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It’s dry. It’s itchy. It’s driving you crazy. But is your problem just dry skin, or is it eczema, which is also known as atopic dermatitis?
“The difference between dry skin and eczema is the presence of inflammation,” dermatologist Joshua Zeichner told HuffPost. “With eczema, the skin barrier is not working as well as it should be, resulting in loss of hydration and disruptions in the outer skin layer. If your skin is red, itchy and flaky, then it’s probably more than just dryness, and you probably have eczema.”
Another clue is where those dry, itchy patches are located. “It most commonly affects the antecubital fossa (elbow creases) and popliteal fossa (back of the knee),” dermatologist JiaDe (Jeff) Yu explained. (And you now know two new body part names, so you’re welcome.)
A key difference between the two conditions is that eczema will continue to get worse if it’s not treated correctly, according to Vivian Shi, a dermatologist and associate professor in the department of dermatology at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. “It can lead to severe symptoms like cracking, skin thickening and more intense itching,” she said. “People with eczema also are more prone to skin infections by a bacterium called staphylococcus aureus.”
What causes eczema?
“Eczema is caused by a deficiency in one of the proteins that makes up the top layer of the skin,” dermatologist Julie Russak said. “Skin is designed to be a protective barrier for our body, with proteins that act like glue and hold cells together. When there’s a mutation in the proteins that holds the cells of the top layer of skin together, the cells start falling apart, and the skin can’t act as a protective barrier.”
What’s making your skin act up?
“It can be triggered by cold weather, stress, infections and illness,” Yu said. “And in most people, it affects more than the skin, since it’s been shown to be associated with depression, insomnia and other medical conditions.”
The good news is that there are things you can do to help. You’ll need to start by paying attention to everything that might affect your skin.
“We need to do some careful questioning to look for irritants that can damage the skin barrier and even cause irritation,” said Peter Lio, a dermatologist and clinical assistant professor of dermatology and pediatrics at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. “In addition to other factors, you might also consider things like frequent washing, the use of hand sanitizers and certain chemicals you might be exposed to at work or home.”
When should I go to a dermatologist?
“If your skin is dry and itchy and doesn’t improve with good, thick moisturizers, then it’s time to see a board-certified dermatologist,” Yu said. “That doctor can provide you with targeted, site- and age-appropriate therapies.”
Are there products that can help?
“The care regimen for dry skin and eczema is similar, since in both cases the goal is to repair and protect your skin barrier to prevent water loss from the skin,” Shi said.
So, start with what you’d do for dry skin. Yu suggested thick moisturizers that prevent water loss from the skin, especially in drier and more arid conditions. He recommended ointments like Vaseline petroleum jelly, Aquaphor, Cerave and Vanicream, or creams from Cerave, Cetaphil, Eucerin and Vanicream.
Check out this list of more than 200 products with the seal of approval from the National Eczema Association to learn more.
“In general, you want to choose a product that has very few ingredients in it and ideally one that contains ceramides,” pediatric nurse practitioner Sam Casselman advised. “Those are the proteins which repair the skin barrier and relieve dry skin, so use that moisturizer with ceramides as often as possible. For more severe dry skin, get a thicker alternative with a petrolatum base.”
When and how often should I use topical treatments?
After you’ve purchased a moisturizing product, the key is to use it — frequently. “The brand of product may not be as important as how liberally you apply it,” Shi said. “Make sure you’re applying it several times a day, especially after showering.”
Your skin covers all of you, so you need to take care of all of it at the same time. “Treat not only spots where you have active eczema, but the rest of the skin as well, because your skin barrier is not functioning optimally all over,” Zeichner said.
While you should be generous in applying over-the-counter moisturizers, be cautious in using a topical prescription as a preventative measure. “It’s a very common mistake for people to continue applying topical steroids even after a flareup is resolved,” Casselman said. “Research is unclear if topical steroids applied to chronic areas of eczema will prevent it from flaring again, and the risk of chronic use of topical steroids on healthy skin outweighs that possible risk.”
Still, timing is everything, and you want to get after it right away when there’s a flare-up, Casselman said. “A common mistake patients make with prescription topical products is waiting to apply them until an eczema flare gets ‘bad.’ If you wait to treat it, the inflammation and itching will continue to worsen and can become very intense. When you treat early and effectively, you’ll shorten the time of an eczema flare and likely use less medication in the long run.”
Are there any new treatments out there?
Russak said we now know eczema “is a chronic genetic immune-mediated condition” and recent clinical and genetic studies have helped explain it. “This means there are new targeted therapies that use small molecules to block specific pathways for the development and flares of atopic dermatitis.”
One of the more promising new topical treatments is ruxolitinib cream. “It targets and blocks a special inflammatory marker in the skin called janus kinase,” or JAK, Yu explained.
Another product, dupilumab, is the first biologic medication for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. “This has been a game-changer for those with more difficult-to-control eczema,” Lio said. “Because it isn’t an immunosuppressant or a steroid, it can be an important option for those who are stuck in a loop of medications that might have more significant side effects.”
There are probably even more treatments on the way. “We dermatologists are really excited, because after a seemingly interminable drought of new treatments for eczema, we are finally witnessing an incredible explosion of new medications,” Lio said. “With topical therapies, oral medicines and even injectable medications, we finally have a pipeline of more than 100 therapies in development.”
Even though these drugs are great news for many, you may not need them. “For many of the milder cases, the new medications are likely unnecessary,” Lio said. “More conventional therapies like good moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors and crisaborole may be enough to keep things under good control, and to do so safely.”
What else can I do?
“Stick to ultra-gentle, soap-free cleansers,” Zeichner said. “I recommend Dove Sensitive Skin Body Wash, which contains extremely mild cleansing ingredients in a formula that contains the same type of hydrators found in traditional moisturizers.”
“My favorite option is just plain Vaseline petroleum jelly,” Yu said. “It’s highly effective, has a low side effect profile and is very affordable. It’s similarly effective compared to other much more expensive topical moisturizers.”
“Be mindful of everything that comes in contact with your skin, from topical creams to the clothing you wear, Russak said. “Try to maintain a relatively cool, neutral humidity environment in your house. Use a humidifier during winter if you’re prone to dry skin and eczema. I recommend using fragrance-free detergents for sensitive skin, such as Arm & Hammer Sensitive Skin Detergent. And some people find it helpful to store their moisturizers in the refrigerator for a cooling effect.”
Will my eczema ever go away?
The good news is that there are lots of treatment options. The bad news is that eczema is a chronic condition, and the most you can expect is to manage it well with only occasional flare-ups.
“A complete cure isn’t possible in a majority of the cases, because the presence of eczema generally means there is a genetic predisposition,” Casselman said. “In my practice, I focus on educating patients around what help they need and how I can support them.”
Shi tells patients to prepare for “diligent care over a long period of time.”
“Even though your skin may look calm and have no active rash, there can still be underlying inflammation and problems with the skin’s protective barrier,” Shi said. “It’s important to keep up with your moisturization routine and establish long-term care with your dermatologist.”
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Big Backyard: Grade 1 Nature Walks Overview
Grade One Nature walks are based on:
1. Developing Environmental Awareness
- Sensory exploration/ Sense of wonder
- Discover/ Joy of learning
- Sharing the excitement
- Experiencing nature’s rhythms and cycles
2. Developing attitudes of respect toward
- Birds and other animals living near Bowman
- Each other
- Themselves as learners
3. Exploring and discovering in the schoolyard and woods
- Identifying what all animals need to live and grow
- Discovering the variety of birds and other animals living in their schoolyard
- Exploring different habitats at Bowman
- Understanding how seasonal changes affect wildlife
- Discovering how wildlife cope with seasonal changes
- Understanding simple food chains
By this time the children should be able to focus and effectively explore, observe, and share verbally with others what they are discovering as well as listen and appreciate other children’s discoveries. They should be able to make connections as they compare seasonal changes and learning should be carrying over into the classroom.
Remember, first graders are still learning how to behave on a Nature Walk, how to focus, observe, wonder, and thereby enjoy exploring, discovering, learning, and sharing.
The excitement generated by making and sharing their discoveries will lead to the desire to explore, discover, and continue learning.
Communicate with the teacher how the Walk went, as well as exciting discoveries. The teacher needs to know so children’s outdoor experiences and excitement can be integrated with classroom learning. And because children’s observations are listened to and have value, children develop confidence in themselves as learners.
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Children can go through stages that involve dietary choices based on current favorite foods. Although catering to a child's preferred culinary tastes from time to time may help keep the peace around the dinner table, compromising on the cooking temperatures for certain varieties of meat can result in food-borne illnesses. A meat thermometer can help minimize the risk of contamination.
Undercooked meat is a common cause of food poisoning. Meat can harbor various contaminants, such as parasites and bacteria. Pork, lamb and wild game are possible sources of toxoplasmosis, a parasite that also spreads through the handling of cat feces. Children who eat undercooked beef, pork and wild game may also be at a higher risk of developing worm infestations, such as trichinellosis, an infection caused by a roundworm, and taeniasis, an infection caused by a tapeworm. Rare beef may harbor the E. coli bacteria, a potential source of serious illness and even death in some cases.
Symptoms of Food Poisoning
Food poisoning can cause several symptoms, depending on the underlying cause. The symptoms usually include varying levels of digestive distress, including vomiting and diarrhea. In some cases, fever may occur, and the diarrhea may be bloody or watery, accompanied by mild to severe abdominal cramping.
Food poisoning from undercooked meat can cause serious illness in individuals of all ages, but may be even more serious for young children. Children under the age of five years may become very sick from E. coli, due to the destruction of red blood cells and kidney damage. The diarrhea and vomiting that frequently accompany food poisoning can lead to rapid dehydration, a condition that can be especially dangerous for babies and young children.
Safe Cooking Temperatures
The safe preparation of meat involves cooking it to a minimal internal temperature, using a meat thermometer. The safe temperature for ground pork, beef, veal and lamb is 160 F, while roasts and steaks require an internal temperature of 145 F. Poultry should reach at least 165 F in order to reduce the risk of contamination due to bacteria and parasites.
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| 0.933721 | 422 | 3.6875 | 4 |
You keep all your software updated, you run a virus and malware scanner and you stay away from shady sites on the internet. Unfortunately, that’s not enough to make certain that your information and your identity is secure. Keep your sensitive information safe with the following best security practices.
Use A Password Manager
Do you use the same password on every website that you create an account for? It’s fairly common these days to hear in the news that a website has been breached and a number of accounts have been compromised. If your account is compromised and your e-mail address and password are stolen and you use the same password on every account you have on the internet, attackers now have access to your entire online presence. You can’t prevent servers from being breached by attackers and your account data being stolen, but you can definitely reduce the impact of it were it to happen by never using a password more than once.
Of course, remembering all these passwords would be impossible. Thankfully, password managers such as LastPass and KeePass exist to make it so that you can have a different password for every account you have, and they even have features to randomly generate passwords for you so you don’t have to think of new ones all the time. This allows you to contain the damage from having your account stolen on only one website and helps to keep your identity safe. It is important to protect your online accounts.
Encrypt Your Hard Drive
Most people are so afraid of having their identity stolen over the internet that they forget the old tactics of simply stealing a laptop with personally identifying information on it. Home and car burglaries can result in steeper damages than just having to replace your laptop if the burglar is savvy enough to use the information contained on your hard drive to steal your identity.
TrueCrypt allows you to encrypt your entire hard drive; your computer will require a password when you start it in order to decrypt the contents. This keeps your information and identity safe if your computer ever gets stolen.
Erase Your Data Before You Sell Or Donate Your Computer
Whether you have decided to sell your old computer or donate it to charity, you should totally erase the contents of your hard drive before it leaves your possession. Although most charities that you can donate your computers to will erase your hard drive for you, it’s not wise to leave things up to chance. Information such as bank passwords and the password to your e-mail account can allow the recipient of your computer to steal your identity or cause other damage.
DBAN is a program that allows you to securely wipe the contents of your hard drive. It can also securely erase flash drives. DBAN has support for writing random data to the drive in multiple passes, ensuring that the sensitive data on the drive is absolutely unrecoverable even with sophisticated equipment. cc licensed flickr photo shared by CarbonNYC
Check Your Wireless Communications
With freely available tools, it’s possible for attackers to listen in on unencrypted wireless internet communication very easily. If you have a wireless router at home that you are able to configure, make sure it is using WPA2 encryption, as this is the strongest form of wireless encryption available. Don’t do anything involving sensitive information while using a wireless hotspot, as it’s easy for others connected to the same hotspot to eavesdrop on the data your computer sends and receives on the internet. Change your passwords frequently if you use public access wireless networks.
Carla Bragg is a medical transcriptionist and guest author at Health-Information-Management.org, a site with guide and information about top-rated health information management degree programs.
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Oppressive heat is characterized by temperatures of 30 °C or higher and a humidex (combined impact of heat and humidity) of 40 or more. The definition of extreme heat varies by region. On average, the temperature must be between 31 and 33 °C during the daytime and between 16 and 20 °C at night for 3 consecutive days.
Oppressive or extreme heat can cause drought and forest fires. It is a danger to public health, especially for people at risk.
Follow prevention tips and safety rules
To reduce risks during periods of oppressive or extreme heat, avoid overheating, which puts a strain on the body and can affect your health. Here are some recommendations:
- Wear light clothing.
- When you are outdoors, take shelter under a parasol or wear a wide-brimmed, well-ventilated hat.
- Apply sunscreen to limit your exposure to ultraviolet rays.
- Limit physical activity, especially in the middle of the day, when it is hottest.
- Drink plenty of water (6 to 8 glasses of water a day for an adult).
- Avoid alcoholic beverages.
- Spend at least 2 hours a day in a cool air-conditioned place (library, shopping centre, etc.
- Take at least one cool shower or bath daily or refresh your skin with a wet towel several times a day.
- Close the curtains and blinds to keep your house cool.
- Open all windows in the evening, if it is cooler outside.
- Use the air conditioning to lower the temperature in your home more quickly.
During periods of oppressive heat, the health of babies and children can deteriorate fast. Find out what precautions you can take to protect babies and children from the effects of this type of heat. Never leave a baby or child alone in a car or a poorly ventilated room, even for a few minutes.
You can offer to help your loved ones, especially if they live alone, are losing their autonomy or are vulnerable to heat.
Your pets can also suffer from the heat. Avoid leaving them in the sun and give them water to keep them hydrated.
Pay attention to air quality during periods of oppressive or extreme heat, as heat may contribute to the formation of smog. Check the air quality index in your area.
Monitor symptoms and take action
Monitor symptoms related to the effects of oppressive or extreme heat on health.
If your condition or that of a loved one worsens or if you or a loved are vulnerable to heat, contact Info-Santé 811 to obtain medical advice. In a medical emergency, call 911 or go to the nearest hospital.
Some workers must be particularly careful and take recommended precautions to prevent heat stroke (in French only).
Follow the instructions that authorities give you
Obey restrictions on access to the forest, as well as on travel, work or burning in the forest during heatwaves. Beware of dry vegetation, including that found in your garden. Adhere to bans on open fires and find out about the precautions to take and the safety rules to follow in the event of a forest fire.
Other useful links
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With easy access to the Greenland Ice Sheet (located only 25km/16mi away), as well as to the fjord and to local amenities, Kangerlussuaq is also home to the largest and most centrally located airport in Greenland, connecting adventurous travelers via both domestic and international flights. For these reasons, as well as for its wondrous fauna, geological origins and geography, Kangerlussuaq is an ideal location for explorers and travelers passionate for active adventures.
Kangerlussuaq’s present-day climate is largely impacted by its well-sheltered location between Greenland’s Ice Sheet, the fjord and mountains. This contributes to its stable conditions, minimal cloud cover and roughly 300 clear nights per year.
Temperatures can range from up to 30°C (86°F) in the summer, to an extreme -40°C (-40°F) in winter, making it the coldest inhabited area in Greenland. This is due in part to the continental climate and the close proximity to the Ice Sheet.
A unique area among Earth’s ecosystem, the Arctic is a wonderful place to explore, as it teaches us about the survival of the cultures residing there, as well as the species which through time have evolved to endure the challenging conditions of their environment. 4,000 years ago the Saqquaq culture that had settled in the area found it great for hunting and generous in the summer. Afterwards, it became home to the Inuits, whose culture spread all through the Arctic.
Present-day Kangerlussuaq was first established in 1941 as the American-operated military base, Bluie West Eight, which was later renamed Sondrestrom Air Base. In partnership with Denmark, the base was established to support efforts during World War II and the airport played an important role as part of the North Atlantic air ferry route that operated between America and Europe. During the Korean War and Cold War, it served as a supply station for the Distant Early Warning Line bases, DYE 1, 2, 3 and 4. At its peak, 1,400 personnel were stationed at the base.
After some time, the military base in Kangerlussuaq became inactive. In 1992, it was sold to the Greenlandic Home Rule for the symbolic amount of $1 US Dollar. This former military base is now the site of Kangerlussuaq’s international airport.
Due to its military history and present-day role as an important air travel hub, Kangerlussuaq has been fairly isolated from Greenland’s rich cultural traditions, in comparison to other regions. When visiting Kangerlussuaq, you will not just learn about the cultures that resided in the area, but be marveled by the impressive landscapes of a land so rich in nature, crystalline water and spellbinding sights.
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May 29, 2012 Scientists know that Vitamin D deficiency is not healthy. However, new research from the University of Copenhagen now indicates that too high a level of the essential vitamin is not good either. The study is based on blood samples from 247,574 Copenhageners. The results have just been published in the reputed scientific Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.
Vitamin D is instrumental in helping calcium reach our bones, thus lessening the risk from falls and the risk of broken hips. Research suggests that vitamin D is also beneficial in combating cardiac disease, depression and certain types of cancers. The results from a study conducted by the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences now support the benefits of vitamin D in terms of mortality risk. However, the research results also show higher mortality in people with too high levels of vitamin D in their bloodstream:
"We have had access to blood tests from a quarter of a million Copenhageners. We found higher mortality in people with a low level of vitamin D in their blood, but to our surprise, we also found it in people with a high level of vitamin D. We can draw a graph showing that perhaps it is harmful with too little and too much vitamin D," explains Darshana Durup, PhD student.
If the blood contains less than 10 nanomol (nmol) of vitamin per liter of serum, mortality is 2.31 times higher. However, if the blood contains more than 140 nmol of vitamin per liter of serum, mortality is higher by a factor of 1.42. Both values are compared to 50 nmol of vitamin per liter of serum, where the scientists see the lowest mortality rate.
More studies are needed
Darshana Durup emphasises that while scientists do not know the cause of the higher mortality, she believes that the new results can be used to question the wisdom of those people who claim that you can never get too much vitamin D:
"It is important to conduct further studies in order to understand the relationship. A lot of research has been conducted on the risk of vitamin D deficiency. However, there is no scientific evidence for a 'more is better' argument for vitamin D, and our study does not support the argument either. We hope that our study will inspire others to study the cause of higher mortality with a high level of vitamin D," says Darshana Durup. She adds:
"We have moved into a controversial area that stirs up strong feelings just like debates on global warming and research on nutrition. But our results are based on a quarter of a million blood tests and provide an interesting starting point for further research."
The largest study of its kind
The study is the largest of its kind -- and it was only possible to conduct it because of Denmark's civil registration system, which is unique in the Nordic countries. The 247,574 blood samples come from the Copenhagen General Practitioners Laboratory:
"Our data material covers a wide age range. The people who participated had approached their own general practitioners for a variety of reasons and had had the vitamin D level in their bloodstream measured in that context. This means that while the study can show a possible association between mortality and a high level of vitamin D, we cannot as yet explain the higher risk," explains Darshana Durup.
Therefore in future research project scientists would like to compare the results with information from disease registers such as the cancer register. Financial support is currently being sought for such projects.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
- D. Durup, H. L. Jorgensen, J. Christensen, P. Schwarz, A. M. Heegaard, B. Lind. A Reverse J-Shaped Association of All-Cause Mortality with Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in General Practice, the CopD Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2012; DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1176
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
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One in every eight visits to a general practitioner is seeking help with a mental health problem. Even so, fewer than half of the Australians who could benefit from mental health advice, treatment and care visit their doctor. And those who do so are faced with suboptimal treatment options and significant variations in quality.
The problem isn’t confined to a small segment of the population: one in five Australians aged sixteen to eighty-five report having experienced a mental health disorder in the past twelve months. Forty-five per cent of people in that age group will experience a common mental health condition – depression, anxiety or substance misuse, for instance – at some point in their lifetime.
These disorders wreak havoc on people’s lives, affecting their physical health and interfering with their ability to be engaged and productive members of families and communities. While some people have only one period of mental illness and recover fully, others experience recurring illness. In more severe cases, acute episodes can occur more frequently and, without treatment and effective management, leave little room for recovery.
General practitioners and other primary-care workers are the first stop-off for people looking for help, and provide the main gateway to other services through Medicare programs like Better Access and Access to Allied Psychological Services. But busy GPs – often without higher-level training in mental health, sometimes nervous about managing patients with mental health problems, and rarely with enough time to effectively listen and diagnose – can be overwhelmed. The easy solution is a prescription for an antidepressant, and the results include increased healthcare costs, poorer health outcomes and decreased quality of life.
Integrating mental health services (and the associated issue of substance abuse and misuse) into primary care is the most viable way to close the treatment gap, but the training that health professionals receive and the way Medicare reimburses for healthcare services must also reflect this. Currently, programs like Better Access are merely add-ons, mostly used by those who are financially better off, live in urban areas and are more open about their mental health problems.
These problems have long been recognised, and recommendations for change were an important part of the National Mental Health Commission’s 2014 report, Contributing Lives, Thriving Communities: Report of the National Review of Mental Health Programmes and Services. The report pushed for a “stepped care” approach, providing treatment and support to match people’s changing levels of need over time. It saw a major role for Primary Health Networks to plan and purchase services on a regional basis by working with general practitioners to assess the mental health needs of the local population and then commissioning needed services. The underlying assumption was that funding would shift towards primary care.
In response, the federal government established a flexible funding pool to provide funds to Primary Health Networks. But it emphatically ruled out any shifting of funds from acute care, which meant that a range of current programs and activities were disrupted and defunded. A new digital mental health gateway was also proposed, to offer phone and online help in accessing mental health services, although this important element has yet to be created.
As its name suggests, stepped care is designed to deliver and monitor treatments so that the most effective yet least resource-intensive treatment is delivered to patients first, stepping up to intensive and specialist services only as clinically required. The aim is to deliver the right service in the right place at the right time by the right person. And, while the idea of stepped care makes intuitive sense, it’s important to remember that the evidence base for its success in mental health is largely limited to treatment of depression.
The government’s expert advisory group on mental health reform has talked in very general terms about the relevance of self-help resources, psychological and psychiatric services, general practitioners, allied health services and mental health nurses. But stepped care has not been clearly defined for the Australian context. With only a cursory guidance document from the Department of Health, the Primary Health Networks have been left to decide how they might best achieve the desired goals with the resources available in their local areas.
How then can the plans for stepped care be refined and improved?
• Stepped care requires clear definitions of the roles and skills of the healthcare professionals and services involved, including general practitioners, mental health nurses, help lines and e-health services, specialist services, allied health services, residential care and acute care. Ideally, these teams should also include the skills needed to find ways of meeting patients’ needs for social contact and support.
• Case management is important in a system that is still very fragmented and relies on care being monitored and adjusted in response to patients’ needs. This could easily be done by a mental health nurse – if the government hadn’t essentially abolished the Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program, which helped fund mental health nurses in doctors’ offices, by bundling the money that supported this program into the Primary Health Networks’ mental health funding. If patients cannot effectively navigate this new system, it is essentially worthless, so specific funds must be provided to ensure this can happen.
• Recognition must be given to the additional demands stepped care places on general practitioners, especially those in non-urban areas. They will need more training, more continuing education, and more support from specialist mental health professionals and facilities.
• Attention must also be paid to the current maldistribution of the psychiatric workforce. The Australian College of Psychological Medicine has pointed out that private psychiatrists are largely inaccessible because few bulk-bill and most are located in metropolitan areas. There are very few psychiatrists employed in the public sector and most of those are too busy coping with acute crises to be proactive in prevention and early intervention. Most have no time to deal with the high-prevalence disorders such as anxiety, depression, personality disorders and substance abuse.
• Agreement is needed on evidence-based guidelines and standards. This is not about standardisation of care, but about ensuring best practice and quality of care. The standards should include waiting-time targets for community mental health services.
Regardless of which model is in place, the most important issues for mental health relate to the need for multidisciplinary and collaborative care that encompasses counselling, medication and follow-up care. Primary and secondary mental health services must work together, with acute care added in as necessary. That means efficient referrals, shared health records, and support for patients (including navigation help).
Experience from Britain highlights the fact that very little data is available on the operation of stepped care. As always, the devil is in the detail. What is the optimal number of steps and the range of treatments within each step? What proportion of patients should bypass low-intensity treatments and be referred directly to higher-intensity treatments? How are decisions made about stepping up to higher-intensity care? How much should stepped-care systems be responsive to the local context? Importantly, mental healthcare needs significant resourcing and long-term commitments proportional to the magnitude of the burden of disease. The stepped-care approach is essentially about better allocation of scarce resources – it should not be used as an excuse for continuing to restrict these resources.
In 2015, the government commissioned a policy review, Improving the Integration of Mental Health Services in Primary Health Care at the Macro Level, which argued that a stepped-care approach would encourage continuity of care through efficient referral processes, shared electronic records and inter-professional education. It makes no sense to ignore that advice. The current situation for patients with mental health problems and their families would never be tolerated if the illness were cancer or diabetes. New health minister Greg Hunt has described his personal commitment to addressing mental health reforms: tomorrow is not too early to start. •
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We partner with district leaders and school leaders to…
Build community in their schools and classrooms
Strengthen students’ social and emotional skills
Increase equity through courageous conversations on race
Young people and adults learn and practice skills to help them do well in school and in life.
Young people stay connected through processes that foster a caring and equitable school community.
School staff increase their cultural competency and ensure that school systems and structures elevate every child.
What does equitable public education look like?
Watch our brand new video to learn about how we work to center equity, joy and justice every step of the way.
I can't thank you enough for all the resources, support, and encouragement! This program is breathing new life and meaning into my teaching. It is bringing new conversations into our teaching lives and friendships.
The impact of this work is apparent in our data, including our academic performance and surveys of teachers, students, and parents, which show how much trust there is between students and staff. Suspensions are now a rarity in our school. We don’t need suspensions to sustain student engagement and respect.
The circle helps me connect with the students and the school and the staff. My favorite moment is when everyone comes together, becomes a family…and just shares.
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GHG reduction potential of changes in consumption patterns and higher quality levels: Evidence from Swiss household consumption survey
An effective consumer-oriented climate policy requires knowing the GHG reduction potential of sustainable consumption. The aim of this study is to draw lessons from differences in consumption between households with high and low GHG emissions. We evaluate a survey of 14,500 households and use a method that allows measuring changes in price level of consumption. Comparing the 10% of households with the highest GHG emissions per capita with the lowest 10% - controlling for differences in expenditure level and household structure - we find a range 5-17 tons of CO2-equivalent per capita and year. The observed differences stem mainly from heating, electricity use, car use, and travel by aircraft. Consumption patterns with low GHG emissions are characterized by less spending on mobility, but more on leisure and quality oriented consumption (leading to higher prices per unit). Further characteristics are: a higher share of organic food, low meat consumption and fewer detached single family houses. Our findings imply that a significant reduction in GHG emissions would be possible by adopting real-world consumption patterns observable in society. The twin challenge is to shift consumption towards more climate friendly patterns, and to prevent any trend towards high emitting consumption patterns.
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Brand, Christian & Boardman, Brenda, 2008. "Taming of the few--The unequal distribution of greenhouse gas emissions from personal travel in the UK," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 224-238, January.
- Vringer, Kees & Blok, Kornelis, 1995. "The direct and indirect energy requirements of households in the Netherlands," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 23(10), pages 893-910, October.
- Ornetzeder, Michael & Hertwich, Edgar G. & Hubacek, Klaus & Korytarova, Katarina & Haas, Willi, 2008. "The environmental effect of car-free housing: A case in Vienna," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(3), pages 516-530, April.
- Faiers, Adam & Cook, Matt & Neame, Charles, 2007. "Towards a contemporary approach for understanding consumer behaviour in the context of domestic energy use," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 4381-4390, August.
- Kok, Rixt & Benders, Rene M.J. & Moll, Henri C., 2006. "Measuring the environmental load of household consumption using some methods based on input-output energy analysis: A comparison of methods and a discussion of results," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(17), pages 2744-2761, November.
- Lenzen, Manfred & Wier, Mette & Cohen, Claude & Hayami, Hitoshi & Pachauri, Shonali & Schaeffer, Roberto, 2006. "A comparative multivariate analysis of household energy requirements in Australia, Brazil, Denmark, India and Japan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 181-207.
- Peters, Anja & Mueller, Michel G. & de Haan, Peter & Scholz, Roland W., 2008. "Feebates promoting energy-efficient cars: Design options to address more consumers and possible counteracting effects," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1355-1365, April.
- Alfredsson, E.C., 2004. "“Green” consumption—no solution for climate change," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 513-524.
- Benders, Rene M.J. & Kok, Rixt & Moll, Henri C. & Wiersma, Gerwin & Noorman, Klaas Jan, 2006. "New approaches for household energy conservation--In search of personal household energy budgets and energy reduction options," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(18), pages 3612-3622, December.
- Schiffer, Hans-Wilhelm, 2008. "WEC energy policy scenarios to 2050," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 2464-2470, July.
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:37:y:2009:i:12:p:5650-5661. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
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The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) www.ahrq.gov has helped researchers develop a new tool to make care safer for children in hospitals. The “Global Assessment of Pediatric Patient Safety” (GAPPS) trigger tool uses electronic or written data to identify adverse events in pediatric patients.
The GAPPS trigger tool is considered one of the most rigorously developed and widely tested pediatric tool of its kind. To develop the tool, researchers at the Center for Excellence for Pediatric Quality Measurement at Boston Children’s Hospital www.childrenshospital.org built on previous efforts that have largely focused on trigger tools for adult patients.
Researchers convened an expert panel to conduct a detailed trigger-by-trigger analysis. The tool was then field-tested on more than 3,800 medical records from 16 academic and community hospitals across the country and the tool was further refined based on the performance of the triggers.
“This tool will help doctors and other practitioners caring for children develop safer practices,” said AHRQ Director Andy Bindman, M.D., “A reliable trigger tool can help clinicians recognize potential safety concerns quickly from routine information collected from the medical record.”
Trigger tools can improve patient safety by helping staff identify, report, and track events over a period of time as opposed to passive voluntary reporting systems which detect only a small percentage of adverse events. Augmenting voluntary reporting with systematic surveillance may help to improve understanding about safety vulnerabilities.
Christopher P. Landrigan, M.D Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine at Harvard Medical School http://hms.harvard.edu and Research Director of the Inpatient Pediatrics Service at Boston Children’s Hospital, reports, “The GAPPS tool represents a substantial advance over voluntary reporting systems, because it is far more sensitive and consistent.”
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Our how-to for using milk and water jugs to create your own planters to sow seeds in the snow. Yes, you can start sowing seeds now, even if you're snowed in, and be rewarded with hardy vegetables and flowers in the summer.
Add soil and plant your seeds. Pour the soil to a depth of 3" to 4", then moisten thoroughly and let drain. It is absolutely necessary to use a soil mix that drains well and that has a light, fluffy consistency. Commercial peat and perlite mixtures work well.
To plant, simply sprinkle your seeds on the surface of the soil. Tiny seeds, including creeping thyme (Thymus serphyllum), require no additional soil to cover them. Just leave them on the surface, regardless of what the seed packet says.
Larger seeds, like morning glories and sweet peas, require only a 1/8" planting depth. Gently pat the mix down, to make sure that seeds and soil make good contact. Then replace the lid, and secure it with a strip or two of duct tape, as illustrated at left.
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Digital protection shield: when motorcycles and cars talk to each other.
The first warm days of the year mark the start of motorcycle season – and, unfortunately, a rise in the number of road accidents. Motorcyclists are among the most at-risk road users, 18 times more at risk of being killed in an accident than drivers. Last year, there were approximately 30,000 motorcycle accidents in Germany alone, roughly 600 of which were fatal. One of the main reasons is that riders of two-wheelers are often overlooked in road traffic, both at intersections and during passing. Bosch wants to change that. With its partners Autotalks, Cohda Wireless, and Ducati, it has developed a prototype smart solution.
“We let motorcycles and cars talk to each other, creating a digital protection shield for riders,” says Dr. Dirk Hoheisel, a member of the Bosch board of management. The goal is to prevent dangerous situations from occurring in the first place.
Connectivity could prevent nearly one-third of motorcycle accidents
According to estimates by Bosch accident research, motorcycle-to-car- communication could prevent nearly one-third of motorcycle accidents. “Through safety systems such as ABS and motorcycle stability control, Bosch has already made riding a two-wheeler significantly safer. By connecting motorcycles, we are taking safety to the next level,” Hoheisel says.
Here is how it works: up to ten times a second, vehicles within a radius of several hundred meters exchange information about vehicle types, speed, position, and direction of travel. Long before drivers or their vehicles’ sensors catch sight of a motorcycle, this technology informs them that a motorcycle is approaching, allowing them to adopt a more defensive driving strategy.
For example, typical dangerous situations arise when a motorcycle approaches a car from behind on a multi-lane road, ends up in a car’s blind spot, or changes lanes to pass. If the system identifies a potentially dangerous situation, it can warn the rider or driver by sounding an alarm and flashing a warning notice on the dashboard. In this way, all road users receive essential information that actively helps avoid accidents.
Vehicles exchange information within just a few milliseconds. The public WLAN standard (ITS G5) is used as the basis for the exchange of data between motorcycles and cars. Transmission times of just a few milliseconds between transmitter and receiver mean that participating road users can generate and transmit important information relating to the traffic situation. Parked or idling vehicles also transmit data to any surrounding receivers. To allow riders and drivers who are farther away to reliably receive the necessary information, the technology makes use of multi-hopping, which forwards the information automatically from vehicle to vehicle. In critical situations, therefore, all road users know what is happening and are able to take appropriate action in advance.
Check out the video below by Bosch Mobility Solutions to learn more!
Bosch, press release
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During a pole shift and the days preceding a pole shift there are many forces affecting the oceans which, when applied to the atmosphere, create tornadoes. As any child watching water run down a drain can note, a swirling vortex is created in the center of rapidly dropping water. This same process is what causes tornadoes to form when cold air is thrust over a warmer air mass, and when the force of wind behind the cold air stops, allowing it to suddenly drop.
In the days leading up to a pole shift, the stopped rotation of the Earth causes the water formerly pulled toward the equator by rotation to equalize. The water at the equator starts flowing toward the poles. When the 12th Planet is positioned between the Earth and the Sun, water in any large body will heap up, drawn by the gravity pull of this large body just as the tides are drawn by the Moon. During the pole shift, the Earth's waters are first pulled in the direction of the shift, along with the Earth's crust, and then blocked in this motion by any land mass that has ceased to slide. All of these actions set water in motion, and many of these actions occur simultaneously, created chaotic motion. Thus, water may be in a position to suddenly drop, having been heaped high in proportion to the surrounding water. Cold arctic water may have been thrust on top of warmer water, and as with tornadoes, when the thrust that caused this situation stops, the cold water will suddenly drop, creating a vortex.
These giant whirlpool have been recorded by the ancients, as their ships on occasion were caught in them during a pole shift. When one of the fleet managed to escape, the tale was told and recorded. However, as with many pole shift generated tales, these tales are taken to be myths.
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Anatoly Vasilievich Kuznetsov was a Soviet Russian writer. He was born in 1929 in the Kurenivka suburb of Kiev, next to Babi Yar. In his youth, he studied ballet at the Kiev National Academic Theater of Opera and Ballet, and it was during that period that he joined the Komsomol – the party’s youth organization. Later on, he left the theater and tore up his Komsomol membership card. In 1955, he joined the Communist Party and began studying literature at the Moscow Gorky Literary Institute. He graduated in 1960, joined the USSR Union of Writers, and began publishing short stories and novellas. His first novella, Sequel to a Legend, was received with critical acclaim and even translated into many languages. Kuznetsov’s writing was highly critical of the Soviet regime and its violation of individual rights. The war had greatly influenced his writing, and his most famous book is the documentary novel Babi Yar, which deals with the massacre of the Jews by the Nazis at the site, and with the atrocities of the Stalinist rule. At fourteen, he began documenting the events and testimonies he had heard about the Babi Yar massacre in a notebook, and the novel is based upon them. It was first published in the journal Yunost in 1966, in an abbreviated and censored form. In 1969, Kuznetsov fled to the West and lived in London until he died from heart failure in 1979. The full version of Babi Yar was published in Russia only after the collapse of the Communist regime.
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Jake starts the story by explaining Robert Cohn
Answers 1Add Yours
The narrator, Jake Barnes, describes Robert Cohn, who was the middleweight boxing champion of Princeton. Cohn took up boxing, though he disliked it, to compensate for the inferiority complex he developed as a Jew at Princeton. Cohn's nose was flattened while boxing, and Jake says no one he knows from Cohn's class remembers Cohn. From one of New York's richest, most prominent Jewish families, Cohn emerged from Princeton with low self-esteem, had an unsuccessful marriage, and lost most of his inheritance. Cohn's time in Princeton is almost an allegory of a young soldier's going off to war: his early dreams of glory are quickly shattered, his body is physically changed (the flattened nose), and he leaves embittered. He is quickly exploited by two women, the first instance of the theme of manipulative sexuality that Hemingway will explore in greater depth.
