text
stringlengths 263
344k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 23
values | url
stringlengths 16
862
| file_path
stringlengths 125
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 57
81.9k
| score
float64 2.52
4.78
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mount Pulaski, Illinois
|Nickname: Vinegar Hill|
|Elevation||654 ft (199 m)|
|Area||1.13 sq mi (3 km2)|
|- land||1.13 sq mi (3 km2)|
|- water||0.00 sq mi (0 km2)|
|Density||1,494.1 / sq mi (577 / km2)|
|- summer (DST)||CDT (UTC-5)|
|Wikimedia Commons: Mount Pulaski, Illinois|
Mount Pulaski is a city in Logan County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,701 at the 2000 census, and 1,577 at a 2009 estimate. It is the home of the Mount Pulaski Courthouse State Historic Site. The city is named in honor of Polish Revolutionary War hero Casimir Pulaski.
Mount Pulaski is located at (40.010106, -89.284560).
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 1.13 square miles (2.9 km2), all land.
Per the 2010 US Census, Mount Pulaski had 1,556 people. Among non-Hispanics this includes 1,531 White, 6 Black, 2 Native American, 4 Asian, & 6 from two or more races. The Hispanic or Latino population included 17 people.
There were 664 households out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.6% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with children & no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.86.
The village population was spread out with 76.7% over the age of 18 and 23.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.0 years. The gender ratio was 46.0% male & 54.0% female. Among 664 occupied households, 77.7% were owner-occupied & 22.3% were renter-occupied.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,701 people, 696 households, and 471 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,494.1 people per square mile (576.1/km²). There were 741 housing units at an average density of 650.9 per square mile (251.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.47% White, 0.06% Native American, 0.06% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.41% of the population.
There were 696 households out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.86.
In the city the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 25.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $46,181. Males had a median income of $37,941 versus $22,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,616. About 4.3% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.
- Henry Pierson Crowe, Lieutenant colonel in the USMC (1899–1991); attended high school in Mount Pulaski
- Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States; practiced law in Mount Pulaski
- John Schlitt, Lead singer of Christian Rock band Petra, was raised in Mount Pulaski.
- "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- "2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files for Places – Illinois". United States Census. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
|
<urn:uuid:0745de55-2bfe-4d29-aeb0-819f5da93829>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pulaski,_Illinois
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539665.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00662-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972346 | 1,073 | 2.609375 | 3 |
One in five Americans has some type of disability and could become a victim of discrimination. With the goal of eliminating this type of discrimination, Congress enacted the Americans with Disabilities Act on July 26, 1990.
“The history of different, separate, and unequal treatment of persons with disabilities could hardly be clearer….The Americans with Disabilities Act is a plenary civil rights statute designed to halt all practices that segregate persons with disabilities and those that treat them inferior or differently. By enacting the ADA, we are making a conscious decision to reverse a sad legacy of segregation and degradation.” – Rep. Ron Dellums (D.- Calif.) 136 CONG. REC. 11467 (1990)
The ADA makes it a violation of federal law to discriminate against people with disabilities. This landmark civil rights legislation cracked open doors to services and employment opportunities for those with disabilities. This statute was not issued as affirmative action, rather it was “…written to strike a balance between the reasonable accommodation of citizens’ needs and the capacity of private and public entities to respond” and “…intended to eliminate illegal discrimination and level the playing field for disabled individuals.”
The basic principles of this decree are:
- It is illegal to discriminate against qualified job applicants and employees on the basis of their disability, and employers must accommodate the needs of people with disabilities when available and easily managed.
- Government facilities, services, and communications must be accessible or be made accessible to people with disabilities, and no one can be prevented from using a program, service or activity because of their disability. In addition, public transportation systems must be accessible to individuals with disabilities.
- Public accommodations including facilities such as restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, retail stores, etc., – new construction and modifications – must be accessible to individuals with disabilities.
- Telecommunications companies must make telephone relay service available to individuals who use telecommunication devices.
- It is prohibited to coerce, threaten or retaliate against individuals with disabilities or those attempting to aid people with disabilities in asserting their rights under the ADA.
Individuals with disabilities believe that the ADA has made a great difference in their lives. This is reflected by their increased level of participation in mainstream American society, including better access to buildings, more inclusion in the community, and greater access to transportation. But even though the public is more sensitive to and aware of people with disabilities and the challenges they face, there is still much to be done to achieve complete inclusion.
When the ADA was signed into law, it was proclaimed, “Together, we must remove the physical barriers we have created and the social barriers that we have accepted, for ours will never be a truly prosperous nation until all within it prosper.” Twenty-five years later, those words remain true. The passage of the ADA calls for all Americans to commit to end discrimination against people with disabilities, and to be ever mindful that individuals with disabilities are given equal rights with us all to enjoy the privileges of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
|
<urn:uuid:aeade7b0-21ce-4dac-bd79-40ed472ea5f2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.disability.state.mn.us/2015/07/26/25-years-of-the-ada/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510427.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928162907-20230928192907-00458.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950075 | 746 | 4.21875 | 4 |
A young mother was fascinated but concerned as she watched a butterfly struggling mightily to escape through the small opening at the top of its cocoon. And when the creature seemed to give up overwhelmed by the task, she felt sure that it wouldn’t make it without help. So she enlarged the hole.
The grateful butterfly wriggled out. Unfortunately, its wings were shriveled and useless. The well-intentioned intervention interrupted a natural process. Forcing the butterfly to squeeze though a small opening is nature’s way of assuring that blood from the creature’s body is pushed into the wings. The butterfly escaped the cocoon but without strong wings it could never be free.
Childhood, too, is a sort of cocoon. If a healthy adult is to emerge there must be some struggle.
One of the hardest things for loving parents is to know when to let kids work their own way out of the rough patches in life. Of course we should always be supportive and demonstrate caring and we should look for opportunities to give them strategies and tools to deal with their problems. But if we are overprotective, they will not struggle enough and without some struggle they may not develop the strength and confidence they will someday need.
Children must be allowed to learn from their mistakes and pay the price for their own bad judgments. Parents who buy their kids everything they want and always bail them out of trouble do them no favors. In fact, they may be preventing them from growing the strong wings they need.
This is Michael Josephson reminding you that character counts.
|
<urn:uuid:a14be387-0b44-4afb-96f1-983fce23c2d0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://whatwillmatter.com/2014/09/commentary-794-1-let-the-butterfly-struggle/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651325.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605053432-20230605083432-00764.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970635 | 323 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Two new studies point out the serious consequences of untreated hearing loss.
In one, researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina found that middle-aged adults with untreated hearing loss had substantially higher medical bills compared with those without hearing loss. A second study from Johns Hopkins University found that moderate to severe hearing loss in those age 70+ was associated with a 54 percent higher risk of death.
The South Carolina study, published online April 7 in the journal JAMA Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery, examined some 562,000 adults ages 55 to 64 drawn from a national health care claims database. They were matched in terms of age, employment, the presence of a variety of chronic health conditions and other factors. Most had private, low-deductible health insurance with at least 18 months of coverage.
The study found that over 18 months, those with diagnosed hearing loss had 33 percent higher health care costs than those without hearing loss. Those with untreated hearing loss spent $14,165, while those without hearing loss spent $10,629. The study did not suggest a cause-and-effect relationship between hearing loss and higher health costs, merely a statistical association.
The study also found that of the 280,882 study subjects with hearing loss, just 36,323, or 13 percent, had received hearing services. That's even lower than the federal estimate that only 20 percent of those who could benefit from a hearing aid actually use one.
The study's lead author, Annie N. Simpson, an assistant professor of Health Care Leadership and Management at the Medical University of South Carolina, emphasized that the important finding was that the patients in the study were middle-aged, not 50+. The study shows, she said in a statement, that the negative health-related effect of hearing loss "may manifest earlier than is generally recognized and may affect use of health care across the continuum of care."
The reason for the higher bills, said Simpson in an email to AARP, could be because hearing difficulties cause some patients to avoid seeking timely medical care due to the stress of "trying to communicate with medical providers." Putting off going to the doctor could lead to problems becoming worse, she said, resulting in "a sicker patient who needs more care."
In addition, communication barriers could also affect how well those with hearing problems followed directions for taking medication or recognized "symptoms that signal the need to seek care." The isolation that often results from hearing loss may "reduce necessary communications about health problems to health care providers and family members," she added.
Hearing loss expert Frank Lin, M.D., and colleagues at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine found a 54 percent higher risk of death among those age 70+ with moderate to severe hearing loss in another study published in JAMA Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery.
Co-author Kevin Contrera, a medical student, said in a statement that the findings don't answer "the big question" — whether hearing aids and other therapies could offset this negative effect.
Both of these studies are wake-up calls about the health (and financial) consequences of untreated hearing loss.
People with hearing loss — as well as insurers, including Medicare, and the hearing industry — need to pay attention to the consequences of doing nothing about hearing problems. The cost of treatment is likely to be far less than the cost of the consequences of not treating.
Discounts & Benefits
Next ArticleRead This
|
<urn:uuid:512ca6a2-39ca-43bc-88ca-14613eb44bab>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2016/hidden-medical-cost-of-untreated-hearing-loss.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805809.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119210640-20171119230640-00006.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96654 | 705 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Spelling - Friday is test day this week.
Ask a member of your family to test you on this weeks spellings. If you are feeling really confident they could also add a further 3 spellings using the same rule (lots were identified in the Tuesday YouTube video or the Wednesday spellzone game)
Do your best and don't forget to take another look at any you get wrong. Can you work out what went wonky?
Computing - we are going to continue to learn about email this term. In our first session you received and replied to an email. In today’s session, you will be composing a new email.
Below there are pictures to guide you through the steps.
1 - open your purple mash email.
* There will be a new email from your teacher which also explains the task.
2 - click on compose - this will take you to a new email.
3 - create you ‘subject’ this could be a simple hello or something linked to the topic you are going to talk about.
4 - search for a classmates email (add at least 2 friends). You will need to type in the first part of their name and then click on it. This should then appear in the ‘to’ box.
5 - type your email - you should tell your classmate either a fun fact or joke. (Please make sure it is appropriate)
6 - challenge - can you change the font, size and add some bold or italic writing? Don’t forget to add an emoji! 😊⭐️
7 - finally press send. You will then have composed and sent your first email! Well done!
PARENTS: All emails will be checked by a member of staff before they are approved to be sent on to the children in the inbox. There is also a report to teacher button that can be used.
|
<urn:uuid:e2bd9e38-2bc5-47c5-a088-5c4da016ae7a>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://www.galleyhill.herts.sch.uk/friday-3/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735867.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804102630-20200804132630-00249.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952075 | 388 | 2.984375 | 3 |
| The oldest artefacts on the Balkan peninsula that testifies
to the first contemplation of man about art and abstract geometry in space
date between 50.000 and 35.000 B.C. while the mid Danube region was populated
between 350.000 and 250.000 B.C. which can be proven by the archaeological
material that has been found in Hungary and Romania. Up till now it is
assumed that the oldest graphisms on the Balkan peninsula, according to
some scientists, are dated between 10.650 to 10.100 B.C. and similar graphisms
to these, according to Piete, in western Europe are dated from the beginning
of the young Paleolith, i.e. from around 25.000 B.C. (
Picture 2) and by 13.000 - 10.000 B.C. it
is said that they go on to the phase called the Ideo-sinthetic alphabet.
According to our newest palaeographic and paleolinguistic research we can
state that signs of the sound alphabet have been discovered on the localities:
Lepeneski Vir and Vincha in Serbia, Karanovo, Gradeshnitsa and Sitovo in
Bulgaria, Tartaria in Romania as well as many localities in Macedonia.
They go as follows: Tsrna Loma or Ilina Gora at Osinchani close to Skopje
Tserye at Govrlevo close to Skopje (Picture 5 and
Pictture 6), Skochivir canyon close to Bitola,
the Kratovo region the locality "Grmada" or "Gramada" east of Dolno Dupeni
close to Resen, Trebenishte close to Ohrid etc. as well as the island
of Lemn in the Aegean sea, the Pizza cave in Corinth and the island Lesb
in Greece etc.
But as far as we are familiar, up till now there has not been any more serious, subtle and clear references in science about the phonetic system of the graphisms from different locations on the Balkan peninsula, or any successful attempts at their deciphering except for some labouring attempt at comparative identification of certain signs from the so- called Neolithic with inappropriate indications to their different interpretation. In recent times, among other scientists it is obvious that with over 20 years of work behind him, S.S Bilbiya put a huge effort in 1984 and 1989 when he offered a more acceptable solution to the problem of the so-called etruscan literacy with his endeavours to decipher many writings and texts on the material culture of the etruscans on the Balkan-Anadolian cultural complex, and prominent labours were made by G.S Grinevich who in 1993 tried to prove convincingly that the writings from Crete, Pil and other places with the random dating from 1700-1400 B.C. are not written on the so-called ancient Greek language but instead they are written on an old pre Slavic language and with this negates the attempts of deciphering made on the Knosos clay tablets by Arthur Evans and especially opposes the results of the 16 painstaking working years done by Micheal Ventris and his assistant John Chadwick in relation to the deciphering of the clay tablets from Crete written on the so-called Linear A and B that is the so-called Minoy alphabet, hence the language of the Pelazgian people and the Minoy alphabet are treated by G.S Grinevich as pre Slav.
On the basis of the paleographic and paleolinguist research done up till now, we can affirm that the so-called pre Slav language that is the so-called Aegean language , in other words the Minoy language or the language of the Pelazgian and other Macedonian tribes (Payonian, Piertian, Brygian or Phrygian, Venets or Enets etc) in fact represents a many functional flexible language of the ancient Macedonians which experiences its first innovations far back in prehistoric times while the morphologically relevant diverse peculiarities and the sounds of the phonetic and syntactic peculiarities move on a dialectic border which is a larger speaking area than the current ethnic area of Macedonia. In the completeness of its peculiarities of the ancient Macedonian diasystem , stand out the central Macedonian talks and the peripheral Macedonian talks while the dialectic differentiation of the ancient Macedonian language can be confirmed from the deciphered texts of inscriptions from prehistoric time which are registered on many places of the Balkan peninsula.
So it follows that the Mesolith, Neolith, Eneolith and the literal ancient monuments, as well as the whole relevant argumentation on the artefacts of the prevedic solar, cosmographic and other symbols of the so-called Mesolithic, Neolithic, Eneolith etc. cultures that determine an absolute chronology of a given cultural continuity from 7.000 to 3.000 B.C. in Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria and other Danube spaces emphasise an identification of the cult to the sun and the cosmos (space and universum) with other words the so-called pre Slav population because elements that they share among themselves the so claimed separate cultures at a given period and given space are actually of the ancient Macedonian speech and the solar and cosmograghic symbols from Osinchani, Govrlevo Porodin Skochivir canyon and the Kratovo region in Macedonia to Lepenski Vir, Starchevo, Vincha in Serbia, Tartania in Romania and Lemn and Lesb in the Aegean and from Karanovo and Gradeshnitsa in Bulgaria to Vuchedol and Vinkovtsi in Croatia ,Malig in Albania and Ohrid and Prespa in Macedonia which explicitly conform that not only were the Macedonians (who bear their name continually at least 5.500 years), but many other people as well who according to Herodot in antiquity were called Thacian ,Tribals , Ilirian, Geths or Giths, Scythian which today the modern historiography identifies with the names from VI-VII century AD calling them Slavs or Slavian people with their renaming into Bulgarians, Serbs, Montenegroes, Croatians, Slovenian etc. not only were they present on the Balkan spaces in prehistory as the so-called pre Slav people but they also argumentedly appear as descendants of the oldest people on these first civilisation centres and are with an alphabet, language and mythology much older than the so-called Vedic or Proto Vedic people.
