcome of this history is that the 19th Amendment was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919 and all the states needed to ratify the amendment had done so barely more than a year later August 18, 1920. It took a long time for women's suffrage to happen, but when it did happen, it had a deep level of broader legitimacy because of that history, and because of the number of powerful political, economic, and social forces aligned in support.
What happened in the decades after women's suffrage was adopted? Cascio and Shenhav piece together the story. They offer the reminder that as late as 1940, the prominent pollster George Gallup was quoted as saying: “How will [women] vote on election day? Just exactly as they were told the night before." Of course, it wasn't that simple.
They describe how the voting participation rates of women rose over time, and have been higher than men's rates of voting since 1980. They also present evidence that in the last half-century or so, women have become more likely to identify with the Democratic Party. They argue that these patterns seem connected to rising rates of high school and then college graduation among women. They also argue that although partisan voting differences between men and women have become larger in recent decades, there is little evidence that this greater partisanship reflects an increase in policy preferences between men and women. Cascio and Shenhav summarize:
The female voter has come a long way since the passage of the first suffrage laws at the turn of the century and since the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 extended the franchise (at least in principle) to women nationwide. We trace the evolution of the sex gap in voter turnout and partisanship over the last 80 years using a novel dataset of voter surveys. We find that women closed a 10 percentage point gap in voter turnout over the 40 years from 1940 to 1980 and over the next 40 years from 1980 to present gained more than a 4 percentage point advantage in turnout over men. Additionally, while women and men had similar patterns of party support in 1940, over the last half-century, a 12 percentage point sex gap has emerged in the probability of women and men identifying with the Democratic Party.
What accounts for these changes? We argue that the relative rise in women’s turnout is largely explained by the replacement of older, low-participation cohorts with younger, high-participation cohorts. Descriptively, we find that these cohort effects are associated with women’s differential response to increasing rates of high school graduation, with less explanatory power for rising rates of college attendance. In contrast, the rise in women’s support for Democrats appears to have been common to all cohorts. At least since the 1970s, this seems to be best explained by the trend towards greater polarization of political parties, as we find little evidence of any change in the gap in policy preferences across men and women.
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- Historic Sites
April/May 1978 | Volume 29, Issue 3
”If you meet a man who has on an India-rubber cap, stock, coat, vest, and shoes, with an India-rubber money purse without a cent of money in it, that is he .”
Thus did one of his neighbors describe Charles Goodyear, a seeming lunatic who was trudging around the Eastern seaboard in 1837 trying to drum up interest in rubber products. He had been promoting the general usefulness of rubber for three years with scant success; the industry had already died, and everybody knew it.
A century earlier, French explorers had found Peruvian Indians making boots from the tough, clear sap of a native tree. The party brought some of this substance home with them, and for a few years “gum elastic” stirred mild interest in Europe. The’great British chemist Joseph Priestley claimed that it was good for rubbing out mistakes in manuscripts, thereby giving it the name by which it would forever be known. By-1820 rubber was being manufactured on a small scale, but it was too unstable to be of any real use-it became sticky in the heat, and rock-hard when cold.
Nevertheless, New England Yankees, with their love of anything tricky and new, began buying rubber boots, arid in 1833 a Boston entrepreneur named E. M. Chaffee founded the Roxbury India Rubber Company. Other firms sprang up throughout the Northeast, producing coats, caps, and wagon covers. But in the summer, these items melted into gummy masses so foul-smelling that they had to be buried. The “India-rubber fever” burned itself out, and by the middle of the decade stockholders had lost two million dollars, while most of the factories stood vacant.
Into this highly unpromising situation walked Charles Goodyear, filled with the ingenuous belief that he could make something workable out of rubber. Goodyear had had little enough to encourage him at any point in his life. Born in 1800, the son of a New Haven hardware manufacturer, he entered the family business and soon helped run his father into bankruptcy. By 1830 he was in debtors’ prison. Pour years later, while visiting New York, he wandered into a branch office of the Roxbury Company and examined a rubber life preserver. Goodyear thought the inflating valve crude, bought the preserver, and reappeared a few days later with an improved valve. The manager of the store told him gloomily that he would have done better to improve the rubber.
Goodyear had no background in chemistry and knew nothing whatever about rubber, yet he returned home convinced that “an object so desirable and so important, and so necessary to man’s comfort, as the making of gum-elastic available to his use, was most certainly placed within his reach.” And he knew God had chosen Charles Goodyear as His agent in this great design.
He began his experiments in prison, where he had again been sent for debts. But raw rubber was dirt cheap now-ships were using it for ballast—and Goodyear could get all he needed.
He needed a lot, for he tried mixing with it every substance he could think of-ink, castor oil, soup, cream cheese, witch hazel. Something had to work, and if he tested everything in the world, sooner or later he would find it. Out of prison again, and persuaded that he had made progress, he opened a shop stocked with rubber shoes. Summer came along, and the shoes melted.
He mixed the gum with magnesia and quicklime, and got white rubber smooth and supple as leather. Rejoicing, he announced his discovery to the press, was well praised, and then found that any acid, however weak—a drop of lemonade, saydestroyed the product.
In 1839 he won a government contract for mailbags. The mailbags fell apart as soon as he delivered them.
That same year, however, while experimenting with rubber and sulphur in his kitchen at Woburn, Massachusetts, he spilled some of the mixture onto the top of the stove. To his astonishment, it did not melt, but charred instead. “I… inferred,” he wrote, “that if the charring… could be stopped at the right moment, it might divest the compound of its stickiness throughout.” Goodyear had discovered the process of vulcanization, which made possible the commercial use of rubber. After five years of blind and dogged effort, he had succeeded.
Nobody believed him. People shied away from the relentless monomaniac; he had cried eureka too often. For five more years he plodded around New England, trying to wring a few dollars out of old associates, carrying with him the maddening knowledge that he had found the secret and was unable to exploit it. After one such errand, he said, “I walked home … ten miles, to learn on the threshold that my youngest boy, two years of age, who was in perfect health when I left home, was then dying.” Another time, with his library long since dispersed, he sold his children’s schoolbooks for five dollars. A neighbor recalled once seeing Goodyear’s famished children grubbing up half-ripe potatoes from their garden.
At last, in 1844, he secured a patent. News of his process began to spread, but his desperate situation forced him to sell manufacturing licenses for far less than their true value. Almost immediately, he became embroiled in patent-infringement suits. In 1852, at the urging of a New Jersey-New England combine called The Shoe Associates, Daniel Webster, the aging secretary of state, agreed to defend Goodyear’s patent. Though Webster put less than an hour’s preparation into the trial, he won the case; the vulcanization process was Goodyear’s and Goodyear’s alone. Webster got fifteen thousand dollars for his day’s work—more money than Goodyear had earned in half a century.
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The properties of radium just disclosed to the world by the French physicist M. Curie do not yield in theoretic interest to the Rüntgen rays themselves. Radium is a recently discovered substance so called because it emits "rays" which when thrown on a sensitive screen of certain other substances render the screen luminous.
The nature of these "rays,'' which have been investigated by Sir William Crookes, is in itself sufficiently puzzling. A magnifying glass shows the sensitive screen to become luminous under the impact of tiny particles. These particles seem to be infinitely numerous — a minute quantity of radium salt will temporarily enable every vessel and object near it to render the screen luminous; and yet no diminution can be observed in the mass of the radiating body. M. Curie has passed from these light-producing properties of radium to discover in it a much more unique property of emitting heat. His experiments showed it continuously emitted heat for months without combustion or any kind of chemical change or change in its molecular structure. The amount of heat given out was far from minute. Radium maintained its own temperature 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit above that of its surroundings; half a pound of it would evolve per hour heat equal to that produced by burning a third of a cubic foot of hydrogen; and after doing this for indefinite periods it was found not only molecularly unaltered but without any apparent loss or exhaustion of this peculiar heat-producing power.
All one's ideas about the conservation of energy are so rudely affronted by this impassively active substance, which persists in turning out heat without haste and without rest, without beginning and without end. The wonder is hardly diminished when we rehearse once more our faith in the conservation of energy, and inquire what sources of it radium can possibly tap. For the only answer is that they must be sources to which as yet we can compare no others. Radium must absorb some form of ambient energy quite unknown to us, to whose action the ordinary substances of the molecular world are indifferent. This energy must be all about us; we cannot gauge its possible resources; yet we knew nothing of it till yesterday, and only know it now as transmuted by radium.
If only there were more radium in the world we could keep the earth warm with it when the sun went out.
These archive extracts are compiled by members of the Guardian's research and information department. Email: [email protected]
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By Teachers, For Teachers
Learning disabilities can create educational and social challenges to those who struggle with them. Despite their learning obstacles, the following stars are living proof that students struggling with learning disabilities can achieve their dreams.
Here are the top-12 successful, inspiring stars who live with a learning or communication disability:
Keira Knightley: British star Keira Knightly wanted to be an actress since she was a toddler, but it wasn’t an easy task. Knightely was diagnosed with dyslexia at the age of 6. Her parents forced her to focus on reading skills if she wanted to act. In a Boston Globe Article, Knightly credited her struggle with dyslexia for making her tougher and teaching her how far tenacity could take her.
Tom Cruise: This producer, director, actor, dominates the big screen, but he wasn’t as successful as a student. In a People Magazine interview, Cruise described himself as a “functional illiterate” due to his young diagnosis as a dyslexic. Because of this struggle, he focused his skills less on studying and more on sports and theatre, where he excelled. He is now a founding board member of the Hollywood Education and Literacy Project (H.E.L.P.), an organization that offers free tutoring in communities all over the world.
Bruce Willis: Although this mega movie star often kicks butt on the big screen, he struggled as a student. Willis suffered from a severe stutter for the first 20 years of his life. According to a 2001 biography, Willis explained that acting helped him overcome his obstacle. He said, “A big part of my sense of humor came out of my stuttering, in trying to overcome that and have some dignity. I said, 'Yes, I stutter, but I can make you laugh.'”
Jim Carrey: Jim Carrey’s unique comedic abilities have catapulted his successful acting career. The funny man is known for his wild mannerisms on screen, and off. Carrey is one of many adults who suffer from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, better known as ADHD. He admits that in school he would get in trouble for disrupting other students. Carrey learned to channel his energy and creativity into his acting career.
Like his former Pirates costar Keira Knightely, Orlando Bloom is a diagnosed dyslexic. Bloom spent his youth struggling with his learning disability and turned to the stage for an outlet. Bloom believes his disability helped create a strong work ethic, which helped launch his successful career. While speaking to a crowd about his dyslexia, Bloom said, "I had to work three times as hard to get two-thirds of the way.”
Cher: This multi-talented Diva has won an Academy Award, Emmy, Grammy, and Golden Globe all without finishing high school. At age 16, Cher found school too difficult and dropped out. It wasn’t until she was an adult that she realized she had suffered from dyslexia her whole life. Cher describing how learning with dyslexia was a challenge, stating “Almost everything I learned, I had to learn by listening.” Her learning disability did not stop her from becoming a worldwide super star.
Vince Vaughn:: Vince Vaughn is great at making people laugh, but he was often the target of laughter growing up. As a student, Vince was sent to special education classes due to his dyslexia, which caused him embarrassment amongst his classmates. Looking back, Vince credits his learning disability for aiding in his success. He stated, “when you have these setbacks, you develop a really good work ethic, because you have to try harder."
This record-breaking swimmer was diagnosed with ADHD at a young age. As a student, teachers told Phelp’s mom that he would never be able to focus on anything. Phelp’s proved everyone wrong. He focused all his attention and energy on swimming and we know the outcome of that: 6 gold medals and 2 bronze medals all in one Olympics.
Whoopi Goldberg: This multi-talented star can do it all, but she didn’t always feel like she could succeed. Whoopi was an undiagnosed dyslexic up until her adult life. Many of her teachers told her she was slow and dumb. Despite her childhood struggles with dyslexia, Whoopi went on to find great success as a performer. She is one of only ten people to win an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony Award and is now a children’s author of two books, Whoopi’s Big Book of Manners and Alice.
Jay Leno: Jay Leno gets laughs easily while on stage, but getting good grades in school was not as easy. Because of his dyslexia, Jay’s grades consisted mostly of C’s and D’s. His struggle in school did not stop him from wanted to be a college graduate and even influenced his chosen degree. Leno earned his B.A. in Speech Therapy from Emerson College in Boston. He also contributes his dyslexia for enabling him to succeed in his comedy career.
Henry Winkler: Henry Winkler played the cool character The Fonz on Happy Days. While he played this confident character on screen, Winkler had little confidence in the classroom due to his unidentified dyslexia. His disability was often mistaken as laziness and stupidity. Despite his long struggle with dyslexia, Winkler is now co-author of the children’s book series, Hank Zipzer: The World’s Greatest Underachiever. This series is inspired by his experiences growing up with undiagnosed dyslexia. He is also the Honorary Chairman of Smart Kids with Learning Disabilities organization.
Dan Aykroyd: Before he busted out his musical talents in the film Blues Brothers, Dan Akroyd was diagnosed with two major disabilities: Tourette’s and Asperger’s. Though Aykroyd's case was considered mild and had mostly subsided by his adult life, he said he struggled with it through much of his childhood.
Do you know any other inspiring stars or success stories of people living with a learning disability? Share with us!
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Reading speed in subtitling for hearing impaired children: an analysis in Spanish television
Ana Tamayo, Universitat Jaume I
Reading speed is one of the essential parameters to consider when designing subtitles for a hearing impaired audience. Images, subtitles and spoken dialogue are the three sources of information in a subtitled audiovisual text. These three sources of information, along with the reading capacity of the audience, make up the basic characteristics of the medium (De Linde and Kay 1999). Hence, it seems essential to comprehend and characterise the reading ability of the audience in order to create relevant subtitles. The present article seeks to investigate speed of D/deaf1 and hard of hearing subtitling (SDH)—also known as captioning—for children. It seeks to do so by describing, analysing and evaluating the SDH broadcast by the three channels exclusively dedicated to the youngest audience in Spain. The analysis is compared with the UNE Standard 153010 and put into context by drawing on existing studies in the field.
Subtitling, SDH, audiovisual translation, accessibility, children, subtitling speed.
La velocidad de lectura es uno de los parámetros fundamentales para diseñar subtítulos para un público con pérdida auditiva. Las imágenes, los subtítulos y el diálogo audible son las fuentes de información del texto audiovisual subtitulado. Estas tres fuentes de información, junto con la capacidad lectora de la audiencia, conforman las características básicas del medio (De Linde y Kay 1999). Parece, pues, indispensable, comprender y caracterizar la capacidad lectora de la audiencia para diseñar subtítulos relevantes para la misma. El presente trabajo pretende dar cuenta de la realidad de la velocidad de lectura para el subtitulado para personas sordas (SPS) dedicado a niños, mediante una descripción, análisis y evaluación del subtitulado emitido por los tres canales dedicados exclusivamente a la programación infantil y juvenil en España en comparación con la vigente norma UNE 153010 y con la revisión teórica de estudios previos.
Subtitulación, SPS, traducción audiovisual, accesibilidad, niños, velocidad del subtitulado.
1.1 Object of study
The present piece of research aims at analysing and evaluating two variables, namely subtitling speed and pause between subtitles, related to the reading of subtitles in the Spanish television channels dedicated exclusively to the youngest audiences. To do so, previous relevant studies focusing on subtitling speed and pause between subtitles are reviewed. Based on those previous studies, a maximum subtitle speed and a minimum pause between subtitles for hearing impaired Spanish children are established for the present study. These are then compared and analysed in triangulation with data gathered and with the current UNE Standard in Spain to discuss and draw conclusions about the homogeneity and quality of SDH for children in Spanish television. Those conclusions lead to hypotheses about the adequacy of current SDH practices in meeting the needs of the audience. Any hypotheses will need to be validated or refuted in a future reception study with hearing impaired children, in which comprehension scores of subtitles are analysed in relation to the variables.
For hearing adults, reading speed is considered to be around 66% of the average speaking speed (De Linde and Kay 1999). This means that subtitles for hearing adults should have a reduction of at least one third of what is being heard in order to be read completely. If the subtitle does not stay on screen long enough, the viewer is forced to read too fast and might have the feeling he or she has read the video instead of watched it (Díaz Cintas and Remael 2007). Studies claim that understanding a subtitle does not only rely on reading, but also on comprehending and assimilating its message (Díaz Cintas 2003). Reading does not necessarily mean understanding and, therefore, the time a subtitle remains on screen should be enough to allow, on the one hand, an adequate reading pace and, on the other hand, cognitive processing of the information to understand it.
In comparison with subtitles for adults, “children’s subtitles have to be displayed for longer, entailing more editing of the dialogue in order to keep them within the original structure of a programme” (De Linde and Kay 1999: 52). In the case of children with hearing impairment, it must be taken into account that they face the reading activity and its learning process in a very different way to their hearing counterparts (Neves 2005). More specifically, “as shown by both Conrad (1977) and Torres Monreal and Santana Hernández (2005)2, the reading level of deaf high school students corresponds to that of hearing students who are seven years younger” (Romero Fresco 2010: 179). More recently, Traxler (2000) found out that the median reading skills of deaf students aged between 8 and 18 were equal to those of hearing students in fourth grade (aged between 9 and 10). Although reading habits and hearing aids have certainly changed over the last decades, it remains true that reading imposes added difficulties for deaf people, who usually have less language-specific knowledge (semantic and syntax) and also less of the oral skills necessary for reading (Torres and Santana 2005). Nevertheless, and bearing in mind that 80% of hearing impaired children attend mainstream schools (Zarate 2010a), it seems evident that “most deaf children are somehow in contact with the spoken [and written] language” (Zarate 2010a: 160). It remains controversial, however, whether reading abilities are linked to oralisation and phonemic awareness derived from contact with spoken language or not. Authors, such as Adams (1990), argue that in very young children reading involves dividing words into smaller units and associating letters with sound and, then, with the larger meaning of the text. This is known as bottom-up reading comprehension theory, which states that reading comprehension starts with the comprehension of small linguistic units and moves towards the comprehension of larger units such as words, sentences or paragraphs to understand written text. In other words, phonemic awareness and the ability to name letters quickly and accurately will define success in reading for very young children (Adams, 1990 in Padden and Ramsey, 1998). On the other hand, surveys conducted by Simpson et al. (1992) on deaf children aged 7 and above suggest that “reading comprehension scores [of hearing impaired children] are higher than their reading accuracy scores” (in Zarate 2010b: 117), lending weight to the argument that “language is only one of the factors involved in comprehension” (Zarate 2010b: 117). This top-down reading comprehension theory supported by Simpson et al. (1992) argues that reading comprehension relies on more global aspects, such as general linguistic knowledge or prior knowledge of the world, and then moves to smaller linguistic units in the text, such as sentences and words.
Despite contact with oral language, the way deaf children communicate might still differ from that of their hearing counterparts. According to a study conducted by Gregory (1976) with deaf children aged 2 to 5 years “deaf children naturally choose to communicate through a visual modality” (in Zarate 2010a: 160). However,
Up until fairly recently, Deaf children were brought to ‘oralise’. This meant that they were taught to pronounce words and to make use of lip reading to understand speech. Communicating through sign language was not widely accepted and Deaf people were forced to use the national oral language, regardless of the fact that their hearing and speech apparatuses were not tuned to such a task. The ways in which Deaf children are educated determine their development and their perception of the world. Their proficiency in the use of language will be of paramount importance in their ability to decode messages (Neves 2009: 155).
Furthermore, it should be kept in mind that the group of hearing impaired children is a heterogeneous one and reading speed and ability of hearing impaired children might differ greatly from that of hearing children, especially in prelocutive Deaf children:
Firstly, they lack the reinforcement in the oral language that hearing children receive from the womb (a foetus is said to be able to hear the mother’s voice sixth months into the pregnancy) and throughout their lives (continuous exposure to conversations, television, sound information in the street and means of transport, etc.). Secondly, the overall Spanish educational system currently displays serious shortcomings with respect to the education of deaf children, which leads to poor development of both communicative skill in general and of oral language in particular. This, in turn, makes it much more difficult for deaf individuals to have access to culture (Lorenzo 2010: 124).
Moreover, other problems linked to hearing impairment, such as the difficulty in storing and processing information (Neves 2005), might contribute to the above mentioned poorer reading skills and comprehension of hearing impaired children, who still lag behind their hearing counterparts (cf. Cambra et al. 2009). Despite some controversies, all these findings lead to the conclusion that hearing impaired children communicate and read in a different way to their hearing counterparts and therefore will need subtitles that are adapted to their reading ability and speed. Nevertheless, when determining the maximum words per minute (wpm) or characters per second (cps) for SDH for children, research also seems to point in different directions. Some studies suggest that a subtitle speed of 90 wpm is too fast for children aged between 8 and 15 (Padmore 1994, in De Linde and Kay 1999); a speed of about 60 wpm has been considered more effective not just to read the message, but also to process and comprehend subtitles in various languages (cf. Baker et al. 1984, Baker 1985, De Linde and Kay 1999). The Office of Communications (Ofcom), after carrying out an experiment with hearing impaired adults—21 being moderately deaf and 22 being profoundly deaf—concluded that subtitling speed for hearing impaired adults should not exceed 180 wpm or 15 cps (Romero Fresco 2010: 180). Being 15 cps the maximum speed recommended for hearing impaired adults, it seems obvious that the maximum cps for hearing impaired children should be lower. Thus, the same report recommends a speed of between 70 and 80 wpm for hearing impaired children. In contrast, research conducted by Tyler et al. (2009) with 20 deaf students between 9 and 16 years old, who watched audiovisual texts with no sound and subtitling speeds of 90, 120 and 180 wpm, concluded that a speed of around 120 wpm may be appropriate for hearing impaired children.
Be that as it may, it seems evident that reduction in subtitling speed is needed to adapt SDH to the needs of the youngest hearing impaired audiences. To achieve such reduction, a “greater amount of word omissions and increased on-set and off-set times” (De Linde and Kay 1999: 57) might be needed. Nevertheless, these kinds of adjustments might affect comprehension, since the lack of synchrony between image and text could have negative effects in legibility (De Linde and Kay 1999: 57). The priority in SDH, however, seems to be “the conveyance of meaning as fully as possible in as ‘readeable’ manner as possible” (Neves, 2009: 160) which quite often requires extra reading time (Neves, 2009) in order to read and assimilate subtitles. Such a priority makes other key aspects in subtitling for the hearing community (such as synchronisation with the audible message) less relevant. In this sense, in order to provide the hearing impaired audience with the extra reading time they need, subtitles may appear a little earlier or stay a little longer than the time provided by the audible message they refer to, thus sacrificing synchronisation (Neves 2009: 160). It is also worth mentioning that “reading speed is closely linked to the delivery of speech. Programmes aimed at very young children [...] generally present a more acceptable and lower reading rate because the speech rate is slower too” (Zarate 2010b: 115). Hence, achieving an adequate subtitle speed in audiovisual texts might not always require a great amount of omission and/or reduction of information if the programme has been specially designed for the youngest audiences.
Furthermore, it cannot be forgotten that watching subtitled audiovisual programmes cannot be reduced to the activity of reading subtitles. Enough time should be allowed for taking in images. Research carried out by Cambra et al. (2014), which aimed at exploring visual-attention patterns of hearing and hearing impaired children, suggests that the faster the reading speed, the more time the audience spends paying attention to the subtitles, showing that viewers’ reading speed correlates positively with attention to subtitles. Therefore, surprisingly, deaf children in the study spent less time reading subtitles, when compared to their hearing classmates. These results and conclusions, nevertheless, may be questioned due to the limited number of participants (11 hearing children and 11 prelingually profound deaf children). The same study also suggests that children stop paying attention to subtitles even when watching a short clip (the clip used was only 105 seconds long). Based on these two findings, the authors suggest that a slower subtitle speed that allows spaced reading may help hearing impaired children pay more attention to subtitles while allowing them greater enjoyment of the audiovisual material (Cambra et al. 2014).
The 2012 Standard in Spain, the UNE 153010, states that “the exposure speed of the text should follow the rhythm of the original and facilitate comfortable reading” [author’s translation] (AENOR 2012: 10) and emphasises that “when necessary, subtitle speed could be reduced to facilitate reading by using strategies for the economization of vocabulary” [author’s translation] (AENOR 2012: 10) but, in contradiction, points out that “subtitles should be literal” [author’s translation] (AENOR 2012: 18).
Considering the heterogeneity of children to which SDH of analysed programmes are addressed in the present study and bearing in mind all previous studies mentioned above and new empirical findings about the need for spacing captioning to enable better comprehension and enjoyment of the audiovisual material as a whole, a subtitling speed of 60 wpm has been set as the maximum recommended speed for the present study. The average length of a word in Spanish is considered to be 4.9 characters (cf. Arnáiz 2012: 119, Pierce 1980, Morelli 2010), which sets the maximum subtitle speed at around 12 cps for children with hearing impairment as the recommended speed in this study.
A variable closely linked to the reading speed parameter is the pause between subtitles, which is the second variable under study in the present paper. For subtitles to be processed correctly, besides an adequate subtitling speed, a minimum pause between subtitles is needed for the human eye to notice the presence of a new subtitle:
At least four frames should be inserted between two consecutive subtitles in order to avoid the effect of a subtitle overlay. This time break is necessary to signal to the brain the disappearance of one subtitle and the appearance of another (Sponholz 2003: 24).
Similar to the disagreements found in determining the optimal subtitling speed, discrepancies have also occurred when trying to determine the ideal duration of the pause between subtitles. Yet it seems clear that such a pause is needed to avoid an overlay effect:
About ¼ of a second needs to be inserted between two consecutive subtitles in order to avoid the effect of subtitles’ ‘overlay.’ This time break is necessary to signal to the brain the disappearance of one subtitle as a piece of linguistic information, and the appearance of another. If no such gap is maintained, the viewers’ eye cannot perceive the change of the new subtitled text, especially if it is of the same length as the antecedent one (Karamitroglou 1998: 4).
Some researchers such as Karamitroglou (1998) suggest a minimum pause of six frames, which corresponds to around one quarter of a second. Other authors such as Ivarsson (1992), Castro Roig (2001) or Sponholz (2003) recommend four frames while Mayoral (2001) and Díaz Cintas (2001) lower the minimum pause needed to three frames (cf. González Iglesias 2012: 40) and Díaz Cintas and Remael to only two frames (2007: 92). In the present study, a value of 4 frames (corresponding to 0.16 seconds in television) will be taken as a minimum pause, as recommended by authors such as Ivarsson (1992), Castro Roig (2001) or Sponholz (2003), and taking also into account that it is an in-between value of all recommendations mentioned above. The current UNE Standard does not mention this parameter in its recommendations.
Other aspects that might affect pauses between subtitles (such as camera cuts) have not been considered for the present study, although research on how visual channel editing of audiovisual products affects pause between subtitles would be useful in the field, since this minimum pause recommended might vary when a camera cut occurs:
Because the eye is sensitive to the twitch that occurs when a subtitle break does not coincide precisely with a cut, subtitles that go over a cut between camera takes should be avoided. Subtitles should disappear at least four frames before the cut and should be inserted no earlier than three frames after the cut in order to avoid a flashing effect. Where it is unavoidable for a subtitle to go over a cut, it should stay on for at least one full second after the cut. (Sponholz, 2003: 24)
The literature review of studies focusing on the variables of the present article allows establishing a minimum pause between subtitles and a maximum recommended subtitle speed, that serve as a base for the discussion of the analysed products. In the following section, materials and methods for the present study are introduced.
2. Materials and methods
In the present study, all three Spanish DTT (Digital Terrestrial Television) channels exclusively aimed at children and young audiences were studied, i.e. Boing, Clan and Disney Channel. Specific data for different children’s programmes relating to the variables and subject of study were collected and analysed in a qualitative and quantitative manner in order to investigate the reading speed for hearing impaired children in Spanish television.