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Collimating a Newtonian (Dobsonian) Telescope Using a Laser Collimating Tool
The process of collimation is very important, so let's start from the very beginning. Most of this you only have to do once for any telescope, and the easy parts can be done in minutes every time you take the telescope out. Do this in the daylight to make your life easier.
Collimation is done in two parts; Mechanical and Optical Collimation.
First we'll find the point exactly opposite your focuser. This is the exact point that the focus tube SHOULD be pointed at. Many times they're not and this result in a collimation that is not using all of the light from the primary.
Figure 1 - Newtonian Upper Tube Assembly With Secondary and Spider Removed
Using a flexible ruler, measure from the inside of your telescope's tube, starting at the center of the focuser hole, around the inside circumference to the opposite side (Dimensions A). Measure in both directions, when the two measurements are equal, make small marks in pencil. Next measure from the end of the tube down to the middle of your focus tube (Dimensions B). Apply this measurement down from the end of the tube on the opposite side of the tube, aligned with your previous marks, and you should now make a point exactly opposite where your focuser SHOULD be pointed.
Put your laser collimator in the focuser and turn it on. Does the light strike the exact center of your new dot on the opposite side of the tube? If not you may have to shim your focuser to get the laser to line up with the dot. Once this is done, the focus tube is 'square' with the telescope tube and you're ready to move on.
The next thing to do is to mark the exact center of the secondary with a small black permanent ink dot (see "Marking the Secondary and Primary Mirrors" below). This will not degrade the image at all since the dot will still be in the extremely small shadow of the secondary mirror as reflected up from the primary. Then you must physically center the secondary mirror as viewed through the Cheshire eyepiece. This usually entails raising or lowering it with the mirror's center mount screw and then aligning it right and left by actually turning the secondary back and forth (do not accidentally touch the secondary!)
Take the telescope outside in the evening twilight. After the mirror cools down sufficiently, the Optical Collimation collimating can begin. Don't collimate before your optics have cooled down. The curvature of 'fast' optics changes noticeably with temperature. If you collimate at dusk, be sure to check it again after a few hours. You will find that temperature and humidity changes have changed the collimation of your primary. Fine tune it and your collimation will be set for the rest of the night.
Put the red dot of the laser collimator exactly on the center of the little black dot on the secondary. Use the adjustment screws of the secondary to move the laser dot to the center of your primary. ( I have a self-adhesive blackened paper punch hole reinforcement ring around a point at the exact center of my mirror.) Then go to the back end of the telescope and use the primary mirror collimation screws to reflect the laser dot back to the exact center of the target on the laser collimator and you're done.
Be careful to not jar your telescope after performing this collimation, or you may find that it will have to be re-done from the point of centering the laser dot on the secondary mirror through adjusting the primary mirror's collimation screws.
Star Test Fine Collimation Procedure
Reference: Torus Technologies
Use the following procedure to collimate your optics using a star:
1. Select a star that is at least third magnitude or brighter and 60 degrees or more above the horizon.
2. Center the star in the field of view of an eyepiece as precisely as possible. If you have a reticule eyepiece, use it for this test.
3. Defocus the image of the star until it fills about half the diameter of the field of view of the eyepiece. You will see a dark spot in (or near) the center of the defocused star image created by the secondary mirror and dark lines radiating from the dark spot created by the spider vanes. Also you should see a series of diffraction rings inside the defocused star image. During this procedure you will adjust the primary mirror until the dark spot is exactly centered in the star image and the diffraction rings appear concentric.
4. Use the primary mirror adjustment procedure above to make the final fine collimation adjustments.
Make adjustments that cause the dark spot to move toward the center of the ring pattern.
After each adjustment, re-center the defocused star image.
Marking the Secondary and Primary Mirrors
How do you mark the exact center of your secondary and primary? If you remove your secondary very carefully and trace around it (mirror side up so you don't scratch it!) on some quality printing paper, you will be able to fold the ellipse in half along both axes. Where the folds cross is the center. Now unfold the paper and make a very fine hole in the center with a straight pin. Carefully flatten out the paper, and align exactly and gently on the face of the mirror. Take a fine point black marker, touch it to the hole in the paper and it will transfer a fine black dot in the center of the mirror. Carefully reinstall the secondary, again being careful not to touch the face of the mirror.
The center of the primary can be found in much the same way except use a large piece of newspaper, or even better - some butchers paper. Gift wrapping paper also works well. The dot on the primary can bigger, but instead, try making a small dot and then placing a self-adhesive paper reinforcing 'doughnut' that has been previously colored flat black with a marker around your fine dot. This makes seeing the laser dot centered on the primary much easier. (Use the self adhesive kind of doughnuts. The old lick-and-stick reinforcing doughnuts will slide off the first time there is dew on your primary.) Finger prints are a big problem when putting on the primary doughnut. Just do it slowly and carefully, perhaps using tweezers and wearing soft white gloves. Don't lean on the mirror. If you smudge the mirror. Just leave it, don't clean it off by wiping as this will probably leave fine scratches on the surface of the mirror.
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Nutrition is important in our lives. Everyone needs it to survive. We make a choice to eat in a nutritious way or to act otherwise. The piece below offers useful tips for living a healthy, nutritious life while still enjoying food.
You should always make sure you include fresh fruits and veggies in your diet. The USDA recommends 9-13 servings of produce daily. Although it sounds impossible, it is easy to consume that many servings. Drink orange juice for breakfast, and use real tomato paste with your spaghetti noodles.
A helpful avenue to nutrition is the concept of not depriving yourself of the foods you love, but switch them with more nutritious versions of the same dish. You should learn what nutrients the foods you eat contain, and if necessary, find alternatives that are better for you. Nutritional information for many foods, even restaurant dishes, can be found on the Internet.
You should really stay away from foods which contain a high amount of trans fat, like highly processed foods. Foods high in trans fat can have a hand in a person getting heart disease. When consumed on a regular basis, trans fats can raise the levels of bad cholesterol in the body as well as reduce the good cholesterol.
When choosing a diet, be sure it provides proper nutrition, and make sure you eat around 8oz. of lean meat daily. You will find it easier getting your daily protein and iron. Some candidates include bison, venison, or other lean cuts.
It is important to include food which provide selenium in your diet. Selenium is a great way to prevent aging because it helps to remove toxins from the body, and also helps to maintain elasticity and keep the skin looking young. It can neutralize free radicals along with helping to protect your skin from the sun. Foods high in selenium include wheat germ, tuna, Brazil nuts, brown rice, eggs and garlic.
Have you been attempting to decrease your red meat consumption? Eat red meat in very small portions. You could use it to enhance texture and flavor to grain-based dishes as well as vegetable dishes. The Chinese and Mediterranean people do this and that’s why they have a lot less problems with heart diseases.
Deprivation is never fun. Nutrition isn’t about deprivation, it’s about eating the right things more often and eating the bad things in moderation. The important thing to remember is that there are many small changes you can make in your everyday life to improve your nutrition.
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| 0.952884 | 505 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Having kids can be a lot of fun and it is important that you should be able to know how to take care of them so that they would be able to grow up properly. There are parents that would worry about the health and condition that their children would have and it is important that we should be able to influence our children to be able to have a healthy lifestyle so that we could have them develop themselves properly. There are so much that we can do as parents to take care of the condition of their parents but it is our children themselves that would also need to take care of their body. It is important that we should be able to make sure that our children would know all of the negative things that they could have if they would do nothing and not take care of themselves. One of the things that everyone would need is a proper exercise and it would be great if we could inspire our children to work out as it would surely be able to help them avoid being overweight and it would also be able to develop their body. There are a lot of children that are bullied because of being overweight or being too thin that is why making sure that our children would have a healthy lifestyle would be able to help them in having a much better life in school and in all of the things that they do.
We could make exercise fun so that our children would be interested in working out and we should make sure that we are also able to invest a lot of our time in helping them work out so that we could show our support to our children. Video games are very popular in our age today and there are a lot of children that are hooked to them that is why it would be best if we could get video games that are able to offer some exercise for our children as it would surely be something that they can use. We could have our children engage in sports so that they could have a lot of exercise and we could do it with them so that they would be able to keep getting interested in doing so. Doing some activities with your children like working out would surely be fun for your family and it would be great if you could do so regularly.
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| 0.995377 | 429 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Kingston Black Apple
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kingston Black Apple is a cultivar of apple originating from the United Kingdom. It is often used in making cider. The apples are medium in size and red, despite its name, it (usually) does not have a black hue.
|This fruit-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Black_Apple
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en
| 0.886533 | 80 | 2.78125 | 3 |
How many syllables are in international? 5 syllables
Divide international into syllables: in-ter-na-tion-al
Definition of: International (New window will open)
How to pronounce international:
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International Poems: (See poems with this word. New window will open)
Synonyms and Words Related to International
internationally (6 syllables), internationals (5 syllables),
external (3 Syllables), foreign (2 Syllables), global (2 Syllables), internationalist (6 Syllables), internationalistic (7 Syllables), multinational (5 Syllables), outside(a) (3 Syllables), planetary (4 Syllables), supranational (5 Syllables), transnational (4 Syllables), world(a) (2 Syllables), worldwide (2 Syllables)
allover (3 syllables), ampere (2 syllables), blinker (2 syllables), capitulation (5 syllables), dateline (2 syllables), economics (4 syllables), entente (2 syllables), external (3 syllables), finances (2 syllables), foreign (2 syllables), global (2 syllables), iaea (1 syllables), icao (1 syllables), ida (1 syllables), ifc (1 syllables),
What do you think of our answer to how many syllables are in international? Are the syllable count, pronunciation, words that rhyme, and syllable divisions for international correct? There are numerous syllabic anomalies found within the U.S. English language. Can international be pronounced differently? Did we divide the syllables correctly? Do regional variations in the pronunciation of international effect the syllable count? Has language changed? Provide your comments or thoughts on the syllable count for international below.
Comment on the syllables in International
A comprehensive resource for finding syllables in international, how many syllables are in international, words that rhyme with international, how to divide international into syllables, how to pronounce international, how to break international into syllables, and how to pronounce international.
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http://www.syllablecount.com/syllables/international
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en
| 0.784274 | 482 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Have an account?
No student devices needed. Know more
The following M & M colors are in the bowl:
4 yellow, 6 orange, 3 green, 5 blue, 2 brown
What is the probability of selecting a brown candy?
What is an event that will happen or has a probability of 1?
outcome with the same chance of occurring
an event with a probability of zero
a situation involving doing the activity that leads to results or outcomes.
The measure of the likelihood that an event will occur. The chance that an event will happen. A ratio of chance/all chances.
Mathematical calculation that an even will happen in theory.
Listen carefully to the audio and choose the picture that looks like the shape that refers to.
There are 6 boys and 8 girls in a classroom. What is the probability that the teacher randomly selects a boy?
What is the sample space?
orange, green, red, white, yellow
2 red, 1 green, 1 orange, 1 yellow, 1 white
2 , 1, 1, 1, 1
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en
| 0.87904 | 357 | 3.046875 | 3 |
No one wants to think about the possibility of their family becoming ill. Especially with everything else happening in the world, the last thing you want to worry about is your family’s health. However, as a responsible parent or guardian, it’s essential to be prepared for anything.
One of the best ways to protect your family’s health is to be proactive about your habits. That means following best practices for wellness, both inside and outside the home. Here are some tips to help keep your family safe and healthy:
Practice healthy eating habits
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rate of childhood obesity has significantly increased, more than tripling since the 1970s. With children and adolescents now overweight or obese, the more their generation is likely to suffer from chronic health conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea.
One of the best ways to help prevent this health problem is to lead by example and adopt healthy eating habits as a family. That means eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains while limiting processed meals, sugary drinks, and saturated fats.
A home-cooked meal is often healthier than eating out, so try to cook together as a family whenever possible. Not only is this a great way to bond, but it also allows you to control the ingredients that go into your food. It might seem like a lot of work, but eating healthy is worth it for your family’s health. And soon enough, it will become second nature.
Make handwashing a habit
Viruses and bacteria are everywhere and can quickly spread from person to person. One of the best ways to protect your family from getting sick is to ensure everyone in the household knows how to wash their hands properly.
The CDC recommends using soap and water to wash your hands for a minimum of twenty seconds. If soap and water are unavailable, you can use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing at least 70% alcohol.
Practicing good hand hygiene habits, such as not touching your face and avoiding contact with fluids, is also essential. As simple as it sounds, making handwashing a practice can go a long way in protecting your family’s health. This way, you can avoid potential illness and the spread of germs.
Vaccines have been a significant point of debate in recent years. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) continues to stand by its recommendations that everyone, from infants to adults, should be vaccinated against various diseases.
Vaccines work by protecting people from diseases. They help the body build immunity against infections and can prevent serious illnesses. The CDC recommends children receive vaccinations for diseases such as chickenpox, influenza, measles, and whooping cough. Adults should also get vaccinations against influenza and other conditions, such as shingles.
While vaccinations always have the potential for minor side effects, the benefits far outweigh the risks. So, encouraging your family to get their vaccines is one of the best ways to protect them from potentially deadly diseases.
Visit the dentist
Did you know that your oral health can impact your overall health? It’s true. Poor oral hygiene can lead to several chronic conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes. That’s why it’s essential to visit the dentist regularly for cleanings and check-ups.
A skilled dentist can catch any problems early on and provide treatment to avoid further complications. They can also give you tips on how to take care of your teeth at home.
Ideally, everyone in the family must get a dental appointment at least twice a year. However, some people may need to go more often, depending on their oral health. If you have concerns, speaking to your dental provider about what’s best for your family is a good idea. Doing so can help protect your family’s teeth, gums, and overall health.
Exercise as a family
Staying active is crucial for maintaining good health. But with the rise of technology, it’s become easier to lead a sedentary lifestyle. From watching TV to scrolling through social media, there are endless opportunities to stay glued to a screen.
That’s why prioritizing physical activity in your family is more important than ever. And the best way to do that is to find an activity that everyone can enjoy and do together. Whether it’s going for a walk in the park or playing tag in the backyard, getting your family moving is a great way to improve everyone’s health.
Exercise can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and obesity. It can also boost moods and energy levels. So, make it a point to get your family moving and improve your health simultaneously.
There are many ways to protect the health of your family. From washing your hands to visiting the dentist, these simple steps can go a long way in keeping everyone healthy and happy. So, implement these tips today and ensure your family’s well-being for years to come. Soon, you’ll be on your way to a healthier household.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.mymotheryourmother.com/household-safe/
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en
| 0.964704 | 1,049 | 3 | 3 |
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. That can be interchanged: interchangeable items of clothing; interchangeable automotive parts.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Capable of being interchanged; admitting of exchange.
- Appearing in alternate succession.
- adj. Freely substitutable. May be swapped at will.
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. Admitting of exchange or mutual substitution.
- adj. Following each other in alternate succession.
- adj. (mathematics, logic) such that the arguments or roles can be interchanged
- adj. capable of replacing or changing places with something else; permitting mutual substitution without loss of function or suitability
“That was where she went for her "pretty young boys," the term interchangeable with "talent.”
“Only if you think that “regulate” is a term interchangeable with “to take over completely”.”
“Is it flixter or flixster or is the name interchangeable?”
“Whether called "comic books" or "graphic novels" -- some consider the terms interchangeable, others see differences in form and scope -- these works emphasize powerful storytelling, on subjects as broad as those found in any other published works, from autobiography to fantasy to war reportage to humor.”
“Sea and sun and civilisation became terms interchangeable with life, his life, and they were loaded there on the sled for which he waited.”
“You are not using the word interchangeable correctly, he never used both of them, he merely used one consistently.”
“The semantic equivalence of being, will, and power-each term interchangeable with the other two-is indicative of Schmitt's ultimate innovation in political philosophy, his discovery of the field of onto-existential politics.”
“Most methods and materials used by the French armed forces are "interchangeable" - that's to say they conform to Nato norms - along with the English spoken.”
“Shops and hotels have a lot of visible security: mustachioed men in interchangeable police-like khaki uniforms, their cloth-patch badges with a standard-issue space for the firm’s name above the word ‘security’.”
“Not just in the Los Angeles Unified School District, but everywhere, public education borrowed the notion of interchangeable parts from industry and applied it to teaching.”
These user-created lists contain the word ‘interchangeable’.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
includes words of the "Prodcom list"
Words that I like, that I don't use often enough, that are new to me, that friends and family have taught me, and so on.
Hopefully, I'll be using this site for more than one year. It will be fun then to look back and see what new words I found worthy of notice in any given year.
All words spotted in 2008...
Looking for tweets for interchangeable.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.wordnik.com/words/interchangeable
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en
| 0.928617 | 651 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Enjoy discovering space with games and amusing animations. Explore the Solar System, the planets, the constellations, the asteroids, the international space station, rockets, etc.
Become a true astronaut, build your own spaceship, explore the constellations, travel through space!
"What’s in Space?” It is the perfect app for curious children. With easy and simple narrated texts, educational games, and incredible illustrations, children will learn basic information about space: what planets are in the solar system, what each planet is like, the constellations that can be seen in the sky, the astronauts, the spaceships...
This app also has lots of educational games to play without any rules, stress, or time limits. Suitable for all ages!
• To learn basic information about space.
• With dozens of educational games: build a space rocket, dress an astronaut, learn the names of the planets, follow the stars of the constellations, etc.
• Completely narrated. Perfect for non-readers and children who are starting to read.
• Content suitable for children aged 4 and over. Games for the whole family. Hours of fun.
• No Ads.
• No in-app purchases, or tricks of any kind.
WHY "WHAT’S IN SPACE?"?
"What’s in Space?” is an easy-to-use educational game that excites kids with educational games and beautiful illustrations about space, planets, and astronauts. Download it now to:
• Discover the Solar System and its planets.
• Learn about astronauts: How do they live and what do they do?
• Explore satellites, rockets, and the space station.
• Observe the sky, the stars, and their constellations.
• Play fun and educational games.
• Enjoy an educational entertainment.
Kids love to play and learn about space through games. "What’s in Space?” contains explanations, illustrations, real images, and games about the planets, the asteroids, the stars and much more.
ABOUT LEARNY LAND
At Learny Land, we love to play, and we believe that games must form part of the educational and growth stage of all children; because to play is to discover, explore, learn and have fun. Our educational games help children learn about the world around them and are designed with love. They are easy to use, beautiful and safe. Because boys and girls have always played to have fun and learn, the games we make - like the toys that last a lifetime - can be seen, played and heard.
At Learny Land we take advantage of the most innovative technologies and the most modern devices to take the experience of learning and playing a step further. We create toys that could not have existed when we were young.
Read more about us at www.learnyland.com.
We'd love to know your opinion and your suggestions. Please, write to [email protected].
* Augmented Reality is only available for certain devices with iOS 11 or higher.
Optimizing for the new iPad mini and iOS 15.
Learny Land S.L.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://iapps.ir/app/what-s-in-space/534486454
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en
| 0.928086 | 716 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Our world is being revolutionized by data-driven methods: access to large amounts of data has generated new insights and opened exciting new opportunities in commerce, science, and computing applications. Processing the enormous quantities of data necessary for these advances requires large clusters, making distributed computing paradigms more crucial than ever.
MapReduce is a programming model for expressing distributed computations on massive datasets and an execution framework for large-scale data processing on clusters of commodity servers. The programming model provides an easy-to-understand abstraction for designing scalable algorithms, while the execution framework transparently handles many system-level details, ranging from scheduling to synchronization to fault tolerance.
This book focuses on MapReduce algorithm design, with an emphasis on text processing algorithms common in natural language processing, information retrieval, and machine learning. We introduce the notion of MapReduce design patterns, which represent general reusable solutions to commonly occurring problems across a variety of problem domains. This book not only intends to help the reader “think in MapReduce”, but also discusses limitations of the programming model as well.
Book year: 2010
Book pages: 178
Book language: en
File size: 1.73 MB
File type: pdf
Published: 06 May 2019 - 14:02
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://bbooks.info/book/data-intensive-text-processing-with-mapreduce
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en
| 0.886313 | 258 | 2.59375 | 3 |
- Short report
- Open Access
Breaking the 1000-gene barrier for Mimivirus using ultra-deep genome and transcriptome sequencing
Virology Journal volume 8, Article number: 99 (2011)
Mimivirus, a giant dsDNA virus infecting Acanthamoeba, is the prototype of the mimiviridae family, the latest addition to the family of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs). Its 1.2 Mb-genome was initially predicted to encode 917 genes. A subsequent RNA-Seq analysis precisely mapped many transcript boundaries and identified 75 new genes.
We now report a much deeper analysis using the SOLiD™ technology combining RNA-Seq of the Mimivirus transcriptome during the infectious cycle (202.4 Million reads), and a complete genome re-sequencing (45.3 Million reads). This study corrected the genome sequence and identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our results also provided clear evidence of previously overlooked transcription units, including an important RNA polymerase subunit distantly related to Euryarchea homologues. The total Mimivirus gene count is now 1018, 11% greater than the original annotation.
This study highlights the huge progress brought about by ultra-deep sequencing for the comprehensive annotation of virus genomes, opening the door to a complete one-nucleotide resolution level description of their transcriptional activity, and to the realistic modeling of the viral genome expression at the ultimate molecular level. This work also illustrates the need to go beyond bioinformatics-only approaches for the annotation of short protein and non-coding genes in viral genomes.
Mimivirus, a nucleocytoplasmic large double stranded DNA virus infecting Acanthamoeba species, is the largest virus identified to date. Its icosahedral fibrillated capsid has a diameter of 750 nm. Besides its outstanding particle size, the genome of Mimivirus is also exceptional both in size and complexity. The initial sequencing revealed a linear genome of 1,181,404 nt (roughly the size of the spirochaete bacterium Treponema pallidum genome) harboring 911 protein coding genes and 6 tRNAs . Some of these genes were observed for the first time in a virus, the most salient being those involved in protein translation and DNA repair. These unique features reawaked conceptual discussions on the nature of viruses and the frontier between viruses and cellular organisms [2–4].
We recently reported the first RNA-Seq study of a large DNA virus using the 454-Flex technology . The transcriptome analysis of Mimivirus during its infection cycle modified the initial gene map in various aspects. First the exact mapping of polyadenylated transcripts allowed the precise location of untranslated regions (UTRs) and intron-exon boundaries. Comparison of the RNA-Seq reads to the reference genome also corrected some phase-shifting sequencing errors causing a few ORFs to be merged. In the meantime 75 new genes were revealed by their transcripts, among which 26 non-coding RNA genes that could not be identified by ORF-based gene-finding approaches. Such transcriptome analyses using massively parallel pyrosequencing nicely complemented ab initio bioinformatic annotations. However, one limitation inherent to the RNA-seq approach is that sequence reads are unevenly distributed along the genome. Genomic positions located in weakly expressed genes and intergenic regions exhibit a lower coverage and are thus less likely to be corrected.
To circumvent these limitations, while keeping the power of RNA-Seq for gene discovery, we performed a comprehensive re-sequencing and thorough re-annotation of the Mimivirus genome using two larger and complementary data sets: an ultra-deep sequencing of genomic DNA and total RNA, both from the SOLiD™ platform. The total number of generated 50-bp reads was about 50 million for the genomic DNA dataset and 200 million for the total RNA dataset. This huge amount of new data allowed us to i) further improve the quality of the Mimivirus genome sequence, ii) identify polymorphic genomic positions (SNPs), and iii) discover previously overlooked genes, one of which encodes an RNA polymerase II subunit, increasing the Mimivirus gene count to 1018.
A new Mimivirus reference genome sequence
The Mimivirus genomic DNA library was constructed using 4.7 μg of input DNA with the SOLiD™ Fragment Library Construction kit (standard protocol). After emulsion PCR the monoclonal beads were loaded on one fourth of a slide of a SOLiD™ 3 Plus System and sequenced (50-base pair reads) with the SOLiD™ Opti Fragment Library Sequencing chemistry. This raw sequence dataset (45,275,001 genomic reads), was used to build iteratively improved versions of the Mimivirus genome sequence, using the following bioinformatic pipeline (Figure 1): Starting from the original genome sequence (RefSeq ID NC_006450) as template, we first mapped the reads onto it using the Bfast program in the color space with default parameters for match, localalign and postprocess subroutines. To avoid overweighting of some genomic positions caused by inhomogeneous PCR amplifications, we removed duplicated reads with the MarkDuplicate subroutine (Picard program suite: http://picard.sourceforge.net). To improve the base-resolution consensus, a micro re-alignment was performed on each read with the SRMA program . With this stringent selection we only used the best representatives (4 to 5%) of the initial dataset. The mapped dataset was then searched for variants (substitutions or indels) using the Samtools and VarScan programs . A substitution was called a change from the (current) reference genome when represented in more than 70% of the aligned reads. Indels were also validated when represented in more than 60% of the aligned reads. The validated variations were then incorporated into a new version of the genome sequence that became the new reference for the next round of corrections. The procedure was iteratively applied to convergence, i.e. until no more indels or substitutions were validated, for a total of 14 cycles. The final 1,181,549 nucleotides-long genome sequence resulting from the above corrections is now the reference Mimivirus genome sequence (RefSeq ID NC_014649). It differs by 196 substitutions, 29 deletions and 174 insertions from the original genome sequence (RefSeq ID NC_006450).
Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms
Next-generation sequencing platforms are now providing deep enough data to readily identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). While using SOLiD™ reads in the course of the above correction procedure, we observed a number of polymorphic positions that could not be interpreted as sequencing errors given their high frequency of occurrence. SNPs in the Mimivirus genome were then systematically pinpointed as follows: we recorded all the positions with a nucleotide differing from the reference genome sequence in more than 10% of the aligned reads and seen at least once on both strands. In addition, we excluded all the variant positions less than 25 nt apart as they could correspond to mapping errors. The same procedure was independently applied to extract the polymorphic positions showing in 10% or more of the reads within the SOLiD™ RNA-seq dataset described hereafter. We then took the intersection of these two independent analyses to confidently identify 27 SNPs in the Mimivirus genome (see Table 1).
The number of synonymous substitutions (3 out of 24 coding SNPs) is surprisingly low compared to non-synonymous substitutions. Although paradoxical at first glance such a high proportion of non-synonymous substitutions was already noticed when comparing closely related bacterial strains exhibiting a small number of mutations . This is usually explained by the fact that those mutations are not deleterious enough to be rapidly eliminated from the population, i.e. the observed variations are not yet fixed. Accordingly, the observed distribution of non-synonymous vs. synonymous variations is not significantly different from what is expected by chance from the relative frequency of the non-synonymous (79%) vs. synonymous substitutions (21%) computed from the Mimivirus genome codon composition (Fisher exact test p[3,21; 5, 19]> 0.7) . To our knowledge this is the first genome-wide SNPs analysis of a large DNA virus. It remains to be determined whether the observed polymorphisms are representative of the true Mimivirus population diversity.
Mimivirus genome harbors 1018 genes
In addition to correcting the genome sequence we sought to thoroughly revise the Mimivirus gene annotation (Figure 1). We first identified the open reading frames (ORFs) using the "self-training" option of the Genemark™ program suite . Beyond ORF annotation we delineated the exact boundaries of transcripts using two large transcriptome data sets: one from a previously published study of Mimivirus polyadenylated RNAs , the other from a SOLiD™ sequencing of total RNA. The latter was generated from nine barcoded transcriptome libraries constructed at various time during the entire Mimivirus infection cycle using 1 μg of total RNA from Acanthamoeba castellanii cells, each with the SOLiD™ Whole Transcriptome Analysis kit, and pooled at equimolar concentrations. After emulsion PCR the monoclonal beads were loaded on one slide of a SOLiD™ 3 Plus System and sequenced (50 base pairs) with the SOLiD™ Opti Fragment Library Sequencing chemistry. A total of 202,436,309 reads were generated and subsequently aligned to the Mimivirus genome using Bfast . The two combined RNA-seq datasets allowed the unambiguous identification of the 5' end of 555 Mimivirus transcripts as well as the 3' end of 601 transcripts at single base-pair resolution
We completed the genome annotation by mapping previously identified transcription regulation signals (i.e. the palindromic transcription termination signal , the early expression promoter element and the late expression promoter element ) using the previously described protocols . The combination of the deep transcriptome data mentioned above with the location of the predicted regulatory elements led to a substantial update of the Mimivirus gene map. Appendix lists the new genes identified from previously overlooked transcripts, as well as the new genes resulting from the correction of phase-shifting sequencing errors. The Mimivirus gene number is now of 1018, among which 979 putatively encode proteins, 6 encode tRNAs and 33 correspond to non-coding RNA genes. All these annotations are now included in the new reference Mimivirus entry (RefSeq NC_014649).
One more Mimivirus-encoded component of the transcription apparatus
Mimivirus was already known to encode a large number (if not all) of the components of its transcription apparatus: the two largest RNA Polymerase II subunits (R501 and L244), and four smaller subunits: Rpb3/Rpb11 (R470), Rpb5 (L235), Rpb6 (R209), Rpb7/E (L376). Mimivirus also possesses its own poly(A) polymerase (R341), and a series of transcription factors (L250, R339, R350, R429, R450, R559). Such a virally-encoded transcription system is required by the fact that Mimivirus genes are transcribed within well-defined cytoplasmic virion factories, with little or no participation of the host transcription apparatus localized in the cell nucleus. In order to bootstrap the infectious cycle, the above Mimivirus genes follow a late expression pattern allowing their protein products to be incorporated in the mature virions . It turned out that the inventory of Mimivirus transcription-associated gene was not yet complete. Deeper sequencing of the Mimivirus-infected cells total RNA revealed a transcriptional activity (classified as "late") in between genes L357 and R358 (Figure 2A). This location corresponds to a short ORF (now denoted R357b) spanning 73 residues that exhibited no significant databases similarity at the time of our original annotation . However, analyzing this predicted amino-acid sequence now suggests that it is a divergent homologue of the subunit N of RNA polymerase II. Interestingly, the closest relative (30% identity) of this new Mimivirus protein is found (Figure 2B) within the recently published 730 kb-genome of a giant virus infecting the marine microflagellate Cafeteria roenbergensis . These findings strongly suggest that R357b encodes a real protein, thus adding one more component to the already complex transcriptional machinery of Mimivirus. We hope that the accurate genome sequence and comprehensive transcript map now available for Mimivirus will make it a reference micro-organism for future experimental and computational studies aiming at elucidating the physiology of giant DNA viruses.
List of newly identified genes: R2b, L10c, R13b, R14, R14b, L34b, L37b, L38b, R61b, R61c, L61d, L66b, L78b, L83b, L88b, L98b, L173b, L174b, R191c, R213b, L309c, R328b, R357b, R365b, R437b, R437c, R449b, L482b, R485b, L487b, R538c, R559b, L565b, L577b, R607b, R661b, R676b, L681b, L684b, L692b, L696b, L769b, L794b, R878b, R884b, R908b, R910b, L911b, L911c.
List of genes generated from the fusion of previously identified ORFs: L91/L90, L93/L92, R391/R392, R527/R528, R568/R569, R744/R745, R844/R845.
List of deleted or renamed genes: L14, L61b, R70, R847, R886.
Raoult D, Audic S, Robert C, Abergel C, Renesto P, Ogata H, La Scola B, Suzan M, Claverie JM: The 1.2-Megabase Genome Sequence of Mimivirus. Science 2004, 306: 1344-1350. 10.1126/science.1101485
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Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, Marth G, Abecasis G, Durbin R, 1000 Genome Project Data Processing Subgroup: The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 2009, 25: 2078-2079. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352
Koboldt DC, Chen K, Wylie T, Larson DE, McLellan MD, Mardis ER, Weinstock GM, Wilson RK, Ding L: VarScan: variant detection in massively parallel sequencing of individual and pooled samples. Bioinformatics 2009, 25: 2283-2285. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp373
Rocha EPC, Smith JM, Hurst LD, Holden MTG, Cooper JE, Smith NH, Feil EJ: Comparisons of dN/dS are time dependent for closely related bacterial genomes. J. Theor. Biol 2006, 239: 226-235. 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.037
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Byrne D, Grzela R, Lartigue A, Audic S, Chenivesse S, Encinas S, Claverie JM, Abergel C: The polyadenylation site of Mimivirus transcripts obeys a stringent 'hairpin rule'. Genome Res 2009, 19: 1233-1242. 10.1101/gr.091561.109
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We thank Kent Davidson for initiating this collaborative project with Life Technologies. This work was funded by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-BLAN08-0089). We acknowledge the use of the PACA-bioinfo IBISA platform.
Life Technologies financed the chemical and sequencing for the project. AR is an employee of Life Technologies. There are no other financial and non-financial competing interests.
ML designed the study, conducted the data analysis and wrote the manuscript; SS participated in the data analysis and draft the manuscript; AR performed libraries construction and sequencing; CA participated in data analysis, produced the initial material and draft the manuscript; JMC designed the study and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Cite this article
Legendre, M., Santini, S., Rico, A. et al. Breaking the 1000-gene barrier for Mimivirus using ultra-deep genome and transcriptome sequencing. Virol J 8, 99 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-99
- Giant Virus
- Transcription Apparatus
- Original Genome Sequence
- Cafeteria Roenbergensis
- Mimivirus Genome
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Suppressed data on mutant H5N1 human-killer virus PUBLISHED
Information wants to be free
Strains of bird flu that could spread among humans have been created in the lab - and now full details on just how this was done have been published openly, raising fears that the research could be used by terrorists to craft a deadly bio-weapon plague.
Bird flu, or H5N1, has killed more than half of the 600 people it is known to have infected, but it cannot spread easily between people. So Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin-Madison set out to find whether H5N1 could evolve in the wild into a form that was transmissible between humans.
Kawaoka’s FBI-approved team first created thousands of mutant versions of H5N1. From these they identified a version that could stick to cells in the human nose and throat and then combined this with the strain from the wild that caused the 2009 pandemic. With this hybrid virus, the scientists infected ferrets and watched for when the virus evolved a strain that could spread through the air and infect healthy ferrets in neighbouring cages.
According to Kawaoka, the study shows that relatively few mutations are required for the virus to acquire the ability to transmit between mammals, including humans. The strain created during Kawaoka’s research is less severe than the one that caused the 2009 pandemic, it is susceptible to Tamiflu and it did not kill any of the ferrets in the experiments.
But there may be further strains not studied that have the ability to evolve transmissibility. In fact, the researchers have already spotted strains with one of the mutations they identified in Egypt. As Laurence Fishburne’s character in Contagion says: “Someone doesn’t need to weaponise the bird flu. The birds are doing that.”
Kawoaka is less dramatic, claiming that the results can help authorities to prevent or prepare for an outbreak.
"This study has significant public health benefits and contributes to our understanding of this important pathogen,” he said. “By identifying mutations that facilitate transmission among mammals, those whose job it is to monitor viruses circulating in nature can look for these mutations so measures can be taken to effectively protect human health."
It is an argument made repeatedly over the past few months by Kawoaka and his colleague Ron Fouchier, a researcher at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam and author of another blocked bird flu paper. Although Kawaoka’s research is now published, Fouchier’s remains under wraps, even though Science magazine has said it will publish the work. The concerns over the researchers’ studies came from the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB).
The body’s decision to block the research kickstarted months of tense discussion between virologists, security experts and journal editors. Last month, the NSABB reversed its controversial decision after Kawaoka and Fouchier amended their papers. “The revised papers had more clarity on risks and benefits,” said the NSABB’s Paul Keim, who added that the board comprises scientists, not “generals and colonels and majors”.
Fouchier admitted at an emergency conference convened in April to discuss the controversy, that most of the extra 1000 words he added to his paper dealt with the level of biosecurity in place during the research.
The Dutch virologist explained that due to the biosecurity conditions in place, if an accident were to happen, “the public won’t be exposed, but the individuals in the laboratory will be”. ®
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At its most fundamental level, photography is light: the capturing of light, either ambient or reflected off a subject, object or scene. Too many beginner (and even experienced) photographers conclude, therefore, that bright light is a photographer’s friend. That would be wrong, however. The brightest light creates the deepest shadows, which is why those vacation photos on the beach or the ski slopes don’t show people’s eyes or create dark shadows on the background that are distractions.
Bright light is neither your camera’s friend, especially when you rely on its automatic exposure capability. In fact, as wondrous as digital photography technology is, it is usually confused when confronted with a scene or subject bathed in bright light.
A little technical background is required here. The manufacturer of your camera had to chose average settings for the auto exposure mode in your camera. That average is known as 18% gray, or a reading by a light meter that the scene or subject is reflecting 18% of the light. The problem is that the actual image you are shooting may not have average brightness; it may have a reading more than 18% (or less): a beach with strong light reflecting off the sand or a bright, snowy day during winter when the light is reflecting off the snow or ice. What generally happens is that your camera applies the average setting and your image is underexposed, or looks too dark.
The limitation of your camera’s auto mode is a great opportunity to learn about a control on your camera you may not know is there, or you may have seen it, but simply disregarded it. It’s called exposure value (EV) compensation; and as the name suggests, it allows you to compensate for the auto mode’s confusion when shooting images in bright light (or low light). Since it’s unlikely you’ve ever read your camera’s manual thoroughly, you may be surprised to learn that it will show you where the EV control is on your camera and how to use it. What a concept!
Once you do find it, you’ll notice that it provides you with a number of choices that are designated as +1, +2, -1 and -2. Many cameras will allow you to select these values in 1/3-increments. DSLR cameras tend to have a wider range of EV settings. As part of learning how to use EV compensation, you’ll want to do some experimentation. A bright morning on the beach may require only a +1 compensation to provide the correct amount of light for a balanced photo. High noon at the beach with highly reflective sand may require +2. You may even want to find a very bright scene and shoot a series of images at each of the EV settings, so you can compare them side-by-side on your computer. It’s a great learning tool. As you understand what lighting conditions require the right amount of EV compensation, it will become second nature to use it to your benefit.