Possibly that is why the prehistoric pre Vedic symbols in Macedonia
Everything our ancestors saw and knew about the transformations in nature and natural occurrences about the sun, fire and the domestic fire, about fertility and the great mother - godess, about astrological, mythical and philosophical understandings of nature, life, about the beliefs and traditions of everyday people, about the living and the dead, i.e. the eternal people who through the rays of the sun ascend into the never-ending cosmos, about the creation of the world (universum) about the initial, single and general about man, and social order about wars and destruction, about luck and happiness in life etc they left it fixed in the shape of solar, cosmic (cosmographic) (picture 2)
The Veda were codified around 2.700 or 1.500 B.C. and are written in the so-called "sanscrit language", i.e. "perfect" or "classical" language and with a "sanscrit alphabet", i.e. a "perfect alphabet" or "classical alphabet" and in fact with the Brachmean alphabet at around V - IV century B.C. which we could identify as a derivation of the prehistoric Macedonian phonetic alphabet on which the oldest writings in the Balkan are written and in Europe including the so-called graphisms at the cave Mass d Azil (France) which are claimed to be old 25.000 years B.C. while in fact they represent signs written with red colour on little rocks of different forms and size (P.2) and said to be which according to us testify of a phonetic alphabet and language similar to the inscriptions from Osinchani (Picture 4) and Govrlevo close to Skopje,
, or, , or,
|
<urn:uuid:c95baf4d-198a-42fe-b0da-fd1a0deb8445>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.unet.com.mk/ancient-macedonians/lac_a.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909031018-00031-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934328 | 1,766 | 3.125 | 3 |
Christmas Tree Trivia
Christmas just wouldn’t be the same without a Christmas tree twinkling in the night on Christmas Eve. Where did this Christmas tree tradition come from? What is our great nation’s national Christmas tree? Find out answers to these questions and more as you increase your Christmas tree trivia knowledge with the interesting facts below.
What is the Origin of the Christmas Tree?
The Christmas tree is thought to have originated in a play
often performed in the Middle Ages during the Advent season. Based on the story
of Adam and Eve, the play featured a Paradise Tree in the Garden of Eden that
was decorated with apples to symbolize Eve's temptation. The tree used in the
play was an evergreen tree, which symbolized fertility and a renewal of life.
It is believed that the Christmas tree dates back to the Middle Ages.
Later, in 16th century Germany, people would hang apples, gilded candies, colored paper, and roses from tree branches. Martin Luther, inspired by the beauty of stars shining through the branches of a fir tree, is credited with being the first person to add lighted candles to a tree.
Some believe that King George, a native of Germany, brought the tradition of decorating a Christmas tree to England. Others credit Queen Victoria with bringing the tradition to England from Germany where her husband, Prince Albert, was raised.
An etching of the British royal family gathered around a Christmas tree in Windsor Castle in 1848 prompted the spread of this favorite decoration throughout Victorian England. The custom was brought to the United States when German immigrants in Pennsylvania continued to decorate Christmas trees just as they had done in their homeland.
How do you care for Holiday Botanicals?
So much of Christmas decorating involves natural greenery and holiday flowers. Even if you don't have a green thumb, it is easy to incorporate these elements into your decor. All it takes to keep live and cut botanicals fresh during the holidays is tender, loving care.It is a myth that poinsettias are poisonous, but they do have a bitter taste.
To care for poinsettias, keep the soil moist, not wet. After the holidays, transfer the plant into a larger pot, trim the branches back once the bracts or leaves fade, and feed it every three weeks with fertilizer. As the weather warms to 60 degrees Fahrenheit, place the plant outdoors and continue trimming its branches. In October, expose the plant to 14 hours of darkness daily to force the leaves to color.
Holiday greenery such as holly, ivy, and evergreen branches will remain beautiful longer by adding a commercial floral preservative to the water. Spritz arrangements with water daily and monitor their temperature. The cooler the room, the longer the greenery stays fresh. Leaves dipped in household floor wax can last up to six weeks. This also works for decorative fruit such as grapes and pears. It gives them a shine and can keep them from spoiling for at least three weeks.
Christmas trees need water daily. Adding a commercial preservative to the water will extend the life of the tree. For a live tree, place the burlap-wrapped root-ball in a tub, and water it daily. After Christmas, dig a hole twice as large as the root-ball, carefully remove the burlap, then place the tree into the hole.
Ranging in color from red to yellow, kalanchoes and other succulent plants are excellent holiday bloomers. Though the plants can withstand relatively dry conditions, keep the soil moist. After the holidays, treat kalanchoes like poinsettias, trimming the branches and feeding regularly. In the fall, allow the plant to dry out between waterings and expose it to at least 12 hours of darkness to encourage flowering.
To force bulbs like paperwhites, narcissus, amaryllis, and irises, plant them in October with the pointed end up in a shallow container on a layer of pebbles. Fill with sandy potting soil or with more pebbles. Water at planting time and regularly when growth begins. Place the bulbs in warm sunlight, and fertilize just before and during blooming. When flowers begin to die, reduce watering until the leaves have withered. Plant the bulbs, or place them in a cool, dark, dry place until next year.
What is the History of the Wreath?
Wreaths have a long history, dating back to ancient Druids who believed that holly, a perennial evergreen with lush, red berries, was a magical plant. Wreaths were first created when holly and other evergreens were arranged in a circular shape, a shape with no beginning or end, and therefore, synonymous with eternity.
The circular shape of a wreath is synonymous with eternity.
This representation took on more meaning when Jesus Christ was crowned with a wreath of thorns. In the days of Julius Caesar, wreaths were worn by aristocrats and used by Greeks to crown victorious athletes in the original Olympic games. It is believed that hanging a wreath on a door became a custom when Olympic athletes began to hang their wreaths on their doors following a victory.
Although the word wreath evokes thoughts of Christmas, these lovely decorations can beautify doors and walls year-round. They can be embellished with a vast assortment of dried or artificial flowers to fit any holiday or season.
What are some of the most popular Holiday World Records?
Some people love the holidays so much that they set out to break world records with their holiday cheer. For example:
The largest Christmas stocking measures 35 feet 41/2 inches long and 16 feet 5 inches wide. Created by J. Terry Osborne and friends from King William County, Virginia, it was filled with gifts to be distributed to needy children.
Jean-Guy Laquerre of Boucherville, Quebec, Canada, is an avid Father Christmas collector, with more than 13,000 items collected since 1988. The collecting bug bit when his aunt died and left him a 12-inch-high antique papier-mâché Santa Claus from the 1920s. Since then, he has added objects such as music boxes, yo-yos, photos, candleholders, and pens.
What is the Origin of the Poinsettia?
Poinsettias account for 88 percent of all plant purchases at Christmastime. The most popular color is red, but they are also available in white, cream, pink, and yellow, and they can be striped, spotted, or marbled.
Originating in Mexico, where they are known as the "Flower of the Holy Night," the flowers were brought to the United States by Joel Poinsett in 1829. In their native country, they grow as shrubs and can reach heights up to ten feet tall.
The poinsettia originated in Mexico, where it is known as the
"Flower of the Holy Night."
In Mexico, a heart-warming story explains the origin of the poinsettia:
On a Christmas Eve, long ago, a poor little boy went to church in great sadness because he had no gift to bring the Holy Child. He dared not enter the church, and, kneeling humbly on the ground outside the house of God, he prayed fervently and assured our Lord, with tears, how much he desired to offer him some lovely present --"But I am very poor and dread to approach you with empty hands." When he finally rose from his knees, he saw springing up at his feet a green plant with gorgeous blooms of dazzling red.
What is Holly?
For centuries, holly has been synonymous with the holiday season. In ancient Rome, holly branches were given as a gesture of friendship during Saturnalia, the winter solstice festival. Druids would decorate their homes with holly during Britain's gloomy winters, believing that the sun always shone on this sacred tree. Likewise, pagans would bring holly and other evergreens inside to ensure that Nature would return in the spring.
The most well known holly is American holly.
There are hundreds of species of holly that can be clipped and used in seasonal decorations. Perhaps the most well known is American holly, which features spiny, glossy leaves and bright red berries. Inkberry holly, named for its deep purple-black berries, and variegated holly, with striped leaves, are striking alternatives to the standard holiday holly.
What is the Origin of the Traditional Mistletoe Kiss?
Who doesn't love hanging mistletoe? Although most mistletoe
is parasitic, and, therefore, harmful to the trees on which it grows, the Celts
thought it had magical powers for healing wounds and increasing fertility, so
they placed it throughout their homes for good luck and to ward off evil
The mistletoe "kiss" tradition dates back to the eighth century.
In ancient Britain, mistletoe was considered so sacred that it could only be cut with a golden sickle. Today, Americans decorate doorframes with this plant in hopes of catching a smooch from a sweetheart while standing under its leaves. This tradition is credited to Frigga, the Scandinavian goddess of love and beauty, and is said to date back to the eighth century.
What is America’s National Christmas Tree?
America's official national Christmas tree is not located at the White House, but rather in King's Canyon National Park near Sanger, California. The tree, a giant sequoia known as the General Grant Tree, was designated the "Nation's Christmas Tree" in 1925.
It is 267 feet high, 40 feet across its base, and is estimated to be between 1,500 and 2,000 years old. In 1956, the tree was declared a national shrine to honor the men and women of the U.S. military. As a memorial, park rangers place a wreath at the base of the tree during the Christmas ceremony, which has been held every year since 1925.
As you can see, there were many engaging facts to discover about everything from Christmas trees to wreaths. In the next section, take your Christmas trivia skills to the next level as you uncover facts about Christmas songs.
Continue to the next page to test your Christmas song trivia knowledge.
|
<urn:uuid:21dd6c45-866f-4156-8260-a58fb82b99ab>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/christmas-trivia5.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163055810/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131735-00041-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96183 | 2,145 | 3.359375 | 3 |
It’s now an archaic image. One lonely computer set at the back of the classroom, equipped with Netscape Navigator and Compton’s Encyclopedia. The computer monitor, off-beige in colour, was roughly one foot in depth and weighed approximately 40 pounds. Access to this new classroom technology was, in most schools, given as a reward for good behavior. This was the role of the computer in the classroom in the early 1990s—not as a functional educational tool, but as a break from class. In fact, at the time, only 20-30 million people worldwide actually owned computers or had access to the internet. Today, there are billions who have access, with the internet being readily available in most of our pockets. Ultimately, digital devices have made their way into the classroom and are an integral part of our day-to-day.
Twenty years is not a long time when considering the entire chronicle of the history of technology in education. However, in just two decades, technology has brought vast improvements into the classroom, assisting in the way lessons are taught, how information is stored and how students are able to collaborate. There is an ever-evolving relationship between technology and culture, and with the advent of the internet, emails and even laptop integration in schools and workplaces, we have the ability to communicate with ease and speed. At Ridley, the influence of technology has greatly impacted the role of the teacher, who is committed to evolve and grow with each new technological advance.
We are now more connected, have more information and have even greater technological advances in the classroom than ever before.
We have entered an era where we are connected to everyone around us through the click of a button and at top speed. Through a simple email or text, we are linked with someone on the other side of the world. Email is used to connect students with teachers, teachers with parents and parents with the school community. Mr. Geoff Park ’80 (Department of Social Sciences) remarked on the advantages of this connection: the ease to send and receive work, to remind people about any changes taking place, to arrange to meet students for tutorials, and to send useful links, to name a few.
Students, especially boarders, can easily stay in touch with their families near or far—a vast difference between the communiqué of 20 years ago. “When I started in 1990”, recalls Ms. Karen Oude-Reimerink (Department of Science), “most boarding students communicated with their parents once a week via a pay phone in residence. Advisors communicated once every six weeks or so (with effort grades) via a phone call. Individual teachers rarely communicated directly with parents – all communication was through the Head of House or the Advisor.”
Although we are more connected than ever before, the drawback is the risk of feeling disconnected and isolated. The fast pace of life that has taken hold of society can sometimes prove to be more of a hinderance than a freeing agent. With the convenience of digital interaction through social media and email, traditional methods of keeping in touch are falling by the wayside, thus creating a dichotomy between the convenience of digital connectivity and the closeness of our relationships.
Ridley is cognizant of this challenge and has responded to it by implementing a number of measures to promote interpersonal communication. Devices are not permitted in the Great Hall in an attempt to encourage social interaction during meal times, students participate in daily physical activity and there are ongoing organized events and activities in classrooms and the Houses, which allow for students to nurture their social and emotional skills.
Regardless of the negative effects of online connection, we live in a digital world and the use of technology has become an essential life skill.
Access to Information:
With the internet being omnipresent in the classroom, there is a difference in the way students research and learn. According to Mr. Chris Gordon (Department of Classical and International Languages), “the world is literally at your fingertips; we can easily learn about the world around us and are able to collate information that, even 20 years ago, would have been much more difficult to find.”
By having access to a vast trove of information, we obtain a richer understanding of the subjects at hand and students are granted the opportunity to examine a wider variety of perspectives on any given topic. Mr. Geoff Park ’80 supports this view, saying “we can find articles about any issues or topics from around the world. When I used to teach geopolitics and discuss Israel, I could access The Jerusalem Post and Al Jazeera, and news sources of different biases from around the world. It enabled a broader perspective.”
“Technology allows the classroom walls to extend far beyond the confines of a physical space.” – Mr. Chris Gordon.
The variety in which materials can be shared is useful in relaying specialized information “The access to online videos and simulations is wonderful in clarifying scientific concepts,” says Ms. Karen Oude-Reimerink. This helps to inform and assist students in forming their own unique perspectives.
Richard Culatta, CEO of the International Society for Technology in Education, has weighed in on the impact technology is having in the classroom and emphasizes it’s value. “We’ve moved from 100 percent of learning materials coming from an out-of-date textbook, to interactive materials and students in remote locations having access to high-quality resources,” Culatta notes. “Technology has enabled learners to explore and learn on their own in ways that were harder to do when the resources all had to come from the teacher. It’s very powerful.”
The challenge that comes into play is evaluating if the information at hand is actually a credible source. How can a student tell if content is written by a competent authority? Mr. Gordon notes, “the ability to analyze and evaluate the source of information is now so much more important, and this can be a struggle.” Students need to learn how to be thoughtful consumers of digital content and discriminate the reliability and accuracy of this.
This has been one of the new research skills stemming from our digital world. Students are now taught what to look for during the research phase of a project and are educated on both primary and secondary types of research. Through the McLaughlin Resource Centre and the Matthews Library, students have access to countless resources and can connect to the infinite information found on the web. Through required citing, faculty members are able to confirm that students are searching for evidence in the right place and getting the most out of their online practices.
Gone are the days of the computer lab or the one-computer classroom. The growth of technology in schools has influenced the way teachers must approach their lesson plans.
“Information technology is a great asset to education, but it is equally important that the teacher relays not only curricular content, but also demonstrates how to best navigate their systems, so that students will be more successful with the course at hand,” says Mr. Gordon.
Mac Integration at Ridley brought about the most significant change in how students absorb the topics at hand, the way they conduct their educational activities and the way they communicate with one another. The Mac Integration Programme began at Ridley in 1998, where all faculty received school-owned laptops. Upper School students followed shortly after, with the laptop rollout beginning in September 1999. Over the years, classrooms went from having dial-up and Ethernet to wireless connections.
“Mac Integration and the use of smart projectors has enabled us to create bespoke lessons and class note sets for each course and to provide students with a collection of materials for their learning support that is much more robust than ever before,” exclaims Ms. Rachael Scott (Department of Mathematics).
Fifteen years ago, classrooms were first outfitted with Smartboards — the go-to technology for interactive learning. Today, all classrooms are housed with Epson Smart Projectors that eliminate the need for a dedicated white board. Currently, Ridley is in the midst of adding Apple TV’s to all classrooms, allowing teachers and students a seamless way to collaboratively share and display information from their laptops without the need for cables.