The programmes of the corpus were directly recorded from DTT with the DVD player Easy Home Combo HD. This DVD player recorded files in .ts format. The software ProjectX was used to extract the subtitles in .srt format from the .ts files. Once all subtitles were gathered in .srt format with cue-in and cue-out times, quantitative data was gathered. Data regarding the two variables being studied, subtitle speed and pause between subtitles, was gathered quantitatively using the tool BlackBox3 designed by González Iglesias (2012). Although the data is numeric and analysable in a purely quantitative way, a qualitative analysis was also carried out in comparison with the theoretical consideration of the variables discussed above. A qualitative approach helps to draw conclusions when taking into consideration differences between genres, specifications of the UNE Standard, and contradictory conclusions of existing research, as discussed above. The variables and their possible values in Corpus 1 are shown in Table 1:
Subtitling Speed (in cps)
Pause between subtitles
≤0.16 seconds (4 frames)
Table 1. Variables studied and their possible values
Data from each of the two variables was imported to the statistical analysis software IBM SPSS Statistics. The qualitative analysis regarding possible consequences of the observed practice was carried out based on quantitative data measured in cps and seconds. Then, hypotheses and conclusions concerning current practices related to reading speed for SDH aimed at children watching Spanish television were derived from the quantitative and qualitative analysis.
With the aim of selecting a corpus relevant for the present study, research conducted by Barambones (2012) was taken as a reference, as it makes use of methodologically reasoned criteria applicable to the selection of the object of study for the present paper. Such criteria were used to extract the catalogue or Corpus 0 and, subsequently, Corpus 1, which served as an instrument for the extraction of data for the present study.
In the present study, data was gathered subtitle by subtitle, since both variables can be represented numerically and data can be gathered individually for each subtitle without taking into account their audiovisual context.
The basic data of the catalogue or Corpus 0 can be summarised as follows:
Clan, Boing and Disney Channel
From 14/01/2013 to 14/02/2013
8,654 broadcast programmes in 32 days
Number of entries
124,544 (2,075 hours and 44 minutes)
Table 2. Summary of the data of Corpus 0
Corpus 1 is made up of a group of audiovisual texts which are representative of Corpus 0. For Corpus 1 to be representative of Corpus 0, a significant sample of Corpus 0 was chosen to assure access to relevant and reliable data. For the sample to be representative of Corpus 0 the minimum sample size for Corpus 1 was calculated using a statistical formula. The formula used for the calculation of the minimum sample size (see Morales Vallejo 2012) facilitates the extraction of an exact amount of minutes, ensuring that the analysed corpus is representative of the catalogue. A minimum of 383 minutes were calculated to be necessary. These minutes were divided equally between the three channels, resulting in a total of 128 minutes for each channel. For the distribution of these minutes to be, on the one hand, relevant for the present study and, on the other hand, representative of Corpus 0, the main objective of the present study was taken into account as well as the percentages of audiovisual genres4 and origins5 extracted from of one whole week of broadcasts on all three channels. Hence, programmes of different genres and origins in accordance with their frequency on each television channel were included. This permits an analysis and discussion of data not only generally and according to each channel, but also regarding differences shown by various audiovisual genres.
3. Results and discussion
In this section, results regarding subtitle speed and minimum pause between subtitles will be discussed in general terms and for every audiovisual genre in Corpus 1. These results will then be filtered by TV channel to discuss differences in the subtitling practice in the three channels under study.
Graph 1 illustrates percentages of the different possible values in subtitling speed and Graph 2 shows these same percentages focusing on genres and in three different groups, namely, above 15 cps and therefore not complying with the recommendations of the UNE Standard (in red), between 13 and 15 cps (in yellow) and equal to or below 12 cps (in green), therefore complying with the maximum established according to existing theory outlined in the present article.
Graph 1. Subtitle speed in Corpus 1
Graph 2. Subtitle speed, comparison between genres
These two graphs show that the genre puppets is the most adequate, in terms of subtitle speed, for the needs of children with hearing impairment: above 70% of subtitles in this genre are broadcast at a subtitle speed equal to or below 12 cps. On the other hand, it is worth noticing that 20% of subtitles for the genres entertainment and fiction do not comply with UNE Standard recommendations.
Animation and puppets are the genres that present a lower percentage of subtitles that demand excessively fast subtitle reading. These genres are usually addressed at younger audiences and, generally speaking, the presence of dialogue is less frequent and uttered at a lower speed (cf. Zarate 2010b). In other words, because they are addressed at very young children, these genres encode more information through non-linguistic signification codes (iconography, lighting, music, special effects…) and the audiovisual texts themselves present different characteristics. The dialogue fragments are fewer and of slower utterance and allow more exposure time for subtitles on screen.
In Corpus 1 a total of 102 subtitles at a speed of 20 cps or faster were found. Although this figure does not translate into a representative percentage of the corpus (only 1.7%), any subtitle at such speed within a corpus aimed at young audiences is worth mentioning, since that speed is not even recommended for hearing adults, as demonstrated by various researchers (cf. Bannon 2009; Díaz Cintas 2008 and 2010; González Iglesias 2012; Gottlieb 2001). Genres broadcasting more subtitles at this speed rate are animation (79 cases, 1.8%) and fiction (23 cases, 1.8%). These data might be due, in the first case, to the fact that it is the most preponderant genre in Corpus 1. In the second case, it might be due to the very nature of the fiction genre, which is aimed at older children or teenagers and usually includes a more dynamic dialogue. When subtitling for these two genres, a greater effort at omission and condensation of the information should be made, as recommended by the UNE Standard, in order to provide adequate subtitles for hearing impaired children.
Regarding the second variable under study, the pause between subtitles, over 30% of analysed subtitles do not comply with the minimum, according to existing findings, of 4 frames or the equivalent 0.16 seconds (TV broadcasting speed is 25 frames per second) (Díaz Cintas 2003; González Iglesias 2012).
Similar to subtitle speed, data shows that the minimum pause between subtitles is probably dependent on the audiovisual genre; this pause is observed less frequently in texts where dialogues tend to be more dynamic, such as in fiction or entertainment genres.
Percentages of cases with a pause of less than 0.16 seconds show that, presumably, this pause is directly related to the subtitle speed and therefore to the audiovisual genre. Thus, the fiction genre shows the highest percentage of subtitles at 15 cps or faster and also the highest percentage of cases with less than 4 frames between subtitles, in relation to the total subtitles of this genre, as shown in Graph 3:
Graph 3. Minimum pause between subtitles, comparison between genres in relation to the total subtitles of each genre
When analysing the first variable, depending on the TV channel, Graph 4 shows that Clan is the channel, in proportion to the subtitles analysed, which broadcasts more subtitles at an adequate reading rate (87.3% of subtitles at 15 cps or slower), although this is not significantly different to the data for Boing (83.3%); for this value, the Disney Channel broadcasts less than the other two (74.8%). Clan also broadcasts more subtitles at 12 cps or slower (52.1%). However, it must be pointed out that Boing dedicates more of its broadcasting time to the animation genre (89%) and less to the fiction genre (4%). The Disney Channel, in comparison with Boing, dedicates more time to fiction (28%) and less to animation (62%). The above mentioned characteristics, linked to the linguistic code of these two genres might explain, but not justify, the differences encountered regarding subtitle speed. Distribution of broadcasting time in Clan, dedicating 63% to animation and 36% to fiction, is close to that of the Disney Channel. Time dedicated to fiction in Clan exceeds that of the Disney Channel and, Clan nevertheless broadcasts proportionally less subtitles at 15 cps or faster than the Disney Channel and Boing.
Graph 4. Subtitle speed, comparison between TV channels
It is worth mentioning subtitles at 20 cps or faster, the percentage of which is shown in Graph 5. The Disney Channel broadcasts the most subtitles at this inadequate speed for hearing impaired children. Almost 4% of its subtitles are displayed at 20 cps or faster, although this percentage is not significant for the more than 6000 subtitles analysed in the present study. As explained above, Clan dedicates more time than Disney Channel to the fiction genre and along with Boing, uses a lower percentage of subtitles at 20 cps or faster. Data in Graphs 4 and 5 suggest that Clan makes a greater effort to omit and condense information than the other two channels. Nonetheless, the conclusions of the present article do not rely on analysing the process of subtitling, but the product. For this reason, such a hypothesis could only be validated by a study focused on the process of elaboration of captioning for hearing impaired children in Spanish television.
Graph 5. Subtitles at 20 cps or faster, comparison between TV channels
On a different matter, computer software used to measure subtitle speed might bring to light differences in the percentages and values highlighted here. Thus, if a subtitling company should use professional software such as WinCAPS for the elaboration and subsequent quality control of subtitling speed, its data might vary from that obtained in this study. As explained in the PhD dissertation of González Iglesias (2012), software such as WinCAPS, does not count a space as a character. A subtitle like [Inaugurarán mañana,/tras nuestro concierto en Lisboa,], belonging to the sample D149 in Corpus 1, will add up to 48 characters according to WinCAPS while, according to the tool BlackBox6 (used to measure both variables in the present study), this same subtitle will add up to 53 characters. Although a space is not a readable character, several authors claim that when reading, cognitive processing of words is carried out through reading units that include spaces (cf. González Iglesias 2012). On the other hand, WinCAPS always generates subtitling speed values by rounding to the lowest whole number (González Iglesias 2012: 50), while BlackBox shows it with up to three decimal points. Hence, a subtitle of 15.101 cps and another one of 15.953 cps will have, according to WinCAPS, the same speed (15 cps). For the measurements in this study, subtitle speed was rounded downwards or upwards depending on the decimal points generated by BlackBox. Thus, in this study, a subtitle of 12.5 cps has been considered to be broadcast at 12 cps and a subtitle of 12.501 has been considered to be broadcasted at 13 cps. The rest of the criteria for measuring subtitle speed follow criteria set out by González Iglesias (2012).
To summarise, using different criteria and different tools to measure subtitle speed allow for the extrapolation of different data for the same subtitles (González Iglesias 2012). Criteria applied in this study follow previous theoretical and empirical studies, but it is expected that such criteria will not be the same as that of other researchers or professionals and, in this sense, data here might not agree with that of other research.
Regarding the second variable, pause between subtitles, filtered by TV channel and analysed using BlackBox, data show that Boing, in proportion to the subtitles analysed, most respects the minimum pause between subtitles established according to the theoretical framework discussed above. Boing presents an anecdotal 1.2% of its cases without this minimum pause, while Clan has more than 30% of cases and the Disney Channel more than 60%, as shown in Graph 6:
Graph 6. Absence of minimum pause between subtitles, comparison between TV channels
Concerning this variable, although Clan broadcasts fewer subtitles at 15 cps or faster, it does not use the most pauses of 4 frames or more. This data, along with data shown in Graph 3, supports the hypothesis that there is a relationship between genre and minimum pause. Boing broadcasts a higher percentage of animation programmes (89%) and less fiction programmes (4% versus 28% on the Disney Channel and 36% on Clan) and also broadcasts more minimum pauses. However, once again this hypothesis should be validated by a study focusing on the process of captioning and not on the end product, in order to shed some light on the criteria used by different TV channels. Moreover, and as pointed out earlier, the UNE Standard does not include a recommendation about a minimum pause between subtitles and in this sense none of the TV channels being studied would be failing to comply with the UNE Standard. Nevertheless, data suggest that Boing does take this variable into account when creating its SDH while the Disney Channel does not. This hypothesis, again, should be validated by a study focusing on the processes and criteria of the three channels.
In the following section, conclusions derived from the analysis of the data gathered will be presented. Such conclusions will still need to be reviewed after a study involving participant engagement and feedback.
In the variables being studied, a possible direct relationship between audiovisual genre, subtitle speed and pause between subtitles can be observed. Genres traditionally aimed at younger children show a more adequate speed and tend to respect a minimum pause between subtitles more than genres aimed at older children or teenagers. When comparing channels, it was found that the channel with a greater percentage of its broadcast texts dedicated to genres aimed at younger children, Boing, does not show the highest percentage of subtitles at 12 cps or slower (although the difference with Clan is marginal). On the contrary, Boing does show more pauses between subtitles than the other two channels. The TV channel with the most broadcast material dedicated to older children, the Disney Channel, is the one with a higher percentage of subtitles that seem too fast for younger audiences and, in addition, the one with a lower percentage of subtitles with a minimum pause of 0.16 seconds. These results, nevertheless, might be partly dictated by the lower speech rate of programmes tailored for younger children, as suggested by Zarate (2010b).
The maximum speed recommended by the UNE Standard, as explained earlier, is 15 cps. This Standard, nevertheless, has been designed for the whole hearing impaired community and does not take into account the specific needs and expectations of children. Taking this Standard as a reference, the analysis shows that both in general terms and for each TV channel, the recommendation for maximum speed is generally fulfilled. All three channels broadcast more than two thirds of their subtitles at 15 cps or slower (Boing 83.3%; Clan 87.3%; Disney Channel 74.8%). However, complying with recommendations of a Standard that has not been specifically designed for the youngest audiences does not necessarily guarantee an adequate subtitle speed for the reading and processing of captions within their audiovisual context. Having established a subtitle speed for hearing impaired children of 12 cps as an adequate maximum according to the theoretical review, it can be concluded that only around half of the subtitles of each channel are broadcast at this speed or slower (Boing 47.1%; Clan 52.1%; Disney Channel 46.3%). This conclusion leads to the hypothesis that, in the absence of a study validated by participant involvement and observation, around half of the subtitles broadcast by the TV channels exclusively dedicated to the youngest audiences in Spain cannot be read, processed and understood by their target audience with hearing impairment within an audiovisual context.
Regarding minimum pause between subtitles, the present study cannot draw relevant conclusions in comparison with the UNE Standard, since such a Standard does not consider this variable as an aspect to be taken into account when generating captioning. However, if data is compared to the recommendations of previous studies (Díaz Cintas 2003; González Iglesias 2012; Karamitroglou 1998; Sponholz 2003; among others) and having established, for the present study, a minimum pause of 4 frames (or 0.16 seconds) it can be concluded that generally, there is a minimum pause between subtitles in the analysed corpus, as around 70% of cases show a pause of 4 frames or more. A study involving participants that analysed every specific case and related it to the subtitling speed could lead to relevant conclusions about the relationship of these variables. Although a minimum pause is observed in general terms, differences between TV channels are quite noticeable. Boing seems to take this variable into account, since almost all of its subtitles contain a pause of 4 frames or more, which, according to previous studies, would facilitate the understanding of the subtitle and, thus, of the subtitled audiovisual text as a whole. Clan broadcasts around 30% of its subtitles without the established minimum pause, which suggests that it is taken into account, but not in every case. The Disney Channel is the only channel that broadcasts more than half of its subtitles without the established minimum pause, leading to the hypothesis that this channel does not take this variable into account when generating subtitles and therefore the reading of its subtitles might lead to greater problems in the understanding and processing of the message by hearing impaired young audiences. Once again, a reception study would be necessary to validate such hypotheses and draw conclusions about the relationship between the pause between subtitles and the understanding of the subtitled audiovisual programming.
Although the data and conclusions reflect the reality of current practices regarding subtitle speed and pause in the TV channels exclusively dedicated to the youngest audiences in Spain, the present study cannot assure the optimum suitability of criteria established here without carrying out a reception study in which hearing impaired children, with their responses to comprehension questionnaires, validate or refute the hypothesis derived from the analysis. For the time being, the data analysed can only lead to speculation—based on the theoretical analysis of each variable—depending on the most suitable situation regarding subtitling speed (12 cps maximum) and pause between subtitles (4 frames minimum), and present descriptive conclusions derived from analysis of the data in comparison with the most suitable situation. The data and conclusions examined in this article will be complemented, in the future, with a reception study that sheds light on the real needs and expectations of young, hearing impaired audiences regarding programmes broadcast by the three channels included in the present study.
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- Neves, Josélia (2005). Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing. London: University of Surrey Roehampton. http://roehampton.openrepository.com/roehampton/bitstream/10142/12580 (consulted 15.05.2013)
- ― (2009). “Interlingual Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing.” Díaz Cintas, Jorge and Gunilla Anderman (eds) (2009). Audiovisual Translation: Language Transfer on Screen. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 151–169.
- Office of Communications, Ofcom (2006): Televison Access Services. Review of the Code and Guidance. London: Office of Communications. http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/accessse (consulted 15.05.2013)
- Padden, Carol and Claire Ramsey (1998). “Reading Ability in Signing Deaf Children.” Topics in Language Disorder, 30–46.
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- Romero Fresco, Pablo (2010). “Standing on quicksand: hearing viewers’ comprehension and reading patterns of respoken subtitles for the news.” Díaz Cintas, Jorge, Anna Matamala and Josélia Neves (eds) (2010). New Insights into Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility: Media for All 2. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 175-194.
- Simpson, Paul A.; David R. Harrison and Arabella Stuart (1992). “The Reading Abilities of a Population of Hearing Impaired Children.” Journal of the British Association of Teachers of the Deaf 16, 47-53.
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- Torres Monreal, Santiago and Rafael Santana Hernández (2005): “Reading levels of Spanish deaf students.” American Annals of the Deaf 150(4), 379-387.
- Traxler, Carol B. (2000). The Stanford Achievement Test (9th ed.): National norming and performance standards for deaf and hard of hearing students. Washington, DC: Gallaudet Research Institute, Gallaudet University.
- Tyler, Michael D. et al. (2009). “Effect of Caption Rate on the Comprehension of Educational Television Programmes by Deaf School Students.” Deafness and Education International 11(3): 152–162.
- Zarate, Soledad (2010a). “Bridging the gap between Deaf Studies and AVT for Deaf children.” Díaz Cintas, Jorge, Anna Matamala and Josélia Neves (eds) (2010). New Insights into Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility: Media for All 2. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 159-173.
- ― (2010b). “Subtitling for deaf children.” Łukasz Bogucki and Kredens Krzysztof (eds) (2010). Perspectives on Audiovisual Translation. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 107–122.
Ana Tamayo is currently a part-time Lecturer in the Department of Translation and Communication at Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain. She is also a member of the research group TRAMA (Translation and Communication in Audiovisual Media).
Her research focuses on audiovisual accessibility, more specifically on the study of subtitling for the D/deaf and the hard-of-hearing (SDH). Her PhD thesis (2015) analyses the SDH for children in Spanish television and presents an alternative subtitling according to the needs of children with hearing impairment.
Although distinction between the ‘Deaf’ and the ‘deaf’ is often made in the literature (cf. Neves 2005 and 2009), such distinction will not be made throughout this article, as there is no previous studies dealing with differences in reading speed of hearing impaired children in Spain in an audiovisual context. Future research focusing on reception of subtitle speed with hearing impaired Spanish children might bring empirical evidence that could allow making such distinction.
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Torres and Santana (2005) conducted research with a population of 93 Spanish deaf students aged between 9 and 20 and concluded that reading comprehension of deaf students does not correspond to their age and matches that of their hearing counterparts considered poor readers.
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ivided into animation (cartoons, computer-animated cartoons, anime and animated films), fiction (series and films), entertainment (quizzes and handicrafts) and puppets.
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Divided into domestic production (Spanish production or coproduction) and international production.
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The tool BlackBox was used for the present study for various reasons. Firstly, it is a free multi-platform tool which was easily available to conduct research. Secondly, and more importantly, this tool was developed after a PhD dissertation (González Iglesias 2012) focusing on subtitling speed, the criteria to measure it and the lack of homogeneity in the results provided by current software. The present article follows research conducted by González Iglesias (2012) and criteria exposed by this author to measure reading speed.
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Biology is a challenging subject for students in the eleventh grade. It is essential to maintain a regular practice and be well versed in the important subject matter. Having successful academic performance in the 11th grade This class is very difficult since it covers a broad topic and has a complicated structure. Because there is already so much strain on students, it may be quite difficult to try to understand a full-fledged subject like Biology. A student who finds himself in such a situation has two options: either they may depend on a tutoring facility or they can hunt for ncert solutions class 11 biology that may give some kind of direction.
Having an awareness of the response
Given the circumstances, it is necessary to choose the strategy that will prove to be the most successful in clearing up the misconception. The biology textbook for class 11 from NCERT is the only solution to this issue. This is the book that should be used by students in the 11th grade who are interested in learning the principles of Biology. A one-stop destination for all of the confusing ideas and concepts that are, on their own, next to impossible to understand.
If they wish to be successful in their state and national tests, all medical students in the 11th grade need to have it. Continue reading this article if you are interested in learning more about the advantages of the biology textbook written by NCERT for students in the 11th grade. The following list has been offered to students to assist them in remembering and using these advantages.
Assists with the grasping of many subjects
It is essential to take into consideration the extensive nature of the biology material covered in the 11th grade. Because of the enormous amount of material and the intricacy of the material, it is considered to be one of the most challenging courses for medical students. If you are coming from the 10th grade, you are going to find this to be a significant challenge in terms of the content that is presented.
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Class 11 biology students would benefit most from NCERT’s inclusion of real-world problem-solving opportunities. In my opinion, it’s one of the most important aspects of this book that you won’t find in any other. The CBSE test can only be answered with the help of the NCERT textbook.
The CBSE test will not include anything that is not in the NCERT textbooks. As a result, students may find answers to difficult problems in the NCERT solution books. They’re made to seem like the kind of test questions pupils would see at the end of the school year.
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Also Read about – Happy Father’s Day 2022
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To find what makes the Challapata market in Bolivia famous, one must first pass vendors with massive green bags of dried coca leaf, dozens of varieties of carrots and potatoes, and heaps of used clothing shipped in from the United States. Now just ahead, past market restaurants, electronics, and freshly cut sheep skins, one finally arrives at what this small Altiplano market is known for: quinoa. Surrounded by trucks that have brought quinoa from the countryside and sheds for storage and processing, small transactions between individual farmers and middleman take place over hundreds of bags of quinoa. The variety is astounding, white, red, and the rare black quinoa are separated and divided further into first-class, second-class, third-class, and so on, as well as organic or conventional. However much this diversity speaks to the wealth of diverse quinoa varieties and of quinoa production in the Altiplano, this scene also recalls the commoditisation process that has occurred in most other agricultural markets. It is the process by which quinoa produced on a certain hillside or according to a certain set of labor practices becomes simply first-class, white quinoa.
And yet, in the small town of San Agustin, located in the Potosi Department of Bolivia, a group of quinoa farmers and activists are working to create a denomination of origin label which would reclaim their distinctive quinoa as something other than a commodity. The labeling initiative, Quinua de Lipez, is spearheaded by the Mancomunidad de Lipez, a non-governmental organization. Like French Champagne, the qualities that separate Quinua de Lipez are related to both agricultural practices and to distinctive environmental properties that together produce a unique and valuable pseudo-cereal. Agricultural practices in San Agustin rely on greater use of manual labor in planting, harvesting, and cleaning of quinoa. Proponents of the label state that this labor deserves recognition not only in order to remunerate the greater amount of work, but also to acknowledge the reproduction of traditional farming methods. By sowing seed by hand, harvesting with scythes, and cleaning by the winnowing method, farmers place a lesser impact on the fragile Altiplano agro-ecosystem and cater to the demands of the Northern consumer who, as perceived by Andean farmers, seeks out ecologically and traditionally produced foods. Also unique to the region is an agro- ecosystem which allows these practices to thrive. Generally hilly topography disincentives tractor use, high altitude fields reduce pest and disease pressure by nature of the colder average temperatures and a relative aridity of the soils incentivizes longer fallow periods, which serve to preserve soils and reduce pest pressures.
Returning to the vibrant Challapata market, we can see how poorly the grading system accounts for differences in farming practices and environmental factors. More than a price differential, what the farmers are seeking is simply the preservation of the local identity of their quinoa. Noting that both farmer cooperatives and independent middlemen tend to mix quinoa without distinction for farming practices or terroir, farmers seek a third way by which to engage with the world market, but at the same time hold on to what famous anthropologist Marcel Mauss would call the “soul” of the quinoa. Despite changing hands from Lipeño farmer to Northern consumer, the farmer can maintain a claim on the quinoa through his labor and through his knowledge.
This lesson is especially pertinent as quinoa production has begun to expand into regions of the United States, France, and Australia, amongst others. The ability of Lipeño farmers to reclaim their distinctiveness through denomination of origin labeling provides an example of how quinoa farmers in other regions of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Chile can engage with world markets without losing the soul of their quinoa. Andrew Ofstehage is a Phd Student, Anthropology Department University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who conducted four months of ethnographic research in the Southern Altiplano for his Masters degree at Wageningen University.
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Published on Feb 21, 2016
The objective: The objective of my project is to determine if the amount of aeration has any effect on plant production.
I am using a stone that will aerate the water with various amounts of time.
I am using vermiculite as a growing medium in five different containers. I built screened boxes to hold the vermiculite medium to set inside the container.
In four of the containers, I placed an aeration stone. I added water to each of the containers and planted each container with the seeds.
In the control group, I will use the same amount of growing medium in each growing container.
I will place the seeds one and one-half inches apart. I will record the germination rate.
Then I will allow the plants to grow for twelve weeks before I harvest the plants for weight, the length of the taproot, the height of the plant and the diameter of the taproot and stem of the plant.
The experimental variables that I am using are the varying amounts of aeration that is added to the water. ·
Three hour aeration period · Six hour aeration period · Twelve hour aeration period · Twenty-four hour period.
The average days of germination was eight and one-half days in all groups (aeration and control group). The average height of the plant is twenty-nine and one-half centimeters tall.
The difference between the plants that are aerated and the control group is eight and three-quarters centimeters taller in height. The average length of the plant taproot is twenty-three and eights-tenths centimeters long.
The difference between the plants that are aerated and the control group is one and three-quarters centimeters longer.
The average width of the plant taproot is fifty-two thousandths. The difference between the plants that are aerated is five thousandths.
The average width of the plant stem is one hundred twenty-five thousandths. The difference between the plants that are aerated is eighteen thousandths. The average weight of the plant is two and five tenths of a gram.
The difference between the plants that are aerated is thirty-five hundredths of a gram. The more aeration that is given to a plant after germination, the larger and healthier the plant will become than plants with less or no aeration.
My conclusion on adding aeration to growing plants hydroponically was that I discovered the more you aerate the water the stronger and larger the plant will become.
The science project is to determine if the amount of aeration has any effect on plant production.
Science Fair Project done By Darrick L. Gowens.
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Although you can purchase expensive kits for constructing a greenhouse, creating an effective greenhouse is just as easy---and a lot less expensive---with the use of cattle panels. Also called stock panels, cattle panels consist of a stiff panel of interlocking galvanised steel rods that provide an ideal curved framework for a small greenhouse. With a single cattle panel measuring approximately 16 feet long by 54 inches tall, you should be able to use two panels to build a 5-foot-wide-by-9-foot-long single-family greenhouse in just a couple of days, provided you collect all your materials ahead of time.
Lay the two 9-foot-long 2-inch-by-4-inch framing boards on the ground parallel to each other. Turn them on their narrow sides and move them until their inside edges are 5 feet apart.
Position the two 5-foot-long 2-inch-by-4-inch framing boards perpendicular to the 9-foot framing boards to create a 9-foot-by-5-foot rectangle. Turn the 5-foot framing boards on their short sides. Make sure the ends of the 5-foot framing boards are flush with the ends of the 9-foot framing boards before screwing them together with 2 1/2-inch galvanised screws.
Lay one of the 2-foot-long 2-inch-by-4-inch boards diagonally across one of the frame corners and nail it into place to strengthen the greenhouse frame. Repeat this process for each corner.
Pull the short ends of one of the cattle panels together with a helper to create a u-shape. Position one short end of the curved cattle panel on each long side of the greenhouse framework, locating one corner at each of the two front corners on the framework. Nail the cattle panel to the wooden framework with 1 ½-inch fencing staples. Repeat this process with the remaining cattle panel, overlapping the top edge of the panel with the bottom edge of the previous panel by approximately 2 inches.