Another learning opportunity that will help you with brightness control is reading your camera’s histogram. Again, start with your camera manual, which will teach you most of what you need to know. A histogram is simply a graphical representation of how your camera is reading the light. The preset, average exposure setting mentioned above, or gray, is in the center of the graph, with darker to the left and lighter to the right. When your camera’s auto mode reads the bright light on a beach and produces an underexposed photo, most of the histogram data will be in the center of the scale. When you increase the EV compensation to +1 or +2, the histogram’s data spike will now be to the right, or in the lighter area. Taking some control of the exposure with EV compensation has allowed you to override the camera’s automatic reading and provide the right amount of light for the photo.
Photography is a learning experience that even the greatest photographers in the world are doing everyday. Neither they nor you can understand everything about your camera during a short period of time, so learn one new feature or function per week. Make exposure value compensation this week’s self-taught tutorial and you’re sure to bring home much better vacation pictures from those bright beach, ski slope, watersports or amusement park environments.
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Producing CAD Models (Drawings) using a CAD System - 3D
In a nutshell
Computer-aided design is increasingly used to produce engineering drawings, so if you work or want to work in that sector it’s a useful skill to have. This course will give you a thorough understanding of the CAD Parametric Modelling environment, in terms of hardware, software and physical surroundings and explores the typical composition of a CAD Parametric Modelling system.
This course is for...
…anyone over 19, in employment and earning less than £26,000 a year.
…taking the next step in your career in the Engineering sector.
…anyone interested in producing engineering drawings and computer aided design.
This course equips you with knowledge and understanding of the hardware, software and physical surroundings of the CAD Parametric Modelling environment, in particular studying:
- Advanced features and parts modelling
- Advanced assembly modelling
- Linking with external spread sheets to create complex table driven parts and assemblies
- Advanced presentation graphics
There are no formal entry requirements, you just need a keen interest in the subject.
Dates and location will be confirmed after application.
Have any questions or are not sure if this is the right course for you?
Contact our Student Recruitment team
All courses may be subject to change and cancelled if deemed not viable to run.Print course information
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Study: The Biggest Natural Disasters Are Also Getting More Costly
While it doesn’t appear at first glance that the cost of natural disasters has seen a major increase, a recent study found that the cost of the most major disasters – such as hurricanes Katrina, Maria, and Dorian – have grown far more expensive.
Researchers from the Penn State Center for Climate Risk Management and the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Evaluating the frequency and intensity of recent natural disasters including major hurricanes and tornadoes, they examined the distribution of damages averaged to determine economic impacts.
Their findings: only considering the average cost of the damages obscures the fact that, among other things, the largest events are the ones that completely overwhelm local infrastructures.
“Many decision-makers are designing strategies to manage climate risk,” said Klaus Keller, director of the Center for Climate Risk Management. “The success of these strategies often hinges critically on how extreme events are changing,” which often doesn’t account for the rising financial impact of the largest events.
These cost impacts aren’t uniform across the world, either – they’re most dramatic in temperate areas.
“Tropical regions, especially those in the rich part of the world, have developed mechanisms to attenuate the impacts of extreme disasters,” said Francesca Chiaromonte, professor of statistics and Penn State. “Similar efforts may, in fact, be needed in areas that we have traditionally considered ‘safer.’”
There was some good news in the study, however. Aside from extreme temperature events, mortality is on a downward trend, perhaps because of lower vulnerabilities, improved early warning systems and evacuation systems, and more effective relief efforts.
The main takeaway of the study: those dealing in disaster management should expect to face increasing economic losses, and develop adaptation measures in both tropical and temperate regions.
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Welcome to the Treehouse Community
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I'm having problems adding a cells with data using the <td> rather than <th>. what's wrong?
Please review my addcells1 addcells2 . I am using the td vs. th. What am I doing wrong?
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Tables Challenge</title> </head> <body> <h1>HTML Tables Challenge</h1> <!-- Write your code below --> <table border = "1"> <thead> <tr> <th>Month</th> <th>Savings</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>January</th> <th>$100</th> </tr> <tr> <th>February</th> <th>$50</th> </tr> <tr> <th>March</th> <th>$30</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Addcells1</td> <td>Addcells2</td> </tr> </tbody> <tr> <th>April</th> <th>$25</th> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
Rich Zimmerman24,063 Points
I'm guessing you're concerned that the text is not bold? <th> by default is bold because it is supposed to be the head of a column or row - meaning the label of the data that will be provided in the corresponding cells. <td> elements would be those corresponding cells.
So "Month" and "Savings" would be your heads, and the rest would be your actual data.
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Wood ash is a kind of cheap organic fertilizer that I have always liked to use in my garden. If you have a fire pit set in your backyard then that is always an advantage for your garden. Because then you can get wood ash from your fireplace ash and need not spend any extra money to purchase it. Eventually, every cord of firewood that we burn can give us up to 20 pounds of wood ash. But this amount can vary from the type of wood burned. Wood ash contains potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. It also contains a certain amount of iron, sodium, and zinc. All those minerals are very important for plant growth. In this article, I am going to cover a very important question answer – Is wood ash good for garden? when should not use it, and some common questions associated with wood ash
Is Wood Ash Good For Garden
If your garden soil is acidic soil, if there are no acid loving plants in your garden then wood ash is good for your garden. If your garden soil PH level is less than 6 and 6.5 then you can use wood ash on your garden. But before using wood ash it’s always better to test soil PH acidity level by using a PH meter.
7 Reasons Why Wood Ash Is Good For Garden Soil
There are several reasons why wood ash is good for the garden. Some of the main reason is given below.
1. Great Source Of Potassium
Wood ash is a very good source of potassium. And potassium is a pivotal source of plant growth.
2. Support New Plant Growth
As wood ash contains all necessary minerals for plants it helps the plant’s new growth. Because of this gardeners and farmers use it as a natural source of soil amendment.
3. Neutralize Acidic Soil
If you are not planning to grow any acid loving plant like blueberry, peppers, and sweet potatoes then adding wood ash to your soil will always help you to get better quality fruit trees and vegetables. Because they neutralize acidic soil and help to grow fruits and vegetables that’s loves balanced PH soil.
4. Ideal For A Vegetable Garden
Wood ash help to maintain the soil PH level between 6 to 6.5. That is ideal for the most vegetable gardens especially to grow garlic and spinach types of vegetables. Because at that level nutrients of fertilizers are easily dissolved in water and can easily be absorbed by the plant roots.
5. Substitute For Lime
Ash that we get from wood contains a high amount of calcium carbonate. That’s is why that can be used as a replacement for liming material in the garden. Which helps to retain the organic matter in soil and ensure healthy soil.
6. Good For Lawn Care
Lightly spread ash on your lawn two or three times a year helps to promote a beautiful, greener lawn. It is generally recommended to use it after the top dressing or top soiling an existing lawn.
7. Ash For Pest Control
Ash help to control a different kind of fungal disease. Moreover, it also helps to control slugs, snails, and ants inside the garden.
What Are The Disadvantages Of Ash Wood: When We Should Avoid It
Prevent Plant Growth On Basic Soil
If your garden soil PH level is 6.5 or above it’s called basic soil. In the case of ash that we get from wood, it normally increases the soil PH level by .5 to 1.5. So, if we use ash on that type of soil it will greatly increase the PH level on the soil. That high alkaline material prevents the plants from taking any minerals from the soil. As a result that will hamper the plant growth.
Harmful for Acidic lover plant growth
If you are planning to grow any acid lover plants or vegetables then you should avoid using ash on your garden soil mix. Because as we already know that ash increase the alkaline level in soil Which has a negative effect on acid lover plant’s growth.
Overuse Can Be Harmful To Human Skin And Eyes
It is always recommended to use wood ash once or a maximum of twice a year on the garden soil mix. Because overuse of this only harmful for our garden but also harmful for our skin and eyes. So it’s always wise to use it in the garden on a calm day and use eye protection for extra safety.
What Plants Like Wood Ash
Almost all kinds of alkaline compost lover plants like wood ash accept acid lover plants. But below we are going to provide a list of plants that mainly like wood ash.
|Plants that like ash|
How Much Wood Ash Is Good For The Garden
Well, the answer to this question depends upon your garden size. The basic rule is 20 pounds of wood ash per hundred square feet area. So if you have a big garden you have to calculate the amount based on your garden size. My advice will be to use wood ash twice a year. Using the thin layer of ash at the upper level of garden soil is the basic practice. It is better to use it during the fall and winter seasons. Because at that time the potassium content that remains in the wood ash can easily dissolve on the garden soil.
How Do I Apply Wood Ash To My Garden
Step 1: Store It On A Dry Ash Bucket
Before using it’s always important to store them in an ash bucket in a cool area. Make sure the ash is completely dry before using it.
Step 2: Spread It On Your Garden Bed Or Soil
The next process is to spread it on your garden soil according to garden size. Do not overuse it in any particular place. Because that will eventually decline your plant performance.
Step 3: Water The Garden Soil After Spreading Ash
Watering after spreading the ash is recommended if it’s a dry day. Because if you do so the organic materials of wash can easily mix up with our garden soil.
1. Is Wood Ash Good For Tomatoes?
To get big size tomatoes, its plants need a lot of potassium. As we already know wood ash contains a high volume of potassium. So yes adding wood ash is good for tomatoes.
2. Is Wood Ash Good For Clay Soil?
If we can spread wood ash properly on the clay soil then clay soil can absorb more ash than dry soil and help to increase soil organic materials
3. Where To Buy Wood Ash For The Garden?
Wood Ash can be purchased from any nursery. However, it can also be purchased for any online shop also.
4. When To Use Wood Ash?
It is better to use wood ash at least three or four month before cultivation. However, in the case of the vegetable garden, it can also use after planting the crop. Season wise fall and winter are the best time to use wood ash.
5. Can Wood Ash Be Used In Any Kind Of Soil?
No, It's not good for your garden soil if its PH level is already 6 or more than that. I recommend using a PH meter or if possible tent your soil before using it. You can only use them after an overview of soil testing.
Ash that we get from wood is an excellent organic matter that almost contains all necessary nutrient content for plants. It’s also very helpful to decrease soil acidity. But before using it make sure to do soil fertility testing and also check the soil PH level. Though ash that we get from wood can be used in any kind of crop and fruit garden make sure not to use them for any acid loving plant otherwise it can decrease productivity. So that’s all from this article. Hope you can get a detailed idea about your question – “Is wood ash good for garden?” after reading this article.
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It’s not hard to notice a supernova, the massively violent cosmic explosion signaling the death of a star. In the span of a few short weeks, this cosmic flashbulb can shine brighter than entire galaxies. The sheer force of the explosion—think on the order of a million-billion-trillion megatons of TNT—provides enough energy to fuse atomic nuclei into the heavier elements that make life possible.
While the products of a supernova (like oxygen, carbon, and iron) can easily be detected through astronomical observation and analysis, peeking inside at the reactants that trigger these detonations is much trickier.
A team of physicists at the University of Toronto and Rutgers University tried to do just that recently—they simulated the intrastellar processes believed to give rise to some supernova.
Their research, led by U of T doctoral candidate Michael Rogers, will appear in the December edition of Physics Review E.
Dubbed the “supernova in a jar” experiment, the study gives scientists a first glimpse into the complex fluid dynamics at play inside a dying star, seconds before it blows up.
To misappropriate the words of General Douglas MacArthur, “old stars never die, they just fade away.” This is the case for the majority of stars in our universe, which, after burning through their fuel, collapse inward to form a dim, dense ball known as a white dwarf. In most cases, white dwarves simply radiate out what’s left of their heat and go dark. More rarely, however, these earth-sized concentrations of plasma will suck up matter from a nearby star. Like so many clowns in a Yugo, the dwarf’s own mass will gradually increase, until it reaches a threshold where it can no longer hold together.
Then something weird happens. From the depths of the star’s interior, a “plume” of blazing carbon and oxygen bubbles rapidly towards the surface.
For fluid physicists like Rogers, a plume is a stream of buoyant material supplied from a single source (think smokestacks and volcanoes). Like the smoke rings you and your moustache-twirling friends blow at the faculty club whilst sipping scotch and commenting on world affairs, the top of a plume typically swirls out into a mushroom-shaped head.
For Rogers’ team, it’s the action of these “plume heads” that is most interesting. Their simulation shows that these billowing rings can actually ignite a chain reaction that drives and accelerates their progress upwards. Replace the simple heads of Rogers’ experiment with an explosive carbon and oxygen “flame head,” and you’ve got what supervising professor Stephen Morris calls “a nuclear-fueled smoke ring.”
In a white dwarf, the vortices created by these self-propelled flame heads suck in and mix up the surrounding reactants, setting off a massive fusion reaction that, in seconds, spirals into a full-blown supernova. “Kind of like lighting a fuse and letting the whole thing blow,” Morris adds.
The professor also urges you to watch this striking University of Chicago computer visualization of the process, which physicists call the deflagration to detonation transition:
Oddly enough, Rogers and his colleagues had no idea they would be studying supernovae when they first embarked on this project. It was only after astrophysicist Natalia Vladimirova drew the analogy in her own work that the team of fluid physicists came to appreciate the full scope of their model.
Call it blind luck, or a fortuitous meeting of the minds. You could also just call it science. The “supernova in a jar” study illustrates the unplanned, undirected chanciness that guides so much scientific discovery.
“A supernova is a dramatic example of this kind of self-sustaining explosion in which gravity and buoyancy forces are important effects,” Rogers notes in a U of T press release. But, both Rogers and Morris stress to Torontoist, it’s only one example.
For Rogers, who’s built his doctoral thesis out of this project, what’s most interesting are the fluid dynamics themselves. “We had no idea…that it was so complicated,” he says.
Why are there multiple plume heads? Why do the heads detach from the conduit? Why do they accelerate upwards? There are enough questions here to keep a budding hydrodynamicist busy for quite some time. After all, a supernova lasts for mere weeks, while a PhD can take years.
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Dr. Walter Sonntag, the senior doctor at Ravensbrück, had trained to be a dentist, but switched to medicine when he realized the career opportunities for doctors who were given a prominent role in Hitler’s racial cleansing program. Sonntag joined the Nazi Party and the SS along with the other medical students, and with the majority of German medical doctors. Sarah Helm, a British journalist quotes from Sonntag’s 1939 thesis on “social medicine” noting that his sister had developed multiple sclerosis, a chronic genetic disease:
“Reproduction by the genetically ill and asocial elements of a people will inevitably lead to the deterioration of the whole nation. Sterilising undesirables and eliminating them as far as possible is therefore a humanitarian project that offers protection to the more worthy parts of society.” (Helm. Ravensbrück: Life and Death in Hitler’s Concentration Camp, 2015)
Sonntag had conducted deadly mustard-gas experiments in which he applied lethal bacteria to the skin of healthy inmates at Sachsenhausen. SS chief Heinrich Himmler then charged him with finding a preventive treatment for venereal diseases to protect Nazi SS and soldiers. Sonntag took sadistic pleasure in causing women pain.
“On his first day [at Ravensbrück] they all watched as he passed down the line of waiting women, kicking the weakest with his boots, or lashing out with his stick at any cries of pain. What horrified the women was not only his brutality; it was the smile on his face.” (Helm, Ravensbrück 2015)
He kept no records of the abominable experiments he performed, but everyone knew he was injecting syphilis germs into women’s spinal cord. His guinea pigs were chosen at random. Many women were forcibly sterilized, and many were forced to undergo abortions up to eight months. In the last year there were so many pregnancies, not all were aborted. This resulted in babies being born and left to starve; within eight months 600 babies died.
Women and children used as experimental animals in Sterilization experiments
In the Nazi quest for perfecting mass sterilization methods, gynecologist Carl Clauberg conducted experiments at several concentration camps; at Auschwitz his victims were mostly on Jewish women; at Ravensbrück he sterilized some 120 to 240 Sinti and Roma Gypsy women and young girls within four days. Many of the young girls died from the procedure.
The doctors at Ravensbrück practiced various sterilization techniques and other appalling experiments on Gypsy children, many of who died. Two Gypsy children aged nine and eleven who Sonntag subjected to a sterilization experiment were found dead in their bed shortly after the operation. Sonntag was also known to secretly murder patients at the camp hospital using petrol injections. (Helm, 2015)
Dr Herta Oberheuser also administered lethal injections when she felt like it; in one instance she killed a teenager simply for wetting her bed. She was described as tall and blonde with a predilection for see through blouses and bangles. (Helm. Giggling Over Genocide, Daily Mail, 2015) She murdered healthy children with injections using a mixture of petroleum oil and the barbiturate evipan, then removed their limbs and vital organs which were shipped to Berlin for study. The particular fatal injection ensured prolonged agony before death: “the time from the injection to death was between three and five minutes, with the person being fully conscious until the last moment.” (Wikipedia)
Dr. Herta Oberheuser was a complicit assistant in the surgical atrocities conducted by Dr. Karl Gebhardt. and was the only female doctor tried at the Doctors Trial in Nuremberg. When asked during her cross examination, why she conducted the experiments, she replied “Only Polish nationals were used in the experiments.” She claimed ignorance about the the petroleum injections she delivered that killed people. She insisted that she gave “medical help for suffering patients in the throes of death.” Oberheuser was a proud committed Nazi; she said of her service:
‘Being a woman didn’t stop me being a good National Socialist. I think female National Socialists were every bit as valuable as men in keeping what we believed in alive.’
Dr. Fritz Fischer was Dr. Karl Gebhardt’s the first assistant who carried out in the surgical experiments which he described in detail in his Affidavit submitted at his trial at Nuremberg.
Elisabeth Marschall was the head nurse at the hospital. Her duties included selecting prisoners for execution, overseeing medical experiments, and selecting which prisoners would be shipped to Auschwitz. Her plump frame and cheery face gave her a cozy, maternal appearance as she cuddled and cooed over any babies born in the camp. Yet she stole large quantities of powdered milk, semolina and porridge from Red Cross parcels for herself while those same babies starved to death. (Giggling Over Genocide, Daily Mail, 2015) At the Hamburg Ravensbrück Trials, she was found guilty and sentenced to death.
Euthanasia Action 14F13 metastasized to the Final Solution
Sonderbehandlung—“special treatment” – the SS euphemism for extermination was coded “14f” to denote prisoners who died in the camps. Subdivision “14f14” meant death by executions and “14f8” suicides. The new code“14f13” denoted death by gassing.
On July 31, 1941, Hermann Göring directed Reinhardt Heydrich, head of the mobile killing squads, to begin planning the implementation of die Endlösung der Judenfrage — the Final Solution to the Jewish Problem. The decision was to systematically kill the Jews of Europe “irrespective of geographic borders” including Jews in North Africa – thereby setting in motion the machinery of the Holocaust. No other groups were included in the decision. The procedural implementation decisions were made at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942.
“The Third Reich’s genocidal policies toward the Jews have to be understood as part of a larger policy aimed at the ethnic reshaping of Europe. Nevertheless, Jews occupied a special place in the exterminatory mentality of Hitler and the Nazis; Jews were perceived not as a regional obstacle but as a global threat. They were treated as inferior beings like insects, but were perceived as powerful enemies, whose very existence anywhere posed a terrible danger to the future of the German race.
Heinrich Himmler, the architect and implementer of The Final Solution, even traveled to Finland to persuade the government to surrender that country’s tiny Jewish population; a population that posed no economic or strategic threat of any kind for Germany.” (Saul Friedlander. Years of Extermination, 2007)
Radical change in selection process for 14f13 at Ravensbrück
Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Mennecke, a psychiatrist in the T4 killing operation – euphemistically called “mercy killing” or “euthanasia”—had selected within four days, 250 to 400 men at Sachsenhausen prison to be executed using gas under code “14f13.” In August 1941, the T4 euthanasia killings at mental hospitals in Germany were briefly suspended due to adverse public opinion. Himmler was concerned that the gassing of women on German territory would not be acceptable to the public. Therefore, the implementation was a tightly kept secret.
The name Ravensbrück was omitted from the documents to doctors in the “medical commissions” and camp doctors instructing them on the selection criteria and how to proceed. Himmler who was fully involved in the decision to proceed with the Final Solution, ordered Mennecke in November, 1941, to proceed with selections at Ravensbrück; he changed the required number to be selected from 259 women to 2,000 women. At that time, the camp held 6,544 prisoners, thus one third were to be exterminated. Mennecke was taken aback; he did not know about the decision to gas all the Jews within Germany’s grasp.
“The intense secrecy, caused confusion at Ravensbrück and obscured the true course of events after the war. Even today many details of this early phase of the Nazi genocide would be undocumented, had it not been for the fact that Dr. Friedrich Mennecke recorded in minute detail what happened in letters – sometimes two a day – to his wife.” (Helm. Ravensbrück, 2015; excerpts)
At the Nuremberg Doctors Trials, Mennecke testified in detail that when he was suddenly instructed to select prisoners on “political and racial grounds” in addition to “medical” grounds,” which had until then, been invoked as justification for “mercy killing,” he realized hat his diagnoses were a waste of time: the numbers were fixed in Berlin; and he understood that: “From that moment on Jews were not medically examined but just added to the selection list for being Jews…there were new instructions not to bother with examinations of Jewish prisoners.” No other groups were included in the directive. (Helm Ravensbrück, excerpt, 2015)
Final Solution ensures few Jewish women remain at Ravensbrück
Unlike the other women at Ravensbrück who were incarcerated for some perceived offense against the regime, Jewish women were deported, imprisoned and brutalized within a framework of intentional genocide. The Final Solution was applied to Jewish men, Jewish women and their children; it was applied, not to punish an infringement, but to eradicate the entire Jewish people. For most Jewish women, Ravensbrück served as a lay-over station before being transferred to an extermination camp where they were gassed; therefore, Jewish women constituted a minority at Ravensbrück, only about 15%.
For two months after Mennecke had submitted his list of selected victims, there was intense fear and speculation among all prisoners; especially the Jewish women. Their fears were justified; the first mass transport for extermination took place on February 4, 1942, at 2 AM.
“The first to be marched out of their block were the Jewish women. They joined the criminal block en route to the bathhouse where they were joined with a group of Jehova’s Witnesses and “asocials.” And then all but one patient inside the Revier [hospital] were herded out, some brutally dragged from their beds.” (Helm, excerpts, 2015)
The last indignity these women faced at Ravensbrück was to be stripped and body-searched by a guard; they then changed into civilian clothes and were herded into trucks. No one at the camp knew the destination of these transports from Ravensbrück. Unbeknown to anyone, this mass murder mission was carried out soon after the decision about The Final Solution had been taken; to gas all the Jews of Europe. This extermination transport)was a test run to determine whether mass executions could be done on German soil, within close proximity of Ravensbrück, without public detection. Soon after this first transport, for several weeks, 10 other convoys from Ravensbrück headed for gas chambers.
After the first transports, there was no predictable pattern to the selections. Until the day they were driven to their deaths, nearly all the women had been doing forced labor. It is estimated that 1,600 women were murdered during those weeks. The prisoners at the camp were exceedingly anxious to find out where the gassing took place. Rumors persisted that they were taken to Buch, a hospital near Berlin where medical experimentation was being conducted. Helm notes:
“To this day there is much that is not understood about Buch, particularly in relation to Nazi medical experimentation…there. It cannot be ruled out that some of the victims were trucked to Buch, either for experimentation or in transit, before being taken on for gassing elsewhere.”
Himmler declares Ravensbrück Judenfrei
After the last thousand Jewish women were sent to Auschwitz in late 1942, Himmler declared Ravensbrück Judenfrei (free of Jews). However, that changed. In September 1943, a large transport of Jewish women arrived at Ravensbrück from Auschwitz. They were deemed physically capable of work; they were “privileged German Jews” having either mixed lineage or Aryan husbands. Two other shipments of physically fit Jewish women arrived in October and December of 1943; among them were Turkish and Spanish Jews who were allowed to bring their children with them, as Turkey and Spain were allied with Germany.
In 1944, Hungarian Jewish women who escaped the earlier roundups arrived at the camp which by then was critically overcrowded. The women were isolated in a tent in the freezing cold with no food, no water, no blankets and no toilet. They succumbed and died. In 1945, as the Allies were approaching, and Auschwitz was being evacuated, a large number of Jewish women were transported to Ravensbrück to be gassed.
The fact that “Ravensbrück had been built as nothing short of an enormous death machine where everything was designed to kill…” is demonstrable in tens of thousands of corpses. Yet, Helm reports,
“Germany’s central office for the investigation of Nazi war crimes has recently ruled that Ravensbrück was ‘not a death camp.’ For this reason the office is no longer investigating crimes committed by guards or SS officers at Ravensbrück; it is only investigating crimes at death camps.” (Sarah Helm. Ravensbrück: Life and Death in Hitler’s Concentration Camp for Women, 2015; excerpts)
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| 0.977716 | 2,887 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Herbivory in Antarctic fossil forests: evolutionary and palaeoclimatic significance
McDonald, C.M.; Francis, J.E.; Compton, S.G.A.; Haywood, A.; Ashworth, A.C.; Hinojosa, Luis Felipe; Smellie, J.. 2007 Herbivory in Antarctic fossil forests: evolutionary and palaeoclimatic significance. In: Cooper, A.K.; Raymond, C.R.; ISAES Editorial Team, ., (eds.) Antarctica: a keystone in a changing world. Online proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences, Santa Barbara, California, August 26 - September 1, 2007. U.S. Geological Survey, National Academy Press, 4pp. (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2007-1047, Extended Abstract 059).Full text not available from this repository.
Many collections of Eocene Fossil leaves from Antarctica contain a rich store of insect trace fossils, indicating that insects were an important component of the unique forests that grew in polar regions. However, insect body fossils themselves are rare and so insect traces provide an excellent opportunity to examine both the palaeoentomology and the palaeoclimate of Antarctica. The fossils studied include Eocene leaves from both Seymour Island and King George Island on the Antarctic Peninsula. A database of all insect traces on the Antarctic fossil leaves was compiled and analysed in terms of the diversity of palaeoherbivory. The fossil leaves are diverse with several different plant species present such as Nothofagaceae and Cunoniaceae. The range of traces found includes leaf mines, galls and general leaf chewing, of which both marginal and non-marginal examples are present. The preliminary results of the comparison with modern day environments in South America will be shown, providing a greater indication of the types of insects that may have created such traces in Antarctica in the past.
|Item Type:||Book Section|
|Programmes:||BAS Programmes > Global Science in the Antarctic Context (2005-2009) > Greenhouse to Icehouse. Evolution of the Antarctic Cryosphere and Palaeoenvironment|
|Date made live:||02 Nov 2011 14:33|
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Prairie Mosaic: An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota
Book review by Edna Boardman, Minot, North Dakota
Sherman, William C. Prairie Mosaic: An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota. North Dakota State University Libraries, North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies, Fargo, North Dakota, 1983.
If you have heard off-the-cuff comments about which ethnic group
lived where in North Dakota, and wondered if what you heard was
accurate, you will enjoy browsing this book. Here is documented
proof. In 1965, Fr. William Sherman and some 100 of his students
at the North Dakota State University did their best, using official
and unofficial sources, to determine the national origins of every
rural household in the state, some 46,486 households. They went
so far as to interview farmers or their neighbors, even talking
to such persons as local funeral directors. There were still problems.
Should they take ownership of the land into account? No. They focused
only on residence, though more often than not the two were the same.
Sometimes people with almost identical backgrounds labeled themselves
differently. Were they Russians or Ukrainians? He had to bring some
uniformity to the designations, though he knew some would be offended.
He discovered that there were some 12 different kinds of German-speaking
settlers on the land, with German-Russians the second largest group
of all, closely following Norwegians, who constitute 30%. He chose
to ignore urban areas, though he believes that cities of all sizes
in the state still tend to reflect their rural hinterlands.
The major feature of the book is six double-page maps with each
area labeled. Even when the nationality of the persons in an area
are very mixed, he defines the mixture. I knew he had done his work
carefully when he correctly identified the little German-Russian
Mennonite Brethren group in which I grew up. (Not all Mennonites
are German-Russian.) Also, some friends who say their forebears
came from Missouri were correctly labeled. In short paragraphs,
Fr. Sherman treats the institutions around which the people gathered.
to use any images from the GRHC website may be requested
by contacting Michael
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| 0.955037 | 478 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Pulmonary aspergilloma is a mass caused by a fungal infection. It usually grows in lung cavities. It can also appear in the brain, kidney, or other organs.
Aspergillosis is an infection caused by the fungus aspergillus. Aspergillomas are formed when the fungus grows in a clump in a lung cavity. The cavity is often created by a previous condition. Cavities in the lung may be caused by diseases such as:
The most common species of fungus that causes disease in humans is Aspergillus fumigatus.
Aspergillus is a common fungus. It grows on dead leaves, stored grain, bird droppings, compost piles, and other decaying vegetation.
Exams and Tests
Your health care provider may suspect you have a fungal infection after x-rays of your lungs show the ball of fungus. Other tests that may be done include:
Many people never develop symptoms. Often, no treatment is needed, unless you are coughing up blood.
Sometimes, antifungal medicines may be used.
If you have bleeding in the lungs, your provider may inject dye into the blood vessels (angiography) to find the site of bleeding. The bleeding is stopped by either:
- Surgery to remove the aspergilloma
- Procedure that inserts material into the blood vessels (embolization)
The outcome can be good in many people. However, it depends on the severity of the condition and your overall health.
Surgery may be very successful in some cases, but it is complex and can have a high risk of serious complications.
Complications of pulmonary aspergilloma may include:
- Difficulty breathing that gets worse
- Massive bleeding from the lung
- Spread of the infection
When to Contact a Medical Professional
See your provider if you cough up blood, and mention any other symptoms that have developed.
People who have had related lung infections or who have weakened immune systems should try to avoid environments where the aspergillus fungus is found.
Fungus ball; Mycetoma; Aspergilloma; Aspergillosis - pulmonary aspergilloma
Horan-Saullo JL, Alexander BD. Opportunistic mycoses. In: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 38.
Walsh TJ. Aspergillosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 339.
Review Date 7/31/2016
Updated by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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Strategies to Ensure
Academic Integrity in an Online Course;
- Remember that testing should never
be the only means by which you assess the abilities of your students. If they
are evaluated with various different methods, you have the best way of
ensuring that there is real learning taking place.
- First, many of the same problems
regarding the authenticity of a student’s work and plagiarism exist in the
traditional classroom as well. It
would be extremely difficult to get somebody else to all the work, and not
get the credit.
- Focus on project or
performance-based forms of assessments.
- Use personalized writing logs and
participation in online discussions as alternative forms of assessment.
- Have students work in their
cooperative teams for assessments.
- Use a log-in/password system.
- Have assessments build on previous
assignments, so that a person taking the assessment would have to
participate in previous activities to do well.
- Give many short exams that are
embedded in class exercises so that it would be difficult for a student to
have "help" there all the time.
- Ask mastery-type questions so that a
student must know the material himself/herself in order to answer the
question (i.e. case studies verses memorization questions).
- Ask students to relate the subject
matter to their own personal/professional/life experiences so their
answers are personalized and difficult to replicate.
- Require students to submit an
outline and rough draft of term papers and essays before the final paper
is due. This way, a professor can see the work in progress. These can also be posted for peer
review. The professor would again
be able to see the work in progress.
- Give different questions to
different students – construct a large set of questions from which an
automated testing program can randomly select (i.e. a database of 50
questions with 10 randomly chosen).
- Limit the times when the online test
is available; ensure that the test is taken in a certain amount of time.
Some automated testing programs allow this feature.
- Provide online exam practice –
sample questions, self-study questions with answers and feedback, and
require a proctored, non-online examination for course credit (i.e. on
campus, at a testing center, library, etc.).
- Schedule brief, online chats with
each student while they are working on papers. Have a few generic questions ready to ask that would show
that they are actually doing the research.
- Make sure you let you students know
up front that cheating is not tolerated.
Have a place on your course site that relates to online cheating
and cheating in general. You can
use information from this page to present to students.
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| 0.919021 | 597 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Any duly mischievous kid knows that you can fry an ant with a magnifying glass angled under the sun just so. It turns out that same phenomenon works exceptionally well if you replace the magnifying glass with a curved, 37-story glass skyscraper.
So learned the residents of London, home to the newly nicknamed "fryscraper." The ill-designed tower made world headlines a few days ago when sunlight reflecting off its glass façade was beamed down on the street below in a ray so hot it melted a businessman's Jaguar.
Thanks to record-high September temperatures in London this week, the building created a hot spot that got up to 230o F—beyond the boiling point of water. It far surpassed the hottest temperature ever recorded on Earth thus far, which was 134o in Death Valley more than a century ago.
"They are calling it the 'death ray' because if you go there you might die. It is phenomenal, this thing," the building's architect told the Guardian. While no one's died yet, the spot has become the hottest (heh) tourist attraction in the city. Sweaty visitors have been mobbing the spot to marvel over the nature-defying temps, toast baguettes, and cook eggs in frying pans on the street.
Nearby shops are getting a boom in business from the sightseers, but it's not without its hazards. Furniture is starting to melt, paint is blistering, and the doormat of a barbershop caught on fire. Yes, London is burning—because of a builder.
At the heart of the problem is the building's top-heavy, concave design. It was engineered to provide as much floorspace (real estate) as possible, with limited square footage of land.
Via Kevin Smalley
The curved glass sides slanting down toward the street create the ant-frying magnifying glass effect. Sun hits the reflective glass side of the building—which is south facing—and the concave shape reflects the sunlight off the glass and channels it into a concentrated beam focused on a small point on the ground.
"Basically you've got a vast area that's collecting sunlight, and it's focusing it down onto a tiny point, which is where we're standing," solar physicist Dr. Simon Foster explained to a local journalist as the two were standing in the hot spot.
The Walkie Talkie building—called that because of its curvy shape—is already 37 floors high, £200 million in, and slated to be finished about a year from now. How does a class A gaffe like this slip through the cracks?
The building's architect, Rafael Viñoly, offered up some
excuses explanations in an interview with Guardian today. He admitted he "knew this was going to happen" and partly blamed the developers for forgoing the horizontal sun louvers on its south-facing facade that were planned in the original design, in order to cut costs.
He also copped to making "a lot of mistakes with this building," but placed most of the blame on the sun itself. "I didn't know it was going to get so hot," he said. "We judged the temperature was going to be about 36o (97o F). But it's turned out to be more like 72o (162o F)…"You should blame this thing on global warming too, right?"
The developer firm, Land Securities & Canary Wharf, said the heat ray was formed only when the sun was in a certain position in the sky, which it is for about two hours a day in the summer. I'll last for another two to three weeks, they predict. In the meantime, the firm and the City of London have put up a scaffolding screen to absorb some of the rays, and blocked off three parking spaces around the building, to avoid melting anyone else's car.
The BBC snapped a photo of a fryscraper-melted car, via Twitter
The Walkie Talkie skyscraper (since renamed the "Walkie Scorchie") isn't the first time a building has inadvertently fried nearby objects. The last time, in fact, was a Las Vegas hotel also designed by Viñoly. The similarly concave glass building reflected a sun beam that melted lounge chairs and singed a guest's hair. (The architect quipped, "Who cares if you fry somebody in Las Vegas, right?")
It also probably won't be the last, some architects point out. Modern buildings, with out-of-the box, CAD-enabled designs are ditching brick and concrete for shiny glass. The glass is also more environmentally friendly because it reflects the sun instead of absorbing it, which cuts down the AC. But if we're not careful, the trend could lead to futuristic cities that singe their inhabitants around every corner.
"As geometries become more complex, what they will do in the real world at a large scale is very difficult to ascertain on a screen or from a 3D-printed model," wrote Architect Magazine. "That doesn’t mean that we should retreat into classicism or brick façades. Nor does it mean that we should make modernist boxes. But we should make buildings that are sensitive in a real way to us and to our world."
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| 0.971844 | 1,095 | 2.71875 | 3 |
With the poetry of plain speaking, Shannon Hitchcock recreates the daily drama of a vanished world.
This fast-paced historical novel is filled with enough factual detail, recognizable emotions, and personal drama to keep readers turning pages, eager to learn the final verse in the ballad of Jessie’s life. An author’s note about the story’s origins in actual events could inspire students to seek out family stories of their own.
—School Library Journal
Told in a believable first-person, present-tense voice that emphasizes the immediacy of Jessie’s problems and her sometimes raw emotions, Hitchcock’s debut also neatly captures a full flavor of the setting [a North Carolina tobacco farm] and period [1920s]. The aspects of many characters are also effectively revealed, mostly through authentic-sounding dialogue. ...A satisfying tale for readers who don’t require a fully happy ending.
Hitchcock’s debut novel introduces 14-year-old Jessie Pearl, who endures more than her fair share of hardships, beginning with the death of her mother. Opening in 1922, the story follows the daily activities on the family’s North Carolina tobacco farm. ...Hitchcock’s story is gently and lovingly written, with elements drawn from her own family history. Its detailed honesty about the particular struggles of the period, especially for strong women (Maude, a no-nonsense midwife, is particularly memorable), is significant.
This is a beautifully written book based on the author's family history and gives teen readers an interesting glimpse at a time in our history when medical interventions were not as sophisticated as they are now and the impact of these limitations on families.
Hitchcock’s seemingly gentle tale ultimately reveals a powerful tension between Jessie’s love for her baby nephew and her deceased sister, and that of the equally strong pull for independence. .... First love, the risk and thrill of the unknown, a beautiful family that shores her up when she feels weak—all these forces tumble about in a believable manner as Jessie figures out her future one day at a time. You can almost hear the gentle fiddle tune playing in the background as she does so.
Rooted in Hitchcock's own family history, the story of Jessie Pearl has a sincere tone to it that many readers will appreciate. Jessie's character is particularly believable, and readers will be able to relate to her difficult choices. .... [T]his could be a good choice for a classroom novel study.