Another great advance in technology and communication has been the implementation of TigerNet. First introduced in 2005, TigerNet is Ridley’s student information system that gives teachers the ability to record grades and add comments, share course assignments, tests and class notes, assign deadlines, receive assignments through a Dropbox feature and much more. Since the inception of TigerNet, the sharing and transparency of information across all roles have been game-changing.
With the implementation of new technology, there is always the possibility for some challenges to come into play. One of the biggest challenges at hand is the opportunity for distraction. “Even the most dynamic lesson is hard pressed to compete with an online conversation with a friend, a game, a movie etc. and while teachers try to stay on top of that, if you need your laptop for that lesson, and you can’t see all the screens at once, it is impossible to prevent misuse” says Mr. Park. There have always been avenues for distraction throughout the history of teaching, the laptop is just another vehicle for this. Adaptability, innovation and an open mind is key to successfully integrating technology into the classroom and maintaining a strong student-teacher relationship.
“My teaching continues to grow and change, as does that of my colleagues,” says Ms. Scott. “We are constantly learning different ways of introducing material to students and ways of helping the students to develop learning skills that will enable them to learn anything of interest to them in the future. This is the exciting change.”
Technology is not meant to replace the teacher but rather, creates a more flexible learning environment that breeds innovation and enriches the classroom, resulting in a more collaborative learning milieu. Today’s students have never experienced a world without the infusion of technology. By embracing this new digital landscape, we are preparing students for the globally-connected world of tomorrow.
|
<urn:uuid:a768f2c9-a81a-4fc5-b4f7-0a63bb0720c6>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
http://blogs.ridleycollege.com/blog/2019/07/29/the-digital-generation-how-technology-has-impacted-student-life/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348502204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605174158-20200605204158-00118.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957109 | 2,070 | 3.125 | 3 |
Israel Nature and Parks Authority ecologists recently discovered a rare plant thought to have been extinct for over 50 years. The two nature wards for the Eilat region found a cluster of wild retama caper plants in the Arava region.
Over the years, the Nature and Parks Authority made numerous attempts to rediscover this tropical plant known for its stunning red flowers in the wadis of the Judean Desert.
Last seen in Israel in 1956, ecologists managed to grow the plant in ornamental gardens from seeds brought over from Jordan. That’s why the surprise rediscovery caught the two ecologists off guard when they came upon a cluster of 30 bushes – some as tall as four meters – in the Nahal Hayun area.
One of the ecologists, Dr. Benny Shalmon, rediscovered the Halocnemum strobilaceum in the Arava dunes last year. Botanists had thought it too had become extinct.
In fact, this past year has been full of surprises when it comes to nature in Israel. Scientists returned the Yarkon bleak fish from the brink of extinction. And in February, the Syrian spadefoot toad hopped back into nature books after not being seen in the region for some 25 years.
|
<urn:uuid:f09d999a-5fb5-43b4-966e-4e8ef18e6640>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://www.israel21c.org/news/israeli-ecologists-find-plant-thought-to-be-extinct/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657113000.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011153-00277-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958297 | 260 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Last spring, the United States Department of Defense presented a team of students at Stevens Institute of Technology (Hoboken) with a challenge: an estimated 30 million pounds of explosives lie submerged off the coast of the United States. They need to be disarmed.
Since then the students have been trying to help solve that problem by designing and building an underwater drone to detect those explosives so that authorities can dispose of them safely.
The students – mechanical engineers Michael Giglia, Joe Huyett and Mark Siembab; computer scientists Ethan Hayon and Brandon Vandegrift; and naval engineer Don Montemarano – worked together for the Perseus program, which is a design contest sponsored by the Defense Department’s Rapid Reaction Technology Office. Several of the students participated in part to fill the Stevens requirement that all seniors complete a design project.
Students demonstrated the drone for the public and press in late January at an event on the Stevens campus.
Professor Michael DeLorme, who is a research associate at the Center for Maritime Systems at the Davidson Laboratory on the Stevens campus in Hoboken, served as the students’ faculty advisor. He helped recruit the team, but otherwise he stepped aside and let the students work from scratch.
“This is all their design,” DeLorme said. “The Defense Department gives them a problem, but then it’s up to the students to figure out how to solve it.” DeLorme said that the government runs programs like Perseus to compare student design ideas with ones from professional defense companies.
The 48- by 38- by 16-inch, 70-pound, H-shaped drone has an aluminum frame that supports sealed tubes carrying electronic equipment. The drone’s thrusters allow for a full range of motion, and its several sensors include sonar, magnetic metal detection, a laser dimensioning system, and three high-definition video cameras.
The drone is tethered to a buoy on the surface that sends information back to the team on shore, which can watch and control the drone remotely through a computer screen. Once the drone locates an object, its sensors can determine the object’s dimensions and composition. The drone’s computer then checks the information against an extensive database of explosives.
A typical scenario for using the drone might involve a civilian boat encountering an unknown object underwater but close to shore. Authorities could then use the drone to inspect the object, sparing human divers potential danger. Although many objects underwater are harmless, hundreds of unexploded bombs, mines, missiles and other weapons litter the American seaboard. Some come from military training exercises and others from actual wars, especially from World War II, and even as far back as the Civil War.
DeLorme said that weather forces such as hurricanes can cause enough soil erosion to unearth previously buried explosives. He added that the drone could have other uses besides detecting explosives, such as environmental monitoring or offshore oil drilling. “It’s a huge field,” he said, comparing the drone to a versatile pickup truck.
The students built the drone over nine months with a $15,000 grant from the government. Many of the parts are common objects such as a video game controller that moves the drone. The drone’s surface equipment rests on a fluorescent boogie board more commonly used for surfing waves.
This is the fourth time that Stevens has designed an underwater vehicle for the government and the second year it has participated in the Perseus program. Like the students last year, who built a drone to detect an underwater communications cable, the students this year participated in a demonstration in Florida that also included students and drones from Florida Atlantic University, Georgia Tech, North Carolina A&T and Florida Keys Community College. The Stevens drone passed the government’s demonstration test of being able to operate and detect successfully while 40 feet underwater.
The students said they learned to overcome many challenges during the project, including working under budget and managing their time alongside classes. They solved a major problem just before the Florida demonstration that involved waterproofing the drone for ocean levels of pressure and salinity after they previously had only tested it in the Davidson Laboratory and the Hudson River.
Montemarano, a naval engineering student who plans to join the Navy after he graduates, said he and the other team members learned how to blend together their various areas of expertise. “We took it step by step, and we each asked what we could do to contribute,” he said. “There were times when we all had to be Johnny on the Spot.”
Huyett said the students had to remember to focus on both higher and lower levels of design. “We could design the most intricate vehicle, but if there’s a problem with a simple 5-volt battery, then it’s not going to work,” he said.
Although the Stevens students worked on the drone through their school, the project also has an entrepreneurial aspect. Huyett, Montemarano and Siembab pitched the project as a startup within Stevens’ Technogenesis program, which teaches students about entrepreneurship. Montemarano said that pitching to investors helped the team better understand the project. “We had to think how to explain this to people who aren’t engineers,” he said.
DeLorme said he thought the students learned to give a very polished pitch. “People thought they were from the government,” he said.
|
<urn:uuid:d1870696-5af4-4987-a461-3044559ce63a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://njtechweekly.com/art/2250-stevens-students-design-computer-controlled-drone-to-detect-underwater-explosives/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695066.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926051558-20170926071558-00090.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962528 | 1,129 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The widespread adoption of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines and cervical screening across Australia and other developed nations has resulted in a significant fall in cervical cancer rates in many countries over the last decade. Nonetheless, cervical cancer remains a critical health issue worldwide and in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) in particular.
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with more than half a million women diagnosed with the disease in 2018(1). In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC’s) cervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer among women. About 90 percent of deaths from cervical cancer occur in LMIC’s(1).
Of all cancer screening methods, cervical cancer screening has been shown to be the most effective(2). Why then does cervical cancer remain a major health issue?
Developed nations have vaccination and cervical screening programs that are widespread or adopted at a national level (such as Australia). Effective cervical cancer screening requires robust clinical infrastructure, skilled human resources and quality assurances − most of which are unavailable in LMIC’s, where resources are limited. Hence, these countries have less access to cancer screening and treatment options, and the mortality rate for cervical cancer is higher.
Additionally, nearly all cases of cervical cancer follow from infection by oncogenic HPV types (3). The development of screening opportunities using alternative HPV-based strategies and HPV vaccinations has greatly reduced the rate of cervical cancer. However, for LMIC’s, the implementation of HPV vaccinations is limited because of its high cost (see Figure 1 for a list of countries with publicly funding HPV vaccination programmes). Consequently, only 10 percent of females in LMIC’s have access to the HPV vaccine, compared to 90 percent of females in developed nations(4).
Figure 1 (above): Countries that have introduced a publicly funded national HPV vaccination programme since 2006, by year. Striped sections indicate implementation in a part of the country.
Source: Bruni, L. Diaz, M. Barrionuevo-Rosas, L. Herrero, R. Bray, F. Bosch, F X. 2016. Global estimates of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage by region and income level: a pooled analysis. Volume 4, Issue 7, pages 453-463, https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2214-109X%2816%2930099-7
Furthermore, there is a high correlation between women with HIV and cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women living with HIV(4). The likelihood that a woman living with HIV will develop invasive cervical cancer is up to five times higher than for a woman who does not have HIV4.
A large majority of deaths related to cervical cancer in LMICs occur in sub-Saharan African countries that have the highest burden of HIV4. For instance, in Zambia, the rate of cervical cancer is 10 times higher than in Australia. In Eastern and Southern Africa, women are 10 times more likely to die of cervical cancer than women in Western Europe(4).
Despite their increased risk of cervical cancer, women living with HIV in LMIC’s often do not receive regular screening or treatment for the disease. According to recent large studies, in Malawi and Zambia, only 19 percent and 27 percent of women aged 30-49 years who are living with HIV have been screened for cervical cancer(4).
According to the World Health Organisation, one of the fundamental steps to reducing the rate of cervical cancer worldwide is a comprehensive approach to cervical cancer prevention and controls1.
At TruScreen, we are providing a solution to the limited resources for cervical screening in LMIC’s through our breakthrough device that provides real-time reporting without the need for laboratory testing and which offers to women a more accessible screening option. The TruScreen device is primarily distributed in LMIC’s and offers an alternative approach to cervical screening, resolving many of the ongoing issues faced in these regions, including accessibility and the need for supporting laboratory infrastructure.
By improving access and supporting diagnostic screening and testing tools that help in the early detection and treatment of cervical cancer, we may be able to eliminate the disease worldwide.
|
<urn:uuid:65f8deb9-8508-4c12-89b6-5d50e130e505>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://truscreen.com/cervical-cancer-remains-a-global-health-issue/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949573.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331051439-20230331081439-00323.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933356 | 884 | 3.390625 | 3 |
About Panboola Wetlands
Panboola is an 82 hectare community-owned and managed wetland near Pambula, on the far south coast of New South Wales maintained for its significant coastal wetland and threatened ecological communities as an education and recreational space for the benefit of the community.
The site comprises billabongs, a tidal channel, mud flats and mangroves. It contains SEPP 14 wetland and threatened ecological communities including coastal saltmarsh and freshwater wetlands. Approximately 30 Hectares are utilized as grazing land for dairy cattle providing a perfect demonstration interface between agriculture and conservation. It also adjoins Ben Boyd National Park, and is in close proximity to Pambula Beach and Pambula Lake, a highly regarded oyster growing estuary.
|
<urn:uuid:bc1468fd-6c3a-4d99-ab8e-7222d146a946>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.atlasoflife.org.au/science-hub/hub-members/panboola/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105455.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819143637-20170819163637-00171.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935992 | 157 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Uncertainty does not give people the confidence needed to move forward and make decisions because it carries with it high levels of risk. As a result, growth, however you want to define it, halts because uncertainty keeps people locked in a strange type of limbo waiting for something to happen.
Both the Democrats and the Republicans in Washington know they are right and the other side is wrong. Both have shown in the past that they are not willing to compromise because they both have made promises to their parties. To give in, even a little, would make them look weak.
All of this creates high levels of national and international uncertainty. Add to that the fact that we are heading toward what has been called a ‘fiscal cliff’ and it’s easy to see why business owners and investors have a wait and see attitude and everyone is so stressed and anxious.
Two 50th anniversaries offer a powerful lesson for the United States government. The first is the 50th anniversary of the Cuban Missile Crisis. For those who are too young to remember, the world was never closer to the brink of nuclear war as we were 50 years ago. President Kennedy and his Soviet counterpart Nikita Khrushchev confronted each other “eyeball to eyeball,” each with the power of mutual destruction. A war would have meant the deaths of 100 million Americans and more than 100 million Russians. What kept the world from ending as we had known it? The willingness on both sides to compromise! Both men had a willingness to think and act beyond national pride and personal ego. As such, they found a way to give up a few things on both sides in order to move forward without destroying each other.
The rock and roll band The Rolling Stones is also celebrating their 50th anniversary with what we would all expect: a tour. At some point on every night of their tour, lead singer Mick Jagger will sing these words to the band’s classic song: “You can’t always get what you want, but if you try sometimes you just might find… you get what you need.”
Wants and needs are two different things. What this nation needs is for both the Democrats and the Republicans to remember that they are both Americans. And America needs a functional government with leaders that can negotiate and compromise enough to create the certainty and vision we are all hungry for—one that lets us all move forward together as the UNITED States.
|
<urn:uuid:bd5abbbc-3b64-4b24-aecf-ebdad4f10887>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.burrus.com/2012/11/what-can-the-cuban-missile-crisis-and-the-rolling-stones-teach-the-u-s-government/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702454815/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110734-00042-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97246 | 501 | 2.734375 | 3 |
General Chemistry/Periodicity and Electron Configurations
Blocks of the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table does more than just list the elements. The word periodic means that in each row, or period, there is a pattern of characteristics in the elements. This is because the elements are listed in part by their electron configuration. The Alkali metals and Alkaline earth metals have one and two valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell) respectively. These elements lose electrons to form bonds easily, and are thus very reactive. These elements are the s-block of the periodic table. The p-block, on the right, contains common non-metals such as chlorine and helium. The noble gases, in the column on the right, almost never react, since they have eight valence electrons, which makes it very stable. The halogens, directly to the left of the noble gases, readily gain electrons and react with metals. The s and p blocks make up the main-group elements, also known as representative elements. The d-block, which is the largest, consists of transition metals such as copper, iron, and gold. The f-block, on the bottom, contains rarer metals including uranium. Elements in the same Group or Family have the same configuration of valence electrons, making them behave in chemically similar ways.
Causes for Trends
There are certain phenomena that cause the periodic trends to occur. You must understand them before learning the trends.
Effective Nuclear Charge
The effective nuclear charge is the amount of positive charge acting on an electron. It is the number of protons in the nucleus minus the number of electrons in between the nucleus and the electron in question. Basically, the nucleus attracts an electron, but other electrons in lower shells repel it (opposites attract, likes repel).
Shielding Effect
The shielding (or screening) effect is similar to effective nuclear charge. The core electrons repel the valence electrons to some degree. The more electron shells there are (a new shell for each row in the periodic table), the greater the shielding effect is. Essentially, the core electrons shield the valence electrons from the positive charge of the nucleus.
Electron-Electron Repulsions
When two electrons are in the same shell, they will repel each other slightly. This effect is mostly canceled out due to the strong attraction to the nucleus, but it does cause electrons in the same shell to spread out a little bit. Lower shells experience this effect more because they are smaller and allow the electrons to interact more.
Coulomb's Law
Coulomb's law is an equation that determines the amount of force with which two charged particles attract or repel each other. It is , where is the amount of charge (+1e for protons, -1e for electrons), is the distance between them, and is a constant. You can see that doubling the distance would quarter the force. Also, a large number of protons would attract an electron with much more force than just a few protons would.