Lay the two 6-foot-long 1-inch-by-4-inch boards parallel to one another on the ground. Lay the shorter 1-inch-by-4-inch board perpendicular to them and nail it to the two long boards to create a u-shaped door frame. Stand the door frame upright in the centre of the front opening of your cattle panel greenhouse and nail the bottom ends of the 6-foot-long 1-inch-by-4-inch boards to the 2-inch-by-4-inch bottom framing board to create your door opening. Nail the sides of the door frame to the bottom greenhouse framing with the remaining 36-inch-long 2-inch-by-4-inch boards.
Spread greenhouse plastic across the back and sides of the curved framework, stapling it to the wooden framework with a large utility staple gun. Position a staple every 3 to 5 inches to ensure that the plastic is firmly attached to the greenhouse frame. Secure additional greenhouse plastic across the front side of your greenhouse, leaving only the door free of the plastic. Install a latch and set of hinges in the door frame and hang a lightweight screen door to provide an entrance. Duct tape greenhouse plastic to the inside of the screen during cold weather to prevent the cold air from entering your greenhouse and damaging your plants.
Mark Freeman, author of "Gardening in Your Greenhouse," suggests that you cover your greenhouse with 1 or 2 layers of 6-mil plastic sheeting, a sturdy greenhouse covering that typically last 3 to 5 years before requiring replacement. (see reference 2)
Exercise care when bending the cattle panels to ensure that they don't spring back and injure you.
Tips and warnings
- Mark Freeman, author of "Gardening in Your Greenhouse," suggests that you cover your greenhouse with 1 or 2 layers of 6-mil plastic sheeting, a sturdy greenhouse covering that typically last 3 to 5 years before requiring replacement. (see reference 2)
- Exercise care when bending the cattle panels to ensure that they don't spring back and injure you.
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A quick guide to those pesky verb types!
Most of the time, modal verbs do not have an exact or sometimes not even close translation in a student’s mother tongue. They can therefore be difficult to teach. Have a look at this guide when you need to teach meanings, form and use so that you always have the answers to those pesky questions!Continue reading “How To Teach Probability With Modal Verbs”
The present perfect is basic knowledge for any English learner, and it’s essential that they use it in all parts of the exam. Including their speaking. So if you’re unsure about the grammar, read on and make sure you nail it in class! The Basics – Beginner Level The easiest way to explain the presentContinue reading “How To Teach The Present Perfect”
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The Lives of Bats
Bats are the only true flying mammals on Earth and one of the most diverse groups of mammals. One in five mammal species is a bat. Some bats eat fruit, some pollinate flowers, others catch fish out of the water, and of course there’s the notorious vampire bat, which feeds on blood. But most bats in North America are insect eaters, and that’s a good thing for us. Some of the bugs eaten by bats are major crop pests; others, like mosquitoes, are simple nuisances but can also be carriers of disease. Bats help to keep insect populations in balance.
Bats are nocturnal, meaning they are most active at night. During the day, bats roost in caves, under the bark of large trees and other places. One of the most unusual things about bats, besides the fact that they fly, is that they navigate in the dark and hunt their prey with echolocation, or sonar. They send out a vocal signal and listen for the sound waves to bounce back. In this manner they are able to zoom in on flying insects with laser-like accuracy. Amazingly some prey species, like certain moths, have evolved “jamming” systems that thwart the bats’ sonar.
In temperate regions of the world, insect-eating bats have to deal with the winter dearth of prey by either hibernating or migrating. All the bats that have proven susceptible to white-nose syndrome so far are hibernators. Clustering in small to truly massive groups (numbering hundreds of thousands of individual bats) is one way hibernating bats conserve energy. Another way, for female bats, is to delay pregnancy until spring. Although mating occurs in the fall, the females “store” sperm in their bodies over the winter. Fertilization then occurs in the spring, just as the new bug season is getting underway, and plentiful food for mother and the new baby (only one per year for most bat species) can be expected.
Bats may play a key role in the maintenance of some cave ecosystems by bringing in an outside energy source (their guano, or droppings) to energy-poor, lightless caves. Cave biologists think some cave creatures may be highly dependent on bat guano as a source of food, and their survival may be in jeopardy as bat populations disappear with white-nose syndrome.
For obvious reasons (being nocturnal, able to fly and favoring dark, dank holes in the ground for habitat), bats are difficult to study, and biologists know very little about most species. Even something as rudimentary as “How many bats are there?” is a hard question for scientists to answer. This scarcity of information about the basic biology of bats has been a significant impediment to effectively addressing the threat of white-nose syndrome.
|Photo courtesy of New York Department of Environmental Conservation||HOME / DONATE NOW / SIGN UP FOR E-NETWORK / CONTACT US / PHOTO USE /|
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Each year in the United States, 400,000 people are arrested, detained, and deported, trapped in what leading immigrant rights activist and lawyer Alina Das calls the ‘deportation machine.’ They are people who politicians like President Trump would have us believe are ‘bad hombres.’ But while we’re debating border walls, travel bans, child detention, and quotas, these individuals are banished from their homes, their families, and their communities, and by a country that celebrates itself as a ‘nation of immigrants.’As Das explains in her urgent book, we cannot break the pattern of the abuse and marginalization of immigrants in the U.S. until we understand fully how the system works. And in this country, that means understanding how racism and criminalization intersect to doubly punish communities of color. Das traces the history of immigration policy, showing how its evolution has always been linked to racist exclusion. Combining these systems exacerbates the flaws in both-and when 1 in 3 Americans has a criminal record, millions are caught in the crosshairs. Das weaves the history of immigration with moving narratives of those who have been caught up in the deportation machine, including Aba, a hardworking mother of four young children; Ely, a survivor of the crack epidemic in the 1980s; and Alonso, a DACA recipient. In deconstructing the ‘criminal alien’ narrative, No Justice in the Shadows offers an essential path forward: an inclusive immigration policy premised on human dignity, due process, and respect for all people.
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Tutor profile: Sarah T.
What was your SAT score?
I scored 720 on the math section, 800 on the reading section and 720 on the writing section of the old SAT.
Subject: US History
How did the availability of natural resources spark the Industrial Revolution?
The United States’ large amount of resources like iron, coal and lumber were integral to the start of the Industrial Revolution. Countries in Europe that did not have these resources could purchase them from the United States, generating capital to invest in our own industrialization. These resources were also used in inventions, like the steel plow, that helped create the Industrial Revolution. Wood and coal were used to power machines like the steam boat, which made waterways usable for transportation, and to power factories.
In Act 1 of "Hamlet", what is an example of a pun?
When Hamlet says, “I am too much in the sun,” he is referring to his new status as Claudius’s son, the fact that everyone’s attention is on him and the cheeriness that surrounds him. In Scene 2, Claudius repeatedly calls Hamlet his son, something that Hamlet hates; the spelling of “sun” is a play on “son”. This line can also be interpreted as a reference to Hamlet suddenly becoming the center of attention. His mother and uncle/step-father are very worried about his mental health because he is still mourning his father. They are also very interested in his future plans and urge him to stay with them and not go back to school. In this case, being in “the sun” can be taken to mean being in the spotlight. This line can also be understood as Hamlet expressing his anger at his family for getting over his father’s death so quickly. It has only been two months since Old Hamlet’s death, but Queen Gertrude and Claudius are in high spirits. By saying that he is “too much in the sun,” Hamlet is saying that he is surrounded by too much cheerfulness.
needs and Sarah will reply soon.
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When Admiral David Farragut shouted the famous phrase “Damn the torpedoes. Full speed ahead!” before storming into Mobile Bay in 1864, he wasn’t talking about the type of torpedoes that are fired from ships or dropped from airplanes.
He was talking about tethered underwater mines, usually made by filling a demijohn bottle --- a large wine bottle -- with gunpowder.
During the Civil War, torpedoes were used extensively, especially by Confederates, who faced a severe shortage in the number of warships they had to defend rivers and harbors.
Many of the torpedoes floated on the surface or were tethered just below the water and detonated by contact. But they often did not explode due to poor powder or faulty triggers. They also could be detonated by electric charge.
Never miss a local story.
Most famously, the huge Federal ironclad “Cairo” was sunk by such an electric torpedo near Vicksburg. The Cairo has been raised and is now part of the national battlefield there. The fuse used to detonate the mine is on display at the Vicksburg museum.
Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard used mines extensively during the siege of Charleston. There were 123, to be exact, in the harbor and the nearby Stono River.
Gen. G. J. Rains, former chief of the Confederate Torpedo Service, wrote in 1877 that the torpedoes “prevented the capture of that city and its conflagration.” He added “iron clads are said to master the world, but torpedoes master the iron clads.”
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Noctilucent clouds are rare. Noctilucent means “Light Shining ” in Latin. They are made out of ice crystals and are the ragged edge of polar mesospheric clouds. They also are known as night clouds because they only appear after the sun goes down. They are highest clouds in the atmosphere, usually 47 to 53 miles above the earth. Noctilucent clouds only appear in the summer and may be seen only be people between 50 and 70 degrees above and below the equator. In the US that would be very northern Alaska.
Happy Valentine’s Day to everyone from Leah
Diagram of viewing of Noctilucent Clouds
Would have done a post on Nemo…but it was so last week
A water spout is an intense vortex that occurs pretty much over any body of water, but is extremely rare. It is a non-super cell tornado that occurs over water. They usually don’t suck up water unless they are associated with a mesocyclones. The water you see in most water spouts is condensation. While many water spouts form in the tropics, they can occur at higher latitudes such as Europe and the Great Lakes. Although rare, water spouts have been connected to “lake effect” snow. Water spouts have a five part life cycle: First the formation of a dark spot on the water surface, followed by a spiral pattern on the water surface, followed by the formation of a spray ring, then a development as a visible condensation funnel, followed lastly by their ultimate decay.
Water Spout near Forida
Non-Tornadic Spout near the Haigue, Neatherlands
Spout near Monroe County, Florida
Lagoon Drive, Honolulu
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Head of Roman-era statue of Odysseus, found in the grounds of the former villa of the emperor Tiberius.
“Who are you, and from where? Where are your city and your parents?” Thus does a stranger ask Odysseus to identify himself in Homer’s poem dedicated to that hero, the Odyssey (10.325). Taking place after the travails of the Trojan War, the tale is fundamentally about Odysseus’ struggle to find and reestablish his place in a chaotic world. During his twenty-year absence, the hero’s native land of Ithaca has fallen victim to usurpers, and he must overcome innumerable obstacles to find his way home and restore his political authority as king through subterfuge and violence. Odysseus never gives up on his quest, nor does he settle down in one of the many places he visits, because he never forgets his dear family and fatherland, those two defining aspects of his social identity.
The Odyssey has inspired Europeans of every generation since the ancient Greeks and Romans up to the present day. Besides the picaresque quality of Odysseus’ fantastic adventures, one finds an enduring story that can only resonate with all those who long for home. Odysseus, rather unlike Achilles, is close to an ideal hero: enduring, cunning, resourceful, diplomatic, and ruthless when necessary. If the Iliad is the memory in poetry of the archaic Greeks’ countless forgotten wars of conquest and plunder, the Odyssey is that of their exploration and colonization of the ancient Mediterranean and Black Sea, endeavors which were often no less violent. If the Iliad is about the tensions between individual and community in the savagery of wartime, the Odyssey suggests a more constructive personal and political project: the journey home and the restoration of a good country.
Odysseus’ visiting various, often dystopian, societies and his quest to restore his Ithacan kingdom indeed suggest an implicit Homeric politics. The world of Odysseus is an often brutal and lawless one in which travelers are at the mercy of the goodwill of their hosts. Without reciprocity or strength, one is liable to fall victim to depredation. In this trustless world, Homer identifies two things which can serve to create more civil societies: piety and kinship. While the ideal of the polis, of individual sacrifice for the common good, is indeed hinted at in the Odyssey, Odyssean politics are firmly monarchic, with reciprocal duties between king and people.
Among the aristocratic ruling class Homer is dealing with, kinship is the basic foundation for identity and solidarity, and therefore of both personal and political action. Strangers are synonymous with uncertainty and potential violence. Kinship in contrast entails inherited resemblance and shared pride in and duties towards one’s lineage. Among kin, there is the possibility of security. That security, however, only exists by the strength of the family father, his domestic authority and his willingness to use violence against hostile aliens. The Odyssey is then also a tale of what befalls a family and country when the patriarch, by his absence, no longer meets his responsibilities.
For Homer, identity and purpose is found in one’s lineage. One acts for the sake of one’s ancestors and one’s descendants. Odysseus and his son Telemachus resemble one another by virtue of their shared blood and must work together to save their family’s status and power. The restoration of paternal and kingly authority in Ithaca is impossible without brutal revenge against the usurpers. And it is only within the circle of such violence that one’s kin can enjoy a secure and gentle life. According to Homer, a happy man has prosperous descendants and the people thrive under a righteous king, for he rules them like a good father.
Fatherless Ithaca: Victim to Parasites and Usurpers
Without Odysseus the family father, Ithaca is a dystopia, vulnerable to the depredations of selfish men. The suitors, noblemen from around Ithaca, feast on his wealth and wish to marry his wife Penelope, thus usurping his legacy. Telemachus condemns the suitors: “with their greed they waste my inheritance away, and before long they will bring destruction on myself” (1.197-278). Telemachus is also deeply disappointed with Odysseus’ subjects, telling them in assembly:
I have lost my noble father, who once was king among all you here and ruled you as gently as a father; then something far worse has befallen me, which before long will ruin my house altogether and bring to nothing my means of living. My mother, greatly to her distress, has been beset by suitors, sons of the greatest nobles here. . . . They haunt my palace day in, day out; they slaughter my sheep and oxen and fatted goats; they make merry here, they selfishly drink the glowing wine, and thus an abundance of things is wasted. All this because there is no man left with the mettle of Odysseus to ward off ruin from the house. I myself am not able to ward it off; I fear I shall always be a weakling, with not skill to resist at all. (2.1-75)
It is the rest of you [the people] I am indignant with, to see how you all sit dumbly there instead of rebuking them and restraining them; you are many; the suitors are few. (2.158-241)
Telemachus assumes that there should be reciprocity between ruler and people, the latter owing the former loyalty if he governs them as though they were kin. No one can substitute for Odysseus as patriarch. There is “no man left with [his] mettle.” Telemachus is too young, fearful of being a “weakling.” Grandfather Laertes is too old and feeble, and is left wallowing in misery on the country farm. Penelope herself is wise and virtuous, but as a woman she cannot challenge the suitors head-on. Twice she is told by her menfolk to retreat to the loom and her private chambers rather than get involved. However, Penelope has her feminine charms and is able to able to stall and deceive the suitors on occasion.
As royal heir, Telemachus has an unabashed claim to wealth, honor, and power by birthright: “Surely kingship is no bad thing; wealth flows into the palace readily, and the name of king brings a man more honor. . . . I shall reign over my own house and over the slaves that Odysseus once made his prize and left to me” (1.367-444). That is what Odysseus’ entire line risks losing if he does not return, so long as Odysseus is “away from his kith and kin” and the suitors can hope that he will “perish far from his people” (2.158-413). Fatherless Ithaca cannot ward off unscrupulous enemies: the patriarch must return to restore order and justice.
Kin and Strangers: “Bringing Havoc on Men of Another Stock”
As in the Iliad, in the Odyssey strangers and foreign lands are synonymous with uncertainty and violence. This is a world without mutual confidence. Even the gods do not trust in one another, as when the smith-god Hephaestus tells Poseidon: “Pledges for trustless folk are trustless pledges” (8.295-379). In this world of strangers, men however are bitterly driven on by “the accursed belly” to find sustenance. The only guarantee for civilized conduct is tenuous moral obligations of hospitality and reciprocity. Useless and parasitic beggar-migrants are scorned:
No man of his own accord goes out to bring in a stranger from elsewhere, unless that stranger be master of some craft, a prophet, or one who cures diseases, a worker in wood, or again an inspired bard, delighting men with his song. The wide world over, men such as these are welcome guests. But a beggar to eat up what one has—who would invite such a guest as that? (17.338-422)
Like Odysseus, Telemachus is driven by his identity. He must assert himself and learn to be a man, not only to find his father, but also to show himself to be worthy of his royal lineage. The glorification of lineage serves a double purpose: those of good stock are reassured they have the traits necessary to triumph, but it is also an exhortation to live up to the previous achievements of their line.
Traveling to the Greek mainland in search of news of his father, Telemachus encounters Odysseus’ fellow veteran of the Trojan War, the elderly King Nestor of Pylos. Nestor greets Telemachus asking: “Are you bound on some trading errand, or are you random adventurers, roving the seas as pirates do, hazarding life and limb and bringing havoc on men of another stock?” (3.36-121). The last part is a striking phrase which recurs several times in the Odyssey: in the ancient Mediterranean, encountering strangers with no ties of kinship meant the risk of being attacked, robbed, and enslaved by them.
The Achaeans are as prone to this as anyone. In Egypt, we are told, “Menelaus with his vessels went to and fro among men who spoke an alien tongue, and he gathered much substance and much gold” (3.282-369). Odysseus’ swineherd, who turns out to be the most loyal of his subjects, observes that fear of the gods’ revenge is one of the few things which can motivate “men of violence and ill-will who land on a foreign coast” to not do evil (14.42.-120). The same swineherd feared that Odysseus had been left “wandering foodless about some town or region of foreign speech” (14.42-120). In this mysterious and hostile world in which Odysseus must survive, kin and country are his lodestar.
Like Father, Like Son
Heredity is an even more pronounced theme in the Odyssey than in the Iliad. The characters frequently comment on the striking similarities between Telemachus and his father. Athena, the deity who most loves Odysseus, tells Telemachus: “are you the son of Odysseus himself? Your likeness to him sets me wondering—the head might be his, and the fine eyes” (1.197-278). She also reassures him: “If the gods let Penelope bear such a son as you, they did not mean your lineage to be inglorious in times to come” (1.197-278).
Nestor is clearly for Homer a model of the wise king and is described as a “shepherd of his people,” comparable to Odysseus. He makes several hereditarian observations. Telemachus greets Nestor by hailing him as the “son of Neleus, glory of the Achaen race” (3.36-121). Nestor is struck by the uncanny similarities between father and son. Between remarks on Odysseus’ legendary cunning and eloquence, Nestor tells Telemachus: “as I look at you, I am filled with wonder. All you say has a perfect rightness; who would have thought a man so young could display such rightness in speech?” (3.122-207). He says that Athena has punished many Achaeans on their way home from Troy due to their injustice and lack of wisdom, for “is she not the child of a mighty father?” (3.122-207).
Nestor decides to give substantial assistance and gifts to Telemachus, also on account of his obvious kinship with his old war comrade Odysseus. Telemachus later said Nestor gave him the care “a father might give a son just home after a long absence in foreign lands” (17.83-173). For Nestor furthermore, individual happiness is synonymous with the prosperity of one’s family and descendants. He remarks: “How good it is that when a man dies, a son should be left after him!” (3.208-81). Nestor is pious. In sacrificing a heifer to Athena, he prays for his family: “O goddess, be gracious to us now; give good renown to myself, my children, the queen my wife” (3.2370-452). His wife is “revered.”
Now assisted by Nestor’s son Peisistratus, Telemachus goes to Sparta, where he meets another comrade of Odysseus, King Menelaus, who has returned from Troy with his wife Helen. Telemachus finds Menelaus “celebrating with many clansmen a wedding feast for his daughter and his son” (4.1-35). The former is promised to a son of Achilles, the latter to a Spartan noblewoman, suggesting marriage strategies among archaic aristocracy.
Menelaus is impressed by Telemachus’ bearing and is also very interested in his lineage: “Surely you two have not shamed your parentage; you belong to the race of heaven-protected and sceptered kings; no lesser parents could have such sons” (4.35-122). Menelaus later adds: “What you say, dear child, is proof of the good stock you come from” (4.549-643).
Both Menelaus and Helen notice the similarities between Odysseus and Telemachus:
“This boy is far too much like Odysseus to be any other than his son [said Helen]; surely he is Telemachus . . . .”
Yellow-haired Menelaus answered her: “Wife, your thought has become my thought as well. Odysseus had just such feet and hands; his head and his hair were like this boy’s; his eyes had the same glance.” (4.123-208)
Menelaus too equates blessings from heaven with prosperous children:
There is no mistaking the child of a man whom the son of Cronus marked out for happiness both at birth and bridal; witness the favors bestowed on Nestor through all his days – for himself an old age of comfort in his own palace, for his children wisdom, and prowess with the spear. (4.209-296)
End of Part 1. Editor’s Note: This is part of a longer article that will appear in the Fall issue of The Occidental Quarterly.
Notably by the Cyclops, who represents primitive barbarism in contrast with the wise Nestor (9.215-282), suggesting both the savage and the civilized are concerned with the issue of violence by strangers.
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Welwyn Garden City – A Brief History
The industrial revolution in the 1800s left an indelible mark on the 1900 aftermath of the revolution. People in England suffered from many diseases and infections that were caused by the factory smogs. This was also a result of poor city planning, consequently leading to many deaths with Typhoid and Cholera. The poor housing structures in the cities of England, particularly London, had a terrible consequence for many people around the country. This experience was an impetus for Sir Ebenezer Howard to construct the Garden City Concept. This lead to two important garden cities, namely Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City. Howard said that his main aim through these two garden cities were to provide better health and security for the people of England. According to him, Welwyn Garden City was “a town designed for healthy living and industry of a size that makes possible a full measure of social life but not larger, surrounded by a rural belt; the whole of the land being in public ownership, or held in trust for the community.”
Read About: City Branding
Who managed the city
For the Welwyn Garden City, in Hertfordshire, a company called Welwyn Garden City Limited was formed to manage the Garden City. The town has wide boulevards with many greeneries and trees, one of the first of its kind in promoting a tree-lined community. The Garden City was a community with many houses, promoting residents to use the gardens and convenient facilities such as stores which were all built in the town center. With the high-quality houses, the architects ensured that the residents had fresh air and a quality living providing a better quality of life in comparison to the infested housing in the Industrial Revolution. The residents complimented the architecture and facilities found in Welwyn Garden City.
In 1948, Welwyn Garden City was given the title of a new town and was consequently owned by the Welwyn Garden City Development. Since the 1900s when Welwyn Garden City was first constructed, it has risen in population, becoming more popular by the decade to this day. This can be seen in the population of the Garden City which was 46,619 in 2011 and has increased to 51,735 in 2017. It is also an expensive town, with largely detached cottages costing approximately £400,000-£775,000. An argument against the town is that it is not affordable for most people in England and mostly the wealthy people with a good income can live in Welwyn Garden City.
How things changed overtime and moving forward
Welwyn Garden City has also attracted many commercial enterprises and provided employment for the residents. It is also part of the trading and investment in the stock market which has enormously increased its prices and the residential quality. There are more than 30 highly acclaimed industries and businesses that are profitable in the Welwyn Garden City. There are convenient transit routes around the city that gives people to travel to and fro from their homes. This includes buses and railway stations around the city. There are also many activities and concerts played on a regular basis that lets people explore the city. For instance, a resident has expressed in a Guardian City article “I love our local arts center, Campus West. Thriving cinema, a theatre with festivals and live music. We’re surrounded by beautiful countryside.”
Read About – What Makes a City Great!
Welwyn Garden City is also convenient for families to live in Welwyn because there are many schools in the neighborhoods that are occupied by many children living in the city. Tourists have also increased through the years and Sir Ebenezer Howard’s model of Welwyn Garden City has become very famous. Its location on the northern periphery of London makes it very convenient for residents and tourists to travel back and forth. Many residents travel and work in London as it is only 23 miles away. Residents are drawn toward Welwyn Garden City because they feel it gives them both a city and country life but away from the hustle and bustle of a major city such as London. This indicates that England has come a long way and improved drastically in its quality of living from the horrors of Industrial Revolution.
Therefore, the Welwyn Garden City has outgrown the expectation of Sir Ebenezer Howard when he first initiated the idea. For many years, it has still survived and is a booming town still attracting residents of all kinds. It reminds people of a city that has the charm of a countryside. Its amenities are very good & provide a convenient location in England for people to travel, known to provide “a taste of utopia.”
Read About: Aerotropolis – The New Emerging Urban Form
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That Dante Gabriel Rossetti adored women is apparent when you look at almost any of his paintings. Whatever the title, the main subject is almost always his full-lipped, doe-eyed models. The subjects of Rossetti’s paintings were often indicative of the way he envisioned the women in his life. When he was in love with Elizabeth “Lizzie” Siddal, he painted her as Beatrice, the beautiful and unattainable woman loved by the medieval poet Dante Alighieri (after whom Rossetti was named). When Rossetti began an affair with Jane Morris, wife of his friend William Morris, he attempted to assuage his guilt by convincing himself William was a cruel husband who kept Jane imprisoned (the reality was very different). This resulted in paintings such as Proserpine (1874) and La Pia de Tolomei (1868-1880) – telling stories of women in impossible situations.
Rossetti and Lizzie Siddal were in a relationship for ten years before they finally married. As the years grew, so did Lizzie’s laudanum addiction, and references to the habit that would kill her become apparent in Rossetti’s paintings – look at The Wedding of St George and Princess Sabra (1857). This is the one painting in which Lizzie, as the Turkish princess, is depicted with dark hair, instead of her own stunning red locks. Look closely and you will see a vial in her hand, indicative of the laudanum Lizzie kept with her at all times. In the posthumous painting Beata Beatrix (c.1864-1870), a dove brings the ecstatic Beatrice / Lizzie a papery fine opium poppy, dropping it into her open palms.
Other models favoured by Rossetti included his sister, the poet Christina Rossetti, who sat for his earliest works, including The Girlhood of Mary Virgin (1848-49). He painted Christina’s brunette hair as auburn, indicative of what would become Rossetti’s obsession with red hair – leading him to meet and fall in love with Lizzie. Another of his most constant models was the beautiful Alexa Wilding, who inspired some of his most sexually provocative paintings, including Monna Vanna (1866), Sancta Lilias (1874) and Venus Verticordia (1864-68) – notable for being Rossetti’s only famous painting to depict a naked woman. Alexa, unlike the majority of Rossetti’s models, seemed to be able to resist the artist’s advances.
Perhaps the most faithful of Rossetti’s models was Fanny Cornforth, who modelled for, amongst others, Found (begun 1859; unfinished) and The Blue Bower (1865). At the end of Rossetti’s life, after the suicide of Lizzie Siddal and the end of his affair with Jane Morris, Fanny his lover-turned-housekeeper took care of the increasingly ill and insane Rossetti. This gentle, compassionate side to Fanny’s personality is perhaps seen most clearly in her expression in Bocca Baciata (1859).
Text © Lucinda Hawksley
Lucinda Hawksley’s book, Lizzie Siddal, The Tragedy of a Pre-Raphaelite Supermodel published by Andre Deutsch, is available in the Tate Bookshop.
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/ THE STIGMA OF THE NEGRO-IDENTITY
People of black-African descent living in Flanders must be saved from the stigma of the Neger-identity
The Neger-concept (Eng.: Negro/Nigger) is still rooted in Flemish culture. The term Neger is still used on a daily basis in Flemish society. Most Flemish people are not aware of the history of the word and the stigma of the Neger-identity on the black man. The Neger is a monstrous creature and not a human being like the black man is.
N-ID is a call for help to Flemish society to stop the use of the term and concept of "Neger"i n Flanders. The film debates the true meaning of the concept of "Neger" in Dutch, "Nègre" in French and "Negro" in English in an international context. N-ID reveals the true face/identity of the black man behind the Neger Mask.
N-ID: the Stigma of the Negro-identity is a 15-minute documentary.
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Digital Archive brought to you
by JPMorgan Chase & Co.