—Voice of Youth Advocates
In time for Women’s History Month, this book offers a realistic and heart-wrenching story of the choices, or lack of choices, women of earlier eras faced. Throughout the book readers will be eagerly awaiting the choice that Jessie makes to determine her future.
—Reading Today Online
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From the Baltimore Sun, "'Soul By Soul': voices of the voiceless," by Gregory Kaneon, on 13 February 2000 -- Walter Johnson, a New York University assistant history professor, has gone where no historian has gone before: inside the slave markets of the antebellum South.
Using the slave market in New Orleans as his focal point, Johnson gives readers a view of a slave sale from three perspectives: the slaveholder, the slave trader and the slaves themselves. He used as sources slave narratives, letters of slaveholders and court records of some 200 disputed slave sales.
The picture Johnson paints is unremittingly grim. Some women -- and a girl as young as 13 -- were sold for sexual purposes. Black children were brutalized to make them more amenable to slavery. Families were rendered asunder.
"Soul By Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market," by Walter Johnson
Statistics tell only part of the story. According to Johnson, of the well over 600,000 interstate sales made before the Civil War, "twenty-five percent involved the destruction of a first marriage and fifty percent destroyed a nuclear family -- many of these separating children under the age of thirteen from their parents. Nearly all of them involved the dissolution of a previously existing community."
Slave traders and slaveholders both used the threat of snatching slaves from their families and selling them "down South" to the brutal labor regimen of Louisiana --where those in bondage were often worked to death -- as a means of control. But the threat of being "sold South" also inspired occasional resistance. Some slaves successfully sought help from the slaveholders' relatives in seeking to have a sale averted. Others ran off, making themselves unsellable even if they were recaptured.
One group of 153 slaves in St. Augustine, Fla., was sold to a man in Louisiana. When a man sent to take the slaves to Louisiana arrived, he learned that 40 had run away. Later, 80 more joined them.
"It is an act of revolt on the part of the Negroes," the man wrote, "and I fear we have not seen the worst of it." Another planter had slaves either run off or die with such frequency that he had to sell his farm.
One of the most compelling tales of resistance is that of Solomon Northrup, a free black man living in New York City when he was "lured with lies to Washington, drugged, threatened with death, and put on a boat for New Orleans, where he was sold in the yard of slave dealer Theophilus Freeman."
Northrup was sold to a man named John Tibeats, who tried to beat him one day. Northrup grabbed the whip from Tibeats and lashed him instead (shades of Frederick Douglass and the slave breaker Ed Covey). Northrup avoided hanging because he was mortgaged to another slaveholder. He wasn't Tibeats' sole property at the time of the confrontation.
Northrup was one of the few literate blacks who could describe what life was like in the slave pens. But Johnson, through his book, has spoken for the unknown thousands who couldn't speak for themselves. With prose that only in spots sounds pedagogical, Johnson has given a voice to those voiceless slaves whose descendants owe it to their ancestors to read this book
Gregory Kane, a columnist for The Sun, was half of a reporting team that in June 1996 bought two slaves in Africa, freed them and then wrote a series of articles demonstrating that slavery is still practiced. (source: Baltimore Sun)
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HIA'TUS, noun [Latin from hio, to open or gape.]
1. An opening; an aperture; a gap; a chasm.
2. The opening of the mouth in reading or speaking, when a word ends with a vowel, and the following word begins with a vowel.
3. A defect; a chasm in a manuscript, where some part is lost or effaced.
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It’s you and me, Kepler−442b.
What does it take for an alien exoplanet to host life as we know it? A lot, as it turns out.
Despite a paper last year claiming that there may be 300 million planets in our galaxy that are “potentially habitable,” new research published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society confounds that view.
An artistic representation of the potentially habitable planet Kepler 422-b (left), compared with … [+]
Suggesting that Earth-like conditions on potentially habitable planets may be much rarer than previously thought, this new analysis of known exoplanets focuses on photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is how plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy.
4,422 exoplanets have been discovered thus far by astronomers, but only a handful are considered to be potentially habitable.
Given that photosynthesis has been critical in enabling complex biospheres of the type found on Earth, for an exoplanet to be potentially habitable therefore means it would develop an oxygen-based atmosphere.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), due to launch later this year, will be able to study the atmospheres of exoplanets as they transit their stars. The light coming through their atmosphere’s will reveal what gases they contain.
However, photosynthesis requires liquid water. Only exoplanets that are the right temperature—not too hot, not too cold—could host such a thing on their surface.
So how many rocky, Earth-sized exoplanets are in this so-called “Goldilock’s Zone?”
Not many, suggests this research.
In fact, even in the handful of rocky and potentially habitable exoplanets known none have the theoretical conditions to sustain an Earth-like biosphere powered by photosynthesis.
It’s not all bad news.
The study, which studied the amount of radiation (sunshine) each promising exoplanet receives from its star, reveals one planet that comes close to receiving enough sunshine to sustain a large biosphere that could be detected by JWST—Kepler−442b.
Render of a livable alien extrasolar Earth-Like planet
What we know about Kepler-442b
A rocky planet about twice the mass of the Earth, Kepler-442b orbits a moderately hot orange dwarf star around 1,120 light years away in the constellation of Lyra.
It’s existence was announced in 2015 having been discovered by the Kepler Space Telescope transiting its parent star. The telescope stopped working in 2018.
Also called KOI-4742.01, this exoplanet is about half the distance from its star that the Earth is from the Sun. It takes 112 days to orbit the star Kepler-442.
However, it’s a “super-Earth,” which despite the name aren’t exactly Earth-like.
The study concludes that stars around half the temperature of our Sun cannot sustain Earth-like biospheres because they do not provide enough energy in the correct wavelength range.
That doesn’t mean that photosynthesis would be impossible, but there wouldn’t be enough plant life on the planet to sustain an Earth-like biosphere.
This artist’s concept obtained October 30, 2018 courtesy of NASA/Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle shows … [+]
It’s a blow for the search for life in the galaxy since 70% of stars in the Milky Way are dim red dwarf stars (also called M-dwarfs), none of which—suggests this study—give their planets enough sunlight for significant photosynthesis to occur.
Even worse, stars that are hotter and brighter than our Sun could, in theory, power more photosynthesis, but these stars don’t exist for long enough for complex life to evolve, suggests the study.
“Since red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in our galaxy, this result indicates that Earth-like conditions on other planets may be much less common than we might hope,” said lead author Professor Giovanni Covone at the University of Naples. “This study puts strong constraints on the parameter space for complex life, so unfortunately it appears that the “sweet spot” for hosting a rich Earth-like biosphere is not so wide.”
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More Focused, Better Behaved Kids, Through 'Mindfulness'
December 8, 2015
Sonora, CA - Would the world be a better place if more of us were trained to take a mindful moment to connect emotions we are feeling to our brains before we act?
After recently learning mindful behavioral training in their classrooms, a number of elementary school students think so. When asked if the learning is making any difference in their lives, almost every one of them indicates it has. Equally impressive, the sentiments of queried local educators and counselors working with Mindful Schools teacher and mentor Sally Arnold, a Sonora resident, also seem to lean that way. Advocates say that mindfulness, a behavioral learning approach that is experiencing exponential growth in schools across the country, develops a moment-by-moment awareness of one's thoughts, emotions, sensations and surrounding environment. It has been shown to strengthen our ability to pay attention where and when we want. It can also help us regulate our emotions; grow understanding and compassion for what others are experiencing; wisely adapt behavior patterns; increase our ability to calm ourselves; and build resilience to life's ups and downs. Hand-in-hand with this learning comes the nurturing of kindness and compassion to create a positive mind state called "heartfulness."
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Africa’s social media for health looks strong - unpacking the 3rd Global Survey on eHealth
Africa is using social media for health. Insights are in Chapter 7 of the WHO and Global Observatory for eHealth (GOe) publication Report of the third global survey on eHealth Global diffusion of eHealth: Making universal health coverage achievable. WHO Global Survey 2015 is the data source.
The main theme is that social media provides an important means to convey messages for health organisations and receiving and sharing information for individuals and communities. A downside is that there’s still plenty to do to understand how its potential can support Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
Key findings include:Nearly 80% of countries say healthcare organisations use social media to promote health messagesNearly 80% say individuals and communities use it to learn about health issuesIn over 62%, individuals and communities use social media to run community health campaigns.
While, as usual, Africa lags behind the global position, its social media use is relatively high. Health organisations using it to promote health messages as a part of health promotion campaigns is not too far below global rates. Individuals and communities using it to learn about health issues is close to global rates too. Other uses tail off.
It reveals two goals for African countries; do more and find the best ways to use social media. eHNA finds, collects and posts on research and commentaries on social media. Some social media makes no difference to health, for some, it’s not clear what difference it makes, for others, it’s effective. All findings provide valuable lessons for Africa’s health systems’ endeavours to use social media for healthier Africans.
- 766 views
- February 22, 2017
- Sean Broomhead
Much of social network’s health advice’s misleading
Many people turn to social network’s for health advice. A review by The Independent of Facebook posts on health advice shows that “Misinformation published by conspiracy sites about serious health conditions is often shared more widely than evidence-based reports from reputable news organisations.”
Facebook has added a flag for users to show news shared on the site’s disputed. It’s also working with organisations that check information posted as facts so it can identify fake claims.
Of the 20 shared posts on Facebook in 2016 with “cancer” in the headline, over half rely on claims discredited by doctors and health authorities. The year’s top story on the topic was directly discredited by the source it cited.
One of the fact checkers, Snopes, an Internet reference source for myths, rumours and misinformation, found the top five news articles with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in the headline were the three with most shares, likes and engagements. It said they were false.
The findings reinforce the need for Africa’s health systems to show that their health advice on social media is reliable. It may also need a social media campaign to encourage people to turn to their authorised sites for health advice.
- 566 views
- January 24, 2017
- Lesley Dobson
How quickly can Africa’s public health fill the social media space?
Social media seems to dominate some people’s every waking minute. It may have a big role in some people’s sleep too. A report in the Journal of Public Health Policy, Social media, knowledge translation, and action on the social determinants of health and health equity: A survey of public health practices, sees this as “Opportunities for public health to increase its influence and impact on the social determinants of health and health equity.”
It found that public health agencies use social media for knowledge translation, relationship building, and specific public health roles to advance health equity. Its penetration leaves plenty of room for expansion into activities such as navigating, creating and evaluating content to support action on Social Determinants of Health (SDH), health equity, enhance research evidence and mobilising knowledge, informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues, assessing public perception, increasing rapid access to public health messaging during emergencies and other times, mobilising community partnerships and action, and collecting surveillance data. There’s a wide range of uses to aim at.
Facebook and Twitter are the main media channels identified by the survey. On a scale of daily, weekly, monthly, infrequently and never across several public health SDH and health equity activities, never had the highest score, between 32% and 44%. Infrequently was second, between 29% and 33%.
These give a range of rates for regular social media use of between 14% and 38%. Expanding from this low base is an opportunity because about 75% respondents said online engagement afforded opportunities for networking and relationship building. Nearly 70% said it’s good for collaboration. Over half are motivated by the chance to share their work on SDH and health equity.
The challenge’s converting the motivation into capacity utilisation. How quickly can Africa’s public health utilise social media’s spare capacity?
- 739 views
- January 12, 2017
- Tom Jones
Six tips can make social media better for health
As Africa’s healthcare presses on with its social media initiatives, it’s worth taking an opportunity to see what works best in other countries. Fierce Healthcare has six tips from Jenn Riggle, senior director of public relations for Compass Professional Health Services.Know your audience: a quick online survey or patient surveys can help to learn how patients want to be contacted, where they go for health information and what information they want, then help to customise communications programmesMake online portals the destinations: use them to share medical and educational information, receive test results, provide links to useful groups and websites and post customer success stories if patients have agreed formally to publication, otherwise it’s anonymous without identifiable informationThe medium’s the message: use appropriate channels to reach different audiences, always using user-friendly language and information customised for each medium, because one size doesn’t fit allA picture’s worth a thousand words: images help to bring social media posts to life, make posts stand out on a Twitter feed and make blog posts look more inviting, especially if they’re high quality images, so don’t pull images from articles on the InternetMake the most of email: many groups prefer email as a communications medium, and stick to good protocols, such as:Only use work email, not personal accountsMake sure email is secure and use only an encrypted electronic messaging systemDon’t include patients’ name or personal health information (PHI) in the subject lineTake extra care with sensitive test results, such as knowing pertinent laws and regulationsDocument patients’ medical records: electronic messages that contain ePHI must be stored in securely and entered in patients’ medical recordsTexting may not be pretty, but it’s effective and secure messaging apps are available for extra security and privacy.
These can help Africa’s health services build a better relationship with their communities. Perhaps more importantly, they can help increase patients’ satisfaction too.
- 524 views
- January 06, 2017
- Tom Jones
Social media has a key role in healthcare
Social media has impacted and changed our lives forever. It’s changed the way we do business and how we make choices. The healthcare industry has not been left out in this digital world. We are bombarded by health-related information on Facebook, twitter and other social networks.
The impact this has had on healthcare is immense. Recent studies show there are over 1.5 million active users of Facebook all over the world. A study done by mediabistro, a US based organisation, revealed that over 40% of patients agree that information found through social media affect the way they make decisions regarding their health says an article in allAfrica.
African countries are no different with millions of people using social media daily. But what impact does this have on healthcare, or your personal health. Do you make healthier choices because of health campaigns you are confronted with on social media platforms?
There are several health related Facebook pages established by doctors and many health experts who are actively taking advantage of social media to offer health education and advice. Some studies have shown that over 60% of social medial users have strong faith in social media posts made by doctors and health experts compared to other groups. Good examples of social media hashtag campaigns like #cigarrettesmokingkills and #letsfightcervicalcancer show that social media campaigns can increase community awareness on important health topics.
Health facilities are also taking advantage of social media in strengthening their operations, thereby increasing commitment towards quality healthcare delivery. Hospitals are increasingly using social media platforms like Facebook and twitter to acquire a competitive market position. Social media’s used by hospitals as a platform to increase awareness on the availability of medical services, cost of services or any issue the facility wants to share.
Hospital managers use social media for feedbacks from patients and clients. Patients can rate services and present their complaints directly, and managers often use these to adjust plans to increase healthcare quality.
Professional networking supports relationships between health experts. They can share information, research findings and even cases. Two-thirds of doctors are estimated to use social media for professional purposes. The togetherness brought by social media is helping improve the health system’s quality. Africa will keep benefiting.
Despite all the positive aspects that social media brings to the healthcare sector, there are intrinsic risks too. There is a greater possibility of breach of patient's privacy.
There are documented cases where healthcare providers deliberately or unknowingly shared clients' information on social media. People are using social media to self diagnose which often leads to self-medication of drugs, which can be devastating if life threatening symptoms are self diagnosed incorrectly or identified as something harmless.
There is also a plethora of misleading health information circulating on social media. It is therefore recommended not to rely solely on health information you find via social media and rather seek a professional advice from a medical practitioner.
There is no denying that social media has forever changed how we interact with the healthcare system. Whats important is that we acknowledge the role healthcare professionals play and know they remain vital in keeping people healthy.
- 702 views
- December 13, 2016
- Lesley Dobson
Do you speak Afro Emoji?
Emoji’s have become ubiquitous. They’re fun, non-essential characters that add personality to our short text messages; a smile to ensure a clipped phrase isn’t misinterpreted as overly stern, or a naughty wink to ensure a loved one doesn’t miss a flirty innuendo. They’ve brought a human dynamic to short strings of text that otherwise struggle to portray what’s needed in a short rush of thumb-typed text.
I’m sure you’ve also noticed that they have had a predominantly European character, often not quite right to express something more African. Until recently that is. Now they’ve been translated, if that’s the right word, into a distinctly Afro-dialect.
"Abeg no vex. E make brain" might some confused, but for many it’s a statement that fills hearts with smiles. Translated: “Please, don't be annoyed. It makes sense.” There are now Emoji’s that express these phrases for us.
"Africans bring noise and exuberance and a saying to practically everything we do," Afro Emoji team leader Ayoola Daramola told CNN. The interview was captured in this piece. The Afro Emoji app features African characters and phrases that are used everyday on the continent. It lets us express our African selves via a variety of messaging apps. It’s free for on Android and iOS.
"There are so many cultural nuances and mannerisms from across the continent,” adds Daramola, “what we're looking to do with Afro Emoji is portray them in pictorial form and package them in a way that millions can use and share."
As eHealth initiatives explore how to be locally relevant, perhaps there’s an Emoji to help us communicate better health messages. Find yours today from the expanding family of Afro Emoji characters. If you’re not sure where to start, "My Oga at the top" (My boss at the top) never did any harm; or perhaps you’ve already found a better one and you're sending it now.
Images from instagram.com
- 476 views
- May 13, 2016
- Sean Broomhead
HealthTap's now available to Facebook users
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg recently announced that Messenger was the fastest-growing app in the US in 2015. Facebook has worked hard to make Messenger an indispensable digital one-stop-shop, and now, it provides a way to ask health questions0.
You can now send a Facebook message to HealthTap, a telemedicine start-up, for answers to your healthcare questions. Users can elect either to receive instant answers to similar questions in HealthTap’s online database, or an answer from one of 100,000 physicians in HealthTap’s network. Users can expect answers within minutes, with all questions answered in under 24 hours, says an article in BuzzFeedNews.
While Google and Apple have invested in wellness and medical projects, this is Facebook’s first attempt to link with health services. “We want to make sure we’re there for people when it’s convenient for them,” says HealthTap CEO Ron Gutman. “You don’t need to open (another) app or go to a website. It’s like having a discussion with your mom. You ask a question to a doctor and get an answer back.”
The service is intended to be educational. It’s not a replacement for visiting a doctor. Questions like “Can I drink alcohol while taking ibuprofen?” and “Is it OK to eat ___ if I’m diabetic?” are well-suited to Messenger, says Gutman. This Q&A service is free on HealthTap’s app. Doctors are compensated by HealthTap in non-monetary ways, like continuing medical education credits.
Iff you want to know why you have a fever and dizziness, a prescription for that ailment, a referral to a specialist, or to see and hear a doctor, you’d need to turn away from Messenger and sign up for HealthTap’s premium service, It lets you video chat with doctors for US$99 a month.
Given more than a billion Facebook users log on daily, HealthTap doctors may be overwhelmed with requests. But Gutman’s confident that most questions can be handled by the four billion existing medical answers already in HealthTap’s library. All material has been vetted by doctors and is automatically searched and sent to users by an artificial intelligence-powered bot. So far, the bot hasn’t shown any symptoms.
- 552 views
- April 15, 2016
- Lesley Dobson
How can you know your social media audience?
As social media takes on a bigger role in health and healthcare, good strategies become increasingly important. The audience is the focus of a social media strategy and its subsequent campaigns.
Simply Measured has produced The Complete Guide to Audience Analysis on Social Media to help. Health and healthcare organisations can use it to improve their links with followers if they:Identify and segment audiences Analyse audience segments’ behaviours Align a social media audience with marketing and health initiatives.
The first step is clarity on who organisations want to reach, build awareness with and support. Then, establish if they’re already reached. This knowledge will help to develop a weekly, quarterly and annual road map. Rather than deal with a whole audience, it’s better to deal with significant segments.
The numerous ways that people choose to define themselves on their social media profiles reveals much about what their core interests, skills and sometimes demographics are. You can collect and use this data to find out about your social audiences using an Excel spreadsheet, so it’s not a complex analytics project. Categories include interests, roles, gender, geography, industries and jobs.
The next step is to drill into an organisation’s followers’ social media posts and find out how often and in what way they talk about it and its activities. This starts with the numbers of positive and negative mentions posted and a sub-analysis of key words they use.
Finally, match these analyses to the desired audience to see whose missing. This whole data set provides the knowledge for your social media strategy. African countries could consider running this process for every health initiative they pursue that includes a social media component. It might help to remove some of the inbuilt randomness that social media campaigns seem to have.
- 439 views
- March 05, 2015
- Tom Jones
Social media has many success criteria
Many people take social media as indispensable. Some people loathe it as a social scourge. For both types, social media has taken over the daily routine of life, and it’s come a long way since its origin that traces back to the Bulletin Board Systems (BBS).
BBS Corner has a perspective going back as far as the late 1970s. It says that Ward Christensen was the co-founder of the first public dial-up BBS, the Computerised Bulletin Board System, (CBBS) with Randy Suess. It seems that Christensen was snowed in during Illinois’ Great Blizzard of 1978. From his home in Chicago, Christensen linked up with Suess and started work on the CBBS. It went online on 16 February 1978. It had the BBS’ basic components of:A computer One or more modems One or more phone lines A BBS software package A System Operator (Sysop) A user community.
Social media’s exploded since then, and shows no sign of slowing down yet. Just because social media’s mushrooming doesn’t mean that organisations like healthcare can be unstructured and in the dark about the ways they use it. They need explicit and clear strategies to use it well.
A study in England’s NHS by JB McRea, a PR and communications advisor, sets out three essential requirements:Integrating social media with strategic objectives, core business processes and operations Engagement, support and involvement of the boardroom, frontline staff, patients, their families and other stakeholders that delivers tangible results and value to all of them Focus for social media footprints, activities and content to reach key people and organisations most relevant to them.
The study found that NHS is at a low level of social media maturity. The maturity profile’s long, complex and important:Using social media beyond broadcasting activities Understanding the potential of mobile channels Understanding the intellectual and social capital Extent pf content reviews Engagement of boards Engagement of the wider organisation Involvement in other organisations’ channels and communities Understanding of stakeholders’ views Breadth of social media channels utilisation Range of content formats across social media Reusing existing material in social media channels Co-creating content across social media Mainstream leaders embracing social media Social media integrated with improvement, listening and engagement Consciously and actively planning social media Social media aligned with organisations’ strategic objectives Understanding customer and service users Social media performance management Understanding and developing social media roles and skills Active contribution of social media to service improvement.
The NHS was judged as not yet mature in its use of social media. With a list of performance measures this long, it could apply to all of us. JB McRea’s report sets out a way ahead for African countries healthcare too.
- 356 views
- February 09, 2015
- Tom Jones
Social media and Big Data help to develop HIV services
Social media as a source for Big Data can provide valuable insights about people’s behaviours and their likelihood of engaging in high-risk activities that can lead to contracting HIV. This is a conclusion of Sean D. Young from the Center for Digital Behavior, Department of Family Medicine, University of California (UCLA) in his post in Trends in Microbiology.
He sets out how social media data can contribute to Big Data science and current approaches to using social media to monitor and predict health behaviours and disease outbreaks. From these, he recommends tools and approaches needed.
He sees Big Data as a combination of relational and structured data, such as medical and genetics datasets and unstructured such as publically available free text from social media conversations. Some of the conversations contain large volumes of personal information, and it’s feasible to analyse these to collect a range of psychological information about attitudes and behaviours affecting health. Some of the data shows that people who discussed HIV-prevention on social media are more likely to ask for an HIV test. The data can provide part of a forecast healthcare demand and feed into epidemiological studies that monitor risk behaviours and predict disease outbreaks and progressions.
Using social media for Big Data is not just an analytical activity. It needs:A multi-disciplinary team and approach Availability of large and frequently updated datasets An understanding of its limitations, such as data validity levels, missing data, observational data and samples’ representativeness.
These offer a good model for African countries to adopt for their initiatives. It may be worth adding that it’s advantageous to start small with Big Data.
- 384 views
- November 21, 2014
- Tom Jones
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Successful eHealth connects us with our information in ways that transform what we expect from our health...
African eHealth Forum 2015 Report
Acfee hosts the annual African eHealth Forum. It’s where Acfee’s Advisory Board, its industry partners...
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Do you remember what it was like to be a teenager? Not just the physical changes, emerging sexuality, and slow but steady move towards independence; I’m referring to the development of cognitive functions, ethical frameworks, and self-directed behaviour. It’s okay if you don’t recall this so well because I don’t, either. I was too busy trying to fit in at school while figuring out what to do after graduation.
Tips and tricks for marketing products to teens abound in western society. This is a lucrative market to target, after all. But what if you want to convey a different kind of message? What if you’re dealing with a health, social, or environmental issue? What if your goal is to have an effect on behaviour, and you want young people to hear what you have to say?
I have some good news and some bad news. Let’s start with the bad news: this is no easy feat. As parents know all too well, getting tweens and teens to listen is an uphill battle. The good news is that we can be strategic about how we target them. How? By further segmenting them by age.
At 10 to 14 years of age, children focus on the present and near future. This means that using messaging that emphasizes the long-term hazards of risky behaviour is likely to be pointless to this group. Instead, use the theme of learning from mistakes. After all, this is the age at which young people realize that their parents are not perfect and begin to identify their own faults. This is a great time to reinforce the notion that making poor choices isn’t the end of the world because we have the capacity to make better choices the next time around. Often a story-based approach works best if kids feel they can relate to the experience.
15- and 16-year-olds use moral reasoning to develop a conscience – even if it doesn’t always look that way from the outside. Parents are often ignored as authorities on virtually all topics, but alternatively this means that teens look elsewhere for role models. Make sure that the voice delivering your message sounds nothing like a parent. Consider using a celebrity spokesperson to gain the attention of young people. If that isn’t possible, feature someone adolescents can identify with. Peer groups are critical at this age!
Those 17 to 21 years of age are able to more clearly think through ideas without emotional instability getting in the way as often. This suggests that a factual approach can get the message across, especially if you appeal to older teens’ ability to make independent decisions. At this age, a greater concern for others, paired with increased goal setting and follow-through, implies that young adults can be empowered to have a positive impact on the world. Since they’re learning how to take pride in their work, they can be motivated to take on a cause to gain a sense of accomplishment.
Have you seen good examples of this type of micro-segmentation in messaging? Or maybe a very bad example?
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A recent industry push has sought to highlight the modern accomplishments and contributions of women in food, particularly chefs. But women have long been behind some of the most impressive achievements in the food world throughout history, and there’s no better time to celebrate them than on International Women’s Day on March 8.
These women have created legacies that range from the farm-to-table movement to Southern food as a leading cuisine, winning awards and setting new standards along the way that has paved the way for more women to follow in their footsteps. Learning about them and highlighting their work will hopefully allow for even more profound change to come.
From the icon that is Julia Child and her goofy brand that casualized French cuisine to lesser-known names such as Buwei Yang Chao and her invention of the term “stir-fry,” these are ultra-inspiring women in food who have not only shaped the history of food, cooking, and eating, but also changed the world for the better.
1937: M.F.K. Fisher’s singular prose hits the scene
Before Ruth Reichl, Mimi Sheraton, Nigella Lawson, or Gail Simmons, there was Mary Frances Kennedy Fisher. Fisher redefined what it meant to write about food, using it as a stand-in for larger cultural truths rather than as just a way to figure out what to eat for dinner. As she put it: “It seems to me that our three basic needs, for food and security and love, are so mixed and mingled and entwined that we cannot straightly think of one without the others. So it happens that when I write of hunger, I am really writing about love and the hunger for it, and warmth and the love of it and the hunger for it… and then the warmth and richness and fine reality of hunger satisfied… and it is all one.” In her lifetime, Fisher, a single mother, published 15 books — mainly memoirs with food as the lens — and hundreds of magazine articles that continue to influence writers of all kinds today.
1945: Buwei Yang Chao makes Chinese cooking accessible to the U.S.
Americans can thank Buwei Yang Chao for the terms “stir-fry” and “potstickers,” which she coined in her 1945 Chinese cookbook How to Cook and Eat in Chinese. The text was not just a place for recipes, but also a bridge for Chinese food and lifestyle to Americans. At the time, the New York Times called it “an authentic account of the Chinese culinary system, which apparently is every bit as complicated as the culture that has produced it.” Chao continued that work with a later autobiography and a follow-up book titled How to Order and Eat in Chinese to Get the Best Meal in a Chinese Restaurant. Despite not speaking English, Chao — with her husband and daughter who helped with translations — forever influenced the way Chinese food is viewed in the U.S., moving it beyond the previously limited view of Americans trying to understand the cuisine and helping it become as popular as it is today by making it accessible to an English-speaking audience.
1961: Julia Child publishes her world-changing cookbook
There may be no more iconic woman in American food than Julia Child. The timeless chef was the country’s first celebrity chef known for her fearless cooking style and making cooking fussy French classics doable for millions of Americans. Her 1961 opus to French cuisine, Mastering the Art of French Cooking, catapulted her career onto television in the PBS series The French Chef. In her lifetime, Child won a Peabody, three Emmys, was on the cover of Time magazine, was awarded the highest civilian honors possible by France and the United States, made hundreds of television shows, wrote multiple cookbooks, was the first woman inducted into the Culinary Institute of America’s Hall of Fame, and inspired countless people worldwide to follow in her footsteps and fearlessly enter the kitchen.
1965: Ruth Fertel opens the first Ruth’s Chris Steak House
Ruth’s Chris Steak House was born in New Orleans when single mother Ruth Fertel went all-in on her vision of owning a restaurant she found for sale while browsing the classified ads. Despite advice to the contrary, she mortgaged her home and made her debut as a restaurateur in 1965, teaching herself how to do everything from butchering to financials to serving. From the beginning, Fertel championed women, going out of her way to employ other single mothers. She eventually grew the steakhouse into the global chain it is today through franchising, with dozens of locations in major international destinations such as New York, Hong Kong, Toronto, and Cancun. Fertel is the model of a businesswoman before her time, paving the way for ambitious female restaurateurs after her. Though Fertel died in 2002, her legacy lives on through the foundation established in her will that supports education in Louisiana and culinary initiatives — and through each signature sizzling steak.
1971: Alice Waters pioneers the farm-to-table movement
Alice Waters is most widely known as the force behind the now-global farm-to-table movement, which encourages the use of local, organic, and regenerative food. Her notoriety began with the 1971 opening of her acclaimed Berkeley, California restaurant, Chez Panisse. But much of Waters’s work is rooted in advocacy and activism, and her groundbreaking organization The Edible Schoolyard Project has spread its mission of teaching sustainable food education to children in 57 countries. That work led President Barack Obama to award her with a National Humanities Medal in 2015. Waters is currently working to aid both agriculture and students by lobbying for free, sustainable school lunches supported by local farmers.
1991: Nancy Silverton is the first female chef to win a James Beard Award
Being named Outstanding Pastry Chef by the James Beard Foundation in the awards’ inaugural year — the sole female chef honored that year — was only the start of Nancy Silverton’s many illustrious accomplishments. Silverton is most known for her Los Angeles Italian restaurants Osteria Mozza, Pizzeria Mozza, and Chi Spacca, as well as the beloved bakery chain she founded, La Brea, though her influence hardly stops there. Beyond the many awards and titles bestowed upon Silverton, her Chef’s Table feature, 10 cookbooks, and charity work against hunger and cancer, Silverton has made her mark on the culinary world as a resilient role model to chefs. Silverton first made a $5 million fortune after selling La Brea, but she lost it all in Bernie Madoff’s infamous Ponzi scheme. She rebuilt her life after that, and displayed that strength once again after her former partner Mario Batali’s sexual misconduct. Silverton stepped up and spoke out to support her employees in the aftermath, shielding her businesses from the tarnished reputation that impacted many of his other restaurants.
1999: Edna Lewis inaugurates the James Beard Living Legend Award
Known as the Grande Dame of Southern cooking, Edna Lewis was a huge champion of African American Southern cooking in the U.S., giving it its proper due in the media and restaurant world. Lewis was born to a family of emancipated slaves who founded Freetown, Virginia, where she grew up eating homemade and hyper-local foods with the seasons. She carried that experience up north to New York City, where she eventually opened a restaurant and published the instrumental Southern cookbook The Taste of Country Cooking — redefining how the world saw Southern black food and cementing its current status as one of the world’s great cuisines. Lewis went on to publish three more cookbooks, win the inaugural James Beard Living Legend Award in 1999, and influence many other black chefs to take pride in and promote their heritage.
1999: Susan Feniger and Mary Sue Milliken are the first female chefs on the Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip was a real boy’s club when it came to chefs until Susan Feniger and Mary Sue Milliken came around. The duo opened their popular Los Angeles Mexican restaurant Border Grill in Las Vegas in 1999, becoming the first women to run a restaurant on the high-profile Strip. Their journey together started in the ’70s, when they met as the only two women working at the then-renowned, but now-closed Chicago restaurant Le Perroquet. They soon joined forces in LA, kicking off successful careers that have over the years included awards from the James Beard and Julia Child Foundations, Food Network shows, radio appearances, a Top Chef Masters win, and a whole host of philanthropic work. Their breakthrough into Vegas paved the way for female chefs who came after them, which happened 15 years later with Giada de Laurentiis and more recently Lorena Garcia, the first Latina chef to hit the Strip. Milliken and Feniger have made a point along the way to encourage women after them, including through their very own foundations, the Women Chefs & Restaurateurs and Chefs Collaborative, respectively.
2005: Cristeta Comerford becomes the first female White House executive chef
Until Cristeta Comerford in 2005, there had never been a female or Asian executive chef in the White House. The Manila-born woman began her career in the Philippines and cooked in fine dining kitchens across the world, including France, Austria, and Chicago before settling in Washington DC. Her time at the White House started as a sous chef in 1995; 10 years later First Lady Laura Bush promoted her to the top spot. Since then, Comerford has been overseeing three kitchens and serving countless meals per year to feed three sitting presidents and their dignitaries and guests — all while redefining chef leadership and who can hold what is perhaps the highest chef title in the U.S.
2008: Stephanie Izard is the first female Top Chef winner
An absolute media darling, Stephanie Izard has won just about every modern food-world honor out there. Izard became an American sensation overnight as the first woman to win Top Chef in 2008. From there, she proved that title correct with a 2013 James Beard Award for Best Chef: Great Lakes, a 2011 Food & Wine Best New Chef designation, and the title of Iron Chef. Her four Chicago restaurants — Girl & the Goat, Little Goat, Duck Duck Goat, and Cabra — have gotten the attention of Saveur, the New York Times, Bon Appétit, and others, and inspired her line of cooking sauces and spice mixes, as well as her two cookbooks. Izard’s next project is a Los Angeles version of her seminal Girl & the Goat. Through her soon-to-be five restaurants, impressive list of awards, and accessible books, Izard unapologetically entered a space that had previously been largely male, setting new standards for what spaces women occupy.
2018: Nina Compton becomes the first black woman to win a James Beard Award for Best Chef: South
Nina Compton is a tireless champion of Caribbean food, using her acclaimed career to give the cuisine the high-stakes stage it deserves. She got her start at the respected Culinary Institute of America, graduating to work at none other than two-Michelin-starred Daniel in New York City. She then served as chef at various award-winning restaurants in Miami, before appearing on the New Orleans season of Top Chef as a finalist and fan favorite, which inspired her move to New Orleans. Now, her two NOLA restaurants — Compère Lapin and Bywater American Bistro — are consistently named among the best in the city by outlets such as Eater, the New York Times, and Bon Appétit. In 2017, Compton became one of Food & Wine magazine’s Best New Chefs of 2017, and her career hit a high in 2018 when she won a James Beard Award for Best Chef: South, a category never before awarded to a black woman despite the strong influence proud traditions of black kitchens have exerted in the area.
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Johns Hopkins Scientists Chart How Brain Signals Connect to Neurons - 12/14/2017
Johns Hopkins Scientists Chart How Brain Signals Connect to Neurons
Release Date: December 14, 2017
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- Highway or local roads? Scientists plot path that signaling chemicals take to connect to neurons. - Click to Tweet
- Johns Hopkins scientists used supercomputers to create this simulation of how signaling chemicals slide into pockets within receptors on neurons. - Click to Tweet
Scientists at Johns Hopkins have used supercomputers to create an atomic scale map that tracks how the signaling chemical glutamate binds to a neuron in the brain. The findings, say the scientists, shed light on the dynamic physics of the chemical’s pathway, as well as the speed of nerve cell communications.
It’s long been known that brain neurons use glutamate as a way to communicate with each other. As one neuron releases glutamate, an adjacent neuron latches onto the chemical through a structure on the neuron’s surface called a receptor. The glutamate-receptor connection triggers a neuron to open chemical channels that let in charged particles called ions, creating an electric spark that activates the neuron.
“All of this happens within a millisecond, and what hasn’t been known is the way receptors latch onto glutamate. Our new experiments suggest that glutamate molecules need to take very particular pathways on the surface of glutamate receptors in order to fit into a pocket within the receptor,” says Albert Lau, Ph.D., assistant professor of biophysics and biophysical chemistry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
For the research, the Johns Hopkins scientists used a supercomputer called Anton, which is run by the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. They also worked with researchers at Humboldt University in Berlin who specialize in recording how charged particles flow between biological membranes.
A report of the experiments will be published in the Jan. 3 issue of Neuron.
To develop their model of how glutamate might connect to brain cell receptors, Lau and Johns Hopkins research fellow Alvin Yu used a computing technique called molecular dynamic simulations, which was developed by Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel and earned them a Nobel Prize in 2013. The simulations use Sir Isaac Newton’s laws of motion and a set of mathematical rules, or algorithms to assign energy functions to atoms and the substances made from those atoms.
“It takes an enormous amount of computer processing power to do these types of simulations,” says Lau.
In their experiment, Yu and Lau immersed glutamate molecules and a truncated version of the glutamate receptor in a water and sodium chloride solution. The supercomputer recorded dynamics and interactions among nearly 50,000 atoms in the solution.
“There are many ways glutamate can connect with a receptor,” says Lau. But some pathways are more direct than others. “The difference is like taking the faster highway route versus local roads to get to a destination.”
Yu and Lau counted how frequently they saw glutamate in every position on the receptor. It turns out that glutamate spends most of its time gliding into three distinct pathways.