Trends in the Periodic table
Most of the elements occur naturally on Earth. However, all elements beyond uranium (number 92) are called trans-uranium elements and never occur outside of a laboratory. Most of the elements occur as solids or gases at STP. STP is standard temperature and pressure, which is 0° C and 1 atmosphere of pressure. There are only two elements that occur as liquids at STP: mercury (Hg) and bromine (Br).
Bismuth (Bi) is the last stable element on the chart. All elements after bismuth are radioactive and decay into more stable elements. Some elements before bismuth are radioactive, however.
Atomic Radius
Leaving out the noble gases, atomic radii are larger on the left side of the periodic chart and are progressively smaller as you move to the right across the period. Conversely, as you move down the group, radii increase.
Atomic radii decrease along a period due to greater effective nuclear charge. Atomic radii increase down a group due to the shielding effect of the additional core electrons, and the presence of another electron shell.
Ionic Radius
For nonmetals, ions are bigger than atoms, as the ions have extra electrons. For metals, it is the opposite.
Extra electrons (negative ions, called anions) cause additional electron-electron repulsions, making them spread out farther. Fewer electrons (positive ions, called cations) cause fewer repulsions, allowing them to be closer.
|Ionization energy is the energy required to strip an electron from the atom (when in the gas state).
Ionization energy is also a periodic trend within the periodic table organization. Moving left to right within a period or upward within a group, the first ionization energy generally increases. As the atomic radius decreases, it becomes harder to remove an electron that is closer to a more positively charged nucleus.
Ionization energy decreases going left across a period because there is a lower effective nuclear charge keeping the electrons attracted to the nucleus, so less energy is needed to pull one out. It decreases going down a group due to the shielding effect. Remember Coulomb's Law: as the distance between the nucleus and electrons increases, the force decreases at a quadratic rate.
It is considered a measure of the tendency of an atom or ion to surrender an electron, or the strength of the electron binding; the greater the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to remove an electron. The ionization energy may be an indicator of the reactivity of an element. Elements with a low ionization energy tend to be reducing agents and form cations, which in turn combine with anions to form salts.
Electron Affinity
|Electron affinity is the opposite of ionization energy. It is the energy released when an electron is added to an atom.
Electron affinity is highest in the upper left, lowest on the bottom right. However, electron affinity is actually negative for the noble gasses. They already have a complete valence shell, so there is no room in their orbitals for another electron. Adding an electron would require creating a whole new shell, which takes energy instead of releasing it. Several other elements have extremely low electron affinities because they are already in a stable configuration, and adding an electron would decrease stability.
Electron affinity occurs due to the same reasons as ionization energy.
Electronegativity is how much an atom attracts electrons within a bond. It is measured on a scale with fluorine at 4.0 and francium at 0.7. Electronegativity decreases from upper right to lower left.
Electronegativity decreases because of atomic radius, shielding effect, and effective nuclear charge in the same manner that ionization energy decreases.
Metallic Character
Metallic elements are shiny, usually gray or silver colored, and good conductors of heat and electricity. They are malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets), and ductile (can be stretched into wires). Some metals, like sodium, are soft and can be cut with a knife. Others, like iron, are very hard. Non-metallic atoms are dull, usually colorful or colorless, and poor conductors. They are brittle when solid, and many are gases at STP. Metals give away their valence electrons when bonding, whereas non-metals take electrons.
The metals are towards the left and center of the periodic table—in the s-block, d-block, and f-block . Poor metals and metalloids (somewhat metal, somewhat non-metal) are in the lower left of the p-block. Non-metals are on the right of the table.
Metallic character increases from right to left and top to bottom. Non-metallic character is just the opposite. This is because of the other trends: ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity.
|
<urn:uuid:7ab562e2-c61b-4988-9c51-24c5b3cb1d20>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Periodicity_and_Electron_Configurations
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917487 | 1,666 | 4.4375 | 4 |
A city is a relatively large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation.
A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth. Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers, weather conditions, and glaciers.
Open source WordPress is the most popular online publishing platform, currently powering more than 20% of the web.
Dummy text is text that is used in the publishing industry or by web designers to occupy the space which will later be filled with ‘real’ content. This is required when, for example, the final text is not yet available. It is said that song composers of the past used dummy texts as lyrics when writing melodies in order to have a ready-made text to sing with the melody.
When you are courting a nice girl an hour seems like a second. When you sit on a red-hot cinder a second seems like an hour. That’s relativity.Albert Einstein
|
<urn:uuid:b65644ca-9553-4446-bf71-b450bf18e7b5>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://demo.themesharbor.com/fortune/author/demotarik/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738609.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810042140-20200810072140-00446.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950535 | 288 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Naveen Joshi | Pulse | LinkedIn:
ML and statistics
Often in fields, like pattern recognition, data mining, and knowledge discovery, we see both machine learning and statistics coming together. What brings them together is a common goal – learning from data; this means both of them focus on drawing insights or knowledge from data. However, both these methods are affected by their inherent cultural differences. While statistics is a subfield of mathematics, machine learning comes from computer science and artificial intelligence. Not to forget, machine learning is a comparatively new field, made possible by the availability of cheap computing power and availability of what we call as big data that helped data scientists to train computers to learn by analyzing data. On the contrary, statistics has existed long before computers were invented.
|
<urn:uuid:e4d8d7b2-3ac2-499b-9292-7f1ce2663675>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
https://qvintest.blogspot.com/2017/07/relation-between-statistical-machine.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807089.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124051000-20171124071000-00263.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961313 | 155 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In the Americas and Europe, in the 21st century, legally recognized marriages are formally presumed to be monogamous (although some pockets of society accept polygamy socially, if not legally, and some couples choose to enter into open marriages). In these countries, divorce is relatively simple and socially accepted. In the West, the prevailing view toward marriage today is that it is based on a legal covenant recognizing emotional attachment between the partners and entered into voluntarily.
In the West, marriage has evolved from a life-time covenant that can only be broken by fault or death to a contract that can be broken by either party at will. Other shifts in Western marriage since World War I include:
There emerged a preference for maternal custody of children after divorce, as custody was more often settled based on the best interests of the child, rather than strictly awarding custody to the parent of greater financial means.
Both spouses have a formal duty of spousal support in the event of divorce (no longer just the husband)[clarification needed]
Out of wedlock children have the same rights of support as legitimate children
In most countries, rape within marriage is illegal and can be punished
Spouses may no longer physically abuse their partners and women retain their legal rights upon marriage.
In some jurisdictions, property acquired since marriage is not owned by the title-holder. This property is considered marital and to be divided among the spouses by community property law or equitable distribution via the courts.
Marriages are more likely to be a product of mutual love, rather than economic necessity or a formal arrangement among families.
Remaining single by choice is increasingly viewed as socially acceptable and there is less pressure on young couples to marry. Marriage is no longer obligatory.
Interracial marriage is no longer forbidden.
Fathers, upon divorce, are held financially responsible for their children.
Marriage for immigration purposes is sometimes practiced by international students who are seeking to migrate to countries such as Australia, where additional points required for immigration are awarded for marriage within the country.
Asia and Africa
Nubian wedding with some international modern touches, near Aswan, Egypt
Some societies permit polygamy, in which a man could have multiple wives; even in such societies however, most men have only one. In such societies, having multiple wives is generally considered a sign of wealth and power. The status of multiple wives has varied from one society to another.
In Imperial China, formal marriage was sanctioned only between a man and a woman, although among the upper classes, the primary wife was an arranged marriage with an elaborate formal ceremony while concubines could be taken on later with minimal ceremony. After the rise of Communism, only strictly monogamous marital relationships are permitted, although divorce is a relatively simple process.
Polygamy, monogamy, and polyandry
Polyandry (a woman having multiple husbands) occurs very rarely in a few isolated tribal societies. These societies include some bands of the Canadian Inuit, although the practice has declined sharply in the 20th century due to their conversion from tribal religion to Christianity by Moravian missionaries. Additionally, the Spartans were notable for practicing polyandry.
Societies which permit group marriage are extremely rare, but have existed in Utopian societies such as the Oneida Community.
Today, many married people practice various forms of consensual nonmonogamy, including polyamory and swinging. These people have agreements with their spouses that permit other intimate relationships or sexual partners. Therefore, the concept of marriage need not necessarily hinge on sexual or emotional monogamy.
Christian acceptance of monogamy
In the Christian society, a "one man one woman" model for the Christian marriage was advocated by Saint Augustine (354-439 AD) with his published letter The Good of Marriage. To discourage polygamy, he wrote it "was lawful among the ancient fathers: whether it be lawful now also, I would not hastily pronounce. For there is not now necessity of begetting children, as there then was, when, even when wives bear children, it was allowed, in order to a more numerous posterity, to marry other wives in addition, which now is certainly not lawful." (chapter 15, paragraph 17) Sermons from St. Augustine's letters were popular and influential. In 534 AD Roman Emperor Justinian criminalized all but monogamous man/woman sex within the confines of marriage. The Justinian Code was the basis of European law for 1,000 years.
Several exceptions have existed for various Biblical figures, incestuous relationships such as Abraham and Sarah , Nachor and Melcha , Lot and his Daughters Amram and Jochabed , and more
Christianity for the past several years has continued to insist on monogamy as an essential of marriage.
Contemporary Western societies
In 21st century Western societies, bigamy is illegal and sexual relations outside marriage are generally frowned-upon, though there is a minority view accepting (or even advocating) open marriage.
However, divorce and remarriage are relatively easy to undertake in these societies. This has led to a practice called serial monogamy, which involves entering into successive marriages over time. Serial monogamy is also sometimes used to refer to cases where the couples cohabitate without getting married.
|
<urn:uuid:89c11519-2a2f-4047-8ba3-b74bc79a4a17>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://typesofmarriage.blogspot.com/2011/08/americas-and-europe.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805687.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119153219-20171119173219-00098.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968925 | 1,067 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Intro to Pedestrian Safety in North Carolina
Across the U.S. in 2015, roughly 5,376 pedestrians were killed and over 70,000 injured in accidents involving motor vehicles on public roads. Emergency room data shows that a large percentage of pedestrian accidents occur on private roads, indicating that the 70,000 injuries is likely much less than the actual total.
In North Carolina, data show that over 3,000 pedestrians and 800 bicyclists are involved in collisions with vehicles each year. Pedestrian fatalities comprise almost 15% of overall traffic fatalities. Alcohol is often a factor in pedestrian accidents.
How Pedestrian Accidents Occur
Pedestrians tend to be struck by the front ends of motor vehicles. Standard passenger cars tend to strike pedestrians in the lower-middle section of their bodies; SUVs or pickup trucks strike in the upper-middle section. Young children are particularly susceptible to severe injury in these collisions. When taller vehicles are involved, the pedestrian is more likely to land on the ground in front of the vehicle after impact.
There is a strong correlation between the severity of an accident and the rate of speed that the vehicle is traveling at the time.
North Carolina Pedestrian Laws
At all times, drivers must use care to avoid potential collisions with pedestrians and should use their horns as needed to warn of their presence. Drivers should use special caution when a child or disabled person is present.
Here are the rules for pedestrians:
- Pedestrians at Traffic Signals: North Carolina statute makes pedestrians subject to signals for controlling traffic. The WALK signal gives the pedestrian right-of-way to proceed across the roadway. Pedestrians are not to start crossing the roadway when the DON’T WALK signal is in place. Pedestrians may not willfully obstruct or inhibit the flow of roadway traffic.
- Pedestrians at Crosswalks: When pedestrian traffic signals are not present or inoperable, drivers are to yield the right-of-way to pedestrians within either a marked or unmarked crosswalk. When a vehicle is stopped at a marked or unmarked crosswalk to allow a pedestrian to cross, drivers traveling behind that vehicle are prohibited from passing. Drivers who are exiting alleys, driveways, or private drives are to yield to pedestrians using the sidewalk.
- Pedestrians Crossing Outside of Crosswalk: When pedestrians are attempting to cross a road at a point without a marked or unmarked crosswalk, they must yield to vehicles. When intersections with traffic signals are present, pedestrians may only cross there using the crosswalk. Pedestrians may not walk along the road when sidewalks are provided.
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Danger
Pedestrians generally will detect the sound of an emerging vehicle if they do not see it. Electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles in electric mode present a unique concern based on their relatively quiet operation. These vehicles are 39% more likely to be involved in a pedestrian-related crash, especially when backing up or making a turn. In response, the U.S. Department of Transportation now requires these vehicles to be manufactured with the capability of generating some type of sound for pedestrian safety.
North Carolina Safety Initiative
The North Carolina Department of Transportation established a Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation in 1973. Their programs are designed to improve bicycle and pedestrian safety, as well as increase accessibility within the scope of the transportation network. The “Watch for Me NC” initiative was created to reduce the number of accidents involving pedestrians and bicyclists. The initiative combines efforts in public education, community awareness, and cooperation with local law enforcement. The local Wilmington “Watch for Me NC” has led the way in improving safety in areas of higher traffic throughout New Hanover County. A recent partnership was created with UNC-Wilmington and Cape Fear Community College to promote safety and improve conditions.
Pedestrian Safety Tips
Pedestrians should never assume that a driver sees them and should always exercise caution. Here are some safety tips:
- When crossing a multi-lane road, cross one lane at a time.
- When walking at night, try to wear bright or reflective clothing to enhance your visibility.
- Limit distractions such as using mobile devices while walking.
- Watch for vehicles backing out when in parking areas—the rear brake lights are the best indicator.
- If there is no sidewalk, walk to the side of the roadway facing traffic.
- When crossing a street, try to do so from a position that allows for the best possible view of traffic.
- Around bus stops, it is best to cross the road from behind the bus, or at a marked crosswalk when available.
- Remember to limit your consumption of alcohol when you will be walking.
If you were practicing “safe walking” but still were hit by a motorist, you may be able to claim compensation from the at-fault driver. For a consultation with an experienced North Carolina pedestrian accident attorney about your rights and options, please call Rhine Law Firm, P.C., at (910) 772-9960.
|
<urn:uuid:bfbcfb9a-a65d-40a8-b85e-db4ae7cd646c>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.carolinaaccidentattorneys.com/pedestrian-accidents/intro-to-pedestrian-safety-in-north-carolina/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950422.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402074255-20230402104255-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943299 | 1,036 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Congratulations to SpaceX for a second successful flight of Falcon 1 into orbit! Note the "Columbiad" cannon on Space Mountain. Jules Verne foresaw it all!
The "Mysteries of the Nautilus" is unique to Euro-Disney. California Disneyland put the sets of 20,000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA on display until the 1960's. Under the guidance of Hollywood propmaster (and LEAGUES fan) Tom Scherman, Disney's Nautilus has been rebuilt in the lagoon alongside Space Mountain. With a plot that is actually better than the novel, the 1956 movie is a true classic.
We descend "underwater" to explore the interior, including Nemo's cabin. Captain Nemo, being an independent explorer, relied on neither Paris nor Greenwich for longitude. As in the movie, distances on the chart are measured from his base at Vulcania.
Verne described the Nautilus as spindle-shaped. Originally Walt Disney wanted a streamlined hull, like modern subs. Production Designer Peter Ellenshaw added the barbed fins and Victorian detailing that filmgoers fell in love with. In Verne's novel the salon, dining room and library were separate compartments. The movie combined them into one big set. An animatronic giant squid lurks outside the viewports, occasionally approaching the ship.
Verne wrote that Nautilus used electric motors, but was unclear about the source of electricity. In 1956 the US Navy had built a real Nautilus, and Disney made the movie sub atomic-powered.
Verne dreamed about a limitless source of energy. As late as 1909 if someone had lectured about the future of energy they would have talked about coal and oil. Though the world had not yet taken notice, in 1905 a scientist had written E=mc^2. By 1945 humans had built both nuclear reactors and an atomic bomb. In 1954 the real Nautilus was launched.