The "Albany Manifesto" declares the Albany Movement to be uncompromisingly opposed to segregation. The manifesto positions the group to continue to exercise its free speech and free assembly rights to protest segregation. Protesters insist upon the speedy resolution of the charges against seven hundred protesters that had been languishing for more than six months.
During the late 1950s, Malcolm X began going by Malik Al-Shabazz. Shabazz, according to the Nation of Islam, was a Black Nation in central Africa from which all human beings descended. While the date of this card is unknown, it is presumed to be circa the late 1950s to early 1960s, before Malcolm X split from the Nation of Islam in 1964.
Mr. Randolph addresses his concerns with current events that could potentially harm the Civil Rights Movement. His list of developments includes Malcolm X's promotion of rifle clubs, the use of propaganda tactics to separate white people from the Civil Rights Movement, the increasing totalitarian influence on protest groups in northern cities and demagogic leadership that creates confusion and frustration. Mr. Randolph requests a meeting to discuss how to address these issues.
Dr. King was in jail in Birmingham and unable to contribute his regular column to the New York Amsterdam News. The editors published these excerpts from a sermon he had recently given at Riverside Church on "The Dimensions of a Complete Life."
In a tape-recorded address to the Riverside Church in New York City, Dr. King compares the civil rights struggle to a parable from St. Luke. His sermon specifically tackles contemporary social issues such as segregation, discrimination, and the philosophy of nonviolence. In addition, Dr. King explores the role of the church in dealing with such problems.
In 1948, Dr. King entered Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. Engaging in a sincere quest for knowledge, he sought stimulation in the works of several prominent areas, like philosophy and theology. As a result of his efforts and achievements at Crozer, Dr. King was chosen as the Valedictorian of the graduating class of 1951.
Dr. King writes to Attorney General Robert Kennedy requesting an investigation in Williamston, NC to relieve the Negro community from violence and "unconstitutional police action."
In this essay fragment from his Crozer Seminary days, Dr. King writes that Christianity is a value philosophy whose values are embodied in the life of Christ. He begins to spell out what those values are. The first, King states, is the value of the world as something positive and life-affirming, in contrast to the negative view of the world of the ascetics and religions of India. The second value is that of persons, who have supreme worth. People must be used as ends, never as means to ends, although there have been periods in history where Christianity has fallen short.
Rev. McCracken, of Riverside Church in New York, informs Dr. King that he is scheduled to speak at two identical church services. The Church has added the second service because the New York World?s Fair will be open.
Dr. King writes of the influence of Henry David Thoreau's essay on the duty of civil disobedience in forming his belief that non-cooperation with evil is a moral obligation. He cites lunch-counter sit-ins, freedom rides, and the bus boycott as evidence that Thoreau’s thinking is still alive. This article appeared in a special 1962 issue of The Massachusetts Review commemorating the centennial of Thoreau’s death.
Jesse B. Blayton provides a summarized financial statement of cash receipts and disbursements for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference from July 1, 1965 to and including, June 30, 1966. This statement lists the allocations of funds for Operation Breadbasket, voter registration and political education initiatives, legal defense, and more.
This photo comes from the Benedict J. Fernandez "Countdown to Eternity" portfolio.
(Copyright: Benedict J. Fernandez)
The American Negro Emancipation Centennial issued this 1964 postcard containing Dr. King's brief biography. The postcard was designed to be used as a study guide in Negro history.
In this confidential memorandum, Dr. King outlines SCLC’s direct action program for Birmingham, Alabama and Danville, Virginia. For each community, he states the challenges, defines goals, and then provides detailed steps to be taken and also staff assignments. He promises to outline his plan for Montgomery, Alabama in a few days.
Lois Ryan forwards a transcript for two courses that Dr. King took while studying at Harvard University. These courses were Philosophy of Plate: Introductory and The Philosophy of Whitehead.
Dr. King expresses his appreciation for being honored by Freedom House. He also pays tribute to the life and work of John F. Kennedy while encourging others to honor his memory through their dedication to civil rights.
This SCLC brochure highlights the organization's mission, organizational structure, and initiatives, such as voter registration drives, Citizenship Schools, and the Leadership Training Program.
Mary L. Jones sent out this letter reporting on the plight of her husband, Reverend Ashton Jones, who was arrested in July of 1963 for attempting to lead an interracial student group into a service at the segregated First Baptist Church of Atlanta. Reverend Jones was sentenced to a year in the Georgia state prison and six months of hard labor for the crime of "disturbing a worship service." Mrs. Jones encourages readers of her letter to heed the advice of British social critic Bertrand Russell, by writing an "avalanche of letters" to those responsible.
SNCC's Newsletter, The Student Voice, updates readers on the progress of the civil rights movement throughout the United States. This issue gives details on incidents of discrimination throughout the South, boycotts, "Stand-Ins," and education opportunities for African Americans.
Dr. King announces several initiatives of the SCLC. He explains that due to severe displays of discrimination the SCLC and other organizations will continue the non-violent movement with a demonstration in Washington, D.C. Dr. King further paints the picture of inequality among the races by providing several illustrations of discrimination.
Dr. King gives this sermon to a congregation at Ebenezer Baptist Church. He conveys a message of Christ's acceptance of all despite any person's wrong doings in the past. He also points out that Christ's work is exemplified through individual acts of kindness and helping others.
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As part of the Mud to the Stars project, we've put together a number of tasks and resources designed to be used by school groups to help young people explore the last 100 years of the RAF.
You can use these resources in any way you wish. If you’re a teacher or youth arts worker, your students can learn the songs from the backing tracks provided, or even write their own ones; they can have a go at writing the next scene of a play or create a piece of art-work featuring 100 years of aviation design.
Most of the activities are suitable for primaries 5–7 (level 2) and some for pupils in Secondary 1 or 2. All Curriculum for Excellence Outcomes and Experiences are clearly marked within the introduction to each task.
- Learn the 'From the Mud to the Stars' song
- Design a recruitment poster
- RAF Lives
- 'Silver Wings'
- Write a Play with an Aeronautical Theme
- Celebrate 100 years of RAF aircraft
- Additional songs
- Film, TV and books bibliography
If you have any questions about any of the activities, or about the Mud to the Stars project, please contact our Education and Outreach team.
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Paul Sancya / AP
Here's the truth: Generic drugs are not inferior to brand-name drugs. They are just less expensive — so don't worry about being cheap. Generic and store-brand drugs are just as rigorously tested, well-formulated, and effective as brand names.
Their lower prices actually have a simple explanation. Major companies pay for the marketing, advertising, and often development of a drug. Generic drug manufacturers have no such costs — and they pass those savings on to you.
This isn't just true of the drugs you buy in the aisle. If your doctor prescribes you a brand-name drug, you can ask for the generic if one is available, and it will work just as well.
Same drug, different price
Generic drugs, both over-the-counter and prescription medications, are very strictly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) rules for generics.
- A generic's active ingredient, dosage, and strength must be the same as its brand-name equivalent.
- Generic drugs must be "bioequivalent" to brand-name drugs, meaning they have to show up as the same in the bloodstream and work in the exact same way.
- Manufacturing, testing, and packaging sites are subject to the same FDA regulations, whether the product in question is a brand name or a generic. (About half of generic drugs are actually made by the same companies making the brand-name versions.)
In the end, the variation in performance between brand names and generics is about the same as the variation between brands. "There will always be a slight, but not medically important, level of natural variability — just as there is for one batch of brand name drug compared to the next batch of brand name product," the FDA notes.
Such variation is usually inconsequential, with one exception: a small class of drugs with what's called a Narrow Therapeutic Index, or a very small window in which they are effective. "NTI drugs include antiseizure medication for treating epilepsy, blood-thinning drugs like warfarin, antiarrhythmics for controlling irregular heartbeats, and drugs that help prevent the rejection of a transplanted organ," Consumer Reports explains. In these limited cases, even slight variation is unacceptable, both from brand-to-brand and brand-to-generic.
But for everyone else, generic pills might look different or taste funny, but those properties aren't medically relevant. The flavor, color, and other inactive ingredients of generics don't need to be the same as in the brand-name version, but in terms of the way the drugs act in your body, they are identical.
Perception versus reality
Generics have a perception problem. And it's only hurting the customers.
In a CDC study of a rural Alabama community, investigators found that people resisted buying generics, even when they were strapped for cash. When asked why, participants said they thought generics would "require higher doses" and "result in more side effects." They also said they perceived generics as "not 'real' medicine," and as appropriate for "minor but not serious illnesses."
All of these perceptions are wrong. But for anyone similarly wary, a working paper from a team of economists presents a pretty persuasive finding: Healthcare workers — people like your pharmacist and doctor, who should know a thing or two about the matter — buy generics.
Researchers analyzed shopping data from 100,000 households and found that physicians, nurses, and pharmacists were far likelier than the average consumer to choose generic drugs. Among average consumers, 71% of the headache remedies they purchased were generic brands; among pharmacists, it was nearly 90%.
In the chart below, you can see that pharmacists, physicians, and nurses (other health professionals are also highlighted in red) choose generics — called "private label" in the chart — at least 80% of the time:
You have to believe
Generics are a can't-miss bargain, and all you're paying for when you buy a brand-name drug is the pretty package, familiar name, and trusty slogan. But there's one hidden force the FDA can't control: your mind.
As it turns out, we can't disregard the power the placebo effect has to influence how well a drug seems to work. It turns out all those ads really do have an impact — what researchers call "the possible influence of the marketing to patient's response."
Basically, if you believe something will work, it often does. That's true for fake medicines — or placebos — which patients frequently respond to when told they will ease pain or even stop asthma attacks. But it's true for real drugs, too. The placebo effect can give them a boost — and research has shown that boost may be significant.
In one study in the British Medical Journal, women who received placebo pills labelled with a popular brand name for headache relief found them more effective than those who received the very same placebo pills labelled as a generic.
A negative placebo effect could also come from the bargain price of generics, according to a JAMA study from 2008. The researchers found that when placebo pills cost less ($0.10 per pill instead of $2.50), they are actually less effective. And just last year, a paper in Psychosomatic Medicine found that when participants in what purported to be an anxiety study were switched from a brand-name drug to a generic, they reported more side effects with the generic — even though they were actually taking the same placebo pill the whole time.
Because "the term 'generic' evokes a poor product quality," suggest the authors of a 2009 essay, "it can subsequently reduce the placebo contribution to therapeutic efficacy."
Now that you know that in almost all cases, generics are exactly equivalent to the fancy brands, those misperceptions should not hold you back. Now get out there and save some money.
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Is Doctor Faustus a Christian tragedy? Why or why not?
Doctor Faustus has elements of both Christian morality and classical tragedy. On the one hand, it takes place in an explicitly Christian cosmos: God sits on high, as the judge of the world, and every soul goes either to hell or to heaven. There are devils and angels, with the devils tempting people into sin and the angels urging them to remain true to God. Faustus’s story is a tragedy in Christian terms, because he gives in to temptation and is damned to hell. Faustus’s principal sin is his great pride and ambition, which can be contrasted with the Christian virtue of humility; by letting these traits rule his life, Faustus allows his soul to be claimed by Lucifer, Christian cosmology’s prince of devils.
Yet while the play seems to offer a very basic Christian message—that one should avoid temptation and sin, and repent if one cannot avoid temptation and sin—its conclusion can be interpreted as straying from orthodox Christianity in order to conform to the structure of tragedy. In a traditional tragic play, as pioneered by the Greeks and imitated by William Shakespeare, a hero is brought low by an error or series of errors and realizes his or her mistake only when it is too late. In Christianity, though, as long as a person is alive, there is always the possibility of repentance—so if a tragic hero realizes his or her mistake, he or she may still be saved even at the last moment. But though Faustus, in the final, wrenching scene, comes to his senses and begs for a chance to repent, it is too late, and he is carried off to hell. Marlowe rejects the Christian idea that it is never too late to repent in order to increase the dramatic power of his finale, in which Faustus is conscious of his damnation and yet, tragically, can do nothing about it.
Scholar R.M. Dawkins once called Faustus “a Renaissance man who had to pay the medieval price for being one.” Do you think this is an accurate characterization of Marlowe’s tragic hero?
Doctor Faustus has frequently been interpreted as depicting a clash between the values of the medieval world and the emerging spirit of the sixteenth-century Renaissance. In medieval Europe, Christianity and God lay at the center of intellectual life: scientific inquiry languished, and theology was known as “the queen of the sciences.” In art and literature, the emphasis was on the lives of the saints and the mighty rather than on those of ordinary people. With the advent of the Renaissance, however, there was a new celebration of the free individual and the scientific exploration of nature.
While Marlowe’s Faustus is, admittedly, a magician and not a scientist, this distinction was not so clearly drawn in the sixteenth century as it is today. (Indeed, famous scientists such as Isaac Newton dabbled in astrology and alchemy into the eighteenth century.) With his rejection of God’s authority and his thirst for knowledge and control over nature, Faustus embodies the more secular spirit of the dawning modern era. Marlowe symbolizes this spirit in the play’s first scene, when Faustus explicitly rejects all the medieval authorities—Aristotle in logic, Galen in medicine, Justinian in law, and the Bible in religion—and decides to strike out on his own. In this speech, Faustus puts the medieval world to bed and steps firmly into the new era. Yet, as the quote says, he “pay[s] the medieval price” for taking this new direction, since he still exists firmly within a Christian framework, meaning that his transgressions ultimately condemn him to hell.
In the play’s final lines, the Chorus tells us to view Faustus’s fate as a warning and not follow his example. This admonition would seem to make Marlowe a defender of the established religious values, showing us the terrible fate that awaits a Renaissance man who rejects God. But by investing Faustus with such tragic grandeur, Marlowe may be suggesting a different lesson. Perhaps the price of rejecting God is worth it, or perhaps Faustus pays the price for all of western culture, allowing it to enter a new, more secular era.
Discuss the character of Mephastophilis. How much of a role does he play in Faustus’s damnation? How does Marlowe complicate his character and inspire our sympathy?
Mephastophilis is part of a long tradition of fascinating literary devils that reached its peak a century later with John Milton’s portrayal of Satan in Paradise Lost, published in the late seventeenth century. Mephastophilis seems to desire Faustus’s damnation: he appears eagerly when Faustus rejects God and firms up Faustus’s resolve when Faustus hedges on his contract with Lucifer. Yet there is an odd ambivalence in Mephastophilis. Before the pact is sealed, he actually warns Faustus against making the deal, telling him how awful the pains of hell are. In a famous passage, when Faustus remarks that Mephastophilis seems to be free of hell at the moment, Mephastophilis retorts,
Why this is hell, nor am I out of it.
Think’st thou that I, who saw the face of God,
And tasted the eternal joys of heaven,
Am not tormented with ten thousand hells
In being deprived of everlasting bliss?
Again, when Faustus expresses skepticism that any afterlife exists, Mephastophilis assures him that hell is real and terrible. These odd complications in Mephastophilis’s character serve a twofold purpose. First, they highlight Faustus’s willful blindness, since he dismisses the warning of the very demon with whom he is bartering over his soul. In this regard, his remark that hell is a myth seems particularly delusional. At the same time, these complications inspire a kind of pity for Mephastophilis and his fellow devils, who are damned to hell just as surely as Faustus or any other sinful, unrepentant human. These devils may be villains, but they are tragic figures, separated forever from the bliss of God’s presence by their pride. Indeed, Mephastophilis and Faust are similar figures: both reject God out of pride, and both suffer for it eternally.
1. How does Faustus use the magical gifts that he receives? How are the uses to which he puts his powers significant? What do they suggest about his character or about the nature of unlimited power?
2. What is the role of the comic characters—Robin, Rafe, the horse-courser, and the clown, for example? How does Marlowe use them to illuminate Faustus’s decline?
3. When does Faustus have misgivings about his pact with Lucifer? What makes him desire to repent? Why do you think he fails to repent?
4. Is God present in the play? If so, where? If not, what does God’s absence suggest?
5. Discuss the role of Faustus’s soliloquies—particularly his speeches about the different kinds of knowledge in scene 1 and his long soliloquies in scene 12—in shaping our understanding of his character.
6. Is Faustus misled by the devils, or is he willfully blind to the reality of his situation?
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Self-Study Grammar Quizzes
Scrambled Words |
Activities for ESL Students has over 1,000 activities to help you study English as a Second Language.
This project of The Internet TESL Journal has contributions by many teachers.
Articles | Cloze | Conjunctions | Dialogs | Plurals | Prepositions
| Pronouns | Sentence Structure
| Tag Questions | Verbs | What's the Correct Sequence | Word Choice | Other Quizzes
Start with an Easy Quiz
- Easy to Medium
- Irregular Verbs (Charles Kelly)
What's the Correct Sequence?
For more quizzes, visit Activities for ESL Students.
Copyright (C) 1995-2007 by The Internet TESL Journal (Contact)
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Self-raising flour contains baking powder in a proportion that is perfect for most sponge cakes, such as a Victoria sponge, and for cupcakes. … However you should only ever add extra baking powder or bicarbonate of soda (leavening) if the recipe asks for it.
What will happen if I add baking powder to self-rising flour?
Because you were making yeast rolls, you now will have two leaveners in the same batch — the yeast called for in the recipe, and the baking powder from the self-rising flour — so your rolls will likely over-inflate.
Do you add salt and baking powder to self-rising flour?
WHAT IS SELF-RISING FLOUR? The simplest description of self-rising flour is flour that has baking powder and salt added to it. Recipes that call for self-rising flour usually don’t list additional baking powder or salt in the ingredients. In this way, self-rising flour is a 3-in-1 ingredient.
What happens if you put too much baking powder in a recipe?
Too much baking powder can cause the batter to be bitter tasting. It can also cause the batter to rise rapidly and then collapse. (i.e. The air bubbles in the batter grow too large and break causing the batter to fall.) … Too much baking soda will result in a soapy taste with a coarse, open crumb.
What is the ratio of flour to baking powder in self-raising flour?
Self-raising flour has a specific ratio of flour to baking powder. To replicate self-raising flour the proportion is approximately 1 tsp baking powder: 150gm (1 cup) of plain flour.
What do you omit when using self-rising flour?
It can be substituted for all-purpose flour in recipes that call for baking powder and salt; to use, measure out the quantity of flour called for and omit the baking powder and salt. Note: To be effective, self-rising flour must be strictly fresh.”
Is bread flour the same as self-rising flour?
If you prefer your rolls more firm, chewy, and substantial then bread flour would be your go-to bread baking flour. … Self-rising flour has an even lower protein content that all-purpose flour because it’s made using a soft wheat flour rather than the hard wheat flour that makes up all-purpose flour.
How do you make 200g plain flour into self raising?
To make the self raising flour, add 1 tsp of the baking powder to 200g or 8 oz of plain flour and mix. That’s it!
Can you substitute self-rising flour for all purpose?
To substitute self-rising for all-purpose flour, look for recipes that use baking powder: about ½ teaspoon per cup of flour, minimum. … Self-rising flour will work just fine in recipes using about 1/2 teaspoon (and up to 1 teaspoon*) baking powder per cup of flour.
What happens if I use plain flour instead of self raising?
Partly as keeping just one type of flour saves on storage space and partly as if you don’t use self-raising flour regularly then it will lose its raising power over time. “It is fairly easy to make your own self-raising flour. Just add 2 teaspoons of baking powder for each 150g/6oz/1 cup plain flour.
Can too much baking powder hurt you?
The symptoms of a baking powder overdose include: Thirst. Abdominal pain. Nausea.
What happens if you add too much baking powder to pancakes?
Too much baking powder will create a very puffy pancake with a chalky taste, while too little will make it flat and limp.
Why do I taste baking powder in my pancakes?
Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate. It requires an acid to activate, which in turn neutralizes it. If you are adding baking soda to your batters and there is no acid, and the baking soda is not properly blended into the flour, you will end up with a terrible bitter taste.
How do I convert plain flour to self-raising flour in grams?
- Put your ingredients (100g plain flour, 1 tsp baking powder) into a large bowl.
- Mix together (I like to use a whisk) until the baking powder is evenly distributed in the flour.
- Your self-raising flour is now ready to use in your chosen recipe.
How much baking powder do i add to 225g plain flour?
Just add 2 teaspoons of baking powder for each 150g/6oz/1 cup plain flour. Sift the flour and baking powder together into a bowl before using, to make sure the baking powder is thoroughly distributed (or you can put both ingredients into a bowl and whisk them together).
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Πειραματική μελέτη συμπεριφοράς θερμομονωτικών υλικών
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Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετά τη θερμική συμπεριφορά τεσσάρων θερμομονωτικών υλικών σε σχέση με τον προσανατολισμό τους.( συνέχεια στο pdf για ελληνικά ) Αγγλικά This thesis investigates the thermal behavior of four insulation materials in relation to their orientation. In addition it calculates the energy saving and reduction of CO2 emissions by applying insulation materials in buildings. The behavior of the materials was tested with an experimental procedure. The materials used were expanded polystyrene, graphite enhanced expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene and mineral wool. According to the results of the experiment, the tested materials have similar behavior with that of extruded polystyrene being slightly better than the rest. Extruded polystyrene has the lowest sensitivity to orientational shift, while expanded polystyrene has the greatest. After the orientation study, the materials were tested according to their application in building structures using the Thermocad TiSoft software. Energy saving in buildings is about 47% with the use of insulation materials. CO2 emissions are reduced by the same rate.
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The National Eye Institute defines a cataract as a clouding of the lens in the eye that affects vision. Most cataracts are related to aging and are very common in older people. By age 80, more than half of all Americans either have a cataract or have had cataract surgery. While cataracts are one of the most common causes of vision loss, they are treatable with cataract surgery.
According to the WHA Information Center, in 2016 there were 73,681 cataract surgeries in an outpatient surgery setting in Wisconsin. That is an 11.6 percent increase of cataract surgeries since 2012.
Data provided by the WHA Information Center (WHAIC). WHAIC is dedicated to collecting, analyzing and disseminating complete, accurate and timely data and reports about charges, utilization, quality and efficiency provided by Wisconsin hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers and other health care providers.
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Maintaining a relationship with someone who is addicted to drugs and alcohol requires a substantial amount of physical, emotional and mental strength. Unfortunately, many family members and friends of addicts cause serious harm with otherwise well-meaning behaviors. This is called enabling, and it can be detrimental to your own well-being, as well as that of the addicted person and others involved.
What Does It Mean to Be an Enabler?
An enabler is someone who has good intentions and wants to help an addicted loved one. But instead, their actions actually make it easier for that person to continue their destructive behaviors with little or no consequence. Enablers also often lose their sense of self because they are so focused on fixing the life of the addicted person they care about.
In many instances, the enabler is a spouse, a best friend, a sibling, or even a parent. You may find yourself in this position one day, and although it can be difficult to acknowledge, taking a step back out of the fire is really the most healthy thing for both parties involved.
Examples of Enabling
Depending on the situation, enabling behaviors can be present in a number of different ways. If you know a loved one is suffering from substance abuse problems, yet you continue to do some (or all) of the following things, you have become an active enabler in this person’s life.
- You encourage them to come out partying or drinking with you on a regular basis.
- You lend them money for drugs or alcohol.
- You pick up the messes they leave behind by cleaning up vomit, washing their dirty clothes or repairing objects they broke while under the influence.
- You prescribe pain-relieving medication for far too long simply to help them avoid uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.
- You lie to cover up the damage done by this person or to protect them.
- You make excuses for their irresponsible behavior.
- You bail them out of jail.
- You pick up financial responsibilities for this person, such as paying their rent or buying their groceries.
Harmful Consequences of Enabling Addictive Behavior
No action comes without consequence and enabling a person’s addiction will not only have negative effects on their life but also on yours.
Enabling behaviors discourage addicted individuals from seeking help or treatment. When you shield an addict from the consequences of their actions, they never really feel the destructive and harmful effects of those behaviors. As a result, they may never have the motivation to make any changes because they can’t see how harmful their addiction is.
Both the enabler and the addict become resentful. Carrying the burden of always picking up the pieces will leave you feeling stressed, worn down and emotionally exhausted. Additionally, your actions may set the expectation that you’ll always be there to fix the problems that arise as a result of the addicted person’s behavior. If this fails to occur, the addict may feel slighted. Eventually, all of this tension will result in resentfulness on both ends.
You may develop mental or physical health problems of your own. Maintaining a relationship with someone who is addicted to drugs and alcohol is mentally and physically taxing. Ongoing stress and anger in your life could lead to depression, ulcers, anxiety, headaches and other health problems.
Practical Ways to Love Without Enabling
Making the decision to not enable a loved one’s addiction is a courageous choice. It will be difficult and you will make mistakes, but choosing to end the cycle of enabling is an extremely valuable way to help your loved one overcome their addiction while also protecting and taking care of yourself.
Here are a few ways to build a more healthy relationship with an addicted individual.
- Love them without “rescuing” them. It’s important that you let this person experience the damaging consequences of his or her addiction, however painful that may be to watch. This is the only way they will truly see how their addiction is affecting their life and the lives of those they care about. When you feel like giving in, remind yourself that you are doing this because you love them and care about their future and well-being.
- Have a backup plan to deal with difficult situations. Oftentimes enablers feel helpless to the manipulative behaviors of the addict. Instead of falling into a trap, make a plan for how you will respond in various situations. Making a conscious decision to not be manipulated can be difficult, but it is necessary to protect yourself and others involved.
- Set strict boundaries for yourself. Know what you will and won’t do to help an addicted friend or family member. Never put yourself or others in danger to cover up for someone else and decide how far you’re willing to go before you put your foot down.
- Join a peer support group in your community. Joining a support group can help you learn healthy ways to help and interact with the addicted person in your life, as well as identify some of your own enabling behaviors. There will be others in your support group dealing with the same issues and sharing these experiences is a great learning opportunity.
- Communicate clearly and openly with the addicted person. If you’re going to make changes in the way you treat and interact with this person, it’s important to clearly communicate what you plan to do differently and why. This helps eliminate misunderstandings. It is wise to have this conversation at a time when the addicted person is sober.
- Attend family counseling sessions. Living with addiction is extremely difficult. An outside mediator can help you and your family members work through issues and communicate more effectively with each other.
If you are concerned about the well-being of a friend or family member who is suffering from substance abuse, an intervention may be an appropriate next step. Please contact Hill Country Detox today to speak to an addiction specialist. We can provide recommendations for intervention support, as well as detox and long-term addiction treatment options.
Image used under license from Shutterstock.com
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Functional Sites in Proteins: analysis and annotation of five nuclear functional sites for the ELM resource
MetadataVis full innførsel
Proteins are molecular tools which a cell expresses from specific genes, where the protein has one or several functions. An example of a protein function can be to detect a particular hormone, transporting itself to the nucleus and promoting transcription of other genes, as a response to the hormone signal. These three “actions” that the protein performs, can be narrowed down to regions inside the protein sequence. These regions are in this thesis termed functional units. In this example, one functional unit which recognizes the hormone, another unit which interacts with proteins that transport it to the nucleus and another unit which interacts with a DNA-bound protein, which results in transcription of target genes. Thus, several functional units defines the protein function. These functional units can be classified into different categories. One of these is functional sites.Functional sites are small linear subsequences in proteins which can be related to a biological function. Such a function may be modification sites like phosphorylation or protein-protein interactions sites like the LxCxE motif, which interacts with retinoblastoma proteins (Rbs). The problem with these sites is that they are so short, often not more then 3-5 amino acids in length. This implies an informatical problem when recognizing and predicting these short sites in protein sequences, which leads to a lot of hits and hence overprediction. The goal of the ELM project is to provide an Internet service for information retrieval and prediction of functional sites in proteins. The idea behind the ELM resource is to apply biological knowledge as context filters, and remove biological meaningless predictions, and thereby reducing the overprediction problem. For example, its meaningless to predict the LxCxE motif in extracellular proteins, since this functional site is only active inside the cell nucleus, where the Rbs are localized. During this thesis five functional site have been annotated into the ELM resource. These functional sites are: LxCxE, SID, RxL, PxDLS and PxVxL.