Zooming in more closely at those pathways, the scientists found that the chemical’s negatively charged atoms are guided by positively charged atoms on the neuron’s glutamate receptors.
“What we see is an electrostatic connection, and the path glutamate follows is determined by where the charges are,” says Lau. In the world of physics, when two objects near each other have opposing electrical charges, they attract each other.
Lau says that the positively charged residues on the glutamate receptor may have evolved to shorten the time that glutamate takes to find its binding pocket.
To test this idea, Lau teamed up with scientists at Humboldt University to introduce mutations into the gene that codes for the glutamate receptor to change positively charged residues into either negatively charged or uncharged ones.
Then, they measured the resulting electrical currents to determine if there was a change in the rate of the receptor’s activation in the presence of glutamate.
The results of that experiment showed that mutated glutamate receptors activated at half the speed of the normal version of the receptor.
“If, as we think is the case, communication between neurons has to happen at a particular rate for effective brain activity, then slowing down that rate means that the brain won't work as well,” says Lau. “We believe that these glutamate receptors have evolved a way to speed up the binding process.”
The scientists add that, in some cases, glutamate seems to be able to bind to the receptor upside down. When this happens, the glutamate receptor’s pocket can’t close entirely, possibly making it unable to fully open its channels to allow ions into the neuron.
Lau says that further research is needed to determine if other compounds that target the glutamate receptor, such as quisqualic acid, which is found in the seeds of some flowering plants, tread the same three pathways that glutamate tends to follow.
So far, Lau’s team has focused its computer simulations only on the main binding region of the glutamate receptor. The researchers plan to study other areas of glutamate receptors exposed to glutamate.
The Johns Hopkins’ team collaborators in Berlin were Héctor Salazar and Andrew Plested.
The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM094495), the European Commission GluActive grant and the German Research Foundation Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure grant.
For the Media
The video that accompanies this news release is available for download.
We are providing it with the understanding that it will be used only to help illustrate the story in the corresponding news release. Please use the credit information provided. If there is anything else you need, please email us at [email protected]. Thank you.
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Easter eggs generate tons of emission and landfill waste each year. If everyone switched to
eco eggs we'd greatly reduce our carbon footprint.
eco eggs are made in the USA from plants, 100% renewable content, and are fully compostable after use. They are made from non-toxic, durable plastic and have a tight snapping closure. eco eggs are extra-large in size measuring 3" x 2.25" so most bagged candies fit inside. They come in 5 assorted colors: pink, yellow, green, blue, and purple. eco eggs can be stored and reused for many Easters. After use, dispose of eggs in industrial compost.
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Convivial Conservation: A transformative, whole-Earth approach to environmental conservation
Conventional conservation approaches have not been able to halt alarming rates of biodiversity loss. How can human–wildlife relations be transformed to protect both biodiversity and livelihoods? Is that possible without transforming the underlying economic systems?
Transforming a destructive industry into a sustainable economic and human activity
Our societies are heavily dependent on small-scale and artisanal mining for minerals and metals, notably gold. How can an inherently destructive and harmful industry contribute to transformations to sustainability?
Local initiatives resisting powerful forces of change in the Amazon
The Amazon is a microcosm of global changes, with disparate views of nature and development manifesting themselves through deforestation and land-use change. Can small-scale and local initiatives succeed in preserving the Amazon from destructive transformations?
Collectively imagining the future – a key to governance for social transformations
Shared visions of what a good and feasible future looks like are instrumental in determining a community’s political and societal choices. If today’s shared visions of the future are not appropriate to the challenges of sustainability, how can alternative visions emerge?
The potential of intellectual property regimes to accelerate sustainability transitions
Conventional intellectual property rights have long been barriers to the development and diffusion of sustainable technologies. How can alternative intellectual property and business models help to accelerate transformations to sustainability?
The transformative potential of localized land-registration in conflict-affected areas
Globally many millions of people lack secure access to land, particularly in conflict-affected settings, with implications for peace, social sustainability and the sustainable use of land. How can land tenure practices be transformed to contribute to wider transformations?
Achieving sustainability is not a techno-scientific problem; it is first and foremost a social and political problem. Why are we not transforming, given the urgency? Who should decide when, how and towards what we should be transforming? This film explores some of the difficult questions around transformations to sustainability and proposes approaches to tackling the defining challenge of our times. It features researchers involved in the Transformations to Sustainability programme, which funded 15 state-of-the-art international research projects between 2016 and 2022 to produce action-oriented knowledge on how social transformations to sustainability can be supported.
Video Credit: International Science Council
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When we first began running forest school sessions there was (understandably!) a fair bit of concern from our families surrounding our inclusion of real tools in our outdoor program. Over time, however, this attitude has completely turned around and now our parents are not only comfortable with the use, but big advocates of the benefits if offers their children.
Firstly – why tools?
Tools are a pretty stock-standard practice with forest schooling which originated in Denmark and where the children have always had real tools such as knives for whittling to enable them to create and make. When asking the children to use only the sticks and the leaves that they find to play with, children’s natural tendency is to MAKE – they are creative and artistic beings after all. Having tools provides children with the opportunity to bring their ideas to life, but, more than that, it’s an opportunity to create in a way they would usually not have the ability to in their classrooms. The added element of risk and novelty makes it an exciting and alluring task for children too – it’s one of the many aspects of attending forest school that makes it oh-so-special for our young ones.
Aside from finding the tools intriguing, they offer the children the chance to successfully master a new skill that has a tangible achievable outcome – they can drill a hole in timber to put string through and make a necklace or saw off a wooden disk to use as a bag tag or toy. The greatest benefit these tools offer children are being able to make or build something independently, which feeds right into their sense of self and self-confidence. “I did it all by myself!” is one of the most common catchphrases of our forest school days and this is why.
But HOW to use tools safely with small children?
It all comes down to policies, procedures and management. As with any experience that has an element of risk and challenge, the focus is on managing and minimising risk while optimising children’s ability to build skills and independence while taking ownership of the challenge themselves.
Children’s ability to assess risk and manage this themselves grows and develops the more they have access to opportunities to practice these skills and when we arm them with specific procedures/information they can follow, the risk assessment and learning is in their hands to manage and they are able to take responsibility for their learning.
This is as simple as explaining to children what the procedures are for tool use and having them demonstrate it before handing them a tool. For example – when using our drills, the children know to sit down with their legs crossed, place their timber on the floor and then drill into it while it stays on the ground, the procedures are similar for sawing (sitting cross-legged on one side of the sawhorse – one hand in their lap and the other on the handle) and whittling (feet flat on ground, knees up, elbows on knees, peel away from body).
We have found over time that these experiences are simply not scary or risky as long as the children are aware of the procedures and as long as the supervising adults are watching so that if a child is not following the procedure, they can just be reminded of it. There is no use for the words risky or dangerous or to remind children to “be careful” because all communication centres solely around the specific techniques the children are using.
The greatest part in all this? That moment when they manage to do their work, all on their own, and they look at us with that look of glee, that one that says “I did it all by myself and I am SO proud of what I’ve done!”
Forest School Leader and Early Childhood Teacher
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Mildew is dangerous. It may be more prevalent and may cause more health issues than termites, deadly carbon monoxide, asbestos, or even radon. Actually mold is almost everywhere and impossible to get reduce in nature. Based on the epa web site, “there is no useful way to eliminate all mildew and mold spores within the indoor environment; the best way to control indoor mildew growth is to control dampness. ” from one 3rd to one half of almost all buildings in the usa possess the damp conditions essential to facilitate the growth associated with mold, based on the consumer product security commission. You should click here to get more information about it.
Mold as well as mold spores can cause severe health problems and, when it comes to someone along with mold sensitivities, even demise. So many people are vaguely conscious of the health concerns with regards to mold most do not know which mold can also cause severe damage to a house or even building (similar to a pest infestation. ) With regards to protecting your loved ones and your house, fighting and preventing mildew should be towards the top of each and every homeowner’s list.
What exactly is mold?
The easy answer: molds tend to be part of the fungi empire, similar to yeasts or even mushrooms (the antibiotic penicillin is really a mildew.) Mold is a residing organism, part of nature, as well as has a beneficial functionality it breaks down our dead organic issue. Mold reproduces by publishing tiny spores, hard to notice, in to the air. These types of spores land in moist places and begin to grow as well as spread. While there tend to be hundreds of thousands of types of mold, none might exist without the presence associated with moisture, air, the other to prey on. Since mold will invariably exist outdoors, it is very important control one ingredient a homeowner does not need inside the house moisture.
Mold may grow on rotting wooden, lawn, weeds, and fragment piles. The issue is that it may also grow where you avoid want it to – inside. It can be available on food or clothes, in bathrooms and attic spaces and damp basements, upon carpeting, and even within the walls of a home. Mold can prey on the wood within the wall, deteriorating the materials since it spreads unseen within a house. Since the mold digests organic materials, it continues to distribute to find new food resources.
Spotting mold could be easy, when the mold colony can be viewed. Mold is available in a variety of colours (including white, dark, green, grey, brown, as well as more), bunching as places or discolorations. When the mold is not noticeable, someone may not identify mold is present until it finally is late along the way. People find out mold when there is actual physical damage to a structure or even an increase in musty odours. Sometimes mold will not be found until the residents experience health problems. At that time, it might be very late.
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More than 17,000,000 Americans use various nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on a daily basis, making this class of drugs one of the most commonly used in the world. The Centers for Disease Control in the United States predicts that, with the aging of the population, there will be a significant increase in the prevalence of painful degenerative and inflammatory rheumatic conditions, leading to a parallel increase in the use of NSAIDs.
Sodium salicylate, discovered in 1763, was the first nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID). Gastrointestinal toxicity (particularly dyspepsia) associated with the use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) led to the introduction of phenylbutazone, an indoleacetic acid derivative, in the early 1950s; this was the first nonsalicylate NSAID developed for use in patients with inflammatory conditions. Phenylbutazone is a weak prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor that also induces uricosuria. It was shown to be a useful agent in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and gout. Concerns related to bone marrow toxicity, particularly in women over the age of 60, have essentially eliminated the use of this drug.
Indomethacin, another indoleacetic acid derivative, was developed in the 1960s as a substitute for phenylbutazone. The following years witnessed the development of more and more NSAIDs in an effort to enhance patient compliance (by decreasing the absolute number of pills and frequency with which they are taken each day), reduce toxicity, and increase the antiinflammatory effect.
There are now at least 20 different nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), from six major classes determined by their chemical structures, available for use in the United States. These drugs differ in their dose, drug interactions, and some side effects. A comparison of the drugs, organized by chemical grouping, is presented in the table (table 1). Drug interactions and side effects are discussed separately. (See 'Drug interactions' below and "Nonselective NSAIDs: Adverse cardiovascular effects" and "Nonselective NSAIDs: Overview of adverse effects".)
Pharmacokinetics — Most NSAIDs are absorbed completely, have negligible first-pass hepatic metabolism, are tightly bound to serum proteins, and have small volumes of distribution. NSAIDs undergo hepatic transformations variously by CYP-2C8, 2C9, 2C19 and/or glucuronidation. Half-lives of the NSAIDs vary but in general can be divided into "short-acting" (less than six hours, including ibuprofen, diclofenac, ketoprofen and indomethacin) and "long-acting" (more than six hours, including naproxen, celecoxib, meloxicam, nabumetone and piroxicam). Patients with hypoalbuminemia (due, for example, to cirrhosis or active rheumatoid arthritis) may have a higher free serum concentration of the drug.
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Huckleberry Finn?s Journey to Morality
In Mark Twain?s novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn we see through the eyes of a brilliant child, the prejudice world he lives in, and the reality that is thrown at him in his journey down the Mississippi River. He learns to see the true society he is a part of by encountering many different characters. These characters will unknowingly turn this innocent and perceptive young boy into a moral-based and caring young man. Miss Watson tries to show Huck the good of Christianity, while the King and Duke prove to him that there are always some people left in the world who are inhumane. With both of these influences, Huck?s morals become as strong as they possibly can. He goes against society to save a man whom he never considered would be a friend for life.
Huck is unable to grasp Miss Watson?s religion. He does not care for the past and takes ??no stock in dead people?(Twain 4). Miss Watson tells Huck that if he prays for something, he will get it. Huck tests the theory and is let down. He says, ?It warn?t so. I
huck, huckleberry, adventures, finn, two, says, miss, jim, twain, society, journey, hooks, go, young, work, watson, understands, something, river, right, realize, prays, person, morally, king, frauds, duke, don?t, characters, against, world, whole, warn?t, unable, truth, true, tries, tried
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Thiamine or vitamin B1 is an important member of the B vitamin complex or B vitamin group. Thiamine or vitamin B1 supports the activity of the nervous system, particularly the learning process. During prolonged learning sessions or stressful periods of time, our brain makes use of significant amounts of thiamine which means our demands of the nutrient may increase significantly. Very often, the medical community recommends taking vitamin B1 supplements in order to fulfill the growing demands our brain issues during periods of intense activity.
In addition to this, vitamin B1 helps convert carbohydrates and proteins from the foods we eat into energy which our body uses in order to sustain a myriad of essential processes. Vitamin B1 is fuel for the human body. Children require an adequate intake of vitamin B1 to support both physical development and cognitive performance. Sportsmen, athletes and very active people get their great muscle tone from a rich vitamin B1 diet. Stomach muscles and intestinal walls are the first to benefit from a good vitamin B1 intake.
Our brain, muscles, eyes and cardiovascular system also find support in a good vitamin B1 supplementation. Basically, if you want to think straight, learn faster, move better, be more active and feel like you are invincible, you need to get your thiamine. A well-thought diet, varied, balanced, containing sufficient food sources of vitamin B1 can meet one’s daily requirements of the nutrient, but when demands increase for various reasons, supplementation is recommended to prevent a deficiency.
Our body requires thiamine or vitamin B1 to perform fundamental physiologic processes. As soon as vitamin B1 enters the body, it is absorbed at the intestinal level and sent out to perform vital functions. What remains unused is not stored, but quickly gotten rid of through perspiration (or sweat) and with the help of our kidneys. Lentils, sunflower seeds, whole wheat bread, green peas and spinach are only a few generous food sources of thiamine. Also see vitamin B1: thiamine, aneurine.
Need to know: every time you go to the bathroom you eliminate important nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Because they are essential for the proper functioning of the body, it is imperative that these nutrients be replaced as soon as possible. The same happens with vitamin B1. Because we excrete vitamins and especially minerals, we should drink enough liquids to remain well-hydrated and not feel thirst, but not beyond this point. Drinking more liquids then we feel we need just to comply with general recommendations that do not apply to everyone may prove counterproductive by favoring nutrient deficiencies.
Even more, smoking and eating great amounts of sugar can quickly deplete your body of vitamin B1, so it is best to at least cut down on cigarettes if you are a heavy smoker and reduce your sugar intake or switch to fruits and even dark chocolate if you have a sweet tooth (and keep intake reasonable, of course). But what is vitamin B1 (thiamine) good for? Find out below what are the top 5 functions and benefits of vitamin B1 (thiamine).
What are the benefits?
1) Ensures adequate energy levels. Vitamin B1 is responsible for the conversion of carbohydrates and proteins into energy. The resulting energy is then used by the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys and so on to perform specific tasks. To be more exact, vitamin B1 converts the food we eat into a special kind of fuel that our organs can use.
2) Supports cardiovascular health. Vitamin B1 helps produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that sends messages to both muscles and nerves. Vitamin B1 deficiency leads to a decrease in acetylcholine production which disturbs the communication between the brain and muscles and nerves. This may lead to conditions such as extrasystoles (extra heart beats) or, when there is a severe vitamin B1 deficiency, congestive heart failure.
3) Healthy vision. According to research, vitamin B1 works together with essential fatty acids Omega-3 and Omega-6 to offer protection against cataract and other eye-related conditions. Other eye-friendly nutrients include vitamin A and the antioxidants beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin.
4) Improved brain function. Vitamin B1 helps improve both memory and concentration and helps strengthen nerves. An adequate intake can relieve stress damage to the brain and improve overall brain function significantly. Even more, it would appear that thiamine can slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, cirrhosis of the liver and reduce the severity of some types of infection.
5) Myelin development. The myelin sheath is a layer around the axon, which is the tail of a neuron (nerve cell). Axons help transmit information from one neuron to another and the myelin sheath is meant to improve connection. Vitamin B1 is what keeps the myelin sheath healthy and functional. Myelin loss due to vitamin B1 deficiency basically leads to a bad connection and nerve impairment. Extremely severe damage to the myelin sheath may lead to debilitating medical conditions.
Deficiency and symptoms
Severe vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency is the leading cause of a life-threatening condition called beriberi. Signs and symptoms of beriberi include: severe neurological disorders, psychiatric manifestations, weight loss, sensory-motor degradation and even death. Overall, vitamin B1 is of crucial importance for a healthy brain and a healthy body and a varied and balanced diet consisting of foods rich in thiamine such as grains, fish, meat, seeds, legumes, fortified breakfast cereals should easily meet daily requirements of the vitamin.
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Started in Spain in 1954, Arbor Day has since globalized to the rest of the world. In America Nebraska was the first state to celebrate this holiday in 1872. Since the 1920s every state in America celebrates a form of Arbor Day. The national day of celebration is the last Friday in April. This year that is today, April 29th. Most municipalities and schools, and some citizens celebrate by planting at least one tree. Are you planning to plant a tree today? If so, add a comment to this post and let us know what species and where.
The Arbor Day Foundation has grown around the celebration of this holiday. In conjunction with promoting planting trees, they maintain a huge nursery of trees and other woody plants which can be purchased directly from their website. Unfortunately they do not include information about the “nativeness” of these plants. Although many are fruit trees, many are also non-native deciduous and evergreen trees and other flowering woody plants. I noticed in particular butterfly bush which Wild Ones recommends not planting since it is not native to the USA.
Since there is federal emphasis right now on native habitat for wildlife, I have written to the Foundation and asked them to add to their nursery plant description whether or not the plants are native to the USA. If you agree with me, please write to them as well. Let’s start a campaign to help their buyers learn the difference between a native and a non-native plant.
Here is the brief statement I wrote in my communication to them:
Because native plants support more wildlife than non-native trees and plants, and because there are several pieces of federal legislation mandating more native habitat for wildlife be developed, I would like to request that you make it easier for your members and buyers to discern which of the plants you sell in your nursery are native to the United States and specifically in their zone. There are many native plant nurseries throughout the USA that would be very willing to help you with this identification task, including organizations such as Wild Ones: Native Plants, Natural Landscapes.
To see a list of moths, caterpillars and butterflies hosted by native trees, go to Native Caterpillars, Moths and Butterflies and Host Native Woodies. The legislation I reference can be found at Federal Pollinator Health Task Force: EPA’s Role and also at Summary of FTA Programs under the FAST Act. Thank you for considering this.
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia.
A procedure for obtaining a urine specimen that exposes the culture sample to minimal contamination. For females, the labia are held apart and the periurethral area is cleaned with a mild soap or antibacterial solution, rinsed with copious amounts of plain water, and dried from front to back with a dry gauze pad. The urine is then passed and the specimen collected in a sterile container. It is important that the labia be held apart and that the urine flow directly into the container without touching the skin. If possible, the sample should be obtained after the urine flow is well established, i.e., a midstream specimen. For males, the urethral meatus is cleaned and the midstream specimen is collected in a sterile container. If the male is uncircumcised, the foreskin is retracted before the penis is cleaned.
See also: method
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For the past few months world’s attention has been focused on Afghanistan. What has happened and what is happening in Afghanistan has shaken the world concerning several fields such as feminism, religious extremism, terrorism, imperialism and socialism as well.
If we consider the history of Afghanistan it has a long history of being dominated by several emperors and world powers. Geo strategically also the location of Afghanistan is important as it is in a central point between regions of Asia and Europe. Afghan land was conquered by Alexander the Great of Macedonia in 329 B.C. and 11th Centuries it was a part of Mahmud of Ghazni’s empire from Iran to India. It has been under the control of several dynasties of conquerors. Reaching the late 1800 being invaded by Arab conquerors and dynasties, Islam had been established in the Afghan Land. In the 19th century, Britain which had been maintaining colonies in Asia had the interest to annex Afghan land against the increasing empire of Russia. This caused series of wars between Afghanistan and Britain until Britain defeated in 1921 and Afghanistan became an independent state. In 1926 Amir Amanullah Khan declared Afghanistan a monarchy. Facing an armed resistance he abdicated and left the country. In 1933 Zahir Shah became king and ruled for the next 40 years. When Britain left India in 1947 Afghanistan commenced sharing a border with the Islamic State of Pakistan.
Becoming a Republic and Soviet Influence
In 1921 after Afghanistan became an independent State Amir Amanullah Khan signed a Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union engaging it to assist Afghanistan economically and militarily at the invitation of Afghanistan. In 1953 under the monarchy of Shah his brother in law, Mohammed Daoud Khan, became prime minister. Being a pro-Soviet he sought economic and military assistance from the Soviet Union. Being influenced by the Soviet Union he introduced several social reforms such as allowing more freedom for women to attend universities and the workforce. At the time Nikita Khrushchev was Soviet Premier two countries had close relations. Growing two socialist revolutionary groups who were having ideological relations with the Soviet Union, named the Khalq (People) and Parcham (Flag) were also visible in this period and these two groups were the two factions of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) which were established in 1965. They had been participating in elections for parliament since then. In 1973 Daoud Khan by a military coup overthrew the king and abolished the monarchy. He became the self-proclaimed President of the Republic of Afghanistan. The Republic of Afghanistan had a close relationship with the USSR and attempted several social and economic reforms.
On 28 April 1978, the day of the Saur Revolution which is also known as the Socialist revolution of PDPA, led by Nur Mohammad Taraki, Babrak Karmal and Amin Taha overthrew the government of Mohammad Daoud. On the 1st of May Mohammad Taraki became head of state and head of government. Country renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA). Taraki also entered into an alliance agreement with the Soviet Union and had also initiated several land and democratic reforms. On the 14th of September of 1979, Hafizulla Amin, who was also in a leading role of PDPA overthrew Taraki. Babrak Karmal who was the vice head of the state fled to USSR. Amin implemented several secular reforms against the established religious and traditional laws. Simultaneously given the right of vote to women and abolished forced marriages. Hafizulla Amin also invited the Soviet Union to assist infrastructure development and to assist with the suppression of the growing anti-government forces. Even before 1979 conservative Islamic and ethnic groups who objected to social changes had taken arms against reforms. In June of 1978, the guerrilla movement Mujahadeen is created by the CIA to fight against the Soviet-backed government. It is evident that to counter the Soviet reforms this terrorist group was sponsored and funded by the USA and trained by Pakistan Military.
On the 27th of December 1979 as per the invitation of the government of Afghanistan, the Soviet Union sent their Army to Afghanistan and was supported by the military and parcham fraction. Meanwhile, Hafizullah Amin was killed and was replaced by Babrak Karmal. USA Reagan administration continued to arm Mujahadeen terrorist group against Soviet troops and Pakistan was used as an intermediary. From the 1980s fights continued between Soviet and government troops and Mujahadeen terrorists. It is said around 2.8 million Afghans have fled from the war to Pakistan, and another 1.5 million have fled to Iran and thousands of people dead. Eventually, Mujahadeen guerrillas started to gain control of rural areas, and Soviet troops held urban areas. Followed by Babrak Karmal in 1986 Mohommad Najibullah was appointed as the General Secretary of PDPA and in 1987 as the head of the state and received continued support from USSR. In September of 1986, a new constitution was written and it was adopted on 29th November 1987. In 1988 September, Osama bin Laden and 15 other Islamists from the terrorist group of Al-Qaida declaring to continue the war against the Soviets and to implement the goal of a pure nation governed by Islam. Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaida had close relations with Mujahadeen terrorists.
Reaching the late 1980s there had been growing international pressure to end wars and pressures on USSR to withdraw troops from Afghanistan and this pressure was also mostly influenced by the USA. From 1986 several Soviet regiments withdrew from Afghanistan. In 1989 USA, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Soviet Union signed a peace agreement in Geneva guaranteeing the independence of Afghanistan.
Apart from the military assistance provided to the Afghanistan government, Soviet Union influenced several popular reforms that benefited the people of Afghanistan. Especially concerning education and health, many institutions were established. Education and employment rights were granted to women. The Soviet Union granted financial and technological support for the development of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union assisted Afghanistan since 1954 as it had contributed to several other non-allied countries economically and technologically. From the contribution of Soviet Union made for the countries of the world highest per capita contribution had been received by the Afghanistan and people of Afghanistan. When Soviet troops left Afghanistan they left several infrastructure projects such as bridges, dams, apartments, roads for the benefit of the people of Afghanistan. Few main examples are Salang Tunnel which was built in the 1960s, the 2.6 kilometre-long tunnel connecting Kabul with cities in northern Afghanistan; Kabul Polytechnic University; Band-e Sardeh Dam which was constructed in the 1960s; Mikrorayon multi-storied apartment house; Afghanistan-Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge, etc.
However, in Afghanistan when it comes to the Marxist Leninist groups they also had internal conflicts as those were not well developed with the ideology and were influenced by the Islamic foundation that existed within the country. There is no way a revolution or leadership can be imposed on a country without the recognition of the people of such a country. Though as a powerful socialist country Soviet Union could help out, the major part of it had to be done by the people of the country.
The Soviet Union at the years it existed helped out and contributed to multiple governments which were not founded by socialist principles or based working class but based on the national capitalist class which then seemed to be progressive. Those governments using Soviet Union’s assistance worked to establish their power and some were corrupt too. The Soviet Union also had gained the trust of Muslim countries until 1979 as it had helped out a great deal the countries in Asia as well as North Africa to break their chains from colonialism. The Soviet Union intervened for the safety of the countries such as Egypt in the process of nationalizing the Suez Canal. However, in the intervention made in 1979 in Afghanistan, The USSR lost its reputation among the people of Islamic Faith and it still matters as a negative perception of socialism in general. The Soviet Union could have taken a more international diplomatic approach towards the issue rather than taking a military approach.
Most of the leaders and the anti-American or anti-imperialist governments mostly consisted of the national capitalist class gained assistance from the Soviet Union, later proved that there is no such thing as progressive capitalists and many caused to taint the Soviet name as well. The Soviet Union is contributing to the countries of the world that made the mistake of not strengthening the working-class forces but instead strengthening the capitalist governments of the countries. There were many instances of the very capitalist governments who received huge assistance from Soviet Aid, massacring the communists of that country in the same period.
Developing derailment from Marxism - Leninism and opportunism later emerged in the Soviet Union and imperialist pressure on the socialist camp led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Many socialist governments depended on the Soviet Union faced crises after the collapse of the Soviet Union and similar problems faced by Afghanistan. While the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 USA backed Islamic extremist Mujahadeen group gradually seized power of Afghanistan.
Some of the lessons taught by Afghan experience were that the imperialists would continue to misuse the pressures of minority groups to build rebellion groups against socialist governments; any Marxist - Leninist group seek to lead for socialism must maintain correct ideology and ideological integrity; revolutions and leadership changes without gaining the confidence of the people can lead to collapses. However, Soviet Union left a legacy of popular reforms, numerous infrastructure developments and health and education institutions for the benefit of the people of Afghanistan.
Taliban to the USA; the USA to Taliban
In 1992 Mujahadeen and other anti-government groups stormed the capital, Kabul and overthrew Najibullah from power and a weak coalition government of Mujahadeen and other groups was formed. Economically Afghanistan had not been strong and there were conflicts between the participants of the coalition government. Firstly Presidency had been held by Sebghatullah Mujaddedi and after two months passed on to Burhanuddin Rabbani. With the refusal of Rabbani to relinquish Presidency as per agreement situation of a civil war emerged. Anarchic warlord control which was suppressive to people prevailed for the next years. Fraction emerged from Mujahadeen, the Taliban with the backing of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia eventually succeeded in seizing the power of Afghanistan. Taliban group mostly comprised of the ethnic group of Pashtuns while Rabbani’s government comprised mostly with the ethnic group of Tajiks. From 1995 Taliban succeeded in seizing the power of major cities in Afghanistan. After the Taliban seized Kabul on the 27th of September 1996, anti - Taliban Ahmad Shah Massoud and Abdul Rashid Dostum, created the United Front called Northern Alliance against the Taliban. While the Taliban seized power over the majority of Afghanistan, fights between the Taliban and Northern Alliance continued. Within the Taliban rule, many popular reforms that existed in Afghanistan were reversed especially related to the rights of women. Women were mandated to be fully veiled and were not allowed to go outside alone. Islamic law was enforced and punishments such as public executions and amputations were carried out. In 1997 Taliban publicly executed Najibullah. Later 1990s famine and droughts made several parts of Afghanistan became uninhabitable and many fled to Pakistan.
Blaming that Afghanistan was protecting Osama Bin Laden who was the leader of Al Qaida and who was responsible for terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon near Washington, D.C. on 11th September 2001, the USA demanded Taliban without success to turn over Bin Laden. Rejection of the Taliban resulted in intensive USA and Britain collective attacks on Afghanistan. Taliban governance fallen within days and USA backed Northern Alliance stormed Kabul. By the 7th of December, the Taliban surrendered their last base in Kandahar and as such started the 20-year occupation of the USA in Afghanistan. After 20 years now the USA has surrendered Afghanistan back to the hands of the Taliban. Every word the USA uttered guaranteeing democracy and safety of the Afghan people from Taliban, Religion extremism and terrorism has been proven fake. Statements of USA presidents relating Afghanistan to the 9/11 attacks has been proven wrong. In 2011 Osama Bin Laden was assassinated on Pakistan soil and not on Afghanistan soil. It is amply clear that USA imperialism utilized the 9/11 attacks to invade an economically weak Afghanistan and to establish a permanent base there. The proximity of Afghanistan to Iran, Russia and China which were rivals to the USA was the geostrategic importance of Afghanistan to the USA.
However, it must not be forgotten that Afghanistan, as well as Pakistan, provides a haven for religious extremist terrorists and armed networks. Mainly ISIS-K, Al-Qaida Core and Haqqani Network can be observed. ISIS-K is recognized as the Khorasan province of the ISIS terrorist group and it announced its presence in Afghanistan in 2015 well within the occupation of the USA and NATO. This group is recognized to be anti - Taliban and has accepted responsibility for the fatal twin bomb attacks that took place in the vicinity of Kabul airport on 26th of August 2021 killing closer to 200 people. Haqqani Network is also a semi-autonomous branch of the Taliban which is responsible for fatal and deadly attacks in the history of Afghanistan. Members of this Haqqani network are included in the newly established Taliban Cabinet. Al-Qaida core is also having relations with the Taliban. Some other armed groups that exist in Afghanistan are Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM). The USA after 20 years left Afghan people in the hands of these armed terrorist groups again proves that imperialism led by the USA had no intentions for the well-being of the people of Afghanistan.
For the USA firstly invading Afghanistan was important for the power projection in the world to cover the shame of the 9/11 attacks, then Afghanistan was important as a base in the Asian region especially projecting power countering Iran and China. Within the Trump administration in the USA the nationalist narrative propagated was a good opportunity to withdraw forces from Afghanistan which were costing the budget from the country but giving a less competitive advantage in return. So the Trump administration, as well as the Biden administration, were not ashamed to enter into agreements with the Taliban who were ousted by them 20 years ago. Prompt withdrawal of USA from Kabul and fleet of puppet government from country granted victory to Taliban. Still, the imperialist agenda continues. Withdrawal from the USA from Afghanistan does not mean that Afghanistan is not a spot of interest to USA led imperialism. It can only mean right now a priority of agenda has shifted to somewhere else.
Where Afghanistan is headed?
So far the rulers and imperialists who ruled Afghanistan seemed to have little interest in the well-being of the people of Afghanistan. Though some progressive developments and reforms have taken place from the 1960s to 1990s with the influence of the Soviet Union, within such time also sectarianism and conflicts could be observed. Progressive reforms and developments which were achieved also have been reversed due to wars, religious extremism and imperialist influences. Now Taliban rulers have declared Emirate of Afghanistan and established Shariya Law restricting personal liberties and freedoms. However, there is no doubt when the economy is concerned Taliban also will follow the neoliberal economic principles and will stand biased against the imperialists. Still, it is unclear how far and to what extreme restrictions will apply on women and girls, but certainly, their freedoms are bound to be faded as per the remarks made by the Taliban. This is a classic example that fundamentalism in the current imperialist world is just a mascot used to gain power and to establish power.
Though the USA and allies demand that they are going to tame the Taliban with sanctions harm is already done on the people. The new government of the Taliban is maintaining relations with Pakistan, China, Qatar, Russia and Turkey which can put the Taliban diplomatically in a strong position than they used to be. It also must be mentioned at this point that these governments except for some assistance they have given to people seem to have little interest in the lives or long term well-being of Afghan people who are being pressured under an extremist group. They seem to be rather interested in filling the void made by the withdrawal of the USA and exploit Afghanistan for economic or power play purposes. There is no doubt Afghan people’s will and choice must be prioritized, but blindly interpreting the Taliban as the Afghan people’s will and choice cannot be acceptable. Especially, China propagating itself as a Socialist country must surely not take this opportunistic stand for economic purposes. Internationalism is not the policy of non-intervention allowing extreme groups to oppress people of countries. The intention of socialism must be to serve the oppressed working people beyond boundaries. It is not acceptable to pursue economic gains at the oppression of the people of the working class. China took this same opportunist stand on Bangladesh Liberation Struggle by supporting the Pakistan military rulers to massacre millions of Bangladeshi people. The strategic interests of a country are important, but above all the prime principle of socialists should be to safeguard the inalienable rights of the people of any country. India also for 20 years worked hand in hand with US imperialists and exploited the resources of Afghan people, who were under US guns. Indian capital was busy making profits while their US masters were bombing hundreds of thousands of poor people of Afghanistan. India is only concerned about cornering Pakistan and China during the US occupation and did not pay any attention to the grievances of the Afghani people under the US military colonial yoke. It is disgusting to read these days hundreds of articles, full of crocodile tears written by the Indian capitalist press.
On the other hand, due to recent conflicts, more than half a million people are being internally displaced and more than half a million are fleeing the country as refugees. The remaining people are forced to live according to Shariya Law. Afghan people are now exhausted. It is not certain for us to see shortly people’s mobilization in Afghanistan against reactionary imperialist forces. Nevertheless, Afghan people will rise for sure. However, it is the responsibility of world socialist, communist and leftist centres to mobilize people against the perils of capitalism, imperialism and religious extremisms to prevent states and most of all the working people from being victims of those agendas. Especially the left parties of the region must work on a common socialist strategy on Afghanistan, with the full aim of supporting Afghani people’s democratic rights and opposing imperialism, extremism as well as the agendas of regional powers.
(Attorney at Law)
Former Vice President of World Federation of Democratic Youth
Member of Department of International Relations
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LESSON PLAN DESIGN
© H. Jurgen Combs
|ANTICIPATORY SET - includes the motivation and introduction
of your lesson; it is the attention getter for the lesson. This gets the
attention of the students and generates interest by creating a need to
know. Obviously if the
students are ready to learn, you will not need to spend a great deal of time getting them
The anticipatory set refers to an activity to focus the students' attention, provide a brief practice and/or develop a readiness for the instruction that will follow. It should relate to some previous learning. If successful, the anticipatory set should help the student get mentally or physically ready for the lesson.
Do not confuse the anticipatory set of a lesson with anticipatory teaching, which refers to the teacher's ability to respond to the learner at his or her current level of understanding, then encouraging the student to respond (whether that is correct or incorrect) in an effort to get the student to move the next level of understanding.
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1. Describe the importance of working memory in academic and social functioning during childhood, and the reasons why working memory is so vulnerable to the effects of early brain injury.
2. Explain how working memory is impacted after pediatric stroke, and specifically what factors contribute to heterogeneity in outcome across individuals.
Fuentes, A., Westmacott, R., Deotto, A., deVeber, G., & Desrocher, M. (2017). Working memory outcomes following unilateral arterial ischemic stroke in childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 23 (7), 803-821.
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<urn:uuid:ae928e4e-dd46-4763-9fb4-10b094b308a7>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://aacncontinuingeducation.org/downloads/working-memory-outcomes-following-unilateral-arterial-ischemic-stroke-in-childhood/
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en
| 0.824316 | 122 | 2.71875 | 3 |
APU marine biology graduate student Neal Smith will present his research on effects of seabed slope on the movement patterns of giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini).
New data, documenting behavior in deeper water, found that octopuses moved much more than previously reported in the scientific literature. Smith’s tracking study used acoustic telemetry and was completed in Kachemak Bay’s Eldred Passage with co-investigators Scheel and Tania Vincent.
Use of bathymetry in navigation and habitat selection has not been known previously for cold- and deeper-water octopuses. Smith will present findings in March at the Kachemak Bay Science Conference in Homer, Alaska.
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<urn:uuid:72935e5d-7083-42d7-8c24-638bfb6f2550>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://www.alaskapacific.edu/blog/grad-student-smith-describes-seabed-slope-studies-at-kachemak-conference/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654450/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00098-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.937215 | 146 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Before knowing the important foods that you need to focus on with PCOS, it is important to understand what PCOS is. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome or PCOS is a very prevalent endocrine related disorder that hits women in the fertile period.
PCOS comes with several symptoms and if not managed well, can give rise to a series of other risks like type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart risks, high cholesterol, hypertension among some.
Obesity and weight gain are the most common implications of PCOS. Since one of the major implications of PCOS is insulin resistance, a diet that is low in carbs and high on protein has been found to be beneficial for many.