If someone in 2009 lectures about the future they may talk about solar, power satellites, and the always-distant possibility of controlled fusion. Already we know of far greater sources. Nuclear fusion turns only 0.7% of its fuel into energy. Matter falling into a Black Hole can turn almost 50% into energy. Instead of scarce Helium-3 the fuel could be anything, even old issues of National Geographic. The food that a single Frenchwoman eats, about 1 ton per year, could provide all the electricity needs of Europe! All we need is to capture a single microscopic Black Hole. That could be nearer than we think.
The access point for the nuclear reactor is visible between the aft personnel hatch and the skiff. As we wait in line for Space Mountain, Verne's Nautilus provides wonder and much food for thought. NEXT: Death by asteroid?
Labels: black holes, Disney, physics
|
<urn:uuid:fe1f2639-a45d-41e4-a7e6-ee0a25246d3b>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://riofriospacetime.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824970.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00379-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949746 | 586 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Thessaloniki was founded in 316 BC by Kassandros who married the sister of Alexander thw Great, Thessaloniki, and gave her name to the new city. The city was fortified since its establishment, but the present walls date from the early Byzantine period, ca. 390, and incorporate parts of an earlier, late 3rd-century wall. The walls consist of the typical late Roman mixed construction of ashlar masonry alternating with bands of brick. The northern part of the walls adjoins the acropolis of the city, which formed a separate fortified enceinte, and within it lies another citadel, the Eptapyrgion.
Extensive rebuilding of the walls was carried out during the reign of Emperor Theodosius I the Great (late 4th-early 5th centuries) by Ormisdas, while frequent barbarian raids in the 5th and 6th centuries necessitated frequent reinforcement of the walls. The ease with which the Saracens captured the city in 904 through the defenders’ negligence led to the walls being strengthened to resist the danger presented by the Bulgarians.
Major repair work was undertaken again in the 13th and 14th centuries by the Palaeologan dynasty both to the walls (e.g. the Anna Palaeologina Gate) and to the Eptapyrgion (Acropolis). Venetian indifference facilitated the capture of Thessalonike by the Turks (1430), who then paid great attention to the city’s fortifications. The Walls of Thessaloniki surrounded the city during the Middle Ages and until the late 19th century, when large parts of the walls, including the entire seaward section, were demolished as part of the Ottoman authorities’ restructuring of Thessaloniki’s urban fabric.
The walls of Thessaloniki were originally 7 km long. Unfortunately only 3 of them survive today. Fortified at intervals with towers and gates, the wall was a double one, at least in the more level sections, the inner and outer wall having a distance of ten metres between them. There were no gates in the sea walls, while the artificial harbour built by Constantine the Great within the walls had a low wall around it facing the city and a breakwater, the Tzeremboulon, on its seaward side.
Transfer Thessaloniki is the best way to discover this beautiful walls! We are here to transfer you from Thessaloniki Airport to city center. Your transfer, is our pleasure!
|
<urn:uuid:f39d2f50-4368-4484-9ca5-1985b03fc05a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.transferthessaloniki.eu/blog/the-walls-of-thessaloniki
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00480.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967615 | 522 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Heidegger presented his opinion of way of life as phenomenological ontology starting with the hermeneutics of Dasein which means there-being. The word Dasein is a term that Heidegger used to represent human beings that understands their own self. According to him, Dasein is a conscious being and that being none other than human beings. He argued that only human beings amongst all other beings that have the ability to understand themselves and their actions. He went farther to add that Dasein has both an existential and ontological that makes him special than other kinds of being and it has the ability to understand the existence of other beings other than its own self. Therefore, its ontic and ontological structure is the foundational for every other kind of being. According to Heidegger, the being of Dasein differs from other beings of objective existence, and in that Dasein can project its own possibility and the factuality of Da-sein, is different from the factuality of what is dispassionately present (Heidegger 92).
According to Heidegger, the question of the meaning of being can only be understood by that being for which the question of being is important and to the person for whom existence matters are important. According to his views of being, the being for whom being is a question of who and not what and this being is Dasein meaning being there or roughly human existence or being there. He pursued the phenomenological method where he tried to show how the Dasein has unlimited qualities that differentiate it from other beings(Heidegger 123). According to Heidegger, being and Time is more than philosophical anthropology. His explanation of Dasein passes through an analysis of the experiences of anguish and death, and then through an investigation of the structure of “care”. Later on he raises the crisis of genuineness, that is, the potentiality Dasein to subsist fully enough that it might actually understand itself. All through the book, he emphasizes that nothing makes certain than Dasein is this understanding. Heidegger concludes that the peculiarity between Da-sein and other classes of beings is only the commencement of ontology, and in order to have a complete explanation about the meaning of being, there is need to be further explained (Heidegger 160).
|
<urn:uuid:6bd027fd-7ebe-429d-8ea5-91188b0e58fd>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://perfectwritings.com/blog/phenomenological-methods-of-heidegger-and-merleau-ponty/2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423320.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720181829-20170720201829-00411.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977349 | 478 | 3.671875 | 4 |
To help protect your favorite varieties from going the way of the dodo, you can, of course, save their seed all by yourself or with a group of friends. More valuable all around is becoming a member of Seed Savers Exchange, a huge group of people who are all devoted seed savers. Since 1975, members of the nonprofit Seed Savers Exchange have passed about one million samples of rare garden seeds to other gardeners. Members get access to “twice as many vegetable varieties as are available from all of the mail-order seed catalogs in both the U.S. and Canada.” The phone-book-size Seed Savers Yearbook for 2009 boasted 13,263 unique varieties, all of which can be purchased for a modest price. When you become a seed saver, you can ensure the continuance of a variety by offering it to other gardeners through the Seed Savers Exchange. By sharing the seed, varieties that are no longer commercially viable can be preserved all over the country—indeed, all over the world.
Read why some seeds are in danger of disappearing
|
<urn:uuid:e705127b-de00-47aa-a5ca-46f4be43bd21>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.hortmag.com/weekly-tips/tools-materials/savingseeds
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997904391.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025824-00086-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960219 | 224 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Ameigh History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
- Origins Available:
The origins of this surname lie in the Old French word "ami," meaning "friend," or from the French personal name Amé, which comes from the Latin Amatus, meaning "beloved."
Early Origins of the Ameigh family
The surname Ameigh was first found in Cornwall where they held a family seat as Lords of the Botienne Castle in Cornwall. "In the thirteenth century Richard Amy held from Henry de la Pomeray in Cornwall. His descendants were to be found there till the middle of last century. Mr. Amy, Sheriff of the county in 1714, inherited Botreaux Castle from his uncle Sir John Cotton, and was the father of Cotton Amy, the last heir male, who left only two daughters." Since then, their influence has moved east into Devon, Somerset and Dorset. The Hundredorum Rolls of 1273 list Simone and John Ame in Essex temp. Edward I.
Early History of the Ameigh family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Ameigh research. Another 110 words (8 lines of text) covering the years 161 and 1619 are included under the topic Early Ameigh History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Ameigh Spelling Variations
Cornish surnames are characterized by a multitude of spelling variations. The frequent changes in surnames are due to the fact that the Old and Middle English languages lacked definite spelling rules. The official court languages, which were Latin and French, were also influential on the spelling of a surname. Since the spelling of surnames was rarely consistent in medieval times, and scribes and church officials recorded names as they sounded rather than adhering to any specific spelling rules, it was common to find the same individual referred to with different spellings of their surname in the ancient chronicles. Moreover, a large number of foreign names were brought into England, which accelerated and accentuated the alterations to the spelling of various surnames. Lastly, spelling variations often resulted from the linguistic differences between the people of Cornwall and the rest of England. The Cornish spoke a unique Brythonic Celtic language which was first recorded in written documents during the 10th century. However, they became increasingly Anglicized, and Cornish became extinct as a spoken language in 1777, although it has been revived by Cornish patriots in the modern era. The name has been spelled Amy, Amie, Amey, Ammy, L'Amie, L'Amy, L'Amey, Lamey, Lamie and many more.
Early Notables of the Ameigh family (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Ameigh Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Ameigh family
An investigation of the immigration and passenger lists has revealed a number of people bearing the name Ameigh: William Amy, who arrived in Virginia in 1642; Cher Amy, who came to Virginia in 1677; John Amy, who came to Barbados in 1679; Thomas Amy, who was on record in Carolina in 1697.
- Cleveland, Dutchess of The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages. London: John Murray, Abermarle Street, 1889. Print. Volume 1 of 3
|
<urn:uuid:cb4178a0-da0f-4085-a95a-cc91a49b0510>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.houseofnames.com/ameigh-family-crest
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100448.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202172159-20231202202159-00394.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9675 | 695 | 2.59375 | 3 |
After the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Eberswalde Hoard disappeared from the Berlin museum, along with the so-called "Treasure of Priam". The suspicion that the Red Army might have removed both finds was denied by the Soviets for decades. After Russian president Boris Yeltsin admitted that "Priam's Treasure" was in Russian hands, the authorities ceased to explicitly deny that they also held Eberswalde Hoard. In 2004, a reporter from German magazine Der Spiegel located it in a secret depot within Moscow's Pushkin Museum. Germany has request return of the materials, and the issue has caused tension between the German and Russian governments.
The hoard had been deposited in a globular vessel with a lid. In it were eight gold bowls, which contained another 73 gold objects. The bowls were thin-walled chased gold vessels with copious ornamental decoration. The other objects included neck rings, bracelets and 60 wire arm spirals. 55 double spirals were tied into bundles. A gold ingot, a piece of metal shaped like a crucible and two smaller pieces probably represent raw material for the production of such objects. The treasure belongs to the goldsmith known as Villena-type, for its resemblance to the Treasure of Villena.
|
<urn:uuid:ad412428-ad87-4051-9236-f4b4b9274d3c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://realmsofgoldthenovel.blogspot.com/2014/12/eberswalde-hoard.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322275.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628014207-20170628034207-00015.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973283 | 261 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The Acid Rain Challenge
Table of Contents
Acid deposition, more commonly known as acid rain, occurs when emissions of SO2 and NOX from power plants, vehicles, and other sources react in the atmosphere (with water, oxygen, and oxidants) to form various acidic compounds. These acidic compounds then fall to earth in either a wet form (rain, snow, or fog) or a dry form (gases and particles) and can harm aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (particularly forests); affect human health; impair visibility; and damage automotive finishes, buildings, bridges, monuments, and statues.
Key Commitments of the Acid Rain Annex
Both the United States and Canada have been successful in reducing SO2 and NOX emissions and thus, mitigating the impact of acid rain on each side of the border. Despite these achievements, however, further efforts are needed to restore all damaged ecosystems to their pre-acidified conditions.
Commitments and Progress: SO2 Emission Reductions
- In 2006, Canada’s total SO2 emissions were 2 million tonnes,1 or about 38 percent below the national cap of 3.2 million tonnes (Figure 1).
- SO2 reductions represent more than a 55-percent decrease from Canada’s total SO2 emissions in 1980 and a 35-percent decrease from the 1990 emission level.
- SO2 emissions in the seven easternmost provinces were 1.4 million tonnes in 2005, or nearly 40 percent below the (now expired) eastern Canada cap of 2.3 million tonnes.
- Canada is committed to further reducing acidifying emissions through the more recent Canada-wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000.
Figure 1. Canadian SO2 Emissions from Acid Rain Sources, 1980–2006
Source: Environment Canada, 2008
1 One tonne is equal to 1.1 short tons.
- The United States succeeded in meeting its commitment to reduce annual SO2 emissions by 10 million tons from 1980 levels by 2000.
- In 2007, emissions of SO2 from the electric power sector fell below the 2010 national emission cap of 8.95 million tons for the first time, achieving the U.S. commitment three years early (Figure 2).
- National SO2 emissions from all sources have fallen from nearly 26 million tons in 1980 to less than 13 million tons in 2007 (see <www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends>).
- Most of the reductions in SO2 emissions are due to the Acid Rain Program (ARP), which requires major reductions of SO2 and NOX emissions from the electric power sector.
Figure 2. U.S. SO2 Emissions from Acid Rain Program Electric Generating Units, 1980–2007
Source: EPA, 2008
Preventing Air Quality Deterioration and Protecting Visibility
Under the Acid Rain Annex, Canada and the United States have recognized the importance of preventing air quality deterioration and protecting visibility from sources that could cause significant transboundary air pollution. In October 2007, a joint U.S.-Canada visibility workshop was held in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Federal Land Managers, and Canadian government representatives came together to review the history of the U.S. visibility program and to share information and lessons learned from joint analyses, discuss international transport, and investigate future collaboration.
Commitments and Progress: NOX Emission Reductions
- Surpassed its NOX emission reduction target at power plants, major combustion sources, and metal smelting operations by 100,000 tonnes below the forecasted level of 970,000 tonnes.
- Recently passed stringent standards for NOX emissions from on-road and off-road sources, effective from 2004 to 2009.
- Emissions of NOX from all NOX program-affected units were 3 million tons, and total NOX emissions from all sources covered by the ARP were 3.3 million tons (Figure 3).
- This level is 4.8 million tons less than the projected NOX levels for 2000 without the ARP, or more than double the NOX emission reduction goal under the Acid Rain Annex.
Figure 3. NOX Emission Trends for All Acid Rain Program Units, 1990–2007
Source: EPA, 2008
Consultation and Notification Concerning Significant Transboundary
Air Pollution Since 1994, Canada and the United States have regularly notified each other concerning potential new sources and modifications to existing sources of transboundary air pollution within 62 miles (100 km) of the U.S.–Canada border. Since publication of the 2006 United States–Canada AQA Progress Report, Canada has notified the United States of eight additional sources, for a total of 52 Canadian notifications. The United States has notified Canada of nine additional sources, bringing the total number of U.S. notifications to 56. More information is available on the government Web sites of each country at:
Acid Deposition Trends
Both nations use wet deposition (rain or snow) data to assess how the atmosphere is responding to decreasing or increasing emissions of sulfur and nitrogen. Figures 4 and 5 show the U.S.–Canada spatial patterns of wet sulfate and wet nitrate deposition, respectively, for 1990 and 2005. The pattern from 1990 to 2005 illustrates that significant reductions occurred in wet sulfate deposition in both the eastern United States and much of eastern Canada. Reductions in wet nitrate deposition have generally been more modest than for wet sulfate deposition.
Figure 4. Annual Sulfate Wet Deposition
Figure 5. Annual Nitrate Wet Deposition
Source: National Atmospheric Chemistry (NAtChem) Database (www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/natchem/index_e.html) and the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)
|
<urn:uuid:2bf9d2e6-f81a-452d-89e8-76edfc8c8190>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.epa.gov/airmarket/progsregs/usca/acid_2008.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510264575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011744-00476-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.89278 | 1,193 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Homeschooling Resources for Learning Languages
It’s not easy for a parent to be fluent in a foreign language (if they aren’t already). But here’s the good news. Research shows that parents don’t have to be fluent in a second language to help their children learn (see Helping your child learn a language). Indeed, the child will benefit from you just learning alongside them.
What is more, research again suggests that one of the best ways to learn a language is to play games (see: What’s the best way to teach children a language?). So your lesson can be consist of playing as opposed to studying…and at the same time be more effective.
Enthusiastic children learning up to 10 X faster at home*
By embedding important language principles inside award-winning Language Games, KLOO makes language learning fast, easy and fun. Many parents claim they see a whole new and improved attitude to learning languages.