UtgiverThe University of Bergen
Copyright the author. All rights reserved
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Abstract: Traditional manual sugarcane harvesting requires the pre-harvest burning practice which should be gradually banned by 2021 for most of São Paulo State, Brazil, on cultivated sugarcane land (terrain slope ≤12%) according to State Law number 11241. To forward the end of this practice to 2014, a “Green Ethanol” Protocol was established in 2007. The present work aims at analyzing five years of continuous sugarcane harvest monitoring, based on remote sensing images, to evaluate the effectiveness of the Protocol, thus helping decision makers to establish public policies to meet the Protocol’s expected goals. During the last five crop years, sugarcane acreage expanded by 1.5 million ha, which was compensated by a correspondent increase in the green harvested land. However, no significant reduction was observed in the amount of pre-harvest burned land over the same period. Based on the current trend, this goal is likely to be achieved one or two years later (2015–2016), which will be five or six years ahead of 2021 as the goal in the State Law number 11241 states. We thus conclude that the“Green Ethanol” Protocol has been effective with a positive impact on the increase of GH, especially on recently expanded sugarcane fields.
Keywords: “Green Ethanol” Protocol; green harvest; pre-harvest burning; satellite images
Export to BibTeX
MDPI and ACS Style
Aguiar, D.A.; Rudorff, B.F.T.; Silva, W.F.; Adami, M.; Mello, M.P. Remote Sensing Images in Support of Environmental Protocol: Monitoring the Sugarcane Harvest in São Paulo State, Brazil. Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 2682-2703.
Aguiar DA, Rudorff BFT, Silva WF, Adami M, Mello MP. Remote Sensing Images in Support of Environmental Protocol: Monitoring the Sugarcane Harvest in São Paulo State, Brazil. Remote Sensing. 2011; 3(12):2682-2703.
Aguiar, Daniel Alves; Rudorff, Bernardo Friedrich Theodor; Silva, Wagner Fernando; Adami, Marcos; Mello, Marcio Pupin. 2011. "Remote Sensing Images in Support of Environmental Protocol: Monitoring the Sugarcane Harvest in São Paulo State, Brazil." Remote Sens. 3, no. 12: 2682-2703.
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It is intended that this page will ultimately include a range of material relating to the short courses and longer-term programmes offered by New Perspectives… However, this is likely to develop only slowly.
This may include:
- a summary of the elements of research on which the courses draw;
- a bibliography of recommended reading with a brief summary of the main position taken and issues raised.
- a list of issues for schools to consider in self-evaluating their provision, for instance in developing a teaching and learning policy, and provision for minority ethnic/bilingual pupils, given their own context and stage of development;
- references to sources suggesting relevant methodology in developing action research projects;
- advice on developing research questions, planning an initial audit
- examples of some of the activities which the programmes cover, as examples both of the support needed and strategies offered;
- brief descriptions of previous projects led by Tony Eaude, including ‘Leading Learners and Learning Leaders’ and the Oxfordshire Middle Leaders project run in 2002/3;
If you wish to suggest material in these areas which it would be useful to highlight, please contact New Perspectives.
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https://edperspectives.org.uk/resources-to-support-courses-and-programmes/
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Spring is hailed as the season of rebirth, but if it comes too early, it can threaten the plants it is meant to welcome.
A University of Alberta study shows that climate change over the past 70 years has pushed some of the province's native wildflowers and trees into earlier blooming times, making them more vulnerable to damaging frosts, and ultimately, threatening reproduction.
U of A PhD candidate Elisabeth Beaubien and her supervisor, professor Andreas Hamann of the Department of Renewable Resources, studied the life cycle of central Alberta spring blooms, spanning 1936 to 2006, evaluating climate trends and the corresponding changes in bloom times for seven plant species.
Using thermal time models, the researchers found that the bloom dates for early spring species such as prairie crocuses and aspen trees had advanced by two weeks over the stretch of seven decades, with later-blooming species such as saskatoon and chokecherry bushes being pushed ahead by up to six days. The average winter monthly temperature increased considerably over 70 years, with the greatest change noted in February, which warmed by 5.3 degrees Celsius.
The study, funded by grants from NSERC and Alberta Ingenuity, appears in the July issue of Bioscience.
A second related study, published in the International Journal of Biometeorology, describes the development of the Alberta and Canada PlantWatch programs, which coordinate networks of citizen scientists who track spring development timing for common plants.
In gathering their data, Beaubien and Hamann built on a network of information about phenologythe study of the timing of life cycle eventsthat was started in 1936 by the federal agriculture department and has since been supplemented by the collaborative efforts of university biologists, government researchers and more than 650 volunteers from the general public.
|Contact: Bev Betkowski|
University of Alberta
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Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch. members of the Apiaceae family, carry economical and medicinal value, growing wild in arid regions of Iran and with tolerance and compatibility to circumstances of drought . The Apiaceae family contains 423 genera and 3000 species including herbs, shrubs, trees and aromatics plants, that are found throughout the world, particularly in northern hemisphere . Two notable characteristics of the Apiaceae family are their “umbel” inflorescence and “Shizocarp” fruit. “Umbel” inflorescence that means “sunshade” (a flat or convex flower in which all pedicles spread from a single point of the apex). Shizocarp fruit contains two mericarps that are often joined to each other from extended oil canals (vittae); with ethereal oils and resins existing within these canals . Nowadays, with increasing awareness of the abnormal maintainer risks and chemical drugs, the use of this plant’s seeds as a natural additive has expanded . In previous studies on the essential oil of B. persicum, compounds of cuminaldehyde, gamma-terpinene, trans-3-Caren-2-ol, acetic acid, Caryophyllene and 1,3,8 -p- menthatriene were recognized [٥, ٦]. Seeds of B. persicum have also been used in traditional medicine. Multiple remedial effects have been qualified for seeds of this plant in ancient Iranian medical books, including antihistaminic properties and remedies for digestive disturbance, diuretic disorders, convulsions, asthma and dyspnoea. In addition, the seeds are also used for seasoning of the foods and drinks as well as in perfumery [7-9]. Other studies confirm that essential oil of B.persicum has a strong antimicrobial [10-12], antifungal , antioxidant activity . Also, investigation of B. Persicum Hydroalcoholic extract showed the inhibitory effect on Glucose-Induced . Nowadays, nanotechnology, or the fabrication of nanomaterials with functionalities that have positive applications in health, environment, industries or any other field of human life, have been considered. The main techniques of making nanoparticles are summarized in two top-down and bottom-up methods. The top-down method was first introduced by Feynman, where bulk materials reduce into nanoparticles by the physical, chemical or mechanical operations. This method includes the use of laser ablation, atomization, annealing, radio frequency (RF) sputtering, arc discharge, focused ion beam lithography and electron beam evaporation. Drexler first proposed bottom-up production, where nanoparticles are created by combining the constructive units and putting them together. The systems used in this method be composed of chemical vapor and atomic layer deposition (belong to the gas-phase methods), sol-gel processes, reduction of metal salts, electrodeposition and templated synthesis (belong to the liquid-phase methods) . Reduction of the corresponding metal cation is a straightway reaction to gain metal nanoparticles, which leads to the production of colloidal properties . By considering risk of physical and chemical nanoparticles productions, new studies have focused on low-risk and environmentally friendly methods of metallic nanoparticles. Natural ingredients such as vitamins, plant extracts and microorganisms could be notable for nanotechnology [18, 19]. Green synthesis has been further developed due to the simplicity of the method, low-costs, reproducibility and sustainability of products compared to other methods. Green synthesis methods include ultrasound, microwave, hydrothermal, magnetic and biological methods, among others . The green synthesized iron nanoparticles are used for disinfection of water and soil remediation of heavy metals [21, 22]. Studies show that the shape and size of the nanoparticles of gold can be controlled by the alteration of reaction temperature. The resulting nanoparticles are used in applications such as hyperthermia and optical fiber architectures . Silver nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts exhibited highly antibacterial [24, 25], anticancer [26, 27] and wound-healing activity . In another study, silver nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on the activity of larvae and resulted in mortality of the tested specimens [29, 30]. Silver nanoparticles (NPs) have been subjected to Medical research because of their size, shape and antimicrobial activity [31, 32]. Related studies have shown that temperature variations with stirring could affect the shape and size of the silver nanoparticles [33-35]. Sunlight can also enhance the speed of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, with the size of the silver nanoparticles produced under sunlight between 10-80 nm . Due to the importance of B.persicum in the pharmaceutical and food industries, and in order to complete previous researches, antioxidant activities and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles of their seed extract were evaluated for the first time in this paper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection and identification the plant
Seeds of B.persicum were collected in May. 2016 from 15 km of Bardeskan, an eastern city of Iran. They were identified in the Herbarium of Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran under code number 1560-AUPF (Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch.).
Preparation of seed plants extract
Firstly, 100g of seeds were grinded and extracted with 500 mL of 99% ethanol solution by maceration for 72 h. Finally, solutions were evaporated at room temperature to gain dry mass used for the experiments.
Synthesis and Characterization of silver nanoparticles
In the next step, 100mL stock solution (0.001M) of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and seed extract of B.persicum was taken separately. For the reduction of Ag+ ions, 10 mL of the aqueous extract was added to 90 mL of aqueous AgNO3 solution and was stirred for 5 minutes. The final mixture was placed for 5 minutes in the light and color changes from light green to brown was observed. Part of the solution was centrifuged (at 12000 rpm for 1 hr) to separate the nanoparticles.UV-Vis Spectroscopy (SHIMADZU, Model:UV_1650PC, Kyoto, Japan), SEM (Philips, Model: XL30), EDX (Philips, Model:D6792) , FTIR(SHIMADZU,Model:8400S, Kyoto, Japan) and XRD (D8 ADVANCE, Bruker) methods were used to ensure the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles. In UV-Vis Spectroscopy method, the silver solutions were diluted by 0.2 mL aliquot solutions with 2 mL deionized water. In this study, a Shimadzu spectrophotometer was used to measure the optical density of solutions/suspensions in a range of 200 nm to 800 nm, and deionized water was used as the blank. Morphology and size of nanoparticles were investigated by SEM. In this method, the sample was fixed, cleaned and dried. Then, the surface of samples was covered with a thin layer of gold foil. For elemental analysis of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, the purity of the approximate value of each of the elements was verified using EDX. Using the FT-IR spectroscopy on the extract, the biomolecules were identified, which are agents the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver. For FT-IR evaluation, the bio-reduced solution was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 1 hr. The fouling layers were located on the potassium bromide crystals and the FTIR spectrum was obtained in the mid IR region of 400-4000 cm-1. In addition, the crystalline structure of biosynthesized AgNPs confirmed by XRD analysis. In this method , Colloidal sample was placed on glass slide as a thin film and carried out using a PANalytical, the X’Pert-Pro MPD x-ray diffractometer by Cu-Kα radiation of wavelength 0.15418nm in the scattering angle range of 30°–80°.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the extract by DPPH
The capability of the extracts to scavenge DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical was specified according to the method illustrated by Blois et al. . Sample stock solutions (1.0 mg/mL) were diluted in ethanol to ultimate concentrations of 750, 500, 250, 100 and 50 mg/mL. BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) was used as a standard in 4 to 250 mg/L solution. 0.1 mM of DPPH was prepared in ethanol and 3 mL of this solution was mixed with 1 mL of different concentrations of sample and standard solution separately and allowed to react at room temperature and in darkness. Ethanol (1 mL) with DPPH solution was used as controlling. After 30 min the absorbance values were measured at 517 nm and converted into the percentage inhibition of DPPH activity using the following formula of Bors et al .
Inhibition of DPPH activity (%) =
(A control - A sample) / A control ×١٠٠ (1)
IC50 extract was obtained from the percent inhibition curve against the different concentrations of the extract.
Microsoft Excel 2013 was used for analyzing data and results were reported in the form of Mean ± Standard Deviation.
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
In this experiment the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from silver salt using B.persicum seed extract was a reducing factor. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by B.persicum seed extract at 10 minutes of incubation. The solution of the extract and silver nitrate salt did not change color alone. Upon addition of the extract to AgNO3, the biosynthesis reaction was initiated and color of solution changed from green to brown (Fig. 1) and the intensity of the brown color increased during the incubation period. Thereafter, the absorption spectrum of nanoparticles absorbed by UV-vis spectrophotometer Scan Drop of Germany results showed the wavelength shift in ~420 in Fig. 2 and confirmed the formation of colloidal silver nanoparticles. Reduction factors of silver ions in the extract were identified by spectra of FT-IR that are shown in Fig. 3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the silver nanoparticles B.persicum seed extract showed a wide absorption peak at 3100–3500 cm−1 that is related to OH factor stretching vibration. Two peaks appeared at 2856.38 cm−1 and 2925.81 cm−1 due to C-H stretching from alkanes. The control extract absorption peak in 1747.39 cm−1 shifted to 1741.60 cm−1 and illustrated the presence of C=O group from esters. A single absorption peak located at 1585.38 cm−1 was attributed to the stretch vibration of C=C. Additionally, scanning electron micrographs (Fig. 4) showed the silver nanoparticles of B.persicum seed extract with crystalline and spherical structures with sizes around ~50 nm. Results showed the formation of nanoparticles with almost identical dimensions and homogeneous structure. Finally, application of the EDX illustrated a large peak of silver around 3.١0 keV that confirmed its formation in the suspension (Fig. 5). According to the figure, in this scan range, the impurity peak was not found. Therefore, Fig. 6 shows the XRD pattern of synthesized AgNPs, using the aqueous seeds extracts of B.persicum. The AgNPs production demonstrated by the four distinct refraction peaks at 38.1°, 44.4°, 64.6° and 77.3° can be defined to (111),(200), (220) and (311) crystallographic planes of metallic Ag and was matched with JCPDS file no. 04–0783.
Antioxidant activity of total extract
In this research, Method DPPH analysis was used to study the antioxidant activity of the extract.
B.persicum seeds extract revealed a very high scavenging of DPPH and showed an antioxidant activity comparable with BHT. The B.persicum extract demonstrated a notable result in inhibiting DPPH, reaching up to 83.90% at concentration 18.75 μg/mL and its IC50 was 253.6247 μg/mL compared with the IC50 of BHT of 87.45 μg/mL. IC50 = 253.6247± 1.4921 (Mean ± Standard Deviation).
Nowadays, using a safe biological procedure to synthesize nanoparticles is desirable. Plant extracts, due to their phytochemicals compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic and terpenoid, are able to reduce metal ions to metal nanoparticles. In this study, the formation of silver nanoparticles in B.persicum seed extracts was investigated by four methods. Initially,during synthesis, a change in color from green to brown was observed. During the time, this change in color became more severe. This gradual color change can be caused by the stimulation of superficial plasmons resonance and the reduction of silver salts. In similar studies, this color change indicates the first formation process of silver nanoparticles [39, 40]. In previous studies [41, 42], inspection of silver Solution by UV-vis spectrophotometry show the absorbance in the range of 400–450 nm, therefore, the shift of wavelength to ~420 nm indicates a reduction of Ag+ to metallic Ag in our experiment. Presence of polyphenolics, particularly flavonoids groups in the B.persicum seed extract is responsible for Ag+ reduction.
Investigating of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that presence of capping or reducing groups such as OH factor is responsible for the conversion of silver ions to silver particles in total extract.
Also, the shifted absorption peak (caused by C=O) and appearance of a new peak (caused by C=C) confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles in the silver solution. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, carboxylic acid, phenols and esters groups that confirmed the function of plant extract material in the reduction of Ag+ ions to silver nanoparticles (43,44). Besides the other methods, scanning electron micrographs showed the formation of silver nanoparticles from this plant extract with sizes about ~ 50 nm. Previous observations illustrated that reaction time and metal ion concentration effect on size and optical properties of nanostructures. Also, increasing the concentration of the extract can lead to the formation of anisotropic particles (45,46). In general, it can be stated that the size and shape of the nanoparticles formed due to interactions between the biomolecules (phenols and phenolic acids) of the extract with metal ions. The EDX (47) proved the synthesis of silver with a single large peak. Finally, the result of XRD pattern confirmed the presence and crystalline structure of AgNPs, in comparison with standard authenticated . On the other hand, plants are rich in natural antioxidants. Due to the presence of groups such as flavonoids, the plants can inhibit free radical action and play important roles in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Nowadays, usage of these natural antioxidants, especially as a preservative of oils, has been considered. In the pharmaceutical industry, these natural antioxidants are also used to produce anticancer drugs. In laboratories, several methods have been reported to detect the antioxidant activity of plants . In this study, DPPH analysis was used to illustrate the ability of the components of B.persicum extract to act as donors of hydrogen atoms . As a result, the radical scavenging activity of the seed plant extract increased with increased concentration which proves the high antioxidant activity of the plant. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was carried out on the essential oil of B.persicum, and this confirmed the same result . This antioxidant activity is due to the presence of phenolic groups that have the ability to donate electrons and recover metal particles and form nanoparticles .
This study revealed the seed extract of B.persicum has a high antioxidant effect and can be used as a preservative for oils in the food industry. Additionally, this study showed that antioxidant activity of seed plant rescued silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles as an eco-friendly method could be a suitable alternative to current physical and chemical methods, especially in the medical sphere. In this study, spherical silver nanoparticles of a homogeneous were produced. Due to the healing properties and the anti-infectious of B.persicum seeds, silver nanoparticles have the potential utilized in the pharmaceutical industry. B.persicum is a local plant and grows in many areas of Iran and its use as a powerful antioxidant is recommended.
Support from the North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUNTB) and Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS) are gratefully acknowledged.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this manuscript.
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X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is a prevalent means of non-destructive elemental analysis in archaeology, the earth and environmental sciences, cultural heritage and museum studies, and other fields. A few universities have specialized archaeological XRF laboratories.
We are fundamentally different.
The Yale Archaeological XRF ExoLab (YAXX) is not a laboratory in the traditional sense. That is, our XRF instruments are not restricted to a particular room on campus. Instead, we use portable XRF instruments that can analyze artifacts or other objects in our Archaeomaterials Suite, across campus at the Peabody Museum or the Yale University Art Gallery, on a mountainside, or in an archaeological field house on the opposite side of the world. We work outside (“exo-”) the lab – hence, an “exolab.”
YAXX is part of the Yale Initiative for the Study of Ancient Pyrotechnology (Y-PYRO). YAXX is involved in teaching and research at all levels in the Department of Anthropology and Council for Archaeological Studies. Our students learn to use portable XRF in class demonstrations and exercises, undergraduate projects, and graduate studies.
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| 0.887994 | 251 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Volume 33 • Number 9 • September 2012
AAP issues updated guidance
on flu prevention, treatment
by Henry H. Bernstein, D.O., FAAP
Health benefits linked to
While it may seem more like beach weather than
flu season, it is time to start preparing for the 2012-
’ 13 influenza season. The Academy’s updated recommendations for the prevention and treatment
of influenza in children have been released online
aspx) and also will be published in the October
issue of Pediatrics.
Although last season was mild compared with
recent years — with a lower percentage of outpatient
visits for influenza-like illness, lower rates of hospitalizations, and fewer deaths attributed to pneumonia
and influenza — providers still must remain vigilant.
The influenza virus is unpredictable.
Protective immune responses persist throughout
the influenza season, which can have more than one
disease peak and often extends into late spring. There-
fore, vaccine should continue to be offered until its
expiration date. This approach provides ample oppor-
tunity to administer a second dose of vaccine because
children younger than 9 years may require two doses
to confer optimal protection. In addition, with inter-
national travel so common, there is potential exposure
to influenza virtually at all times of the year.
by Lori O’Keefe • Correspondent
The influenza vaccine composition this season
has changed from last season.
The trivalent vaccine for the 2012-’ 13 influenza
season contains the following three virus strains:
•A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like antigen
(derived from influenza A [H1N1] pdm09
• A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like antigen
• B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like antigen
While the H1N1 antigen is the same, the influenza
A (H3N2) and B antigens differ from those contained
in the 2010-’ 11 and 2011-’ 12 seasonal vaccines.
See Influenza, page 10
AAP policy revises levels of newborn care in the United States
A revised AAP policy statement does not recommend routine circumcision for newborn males,
but it does say current evidence indicates the health
benefits of the procedure outweigh the risks.
The previous circumcision policy statement in
1999 — reaffirmed in 2005 — said there was not
enough evidence for a recommendation either way.
Since then, however, numerous
studies suggest newborn circumcision can reduce the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), penile
cancer and some sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including heterosexually
acquired HIV, syphilis, herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV).
“This is a field that has changed quite a bit in the
last 10 years,” said Douglas S. Diekema, M.D.,
FAAP, a member of the AAP Task Force on Circumcision and a bioethics expert. “In 1999, there
was some data suggesting that there were some
small medical benefits to circumcision but, at the
time, there was not a compelling medical reason
to recommend circumcision. So the previous policy
didn’t argue for or against circumcision. However,
now there is much stronger evidence about protective medical benefits associated with circumcision,
so the tone of this policy statement has changed.”
Like last time, the policy statement indicates
that it is important for physicians to regularly
inform parents in an unbiased manner about the
health benefits and risks of circumcision, leaving
the decision about whether to circumcise up to
the parents. Cultural, religious and ethical beliefs
and practices may play a part in parents’ decision
about what is in the best interest of their child,
according to the Circumcision Policy Statement
(Pediatrics. 2012;130:585-586; http://pediatrics.
1989), which also has been endorsed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
See Circumcision, page 4
In this issue
Based on data since 2004 and as part of continuing efforts to improve the outcomes of high-risk infants born
preterm or with serious medical or surgical conditions, a revised statement from the Committee on Fetus and
Newborn now separates neonatal care into Levels I through IV, with no subdivisions. Page 8
AAP president-elect candidates
explain why epigenetics is important to pediatric practice. Cast your
vote online by Oct. 1. Page 7
Honor Roll of Giving Pages 20-30
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In 2010 wind power accounted 5.3% of the EU’s electricity demand, but this amount varies wildly from country to country across the continent. Denmark, Europe’s wind energy leader, is of course at the top of the table – wind power covers over one quarter of the country’s electricity demand. But the country in second position comes as a surprise. It’s not Germany or Spain, but Portugal – where wind energy accounts for an impressive 15.5% of the country’s electricity demand.
Most of Portugal’s wind power is located in the sparsely populated mountainous areas in the north-east of the country (all of its wind power is onshore). The country combines its wind energy with hydro power and some biomass to reach a level of 45% of electricity from renewable sources.
Spain comes in third with 15% of the country’s electricity powered by wind, and Ireland makes it to fourth position with 12.9% of electricity demand met by wind. Ireland is another of Europe’s surprising wind energy stars. At the beginning of this year, Ireland had 1,428 MW of installed wind power capacity – more than three times the total in 2005. Just after Ireland is Germany with 8% of the country’s electricity covered by wind power – a level which should rise significantly following Chancellor Merkel’s decision to abandon nuclear power and focus Germany’s energy future on renewable energy.
Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Ireland and Germany are the only countries above the EU average when it comes to the percentage of electricity demand met by wind – well done these five! If your country hasn’t yet been mentioned in this blog post, have a look at the table below to find out how much electricity is wind powered where you are, or read the full ‘Pure Power’ report here.
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://www.ewea.org/blog/2011/08/do-you-know-how-much-electricity-is-wind-powered-in-your-country/
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Elections, Fair or Unfair call of Democracy?!
Elections are one of the biggest festivals in a democratic country but are these fair calls of the government. Are we getting what we deserve or we are being scammed????!!!!!
Elections are the backbone of many countries’ government election process. People have faith in democracy and the election process; they put a lot of effort to make these elections successful and select the right candidate every time. Right candidate! Surprisingly the most difficult part, how to judge the right candidate?!
The most important factor of the election process is marketing; candidates spend tons of money to market themselves among voters. One can see big banners and hoardings promoting the candidates as a brand for sale. It is not a bad thing to promote oneself, but to win the elections, many candidates use fake advertisements and promises to voters. This pattern misguides the voters and they could not judge the right candidate sometimes. The problem is people do not even know if they have selected the right candidate or not. Years pass and next election dates are on board; here we go again the same cycle!
Fortunately, there is a way to finish this cycle; and the base of that is understanding the election method. People are aware of their rights and duties in many developed countries but developing countries are still struggling to make that awareness. There are many reasons behind this lack of awareness; the main reason is education. Education is the base of nearly all the possible activities in the world; and in developing or undeveloped countries, education level is still so less. When we talk about education, it is not only the literacy rate; it is about morality, sense of responsibilities and awareness of the rights and duties. In many developing countries, children are going to school but the social education is missing in them when they grow up. They treat Whatsapp, Facebook, Tik-Tok as their social platform and most of their nation fights and awareness camps are on these social platforms. This habit needs to be changed and next generation should get the right education to fill these gaps to make people aware for their rights and duties which will help in getting the right people to come ahead for the elections and election process will be smoother and easier.
To sum up, elections are very important part of the country’s growth and selection of the right candidate is not easy as most of the times, skilled people do not want to come forward to fight the elections because of the lack of right education and sense of duties. With the help of change in education pattern and awareness camps, these issues can be resolved and world can find the right people to lead.
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GLBT? LGBT? LGBTQIA+? What's in a Name?
History, Resillience & Hope for LGBT Americans after #Orlando
It's taken a minute or two for many religious and civic leaders to speak clearly and supportively about the Orlando shooting as an act of violent hate that specifically targeted lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Many of these public statements — like this from Utah Lt. Governor Spensor Cox — have been incredibly powerful and moving, revealing a deep well of compassion even among those whose political and religious leanings might otherwise mark them as well outside the circle of straight allies who have stood with LGBT family and friends in the aftermath of the shooting.
And this support has also taught us that we still have much to learn as we work together for justice and peace. Here's one thing many straight allies need to work on: using the correct acronym to describe the impacted community. So you know: It's LGBT (with some variation), not GLBT.
Here's why it matters that you try to get it right: If you are a religious or civic leader who, when speaking publicly about #Orlando, uses “GLBT” rather that LGBT, LGBTQ, LGBTQIA, or LGBT+, you are saying, along with whatever else you think you're a saying, “I have no real understanding of LGBT culture and history, and it really doesn’t matter to me to find out more.” And you're saying that by getting wrong the one thing that perhaps most clearly says, "I know you. I see you." — a name.
This history of the acronym goes back to the last sustained trauma in the LGBT world: the AIDS pandemic of the 1980s and 1990s. During that time, as most people are aware, thousands of gay men and transwomen died (as did many straight and bisexual men and women). Not only were the retroviral drugs that make HIV/AIDS chronic rather than fatal conditions today not available, but sustained, compassionate care through the torturous path of the disease was lacking. Gay men themselves rallied to each other’s sides as did many straight allies, providing companionship, meals, and some measure of nursing care to many people with AIDS.
But a central, and largely unacknowledged, factor in the care of men with AIDS were organized and more loosely configured networks of lesbians. John-Manuel Andriote, author of Victory Deferred: How AIDS Changed Gay Life in America (Chicago 1999), explained the impact of this coming together of lesbians with gay men:
AIDS expanded the gay civil rights movement generally and created a level of solidarity between gay men and lesbians that didn’t exist before. From the earliest days of the epidemic, lesbians stood by their gay brothers — whether as care providers for the sick or lobbying in Washington for just policies.
As historian Lillian Faderman details, lesbians donated blood for gay men in the 1980s when gay men themselves were prevented from doing so. They navigated the healthcare system, often from within the gendered nursing system that allowed them a particular sensitivity to the masculinized, heterosexist structures of much medical care. They organized to provide food, clothing, and housing. With so many gay men sidelined by HIV/AIDS, women were took more leadership roles in LGBT communities, breaking through a pronounced gay male chauvinism that often veered into misogyny, dampening participation in post-Stonewall organizing and activism for many lesbians.