In a normal body, insulin is released from the pancreas in response to the raised blood sugar level after meals so that it can help pack away these glucose molecules in to the body’s cells. However, in the body of a person with PCOS, there is insulin resistance and as a result, that is the body’s cells become less sensitive to the action of insulin which makes the body think that there isn’t enough insulin and thus it sends signals to the pancreas to release more insulin. This excessive release of the hormone insulin sets in action a hormonal imbalance and as a result there is weight gain, increased hair facial hair, cyst formations in the ovaries apart from hunger and cravings with a low blow to the metabolism.
That is why, practical and smart management of insulin levels in combination with lifestyle changes help cope with the disease.
Just because there is weight gain does not mean only limiting calorie intake and cutting off fat is going to really help. It might, but only so much. The real effective way is to try and get your body more acceptable to insulin by choosing low GI, high fiber foods, good quality protein and limited but healthy fat.
Suggested Read: Protein & PCOS – 3 Surprising Facts
Here is a sample diet plan for PCOS for a day.
|Pre workout:||Bananas/ Dates/ Chickoos|
|Post workout:||Protein shake|
|Breakfast:||2 eggs + 1 Cup grilled veggies with a whole grain toast
Paneer bhurji with 1 Cup fruits and 2 whole grain rotis
|Lunch:||Brown rice pulao with 1 cup curd a serving of fish or chicken
2 rotis with 1 cup lentils and 1 serving of vegetables/ meat of your choice + 1 cup curd
|Dinner:||Grilled chicken/ fish 1-2 pieces along with 2 cups vegetables stir fried
Brown rice khichdi+1 cup curd or paneer sabzi
A big bowl of dal with 1-2 garlic bread toasted (whole grain)
|Snack options:||Fresh fruits (NO FRUIT JUICES), peanut butter on apple slices, veggie sticks with home-made hummus, natural yogurt, whole grain sandwiches, hard boiled eggs, unsalted nuts, dark chocolate (70%, 3-4 cubes a day.)|
Suggested Read: Whey Protein for PCOS- Is it Good or Bad?
What to avoid?
- Foods that are high in refined carbs like sugar, sugar syrups, white breads, ready to consume juices and beverages, bakery items, candies.
- Processed meats, refined soy (You can eat soyabean just avoid the refined soy products) and processed cheese.
- Unhealthy fatty foods, unhealthy fats like dalda/ vanaspati ghee, processed snacks.
Add OZIVA Protein & Herbs Shake to Your Diet if your diet is lacking in proteins.
If you want a detailed nutrition consultation, drop us a mail at [email protected] or call us on 9769298556 and our experts will help you with your fitness goal
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<urn:uuid:50cb7530-9e5c-4bc3-b8f4-beb89b1bad4e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://blog.oziva.in/pcos-what-to-eat-avoid-and-a-sample-diet-plan-for-weight-loss/
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en
| 0.909239 | 800 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Image by Jennifer Morrow
The Institute of Making , a project based at King’s College London, describes itself as
a multidisciplinary research club for those interested in the made world: from makers of molecules to makers of buildings, synthetic skin to spacecraft, soup to clothes, furniture to cities.
All sorts of materials, ranging from the lightest solid in the world (aerogel) to a material that can smash concrete without getting damaged (a silicon nitride ball bearing), are kept at the Institute. The aim is to explore the scientific properties of physical objects, but also to look at how the materials themselves inspire creativity and innovation. The Institute recognises the significant amount of information that can only be gathered physically.
The Institute is a result of the growth of the Materials Library,
an interdisciplinary collaborative team that make objects, events and exhibitions that foreground materiality.
While most of the research happens in the lab, the Institute (and Library) have gained international attention. It regularly receives samples from around the world, and have participated in various art installations. It also has a presence on Facebook and Twitter.
While the Institute of Making and That’s Not Online! have different reasons for being interested in exploring the physical world, it is great to know that there is someone else out there who recognises the importance of physical information.
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<urn:uuid:36ab4fd0-6814-41f7-9ab3-5c765744fa71>
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://thatsnotonline.tumblr.com/tagged/bibliojenni
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051474/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00025-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.937215 | 275 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. According to the American Cancer Society, “the average risk of a woman in the United States developing breast cancer sometime in her life is about 13%.” Early detection is key to its treatment. This is why all women aged 40 and above are advised to undergo yearly mammogram checks. Here is everything you need to know about breast cancer.
In the year 2021, there are an estimated 281,550 and 49,290 new cases of invasive and non-invasive breast cancer, respectively. As the second most common cancer among women, it is also one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Despite the fact that death rates have been steady throughout the years, there is a light at the end of the tunnel. Early detection, more advanced treatment, and growing awareness are causing women to get checked more regularly than ever before. Although breast cancer is most common in women, breast cancer can also be detected in men. Different leading healthcare organizations of how often and when men need to be screened. With this in mind, it is crucial for men to talk to their doctor about their risk levels and screening suggestions.
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Here are some of the risk factors for breast cancer. Keep in mind that although this list is available, most breast cancers are not linked to one specific cause.
Age: The risk for breast cancer grows with age. This is why all women are recommended to get their annual mammogram at age 40.
Personal History: If an individual has gotten breast cancer on one breast in the past, there is a higher likelihood that he/she will develop cancer in the other breast as well.
Family History: If an individual has an immediate family member who has or has had breast cancer, he/she has a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
Genetic Factors: If an individual has the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, he/she has a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
Reproductive History: If a woman got their menstruation before age 12, went through menopause after age 55, never had children, had a child late, or never breastfed, the chances of her getting breast cancer is higher than average.
Hormone Usage: Some hormone therapies and birth control may contain hormones that are risk factors for breast cancer.
Other Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and unhealthy diets can also increase risk levels for breast cancer.
General Screening Guidelines
When speaking about breast cancer, yearly 2D/3D mammograms are the most important tests to screen for. Mammograms have the ability to detect breast cancer up to 3 years before the lump can be seen or felt. Studies show that although more expensive, getting a 3D mammogram reduces the chance of being called back for follow-up tests. Although women should generally get screened at age 40, it is best to consult with your doctor about when to start.
Women aged between 40-44 have the option to get an annual mammogram
Women aged between 45-50 must get mammograms every year
Women aged 55 and older have the option to get their mammogram every other year, or they can continue screening yearly
No matter what age group you are in, it is best to speak to a doctor about your risk levels for breast cancer. This will help you know your overall health better and allow you to be more conscious of the changes that occur in your body.
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<urn:uuid:5b3ee3d1-9004-4d6e-92d3-c7301d60f709>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.boadesk.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-breast-cancer/
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en
| 0.968763 | 715 | 3.234375 | 3 |
On 21 March, World Forest Day, a short video on conserving global forests sparked angry protests on the Chinese internet, and was taken down by its makers the next day.
The five-minute film was a joint effort by PaperClip, a group which produces educational films, and the WWF. It showed how farming for livestock and soybean is destroying forests in the Amazon region, in an attempt to encourage consumers to choose products certified sustainable. But linking the purchase of meat, eggs and milk by Chinese shoppers with deforestation sparked accusations that it was “insulting China”.
This is not the first time advocacy of environmentally friendly consumption has received a backlash in China. With Chinese markets having an increasing impact on the global environment, efforts to guide sustainable consumption must navigate the fraught terrain of online opinion, rubbing up against nationalism and the “right to development”.
The video was provocatively titled How to Quickly Destroy the World’s Forests. It was first challenged on Bilibili.com, a video streaming site popular with young Chinese people, where Paperclip is well-known as a producer of science and technology content. A video Paperclip published on 2 February, Everything You Need to Know About the Coronavirus, provided detailed and accurate information on the epidemic and was watched over 100 million times. A mere seven weeks later, Paperclip was being attacked on the platform, for a video about protecting forests.
The film starts by describing how human activity has damaged forests over the last two decades. Citing the WWF’s 2015 “Living Forests Report”, it links production of beef and soy to the destruction of the Amazon rainforest. It describes this global chain linking production and consumption as “the most efficient forest-elimination machine” and points out the role of Chinese markets. According to the voiceover: “Brazil can’t cut soybean farming, because it needs to sell to the world’s biggest buyer, China.” The film also discusses other commodities associated with deforestation: “The production, trade and consumption of palm oil, rubber, timber and paper impacts on forests in places including Sumatra and Kalimantan.” Finally, the video suggests opting for products with sustainability certification to avoid becoming inadvertently involved in deforestation.
Within 24 hours, the video had sparked a huge backlash that spread to other social media platforms such as Weibo.
The attacks focused on whether it was fair to link consumption of meat, milk and eggs in China with destruction of the Amazon rainforest. “We’ve only had meat to eat for a few years, and it’s us that have harmed the planet?” asked one poster. Many contrasted per capita meat consumption in China and the US, where people eat twice as much, and mainly beef which has a far larger carbon footprint than the pork favoured in China.
The anger did not stop there. Some called Paperclip’s politics into question, after ploughing through its old videos and finding some in which Taiwan island was not clearly visible on what were supposed to be maps of China. Others pointed out that sustainability certifications charge fees, so “It’s all commercial.”
Paperclip then removed the video and made a statement: the video had not blamed China and the uses of “we” referred not to Chinese people, but to humanity as a whole.
Before being taken down, it was copied and published on YouTube.
Who changes first?
Jian Yi, founder of non-profit the Good Food Academy and director of the documentary What’s for Dinner, told China Dialogue that environmental advocacy needs to avoid “ascribing responsibility to any particular group” as this “will always make someone uncomfortable”.
This isn’t the first online controversy over calls for lower meat consumption in China.
In March 2019, international organisation WildAid launched its Less Meat Is My New Dish campaign in China, calling for lower meat consumption to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Chinese film stars featured in the campaign, online and on posters in subways and airports.
The adverts were soon challenged by internet opinion leaders. In a now-deleted Weibo post, popular science blogger Scientific Future Man asked: “Why are Americans, beef-eaters with higher per-capita carbon emissions, always banging on about how Chinese people should eat less pork?” before pointing out that WildAid is an American organisation and saying such advocacy has “other motivations.” Guancha.cn soon joined in, with an article asking: “What was this foreign organisation thinking in asking Chinese people to eat less meat to protect the Earth?” and describing the adverts as “repulsive”.
Businesses using health and the environment as selling points have also wandered into the minefield. On 8 January this year, in an article on the prospects for meat alternatives in China the New York Times quoted Pat Brown, CEO of plant-based “meat” manufacturer Impossible Foods: “Every time someone in China eats a piece of meat, a little puff of smoke goes up in the Amazon.” Nationalist media outlets Global Times and Guancha.cn complained America’s environmental responsibilities were being shifted onto China’s shoulders.
Fang Kecheng, assistant professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong’s School of Journalism and Communication, expects this atmosphere to continue. In the past, Chinese nationalism was based around websites and forums, with limited reach and regular participants. But now a focus on building traffic has changed this. “There’s profit to be made by playing up conspiracy theories,” Fang said, adding that large numbers of accounts are chasing the nationalist topics that resonate with the public.
Reliance on overseas agribusiness
Since 1961, per capita meat consumption in China has increased by a factor of 17. Yet while the average Chinese person ate 61 kg of meat in 2017, the average European consumed 83 kg and the average American 124 kg, according to UN figures.
That Chinese average hides urban/rural and class differences within the country. In 2016, the State Council’s Development Research Centre predicted that meat consumption by China’s city-dwellers will peak as soon as 2022, at 85 kg per year. Meanwhile, in rural China a peak is not expected to arrive until 2030. So while some Chinese people may be eating as much meat as Europeans, others are still getting less than they want.
Interestingly, while China’s overall meat consumption is increasing, in the US and Europe it is levelling off or falling in response to health, environmental and climate concerns. For example, in UK supermarkets last year beef sales fell by 4% and pork by 6.4%, while meat-free alternatives rose 18%, the highest growth of any category.
Health issues such as high blood pressure and obesity, linked with meat consumption, are also drawing attention in China. The China Nutrition Society’s 2016 nutritional guidelines recommended eating 14.6-27.4 kg of meat every year – less than half the current national average.
Meat production stresses water and soil resources, worsens climate change and makes humanity more vulnerable to it. In 2019, a major report from the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggested global cuts in meat eating.
In 2017, China consumed over 89 million tonnes of meat, more than a quarter of the global total. China produces the vast majority of that but relies on imports for most of its livestock feed – including 90% of its soy meal, the most important feed. China’s 2017 soy imports accounted for over a quarter of global consumption. Agricultural economists have said that China’s arable land cannot currently produce the soy meal needed for the country’s livestock industry, and so in effect it “imports” arable land in this way. China is self-sufficient in staples, but heavily reliant on overseas agribusiness for the fodder needed to meet demand for meat, eggs and milk.
In a 2016 report on low-carbon development in China, the Tsinghua-Brookings Centre suggested that US-style carbon-intensive consumption should not be an aim for Chinese society, and that China’s building of an ecological society means it must remake energy and consumption systems to find a more moderate, higher quality mode of consumption.
China’s heavy reliance on imports for primary goods gives it great influence over supply chains. That influence could produce far-reaching positive effects, for example by ensuring food on Chinese tables is not linked to deforestation overseas.
Becoming a green rule-maker
During the debate sparked by the video, one old topic again stirred up nationalist sentiment – the rights of latecomer countries to develop. But on issues like climate change, China has actually moved beyond such sentiments.
Eleven years ago, the Chinese government received strong public praise for its defence of development rights at the Copenhagen climate change talks, regarding the allocation of responsibility for carbon reductions. At the time, conspiracy theories that climate change was not manmade and that the west was using it to restrain China’s growth were common. When Chai Jing, hosting CCTV’s Face-to-Face interview show, asked Ding Zhongli, a scientific adviser to the Chinese delegation in Copenhagen, about fairness in emissions reductions, he even replied with: “Aren’t the Chinese also human beings?”
China has since shifted from protecting its right to develop and a passive role in international climate politics to active participation in the global climate programme. According to environment journalist Li Jing, since 2011 various domestic policy priorities – ensuring energy security, tackling air pollution and responding to changes in international energy markets – have aligned with a more active stance on climate change. The country’s 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015) sent positive signals. Then, in 2014, China publicly committed to peaking greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, and helped create the Paris Agreement. Li wrote: “Debate over emissions rights and development rights in the media gradually faded away, and once noisy conspiracy theorists fell silent. Questions over the scientific reality of climate change virtually vanished from Chinese media.”
The authors of the Tsinghua-Brookings Centre report wrote: “If China’s emissions peak target is to be achieved as soon as possible, a transformation of our current consumer culture is needed,” before explaining that “transforming consumption” did not mean sacrificing the economy for the sake of the environment, but rather achieving more stable economic growth and transforming the industrial structure, while improving health and happiness.
Some greener consumption trends have already appeared. The popularity of shared bikes has changed how urban residents travel; restrictions on car registrations has led to more people choosing new energy vehicles. Will “transforming consumption” mean Chinese consumers use their buying power to help protect global goods such as the Amazon rainforest?
May Mei, executive director of advocacy group GoalBlue Low Carbon Development & Promotion Centre, thinks this is the right approach. She told China Dialogue: “Consumers should know how China’s strong markets and spending power can influence global supply chains and how they can play a role in making those supply chains more sustainable.”
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<urn:uuid:1893a7e5-a7d6-46a6-a195-d803e4a24d5f>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://chinadialogue.net/en/nature/11972-wwf-video-linking-consumption-to-deforestation-outrages-some-in-china/
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en
| 0.950626 | 2,339 | 2.6875 | 3 |
H.Beentje at rbgkew.org.uk
Mon Nov 18 14:02:57 EST 1996
> Marco asked:
> In garden centres in Holland, you can readily buy a type of wood
> called "Azobe". For fence posts etc. I have a strong suspicion that
> this is a tropical hardwood. Does anyone know the Latin or a common
> species name for the tree ? And is it a rainforest tree ?
Azobe is *Lophira alata*, family Ochnaceae. The timber is said to be
better than reinforced concrete for damp situations like wharf pilings,
dams and, I suppose, garden fences.
Over 100.000.000 kg are exported annually, of which 80% comes from
Cameroun and the rest from adjacent countries.
I've seen names like ironwood, or African Oak, but they all sound
a bit made up. Maybe ekki is a proper local name.
More information about the Plantbio
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<urn:uuid:64eeee1a-40df-492e-b125-7f112332a279>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/plantbio/1996-November/012776.html
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en
| 0.910293 | 214 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Recent years have seen increasing use of carbon pricing instruments as a means of mitigating carbon emissions. For example, Stavins (2019) notes that 26 carbon taxes and 25 cap-and-trade policies have either been implemented or are scheduled for implementation worldwide.
In the United States, these include cap-and-trade programs in the states of California and Washington as well as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a multi-state cap-and-trade system that includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. However, the United States does not have a national carbon pricing mechanism (in particular, one was not included in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) enacted in 2017), and the prospects for national carbon pricing policies in the immediate future are dim.
Nevertheless, many recent tax policy debates in the United States have included discussions of implementing carbon pricing on a national level. In this paper, we focus on a carbon tax, that is, a tax on fossil fuels proportional to their carbon content as a proxy for the emissions of carbon dioxide that will occur upon combustion. Such taxes are typically coupled with measures that would “recycle” the resulting revenues, for example, as payroll, personal income, or corporate income tax reductions or as per-household or per-capita lump-sum rebates. These alternative revenue-recycling options would have very different effects on economic efficiency and the distribution of income, and the equity-efficiency trade-offs associated with various alternative carbon tax revenue-recycling mechanisms are the focus of this analysis.
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<urn:uuid:eaac5f69-4c74-459a-8e74-94113e291284>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://amsresearch.org/report/carbon-taxes-equity-and-efficiency-trade-offs/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348500712.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605111910-20200605141910-00540.warc.gz
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en
| 0.948183 | 332 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Snails are a popular food in many cultures and they can be prepared in a variety of ways. Boiling frying and pickling are all popular methods of cooking snails. Some people also enjoy eating them raw.
There are many different species of snails and they can be found all over the world. One of the most popular species for eating is the common garden snail. This snail is usually found in Europe and North America.
Snails are a good source of protein and they also contain vitamins and minerals such as calcium and iron.
What do snails eat?
Snails eat plants algae and small invertebrates.
How do snails eat?
Snails have a radula which is a tongue-like structure covered in tiny rows of teeth.
The radula scrapes food off of surfaces and into the snail’s mouth.
Do all snails eat the same thing?
No different species of snails prefer different foods.
Some eat mostly algae while others prefer to eat plants or decaying organic matter.
Do snails eat everyday?
Yes snails must eat every day to survive.
What happens if a snail doesn’t eat?
If a snail doesn’t eat for a prolonged period of time it will eventually die.
How much does a snail eat in a day?
A snail typically eats between 0.
5 and 1 grams of food per day.
What is the favorite food of snails?
Many snails prefer to eat algae but some species prefer to eat plants or decaying organic matter.
What is the scientific name for a snail?
The scientific name for a snail is gastropod.
What class do snails belong to?
Snails belong to the class Gastropoda.
What phylum do snails belong to?
Snails belong to the phylum Mollusca.
What kingdom do snails belong to?
Snails belong to the kingdom Animalia.
Do all snails have shells?
No not all snails have shells.
How do snails without shells protect themselves?
Snails without shells typically have thick mucus-covered skin that provides some protection from predators and the elements.
How do snails move?
Snails move by using their muscular foot.
They secrete mucus that helps them to glide over surfaces.
Are snails fast or slow?
Snails are slow moving animals.
They typically travel at a speed of 0.
03 miles per hour.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://allanimalsguide.com/what-eats-snail/
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en
| 0.957139 | 518 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Instead of shooting a single burst of beam, use multiple shots ( say 1000 per second or more ) Theoritically each laser beams should punch a hole through the air, each one travelling further and each one creating a vacum within its path. The high powered lasers that auto industries use have effective range of only 2 inches I believe, which they use for cutting sheet metal in assembly line for making cars. Maybe it is possible to program it to do a multiple bursts at a single point and see what happens. Just a thought thats been stuck in my head since 1990. I'am not a scholar, I don't have a degree in anything. So did all the greatest scientists in our history have a "degree" in those fields in which they were famous in?
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<urn:uuid:17793a28-8c04-4d4f-b807-1f3be00ab1b7>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/pulse-laser-theory.122808/
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en
| 0.967052 | 155 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Turn in early to turn cancer away. Men with higher melatonin levels—a hormone involved in regulating your sleep-wake cycle—had a 75 percent lower risk of advanced prostate cancer compared to guys with lower levels, according to a new study from the Harvard School of Public Health.
Melatonin is thought to be an antioxidant—and some experts think it may prevent the growth of cancer cells. However, this hasn’t been proven in humans yet. And before you start popping melatonin—which some people do to sleep better—know that the study results likely have more to do with the carcinogenic effect of poor sleep in general, says Chris Winter, M.D., medical director of the Martha Jefferson Sleep Medicine Center in Charlottesville, Virginia. In fact, the World Health Organization has classified night shift work as a carcinogen, Dr. Winter adds.
Melatonin supplements may help you get sleep, but they’re more of a band-aid on the problem. A better idea: Identify the bad habits that prevent you from logging shut-eye. Going to bed at the same time every night, waking up at a consistent time, and regular exercise can improve sleep. And give up your smartphone and tablet before bed! A study in Applied Ergonomics found using them for two hours could reduce melatonin levels, which can prevent you from dozing off.
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<urn:uuid:a92c90c8-b60b-469b-8250-83827da9c4d3>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://www.menshealth.com/health/a19537132/prostate-cancer-melatonin/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740733.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815065105-20200815095105-00166.warc.gz
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en
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Hobby (Falco subbuteo) Science Article 1
A Eurasian Hobby (Falco subbuteo) population of 13-18 breeding pairs was studied for 6 years from 1987 to 1995 in a 62 km2 study area located within the seasonal flood zones of the PO River plain in northern Italy and characterized by intensive farmland interspersed with poplar (Populus sp.) plantations. Five percent of breeding attempts (n =78 over the whole period) failed because of clear cutting of the nest tree and 4% because of human disturbance associated with clear cutting of the nesting woodlot. Fledging success was negatively related to laying date. Year after year, the nests of each pair were found in restricted traditional ‘nest areas,’ but not all nest areas were occupied every year, even if suitable woodlots were available within them. Occupation rate of nest areas was positively correlated with breeding success. The nestlings’ avian diet was dominated by Swifts (Apus apus) and by Passer spp., accounting for 53 and 25%, respectively of 317 identified prey items. The local Eurasian Hobby population appeared to have adapted fairly well to the intensively managed agroforestry system, with recorded density and productivity in the range reported for other European populations in less intensively cultivated areas. We did not detect any decline in average density and productivity with increasing levels of agricultural change in various European populations. Possible reasons for this species’ successful reproduction in modern agricultural landscapes include timing of breeding, tolerance of habitat fragmentation and of human activities near to the nest, tolerance of proximity to neighbors, type of diet, and absence of important predators.
Fabrizio Sergio and Giuseppe Bogliani, The Condor 101:80~817
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Weed infestation is among the primary barriers to achieving the full yield potential of crops, including improved cultivars, in South Asia. According to Virender Kumar, Senior Scientist – Weed Science, International Rice Research Institute, “Unlike insects and disease where effects are more often immediately evident in the field, weeds are like a slow poison, working unseen in the background. Weeds are endemic to agricultural fields, have received relatively less attention from farmers, and are difficult to react to.”
Studies have shown that yield losses due to weeds can range from 15 to 90 percent in Bangladesh (Mamun et al. 1990, 1993, 2013*; Mazid et al. 2001*; Rashid et al. 2012). In India, studies (Rao and Chauhan, 2015; Milberg and Hallgren, 2003) have shown approximately 33 percent yield losses were attributed to weeds, followed by insect pests at 26 percent and diseases at 20 percent. Specifically for rice, 15 percent of losses in transplanted rice were attributed to weeds, as were 30 percent of losses in direct seeded rice. The situation worsens for rice cultivated in upland ecologies, such as Mayurbhanj district in Odisha. Here, 45 percent, or higher, of yield losses have been attributed to weeds.
In the geographies where the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA), led by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), is active, effective, accessible and affordable weed management tools are needed as manual hand-weeding still dominates and weeds continue to be poorly controlled. In southern Bangladesh, the Indian states of Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Odisha, and the Terai region of Nepal, herbicide use remains very low and herbicide markets are only at a nascent stage of development. Increasing labor out-migration and the resulting rise in wages is expected to eventually drive up herbicide demand in these regions, but imprecisely or incorrectly applying herbicides is not the answer.
Farmers often lack knowledge on safe and integrated weed management practices. Therefore, all across South Asia, CSISA has adopted a new approach to safe and efficient use of herbicides, with the major focus still on the agronomic management of weeds. CSISA research results show that the integration of new classes of safe and effective herbicides with other cultural practices, supported by hand and mechanical weeding, resulted in up to 25 and 29 percent increase in grain yields in Odisha and Bihar, respectively, for transplanted rice and a reduction in weed control costs compared to farmers’ current practices. This method of integrated weed management (IWM) addresses labor bottlenecks in intensive rice-based systems and is also an important enabling factor for the adoption of sustainable intensification technologies such as direct-seeded rice and zero-tillage wheat.
“Most rice farming in South Asia is subject to water shortages, imbalanced fertilizer use and increased frequency of extreme weather, which allow complex weed flora to dominate and weeds to triumph in the face of crop–weed competition. We’re trying to move from conventional to new systems, to reduced water consumption and tillage. Naturally, this means we’re going to see even more weeds,” said Kumar, who also leads CSISA’s work on IWM. By undertaking collaborative applied research and creating business intelligence with national agricultural research and extension systems and private sector partners, CSISA hopes to help build a critical mass of IWM adopters in these regions. CSISA is working on demonstrating the efficacy of new molecule combinations for the control of complex weed flora, facilitating market development of new molecule combinations, and on promoting other non-chemical options such as dust mulching, fallows management, better land preparation, cropping system intensification and mechanical weeding.
In Bangladesh, by partnering with the Agricultural Input Retailers Network, CSISA has leveraged an existing platform of private sector agricultural input dealers to ensure its practical lessons on implementing IWM reach nearly 25,000 farmers this year alone. Approximately 800 input dealers underwent training on IWM conducted jointly by CSISA, Bangladesh Department of Agricultural Extension and Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute. Sajedul Islam, an agricultural input dealer from Jhenaidah district, said, “The method of calibrating the herbicide sprayer is a new and useful aspect of herbicide use, which I have learned from this training. I am now capable of doing the calibration myself and shall be able to pass this knowledge to farmers, which will help reduce their risk from improper herbicide use.” The other participants, like Islam, are naturally motivated to help disseminate these lessons to a much larger audience since it would directly benefit their businesses.
CSISA is working to create a similar network in India as well. A consultation organized in Odisha in January, for example, brought together representatives of major herbicide companies, research organizations, sprayer manufacturers, NGOs, dealers/retailers and service providers. By providing these organizations a common platform to share their knowledge and pool their resources, CSISA hopes to build a robust platform that will ensure its message on IWM reaches farmers quickly.
This article is authored by Anurag Ajay, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, CIMMYT-India and M. Shahidul Haque Khan, Communications Officer, CIMMYT-Bangladesh.
*Mamun, A. A. 1990. Weeds and their control: A review of weed research in Bangladesh. Agricultural and Rural Development in Bangladesh. Japan Intl. Co-operation Agency, Dhaka, Bangladesh. JSARD. 19: 45-72.
*Mamun, A.A., S.M.R. Karim., M. Behum., M.I. Uddin., and M.A. Rahman. 1993. Weed survey in different crops under three agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh. BAURESS Prog. Report. 8: 41-51.
*Mamun, M.A.A., R. Shultana., M.M. Rana., and A.J. Mridha. 2013. Economic threshold density of multi species weed for direct seeded rice. Asian J. Agril. Rural Develo. 8: 523-531.
*Mazid, M.A., M.A. Jabbar., C.R. Riches., E.J.Z. Robinson., M. Mortimer., and L.J. Wade. 2001. Weed management implications of introducing dry-seeding of rice in the Barind Tract of Bangladesh. In: Brighton Crop Protection Conference, 13–15 November 2001. 211–216 pp.
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GOWER, Sir ERASMUS, naval officer and governor of Newfoundland; b. 3 Dec. 1742 near Cilgerran, Wales, eldest of 19 children of Abel Gower of Glanafon and Letitia Lewes; d. unmarried 21 June 1814 in Hambledon, Hampshire, England.
Erasmus Gower entered the Royal Navy in 1755 under the care of his uncle, Captain John Donkley. His service was extensive and varied. Between 1764 and 1766 he was on the Dolphin during the round-the world voyage of Commodore John Byron*, and in the latter year was promoted lieutenant. In March 1770 he was shipwrecked on the coast of Patagonia (Argentina), and reached the Falkland Islands only to be expelled by a Spanish force. During the American revolution he saw service in both the West and the East Indies and in January 1783, while in command of the frigate Medea, captured the Dutch East Indiaman Vrijheid at Cuddalore (India). Between 1786 and 1789 he was flag-captain to Commodore John Elliot on the Newfoundland station, and in 1792 he was knighted prior to his taking out to China, in the Lion, a British embassy under Lord Macartney. He also served under Sir William Cornwallis in an action off the French coast in 1795 and was present at the mutiny at the Nore in 1797. Although his British-biographies note that he held no “active employment” after his promotion to rear-admiral of the white in February 1799, his greatest service to Canada began with his promotion to vice-admiral of the white and his appointment as governor of Newfoundland in the spring of 1804.
Gower arrived at St John’s on 20 July 1804 and for the next three years followed the usual pattern of Newfoundland governors by remaining on the island over the summer and then returning to England in the autumn with the fishing fleet. The obvious care which he applied to the day-to-day administration of the island is exemplified in his meticulous annual returns of shipping and fishery statistics, to which he appended lengthy explanatory observations. Although he was greatly concerned with the defence of St John’s, much of his attention was concentrated on administration, in the long term, of all Newfoundland, which by the time of his tenure was clearly a year-round settlement, a “colonized” place. His earlier service there gave him a perspective on the changes which had occurred as the fishery altered from one with a large proportion of its vessels migrating seasonally from Britain into a sedentary one. Governor James Gambier*, Gower’s predecessor, who had also recognized these realities, had suggested the appointment of a permanent government secretary, the establishment of Protestant schools, the construction and rebuilding of jails, and the leasing of disused properties still reserved for the migratory fishing ships in acknowledgement of the changed conditions.
Gower agreed with Gambier’s measures, strengthened them, and extended them – no small feat in the tangle of approvals and entrenched policies then part of Newfoundland government. He retained Gambier’s secretary and pointed out persistently the importance of a permanent secretary to provide continuity. He worked diligently for a fair judicial system and adequate remuneration for its officials, reorganized their offices, and, to replace a system in which magistrates and clerks were paid directly from what they could collect, allocated fines and fees to a general fund from which commensurate salaries could be paid. He also took the charitable fund that had been started by Governor William Waldegrave and supported by his two successors, Sir Charles Morice Pole and Gambier, and built it into a society for improving the condition of the poor. The society provided for both the relief of the indigent and the instruction of children of both sexes in morality, reading, and practical skills. This latter development quickly resulted in the establishment of a large school building and an enrolment of 150 pupils. The institution had political and governmental importance as well, for the Roman Catholics had been more active than the Protestants in providing schooling. Gower did not hesitate to recommend that the government continue funding this educational effort. He emphasized government support for the Church of England in a number of ways, and he also strongly supported the attempt to obtain a salary and pension for the Roman Catholic bishop in Newfoundland, James Louis O’Donel, in recognition of his work with the “labouring class,” which had through his efforts remained loyal and peaceful in the nervous times of the Napoleonic Wars.
In a settlement that was growing, and in new directions, Gower recognized the importance of property and land for the support of the fishery and trade, for agriculture, and for housing. The ships’ rooms in St John’s, places on the harbour traditionally reserved for seasonal fishing vessels which arrived early from Britain, were no longer so used. Gambier had begun a quiet general survey of them; Gower extended the survey to much of the island and developed a policy to allow their being leased from the crown. To meet a pressing demand for agricultural land at St John’s, Gower, again following Gambier’s lead, made available on 21-year leases land back from the 200-yard strip traditionally reserved for fishery use, and by the end of 1805 this amounted to more than 300 acres. On the line of the 200-yard limit he laid out a street with house lots on its inland side. Rents from all these lands went for the support of the programs of the civil establishment and the Church of England.
Nevertheless, the official British attitude was still that Newfoundland should not become a colony. One of the main reasons was that the migratory ship fishery was seen as necessary to the continuance of the Newfoundland trade and as a training ground for the Royal Navy. Gower, however, compared the statistics of 1787–89, years of a peak in the Grand Banks fishery, with those for 1805 and showed that, although the migratory fishery had fallen away to little, shipping to and from the island in the latter year came close to employing the same number of men as had been engaged in the earlier period. A further official policy was that Newfoundland should rely on Britain for its supplies. Gower pointed out that the Newfoundland fishery had to remain competitive; otherwise it could not continue as a British exchange earner or as a “Nursery of Seamen.” If it were to be able to compete with the New England fishery it had to have a much freer hand in importing supplies from the cheapest market, and its people had to have the clear right to possess land and to grow more of their own food. Gower’s attitude to his instruction regarding the islanders’ clouded property rights illustrates the tenor of much of his three years of Newfoundland administration: “Conceiving it therefore to be impracticable, I should recommend it to be rescinded, or so altered as to recognize the existing customs, and thereby relieve the Governor from the embarrassment of holding an Instruction contrary to the nature and interest of the object which it is his duty to promote, and give confidence and encouragement to those who adventure in it.”
Gower left Newfoundland for the last time on 25 Oct. 1806, and his successor John Holloway* was appointed the following spring. He saw no further service, but was promoted admiral of the white on 31 July 1810.
PRO, CO 194/44: ff.3–3v, 5–8, 16, 17–47, 59, 62vff., 75v, 81, 113–16, 155–63v, 170, 201–5, 256v, 258v, 259–59v; 194/45: ff.14–16v, 26–27, 28v–32v, 34–39, 59–60, 78–81, 82–82v, 84–84v, 96–97, 107–8, 119–22, 129–34, 201–2, 233–35, 263–65v, 332–34. Gentleman’s Magazine, January-June 1814: 702; July–December 1814: 289–90. “Biographical memoir of Sir Erasmus Gower, knight,” Naval Chronicle, 4 (July–December 1800): 257–89; “Additional biographical memoir of Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower,” Naval Chronicle, 30 (July–December 1813): 265–301. DNB.
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the Fifth Week of Lent
The 1901 Jewish Encyclopedia
Rules governing intercourse in polite society. Such rules are supposed by the Rabbis to have been laid down by the Bible itself. Moses modestly uses the plural in saying to Joshua, "Choose for us men and go fight with Amalek" (Exodus 17:9, Hebr.), though he referred only to himself. The obeisance of Abraham as he "bowed himself toward the ground" and said to each of his visitors, "My lord, if now I have found favor in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant," is a form of Oriental politeness, and is recorded as a model of address even when coming from a greater man to one who occupies a lesser station (Genesis 18:2-3). The gallantry displayed by Eliezer toward Rebekah, by Jacob toward Rachel, and by Moses to the daughters of Jethro are instances of respectful behavior toward women. The appeal of Abigail to David is an example of courtly address (1 Samuel 25), as is also that of the "wise woman" of Tekoah (2 Samuel 14). The suavity of Queen Esther toward Ahasuerus in her desire to counteract the influence of Haman (Esther 5) is also distinguished by good breeding. The command is given to rise before the aged and to honor the elder (Leviticus 19:32). When a rabbi enters the bet ha-midrash or synagogue it is customary for the congregation to rise until he occupies his seat. For reverence to parents see see HONOR and PARENTS.
In rabbinical literature the term "derek ereẓ" (the way of the world) comprises among other things etiquette, that is, good breeding, dignified behavior, urbanity, and politeness. A general rule is laid down by R. Eliezer: "One from whose mouth the words of the Torah do not pass can not conduct himself according to the rules of etiquette" (Kallah, ed. Coronel, 1b, Vienna, 1864).
An introduction is necessary before dining with a stranger, or sitting in judgment, or affixing a signature with another witness to a document (Sanh. 23a; comp. Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa ).
A person to be spoken to must first be called by his name; even the Lord first "called" unto Moses and then "spake" unto him (Yoma 4b). But a parent or a teacher must not be called by name. Gehazi was visited with leprosy for naming Elisha (Sanh. 100a; comp. 2 Kings 8:5). The principle "ladies first" has Biblical authority according to the Rabbis. The most important message of Moses to prepare the Israelites for the reception of the Torah on Mount Sinai was addressed first to the women and then to the men ("Thus shalt thou say to the house of Jacob [women], and tell the children of Israel [men]": Exodus 19:3, according to Mekilta, ib. 2 [ed. Friedmann, p. 62b]).
Modes of Address.
Written communications usually begin "With the help of God," giving the week-day, day of the month, and year from Creation. Letters are addressed in the choicest terms of endearment, honor, or respect. Religious questions were sent to Hai Gaon addressed "our lord"; a letter to a representative rabbi styled him "the king among the rabbis," "the prince in Israel," "the commander in Law," "the famous governor," or "the great light." To women were applied such forms as "to the virtuous woman"; "the crown of her husband"; "blessed shall she be above the women of the tent" (Judges 5:24; Titles). The personal name generally follows the titles, even in case of a parent or a teacher. After the name is added "may his light ever shine" or "long may he live."
Letters written in the third person became the proper form in the eighteenth century among the German Jews. The addressee is referred to as "his highness," "his honor," or "the honor of his learning." The communication concludes with an expression of affection and respect, and a wish for the addressee's good health, peace, and prosperity. A rabbinic signature is sometimes preceded with the words "the little" or "who rests here among the holy congregation." A letter of introduction begins with "The deliverer of this writing" (). One must be careful not to blot his writing, and should answer his correspondents promptly ("Reshit Ḥokmah," ed. Constantinople, 1736, p. 300a).