Parents who are teaching their children can use KLOO’s range of Homeschooling Resources to teach children from absolute beginners through to intermediate standards. At top schools, KLOO is already used to teach 7 – 14 year old children and achieve multiple objectives:
Building vocabulary up 10 X faster (see Research below)
Making sentences in seconds
Speaking the language out loud
Increasing motivation and enthusiasm
Practising with verbs, pronouns, adjectives, nouns, expressions and connectives
“FANTASTIC GAME! Bought this for the family and it is brilliant. Have just used packs 1 and 2 so far although bought all 4. Great for all ages and abilities – mixed children and adults works fine. Very good because it self corrects and teaches as you go along. Am looking forward to extension packs in the future” J Ginny, Parent, England
Choose your child's language
KLOO Games provides the building blocks of language
Each deck is packed full of language learning
Each deck of KLOO contains a careful selection of high frequency words that work together around a particular language theme. The decks are mathematically weighted with a precise number of word types to give students an understanding of how word types work together including:
Language Themes covered in KLOO cards include:
This game is without a doubt the best Language learning game I’ve ever used as a Teacher of Languages – we’ve got a whole cupboard full of more expensive alternatives that fail to deliver what this game does in bundles; fun and learning at the same time. All the learners (including my own kids, aged 8 and 11), that I’ve played it with it have loved it. Angela, TOP 100 Amazon “Vine” Reviewer and MFL Teacher
“I teach Spanish to students, ages 8-13, and the kids love this game! The color-coded cards correspond to parts of speech (easy grammar reinforcement! yay!) and allow all types of learners and skill levels to play. Beginners can form sentences without any knowledge of the language at all. Throughout the game, translations located at the bottom of the cards allow players to learn vocabulary and gain points. Even my reluctant learners are motivated to figure out what the cards mean” Diana, Amazon Reviewer, US MFL Teacher
Choose your child's language
We love to support Homeschooling Teachers. If you have any queries or suggestions or wish to discuss anything, please fill in the form and get in touch. I aim to get back to all teacher enquiries as fast as I can.
Thanks for your interest in KLOO
Send me a message and I promise to get back
|
<urn:uuid:bad9fd09-1bec-4a67-b224-1041c01be673>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://kloogame.com/homeschooling-resources-spanish-french-italian-mfl/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00260.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934605 | 752 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The History of NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming)
Who Developed NLP?
NLP was developed by John Grinder who had a background in linguistics and Richard Bandler whose background was in mathematics and gestalt therapy. Their focus was centered upon making explicit models of human excellence and their work began during the seventies. This later evolved into some of the common NLP techniques and NLP theory that is still being used and adapted today.
Sources of NLP Theory and NLP Techniques
Their first work, The Structure of Magic Vol. 1& II, identified the verbal and behavioral patterns of therapists Fritz Perls (the creator of gestalt therapy) and Virginia Satir (a renowned family therapist).
Bandler and Grinder’s next work Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Vol. I & II examined the verbal and behavioral patterns of Milton Erickson, founder of the American Society of Clinical Hypnotists, and one of the most widely acknowledged clinical psychiatrists of the 20th century. As a result of this work, Grinder and Bandler formalized their modeling techniques and their own individual contributions under the name Neuro-Linguistic Programming; symbolizing the relationship between the brain, language and the body. The basics of this model including NLP anchoring techniques and NLP persuasion has been described in a series of books such as: Frogs Into Princes, Neuro-linguistic Programming Vol. I, Reframing, and Using Your Brain for A Change.
What is NLP?
|
<urn:uuid:fbea2e59-aa3f-4d56-8b0b-728888fdc961>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.michaeljemery.com/neuro-linguistic-programming/history/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00157.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941748 | 325 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The 1910 Rate Book shows that The Priory at 17 Castle Street was occupied by H C Hume-Spry as tenant.
Herbert Charles Hume-Spry was born 15th December 1853 in Allahabad and baptised there on 23rd February 1854 . He was the son of the Rev Arthur Browne Spry and his wife Matilda (nee Browne) and he was then called Herbert Charles Hume Spry without a hyphen. We have been told by Peter Hume-Spry (a great grand nephew of Herbert who kindly provided the photographs of the family shown here) that Herbert was baptised by his own father. We understand from the same source that Herbert had an adventurous start to life. It seems that in 1857 at the outbreak of what the British refer to as the Indian Mutiny Arthur and Matilda were in the fort of Allahabad with their young family. The family story is that they were forced to seek sanctuary there during the massacres. However it seems that Arthur was already chaplain there and several records, including the births of their three sons and the burial of the youngest on 4th August 1857, confirm this. The British Library also has a collection of thirteen letters sent between 1841 and 1867 to their relatives in Norfolk, several of which were actually written from Allahabad. However sadly we have not yet had an opportunity to see these letters. It may have been that their home, although in Allahabad, was outside the fort itself where they were at some time forced to shelter for their own safety. However, whatever the exact details of the story the fort was under siege for some twelve days and the family must have been distressingly aware of the atrocities that occurred around that time, not least those committed by the British forces in retaliation.
We know that the family sailed to England on the ‘Alfred’ in 1859. Sadly on March 17th 1959 Matilda Browne Spry died and she was buried at sea the next day. At that time Herbert was only six years old and his sister, also called Matilda, was aged seven years. We understand that there is a memorial to Matilda Browne Spry in the Holy Trinity church in Allahabad. Arthur Browne Spry did not return to England permanently at this point and he did not resign as chaplain until October 1867.
However it seems that as was often the custom at that time, the children spent much of their time in England during their education. The 1861 census shows Herbert at school in Hornsey in Essex with his sister Matilda. The Census confirms that Herbert was born in Allahabad and says that his sister Matilda was born in “Missourie”. We believe the latter is a reference to Mussourie Hill Station in Umballah in India.
By 1868 Arthur Browne Spry became Vicar of Stanford in Norfolk and he remained there until his death in 1870.
We understand that Herbert was educated at Marlborough and that from 1874 to 1875 he worked in the Uncovenanted Civil Service in Bengal before becoming an indigo planter for Doolie Indigo Concern at Mozuffarpur, Tirhut by 1877. Throughout his career Herbert appears to have been a volunteer soldier. In 1897, when he was a major in the Volunteer Behar Light Horse, he received a long service medal for volunteering for 38 years and 10 days. His actual occupation was a manager or proprietor of various companies. Peter Hume-Spry has told us that Herbert was connected to the Dhokraha Concern in Majoulia and by 1907 he appeared in a trade directory as the proprietor of the Behar Iron Works.
Herbert and Angela married Angela Caroline Manners in Thurma, Bengal on January 1st 1883. Angela was Born in 1863 and was the daughter of Colonel Herbert Russell Manners.
In March 1900 Herbert announced in The Times that his name was now Herbert Charles Hume-Spry with the hyphen.
In the 1901 census Angela Hume-Spry was boarding in Tennyson Road Harpenden with her daughters, Iered aged 6 and Doris aged 17. We do not know whether this was a visit to England or whether Mrs Hume-Spry returned to England before her husband. The Special Drainage Rate Book for Thornbury for the year 1910 was amended to show that the tenant was now H C Hume-Spry which may indicate that he moved to Thornbury about that time. It seems likely that he returned to England before this time as in 1908 he was at his daughter’s wedding near Frome. We have a thumbnail image of the wedding photograph on the right that shows Herbert and Angela with their daughters Angela Doris (the bride) and Iered Rodney Manners (a bridesmaid). Please click on the image for a larger photograph.
The 1911 census shows that the house was generally called The Priory by this time and that it was occupied by Herbert Charles Hume-Spry aged 57 and a retired tea planter who was born in Allahabad in India. He and his wife Angela Caroline (nee Angela Caroline Russell Manners) had been married for 28 years and had three children, all still living.
Only one of their children, Iered Rodney Hume Spry their 16 year old daughter lived with them at the time of the 1911 census. Iered was born in Hutton in Somerset in 1895 and her birth was registered in Axbridge. The family had two servants; Dorothy Herridge aged 17, a house parlour maid, and Kate Seviour aged 19, a cook.
The South Gloucestershire Chronicle of 8th January 1915 shows that Major Hume-Spry was in charge of the Thornbury and District National Reserves. In 1916 the Prewetts Directory shows that Herbert had continued his interest in volunteering and was the Hon Secretary and Treasurer of the Boys Scouts in Thornbury and District. It seems likely that the postcard held in Thornbury Museum with a photograph of a parade in Thornbury showing the Scouts marching past the bank in Thornbury High Street in the early Twentieth Century shows Herbert marching with the boys. We have a thumbnail image here below. Please click on it for a larger photograph.
From 25th February 1917 he served in the Second Volunteer Brigade of the Gloucestershire Regiment as temporary second lieutenant. We have a thumbnail image of a photograph taken about this time below on the left. Please click on it for a larger image.
In 1917 Herbert Hume-Spry was made temporary Second Lieutenant of the Gloucestershire Volunteer Regiment. In the directory for 1923 he was shown as the Secretary to the Church Institute and Hon. Secretary for the boys Scouts. He was later the Secretary for the Horticultural Society. By the 1925 Valuation List and 1926 rate book Herbert Hume-Spry had become the owner of The Priory.
He died aged 73 on 17th June 1927. We have been told that a newspaper cutting written into the history of the Spry family by James Hume Spry says
” On Sunday the second annual RAOB Church Parade was held at Thornbury. The service was conducted by the Vicar (Rev. C.R. Cotter. MA.) who based his address on the text “I am among you as one that serveth“.
“laid to rest a few hours ago the greatest servant to his fellow men of anyone in the town. Unostentatious, simple, and natural, he was never officious but always efficient. The Boy Scouts had lost a father so noble in himself and to others, and they could profit by his splendid example, and always and always be ready to render some measure of service to others. The special RAOB service was used with Mrs E. Pitman at the organ, and the band played Handel’s “Largo”. (Mr Hume-Spry’s favourite tune.)“
He was interred in Thornbury Cemetery on 19th June 1927.
Probate of his estate was granted to his widow, Angela Caroline, and to his daughter, the then Angela Doris Manners Barry. Effects were valued at £8620 9s 2d.
The rest of the family seem to have left Thornbury soon after this time. We feel that the entry in the 1931 Kelly’s Trade Directory for H C Hume-Spry may be an error. It seems more likely that Georgina Isabel Jenkinson bought the house in 1927 as her mother died in the same year that Herbert died.
The widowed Angela Caroline Hume-Spry died in a nursing home in Ealing, London on 16th December 1947. Her homes were described as 47 Bramham Gardens Earls Court in London and Twynax House Ford Lane Farnham in Surrey. The executors of her will were the Westminster Bank and her daughter, Iered Rodney Manners Hume-Spry a spinster. Angela was buried in Thornbury Cemetery with her husband on 17th December 1947.
Children of Hubert and Angela Spry
Herbert Manners Hume-Spry. In the 1901 census Herbert Manners Hume-Spry the only son of Herbert and Angela was a boarder at Marlborough. He was born in India. Herbert was married in Thornbury in 1926. In the announcement of the wedding his address was described as Panitola Tea Estate, Assam. Herbert married Grace Constance Clough in Thornbury in 1926. She was the daughter of Colonel A H B Clough of Lisburne, Sandecotes Road, Parkstone in Dorset. Grace died in 1943 and Herbert died in 1944, both in Surrey. Herbert died at Guilford County Hospital but The Times gave his home address as Twynax House Farnham in Surrey. They were buried at Pirbright Church.
Angela Doris Manners Hume-Spry married Sir Claude Francis Barry the 3rd Baronet. She seems mainly to have been referred to as Doris, perhaps to distinguish her from her mother. Their marriage was registered in Bristol in the September quarter of 1907 and again in Frome in 1908. It seems likely that the first wedding was a quiet wedding, possibly a Register Office, and this was followed by a larger wedding attended by family members in Frome. They had two sons and two daughters. They divorced in 1927. When her brother died in 1944, Angela was described as Doris Harrison of Cowshot Manor in Pirbright. Angela died in June 1960.
The website for Cornish Artists has an interesting obituary for Angela Doris Hume-Spry;
Fellow students Doris HUME-SPRY and Claude Francis BARRY met at art school in Bournemouth and they married, against parental wishes (on his part), in 1908. Doris, a descendant of the Dukes of Rutland (though one without fortune) had been born in Bengal in 1884 (IGI), the daughter of Charles Hume-Spry. She was both a competent painter and an excellent art-needleworker.
The couple had three children, two daughters and one son. Mrs Barry served on the Ladies Committee at STIAC in 1911, and began to show her needlework pictures In December of 1913. The couple also exhibited at Show Days, sharing a studio for the purposes of exhibition until 1921. From that point, we lose sight of Doris Barry, at least in that name. Her husband left St Ives in 1922 (though he was to return later in the 1940s) to pursue his etching career in France and Italy. Their marriage was dissolved in 1927.”
Iered Rodney Manners Hume-Spry. Iered was born in Hutton in Somerset in 1895 and her birth was registered in Axbridge. We have been told by Peter Hume-Spry that Iered died in a nursing home near Battle in Sussex in 1981.
|
<urn:uuid:0d8a80d8-c555-4466-868a-629bcdecc87d>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.thornburyroots.co.uk/families/hume-spry/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821088.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017110249-20171017130249-00139.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.990421 | 2,437 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In August of 2012, near Cleveland, Texas, an 18-wheeler veered off the road, broke a water main, and took out power lines before eventually slamming into a large tree. This scenario alone is an extremely harrowing accident, and it left the driver in critical condition. However, the accident escalated quickly because the big rig was hauling a chemical compound used for making industrial soap. This hazardous material contaminated not only the severely injured truck driver, but also EMS and fire crews who responded to the emergency, making a bad situation worse.
WHAT IS HAZMAT TRUCKING?
The term “HAZMAT” refers to “hazardous materials” that pose dangers to the environment and/or life if released. HAZMAT is a general term which can cover a wide range of dangerous substances. A substance in any physical state—solid, liquid, or gas—may be termed HAZMAT. Generally, these substances will have one or more of the following hazardous properties:
- The substance is flammable
- The substance is explosive
- The substance is radioactive
- The substance is corrosive
- The substance is toxic
It is common for compressed gases, chemical gases and liquids, and petroleum products to exhibit one or more of these characteristics. Other additional properties in some substances may be dangerous enough to classify as HAZMAT. In simple terms, a substance may be dubbed “HAZMAT” when it poses a significant danger to people and the surrounding environment if handled improperly. HAZMAT trucking involves the commercial shipping of HAZMAT substances by big rig trucks. Because HAZMAT trucking is more dangerous than regular commercial trucking, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMSCA) imposes an additional layer of safety regulations on trucking companies in the HAZMAT trucking industry. Unfortunately, these additional regulations are not always enough to prevent all danger.
HAZMAT TRUCKING DANGERS
Accidents involving 18-wheelers carrying HAZMAT substances are inherently more dangerous than comparable accidents involving non-HAZMAT substances. That is because with HAZMAT accidents, in addition to the typical threats that exist, there is also a risk of:
Fire – If the HAZMAT substance is flammable there is a good chance that an accident could cause it to ignite, resulting in greatly elevated danger to the people involved in the accident, emergency responders, bystanders, and the surrounding environment.
Explosions – If the HAZMAT substance is highly volatile it may explode, which could easily result in the death or grave injury of anyone nearby. If the explosion is somewhat delayed after the accident this could further endanger the lives of anyone in the area who may be attempting to offer aid.
Chemical Burns – Not all burns are from actual flames. If the HAZMAT material is corrosive and leaks from its container as a result of the accident it could hurt, maim, or even kill someone who comes into contact with it. Chemical burns can easily affect the truck driver, accident victims, or emergency personnel.
Radiation – If the HAZMAT substance is radioactive, then simply being in near proximity to it, even without physically touching it, could result in serious adverse health effects. If the substance seeps into groundwater it could even injure populations of people who are in no other way involved in or even aware of the accident.