As the AIDS crisis itself contributed to an enduring politicization of the LGBT community, women began to challenge the masculinist structures of power within a community whose very survival depended (depends still) on deconstructing such structures. At the same time, as treatments for AIDS became more promising and more available and affordable, gay men themselves increasingly recognized the role lesbians had played in mitigating the crisis. By the late 1990s, then, "gay community centers" across the country became "lesbian and gay community centers," and it became common to switch the “G” and the “L” in standard acronym (as well as, over time, to add the “T”…and then the “Q”…and so on).
…the gesture of the acronym change speaks volumes about what makes the LGBT community so strong and resilient through ongoing and, as we have seen, increasing attacks.
While it may seem such a small thing — a mere quibble — to comment on this now, the gesture of the acronym change speaks volumes about what makes the LGBT community so strong and resilient through ongoing and, as we have seen, increasing attacks. It is a marker of our ability to attend not only to injustices inflicted upon us, but also to injustice within our community. Certainly, there is much to do on that front still. Issues of racism and classism within the LGBT community undermine our unity and strength. Our own treatment of our trans sisters and brothers, whose needs often seemed to many of us to compete with the needs of more socially normative “good gays,” is only beginning to change. And, you will certainly hear LGBT+ people who are unfamiliar with our own history flip the letters. We’re not perfect. But there is in our history tremendous good that is the source of our hope for the future.
When civic and religious leaders call us "GLB" or "GLBT" rather than a now normative version of LGBT, it is not unlike those awkward years in the 1970s when well meaning white people struggled to learn to say “black” or “African American” (and less well-meaning ones thought the whole idea of a people having some need to claim its own name was silly). It erases part of our history, especially the history of women in the LGBT community and in our struggles for civil rights. It takes away a real and meaningful power — the power of naming — that has been marked throughout history and culture as critical to shaping and asserting authentic and authoritative identity.
So, the "L" before the "G" it's more than a nit-picking alphabet soup. It is a signal of respect, of solidarity, and of hope for a shared future of equality, justice, and love.
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Past operations & data
Communications / Navigation / Tracking
Ship contact info
Electromagnetic (EM) ice thickness measurements
EM sounding is a classical geophysical method to study the conductivity structure of the underground. In the case of sea ice thickness measurements, the method takes advantage of the fact that sea ice is highly resistive (almost as resistive as air), while the sea water underneath is very conductive. Therefore, the depth of the ice-water interface can be very accurately determined. An EM sensor does not require any physical contact with the underground. Therefore it can be operated from any moving platform (like a sledge, a helicopter, an airship, or a hovercraft). As the EM instrument determines the height of the sensor above the ice/water-interface, a laser or sonic distance meter is used to measure the height above the snow surface. The difference between both measurements is the snow-plus-ice thickness.
The EM ice thickness measurement method is described in Evaluation of ship-based electromagnetic-inductive thickness measurements of summer sea-ice in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas, Antarctica by Dr. Christian Haas.
Python program that merges three serial data flows, used for logging of EM data:
Credits Dr. Haas for text, article reprint and photo.
Dept. of Earth Science made a prototype +/- 6 V power supply. Description here
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In its early days, crypto was primarily a technical and political experiment aimed at bypassing a traditional centralized system like banks. Each crypto must meet a specific need. The reasons for buying or selling must be considered and be part of a strategy, be it financial, political, or even starting a collection. Individual responsibility being the credo of cryptos, we believe that knowing their history allows a better understanding of the present situation and therefore, to make informed decisions about the future.
The early years of Bitcoin served primarily to prove that a decentralized peer-to-peer digital asset exchange system did work. The first crypto exchange platform, bitcoinmarket.com (now defunct), appeared in March 2010. It was followed a few months later by a company that converted its Magic: The Gathering trading card business into a crypto exchange: MtGox. In 2011, Frenchman Mark Karpelès bought MtGox and succeeded in propelling the crypto exchange to the rank of No. 1 worldwide in terms of Bitcoin volume traded.
Then, a movement took shape within the community: Bitcoin 2.0. In 2012, aiming for uses other than monetary exchange (shares, collectibles, or real estate), users sought to take advantage of the lack of fungibility of Bitcoin to authenticate transactions by ‘marking’ the parts sent. In a way, this was the birth of the NFTs!
Their first use case could be traced back to J.R. Willett with the Mastercoin ($MSR) project after he sent the Whitepaper (called ‘The Second Bitcoin Whitepaper‘) to Satoshi Nakamoto and didn’t receive an answer. The goal was to put in place an overlay to facilitate the use of smart contracts over the Bitcoin protocol. But with no upfront funding or time to look for it, he used the concept of colored coins to exchange Bitcoin sent to a specific crypto-address for the latter to be automatically exchanged for $MSR. Around 5,000 Bitcoin were raised for him to carry out his project, thus creating the first Initial Coin Offering (ICO) in the history of crypto!
In 2013, the world learned of another crypto use case during the FBI’s shutdown of Silk Road, a marketplace connecting sellers and buyers of drugs, weapons, counterfeits, and other illegal assets that operated online since 2011. The American crypto community defended Ross Ulbricht with all their strength in the name of the ‘free market’ but justice remained deaf to libertarian convictions and sent Ross to spend the rest of his days in prison. Interest in Bitcoin drove the corresponding USD value to over $1000 in December 2013 and several central banks began to speak out against its existence despite positive support in the US.
From the start of January 2014, on the forum Bitcointalk, a decentralized exchange marketplace for artists, developers, or entrepreneurs using a bitcoin overlay was created that changed the daily life of creators around the world: Counterparty. Still in existence today, Counterparty has evolved over the years to provide the opportunity to create, trade, give, stake, and earn dividends from artistic works in an open and free manner for anyone.
In February 2014, a new kind of project was announced: Huntercoin. A fork of Bitcoin, Huntercoin is the first game and cryptocurrency totally hosted on a blockchain! Its mechanics allow players to recover the cryptocurrency spent on the project simply by playing and completing quests, then exchanging quest items for Bitcoin later on via Poloniex. It is the first game to use the concept of ‘play to earn‘ which aims to reward players for their time spent playing rather than asking them to pay to win. Although the project is still accessible, from the start players were warned that the bots would take over one day or another.
The same month, MtGox noticed 744,408 $BTC was missing from its wallets (around US$ 350 million at that time) and filed for bankruptcy within days. The administrative management of the company was to blame: it was only when users sold and wanted to withdraw their funds that MtGox realized the daily reconciliation of the accounts had not been made for 2 years.
In July 2016, thanks to the tenacity of a MtGox user determined to recover his 12 BTC and a blockchain indexer (designed by Mark Karpeles), WME aka Alexander Vinnik was arrested in Greece by the American authorities for having stolen 630,000 BTC between 2011 and 2013 from the MtGox platform. The facts are now known to all: Bitcoin transactions are not anonymous, but pseudonymous.
Gradually, more and more centralized exchanges appeared. Despite a few hacks, they restored the image of Bitcoin and helped reassure newcomers in the ecosystem.
In December 2017, BTC reached $20,000 and began a correction that stopped at $3,500 a couple of months later. While this fall caused banks around the world to react by comparing the value of Bitcoin to Tulipmania, the speculative folly of 17th-century tulips, it didn’t stop them from seriously considering the benefits they could gain from utilizing blockchain. During this period, personalities like the Winklevoss twins, Elon Musk, and Jack Dorsey recognized Bitcoin as a safe financial investment and contributed to improving public opinion.
In 2020, central banks were working on their closed, private blockchain CBDCs while continuing to decry Bitcoin as a technology that promotes terrorism and money laundering. This opinion is not shared by other financial institutions such as Square, MicroStrategy, or even BlackRock, who have bought a significant number of Bitcoins, sometimes at a discount by contacting miners directly.
As of February 2021, so-called ‘illegal’ BTC transactions represented 0.32% of network usage. This figure is not surprising: the darknet marketplaces accepting Bitcoin have all been closed by the authorities. Considered today as ‘digital gold,’ the main reasons Bitcoin is traded boils down to (1) long-term investment, or (2) trading for another crypto in the hope of short-term gains.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Studying English and being able to improve it is, to a large extent, a matter of practice and discipline. It doesn't matter if it is in writing, compression or pronunciation, to improve quickly it is important to spend as many hours practicing. And if what you want is improve your vocabulary and you reading comprehension, you should look for books to study English that are entertaining and easy to read.
And literature in English is not just gigantic books with complicated ways of speaking. There are literary masterpieces that can be easily enjoyed and will give you a hand to improve your use of the language.
It's time to learn! Here we tell you about some books that will help you study English.
Some of the best books to study English
Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson
If adventure books are your thing, this book is for you, since you can follow the adventures of young Jim Hawkins who finds the map to one of the most sought-after treasures in the world: the great treasure of Captain Jonathan Flint.
If this story sounds familiar to you, it's because Disney made an adaptation of this story called “Treasure Planet” which was released in 2002.
For its part, the book is a classic that is worth having in your book collection. In addition, the English version handles very simple language management, but it will also give you the opportunity to expand your vocabulary.
Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll
Sometimes the best way to learn to use a new language is with books that are written for children, and one of those is Alice in Wonderland, a fantasy adventure with an incredible amount of elements that seem like part of a dream.
As we have already said, this is a novel for children, which has simple language, with a narrative rhythm that is very easy to follow.
But this does not mean that you will not find some challenges to grow in your language skills, since throughout history You will find some fun word games that can help you a lot in your goal of studying English.
To Kill a Mockingbird by harper lee
We cannot talk about books to study English without talking about this classic of American literature: To Kill a Mockingbird, one of the two novels by writer Harprer Lee.
This is a book that tells us about the violence and racism in the United States during the first decades of the 20th century around a crime and the trial that takes place against a falsely accused African American.
But why is a book with such a heavy and complex topic useful for studying English? Well This book is told from the perspective of an 8-year-old girl, so everything is represented in fairly simple and easy-to-understand language.
The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky
If you are looking for a book that is aimed at a more adolescent audience and that helps you study English, The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chobsky is the ideal option for you.
This book revolves around Charlie, a teenager who enters high school after the death of his best friend and has to face several of the emotional problems that some teenagers in the United States usually experience.
The interesting thing about the way this book is written is that It is written in the form of letters that Charlie writes, so the language becomes very accessible to any reader.
Carrie by Stephen King
And finally there is one of the horror classics from the master of contemporary horror: Carrie by Stephen King.
The book talks about a teenager who suffers from bullying by her classmates. What few know is that Carrie has an unknown power that turns into a real nightmare.
The interesting thing about this book is that there are two different perspectives from which the story is told: that of the characters and that of some press releases, which can help an English student to easily distinguish the difference in tones of the two perspectives.
Any of these books will be a great help to practice your English, and it will be a crucial tool if you do a English course abroad in any destination.
Do you want to know more about our language programs? Contact us here.
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| 0.966129 | 843 | 3.125 | 3 |
United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, of the United States Congress. The Judiciary Committee, with 18 members, is in charge of conducting hearings prior to the Senate votes on confirmation of federal judges (including Supreme Court justices) nominated by the president. In recent years, this role has made the committee increasingly a point of contention, with numerous party-line votes and standoffs over which judges should be approved. The committee also has a broad jurisdiction over matters relating to federal criminal law, as well as human rights, immigration law, intellectual property rights, antitrust law, and Internet privacy. It is also Senate procedure that all proposed Constitutional Amendments pass through the Judiciary Committee.
The committee is one of the oldest in the Senate. It was initially created in 1816.
Members, 113th Congress
|Administrative Oversight and the Courts||Chris Coons (D-DE)||Jeff Sessions (R-AL)|
|Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights||Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)||Mike Lee (R-UT)|
|The Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights||Dick Durbin (D-IL)||Ted Cruz (R-TX)|
|Crime and Terrorism||Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI)||Lindsey Graham (R-SC)|
|Immigration, Refugees and Border Security||Chuck Schumer (D-NY)||John Cornyn (R-TX)|
|Oversight, Federal Rights and Agency Activities||Richard Blumenthal (D-CT)||Orrin Hatch (R-UT)|
|Privacy, Technology, and the Law||Al Franken (D-MN)||Jeff Flake (R-AZ)|
Chair since 1816
- When the Senate convened in January 2001 17 days before President George W. Bush was inaugurated, there was a 50-50 split between Democrats and Republicans with Vice President Al Gore as a tiebreaking vote.
- In June 2001, Republican Jim Jeffords declared himself an Independent and caucused with the Democrats, giving the Democrats majority control.
- United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Official Website
- Senate Judiciary Committee member profiles collected news and commentary at The Washington Post
|This United States Congress–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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At Paulton Infant School we aim to prepare children for the future, with the confidence and ability to develop their skills and understanding when having new experiences, meeting new challenges and finding themselves in unfamiliar situations. We offer a nurturing learning environment in which each child is encouraged to develop their full potential and where their achievements and successes are celebrated and rewarded. As a school, we believe that children are all individuals and therefore, we aim to encourage mutual respect, responsibility and foster self-esteem in a happy and caring atmosphere. The intent of our PSHE curriculum is to deliver a curriculum which is accessible to all and that will maximise the outcomes for every child; the teaching and learning of PSHE using the Jigsaw programme supports this. Through using Jigsaw, our children acquire knowledge, understanding, and the skills they need to manage their lives now and in their futures. It develops the qualities and attributes children need to thrive as individuals, family members and members of society and the global community.
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| 0.962477 | 198 | 2.640625 | 3 |
pete675 Posted January 23, 2021 Share Posted January 23, 2021 Have government scientists always wanted to protect us? Read all about it - shock horror ... the Sun tells the truth. https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/news/164047/day-british-army-chiefs-released-plague-on-tube/ Day British Army chiefs released plague on Tube ON July 26, 1963, scientists carried out an unprecedented military trial on civilians by releasing a plague-like virus on the London Underground. At around midday, a small box of powder disguised as makeup was dropped out of the window of a Northern Line train and into the train’s ventilation system as it crossed the city. The powder was spores of B. globigii bacteria, at the time considered harmless but which can cause food poisoning, eye infections and even potentially deadly septicaemia. Scientists hoped to simulate what would happen if anthrax was released. Days later engineers measured the concentration of spores in the air at various Tube stations. They found the bacteria had travelled more than nine miles. AFTERMATH: Passengers exposed to the spores were never warned or contacted afterwards. Officials decided the trial had to be kept secret to prevent panic and to protect national security. 3 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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| 0.961985 | 320 | 2.796875 | 3 |
“Every year, we receive reports of archery hunters injuring themselves,” says Gary Cook, Wildlife Recreation Program coordinator for the Division of Wildlife Resources.
Two practices lead to most of the accidents: not being safe in tree stands or having arrows out of your quiver when you shouldn’t.
Cook provides the following advice to help you avoid these accidents:
• If you’re going to hunt from a tree stand, make sure it’s large enough to hold your weight before you start climbing the tree.
To lessen the chance that you’ll fall while climbing the tree, leave your bow, arrows and other equipment on the ground, and attach a haul line to them. Also, be sure to use an approved safety harness (also called a fall arrest system), and always secure yourself to the tree as soon as you leave the ground.
“Once you reach your stand and have attached your safety harness to your final location,” Cook says, “then use your haul line to lift your gear to you.”
Cook also recommends using a portable tree stand, rather than building a “permanent” one. “Permanent tree stands can deteriorate and become unsafe,” he says. “Also, they clutter the landscape. And you can damage or kill the tree by hammering nails into it.”
If you’re hunting on a national forest or on land managed by the Bureau of Land Management in Utah, you’ll have to use a portable tree stand—permanent tree stands are illegal.
• Until you’re ready to shoot, keep your arrows in a quiver that has a hood on it that covers the broadheads. “One of the most common accidents we see is archers jabbing themselves or other hunters while carrying arrows in their hand or nocked on their bow,” Cook says. “Keep your arrows in a quiver until you’re ready to shoot.”
State law requires that arrows be kept in a case while the arrows are in or on a vehicle. When you’re outside your vehicle, it’s up to you to protect yourself.
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| 0.949996 | 456 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The 2016 Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2 assessments are the first which assess the new, more challenging national curriculum which was introduced in 2014. New tests and interim frameworks for teacher assessment were introduced to reflect the revised curriculum. Results are no longer reported as levels, and each pupil now receives their test results as a scaled score and teacher assessments based on the standards in the interim framework.
Because of the changes set out above, figures for 2016 are not comparable to those for earlier years. The expectations for pupils at the end of Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2 have been raised. Given the differences in the curriculum and assessments, levels are not comparable with scaled scores or teacher assessment outcomes.
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| 0.973184 | 137 | 3 | 3 |
Teams of international scientists have decrypted the effectiveness of two types of bacteria which could be used in the future to help combat oil spill disasters According to a report written by scientists from the ... - Read More
Most materials show one function for example a material can be a metal a semiconductor or an insulator Metals such as copper are used as conducting wires with only low resistance and energy loss Superconductors ... - Read More
Engineering researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have developed a new drape made from graphene the thinnest material known to science which can enhance the water resistant properties of materials with rough surfaces These nanodrapes are ... - Read More
Released 9 26 2013 3 00 PM EDTSource Newsroom University of Alabama at Birmingham more news from this source Sep 27 2013 BIRMINGHAM Ala – Genes in mitochondria the “powerhouses” that turn sugar into energy ... - Read More
A new study is examining methane and other components in groundwater wells in advance of drilling for shale gas that's expected over the next several years in an Ohio region Amy Townsend Small a University ... - Read More
Harvard and MIT scientists are challenging the conventional wisdom about light and they didn't need to go to a galaxy far far away to do it Working with colleagues at the Harvard MIT Center for ... - Read More
Using a new and super sensitive instrument researchers have discovered where a protein binds to plant cell walls a process that loosens the cell walls and makes it possible for plants to grow Researchers say ... - Read More
Is there any connection between wine and biodiesel The answer is yes however surprising it may seem Acetals are chemical compounds found in many wines like port for example which give it a unique sweet ... - Read More
Policymakers need to rethink the idea of promoting biofuels to protect the climate because the methods used to justify such policies are inherently flawed according to a University of Michigan energy researcher In a new ... - Read More
Researchers from North Carolina State University have developed a new theoretical model that will speed the development of new nanomaterial alloys that retain their advantageous properties at elevated temperatures Nanoscale materials are made up of ... - Read More
Engineers at Sandia National Laboratories along with partner institutions Georgia Tech Bucknell University King Saud University and the German Aerospace Center DLR are using a falling particle receiver to more efficiently convert the sun's energy ... - Read More
A lot of energy is wasted when machines turn hot unnecessarily heating up their environment Some of this thermal energy could be harvested using thermoelectric materials they create electric current when they are used to ... - Read More
Researchers at Purdue University have shown how to reduce fuel consumption while improving the efficiency of hydraulic steering systems in heavy construction equipment The new approach incorporates several innovations It eliminates valves now needed to ... - Read More
The quest to harness hydrogen as the clean burning fuel of the future demands the perfect catalysts nanoscale machines that enhance chemical reactions Scientists must tweak atomic structures to achieve an optimum balance of reactivity ... - Read More
Researchers from Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology UNIST Korea Institute of Energy Research KIER and Brookhaven National Laboratory have discovered a new family of non precious metal catalysts These catalysts exhibit better performance ... - Read More
Magnetic molecules are regarded as promising functional units for the future of information processing An interdisciplinary team of researchers from Jülich and Aachen were the first to produce particularly robust magnetic molecules that enable a ... - Read More
Research by Professor Jian Ren Shen at Okayama University demystifies the reaction mechanisms of photosynthesis and the findings may lead to the development of methods for producing an unlimited source of clean energy Professor Jian ... - Read More
At some point in elementary school you were shown that opposite charges attract and like charges repel This is a universal scientific truth except when it isn't A research team led by Berkeley Lab chemist ... - Read More
theranostics This approach will provide an important component for tomorrow’s arsenal of precision medicine ” Dorn and Zhang’s research collaborators include Faye Bowles a graduate student researcher Marilyn Olmstead a professor of chemistry and Alan ... - Read More
developed experiments with different clays focusing on their structural characteristics Past studies of iodide retention in clay concentrated on bentonite Wang’s team instead studied several different clays five with the same type of layered structure ... - Read More
Tell us what you think of Chemistry 2011 -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. Have any problems using the site? Questions?
Chemistry2011 is an informational resource for students, educators and the self-taught in the field of chemistry. We offer resources such as course materials, chemistry department listings, activities, events, projects and more along with current news releases.
The history of the domain extends back to 2008 when it was selected to be used as the host domain for the International Year of Chemistry 2011 as designated by UNESCO and as an initiative of IUPAC that celebrated the achievements of chemistry. You can learn more about IYC2011 by clicking here. With IYC 2011 now over, the domain is currently under redevelopment by The Equipment Leasing Company Ltd.
Are you interested in listing an event or sharing an activity or idea? Perhaps you are coordinating an event and are in need of additional resources?
Within our site you will find a variety of activities and projects your peers have previously submitted or which have been freely shared through creative commons licenses.
Here are some highlights: Featured Idea 1, Featured Idea 2.
Ready to get involved? The first step is to sign up by following the link: Join Here. Also don’t forget to fill out your profile including any professional designations.
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| 0.925938 | 1,167 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Map Reference: C085318 (2085, 4318)
I visited Doe Castle in 1975 when all the photos on this page were taken. Another visit is long overdue. The castle was built sometime before 1544, when it is first mentioned regarding MacSweeney Clan disputes. Some survivors of the Spanish Armada were granted refuge there in 1588. In 1614 in was in the hands of Captain John Sandford who repaired the castle and its bawn. In 1642 Owen Roe O'Neill landed there with 100 Irish veterans. Towards the end of the 18th century the lands came into the possession of George Vaughan Harte and c1800 he began to restore the castle. All had been reduced to ground level except for the tower house. Evidence of this restoration include inserted fireplaces and the initials GVH set into the wall.
The present ruins include a four-storey tower house with a three-quarter round flanking tower at the N corner and a larger, almost detached round tower at the S corner. The bawn has a round flanking tower at the N corner and a square gatehouse tower in the middle of the SW wall.
On the external face of the NW wall of the larger round tower is a 16th century trapezoidal tomb slab. It is a carved with an elaborate cross with an interlace centrepiece from which radiate 7 spear-shaped terminals. The shaft of the cross has a double band of interlace and it stands on a five-step base. On the left of the shaft are several carved animals. On the right are several interlace designs, a vine-leaf pattern and the carving of an animal. The cross is dated 1544 and the sculptor was MADONIUF ORAVAITY.
Return to County Donegal List
Return to Gazetteer
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| 0.956115 | 375 | 2.515625 | 3 |
(China 1912 – 11 Feb 2012)
- Not on display
- Further information
During the 1930s and 1940s in China, social turmoil and civil war fuelled a revitalise woodcut movement influenced by the potent prints of western artists such as Käthe Kollwitz. These new works graphically convey feelings of suffering and struggle.
Li Qun and Wang Qi were seminal figures in the Chinese revolutionary woodcut movement promoted by leading Chinese writer Lu Xun as a vehicle for articulating the people's revolution from the late 1920s through to the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949. 'Drinking' and 'Stone workers' (Acc.no. 226.1996) are classic images of this movement. The latter is an excellent example of one of the subjects of the revolutionary genre in prints executed during the war against Japan (1937-45).
The Asian Collections, AGNSW, 2003, pg.176.
- Place of origin
- China: Republic 1912–1949
- 19.2 x 13.8 cm image; 21.3 x 15.4 cm sheet
- Signature & date
- Signed l.r., in block "LK". Dated l.r., "1940".
- Purchased 1995
- Accession number
- © Li Qun
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| 0.890137 | 269 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: August 16, 2004
Publication Date: August 16, 2004
Citation: Solis, M.A. 2004. The evolution of feeding behaviors in teh pyraloidea. Meeting Abstract. 08/16/2004. 1:1 Technical Abstract: Snout moth caterpillars, or pyraloids have diverse habits. Many snout moth larvae are pests of crops worldwide, many species feeding exclusively on specific plant families. Most larvae consume living plants, but some consume dried or decaying plant or animal matter, fecal matter, or wax in bee and wasp nests. Some are known to be inquilines in ant nests, predators on scale insects, and aquatic scavengers in flowing water. Trees of relationship of the two families, Pyralidae and Crambidae, are used to examine various aspects of the evolution of feeding habits in the pyraloidea. The diversity, or species richness, of taxonomic groups within the Pyraloidea is examined in the context of these feeding behaviors that may have enabled groups of species to use resources previously unavailable to them.
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| 0.889878 | 244 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In the case of a Tornado/Earthquake/Severe Weather emergency, please follow these basic guidelines:
- If you sight or experience a tornado, earthquake or other form of severe weather, contact Public Safety immediately at x3177.
- Know the difference between a Tornado/severe weather watch and a Tornado/severe weather warning. A Tornado/severe weather watch means tornadoes or severe weather are likely to develop. A Tornado/severe weather warning means that a tornado or severe weather has been spotted in your area. Immediate action is required.
- Move immediately to the lowest level and an interior hallway of the building.
- Stay away from windows and areas with a large expanse of glass.
- Stay away from shelving or items mounted on a wall.
- Avoid gymnasiums, auditoriums and other large rooms with free-span roofs.
- Do not use elevators.
- Assist the injured or disabled to a safe location.
- Protect your head and face. If possible, get under a sturdy table, desk or other structure.
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| 0.889381 | 221 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Tooth decay is damage to the hard surfaces of teeth. It is also called dental decay or dental caries. It happens when food breaks down in our mouths to form acids. Sugary foods and sugary drinks are more likely to harm teeth in this way.
Teeth are at risk of decay from the time they appear in your baby's mouth. Children with tooth decay are at risk of pain, infection and the early loss of their baby teeth.
Preventing tooth decay
You can protect your baby's teeth from decay with simple daily care. Controlling how often your child has sugary foods and drinks is the most important way to do this.
Babies are not born with a sweet tooth. If you avoid introducing sugary food for as long as possible, you will help protect your baby's teeth.
Good dental routine
Once teeth appear, get into a good routine of cleaning teeth every day. From age 2 years on, clean your child's teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and with adult supervision.
Foods and drinks that contain sugar can lead to tooth decay. Read food labels. Sugar may also be called sucrose, fructose, glucose or maltose on labels. 'Low sugar' or 'no added sugar' on the label does not mean that the food or drink is sugar-free.
- Keep foods and drinks that contain sugar to mealtimes only.
- Do not give sugary foods as snacks between meals.
- Give your child milk and water when they want a drink. These are the best drinks for your child's teeth.
- Keep fruit juice or squash to meal times only, or not at all, and dilute well.
- Avoid fizzy drinks. They contain a lot of sugar and acid.
- If your child does drink a fizzy drink, use a straw. It helps keep the fluid away from their teeth.
- Use sugar-free medicines when available.
Encourage your child to eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables and fibre.
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en
| 0.944742 | 417 | 3.96875 | 4 |
|On this page…|
In example Represent Binary Link Frame Tree, you modeled the frame tree of a binary link rigid body. In this example, you add to that frame tree the solid properties of the binary link: geometry, inertia, and color.
To model a binary link, you must use multiple Solid blocks. Each Solid block represents an elementary portion of the binary link. Rigid bodies that you model using multiple Solid blocks are called compound rigid bodies. The compound rigid body technique reduces a single complex task (modeling the entire binary link shape) into several simple tasks (modeling the main, hole, and peg sections of the binary link).
To use the compound rigid body technique:
Divide shape into simple sections.
Dividing the shape simplifies the modeling task in more complex cases. You can divide the binary link into three simple sections: main, peg, and hole, shown in the figure.
Represent each section with a Solid block.