Regular visiting was not generally indulged in except in the case of some worthy object; but it was a duty to visit the sick and to console the bereaved. The Rabbis visited one another very often for the purpose of learning. The custom of visiting the prophet on every new moon, or even on every Sabbath, is adduced from the question asked the Shunammite (2 Kings 4:23). Hence a scholar should visit his teacher every holiday (R. H. 16b). Johanan, when he visited his master R. Ḥanina, usedto make a stir (by ringing a bell) before he entered, in compliance with the Scriptural injunction, "his sound shall be heard when he goeth in unto the holy place" (Exodus 28:35; Lev. R.; see Rashi to Ps. 112a). The answer "yes" to a knock on the door does not mean "enter," but "wait" (B. Ḳ. 33a). Ben Sira is quoted in the Talmud as saying, "One must not suddenly enter his neighbor's house"; to which R. Johanan added, "not even his own house" (Niddah 16b; comp. Ecclus. [Sirach] 21:22).
There are numerous regulations for etiquette at meals. Moses fixed the hours for dinner and breakfast: "This shall be when the Lord shall give you in the evening flesh to eat, and in the morning bread to the full" (Exodus 16:8; Yoma 75b). One who eats in the street is like a dog, and some say is incapacitated as a witness (Ḳid. 40b). One shall not bite off a piece of bread and offer the rest to his neighbor, nor offer his neighbor a drink from the cup from which he has drunk first. Not even shall a teacher let his pupil drink water out of the vessel which has just been touched by his own lips, until he has spilled some of the water from the top (Tamid 27b).
Anything that causes expectoration or an odor should not be eaten in company (Ket. 40a). Once Rabbi ha-Nasi, lecturing before his disciples, smelled garlic and requested the offender to leave. R. Ḥiyya, however, rather than put the transgressor to shame, caused the session to be suspended (Sanh. 11a). Etiquette prohibits eating the last morsel on the table or platter, but the pot may be emptied (ib. 92a; 'Er. 53b). Ben Sira teaches to "Eat as becometh a man. . . . And eat not greedily. . . . Be first to leave off for manners' sake; . . . and if thou sittest among many, reach not out thy hand before them" (Ecclus. [Sirach] 31:16-18).
Invitations, as to a feast, were extended to even slight acquaintances by special messengers. In some instances the messenger mistook the name and called on the wrong person. Thus Bar Kamẓa was mistaken for Kamẓa, which error, it is claimed in the Talmud, was the original cause of the destruction of Jerusalem (Giṭ. 55b). In later times the beadle acted as the messenger, and usually invited every member of the congregation. The evil effect of such wholesale receptions was to make entertainment very expensive. The congregation of the expelled Spanish Jews (1492) who settled in Fez adopted in 1613 stringent measures to check excessive feasting ("Kerem Ḥamar, § 94, Leghorn, 1169), "One guest must not invite another" (B. B. 98b; Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa; comp. Ben Sira ).
The custom of appointing one as the head of a feast (probably as toast-master) is mentioned by Ben Sira: "Have they made thee ruler of a feast? Be not lifted up; be thou among them as one of them" (Ecclus. in [Sirach] 32:1). The guests drank wine to one another's health. "Wine and health to the lips of the rabbis and their disciples" was the formula of the toast for rabbis; in ordinary gatherings, "Le-ḥayyim" (To your health). After saying grace, toasts were given in honor of the host, his parents, wife, and children, or on other occasions in honor of the bride and groom or the "ba'al berit," always beginning with "The Merciful shall bless the host," etc. A person who drains his cup in one draft is a glutton; in three drafts, a cad; the proper way is to take it in two (Beẓah 25b).
Personal appearance is of vital importance: "Cleanliness promotes holiness" ('Ab. Zarah 20b). The washing of the hands before and after meals, bathing for the Sabbath and the holidays, the paring of the nails on Friday, and hair-cutting once a month are part of Jewish etiquette. When bathing, one must not dive or plunge into the bath (Kallah, ed. Coronel, 18b). For other rules of etiquette in the bathing-place see Derek Ereẓ,
Women must not ride astride like men, except in cases of emergency or from the fear of falling off (Pes. 3a).
Artificial beautifying of the person by means of hair-dye is restricted to women. Garments distinctive of one sex must not be worn by the other (Deuteronomy 22:5).
R. Johanan called his garments "my honor." The priest was ordered to change his garments when removing the ashes from the altar (Leviticus 6:4). Thus, says R. Ishmael, the Torah taught as a lesson in etiquette, that the servant waiting at the table should not wear the garments in which he did the cooking (Sanh. 94a). The Sabbath garment must be distinguished from every-day apparel (Shab. 113a). A scholar whose garment is soiled by grease almost deserves death, as he disgraces the honor of the Law (ib. 114a). "This cleanliness in person and speech . . . was a direct consequence of the religion. . . . Cleanly habits were in fact codified . . . the medieval code-books of the Jewish religion contain a systematized scheme of etiquette, of cleanly custom, and of good taste" (Abraham, "Jewish Life in the Middle Ages," p. 16).
In matrimony the man, not the woman, shall propose, as it is written "if any man take a wife" (Deuteronomy 22:13). The Talmud declares that since usually the one who loses an article looks for it, the man must look for his lost rib (Ḳid. 2b). The bride is accompanied by a chaperon, who brings her and introduces her to the groom under the canopy, as "the Lord God . . . brought her [Eve] unto the man" (Genesis 2:22; Ber. 61a).
Another rule in etiquette demands the use of euphemisms: "Keep aloof from what is ugly and whatever resembles it" (Ḥul. 44b: comp. Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa ). R. Joshua b. Levi said: "Never use an indecent expression, even if you have to employ many more words to complete the sentence." Noah was ordered to provide the ark with clean beasts and with "beasts that are not clean" (Genesis 7:2), a long negative being used in preference to a short positive expression of "contamination" (Pes. 3a). Otherwise conversations should be precise and concise, especially when speaking to a woman (Ab. 1:5; 'Er 53b). See Euphemisms; Greetings; PRECEDENCE.
- Derek Ereẓ R.;
- Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa;
- Maimonides, Yad, De'ot;
- Caro, Shulḥan 'Aruk, Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 169-183;
- Yoreh De'ah, 240, 241, 335;
- De Vidas, Reshit Ḥokmah, Derek Ereẓ, pp. 282b-283a, ed. Constantinople, 1736;
- Löw, Ben Chananja;
- Die Etiquette der Thal. Zeit, 66, 167, 210, 258;
- Kurrein, Der Umgang mit Menschen, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1896;
- Schiefer, Mehallekim 'im Anashim, an adaptation of Knigge, Warsaw, 1866:
- Andree, Volkskunde der Juden, ch. , Leipsic, 1881;
- Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, pp. 16, 123-126, 330;
- Eisenstein, Code of Life, part , ch.;
- Briskin, Taw Yehoshua', part , Warsaw, 1895.
These files are public domain.
Singer, Isidore, Ph.D, Projector and Managing Editor. Entry for 'Etiquette'. 1901 The Jewish Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tje/e/etiquette.html. 1901.
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In the last couple of years I have had had the pleasure of working with both the Future Food Institute (Italy) and the Global Footprint Network on advancing sustainability initiatives to mitigate climate change — chiefly by scaling food waste reduction efforts globally. The work of these organizations is both incredibly exciting and important. As part of my work with the Future Food Institute (FFI), I wrote the Foreword to one of the books (Scaling Sustainability and Circular Systems) produced by FFI’s innovative Food Innovation Program. On recent reflection, particularly in light of GFN’s announcement of Earth Overshoot Day, I thought it was worth posting that piece here, as more and more, it’s evident that global actions to advance the Sustainable Development Goals must be accelerated, driven by the knowledge that we only have one planet. Content from that piece is below:
“There is no Planet B.” Such a simple statement that we now hear often. And yet so profound in what it implies – both in terms of the scale of what humanity must quickly achieve to ensure that Planet A, our only world, meets our food, water, energy and environmental needs – and in terms of the consequences if we fail to do so.
Quite simply, mankind must operate within planetary boundaries, but we are currently well off the mark. The Global FootPrint Network notes that humanity’s demand for Nature’s services (our ecological footprint) is exceeding the Earth’s biocapacity (the annual supply of those services) by 1.7 planets. We are “overshooting” the Earth’s ability to regenerate the resources that the global population requires each year, and the overshoot rate is increasing. A rising middle class in the developing world will place even further strain on biocapacity, particularly as demand for animal protein increases. The trajectory of continued overshoot is unsustainable; something must give.
We are receiving many powerful signals from our planet – prolonged droughts, ravaging fires, melting glaciers, warmer temperatures, species decline, declining freshwater supplies, and plastics-filled oceans, to name a few. The Earth, our Planet A, is telling us something.
Many of these signals are the result of the global food system – arguably the most important, and most destructive, system on the planet. Our food system is vastly inefficient – losses and waste are estimated at 30-50% of global production – between one and two billion tons annually. In the developing world, losses stem from a lack of efficient transportation and storage infrastructure, along with insufficient knowledge and technology transfer. In the developed world, excessive waste of food occurs due to myriad factors. Food surrounds us, it is available everywhere, at all times. It is viewed as relatively inexpensive (i.e. cheap), and therefore easily replaceable. Disposal is easy, and deeply engrained in consumer and retail mindsets. Consumers are conditioned to seek cosmetically “perfect” produce, leading to a system that discards anything else. Date labels confuse consumers, leading to a “when in doubt, throw it out” mindset.
All of these factors stem from a culture of abundance that has evolved around food with great speed in recent decades. We are more disengaged from our food than ever, and it comes too easily to us. As a result, we no longer value it properly. That lack of valuation perpetuates a cycle of overproduction and disposal, emanating from linear, “take-make-waste” processes which do not properly account for environmental externalities.
As a result, our food system is consuming freshwater supplies, creating significant greenhouse gas emissions, depleting soils, driving deforestation, reducing biodiversity, increasing ocean acidification, and contaminating our water supplies with toxic runoff and plastics. And while we are producing enough food to feed the world, over 800 million remain hungry, billions lack proper nutrition, obesity rates are excessive, and considerable inequity persists. Ultimately, inadequate food security is a direct threat to global security.
Clearly we need to transition to a new food system, one which addresses the above challenges and can successfully feed two billion additional citizens by 2050 in a sustainable manner — without extreme environmental harm, and without broad inequity. That transition requires that we scale sustainable initiatives, and that we move from linear take-make-waste systems to regenerative circular systems, where the outputs of one system become the inputs of another. We need to bring urgency to this transition, and we will need to do so in an increasingly urban world.
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals provide an audacious framework to improve the lives of all global citizens by 2030. Food, and by extension food waste, underpins all of them. Food waste is central and critical; by achieving a 50% reduction in food waste by 2030 in accordance with Target 12.3 we can drive huge gains in poverty and hunger reduction, improve health, increase access to clean water and affordable energy, reduce inequality, reduce pollution on land and in oceans, and more. By preventing food waste through source reduction, for example, we prevent the waste of all associated resource inputs and free those resources for other productive uses. And we minimize pollutive impacts, for by eliminating the production of wasted food, we eliminate packaging materials that otherwise largely flow to landfills or oceans. Similarly, by shifting to circular production systems where excess food is redirected to feed people and/or animals or utilized to produce energy or compost, we minimize waste and environmental externalities.
Notably, by scaling sustainability initiatives and expanding circular production processes to reduce food waste, we gain a significant multiplier effect which advances progress toward the other SDGs as well.
Achieving this transition will require many components – including continued awareness raising, education, deep culture change to properly value food, collaboration and partnerships, and especially innovation. It will also require a shift to long-term thinking, with a concern for future generations, as well as a systems focus in which we consider food, water, energy, and environmental issues together. Quite simply, we must de-normalize food waste and normalize food waste reduction behavior at global scale.
We will also need to harness the power of individuals, and the power of stories. Individuals must reconnect with their food, properly value it, observe and wrestle with food system challenges, and become change-drivers and innovators for food waste reduction and circular food systems. The students of the Global Mission Program have done just that, studying food system challenges and developing stories through observations of innovation in food hubs across the world. Their experiences are preparing them to be food system change-makers.
We are at a pivotal point with a chance, an obligation, really, to set a new course for the planet – a course which will determine the course of humanity. The linear take-make-waste model of food production and excess waste has no place in that future. We really have little choice but to embrace a circular model, and everyone should be involved in the transition, for everyone is a stakeholder in the global food system.
And because there is no Planet B.
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://foodforthoughtfulaction.com/2019/05/31/there-is-no-planet-b/
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en
| 0.941727 | 1,455 | 3 | 3 |
What are cookies?
A cookie is a file that is downloaded to your computer when you access certain websites. Cookies enable a website, among other things, to store and retrieve information about the browsing habits of a user or their computer and depending on the information that they contain and the way in which the computer is used, cookies can be used for user recognition. What type of Cookies does this website use?
- Types of cookies managed by the entity:
- First party cookies: Cookies sent to the user’s technical equipment from a device or domain managed by the publisher and from which the service requested by the user is provided.
- Third party cookies: Cookies sent to the user’s technical equipment from a device or domain that is not managed by the publisher, but rather by another entity which processes the data obtained through cookies.
- Based on the amount of time they remain activated
Depending on the time they remain activated in the technical equipment, we can distinguish between:
- Session cookies: Cookies designed to gather and store information during a user’s browsing session. They are usually used to store information useful only to provide the service requested by the user in a single session (such as a list of products acquired).
- Persistent Cookies: Cookies in which the data is stored in the technical equipment and can be accessed and treated for a period defined by the party responsible for the cookie, which can range from a few minutes to several years.
- Cookies based on purpose
- Technical cookies: Technical cookies allow the user to browse through a website, platform or application and use the different options or services which exist within it, such as, for example, controlling traffic and data communication, identifying the session, accessing restricted areas, remembering elements which are a part of an order, completing the purchasing process of an order, carrying out a request for subscription or participating of an event, using security elements during browsing, saving content for the divulging of video or audio or sharing content through social networks.
- Analysis cookies: Analysis cookies enable us to monitor and analyze user behaviour on the websites they are linked to. The information collected through these types of cookies is used for measuring the activity of the websites, application or platform and to create a browsing profile for the website, application or platform users in order to introduce improvements depending on the analysis of data regarding the use the users make of the service. Pueden ser propias pero también de terceros.
The following link shows all the types of existing cookies: Application Guide Cookies
How to edit the configuration of cookies in your browser
Users can configure their browsers according to their preferences, in such a way that they disable or block the reception of all or some of the cookies.
The way in which the different browsers are configured can be found at:
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| 0.925385 | 573 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Atkins diet foods are many and varied, so much so that many people are surprised at just how many different kinds of foods are allowed on the Atkins Diet Food Plan for Induction.
You still have the responsibility to select appropriately and double check the actual carb content of different foods, but you will quickly learn just how varied and interesting a low carb lifestyle can be.
Eating bottomless plates of fatty sausage, bacon and eggs while slashing whole grain, fruit and vegetable consumption defies all nutrition logic.
The two-thirds of Americans who are overweight, would do well following the most effective method of healthy lifelong weight management:
Eating a diet plan based on complex carbohydrates such as vegetables, fruits and whole grains, moderate in protein and relatively low in fat. It's a balance you need, not going to extremes by cutting out all carbohydrates.
Atkins diet foods are much more than individual foods. They can be combined in many ways to create tasty and interesting meals, but even the most dedicated low carb follower could get tired of the same old thing.
The best way to keep your low carb meals interesting is to seek out a variety of meal plans Atkins diet.
Since the human body typically uses carbohydrates as a primary source of energy for the body's basic functions, ideally a diet that is low in carbohydrates will cause the body to look elsewhere for a source of energy.
With restrictions placed on the consumption of carbohydrates, the body has no choice but to metabolize fats to produce energy. The process by which the body metabolizes fats to produce energy is known as ketosis.
To maintain ketosis and keep the body burning fats, individuals who are taking part in the Atkins diet need to be careful about the food they consume during their daily meals.
Low carb foods are those that have low enough levels of carbohydrates that they are considered Atkins diet foods. In general, meats, poultry, fish, leafy green vegetables, eggs and butter form the core assortment of your low carb food choices.
Some cheeses and other dairy products are relatively low carb but typically are not allowed in huge quantities while on the Atkins diet food plan.
Remember, though, a food which is high in carbs but also high in fiber can be eaten as part of a low carb lifestyle because the goal is to keep net carbs low, not just carbs as a whole. Make sure you read the labels of the foods you buy to determine the net carbs, and consider carrying a pocket sized carb counter with you to double check the net carb counts in fresh foods.
As the Atkins diet plan exploded in popularity over the last few years, many food producers have tried to get in on the phenomenon by promoting their products as low carb. The problem is, though, that many of these foods are not really low carb.
With the exceptions of certified Atkins foods, you should never just believe the large print on the front that says low carb. Always, always read the nutrition label and confirm for yourself whether or not the food is really low carb.
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http://www.free-atkins-diet.com/Atkins-diet-foods.html
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The Serpae tetra (Hyphessobrycon eques) is a small and popular tetra known for its propensity to nip at other fish, especially those with long, flowing fins. It is native to waterways of Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay with stark colors. It gets its name from the Amazonian village of Serpa. Its genus is from the Greek, hyphesson, which means "a little smaller" and bryko "to bite."
The Serpae tetra is easy to keep in a community tank that doesn't include fish with long and flowing tails, such as angelfish and guppies because the Serpae tetra is fairly fast and enjoys nipping at the fins of other fish, including other Serpae tetra. It is ideal in groups of six with plenty of plants. Because the Serpae tetra is fast for its size, ensure that bottom dwelling fish get adequate food as Serpae's are fast eaters and can devour most floating foods before others get a chance to eat.
Serpae tetras are fairly easy to keep. They are not a demanding fish and are adaptable to many environments. Their pH water requirements are wide ranging, from 5.0 to 7.8.
The Serpae tetra is a small fish at about 1.5 inches in length. It exhibits body colors that range from brick red to deep red. They can also exhibit very black dorsal fins often with a tinge of white at the edge. A black spot exists behind the gillplate. The tailfins are often red or a deep orange, but can also include a streak of clear flesh at the edges. Eyes are black. Colors are very pronounced. It is a very beautiful and fast fish.
The fish is found in Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. It resides primarily in calm waters that are heavily vegetated. It can also be found in the black waters of the Amazon.
Ideally the Serpae tetra does best in schools of six or more. It occupies the middle portion of the water column and can be a fast moving fish. Because it has a propensity to be a fin nipper, it is best kept with tankmates that do not have long and flowing fins. More timid fish, such as corydoras can also be susceptible to the Serpae tetra's sometimes agressive behavior.
The Serpae Tetra is ideal in heavily planted aquariums that mimic their natural environment. A two foot long aquarium or longer is ideal with adequate filtration. A 20 gallon aquarium is an ideal minimum Because the Serpae tetra is a calm water fish, devices such as powerheads are unnecessary. Water changes of 25 percent per week are ideal for the healthiest of fish. Ideal water conditions are pH of 5.0 to 7.8 and a water temperature range of 72-78 degrees Farenheit.
The Serpae tetra is a hardy fish that needs minimal care. The fish is small at only 1.5 inches and ideally is best kept in a small school of six. In smaller schools, the Serpae tetra can be aggresive to each other until a weaker fish is found. That fish will then be picked on.
Most Serpae tetra come from fish farms in the far east. They can be bred in captivity. The fish should be well fed prior to breeding. Aquarium plants, especially floating plants that help to shield the light is preferable. Water should be soft and slightly acidic. Once the eggs are laid, both adults should immediately be removed from the tank as the adults will eat the eggs.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.fishchannel.com/fish-species/freshwater-profiles/serpae-tetra-2.aspx
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| 0.959593 | 754 | 2.90625 | 3 |
in the case of the child, they will be more playful and they will be more active too. but the talents which were in build them will be coming out only if they perform some activities. those activities cannot be performed in our homes. in such a case only preschools come into existence. they will evaluate the skills of the child and they train them with separate care. some of the children will be more mischievous and so they need special attention in their childhood itself. it has been made with proper attention from these teachers. the talents in the child will differ from one child to another. if they are given an opportunity means they will prove their talents. the constant workings have been made for the development of the child is made at . some of the children will seem to ruder. that child will be closely watched by the teachers and they will be get mingled with the other child. this will create a friendly mindset among children.
Study programs have undergone for childcare
there are some interesting study programs will be undergone for the childcare and it has been discussed as follows
- The challenging and innovative tasks have been given to the child to make them physically strong.
- The listening skills of the child will be noticed and it has been worked on by the teachers.
- The basic knowledge about their mother tongue language will be taught at these levels.
- In this stage, the child will be easy to grasps the language easily.
- The topmost activities with a worldwide standard have been provided at .
- The mathematical and analytical skills have been developed at this stage.
- The problem solving and recognizing the details has been noticed and it has strongly worked on by this teacher to the children.
- The historical information and the knowledge about the sculptures have been shown as a pictorial representation to the children.
- The scientifical inventions and their positive feedbacks have been taught to the children.
- Nature related places have been shown to them and it makes them feel more pleasant.
- The feelings of the child will grow at this age and so the teachers will tell them about different emotions.
- Those emotions will be carried out throughout their life.
- The children will be plays outdoor mostly and so if they play they may fall.
- In such cases, the teachers will be keen to watch them and also they will be made to play in grasses and so they won’t get any wounds.
- The healthy child will grow only if they play well in the ground.
- This will be making their minds more strong to handle any problems in the future.
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http://www.louxiuhuan.com/education/preschools-groom-the-talents-of-the-child-at-their-initial-stages.html
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| 0.973502 | 529 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Skara Brae facts!
Discover one of Britain’s most incredible pre-historic villages…
Calling all budding young historians! Prepare for an exciting journey back in time – way back in time that is. Because we’re off to a village built over 5,000 years ago! Ready? Then check out our super-cool Skara Brae facts…
What is Skara Brae?
Found on the Orkney Islands off the north of Scotland, Skara Brae is a one of Britain’s most fascinating prehistoric villages. Archeologists estimate it was built and occupied between 3000BCE and 2500BCE, during what’s called the ‘Neolithic era’ or ‘New Stone Age’. The village is older than the pyramids and Stonehenge, in fact!
Why is Skara Brae important?
Skara Brae is one of the best preserved Neolithic settlements anywhere in Western Europe – which makes it a super-special find for archeologists. The amazing artefacts discovered at this incredible site give us an insight into what life was like in Britain during that time. They can teach us how the Neolithic people built their homes, as well as the work they did, the tools they used, the food they ate and much, much more!
Skara Brae houses
If you visit Skara Brae today, you’ll see a collection of super-cool prehistoric, circular houses, built from slabs of stone. Supported by 2.4m walls, the houses consist of one single room, and are connected together by covered passageways.
Today, the homes are open to the air, but historians think they would once have had roofs made from turf, thatched seaweed or straw. And the really cool bit? Even the furniture has stood the test of time! Made from sturdy stone, the homes’ beds, dressers, shelves and hearths (base of the fireplace) remain to this day. How cool is that?!
The people of Skara Brae
Tools, crop remains and bones found at Skara Brae show the villagers weren’t only skilled hunters and fishermen — they were expert farmers, too! They grew crops such as wheat and barley, and reared sheep, cattle and pigs. They were some of Britain’s first ever farmers, in fact. Before the Neolithic period, people only hunted wild animals, and gathered wild fruit and vegetables to eat. Impressive claim to fame, eh?
Since no weapons have been found at Skara Brae, historians believe it was home to a peaceful community. But what archeologists have discovered is jewellery, needles, buttons, ornaments, well crafted pottery and dice, suggesting they were creative people who appreciated beauty – and enjoyed playing games, too!
When was Skara Brae rediscovered?
For centuries, Skara Brae was covered by a huge sand dune on the shore of the Bay of Skaill on the Orkney Islands. It remained hidden there until a huge storm hit the island in 1850, blowing away the sand, earth and plants, and exposing the village to the outside world once again. Then, in the 1860s, a team of archaeologists led by a man called William Watt, got to digging and uncovered four buildings. Years later in 1926, another storm hit the island, leading to further excavations which revealed more of the village’s houses and artefacts.
What happened to Skara Brae?
The settlement of Skara Brae was abandoned around 2500BC – but the reason why still remains a mystery! One theory is that a huge sandstorm hit the village, forcing the inhabitants to flee quickly and leave their belongings behind. But more recent research suggests that the process may well have been more gradual. It’s likely that people decided to relocate to more productive lands, and live on their own independent farms rather than in a communal settlement.
Together with surrounding Neolithic stone monuments, in 1999 Skara Brae was named a World Heritage Site. And whilst people may no longer call this fascinating village “home”, it attracts thousands of visitors every year who seek an exciting journey back in time!
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.natgeokids.com/au/discover/history/general-history/skara-brae/
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| 0.969671 | 872 | 3.15625 | 3 |
ThyssenKrupp in Andernach, Germany is the world’s largest production site for the packaging and production of chromium-coated blackplate. The packaging steel produced by ThyssenKrupp Rasselstein is eventually transformed into cans for food, beverages, aerosols, paints and much more. The company employs approximately 2,400 workers and produces around 1.5 million tons of packaging steel each year.
The exhaust air that is produced from ThyssenKrupp’s production of chromium-coated blackplates is treated prior to its release into the environment in an effort to prevent the release of harmful pollutant emissions. As the limit value for chromium(VI) in exhaust air in Germany is 50 μg/m3, ThyssenKrupp continually works to ensure their compliance with these federal regulations.
In an effort to do so, ThyssenKrupp has recently utilized a fully automated online measurement program that enables the company to optimize their emission content analysis to minimize any possible emissions containing heavy metal concentrations.
Monitoring Chromium(VI) Emissions
In addition to complying with Germany’s regulations on chromium(VI) emissions, the exhaust air released from the chrome coating plant at ThyssenKrupp's Andernach location is also regularly subjected to regulatory inspections regarding its chromium(VI) content.
Sampling of emissions for chromium(VI) concentrations is first conducted by a sampling probe that is used to suction exhaust air from the plant's chimney. Particles are then separated using a filter element. The sample is then sent to an accredited laboratory where the filter residue is eluted and mixed with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide to form an optically active complex with Cr(VI). The formation of this complex enables its determination by photometric analysis, in which results of the analysis are provided to ThyssenKrupp within 2 to 4 weeks after the initial sampling has been conducted.
It is important to note that this type of sampling measurement only provides an integrated value of the Cr(VI) content across the long sampling period. From this value, regulatory officials are unable to determine whether there are concentration peaks during this time that exceed the limit value.
Limiting the Release of Chromium(VI) in Exhaust Air
Regulation of the maximum chromium(VI) content that is present in industrial exhaust air varies from country to country. For example, in Germany, the Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchG) specifies a numerical limit value of 50 μg/m3, whereas in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements that are based on the emissions of the best performing facilities in the respective sector of industry.
The ThyssenKrupp Approach to Chromium(VI) Emissions
ThyssenKrupp has recently installed a Metrohm Process Ion Chromatograph (Figure 1) that is placed directly at the chimney of the exhaust air purification system for its chrome coating plant. This ion chromatograph determines the presence of any Cr(VI) traces in a fully automatic method after just 1.5 to 10 minutes of sampling. Once sampling procedure is initiated, results are available in less than 30 minutes.
Figure 1. The Metrohm Process Ion Chromatograph at ThyssenKrupp Rasselstein.
The sampling of exhaust air emissions is conducted using a gas sampler that suctions exhaust air a duration of approximately ten minutes, in which the sample is then transferred the Process IC control.
Ten minutes of sampling results in a measuring range of between 0.6 and 6 μg/m3, however this range can be adjusted by changing the sampling period. The suctioned exhaust air sample is then transferred to a solution through a wash bottle containing ultrapure water to allow the Cr(VI) content to be fully absorbed and concentrated here. The sample solution is then transmitted to the analysis system.
Figure 2. The wash bottle, in which the analyte is transferred to a solution.
Fully Automated Results
In the analysis system, chromatographic separation takes place on an anion separation column. Post-column derivitzation with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide is then performed to allow for the detection of Cr(VI) concentrations as a result of the formation of a complex following the interaction of the chromate ions and 1,5-diphenylcarbazide. This complex can be absorbed easily at 538 nm, thereby allowing an accurate recording of its quantity to be assessed by the UV/VIS detector.
The Metrohm Process IC achieves a detection limit of 0.028 μg/L at 95% for the concentration of Cr(VI) present within the absorption solution. By increasing the sampling period, a concentration of up to 0.05 μg/m3 Cr(VI) can be reliably determined in exhaust air by the Metrohm Process IC.
The Cr(VI) concentration in the exhaust air is automatically calculated from the measured concentration in the absorption solution, in which the results of these calculations are exported to the process control system and stored in the database of the Metrohm ProcessLab Manager. This software handles the process communication and overall control of the Metrohm Process IC, thereby enabling single values and trends to be monitored easily and accurately.
With its robust housing with protection class IP65, the Metrohm Process IC is ideally equipped for use in the process. The components included in the Metrohm Process IC include all required reagents that are necessary for the fully automated analysis. From sampling, sample preparation, analysis, evaluation and export of the results, the Metrohm Process IC is equipped to handle all Cr(VI) measurements in a fully automated manner.
By using the Metrohm Process IC, ThyssenKrupp Rasselstein evaluates their chemical emissions at least twice a week, however the actual manual work required for these analyses could be reduced to an even greater extent by integrating an ultrapure water system. It should be noted that at least one hour every month is required to replace the pump tubing and restart the system to ensure a continuous operation without any possible problems during analysis.
To achieve a measurement range of 1.2 to 12 μg/m3, the Metrohm Process IC achieves a maximum measuring frequency of 2 analyses per hour, in which only 1.5 to 5 minutes are required for the actual sampling procedure and the analysis time typically requires 17 minutes. Additionally, 5 minutes at the end of the analytical procedure is required for rinsing processes. Therefore, the total analysis time should typically last less than 30 minutes.
Achieving Process Optimization
ThyssenKrupp has implemented the semi-continuous analysis of the Cr(VI) content in an effort to optimize their analytical processes to ensure that their Cr(VI) emissions are reduced. For example, it has been established that the process speed of the production plant and certain settings in the exhaust air purification system have a major impact on the Cr(VI) content in the exhaust air, therefore, by optimizing these parameters, it was possible for the company to achieve significant improvements in their Cr(VI) emissions.
It has also been identified that weather plays an important role in the Cr(VI) emissions. In fact, the Cr(VI) content is subject to a sinusoidal fluctuation with a peak of approximately 30 μg/m3 around the afternoon, whereas a minimum of below 5 μg/m3 is detected during the evening. A systematic investigation of the fluctuation in Cr(VI) emissions in relation to environmental temperature and air pressure shows promise for further improvement potential.
Figure 3. By adapting the mode of operation, lower Cr(VI) emissions are achieved, and these hardly change if the plant speed is increased.
The Benefit of Online Analysis of Cr(VI) Emissions
ThyssenKrupp Rasselstein is already benefiting from the online monitoring of the Cr(VI) content in their emissions. Rather than simply meeting federal limit regulations following random sampling procedures, ThyssenKrupp can now associate any changes in the concentration of Cr(VI) in their emissions to potential causes in their industry. This enables the steel manufacturers to satisfy the highest quality and sustainability standards at its largest production site worldwide.
The continuous online monitoring of emissions conducted at ThyssenKrupp in Andernach has provided useful information on factors that affect their manufacturing procedures. For example, the semi-continuous monitoring showed the company that their Cr(VI) emissions has worsened following repair work performed to the lamella separators on the exhaust air treatment system. Without the Metrohm Process IC, this would not have been determined until the next regulatory inspection, which could have resulted in fines and other penalties to the company. By implementing the Metrohm Process Ion Chromatograph, ThyssenKrupp has detected any increase in their Cr(VI) emissions immediately, as well as determine the source and potential resolution immediately.
This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by Metrohm AG.
For more information on this source, please visit Metrohm AG.
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17706
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| 0.925823 | 1,897 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Traditionally, the process of drug development has revolved around a screening approach and trial-and-error method, as no body knew which compound or approach could serve as a drug or therapy. This discovery process was very time consuming and laborious and discovery of a new drug used to take around 8-14 years and costs about US $1.8 billion. In order to minimize the time and cost in this drug discovery process, scientists around the world contributed tremendously and come up with a modern drug-designing program. The beauty of this modern drug designing is that now we can tailor the drug with desired combinations computationally before going for experimental laboratory work. In this review, traditional to modern methods of drug designing & discovery have been discussed. It covers the available web tools/databases and in silico techniques used in virtual screening and drug discovery processes to reduce the wet lab economy and time. Studies suggest that the best method for molecular docking based target identification is probably a hybrid of various types of algorithm encompassing novel search and scoring strategies e.g., PMF score, Dock score, Gold score etc. However, apart from in vitro assays and in vivo experiments, application of in silico QSAR & ADMET in the prediction of biological activity & bioavailability are proving beneficial in drug discovery process.
Keywords: Drug design, Drug discovery, QSAR, Lead identification, Lead optimization, Target identification, Web Resources, Cannabis sativa, Papaver somniferum, Nicotiana tabacum, bioassays, in silico, ADMET, Cancer, pharmacophores
Rights & PermissionsPrintExport
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en
| 0.920924 | 333 | 2.75 | 3 |
By Dr. Emma Fulu, Technical Lead, What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls Global Programme
Yesterday, Malala Yousafzai, became the youngest person to win the Nobel Peace Prize, alongside her co-winner, the Indian children’s right activist Kailash Satyarthi.Today marks the International Day of the Girl Child, and Malala is a girl.
On this day that commemorates the adoption of the UN Resolution (66/170) – see the Executive Director of UN Women’s speech here – which recognises the specific barriers that girls around the world face that inhibit their ability to realise their potential to act in and shape the world around them, Malala is a perfect example for us. She is a girl, yes. But she is not helpless. She is a survivor, not ours to save. She is her own advocate.
Girls globally need our support, and on this day we must ask ourselves what can we do – in our relationships, families, schools, communities and organisations – to help change the world that inhibits young women. But we must also listen because girls are not voiceless and not invisible, they are the force for positive change.
The sad experience that brought Malala to the world’s attention was one of extreme violence, because of her gender, and because she was standing up for others of her gender. Sadly the experience, or constant possibility of violence shapes all womens’ sense of space and place in the world.
Globally 1 in 3 women have experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime, many of whom are girls and young women. Worldwide, up to 50 percent of sexual assaults are committed against girls under 16. Young women and girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual and gender-based violations during armed conflict, including rape, genital mutilation, forced pregnancy, sexual slavery and enforced prostitution. For women who do not experience violence themselves, they will still grow up in a world that teaches them that they have fewer rights, that they are vulnerable, and that they must take on the responsibility to not dress, talk, walk or act in any way that might put them at risk.
But what if that violence did not occur? What if the girls of the world could grow up with an assumption that they were safe, and free to participate in the world without any fear? How would things change if more girls went on to represent their communities’ needs in political systems? What economic progress would we see if the millions of girls worldwide were able to grow up healthily, able to complete school and fully participate in society? And what could we do with the trillions of dollars that gets spent annually on responding to the health and social costs of violence against women and girls?
It is not a world that only has to be imagined, it is a world that people are actively working to create. More and more people, organisations and governments are actively developing and implementing policies and programmes to address the underlying causes of violence. They are working to change the way boys and men are taught to express their masculinity through force, to support children who have experienced violence to make other choices for their futures, and to promote women’s empowerment in every sphere of life.
I have been working in this field for over a decade and most of my friends and colleagues for many more years that that. We have seen incremental changes and examples of success. But at this historic moment in time, there is a buzz and a sense of real excitement that we have reached a tipping point that has an unparalleled possibility to change the size of the problem. The issue of violence against women and girls has become highly visible in the mainstream media, people are talking about it openly in public spaces and governments have put it on the top of their agendas. In November of last year, DFID launched the What Works to Prevent Violence against Women and Girls Global Programme, a £25 million global research and innovation programme to build our knowledge and support programmes to stop violence against women and girls from occurring.
It is not just the size of this programme – one of the biggest ever investments to try to better understand and respond to this problem – that marks it as a tipping point. It is also that the programme has received such support and interest from a vast range of researchers, activist, community organisations, policymakers and decision makers. At the launch of the Global Programme, at the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict in London, hoards of people crowded around the entrance trying to get into the already packed auditorium and speakers had to be set up outside to accommodate the level of interest from people who were willing to stand to learn more about this flagship programme.
There has been a shift. People have recognised that we must change the way we see and address the problem of violence against women and girls. While we continue to respond to the problem and support survivors, we must actively work to reduce the size of the problem to start with. I am truly excited to be a part of this programme that is supporting innovative violence prevention programmes and conducting cutting-edge research to considerably advance our understanding of what works to prevent violence.
I genuinely believe that this is a major step towards creating the type of world where all girls are able to grow up safe, respected and empowered.
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From the 17th century, white was specially associated with royalist and legitimist causes, as in the white cockade of the Jacobites and the white flag of the Bourbons.
Mrs White is one of the six stock characters constituting the murderer and suspects in the game of Cluedo.
one white foot, buy him; two white feet, try him; three white feet, look well about him; four white feet, go without him proverbial saying on horse-dealing, categorizing features in a horse which are believed to be unlucky; recorded in various forms from the 15th century.
White Army any of the armies which opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War of 1918–21.