Poisoning – Just as radioactive HAZMAT substances could seep into the surrounding environment and harm otherwise uninvolved people, so too could a toxic or poisonous substance. The substance could also poison the accident victims if it enters their bodies, such as through open wounds that result from the accident.
HAZMAT TRUCKING REGULATIONS
As mentioned above, the FMSCA places additional regulations on trucking companies who handle HAZMAT substances. There are a host of additional regulations and requirements, but several of the major ones include:
– A truck driver may not park a vehicle bearing HAZMAT substances within 5 feet of a traveled portion of a public street or highway.
– A truck driver must never leave his or her HAZMAT bearing vehicle unattended.
– A truck driver may not park a HAZMAT bearing vehicle on private property without first informing the property owner of the hazardous nature of the cargo, informing the property owner of intent to park, and obtaining permission.
Despite the best efforts of these laws and regulations, sometimes they are not enough to prevent serious, deadly accidents from occurring. When this is the result of negligence or willful endangerment by the truck driver and/or trucking company, then it is usually time to begin legal proceedings. Dugas Law Firm is highly experienced in trucking litigation and we can help you get the justice and compensation that you deserve as a result of a HAZMAT trucking accident.
|
<urn:uuid:519de231-7023-4ace-ab1b-d05836e8a991>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.claydugas.com/blog/2014/february/the-dangers-of-hazmat-trucking-accidents/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510214.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926143354-20230926173354-00276.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940357 | 991 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Students’ attitudes towards science (SAS) is a prominent research area as evident in the science education literature. Many SAS studies incorporated science confidence (SC), science enjoyment (SE) and importance of science (IS) into the study of SAS. However, the incorporation of these constructs often depends on the subjective judgment of the researchers. This study examines the incorporation of the three constructs in the measure of SAS based on the Asian Student Attitudes Towards Science Class (ASATSC) instrument. A total of 1,133 7th to 11th graders from China completed a survey of the three constructs. Data was collectively assessed in terms of fit to the Rasch model that requires invariant and consistent response category functioning. Results indicated that SC was not correlated well with IS whilst SC and SE were consistent with each other in the measure of SAS. Recommendations were provided on how constructs on the measurement of SAS can be better designed.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Research Article
EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, 2019, Volume 15, Issue 12, Article No: em1792
Publication date: 29 Aug 2019
Article Views: 2605
Article Downloads: 2455Open Access References How to cite this article
|
<urn:uuid:418737bb-bf55-4e68-b2a0-8f463d59c98d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.ejmste.com/article/constructs-evaluation-of-student-attitudes-towards-science-7751
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644855.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529105815-20230529135815-00272.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92434 | 303 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Italy is the most profoundly European Country, in Europe.
Rome, together with Greece formed modern Europe, its philosophy, religion, politics, political systems, law, administration, literature, arts, and culture.
In its over 2,500 years of history, Italy developed the soul of Europe. Renaissance radiated to Germany, every educated Englishman had to visit at least Florence, meanwhile, the French were inviting the Great Italian Masters to embellish it.
The Pope was and is dominant in Spain and Opera is mostly Italian in the whole World. The great trading Cities of Venice, Florence, Pisa, Trieste, and Genoa, bridged materially the known World while Lombards shaped modern Banking.
To explain the continuous creativity of Italy, the ap test reason is its continuous upheaval. That gave Italians a unique training in adaptability and flexibility, and in spite of (or because of) the strong influence of Religion, a willingness to enjoy the present life to the full, prior to transiting in the next one.
From the Goths to the Lombards, and from the Normans to the Germans, everyone strong enough conquered a part of Italy, but only for a time. When there were not foreign enemies, Italians conspired against each other and a group of interests ruled, but only for a short while. Italians learned, the hard way, the fine art of survival by accepting everyone until the time was ripe to get rid of the present ruler for the next one.
When the European Common Market was established, the Italian Economy was not strong enough to join the other five i.e. Germany, France, and Benelux. Geopolitical reasoning, together with some gentle pressure from the USA, who viewed then the European Common Market as a bulwark against Communism, ensured that Italy joined the EEC staving off its own Communist party from full power.
When the EEC became gradually the EU, the Italian Economy did perform adequately, particularly in comparison to some other Economies of Countries that became members.
That was going very well until the adherence of Italy to the Euro.
Italian productivity, unprotected by devaluations of the lira, is since going continuously downhill and so is the Italian Economy.
When Berlusconi, to solve the euro currency burden, threatened to exit the euro, he was immediately replaced by the faithful Europhile Monti, a previously top European Mandarin.
Initially, the Italians did a charm operation. Monti promised and delivered some reforms for the Italian Economy following the German model. Things though did not get any better and the people saw soaring unemployment and bleak prospects.
The Italian Banking System was already rotten to the core, as bad as the German and the French one, but without the strength of those Economies.
The reforms did not achieve their Economic targets and the burden of social cost was and is unacceptable for the Italian Society.
The Country voted for Socialists and when they also did not deliver, chose the present socio-nationalistic mode of Government.
This Government is anti-austerity, anti-immigration, anti-European and short of conventional solutions for the present Economic recession of Italy, which is essentially due to the quasi-permanent inability of the Italian Economy to improve its productivity. This raises the specter of permanent Economic stagnation or worse.
Up to the time of the coming European elections both the European Commission and Mr. Draghi will be very accommodating with Italy. They will be providing the necessary loans to keep the Italian Economy afloat, as everybody is afraid that, shaking Italy before the European election, will give an extra boost on the already thriving European extreme Right Wing and Anti-European parties.
The Germans will not criticize the Italian Banking as they are right now trying to create a living Bank in Germany using the Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank zombies.
The European Commission accepted the heavily made-up Italian budget for 2019. The alternative was for Italy to go its own Economic way and shake the foundations of the Euro to a breaking point.
Italians know that, in spite of the above events, they have no friends in the EU. The only ally they have in France is Madame Lepin. Germany is ready to pounce on them given the opportunity and the new European Commission under the staunch, Catholic Bavarian Conservative, Mr. Weber, who will not be as accommodating as Junker.
They know that their day of reckoning will come this year.
So, the Italians plan to abandon Europe before Europe abandons them.
There are two prerequisites for a successful refloating of the Italian Economy:
- Finding new Markets & Capital AND
- exiting Euro, in that order.
The Italians tried unsuccessfully to woo the US as a partner, but the new American Foreign Policy treated Italian overtures with the same contempt that it treated previously the German and French ones.
That left only one other Great Economy deserving to be approached, the Chinese one. Italians enthusiastically approached it, in spite of stern warnings against it by France, Germany, and the Netherlands.
To attract Chinese Capital for infrastructure and other development, Italy became the first Group of 7 countries to adhere to the “Belt and Road Initiative”. The deal is estimated to be worth €20 billion and is expected to be followed by much bigger deals.
Genoa, Trieste, and Palermo starving for investments will give China access to duty-free ports in Europe and allow Chinese goods easy access to European markets. Industrial cooperation will follow.
President Xi Jinping’s trip to Italy sealed this deal. This way, Italy starts its disengagement from the United States and the European Union.
Disengagement from the Euro will be the next but trickiest part.
In the absence of meaningful reforms, the benefits for Italy leaving the euro are clear, straightforward and considerable.
“Either we succeed in changing (Europe) now, or we will have to leave”, Borghi, chairman of the lower house budget committee and the League’s economics spokesman, said, referring to the European election.
“I think this is the last opportunity”, Borghi said at a conference on Europe in Milan, calling the European project “disastrous and toxic”.
The Hemingway character Mike Campbell in the 1926 novel “The Sun Also Rises” was asked about his money trouble.
“How did you go bankrupt?” Bill asked.
“Two ways” Mike said. “Gradually and then suddenly”.
“What brought it on?”
“Friends”, said Mike. “I had a lot of friends. False friends. Then I had creditors, too. Probably had more creditors than anybody in England”.
That is the way that Italy may leave the eurozone.
Initially in small steps.
Gradually it will introduce a parallel currency in a script form, which will cover euro obligations that come due.
Italy will not state expressis verbis that it is leaving the euro.
To minimize the social, political and economic costs, massive debt restructuring, protecting to the maximum-possible the domestic, financial and welfare institutions, is vital.
The euro debt must gradually become a lira debt, using the lira script, which is the gentlest form of “haircut” possible.
There will be a very strong reaction from other members of the eurozone but with the enormous 2½ trillion euros of debt, expelling Italy from the eurozone will destroy the euro.
There are two principal reasons that Italy may get away with it:
- The first is, that about 70% of the Italian debt is internal.
- The second is, that Italy has a positive balance of payments that will support its Economy outside the euro.
Italy is the third largest in the eurozone, so its exit could have a huge World impact.
It is possible that to avoid that, the Italian option for a soft and gradual euro exit will be adopted by the other euro members as the solution to the present euro impasse because it is broadly admitted that there are major design flaws in the monetary union. The euro is not suitable for the Economies of Southern Europe, that demonstrably, cannot adapt to it.
Whatever will happen, it will happen, most likely, this year, after the European elections in May.
Italy will face another crisis this year.
The ex ECT member, distinguished Economist, Mr. Bini Smaghi said the budget deficit for 2019 will be 3.5% of GDP, far higher than the 2.4% estimate; Brussels immediately rejected as too high.
“You can’t see the wall yet, but the crash is going to be violent” he added.
Downgraded Italian debt will be the most difficult riddle to solve, for the ECB.
Italian decisions will present the greatest shock ever to the foundations of the European Union.
That will be a problem more for the other euro members than for Italy.
Italy always demonstrated a brutal realism when the hard choices are there, as well as, a tremendous survival instinct.
Italy has never finished a war with the side with which it started it.
Copyright © 2019 Kassandros. All rights reserved.
Reproduction permitted provided the author www.kassandros.gr is mentioned
Πόλεμος πατήρ πάντων… (Ηράκλειτος)
Thank you for this incredibly we’ll written and thoughtful overview
|
<urn:uuid:44a505ff-fc24-4505-b3bd-018f53f8007f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://kassandros.gr/2019/03/29/ciao-ciao-europa/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653071.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606182640-20230606212640-00391.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954251 | 1,998 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Time Piece, 2015
Miami University, Oxford, OH
A pendulum installation in the lobby of a University Science building.
A Foucault pendulum demonstrates the rotation of the earth, indicates present-position latitude, and can serve as a time-keeping device. As a scientific instrument it refers to a variety of celestial and mechanical approaches to measuring time. Pendulums are characterized by the rhythmic swing of a heavy metal “bob”. Underneath the bob of this pendulum is a series of illuminated glass disks. One of the disks illustrates an historic local plat map, while another has etched images of Northern Hemisphere constellations, and another reveals an image of an “Astronomical” clock. In addition to the rhythmic swing of the pendulum, the images on the disks change with the sequencing of embedded LED lights. Infused with conceptual beauty, this pendulum identifies a variety of references to celestial and mechanical ideas about time.
|
<urn:uuid:1317bb53-2130-4a91-8c9a-7875817bdc2e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://artsoup.com/portfolio-item/time-piece-foucault-pendulum/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00545.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.88267 | 200 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Air Compressor Working Principle
The device that converts power into kinetic energy by the method of air compression, which when demanded can release great air bursts is known as an air compressor. The power is usually derived from a diesel engine, electric motor, or gasoline engine.
The forces differ from fractional to exceptionally large. The atmosphere will be full of the room and subsequently, amount of this room is slowly paid down, consequently developing compression and so discharging the vitality. The interior components comprise valves, valves, crankshafts, pistons, and home cubes. For more additional information about Spare Part, you can check out useful references online.
Centrifugal Compressors: Perhaps not only a certain displacement compressor, that 1 uses rather large speed rotation impellers and hastens the atmosphere and after that utilize the diffuser to crack up the atmosphere.
This atmosphere compressor employs exactly the system of lively compression where speed can be utilized to grow strain. Centrifugal compressors possess lots of impeller/diffuser mixes along with inter-coolers to cool the atmosphere between your phases.
Rotary Screw Compressors: this sort in case atmosphere compressors do the job by filling atmosphere within the emptiness portion in involving both helical amalgamated screws along with his or her instance.
If the wires have been switched, the amount declines, hence raising the atmosphere stress. All these compressors additionally place oil into the compression and bearing location. The system functions cooling, lubricating and generating a closed between screws and the instance walls, so lowering the inner leakage. You can also click online websites if you are interested in buying Air Receiver Tank.
This as well, oil has been injected into the atmosphere across the stator partitions so as to cool the atmosphere, lubricate the vanes along with also the bearings. A closed is done between your vanes along with the stator wall. When the rotor works, compression is made and also the quantity climbs radically.
Fire Exit Signs for Airplanes
In aircraft, an emergency exit is any structure that is used as a special exit point during crisis situations such as an outbreak of fire. In standard aircraft, either the main doors on the port side or starboard side of the aircraft or special emergency doors over the wing are considered as fire exits.
|
<urn:uuid:9421cbf3-4e19-40e9-af95-176cd037b6cb>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://cftp.us/2017/08/31/air-compressor-working-principle/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827662.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023235958-20171024015958-00878.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9459 | 469 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Today’s post comes from Nikita Buley, an intern in the National Archives Office of Strategy and Communications.
In the late 1700s, as Americans fought for their independence, most men were clean-shaven. As we moved into the 1800s, however, facial hair—elaborate facial hair, at that—came back into style.
Despite this shift, many men remained clean-shaven. A smooth face was often considered more professional and refined, but facial hair denoted ruggedness.
It is not a huge surprise, therefore, that many of President Lincoln’s cabinet members had no facial hair.
Montgomery Blair was an abolitionist despite his upbringing in a prominent slave-holding family in Franklin County, Kentucky. He was also one of the founders of the Republican party. President Lincoln appointed Blair as his Postmaster General in 1861, then replaced him in 1864, following Blair’s own suggestion. Blair told his wife that the President “acted from the best motives” and that “it is for the best all around.” He campaigned for Lincoln’s reelection and remained close with Lincoln’s family.
Simon Cameron was orphaned at age nine and apprenticed to printer and editor Andrew Kennedy. He entered into journalism, and later rail line construction and banking, among other business enterprises. He was first elected to the Senate as a Democrat in 1844, but eventually switched to the Republican party. Although Cameron was nominated as a presidential candidate in the 1860 election, he gave his support to Lincoln at the Republican National Convention. President Lincoln named Cameron as his Secretary of War as part of a political bargain, but Cameron resigned early in 1862 due to corruption accusations.
Salmon Chase, a lawyer, moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1830. After his wife’s death in 1835, Chase began defending fugitive slaves and associated himself with the anti-slavery movement. Shortly after his election to the Senate in 1849, he realized the futility of convincing Democratic leaders to oppose slavery and became a leader in the movement to found the Republican party. Chase served as Lincoln’s Secretary of the Treasury from 1861 to 1864, during which time he formed a detailed proposal for a national banking system and convinced Congress to pass the reform.
William Seward, President Lincoln’s faithful Secretary of State, served in Lincoln’s and then Johnson’s cabinet from 1861 to 1869. He opposed the spread of slavery, and when he was denied the Republican Presidential nomination in 1860, he supported Lincoln with a speaking tour in the West. As Secretary of State, he advocated expansionist policies, but opposed intervention. He survived an assassination attempt on April 14, 1865, by Lewis Powell, a co-conspirator of John Wilkes Booth. During Johnson’s presidency, he defended moderate reconciliation policies in the South and successfully obtained the Alaskan territory from Russia.
On an related note, Seward’s third son, Gen. William H. Seward, Jr., had a rather spectacular mustache.
Caleb Blood Smith had a significant influence on Lincoln’s Republican nomination, and as a reward, Lincoln appointed him as Secretary of the Interior. However, his health was declining, and he deferred most of his work to Assistant Secretary of the Interior John Usher, the former Attorney General of Indiana. Smith resigned in December 1962, and Usher took his place.