Each section should be simple enough to model using a single Solid block. In the binary link example, you can represent sections main and hole using SimMechanics™ shape General Extrusion, and section peg with SimMechanics shape Cylinder.
Rigidly connect Solid blocks to rigid body frame tree.
Rigid connections ensure the different solid sections move as a single rigid body. Connect the Solid blocks to the binary link frame tree to apply the correct spatial relationships between the solid sections.
You model the binary link as a compound rigid body subsystem. In this subsystem, three Solid blocks represent the basic solid sections of the binary link. Each solid section has a shape and a local reference frame that you connect to the binary link frame tree. Two SimMechanics shapes are used: General Extrusion and Cylinder.
You can promote subsystem reusability by parameterizing solid properties in terms of MATLAB® variables. In this example, you initialize the variables in a subsystem mask. You can then specify their numerical values in the subsystem dialog box. The table provides the dimensions needed to model the binary link solid sections. In the previous example, Represent Binary Link Frame Tree, you used the first three dimensions to specify the spatial relationships between the different binary link frames.
SimMechanics shape General Extrusion requires you to specify a set of cross-section coordinates. This is a MATLAB matrix with all the [X Y] coordinate pairs needed to draw the cross-section. Straight line segments connect adjacent coordinate pairs.
Coordinate matrices must obey a set of rules. The most important rule is that the solid region must lie to the left of the line segment connecting adjacent coordinate pairs. For more information, see Cross-Section Coordinates. The figure shows the coordinates required to specify the cross-section shapes of solid sections main and hole.
This example assumes the binary link is made of Aluminum, with a mass density of 2,700 kg/m3. The binary link has a blue color, while the peg has an orange color. The orange color helps identify the peg when, in subsequent examples, you connect the peg of one link to the hole of another link. As with all parameters in this example, you specify density and color in terms of MATLAB variables. The table summarizes the variables and the values that you use in this example.
|Solid Sections: Property||MATLAB Variable||Value|
|main/hole: Color||rgb_link||[0.25 0.4 0.7]|
|peg: Color||rgb_peg||[1 0.6 0.25]|
Drag blocks into the model canvas and specify the relevant block parameters.
Open the frame tree model you built in example Represent Binary Link Frame Tree.
Open the binary_link subsystem.
From the SimMechanics Body Elements library drag three Solid blocks into the model.
Connect and name the blocks as shown in the figure.
In the Solid block dialog boxes, specify these parameters.
|Geometry > Shape||Select General Extrusion||Select General Extrusion||Select Cylinder|
|Geometry > Cross-section||Enter hole_coords||Enter main_coords||—|
|Geometry > Radius||—||—||Enter R_Peg|
|Geometry > Length||Enter T_Link||Enter T_Link||Enter 2*T_Link|
|Geometry > Density||Enter rho||Enter rho||Enter rho|
|Graphic > Color||Enter rgb_link||Enter rgb_Link||Enter rgb_Peg|
In the subsystem mask, initialize the MATLAB variables you entered for the block parameters.
Select the subsystem block and press Ctrl+M to create a subsystem mask.
In the Parameters & Dialog tab of the Mask Editor, drag four edit boxes into the Parameters group and specify these parameters.
|Link Color [R G B]||rgb_Link|
|Peg Color [R G B]||rgb_Peg|
In the Initialization tab of the Mask Editor, define the extrusion cross-sections and press OK:
% Cross-section of main: theta_ccw = (-90:1:90)'*pi/180; theta_cw = (90:-1:-90)'*pi/180; peg_end = [L_Link/2+W_Link/2*cos(theta_ccw)... W_Link/2*sin(theta_ccw)]; hole_end = [-L_Link/2 W_Link/2; ... -L_Link/2+R_Peg*cos(theta_cw)... R_Peg*sin(theta_cw); -L_Link/2 -W_Link/2]; main_coords = [peg_end; hole_end]; % Cross-section of hole: theta_ccw = (90:1:270)'*pi/180; theta_cw = (270:-1:90)'*pi/180; hole_coords = [W_Link/2*cos(theta_ccw) ... W_Link/2*sin(theta_ccw); R_Peg*cos(theta_cw) R_Peg*sin(theta_cw)];
In the binary_link subsystem block dialog box, specify these parameters.
|Link Color [R G B]||[0.25 0.4 0.7]|
|Peg Color [R G B]||[1 0.6 0.25]|
Update the model to visualize the binary link rigid body in Mechanics Explorer.
Press Ctrl+D to update the diagram. The binary link appears in the visualization pane of Mechanics Explorer.
To obtain the view used in the illustrations for this example:
In the View Convention drop-down list, select Y Up (XY Front).
In the Mechanics Explorer toolstrip, click the isometric view button .
Compare the result with the example schematics to confirm the validity of the solid properties specified.
So that you can use it in later examples, save the binary link subsystem as a custom library block.
Open the custom block library that you created in Represent Binary Link Frame Tree
Drag the binary_link subsystem block to the library.
Save the library as linkage_elements.
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In the aftermath of the largest elephant poaching episode thus far in 2013, Central African governments met to coordinate and adopt an emergency plan to combat the killings. But is it too little, too late?
On March 14-15, at least 86 elephants were killed in Tikem, near Fianga in the Mayo Kebbi East region of southwestern Chad, close to the Cameroon border. Among the victims were more than 30 pregnant females, many of which aborted their calves when they were shot. The calves were left to die, and reportedly some were shot. It’s too sickening to even comprehend.
The massacre occurred in the closing hours of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) meeting (held in Bangkok from March 3-14), where the topic of elephants was high on the agenda.
The timing was also just weeks after the discovery of 28 elephant carcasses, all stripped of their ivory tusks, in Cameroon’s Nki and Lobeke National Parks and at least 15 carcasses across four separate locations in Central African Republic.
All these incidents followed numerous reports of columns of Sudanese poachers crossing Central African Republic and heading toward Cameroon and Chad.
Both the Chad and Cameroon governments had responded to this advance notice. In December, the Chad government sent soldiers and military aircraft to patrol the region and Cameroon deployed its Rapid Intervention Battalion (BIR), a special forces military unit. But neither was able to find the poaching gangs and stop them.
“We’ve been aware of the poachers’ presence and movements since last November in the Central African Republic, but given the means at hand, and difficulty of working in this vast, remote landscape, it has been very challenging to fully address the situation,” says Richard Ruggiero, Chief, Branch of Asia and Africa at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
A three-day emergency meeting on the poaching of elephants, organized by the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC), was held in Yaoundé, Cameroon from March 21-23. The 70-plus participants included ministers of defense, foreign affairs, and wildlife protection, as well as representatives from the United Nations Development Program and other organizations, such as the World Wildlife Fund and SOS Elephants.
Some attendees suggested that because key people such as the forces on the ground were not immediately involved, the assessment and resulting plans were not suitable for the real needs.
The final declaration acknowledged that national initiatives to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking had failed. It also reiterated the need for countries involved throughout the ivory supply chain (origin, transit, and destination) to coordinate efforts to combat the transnational, organized crime networks that are operating in the region.
Delegates adopted a plan of extreme urgency to fight poaching (PEXULAB), which includes immediate anti-poaching measures in the northern zone of Cameroon, the north and southwest of the Central African Republic, and southern Chad.
The plan calls for: mobilization of military forces in Chad and Cameroon to support anti-poaching brigades; creation of national coordination units and a mechanism for inter-state coordination; exchange of information on poachers’ movements; implementation of a tripartite agreement that would allow intervention by mixed (multi-country) brigades; and criminalization of poaching and illegal ivory trade so that penalties mirror those for organized transnational crimes.
Around the world, penalties are notoriously low for wildlife crimes. On March 19 in Ireland, for instance, two rhino horn dealers were fined 500 Euros ($650) each for illegally smuggling eight rhino horns, valued at an estimated 500,000 Euros ($650,000) on the black market.
Delegates at the emergency meeting also called on ivory consuming nations to adopt measures to reduce demand and restrict illegal entry of ivory. While they welcomed Thailand’s recent announcement to ban its illegal ivory trade, they pressed that country to actually implement the ban. They also urged other destination countries to redouble their efforts to combat the illicit trade.
The CEEAC meeting plan echoes the themes of CITES COP16, namely: the need to work across source, transit, and range states; the need for coordinated, transnational efforts; the need to treat illegal killing of elephants and other wildlife and illicit trade in ivory and other wildlife parts as serious crimes; and the need for more effective enforcement by way of prosecutions, higher penalties, and advanced operational techniques already used to combat illicit trade in narcotics.
“We’re up against formidable opponents here, so it’s not going to be easy.”
“We’re dealing with an extremely difficult situation,” CITES Secretary-General John Scanlon says. “We’ve got rebel militia groups, on very rare occasions rogue elements of the military, and organized criminals all involved in the illegal killing of elephants and illegal ivory trade,” “We’re up against formidable opponents here, so it’s not going to be easy. That’s why COP16′s focus on political engagement and on enhancing operational effectiveness is so important.”
Just Another Toothless Meeting?
Financing for implementation of the CEEAC emergency plan, as well as for medium- and longer-term actions, is still needed. While a 1.8 million Euro ($2.3 million) budget and timetable for actions were laid out for PEXULAB, the status of financial commitments is unclear. PEXULAB documents specified the need to set up a supra-national task force to maintain “the momentum between Governments and partners for the financing of operations.” The meeting’s final declaration invited the international community and other partners to come forward with money.
To further complicate matters, lingering political instability in the Central African Republic came to a head on Sunday when rebels seized the capital and President Francois Bozizé fled the country (seeking temporary refuge in Cameroon). This chaotic situation implies that poachers can continue to roam that country with impunity.
To Ofir Drori, coordinator of the Central and West Africa Wildlife Law Enforcement Network (which has assisted in the jailing of more than 800 traffickers), the meeting missed the point. “All the talks and discussions just distract us from what it’s all about,” he said. “Corruption is the number one obstacle of wildlife law enforcement. Until we are ready to fight it, we lose the war against the poachers.”
Poachers Poised for More Attacks
Based on sightings from the air and ground, it appears that the Sudanese poachers have broken into small bands of 10 to 15 men and are widely dispersed. However, the specific movements and exact locations of the poachers in and around Chad and Cameroon are unconfirmed, and the accuracy of reports is unclear. Some reports place a gang or gangs of poachers in or near Cameroon’s Bouba Ndjida National Park, which was the site of the slaughter of hundreds of elephants in early 2012.
“We’re watching developments closely and are working with our partners in southern Chad, including African Parks Network and others,” Ruggiero says. “The Chadian authorities on the ground are engaged, and we have assurances that our Cameroonian partners are fully informed and will react appropriately.”
Already, Chadian troops are pursuing the poachers and have engaged them. On Monday, President of SOS Elephants Stephanie Vergniault said that “the Chadian Président has deployed a lot of troops to catch the poachers and is very determined to get them before they leave the Chadian territory.” She noted that earlier in the day there had been a violent exchange of gunfire between some poachers and the regular army in Loumobogo (close to the Central African Republic). She also reported that authorities seized 30 tusks and that “Chad has declared a total war to the poachers.”
Lack of financing and need for high-level commitment and coordination for wildlife crime law enforcement were top issues at the CITES COP 16 meeting. But those concerns voiced by the delegates did nothing to help the pregnant elephants massacred days ago in southwestern Chad.
They, and tens of thousands of other elephants, are the victims of a perfect storm of high ivory prices driven by soaring Chinese demand, low risk of ivory traffickers getting caught, low penalties for those who do, and a lack of priority at either local levels or higher political ones to get serious about elephant poaching.
Encouragingly, Chad appears to be actively pursuing the poachers. But the situation in Cameroon and the Central African Republic is less clear, and the bottom line is that the Sudanese poachers are still hunting.
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To define prime interest rates it seems as if our minds willl always be drawn to the sub-prime debacle. Thanks the recent economic meltdown, most of us are quite familiar with what sub prime means, well at least we have a fair idea. Nevertheless, we are well aware that sub-prime mortgages were largely responsible for the collapse of the financial markets.
It was a time when banks lent money to nearly everyone who wanted a loan and even those who didn’t know they needed one, or didn’t know they could qualify for one. It was a time when banks had forsaken good lending practices in pursuit of bigger profits, and as a result heaped onto themselves sub par debt portfolios. But just what is the prime lending rate that we are often contrasting against? Read on to find a definition of prime interest rate.
What is the Prime Interest Rate?
In essence, prime interest rates are the interest rates that banks charge their best customers. These are usually the best rates that can be obtained from a commercial bank by non-bank customers. These customers qualify for these special rates by having great credit history and the means and liquidity to repay the loan.
Prime rates are usually gauged on the Feds Funds Rate. These are the rates that banks charge each other for so called overnight loans. Generally speaking the prime rate is 300 basis points above the Feds Funds Rate, but it may vary from bank to bank and is influenced by market forces. Nevertheless, the prime rate usually tracks the movement of the Feds Rate as it moves up and down according to the Central Bank’s monetary policy. For example, if the Feds Funds Rate is 1.5 percent, the prime rate would be somewhere around 4.5 percent.
Therefore, the trend of prevailing interest rates give some indication as to what the Central Bank is hoping to accomplish in terms of managing economic growth. For instance, by increasing interest rates the government can reduce consumer’s appetite for debt and make it more difficult for business and individuals to qualify for loans, and as a result slow the economy.
The reverse is also true, by making money cheaper to borrow, the government can stimulate burrowing, and with it economy growth. But as we saw in the recent global economic collapse, making money too cheap for an extended period of time can cause sub-prime customers (customers with a less than perfect credit score) to saddle themselves with debt. Once rates start going up, invariably they would start defaulting on their payments.
The prime-lending rate can be defined as the best rate that non-bank customers can hope to get. However, to define prime interest rate in the minds of many will invariably cause them to reflect on the sub-prime mess. As we saw earlier, commercial banks and the market do have some influence over what level these rates are set at, but in general the prime rate will track the Feds Funds rate.
William D. Bygrave, Andrew Zacharakis, “The Portable MBA in EntrepreneurshipVolume 35 of The Portable MBA Series. ” John Wiley and Sons, 2009: p 218
Siegel Joel G., JaeK.Shim “Accounting handbook Barron’s Accounting Handbook.” Barron’s Educational Series, 2006: P510
“Define Prime Interest Rate” cogdogblog
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Represent friction clutch with kinetic and static friction and controlled by pressure signal
A friction clutch transfers torque between two driveline axes by coupling them with friction. The Controllable Friction Clutch block models a standard friction clutch with kinetic friction and static (locking) friction acting on the two axes. The motion is measured as the slip of follower (F) axis relative to base (B) axis, ω = ωF – ωB.
The clutch requires a dimensionless input pressure signal P that modulates the applied kinetic friction. This signal should be positive or zero. A signal P less than zero is interpreted as zero. A signal P of unity corresponds to the full normalized kinetic friction.
The Controllable Friction Clutch is based on the Fundamental Friction Clutch block. See the Fundamental Friction Clutch block reference page for more about:
Use the blocks of the Dynamic Elements library as a starting point for vehicle modeling. To see how a Dynamic Element block models a driveline component, look under the block mask. The blocks of this library serve as suggestions for developing variant or entirely new models to simulate the same components. Break the block's library link before modifying it and creating your own version.
Select Bidirectional or Unidirectional to determine how the follower axis can turn relative to the base, in both directions or only in the forward direction, respectively. The default is Bidirectional.
Number of friction-generating contact surfaces inside the clutch. The default is 6.
The effective moment arm radius, in meters (m), that determines the kinetic friction torque inside the clutch. The default is 0.04.
The maximum force, in newtons (N), normal to the frictional surfaces in the clutch. This value normalizes the Simulink® input signal P for clutch pressure and determines the maximum kinetic friction torque. The default is 1000.
Dimensionless kinetic friction factor μ as a function of the angular velocity in tabular form. The table is a matrix whose rows are vectors of length 2, separated by semicolons. Each two-component vector specifies a pair of values, an angular velocity ω and a corresponding μ value, in that order. The simulation automatically interpolates a cubic spline from these values.
The default matrix is [0 1; 1e8 1], which is a constant μ of value 1. The angular velocity values are in units of radians/second.
Ratio of the static friction limit for clutch locking to the kinetic friction. The default is 1.1.
Minimum normalized pressure Pth that activates clutch friction. If the normalized pressure input signal P is less than this threshold, the clutch applies no friction. The default is 0.
Select to require this clutch to use the driveline-wide velocity tolerance ωTol specified in the Driveline Environment block connected to the driveline. The default is selected.
If you unselect this check box, you enable the Use automatic clutch velocity tolerance for variable-step solvers check box and the Clutch velocity tolerance field (see following).
Sets the minimum angular velocity ωTol above which the clutch cannot lock. Below this velocity, the clutch can lock. (See Simplified Friction Clutch Model following.) The units are radians/second. The default is 1e-3.
For a fixed-step solver, this clutch always uses this value, if you do not specify a default velocity tolerance through the Driveline Environment block.
This field is enabled only if the Use default clutch velocity tolerance from the Driveline Environment block check box is unselected.
Select to require this clutch to compute the velocity tolerance ωTol automatically from solver settings. The default is selected.
This check box is enabled only if the Use default clutch velocity tolerance from the Driveline Environment block check box is unselected.
Select to start the simulation with the clutch already locked. The default is unselected.
Select to make available the Simulink outport for the clutch slippage signal. The default is unselected.
The clutch slippage is the relative angular velocity ω of the two coupled driveline axes. The signal measures the clutch slippage in radians/second.
Select to make available the Simulink outport for the power dissipation signal. The default is unselected.
The signal measures the power, in watts (W), being dissipated by friction torques applied by the clutch to the driveline axis.
Select to make available the Simulink port for the discrete clutch mode signal. The default is unselected.
The signal value is a function of the clutch state. See the table, Clutch States and Modes, following.
The Controllable Friction Clutch is based on the Fundamental Friction Clutch. Consult the Fundamental Friction Clutch block reference page for the complete friction clutch model. This section discusses the simplified model implemented in the Controllable Friction Clutch.
When you apply a pressure signal above threshold (P ≥ Pth), the Controllable Friction Clutch block can apply two kinds of friction to the driveline motion, kinetic and static. The clutch applies kinetic friction torque only when one driveline axis is spinning relative to the other driveline axis. The clutch applies static friction torque when the two driveline axes are locked and spin together. The block iterates through multistep testing to decide when to lock and unlock the clutch.
These tables summarize the clutch variables, states, and modes.
|ω||Relative angular velocity||ωF – ω B|
|α||Relative angular acceleration||dω/dt|
|ωTol||Relative angular velocity tolerance for clutch locking||See text following|
|P, Pth||Normalized clutch pressure and threshold||Dimensionless input pressure applied to clutch discs; threshold clutch pressure. Usually, 0 ≤ P, Pth ≤ 1.|
|Pfric||Clutch friction capacity||max[(P – Pth), 0]|
|reff||Effective torque radius||Effective moment arm of clutch friction force|
|μ||Kinetic friction coefficient||Dimensionless coefficient of kinetic friction of clutch discs, function of ω|
|τK||Kinetic friction torque||See text following|
|τS||Static friction torque limit||(static friction peak factor)·(kinetic friction torque for ω → 0) (See text following)|
Clutch States and Modes
|Forward or Wait Forward||+1|
|Reverse or Wait Reverse||-1|
|Default Initial State||0|
Instead of requiring the kinetic and static friction limit torques as input signals, the Controllable Friction Clutch calculates these from the fixed clutch parameters and the input normalized pressure signal P.
The kinetic friction torque is a product of five factors:
τK = μ·(number of friction
(peak normal force)·Pfric ≥ 0
The effective torque radius reff is the effective radius, measured from the driveline axis, at which the frictional forces are applied at the frictional surfaces. It is related to the geometry of the friction surface by
ro and ri are the outer and inner radii, respectively, of the friction surface, modeled as a disk.
You specify the kinetic friction coefficient μ as a tabulated discrete function of relative angular velocity ω. This function is assumed to be symmetric for positive and negative values of the relative angular velocity, so that you need to specify μ for positive values of ω only.
The peak normal force is the normal force applied to the frictional surfaces when the normalized clutch friction capacity signal P – Pth is one. The pressure signal should be nonnegative. If P is less than Pth, the clutch applies no friction at all.
The static friction limit is a product of two factors:
τS = (static friction peak factor)·τK(ω → 0)
The block computes the kinetic friction torque with the kinetic friction coefficient μ interpolated to zero relative angular velocity with a cubic spline.
The static friction peak factor measures how much larger the static friction has to be to unlock the clutch, as a ratio to the kinetic friction at the instant of unlocking, when ω = 0.
The static friction torque limits or range is then defined symmetrically as:
τS ≡ τS+ = –τS–
The Wait state of the Controllable Friction Clutch is identical to the Wait state of the Fundamental Friction Clutch, with the replacement of the positive kinetic friction condition (τK > 0) by the positive clutch friction capacity condition (P ≥ Pth).
The power dissipated by the clutch is |ω·τK|. The clutch dissipates power only if it is both slipping (ω ≠ 0) and applying kinetic friction (τK > 0).
These SimDriveline™ example models contain working examples of controllable friction clutches used to change gear couplings:
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In recent years, there has been an increasing number of complaints relating to the sudden and unexpected appearance of soot-like material observed in homes and commercial buildings. These stains may form on carpets, walls, plastic objects and other materials, and have been noted around ventilation grilles and electrical outlets. The culprit for this “ghosting” phenomenon is the formation of Black Carbon. In Southern California Wildfires, Rarefied Air Environmental has extensive experience in confirming the presence and identifying the source of Black Carbon.
Black Carbon is a fine-grained solid residue that results from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. Common sources of Black Carbon that can cause residential or commercial property damage in Southern California are from Wildfires but may include candles, fuels such as oil, propane and natural gas used in gas appliances and gas log fireplaces, firewood burned in a fireplace or a wood-burning stove.
Identifying the origin of combustion product formation can help to eliminate potential sources. When complete we offer the most comprehensive reports in the industry. Detailed by pictures and sample analysis the report will also include a scope of work to be performed.
Wildfire Soot Claims
A growing concern in the insurance sector is soot and smoke damage claims due to wildfires. Some of these fires can affect properties hundreds of miles downwind, causing the potential number of claims to be astronomical. Besides the known risks for respiratory and other health problems, smoke, soot, and char can cause physical damage ranging from settled ash to property damage.
Depending on the type and amount of soot, the remediation can range from simple cleaning to professional cleaning and even replacement of soft goods (fabrics and carpeting) and/or electronic appliances.
Let’s start with some common questions on the matter:
What is soot?
- Soot is the carbonaceous deposits remaining after incomplete combustion
- Soot is typically black or gray, whereas ash is typically white or light gray
- Soot can contain traces of the fuel that caused it, allowing the identification of the source
- Soot and the combustion byproducts associated with it can be harmful
Why is soot formed?
- A fuel burns with less than the optimum oxygen present
- A fuel burns in windy or turbulent condition
- A poor or contaminated fuel burns. Some products generate more soot when they burn than others (rubber tires vs. paper, for example)
What are the most common sources for residential soot?
- Fire Places
- Heater malfunctions
- Wildfires nearby
- Interior fires (cooking, appliance etc)
A relatively inexpensive examination of the property can give a good assessment of the potential loss and possible sources of any observed soot. In most cases, the examination will collect enough information to evaluate the scope and validity of the claim. The onsite examination typically includes the following:
- Interview the residents for history and loss allegations
- Document the property and any visible smoke or soot damage with photographs
- Identify any specific locations of visible soot
- Collect surface samples
- Collect wipe samples
- Submit samples to our laboratory for analysis
At Rarefied Air Environmental we do not simply perform a chemical sponge wipe test. We offer a comprehensive detailed report with empirical evidence to substantiate the loss.
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A team of experts from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have rejected the claims made about the benefits of probiotic ingredients, mostly found in yoghurt and some health drinks. EFSA has rejected 10 claims from among the 180 health claims for the supplements. Remaining 170 claims are said to not have provided enough evidence of their effects. The manufacturers of best-selling yoghurt drinks Actimel and Yakult have submitted claims that will be considered at a later stage. EFSA is reviewing all health claims made for food products as a result of the introduction of a new EU law in 2006 which directed that all medical-sounding marketing claims must be verified.
It has been proven by many scientific researches that not all the bacteria and micro-organisms in human digestive tract and colon are harmful. Some of these bacteria are helpful and help in better digestion, improves immunity and overall health. Probiotics are dietary supplements that are claimed to be similar to normally beneficial bacteria and organisms found in human body, especially in the intestines and colon. They can be found naturally in some foods such as yoghurt, fermented and non fermented milk, some juices and soy drinks.
Said Benefits of Probiotics
Many researches have been conducted about the benefits of probiotics, which still continue.
- Probiotics help in the treatment of diarrhea, particularly after administration of certain antibiotics.
- They are useful in treating inflammation that follows colon surgery.
- They are also used to treat vaginal yeast infections and urinary tract or bladder infections.
- These supplements are said to reduce bladder cancer recurrence.
- They are extensively used for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Probiotics may also help in reducing the occurrence of childhood eczema.
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The Kojiki, translated by Basil Hall Chamberlain, , at sacred-texts.com
Again this Deity's Chief Empress, 1 Her Augustness the Forward-Princess, was very jealous. So the Deity her husband, being distressed, was about to go up from Idzumo to the Land of Yamato; and as he stood attired, with one august hand on the saddle of his august horse and one august foot in the august stirrup, he sang, saying:
Then his Empress, taking a great august liquor-cup, and drawing near and offering it to him, sang, saying:—
She having thus sung, they at once pledged [each other] by the cup with [their hands] on [each other's] necks, 4 and are at rest till the present time. These are called divine words. 5
95:1 p. 97 I.e., chief wife.
96:2 The meaning of this poem is:—"I start for Yamato, there to search for a better wife, and I carefully array myself for the journey. Black,—the colour of mourning,—is not fair enough, and red is more beautiful than green; so it is on my red garments that my choice rests. And thou, jealous and imperious woman! for all that thou sayest that thou wilt not heed my going, thou wilt weep when I depart with my retainers as departs a flock of birds, and thou wilt bury thy head in thy hands, and thy tears shall be as the misty drops of the morning shower."—The words hata tagi (rendered in accordance with Motowori's view by "raise my fins") are supposed to signify "raise my sleeve." If the last syllable were found in any text written with a character not requiring the use of the nigori in the Japanese transcription, we should get the more satisfactory reading ha tataki, i.e. "beat my wings;" but the syllable in question does not seem to be anywhere so written;—The "madder" is in the original akane, here written (but doubtless only through the error of some copyist) atane. The words rendered "sought in the mountain fields" might also be translated "sown in the mountain fields," magashi, "sought," and makishi, "sowed" being thought to be convertible.—The words "my beloved" represent the Japanese itokoya no, whose meaning is obscure and much disputed.—The words "when I am led away" must be understood as if they were Active instead of Passive, signifying as they do "when I lead away my retinue of followers."—The eulalia (Eulalia Japonica) is a long king of grass very often alluded to in the later classical poetry.—The words "on the mountain" represent the Japanese words yama-to no, in accordance with Motowori's and Hirata's view of the meaning of the latter ( or ). Th. primá facie interpretation of "in the province of Yamato," which Keichiyu adopts, will not bear investigation.—It is not quite clear whether "the mist of the morning shower" means mist separate from the rain, or is simply a phrase for the rain-drops themselves. Motowori adopts the former opinion.—"Young herbs:" waka-kusa, is the Pillow-Word for "spouse,"—newly married youths and maidens being likened to the fresh-grown grass. The refrain is an abbreviated form of that found in the two previous poems.