White Boar the personal badge of Richard III (1452–85), alluded to in the political rhyme beginning the cat, the rat, and Lovell the dog.
white-bread of, belonging to, or representative of the white middle classes; not progressive, radical, or innovative; the term (which is recorded from the late 1970s, originally in North America) refers to the colour and perceived blandness of white bread as a commodity, and may also be a pun on ‘white bred’.
white Christmas Christmas with snow on the ground, a term first recorded in Charles Kingsley Two Years Ago (1857), ‘We shall have a white Christmas, I expect. Snow's coming.’, and popularized by Irving Berlin's song ‘White Christmas’ (1942).
white cliffs of Dover the chalk cliffs on the Kent coast near Dover, taken as a national and patriotic symbol, and popularized as such in the patriotic wartime song by Nat Burton ‘The White Cliffs of Dover’ (1941).
white cockade a Jacobite badge, worn by the supporters of Charles Edward Stuart; according to a note in Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson, in 1745 Boswell himself ‘wore a white cockade, and prayed for King James’.
white-collar of or relating to the work done or those who work in an office or other professional environment; denoting non-violent crime committed by white-collar workers, especially fraud. References to a white collar as the sign of a clerical or non-manual worker are found from the 1920s.
White Company the name of a mercenary company led by John Hawkwood (d. 1394), who were active in Italy in the mid 14th century; it is suggested that the name reflected the splendour of their equipment.
White Devil in John Webster's eponymous play (1612), the name given to the central character, Vittoria Corombona, who connives at the murder of her husband and her lover's wife, and who is finally herself murdered; the play is based on the historical character Vittoria Accoramboni (1557–85).
white dwarf a small very dense star that is typically the size of a planet. A white dwarf is formed when a low-mass star has exhausted all its central nuclear fuel and lost its outer layers as a planetary nebula.
white elephant a possession that is useless or troublesome, especially one that is expensive to maintain or difficult to dispose of, from the story that the kings of Siam gave such animals as a gift to courtiers considered obnoxious, in order to ruin the recipient by the great expense incurred in maintaining the animal.
white ensign a white flag carrying a St George's cross with the Union Jack in the top corner next to the flagstaff, flown by the Royal and most Commonwealth navies (other than that of Canada) and the Royal Yacht Squadron.
White Father a member of the Society of Missionaries of Africa, a Roman Catholic order founded in Algiers in 1868; the term is a translation of the French Père Blanc, for the white habits worn by the order.
white flag a white flag or cloth used as a symbol of surrender, truce, or a desire to parley; Livy's Roman Histories refer to a Carthaginian ship displaying white flags as a sign of peace. The white flag was also the flag of the house of Bourbon, and thus the national flag of pre-Revolutionary France.
White Friar a Carmelite monk, so named because of the white habits worn by the monks.
White Goddess in the poetic thought of Robert Graves (1895–1985), the triple mother goddess as the source of poetic inspiration.
White Hart the personal badge of Richard II (1306–1400), shown wearing a golden collar; his mother's personal badge had been a white hind.
white heat the temperature or state of something that is so hot that it emits white light; a state of intense passion or activity. Since the 1960s the term has been associated with the phrase ‘the white heat of technology’, a popular misquotation of a passage from a speech by Harold Wilson in 1963.
White Highlands an area in western Kenya formerly (1909–59) reserved for Europeans.
White Horse the figure of a white horse, reputed (by later writers) as the ensign of the Saxons when they invaded Britain, and the heraldic ensign of Brunswick, Hanover, and Kent; also, the figure of a horse cut on the face of chalk downs in England, and popularly supposed to represent the ‘white horse’ of the Saxons; notably that near Uffington in Berkshire.
white horses white-crested waves at sea; the term is recorded from the mid 19th century, and in poetry is often used in an extended metaphor.
White House the official residence of the US president in Washington DC. The White House was built in 1792–9 of greyish-white limestone from designs of the Irish-born architect James Hoban (c.1762–1831). The building was restored in 1814 after being burnt by British troops during the War of 1812, the smoke-stained walls being painted white. It was first formally designated the White House in 1902.
white information positive information about a person's creditworthiness held by a bank or similar institution; the term is recorded from the late 1980s, and is the opposite of the kind of black information which might cause a person to be blacklisted.
white knight a hero or champion; in allusion to the amiable and confused White Knight in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass (1872), a term for an amiable but ineffectual person. Later, the phrase was used without irony in Stock Exchange slang to mean a company which comes to the aid of another which is facing an unwelcome take-over bid.
White Knight title of one of three hereditary Irish titles (the others being the Knight of Glin and the Knight of Kerry). The title of the White Knight (which is currently in abeyance) was granted to the Fitzgibbon family in the 14th century when Maurice Fitzgibbon was reputedly knighted by Edward III after distinguishing himself at the battle of Halidon Hill in Scotland in 1333.
white lie a harmless or trivial lie, especially one told to avoid hurting someone's feelings; the term is first recorded in the Gentleman's Magazine of 1741.
white-livered feeble-spirited, cowardly; reflecting the traditional belief that a light-coloured liver indicated a deficiency of bile or choler, and thus of vigour, spirit, or courage.
white magic magic used only for good purposes, the opposite of black magic.
white man's burden the supposed task of whites to spread the benefits of civilization. The term derives from a poem by Kipling, ‘The White Man's Burden’ (1899), written with particular reference to the colonial role of the US in the Philippines:
white man's grave equatorial West Africa considered as being particularly unhealthy for whites; recorded from the mid 19th century.
White Monk a Cistercian monk, so named (in late Middle English) because of the habits of undyed wool worn by the monks.
White Nile the name for the main, western branch of the Nile between the Ugandan–Sudanese border and its confluence with the Blue Nile at Khartoum.
White Paper in the UK, a government report giving information or proposals on an issue; (prior to 1940), an Order Paper of the House of Commons which was a corrected and revised version of one (a Blue Paper) issued earlier the same day.
white plague an archaic term for tuberculosis, reflecting the perception of it as a widespread and often fatal disease.
White Rabbit a character in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), who was always running from fear of being late; his typical ejaculation is ‘Oh my ears and whiskers!’
White Raja the name given to any of the three Rajas belonging to the English family of Brooke who ruled Sarawak from 1841 to 1941.
white rose the emblem of the House of York in the Wars of the Roses or (later) of Yorkshire, directly opposed to the red rose of Lancaster. In the 18th century, the white rose was adopted as an emblem by the Jacobites.
White Russian a Belorussian; an opponent of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.
White Sands an area of white gypsum salt flats in central New Mexico, designated a national monument in 1933. It is surrounded by a large missile-testing range, which, in 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project, was the site of the detonation of the first nuclear weapon.
White Ship the name of the ship which in November 1120 foundered in the channel with the loss of nearly all on board, including Henry I's only legitimate son.
White Sister a member of the Congregation of the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa, founded in 1869 to assist the White Fathers, or of the Congregation of the Daughters of the Holy Ghost, founded in 1706 in Brittany.
white slave a white person treated like a slave, especially a woman tricked or forced into prostitution, typically one taken to a foreign country for this purpose; the term is first recorded in the debates of the US Congress, 13 May 1789.
white stone traditionally used as a memorial of a happy day; mark with a white stone, meaning regard as specially fortunate or happy, derives from this.
White Surrey the name of Richard III's horse, which he rode at the battle of Bosworth.
White Tower the keep which is the oldest part of the Tower of London.
white van man an aggressive male driver of a delivery or workman's van (typically white in colour).
white wedding a wedding at which the bride wears a formal white dress, traditionally as a sign of virginity.
White Wednesday a Eurosceptic name for Black Wednesday.
white witch a person, typically a woman, who practises magic for altruistic purposes, one who practises white magic.
See also angry white male, big white chief, white crow, show the white feather, men in white coats, two blacks don't make a white, whited.
"white." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . Encyclopedia.com. (October 20, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/white
"white." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . Retrieved October 20, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/white
white / (h)wīt/ • adj. 1. of the color of milk or fresh snow, due to the reflection of most wavelengths of visible light; the opposite of black: a sheet of white paper. ∎ approaching such a color; very pale: her face was white with fear. ∎ fig. morally or spiritually pure; innocent and untainted: he is as pure and white as the driven snow. ∎ (of a plant) having white flowers or pale-colored fruit. ∎ (of a tree) having light-colored bark. ∎ (of wine) made from white grapes, or dark grapes with the skins removed, and having a yellowish color. ∎ Brit. (of coffee or tea) served with milk or cream. ∎ (of glass) transparent; colorless. ∎ (of bread) made from a light-colored, sifted, or bleached flour. 2. (also White) belonging to or denoting a human group having light-colored skin (chiefly used of peoples of European extraction): a white farming community. ∎ of or relating to such people: white Australian culture. 3. hist. counter-revolutionary or reactionary. Contrasted with red (sense 2). • n. 1. white color or pigment: garnet-red flowers flecked with white | the woodwork was an immaculate white. ∎ white clothes or material: he was dressed from head to foot in white. ∎ (whites) white clothes, esp. as worn for playing tennis, or as naval uniform, or in the context of washing: wash whites separately. ∎ white wine. ∎ (White) the player of the white pieces in chess or checkers. ∎ the white pieces in chess. ∎ a white thing, in particular the white ball (the cue ball) in billiards. ∎ the outer part (white when cooked) that surrounds the yolk of an egg; the albumen. ∎ white bread: tuna on white. 2. the visible pale part of the eyeball around the iris. 3. (also White) a member of a light-skinned people, esp. one of European extraction. 4. a white or cream butterfly that has dark veins or spots on the wings. It can be a serious crop pest. • Pieris and other genera, family Pieridae. See also cabbage white. • v. [tr.] archaic paint or turn (something) white: your passion hath whited your face. PHRASES: bleed someone/something white drain someone or something of wealth or resources.whited sepulcher poetic/lit. a hypocrite. white man's burden the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies. whiter than white extremely white. ∎ morally beyond reproach. PHRASAL VERBS: white out (of vision) become impaired by exposure to sudden bright light. ∎ (of a person) lose color vision as a prelude to losing consciousness. white something out 1. obliterate a mistake with white correction fluid. ∎ cover one's face or facial blemishes completely with makeup. 2. impair someone's vision with a sudden bright light. DERIVATIVES: white·ly adv.white·ness n.whit·ish adj.
"white." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. (October 20, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/white-2
"white." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Retrieved October 20, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/white-2
Hence white vb. †become or make white OE.; whitewash XII. whiten (-EN6) XIII.
"white." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Encyclopedia.com. (October 20, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/white-3
"white." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Retrieved October 20, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/white-3
"white." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Encyclopedia.com. (October 20, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/white-1
"white." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Retrieved October 20, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/white-1
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International Environmental Law
Description: This course examines the principal laws and institutions in the field of international environmental law. The course begins with a review of the fundamental underpinnings of environmental and international law, including the precautionary principle, polluter pays principle, state responsibility for environmental harm, and permanent sovereignty over natural resources. The course next examines issues of the global commons, such as ozone depletion, climate change, and depletion of ocean resources. It explores international treaties to protect biological diversity, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. It also examines major pollution issues, such as hazardous waste trade. Throughout these discussions, we examine development issues, the polarization of issues as developed and developing country issues, and the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the development and enforcement of international environmental law. Grading is based on an examination.
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© Gary. A. Monroe, courtesy of Gary Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov/
Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.
Scientific Name Synonyms:
Helonias paniculatus Nutt.
Life Span: Perennial
Growth Characteristics: A forb growing 1 to 2 feet tall, with an underground scaly bulb. The bulbs lack an onion odor. Growth begins very early in the spring, before most other pants. It is most abundant in foothill areas. It generally flowers April to July, depending on elevation. Reproduction is by seed.
Flowers/Inflorescence: It has white to yellowish flowers that are borne on the stem in terminal panicles in early summer. The flowers have orange stamens that give them a soft, lacy quality.
Fruits/Seeds: Rough brown seeds are formed in a 3-celled capsule, which is especially poisonous.
Leaves: Plants have 5 or 6 basal, thickened, V-creased leaves with a grass-like appearance.
Deathcamas is found from the semidesert to mountain climatic zones.
Soils: It is found in a wide range of soils. It is most abundant in sandy loam and gravelly or stony soils.
Associated Species: Big sagebrush, low larkspur, and sandberg bluegrass.
Uses and Management:
All parts of this plant contain a poisonous alkaloid at all growth stages. Sheep and cattle often eat Deathcamas in early spring before other plants start producing forage. Sheep are the most commonly poisoned, but cattle deaths have also been reported. Respiratory problems occur in sheep after eating ½ to 2 pounds of deathcamas. Signs of poisoning include: Salivation, nausea and vomiting, weakness, coma, and death within a few hours to 2 days. Pastures containing deathcamas should not be grazed until late spring when other forage is available. The bulbs, which can be mistaken for onions or sego lily, can cause severe illness in humans.
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Today, September 19, 130 years ago in 1893, New Zealand became the first self-governing country in the world in which women won the right to vote.
First image, click to enlarge: This women's history landmark—the Kate Sheppard National Memorial, located by the Avon River, Christchurch, New Zealand— is high up on my "To-Visit" wish list! Created by Dutch-born New Zealand sculptor and painter Margriet Windhausen, the memorial was dedicated on September 19, 1993, the 100th anniversary of universal suffrage in New Zealand.
Measuring 16 feet wide and 6' 7" high, the side panels depict scenes from everyday women's lives in the nineteenth century, and include text recounting women's fight for the vote. The six life-size figures in the center panel, from left to right, represent:
Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia, Māori suffragist and the first woman to address the Māori Parliament; Amey Daldy, English-born New Zealand feminist and suffragist; Kate Sheppard, English-born editor of the first woman-operated newspaper in New Zealand, and the key leader of the fight for the vote. (In 1991, her portrait replaced Queen Elizabeth II's on a New Zealand ten-dollar note); Ada Wells, English-born suffragist and social worker; Harriet Morison, Irish-born trade unionist and suffragist; and Helen Nicol, Scottish-born suffragist and temperance leader. (The images from from Wikipedia.)
The wooden barrel overflowing with petitions represents the massive number of petitions that were presented to Parliament in 1891, 1892, 1893.
Check out this eye-opening link, documenting women's world-wide fight for the vote.:
International Women's Suffrage Timeline: 1851-Present by Jone Johnson Lewis at ThoughtCo.
First image is by Donna Robertson, flickr; next images from Wikipedia and Wikicommons
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These days many parents are hiring private math tutors for their kids. However, there are still a few parents who don’t think their children need a math tutor.
If your child already takes math classes in school, why do they need to learn math from another teacher? We get it! But In this article, you’ll find out 10 reasons why your child needs a math tutor for extra lessons.
Is School Work Enough for Kids to Learn Math?
School curriculums are designed to provide kids with all the lessons they need to learn math. However, many kids still find it difficult to comprehend the math lessons at school.
Also, some kids are slow learners, so they can’t learn at the same pace as their classmates. Hence, they’re unable to gain a lot of knowledge from their math lessons in school. Often, these kids will require one-on-one math tutors and platforms that provide teaching math resources to help them learn math
10 Reasons Your Child Needs a Math Tutor
The following are reasons why your child needs a math tutor:
- Struggling with math concepts: If your child is having trouble understanding math concepts and principles, a math tutor can provide individualized attention and help them catch up. With special attention and more time learning, your child should become better at math
- Struggling with math homework: If your child struggles to complete their math homework, a math tutor can help them work through problems and develop strategies for completing assignments.
- Needing extra practice: Even if your child is doing well in math class, they may still benefit from extra practice to reinforce their skills and ensure they are fully prepared for tests and exams.
- Preparing for a test or exam: A math tutor can help your child prepare for an upcoming math test or exam by providing targeted practice and a review of key concepts.
- Falling behind in class: If your child is falling behind in math, a tutor can help them catch up and get back on track. Some kids are slow learners, and there’s nothing wrong with that. If your child can’t keep up with their classmates, a one-on-one math class can work wonders.
- Struggling with math anxiety: Some children struggle with math anxiety, making it difficult to perform to their full potential. A math tutor can help your child build confidence and overcome their anxiety.
- Gearing up for advanced math classes: If your child is preparing to take advanced math classes, a math tutor can help them get a head start and build a strong foundation.
- Improving math skills for a particular career: If your child is interested in a career that requires strong math skills like engineering or accounting, a math tutor can help them develop the skills they will need.
- Enhancing math skills for academic or personal goals: Whether your child is looking to excel in math class or simply wants to improve their math skills for personal or academic goals, a math tutor can help them reach their full potential.
- Providing one-on-one attention: A math tutor can provide your child with individualized attention and focus on their specific needs and challenges, which can be especially beneficial for children struggling to keep up in a large classroom setting.
While teachers and schools do their best to provide the best learning environment for kids, your child’s learning can still suffer. But even if your child is doing well, a math tutor will improve them. While it means you have to pay more to give your child a proper education, the benefits are worth their weight in gold!
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Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure of the blood on the arterial walls when the heart ends the contraction and relaxes. Systolic blood pressure is measured when the heart contracts and pushes the blood into the arteries. For a healthy adult person normal blood pressure is 120/80mg Hg. 120 represents the systolic blood pressure and 80 is diastolic pressure.
Diastolic pressure is always lower number than systolic blood pressure. Certain medical conditions are characterized by low diastolic blood pressure, fewer than 60mg Hg, which is also called low blood pressure or hypotension. Hypotension can also be caused by low systolic blood pressure, when this value comes under 90mg Hg. Low diastolic blood pressure is the risk factor for the development of hardened arteries and cardiovascular diseases.
A patient experiencing low diastolic blood pressure is usually thirsty, his/her skin is cold and pale, he’s nauseous and breathe very shallow and fast. In most cases, these people feel dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting.
If the drop in diastolic pressure is small it might not cause any health problem, but if it become too low, it can affect the supply of nutrients and oxygen and removal of the waste from the cells. If the condition lasts for a long time the consequence might be cellular death.
What Causes Low Diastolic Blood Pressure
There are a few different reasons and conditions associated with low diastolic blood pressure. Doctors will tell you that elderly normally have lower diastolic pressure than middle aged or young people. Low diastolic blood pressure in older people might be caused by aging and stiffening of the aorta, but also by hypertension medications. Drugs these patients use to lower high systolic blood pressure affect the diastolic pressure as well.
Pregnant women could also experience this condition in the middle of their pregnancy, around 24th week. In most cases, this condition in transient and their blood pressure comes back to normal after the childbirth.
People that suffer from a nutritional deficiency, dehydration, serious infections and allergic reactions like anaphylaxis, can also experience low diastolic blood pressure. It has also been associated with people who lost plenty of blood, experience heart failure, slow heart rate or some other heart problems. Pulmonary embolism may also lead to low diastolic blood pressure.
How to Treat This Condition
When there are no symptoms of low diastolic blood pressure there is also no need for the treatment.
However, if your diastolic blood pressure is constantly low, you should consult your doctor. He/she will be able to properly assess the condition and diagnose, if there is any, medical problem.
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The idea of Bitcoin, and cryptocurrency when all is said in done, was begun in 2009 by Satoshi, an obscure analyst. The purpose behind its innovation was to fathom the issue of centralisation in the utilization of money which depended on banks and PCs, an issue that numerous PC researchers weren’t content with. Accomplishing decentralization has been endeavored since the late 90s without progress, so when Satoshi distributed a paper in 2008 giving an answer, it was overwhelmingly invited. Today, Bitcoin has become a natural currency for web clients and has offered ascend to a huge number of ‘altcoins’ (non-Bitcoin cryptocurrencies).
How is Bitcoin made?
Crypto wallet best is made through a procedure called mining. Much the same as paper money is made through printing, and gold is mined from the beginning, is made by ‘mining’. Mining includes tackling of complex scientific issues with respect to squares utilizing PCs and adding them to an open record. At the point when it started, a basic CPU (like that in your home PC) was every one of the one expected to mine, notwithstanding, the degree of trouble has expanded fundamentally and now you will require specific equipment, including top of the line Graphics Processing Unit (GPUs), to separate Bitcoin.
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| 0.964712 | 259 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Tubular heat exchangers represent the simplest type of heat exchangers and are the preferred solution for transferring heat with high pressure differences or between high viscosity media (e.g. sludge). An advantage is the uniform flow through the tube space. This space is free of flow dead zones.
Hot water flows through the inner tube and cold water through the outer tube of the tubular heat exchanger WL 110.01. Part of the thermal energy of the hot water is transferred to the cold water. Valves on the supply unit are used to adjust the flow rates of hot and cold water. The supply hose can be reconnected using quick-release couplings, allowing the flow direction to be reversed. This allows parallel flow or counterflow operation.
During experiments, temperature curves are plotted and displayed graphically. The mean heat transfer coefficient is then calculated as a characteristic variable.
The accessory WL 110.01 is easily and safely positioned on the worktop of the WL 110 supply unit. Via RFID technology the accessories are automatically identified, the appropriate PLC software is loaded and an automatic system configuration is performed. The intuitive user interface guides through the experiments. For tracking and evaluation of the experiments, up to 10 external workstations can be used simultaneously using the local network via LAN connection.
Temperature sensors for measuring the inlet and outlet temperatures are located at the supply connections of the WL 110. There are two additional temperature sensors on the tubular heat exchanger for measuring the temperature after half of the transfer distance. The supply of hot and cold water, the flow setting and the measurement of inlet and outlet temperatures are carried out via the supply unit.
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Now in its fifth edition, Food Science remains the most popular and reliable text for introductory courses in food science and technology. This new edition retains the basic format and pedagogical features of previous editions and provides an up-to-date foundation upon which more advanced and specialized knowledge can be built. This essential volume introduces and surveys the broad and complex interrelationships among food ingredients, processing, packaging, distribution and storage, and explores how these factors influence food quality and safety. Reflecting recent advances and emerging technologies in the area, this new edition includes updated commodity and ingredient chapters to emphasize the growing importance of analogs, macro-substitutions, fat fiber and sugar substitutes and replacement products, especially as they affect new product development and increasing concerns for a healthier diet. Revised processing chapters include changing attitudes toward food irradiation, greater use of microwave cooking and microwaveable products, controlled and modified atmosphere packaging and expanding technologies such a extrusion cooking, ohmic heating and supercritical fluid extraction, new information that addresses concerns about the responsible management of food technology, considering environmental, social and economic consequences, as well as the increasing globalization of the food industry. Discussions of food safety an consumer protection including newer phychrotropic pathogens; HAACP techniques for product safety and quality; new information on food additives; pesticides and hormones; and the latest information on nutrition labeling and food regulation. An outstanding text for students with little or no previous instruction in food science and technology, Food Science is also a valuable reference for professionals in food processing, as well as for those working in fields that service, regulate or otherwise interface with the food industry.
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| 0.918991 | 329 | 2.953125 | 3 |
FOR YOUR SKIN
What causes warts?
It may seem odd, but what causes warts is actually a virus.
How do you get warts?
For starters, there’s usually no way of knowing exactly when you came into contact with the virus because it has incubation period of up to nine months. This means it can take several months after the initial exposure before the first wart ever develops on your skin. Like other viruses, warts are contagious. This means they can spread from person to person, usually via direct skin-to-skin contact, such as a handshake.
Is everyone at risk of developing warts?
In short, yes. Again, given that the cause of warts is a virus, our chances of coming into contact with it at some point are extremely high. This is not only due to the high prevalence of the virus itself, but also because of the relative ease at which it enters the body.
How are warts treated?
Destructive techniques such as using liquid nitrogen, special injections and topical treatments may be used not only to eliminate the visible part of the wart, but also to help our immune system recognize the warts as foreign and combat the virus. Often, more than one treatment may be required to eliminate the visible part of the wart. Simply “cutting off” the wart may not be effective because the virus lives permanently under the skin. Schedule an appointment here.
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| 0.948259 | 295 | 3.140625 | 3 |
00:00 / 00:00
Varicella zoster virus
Poxvirus (Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum)
Herpes simplex virus
Malassezia (Tinea versicolor and Seborrhoeic dermatitis)
Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis (Lice)
Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies)
Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)
Varicella zoster virus
Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)
Pigmentation skin disorders: Pathology review
Acneiform skin disorders: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review
Skin cancer: Pathology review
Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review
Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review
0 / 40 complete
0 / 13 complete
melanomas and p. 497
IFN- αfor p. 201
common metastases p. 202
immunohistochemical stain for p. 220
nomenclature for p. 225
oncogene p. 222
origin of p. 225
tumor suppressor gene p. 222
recombinant cytokines for p. NaN
of skin p. 497
sunburn and p. 496
vemurafenib for p. 449
Samantha McBundy, MFA, CMI
Skin cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells within the skin.
There are three main types: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Some skin cancers can spread to other locations in the body and can be fatal, as seen with singer-songwriter Bob Marley, who died shortly after being diagnosed with melanoma.
The skin is divided into three layers--the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
The hypodermis is made of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to the underlying muscle.
Just above is the dermis, which contains hair follicles, nerves and blood vessels.
And just above that, the outermost layer of skin, is the epidermis.
The epidermis itself has multiple cell layers that are mostly keratinocytes - which are named for the keratin protein that they’re filled with.
Keratin is a strong, fibrous protein that allows keratinocytes to protect themselves from getting destroyed, when you rub your hands through the sand at the beach.
Keratinocytes start their life at the deepest layer of the epidermis called the stratum basale, or basal layer, which is made of a single layer of small, cuboidal to low columnar stem cells that continually divide and produce new keratinocytes that continue to mature as they migrate up through the epidermal layers, flattening out to a pancake-like squamous shape as they ascend.
But the stratum basale also contains another group of cells - melanocytes, which secrete a protein pigment, or coloring substance, called melanin.
Melanin is actually a broad term that constitutes several types of melanin found in people of differing skin color.
These subtypes of melanin range in color from black to reddish yellow and their relative quantity and rate at which they are metabolized define a person’s skin color.
When keratinocytes are exposed to the sun, they send a chemical signal to the melanocytes, which stimulates them into making more melanin.
The melanocytes move the melanin into small sacs called melanosomes, and these get taken up by newly formed keratinocytes, which will later metabolize the melanin as they migrate into higher layers of the epidermis.
Skin cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the skin. Three main types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma (the most common), squamous cell carcinoma (the second most common), and the least common but most deadly, melanoma. Risk factors for skin cancer include exposure to UV radiation, a history of sunburns, fair skin, and a weakened immune system. Diagnosis is made with a tissue biopsy and treatments can include physically removing cells with a high risk of developing into skin cancer. Tumor cells are also commonly removed and treated with radiation, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier, except certain content provided by third parties
Cookies are used by this site.
USMLE® is a joint program of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). COMLEX-USA® is a registered trademark of The National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Inc. NCLEX-RN® is a registered trademark of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. Test names and other trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders. None of the trademark holders are endorsed by nor affiliated with Osmosis or this website.
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We all know that lung problems occur from smoking or from second hand smoke. If we live with a high level of air pollution our lungs are greatly affected as well. Whether or not we develop serious lung problems, depends not only on our environment and lifestyle, but also from genetic predispositions for such problems.
We are all affected by pollution and other environmental factors, that make a lung cleanse desirable, particularly when it can be accomplished in three days at home. The video you are about to watch discusses home remedies to detoxify your lungs in this time period.
Before beginning to detoxify your lungs it is critical to eliminate dairy from your diet, as dairy creates mucous. The drinks that you will use in your cleansing will be ineffectual if it has to fight the increased mucous produced by dairy.
Herbal tea before bedtime on Day 1 helps to rid the intestine of toxins which result in constipation. This is critical in this cleansing, because you want to reduce the work load of the lungs; having to take care of another part of the body will keep the lungs from being purified.
Even though it sounds pretty tart, 2 lemons squeezed into a cup of water before eating anything in the morning will do much to detoxify your lungs. 300 ml of grapefruit or pineapple juice contain natural antioxidants that have a significant effect on the ease with which you breath. Both juices are equally effective; the one you choose is a matter of taste preference.
Alkalizing your blood during this 3-day cleanse is critical to fighting disease. By drinking 300 ml of carrot juice in between breakfast and lunch, you will achieve the optimum degree of alkalizing.
400 ml of potassium rich juices during lunchtime, acts as a cleansing tonic. At bedtime, the use of cranberry juice for further cleansing of the lungs is critical to fighting bacteria which cause infections.
At the end of the day steaming or a hot bath for about 20 minutes will help you to sweat out toxins. Eucalyptus drops in a bowl of hot water, to inhale with a towel over your head, is amazingly clarifying. Watch the video below to help you with the specifics of this lung cleanse.
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| 0.946994 | 454 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Spis (German: Zips) is in a historic region in north-east Slovakia near the Polish border. A small portion of it is on the Polish side.
Levoca (German: Leutschau)
Poprad (German: Deutschendorf)
Kezmarok (German: Kaesmark)
Stara Lubovna (German: Altlublau)
Spisske Podhradie (German: Kirchdrauf) with its nearby:
Spissky Hrad (German: Zipser Burg),
Spisska Kapitula (German: Zipser Kapitel)
and the Gothic Church at Zehra (German: Schigra)
- all of which are Unesco world heritage.
Slovak is the national language of Slovakia and it is partially intellegible with Polish, Czech and Ukrainian. The Spis region has notable presence of minorities: Gypsies, Rusyn-Ukrainians, Germans and Gorals. These usually concentrate in their own separate villages where they keep their languages and traditions alife.
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| 0.879222 | 229 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What do you get when two YouTube science nerds decide to make the world’s largest computer mouse? A yellow electric car from the 1980s on the world’s largest mousepad, an empty parking lot.
You may remember YouTuber Simone Giertz for her “sh**ty robots”, including an alarm clock that slaps you awake and a disastrous baby-carrying drone. In her latest project, at the suggestion of a viewer, she collaborated with another YouTuber, William Osman, to turn her car “Cheese Louise” into a giant cursor (video above).
The idea might sound as easy as attaching a mouse to the vehicle, but it wasn’t so simple. As Osman explained the process in his post-project analysis, an optical mouse only works when it’s about 1 mm away from the ground, and since the car can’t move sideways, it only sees forward or backward moment. The duo thus had to replace the optical lens in the mouse with a tiny camera lens, and use a magnetometer to determine the direction in which the car was moving. For a more thorough explanation of the technicalities, you can refer to his video on the project, below.
So with a bunch of tinkering, and by using the horn as the mouse click, the two managed to make the make the world’s most impractical, yet entertaining, computer mouse with Giertz’s yellow Comuta-Car.
The result? They managed to draw something vaguely resembling a yellow triangle.
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| 0.94157 | 324 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Roman Catholics vs. Sola Scriptura Pt.2
As we continue in our Sola Scriptura series we will continue to focus on common Roman Catholic arguments against Sola Scriptura. I gave a definition for Sola Scriptura in the previous two posts so I would encourage you to check those out before reading this one. Today we will engage a very common argument used by Roman Catholics that revolves around the early church fathers.
The Early Church and Sola Scriptura
Many Roman Catholic apologists will refer to the early church. They will claim that the early church was Roman Catholic. They say that all the early church fathers agree with them. We see this shown in the “Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent”. The fourth session of Trent says:
Furthermore, in order to restrain petulant spirits, It decrees, that no one, relying on his own skill, shall,—in matters of faith, and of morals pertaining to the edification of Christian doctrine, —wresting the sacred Scripture to his own senses, presume to interpret the said sacred Scripture contrary to that sense which holy mother Church,—whose it is to judge of the true sense and interpretation of the holy Scriptures,—hath held and doth hold; or even contrary to the unanimous consent of the Fathers; even though such interpretations were never (intended) to be at any time published. Contraveners shall be made known by their Ordinaries, and be punished with the penalties by law established.
So, according to Rome we are to believe what they teach because their traditions are the “unanimous consent of the Fathers”. Vatican 1, chapter 2, point 9 says this:
In consequence, it is not permissible for anyone to interpret holy scripture in a sense contrary to this, or indeed against the unanimous consent of the fathers.
The wording that these two councils use are easily defined and leave little wiggle room. As we will see later, these councils end up disproving themselves by claiming “unanimous consent”. Tim Staples is a well-known Catholic apologist. He speaks of being a former Protestant and this is what he said in an article on http://www.catholic.com entitled “According to Scripture”:
This bedrock Protestant teaching [Sola Scriptura] claims that Scripture alone is the sole rule of faith and morals for Christians. Diving deeper into its meaning to defend my Protestant faith against Catholicism about twenty years ago, I found that there was no uniform understanding of this teaching among Protestant pastors and no book I could read to get a better understanding of it.
One of Staples reasons for rejecting Sola Scriptura is because there was no “uniform understanding” of it among Protestants. Did you notice how similar Staple’s language is to the Councils of Trent and the First Vatican? When he says that there is no “uniform understanding” of Sola Scriptura among Protestants he implies that the Roman Catholic church provides uniformity or “unanimous consent”. Let’s investigate the early church on the subject of Sola Scriptura.
You can find a plethora of Catholic websites that will give you quote after quote from early church fathers that seem to go against Sola Scriptura. Here are a few from www.scripturecatholic.com:
[T]hey who are placed without the Church, cannot attain to any understanding of the divine word. For the ship exhibits a type of Church, the word of life placed and preached within which, they who are without, and lie near like barren and useless sands, cannot understand. -Hilary of Poitiers, On Matthew, Homily 13:1 (A.D. 355).
But beyond these [Scriptural] sayings, let us look at the very tradition, teaching and faith of the Catholic Church from the beginning, which the Lord gave, the Apostles preached, and the Fathers kept. -Athanasius, Four Letters to Serapion of Thmuis, 1:28 (A.D. 360).
It is the church which perfect truth perfects. The church of believers is great, and its bosom most ample; it embraces the fullness of the two Testaments. -Ephraem, Against Heresies (ante A.D. 373).
Now I accept no newer creed written for me by other men, nor do I venture to propound the outcome of my own intelligence, lest I make the words of true religion merely human words; but what I have been taught by the holy Fathers, that I announce to all who question me. In my Church the creed written by the holy Fathers in synod at Nicea is in use. -Basil, To the Church of Antioch, Epistle 140:2 (A.D. 373).
There you go! The early church fathers have spoken so the issue is settled. Mr. Staples is on safe ground with rejecting Sola Scriptura because all the early church fathers are “unanimous” and uniform in their rejection of Sola Scriptura right? Wrong. Let’s take a look at a few more quotes from some other early church fathers.
For concerning the divine and sacred Mysteries of the Faith, we ought not to deliver even the most casual remark without the Holy Scriptures: nor be drawn aside by mere probabilities and the artifices of argument. Do not then believe me because I tell thee these things, unless thou receive from the Holy Scriptures the proof of what is set forth: for this salvation, which is of our faith, is not by ingenious reasonings, but by proof from the Holy Scriptures. -Cyril of Jerusalem, A Library of the Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church (Oxford: Parker, 1845), “The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril” Lecture 4.17.
The holy and inspired Scriptures are fully sufficient for the proclamation of the truth. -St. Athanasius, Against the Heathen, I:3, quoted in Carl A. Volz, Faith and Practice in the Early Church [Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1983], p. 147.
What is the mark of a faithful soul? To be in these dispositions of full acceptance on the authority of the words of Scripture, not venturing to reject anything nor making additions. For, if “all that is not of faith is sin” as the Apostle says, and “faith cometh by hearing and hearing by the Word of God,” everything outside Holy Scripture, not being of faith, is sin. -St. Basil the Great, Letter 189 [to Eustathius the physician], 3, in The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. VIII, p. 229.
What do these quotes mean? They mean that there is no “unanimous consent” of the early church fathers. There is no uniform understanding against Sola Scriptura. Even St. Basil, quoted in both blocks, didn’t give a consistent rebuttal to Sola Scriptura. Mr. Staples should not have been so quick to reject Sola Scriptura because he cannot give us a uniform witness against Sola Scriptura on the Roman Catholic side. Not only that, the Bible speaks about the Scriptures being God-breathed in 2 Timothy 3:16-17:
All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work. -ESV
It is clear from reading church fathers that they were not uniform on Sola Scriptura. However, the Bible is uniform. It never changes because it is “breathed out by God“. It is the Roman Catholic’s job to prove to us that their tradition is God-breathed. If they can’t then we have no reason to stand on their tradition because it is not uniform nor “unanimous”. Instead, as Cyril of Jerusalem said, “we ought not to deliver even the most casual remark without the Holy Scriptures”.
Thanks for reading.
Posted on March 9, 2012, in Christianity, Theology and tagged Bible, Catholic Church, early church fathers, reformed theology, Scripture, Sola Scriptura, theology, truth. Bookmark the permalink. 1 Comment.
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Following the creation of the deepest and largest panorama of a galaxy, made by the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope of M31, the galaxy also known as Andromeda has been snapped again – this time in the ultraviolet.
24 hours worth of observing time were used on the Gamma Ray Burst searching telescope to create 85 gigabytes of data. This was stitched together into a single image by Erin Grand, an undergraduate student at the University of Maryland at College Park who worked with Stefan Immler, a research scientist on the Swift team at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md, as an intern this summer.
Andromeda is visible to the naked eye in clear dark skies (like this place). It lies 2.5 million light years away and closing. It and the Milky Way are the largest galaxies in the Local Group of gravitationally bound galaxies and M31 is 220,000 light years in diameter. In 1885, a supernova in the bulge became visible to the naked eye. It is expected that supernovae happen around once a century in Andromeda, suggesting another could soon happen.
In the ultraviolet, the galaxy takes on some new features. The central bulge is smoother and redder due to the older, cooler stars. There is a ‘ring of fire’ 150,000 light years in diameter in the disc, where new stars and clusters are prominent. This is thought to be related to the issue explored in the optical image – interactions with satellite galaxies have sparked off new star formation in the outer part of Andromeda.
Swift studied M31 as part of a program to understand star formation in nearby galaxies. This is to help inform scientists on the likely condition of star formation in early galaxies, within with gamma ray bursters occur. These enormous daily flashes of highly energetic photons are believed to be the result of black hole formation at the end of the lives of giant stars. Swift has so far detected more than 400 of these mysterious objects since its launch in November 2005.
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| 0.947286 | 410 | 3.53125 | 4 |
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