96:3 The import of this poem needs little explanation:—The goddess says to her husband, "Come back and live with me, and quaff this goblet as a sign of reconciliation; for though thou, as a man, mayest have a wife on every shore, I shall be left solitary if thou depart."—p. 98 The "ornamented fence" is supposed to mean "a curtain round the sleeping place."—The latter part to the poem (excepting the concluding phrase) is a repetition of lines that have already occurred in the last one of Sect. XXIV (note 7). The word tate-matsurase (here rendered "lift up") occasions some difficulty. It properly signifies "present to a superior;" but here it must be taken to mean "partake of," as the goddess is speaking to her spouse himself, unless indeed we suppose the final words of the song to be a command addressed to one of her attendants to present the cup to their common lord and master.
96:4 This is the probable and generally accepted meaning of the original of this clause, which is written phonetically.
96:5 Explained by Moribe to mean, with reference to the whole story, "conversation about divine events." Motowori proposes to supplement the character , "song," to the two ( ) in the text, and to take the three together as designating the nature of the preceding songs, in accordance with the usage in other cases,—"Rustic Songs," "Courtier's Songs," etc. If this view were adopted, we should have to translate by "Divine Converse Songs."
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NHTSA introduces new crash test dummy for child safety seat evaluation
Feb. 22, 2012—The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) on Tuesday unveiled a new crash test dummy that will be used to evaluate child safety seats and boosters made for children weighing more than 65 pounds.
The NHTSA said its new dummy, which represents a 10-year-old child, was developed as a result of new safety seat requirements that have been updated to keep pace with the latest scientific research and child restraint system technologies. The dummy is the best tool currently available for measuring the risk of injury to a child using a higher-weight child restraint system during a vehicle crash, according to the agency.
The 10-year-old child test dummy will provide information on the risk of injuries using head excursions, knee excursions and chest acceleration. The dummy will also help evaluate how well higher-weight restraint systems, rated from 65 to 80 pounds, manage crash energy and whether the seat's structure stays intact.
"It's good news that manufacturers are making more car seats and boosters than ever before designed to keep older and heavier children safer on our roadways," said U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood. "As the marketplace evolves to accommodate changing consumer needs, it's important that safety regulators also have the best tools possible for evaluating how well these products work. The new test dummy breaks new ground for the Department's crash test program and is a significant step forward for evaluating child seat performance."
In 2011, the NHTSA issued child safety seat recommendations that encourage parents and caregivers to keep children in car seats with a harness for as long as possible. The agency recommends that children ride in a booster seat until they are big enough to fit in a seat belt properly, which is typically when the child is 8 to 12 years old, and roughly 4 feet 9 inches tall.
"Our new dummy is an excellent addition to NHTSA's extensive child seat compliance testing program and will enable the agency to gather the best data yet on the performance of higher-weight child seats," said David Strickland, administrator of the NHTSA. "Even as we begin to reap the benefits of this new tool, NHTSA is already looking down the road and has research under way to further improve the dummy."
FenderBender encourages readers to comment and engage in meaningful, respectful dialogue with their peers on the issues that are important to them. Comments that include profanity, vulgarity, or personal attacks will be removed. Repeat violators may be banned from commenting. All comments are eligible for inclusion in FenderBender magazine.
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Dust Tracks on a Road: An Autobiography was written when Zora Neale Hurston was about fifty years old. The book poignantly describes what it was like to grow up poor, black, and female; it shows an energetic woman who overcomes odds to achieve a liberated, rewarding life. Hurston was born in Eatonville, Florida, America’s first incorporated black community. Her father was a driving force in the community; her mother died when she was nine. The liberating force for Hurston was her love of knowledge. While at the black grammar school, she won a reading contest, receiving books that ignited her imagination. In turn, she learned about real life at Joe Clarke’s store, the meeting place of the men in town.
After her mother’s death, she was moved from place to place. It was her own initiative that released her from her circumstances. When she learned that an actress in a traveling Gilbert and Sullivan troupe was looking for a lady’s maid, she approached the woman with “I come to work for you.” When her service ended—a service that had been a marvelous education in humanity and the arts—she went back to night high school, then to Howard University and Barnard College.
At Barnard, working under anthropologist Franz Boas, she studied the folklore of her people in Polk County, Florida. This began a lifelong interest in the roots of her people. Yet some of Hurston’s greatest friends and confidants were the upper-class whites she met both in...
(The entire section is 418 words.)
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Building Better Friendships PLR
Build Your List, Grow Your Reach, And Stop Worrying About Constant Content Creation!
For many years, the studies done on friendships were mainly centered in the fields of psychology, social anthropology, and sciences that focused on culture and behavior. In the past, the ideas surrounding and supporting friendships were mainly focused on behaviors or the socio-emotional aspects. More recently, friendship is being studied at a cellular level and some science indicates we are hardwired for friendship.
Turns out, friendships may have been part of man’s evolution. The oldest part of our brains is the brain stem. Also called the lizard brain. This part of our brain is responsible for primitive survival instincts. This is what kept early man from being eaten by a predator. The lizard brain is where the fight, flight, or freeze reaction is triggered. It’s where we store deep habits that we can seem to do without actively thinking about them.
This 30-day challenge is designed to help your readers learn more about becoming a better friend.
In the content you share helpful tips and advice and to go along with it, emails go out each day that point readers to the new content and challenge them to follow along. With this content bundle, you challenge your readers to examine the friendships in their lives.
For only $87 you'll get all this:
30 articles, 30 emails, 30 social media posts, eBook compilation, our handy “How to Run an Email Challenge” Guide, an eBook/workbook.
Here's What's Inside the
Building Better Friendships PLR Bundle:
30 Articles and 30 Emails
This PLR Bundle includes 30 articles and 30 email messages. Just copy and paste and you're good to go.
Here's a quick glance at the 30 titles we have for you inside:
- Welcome to the 30 Days to Become a Better Friend Challenge
- Is Being Friendly in our DNA?
- Having Friends Can Extend Your Life
- Healthy or Unhealthy? Signs Your Friend Could be Toxic
- Mental Health and Friendship- Beating Depression One Friend at a Time
- Reciprocity- 3 Tips for a Balanced Friendship
- Are You a Good Friend? 3 Reasons You May Not Be
- Healthy People Attract Healthy Friends
- Quality or Quantity? Important Thoughts About Friendship
- Can Extroverts and Introverts Be Friends?
- Stop These Behaviors for Better and Healthier Friendships
- Being a Better Friend Includes these 3 Things
- Teaching Friendship Skills to Your Kids
- 3 Friendly Habits that Make You Instantly Likeable
- Setting Boundaries for Healthier Friendships
- Shifting and Sifting- When to Change and When to Leave a Friendship
- Tips to Be More Friendly, Right Now
- Seasons of Friendship- When a Season Comes to an End
- 3 Strategies to Successfully Shift a Friendship
- Ban Gossip From your Friendships for Good!
- Three Things that Attract Healthier Friendships
- Celebrate Your Friend’s Wins Like they are Your Own
- No One Likes a Joke at Someone Else’s Expense
- 3 Patterns that Disrupt Healthy Friendships
- Use the Five Love Languages to Enhance Your Friendships
- Warning Signs a Friendship Should be Sifted
- Be Strong Enough to End Toxic Friendships
- Some People Won’t Like You- and That’s OK!
- Could Your Sensitivity be Causing Friendship Problems?
- Wrap Up and Where do We Go from Here?
30 Social Media Posts
Custom written social media posts that go hand-in-hand with each of the articles. Use them to whip up quick Facebook posts, schedule tweets for your posts, or consider combining these little text blurbs with images for your posts and use them on Pinterest or Instagram. No matter how you use them, these social media posts make promoting your content as easy as pie.
The posts or articles are a good mix of tips and ideas that will inspire your readers to use their free content to build their lists. There are inspirational posts and those with strategies that your readers can take action on right away. It's a good mix of content that your audience will enjoy. Since the articles also go up on your blog and can be shared via social media, this is a great way to grow your reach and attract new readers.
This could be a free challenge to help you build your list and grow engagement with your readers, or it could be a paid product for an online business owner. The content could also easily be turned into a 30-day group coaching program all about having better friendships.
Post each article on your blog to drive traffic there, or if you prefer, share the tips (or excerpts) on your Facebook page to drive up engagement there.
Along the way, you can, of course, monetize your emails with suggestions for different books, courses, and tools.
If you know how to copy and paste, you can set up this 30 days of pre-written content. Keep it free or make it a paid product.
What If Blogging Isn’t Your Thing?
Not a problem! We’ve compiled the content into a meaty 30 chapter eBook that you can share with your target audience. Use it as an up-sell or bonus for signing up to your list or coaching program. Turn it into a new paid product to build out your funnel, or post the articles on your site with a call to action at the end to sign up to receive the full content package. You get top-notch self-help content that you can quickly customize for your specific target audience and share with them in a variety of different ways. We even include a guide with plenty of ideas to get you started. The only way you won’t benefit and profit from this content is if you let it collect virtual dust on your hard drive.
BONUS: You'll Also Get Our “Using An Email Challenge To Grow Your List” Guide
We put together a “how-to” guide to help you implement this PLR and use it to grow your list. Use it for this challenge, but also for any other 15 or 30-day email challenges you may want to run down the road. We've even included a section on how to write the content for your challenge yourself. We share everything we do to run and promote these 30-day challenges and grow our lists fast. Frankly, this bonus alone is well worth the price of the entire PLR bundle.
Ebook/Workbook: Building Better Friendships – Being and Attracting High Quality Friends (7,898 words)
will teach your readers about:
- The Biology of Friendships
- Friendships and Mental Health
- The Evolution of Friendships
- Being and Attracting Better Friends
- Shifting and Sifting Friendships
- & More…
To recap, you’ll get the full 30 articles as a word document, txt files, and the article content turned into a meaty eBook that you can share as part of the content series, or use as a stand-alone product. You’ll also receive 30 email messages to promote the blog posts, 30 social media posts and an eBook/workbook.
Get this content all about Building Better Friendships for just $87 – and Start Growing Your List Today!
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Centers for Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research
NIEHS/EPA Children's Centers Webinar Series
Please join us for presentations and interactive discussions on recent findings and new developments in children’s environmental health.
Second Wednesday of each month, 1:00 - 2:30 p.m. EDT
Kimberly Ann Gray, Ph.D.
Health Scientist Administrator
Since 1998, the NIEHS/EPA Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Centers have studied individual, regional, national, and global environmental exposures and the effects on children’s health.
Pound-for-pound, children have increased risks from environmental exposures because their bodily systems—cardiovascular, digestive, immune, nervous, and others—are still developing. Environmental health researchers now recognize that low level exposures, especially during early developmental growth periods, such as in utero or neonatal, can have long-lasting effects. This research evolution demonstrates that environmental health effects are complex—not a simple relationship between a particular type and amount of exposure and disease. New science shows that combined chemical exposures affect growth and development in ways not previously recognized.
The centers connect basic scientists, behavioral scientists, social scientists, pediatricians and other clinicians, and public health professionals, all working together to improve the health and environments of children. The centers apply community-based, participatory research techniques in which community organization partners play a vital role in informing, implementing, and sharing what the findings mean. Additionally, each center has a designated physician scientist to ensure research is translated into practical information for health care providers. To keep breakthrough discoveries coming and maintain a pipeline of experienced environmental health scientists, they are also dedicated to developing the next generation of researchers.
Contributions from this unique national network of research centers lead to long-term economic and social benefits along with improved health.
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The word ”hybrid,” when referring to genetics means, “the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock, especially the offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties, species, or races.” In general, the word means, “something of mixed origin or composition.” Hybrid dogs, or designer dogs as some call them, are becoming quite popular. Below is a list of the most popular hybrid dogs. The best way to determine the traits of a mixed breed is to look up all breeds in the cross and know you can get any combination of any of the characteristics found in all breeds. The Dog Breed Info Center® does not attempt to interpret the temperaments of each individual hybrid mix because the differences in the dogs, even within the same litter, can vary greatly. If you do not feel the temperament of one of the purebreds in the mix is suited for your lifestyle, then that hybrid dog is not for you. Do not take a gamble that the puppy or dog will turn out like the other breed in the mix. Choosing a dog simply for its looks is a foolish way to choose a dog. Read the article on Designer Dogs for more info on these mixed breeds.
Please Note: A hybrid dog is not a BREED; it is a hybrid, which means it is a mix of more than one purebred dog.
Scientifically speaking, the term "hybrid” is incorrect as all dogs are a sub-species of wolf (Canis lupus familiaris) and as such, it is impossible to have a hybrid as they are two of the same species. Although technically incorrect, the term "hybrid" is the name which is predominantly used for these mixes and therefore it is the name we will also use when referring to them.
Designer dog?? What the heck is a designer dog, you ask?? A "designer" dog (as the media has labeled them) is a cross between two purebred dogs. A purebred dog is one that has been bred over many generations to breed true, meaning each puppy that is born looks and has the same temperament and characteristics as the others. In most cases a standard is written and breeders must follow this written standard. Only dogs that make the written standard are to be bred. Purebred dogs are beneficial in that when you buy a purebred dog you know what you are getting. You know how big your puppy will grow and you know basically what type of care the dog will need. You know the dog’s limits, whether it is capable of agility, hunting, search and rescue, police work, herding, flock guarding, or just simply being a companion dog. You have a pretty good idea how much exercise the dog will require. When one breeds purebred dogs great care must be taken to ensure the lines do not become too thin. Even with all the best DNA testing available genetic problems can occur, however with the proper testing these problems can be greatly reduced. To give you a simple analogy, let's say there was a law passed that stated only people with red hair and green eyes with a high IQ could have children, with the end goal being everyone in the USA to be smart with red hair and green eyes. If this were to happen, as you can imagine, our gene pool would eventually become thin, and many genetic problems would occur. This is why it is very important to ask breeders of purebred dogs what types of genetic testing they perform.(http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/designerdogs.htm)
|2014 - One of the Best Hybrids, Harley the Buggs (Boston Terrier/ Pug Mix) |
Okay, so this part could go on for days...so we will just list a few "L" for "Lab" and "P" for "Pug" hybrids we found. Can you guess what the mix is?
GEEZE LOUISE! Well, if you dare, check back tomorrow and see if there are "Designer Dats" to be found...Yes, we meant Cats!!
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If your goal is to make certain that projects are completed on time and within budget, then understanding the “critical path” is, well, critical. According to the Project Management Institute (PMI)®’s Project Management Book of Knowledge (PMBOK) 5.0, critical path is defined as the “sequence of activities that represents the longest path through a project, which determines the shortest possible duration.” It plays an important role in project scheduling and must be constantly monitored to ensure that the project progresses as per the schedule.
The tasks that lie on the critical path are called “critical path tasks.” If any of the critical path tasks are delayed, the whole project is delayed.
Want to Learn More about Critical Path?
Learn more about the use of critical path in Microsoft Project from MPUG’s on-demand webinar, where Darrin Lange, director of operations and project management at Advaiya, presented on “Using Microsoft Project to determine where projects lie in relation to the critical path.” Watch the session on-demand.
To determine a critical path task, enter your tasks into Microsoft Project and establish the duration and predecessors. You can add buffers to account for limited resources or to cover project uncertainties. In return, Project will show you the Early Start, Early Finish, Late Start, Late Finish, Free Slack and Total Slack.
Figure 1 shows the critical tasks highlighted in yellow. In the Gantt Chart you can see the critical path task bars in orange. In this Figure we can see that the tasks 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 are critical path tasks. If any of these tasks are delayed, the whole project will be delayed. Tasks 2, 5, 9 and 10 aren’t on the critical path; delays within the total slack won’t cause the whole project to be late.
Early Start, Early Finish, Late Start and Late Finish are determined by conducting a forward pass and backward pass through the precedence diagram or workflow diagram. This shows a breakdown of the tasks you need to accomplish in order to deliver the entirety of the project. Project shows the network diagram via a task view (Figure 2) and you can add columns to show the Early Start, Early Finish, Late Start and Late Finish (Figure 3). Knowing how much a task can be delayed with the use of settings can save the project schedule and budget.
With the determination of critical path, we can also determine “float” or “slack.” Slack is the amount of time a task can be delayed without any delay in the successor activity or the project finish date. Critical path tasks can have zero or negative values for slack. Critical path tasks that have a negative value for slack are behind schedule.
We refer to slack in two ways: “Free Slack” and “Total Slack.” Free slack is the time a task can be delayed without delaying its successor task. Total Slack is the time a task can be delayed without delaying the project finish date.
Figure 4 shows Free Slack and Total Slack in Project. The tasks on the critical path have zero Free Slack and zero Total Slack. Task 2 has a Free Slack of zero days and a Total Slack of seven days. Task 2 will cause task 5, its successor, to delay after zero days but won’t delay the project finish for 142 days.
As project managers, we need to know which tasks are critical path tasks for several reasons:
- Resource managers are going to ask the PM if a resource is working on a critical path task to understand how personnel issues will affect the project.
- Executive sponsors will ask the PM if a task is on the critical path to understand tactical and strategic options.
- Team members will need to be instructed as to whether a task is on the critical path to ensure adherence to the deadlines.
- Project management office (PMO) directors will ask the PM whether a task is on the critical path during task escalation.
This general overview shows how understanding the critical path, and its key components: slack, float, early and late Start, and early and late finish, allow the PM to predict accurately what effect changes to tasks will have on the project. Knowledge of the critical path will also enable the PM to handle complicated projects better, give informed decisions to stakeholders and department heads, and ensure the likelihood of the project being successful.
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Volish Research, working in the UK along with the University of Southampton, announced that it has been able to store an entire movie on a quartz, glass-based storage medium. The team stored and retrieved a full-length Superman film on a small slab of the special material that measures about 3 inches square and less than a tenth of an inch thick.
Mark Russinovich, Microsoft Azure’s chief technology officer said: “It looks like we’re now in a phase where we’re working on refinement and experimentation, rather asking the question ‘can we do it?’”
Improvements in laser technology are behind the proof of concept Microsoft Research dubbed Project Silica. The femtosecond infrared lasers that are used in the process function similarly to eye surgery lasers. Those kinds of laser beams are much better and more precise than traditional ones. They don’t crack the glass, for one thing.
The glass is structurally changed by the laser, which means that the data could last as long as the material does—possibly centuries, unlike existing mediums like tape. It’s robust, too. Interestingly, even if one were to break the glass, the data remains encoded in the shards, the researchers say.
“It’s somewhat like creating upside down icebergs at a nanoscale level, with different depths and sizes and grooves that make them unique,” Microsoft said.
Voxels, which are a three-dimensional version of a pixel, are embedded in the glass, one-time, rather than just written to the top, as occurs with other mediums. That three-dimensional aspect, along with the inherent opaqueness, helps with low-latency retrieval—the reading can occur rapidly along all of the axis (x, y, and z).
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Systematic reviews are carried out by a large number of staff and students at King's College London and King's Health Partners across the disciplines. This guide aims to assist you in understanding more about how to effectively and systematically search for literature to include in your systematic review. The main focus is on searching for content to include in systematic reviews carried out in health and clinical and life sciences, but some specific links and guidance are also available for searching for systematic reviews of social interventions and other qualitative research areas in health and the social sciences.
Performing a high quality electronic search of information resources ensures the accuracy and completeness of the evidence base used in your review. It is essential to get this searching element right otherwise your results will potentially be biased/missing crucial evidence. To be successful you will need to be looking for the evidence in the right places, matching your topic to the resources you are searching and, as far as possible leaving no stone unturned. Spending time on the search part of the systematic review is very important.
"Systematic reviews attempt to bring the same level of rigour to reviewing research evidence as should be used in producing that research evidence in the first place and should be based on a peer-reviewed protocol so that they can be replicated if necessary ...
High quality systematic reviews seek to:
Source: Hemingway, P. and Brereton, N. (2009) What is a systematic review?, What is...? series [online]. URL: http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/painres/download/whatis/Systreview.pdf [accessed 01.12.15; no longer accessible at stated URL 17.11.16].
*All our emphasis; the content of this guide focuses on how to search for and identify the evidence to be included in systematic reviews.
The Cochrane Collaboration sets out eight stages of doing a systematic review:
It is important to consider whether you are undertaking a full systematic review or are instead being asked to complete a systematic literature review (which may be more limited in scope). A full systematic review aims to comprehensively identify, evaluate and integrate the findings of all relevant studies on a particular research question. A systematic literature review is more selective but implies a rigorous and structured search strategy, without necessarily attempting to include all available research on a particular topic.
Whilst much of the information included in this guide will be relevant for those undertaking systematic literature reviews (as opposed to a systematic review) you may wish to discuss with your supervisor the scope of the review you are being asked to complete and whether you need to be as comprehensive as a full systematic review would demand. For example, are you expected to include both published and unpublished material (conference papers, RCT trial databases, PhD theses)? Are you being guided to only search in a restricted number of databases? Have you been told to only include a specific number of results? Or advised to limit by date or language purely to restrict numbers of results? Often time is a major limitation to the systematic literature review (e.g. undertaken as part of an MSc course) and so limits have to be placed, particularly on the number of articles to be appraised.
You will still be able to undertake a high quality systematic literature review if any of the above apply but it is worth bearing in mind when you start your review in case some of the guidance included in this library guide is not necessary for you to follow. When writing up your review you could consider whether any of these decisions could be considered a limitation to the research you have conducted and perhaps what further research should include to improve the quality and check the validity of the results.
Systematic reviews may examine quantitative or qualitative evidence. In the past systematic reviews were predominantly medical and often with a narrowly defined focus. Increasingly systematic reviews are attempting to deal with much broader topics, including topics allied to medicine but also topics outside of medicine. It is becoming more common in certain disciplines to see two or more types of evidence included and appraised and this is often called a mixed-method systematic review.
The guidance for systematic review methodology promoted by the Cochrane Library is focused very much on quantitative methods and may not be suitable for those undertaking a qualitative systematic review where a meta-ethnography is the aim as opposed to a meta-analysis.
There is much discussion as to whether a qualitative systematic review should aim to include a comprehensive literature search in the same way as is required for quantitative systematic reviews. It may be that "while it is certainly important for the search process to be free from bias, it is more important that the search process be systematic, explicit and reproducible rather than comprehensive. Thoroughness in this context should apply to the rigour of the search process not its comprehensiveness" (Booth, 2001).
Booth (2001) suggests that literature searching for qualitative systematic reviews should exhibit the following characteristics:
a) Identifying major "schools of thought" in a particular area whilst being alert to the identification of variants, minority views and dissenters. It is particularly important to identify negative or disconfirming cases.
b) Searching within a broad range of disciplines so as to bring different views (e.g. clinician, consumer, manager, health economist, statistician, research commissioner, etc.) to bear on the topic in hand.
c) Using complementary electronic and manual search techniques to ensure that materials are not missed either through the inadequacies of indexing or through selective coverage of databases.
Booth, A. (2001), 'Cochrane or cock-eyed? How should we conduct systematic reviews of qualitative research?' In Qualitative Evidence-based conference: Taking a critical stance, Coventry University. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/00001724.htm
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) is the leading resource for systematic reviews in health care.
The Cochrane Collaboration are often described as the gold standard producer of systematic reviews. They provide guidance on how a systematic review (of an intervention or DTA) should be carried out, including a detailed section on the searching element.
The Campbell Collaboration is an international research network that produces systematic reviews of the effects of social interventions in Crime & Justice, Disability, Education, International Development, Knowledge Translation and Implementation, Nutrition, and Social Welfare. They promote positive social and economic change through the production and use of systematic reviews and other evidence synthesis for evidence-based policy and practice.
The Campbell Collaboration's Information Retrieval Methods Group has published a guide to information retrieval for systematic reviews: "Searching for studies: A guide to information retrieval for Campbell Systematic Reviews". This is based on the searching chapter within the Cochrane Handbook but adapted to suit the different subject area.
JBI is concerned with improving health outcomes in communities globally by promoting and supporting the use of the best available evidence to inform decisions made at the point of care. They focus on the translation of research evidence into practice, with researchers conducting systematic reviews that reflect a broad, inclusive approach to evidence and accommodate a range of diverse questions and study designs.
The JBI Reviewer's Manual provides guidance to authors for the conduct and preparation of JBI systematic reviews and evidence syntheses. The JBI Reviewer's Manual has separate chapters devoted synthesis of different types of evidence and to address different types of review questions. This includes guidance on different types of systematic reviews, mixed methods, umbrella reviews and scoping reviews.
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<urn:uuid:2331fe63-b0c9-4613-a6c7-ad700faa84ed>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://libguides.kcl.ac.uk/systematicreview
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|
en
| 0.931877 | 1,538 | 2.5625 | 3 |
15d. Chaenactis glabriuscula de Candolle var. glabriuscula
Chaenactis glabriuscula var. curta (A. Gray) Jepson; C. glabriuscula var. tenuifolia (Nuttall) H. M. Hall; C. tenuifolia Nuttall
Plants 10–60 cm; proximal indument grayish, ± arachnoid. Stems mostly 1–5, ascending to erect; branches proximal and, often, distal. Leaves basal (withering) and cauline, 3–8 cm; largest blades ± plane to 3-dimensional, scarcely succulent, 1(–2)-pinnately lobed; primary lobes 2–7 pairs, remote to ± congested, ultimate lobes plane, twisted, involute, or terete. Heads 2–20+ per stem. Peduncles 1–4(–10) cm. Involucres ± hemispheric to obconic. Phyllaries: longest 5–7 × 1–2 mm; outer (at least medially) ± arachnoid-sericeous and, often, ± stipitate-glandular in fruit. Florets: inner corollas 4–6 mm. Cypselae 3–5.5 mm; pappi of (1–)4 scales in 1 series, longest scales mostly 2–4 mm, lengths 0.4–0.7 times corollas. 2n = 12.
Flowering Feb–Jun. Dry slopes, sandy places, openings in chaparral, woodlands; 100–2300 m; Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).
Variety glabriuscula is known mainly in and west of the Peninsular Ranges and adjacent desert edges, inland from the coast; it also extends to Santa Rosa Island. Northward it intergrades with vars. megacephala and lanosa; near the coast it intergrades with var. orcuttiana. Forms sometimes recognized as var. tenuifolia are distinctive in the filiform leaf segments but merge seamlessly with the remainder of var. glabriuscula.
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<urn:uuid:cc4b4cbf-66b4-4b91-a62f-15d025fd90a7>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250068139
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701314683/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104834-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.788401 | 468 | 2.515625 | 3 |
by Gary Screckengost
From the publisher:
From the little-known Filibuster Wars to the Civil War battlefield of Gaines’ Mill, this volume details the fascinating story of one of the South’s most colorful military units, the 1st Louisiana Special Battalion, aka Wheat’s Tigers.
Beginning with a brief look at the Filibuster Wars (a set of military attempts to annex Latin American countries into the United States as slave states), the work takes a close look at the men who comprised Wheat’s Tigers: Irish immigrant ship hands, New Orleans dock workers and Filibuster veterans.
Commanded by one of the greatest antebellum filibusterers, Chatham Roberdeau Wheat, the Tigers quickly distinguished themselves in battle through their almost reckless bravery, proving instrumental in Southern victories at the battles of Front Royal, Winchester and Port Republic. An in-depth look at Battle of Gaines’ Mill, in which Wheat’s Tigers suffered heavy casualties, including their commander, completes the story.
Appendices provide a compiled roster of the Wheat’s Tigers, a look at the 1st Louisiana’s uniforms and a copy of Wheat’s report about the Battle of Manassas. Never-before-published photographs are also included.
Author and historian Gary Schreckengost lives in Elm, Pennsylvania. An infantry officer in the Army Reserves, his work has been published in American Civil War Magazine, World War II Magazine, Field Artillery Journal and Armor Magazine.
The exact day of release for this October title is unknown.
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<urn:uuid:234cd791-e091-4846-96ea-e2ccad439573>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://acwbn.blogspot.com/2007/10/first-louisiana-special-battalion.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886123359.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823190745-20170823210745-00610.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918144 | 329 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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