During his time as Secretary of the Interior, from 1863 to 1865, Usher was regarded as “a good worker, as good a liver, an able lawyer,” and “a gregarious man” by journalist Noah Brooks and by historians Elmo Richardson and Alan Farley, respectively.
|
<urn:uuid:8c1ee82d-10b2-4a9a-9a68-89a0a0e9bd0b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2012/12/14/facial-hair-friday-the-curiously-facial-hairless-members-of-lincolns-cabinet/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655911092.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710144305-20200710174305-00287.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.987491 | 774 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Seriously Now, What Do You Think Is Going to Happen?
In view of the unlikeliness of the scenarios in the preceding post, I suppose I should mention what I think is the most likely effect of our civilization getting close to a carrying capacity: Rents will rise. There's lots of evidence increasing rents cause lower birth rates. In other words, we can expect population to level off long before any catastrophe.
The real question
The real question isn't whether there's clear evidence of current overpopulation (there isn't). It isn't even whether overpopulation is theoretically possible (it isn't the slam dunk that Malthusians think, but it's “the way to bet”). The real question is whether overshoot is likely.
Let's consider the consequences either way. If overshoot is unlikely, we don't have to worry about overpopulation until it actually happens. Since it's not actually happening, we don't have to worry about it. If overshoot is likely, we have to worry about overpopulation even if it doesn't look like a problem. In particular, we should be sensitive to even the slightest hint of population problems, even if they're anecdotal.
There are three main reasons to take overshoot seriously. First, overshoot is a phenomenon frequently observed in animals. It is rarely seen in plants. As far as ecology is concerned, humans are, of course, plants. When there are more of a species of animal there is less of what that animal eats. When there are more of a species of plant, the resources the plant needs either increase (soil) or stay the same (sunlight). The only resources that humans treat the way animals do are fossil fuels and wild fish. Both of those should be obsolete soon.
Second, in the past overpopulation theorists tended to underestimate carrying capacity. When they predicted population would level off soon, the population increased past the point they predicted. Rather than admit they made a mistake, some of them started to claim that the population would not level off but instead crash. On the other hand, now that some countries are declining in population, that theory may disappear.
Lucy: Well, look here. A big yellow butterfly. It's unusual to see one of those at THIS time of year, unless of course, it flew up from Brazil. I'll bet that's it. They DO that sometimes, you know. They fly up from Brazil.Overshoot looks like a potato chip from Brazil.
Linus: That's no butterfly! That's a potato chip.
Lucy: Well, I'll be. I wonder how a potato chip got all the way down here from Brazil!
|
<urn:uuid:910c89eb-6b72-4245-a66b-619240dcd51e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
http://hertzlinger.blogspot.com/2010/10/seriously-now-what-do-you-think-is.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145500.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221080411-20200221110411-00421.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964008 | 550 | 2.640625 | 3 |
CT Lung Screenings Now Available
for only $99*
A randomized clinical trial conducted by the American College of Radiology Imaging Network and sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, released its results in November 2010. The trial showed screening current and former heavy smokers with CT scans reduced their risk of dying from lung cancer by 20%. With 100 million smokers and ex-smokers in the US and over 160,000 Americans dying early from lung cancer, CT lung screening could potentially save thousands of lives annually by catching tumors at an even earlier, more treatable stage than chest x-rays.
Chest x-rays only have the capability of detecting tumors greater than 1 cm in size. A CT scan detects tumors significantly smaller than 1 cm in size. CT Lung Screenings can also provide information to physicians on cardiovascular disease, emphysema, and other pulmonary diseases.
A Growing Problem, an Agressive Response
No one knows for certain why lung disease is on the rise, but it is. Each year, lung cancer kills more people than breast, colon, and prostate cancer combined. Air pollutants alone put the general population of most cities at risk. Some people are put at risk through prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke, asbestos, or radon gases. Those who are smokers, ex-smokers, and people whose work environments expose them to solvents and other cancer-causing chemicals may be at an even greater risk.
Early Detection Saves Lives
Russell Regional Hospital believes that early detection of lung cancer saves lives. Low-dose CT imaging is changing the way we detect lung cancer, and giving us an opportunity to fight back. Researchers with the International Early Lung Cancer Action Project (I-ELCAP) - a study designed to test the effectiveness of screening high risk patient for lung cancer - have discovered that a low-dose CT lung screening can detect small lung cancers not seen on chest x-rays. Researchers report that more than 80% of lung cancers found were at the earliest stages, when lung cancer can be treated most effectively.
What is a CT Lung Screening
A CT Lung Screening is an exam with the ability to detect lung cancer in its earliest stages, when it is most treatable. It consists of a low dose, noncontrasted helical CT that uses x-rays to scan the entire chest in about 5-10 seconds duing a single breath hold. The exam takes about 10 minutes to complete.
Who should get a CT Lung Screening?
- Current or Former Smokers
- High Exposure to Secondhand Smoke
- Exposure to Asbestos
- Exposure to Radon Gas
- High Exposure to Chemical or Solvents
- Family History of Lung Cancer
- Age 40+ and has any of the Above Risk Factors.
Why Screen for Lung Cancer?
Lung Cancer is the number one cancer killer in America, claiming more lives that colorectal, breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancer combined! Without early detection screenings, over 95% of lung cancer patients eventually die from the disease, usually with a few years of diagnosis. Annual screenings with CT scans aid in finding cancers in their earliest stages, when up to 90 can be cured.
Is a CT Lung Screening Covered by Insurance?
Payment is expected at the time of service, as most insurance companies have limited reimbursement for screening services.
Should I be Concerned about the Radiation Exposure and Cancer Risk from a CT?
Radiation from a screening CT is far less than the dose from a diagnostic CT, and the benefit of finding and treating early lung cancer will outweigh the risks from a low dose of radiation from a CT.
Lung Cancer Facts from the American Cancer Society
- Every 2.5 minutes someone in the United States is diagnosed with lung cancer
- Every 3 minutes someone will die from lung cancer
- 60% of people diagnosed with lung cancer will die within 1 year
- 75% of people diagnosed with lung cancer will die within 2 years
- African American men are 50% more likely to develop non-small cell cancer
- Lung cancer causes more cancer related deaths than another type (colon, prostate, breast) in the United States
- Lung Cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women
- Each year about 3,400 non-smoking adults die of lung cancer as a result of breathing secondhand smoke
At Russell Regional Hospital we are dedicated to limiting radiation exposure. This starts with our commitment to the performance of imaging only when it is necessary and appropriate. When imaging is required we use the latest radiation dose reduction strategies.
Additional Links on Lung Cancer
* A Physicians Order is Required for this Screening
Call 785-483-0710 to Schedule your Appointment Today!!!!!
|
<urn:uuid:f7871b96-7f32-408b-b02d-853669016cdd>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.russellhospital.org/index.php?n=Services.CTLungScreening?action=browse
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997888216.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025808-00172-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931972 | 969 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) report on the Ferguson, Mo. Police Dept. sheds a brighter light on a serious racial injustice malignancy that is not isolated or unique to that besieged city. What the Justice Department concluded in Ferguson, after months of intense investigation, exposes a systematic pattern of injustice and inequality that can actually be found in many cities across the nation.
This federal report presented facts with years of supporting data that revealed how racism was the decisive phenomenon in how the police and courts dealt disparagingly with Black Americans.
Racial disparities in police departments and in judicial systems are not just local problems in a few municipalities that have been exposed as a result of a pattern of racial discrimination. This is a national problem that has persisted for decades in the United States. The absence of a cumulative national database on racially motivated police brutality and on judicial racial inequity is a contributing factor to this disgusting yet persistent societal contradiction.
The Justice Department report concluded: “These disparities occur, at least in part, because Ferguson law enforcement practices are directly shaped and perpetuated by racial bias.”
The good news is that in the aftermath of the details made public by the Justice Department provides a second opportunity for a more thorough national investigation. Racial justice activists and organizations should demand that the federal government perform a national investigation and audit of all major police departments and judicial systems concerning racial profiling, discrimination, abuse, police violence, prosecutorial misconduct and other forms of injustice based on race.
Of course, most of us already know what the outcome of such a new national study would surely reveal. Black Americans and other people of color in the United States continued to endure long-term patterns of racial injustice not just in the so-called ‘criminal justice system,’ but also in systems of health care, employment, housing, education, finance, and in exposures to multiple environmental hazards and toxicities.
Systematic racism in America has not and does not occur my osmosis. It is intentional and deliberate. It is the result of the ‘power’ of imposed and unabridged institutionalized racial bias, discrimination, bigotry, hatred, stereotyping and ignorance.
Another important and remarkable ‘revelation’ of the DOJ report on Ferguson was the economic greed of that form of systematic racism. The report stated: “Ferguson’s law enforcement practices are shaped by the City’s focus on revenue rather than by public safety needs. This emphasis on revenue has compromised the institutional character of Ferguson’s police department, contributing to a pattern of unconstitutional policing, and has also shaped its municipal court, leading to procedures that raise due process concerns and inflict unnecessary harm on members of the Ferguson community.”
The ‘harm’ to the Ferguson community was and continues to be overwhelmingly targeted on Black Americans. Millions of dollars have been unjustly taken from the Black community in Ferguson and surrounding areas of St. Louis County as a direct result of the ‘unconstitutional’ and illegal acts of police and court officials. Will the victims of the racism in Ferguson who have been financially fleeced and extorted by the law enforcement system be repaid or compensated?
The family of young unarmed Michael Brown who was unjustly killed by Ferguson Police Officer Darren Wilson is going forward with a massive civil suit against Wilson, the police and the court system in Ferguson. The DOJ report should be used as conclusive evidence of the pattern and system of racial wrong doing in Ferguson.
U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder did the right thing by ordering the DOJ investigation. Holder kept his public promise to stand by the people of Ferguson. In fact to the credit of his outstanding leadership at the DOJ, there have been more that 20 DOJ civil rights investigations into various other police departments in the U.S. during Holder’s tenure as Attorney General. Holder reaffirmed, “I again commit to the people of Ferguson that we will continue to stand with you and to work with you to ensure that the necessary reforms are implemented.”
Thus, the struggle for racial justice continues in Ferguson and across the nation. The antidote to systematic racism in America is to support and empower Black Americans and other people of color in the transformation of the system of injustice in the U.S. into a fair and unbiased system of justice and equality for all people.
|
<urn:uuid:999c502d-4cc0-454b-8483-f4aa2e60793a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://pridepublishinggroup.com/2015/03/13/systematic-racism-in-america/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656869.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609233952-20230610023952-00470.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956621 | 889 | 2.59375 | 3 |
- Credit Cards
- Identity Theft & Protection
- Resources & Services
Identity theft occurs when someone steals your personal information (e.g. credit card number or social security number) and uses it fraudulently.
Did you Know…
- Most stolen cards are used within 48 hours, so it is important to report a missing card immediately.
- If someone steals your ATM card and uses it, you could be responsible for up to $500. The Electronic Fund Transfer Act (EFTA) states the amount you're responsible for depends on when you report the loss.
- Over 10 million people become identity theft victims in the US each year.
- Someone has their identity stolen every 4 seconds in the United States.
- 60% of victims don't find out about the identity theft until 3 or more months after it occurs.
- Victims spend anywhere from 6 months to two years recovering from identity theft.
How Does Identity Theft Happen?
- Go through your trash or “dumpster dive”
- Steal your wallet or purse
- Steal your mail or submit a change of address form for your mail
- Use “phishing” or fake emails to get you to provide personal information
- Steal personnel records from employers
What Do Thieves do with Your Personal Information?
- Take out loans in your name
- Charge expenses to existing account
- Open new credit card accounts
- Access your bank accounts
- Get a job
- Ruin your good credit
|
<urn:uuid:de8695a5-0eeb-45f8-9083-0caa06ffab08>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.uni.edu/finaid/money-management/identity-theft
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270313.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00422-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.893847 | 307 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Tappa is a form of Indian semi-classical vocal music. Its specialty is its rolling pace based on fast, subtle and knotty construction. Its tunes are melodious, sweet and depict the emotional outbursts of a lover. Tappas were sung mostly by songstresses, known as Baigees, in royal courts.
Tappa originated from the folk songs of the camel riders of Punjab, the Tappa style of music was refined and introduced to the imperial court of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. And later on by Mian Ghulam Nabi Shori or Shori Mian, a court singer of Asaf-Ud-Dowlah, Nawab of Awadh.
Tappa, as a significant genre in Bengali musical styles, reached levels of excellence in lyrics and rendition (gayaki), arguably unmatched in other parts of India. Hugely popular in the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, Tappa was the genre of choice of the wealthy elite as well as the classes with more modest means. An evolved format of the tappa was the "baithaki" style, which evolved under the direct patronage of the landed elites of the zamindari classes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in their baithak-khanas (literally, baithak - assembly, khana - halls or salons) and jalsaghar (literally, halls for entertainment, mujra or nautch halls)
Composers of repute included Bidyasundar, Roopchaand Pakkhi, Dadathakur, Hiralal Sarkhel and many others. (Citation required) Unfortunately, tappa being mainly a vocal tradition, a lot of priceless material from the body of art has been lost in the passage of time. A lot of celebrated artists have passed away before recordings of music became common. What is left today is mainly handed down from the generations by oral traditions as well as some written matter, occasionally turned up in the course of research.
Ramkumar Chattopadhyay was perhaps the most significant vocal proponent in recent times, of the tappa style in Bengal, renowned for his semi-humorous and majorly artistic renditions and his comical incorporation of English into the Bengali lyrics, either his own translations or his anecdotal translations based on prior sources, ostensibly for the 'comprehension' of the British 'sahibs' in the British Raj era, but containing many subversive and sarcastic tones in the English transliterations, clearly against the Imperial regime, but subtly put so as not to arouse the suspicion of the strict and (usually) sensitive colonial government and invite charges of sedition. (e.g. Let me go, ohe dwari, Tumi kader kuler bou (humorously translated by him as "Madam, whose family belongs to...").
Among the prominent living performers of this style are Pt. Laxmanrao Pandit of Gwalior, Shanno Khurana, Pt. Manvalkar of Gwalior, Girija Devi of Benaras, Dr. Ishwarchandra R. Karkare of Gwalior, Smt. Malini Rajurkar, Shri. Sharad Sathe,Manjiri Asnare Kelkar of Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana and Pandit Yashpaul of the Agra Gharana.
In Bengal, there is a current resurgence of the tappa, with fresh talent beginning to carve out their niches, such as Riddhi, Srikumar Chattopadhyay, Pritam Bhattacharjee, and many others (citation required)
- "Tapping tappas". The Hindu. Jan 16, 2006. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
|
<urn:uuid:e59bda53-7876-447b-8a5d-8986410a374f>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappa
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011269626/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092109-00047-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943913 | 802 | 2.78125 | 3 |
And the Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father’s only son, full of grace and truth.” (John 1:14 NRSV)
In Christian Theology the area of study dealing with the coming of God to be with us in Christ Jesus is known as Incarnational Theology. Theologians enjoy tossing around great big words that have very simple meanings, and this is one of those words. The verb incarnate is formed from the Latin roots in, meaning “into,” and carn, meaning “flesh.” In other words, it literally means to “in-flesh” something … to make something in the form of a human being. It also has the figurative meaning of “to put an abstract concept or idea into concrete form.” In Christian Theology it is the word used to describe the coming of Jesus to be one of us. As the Nicene Creed states:
For us and for our salvation
He came down from heaven,
was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary
and became truly human. (No. 880 UMH)
The doctrine of the Incarnation states that Jesus of Nazareth, who walked the dusty roads of Galilee, taught in the Synagoge at Caperneum, cleansed the Temple of the money changers in Jerusalem, wept at the tomb of Lazarus, celebrated the Last Supper with his disciples in the Upper Room, and died on the cross for our sins … this same Jesus was also God, come to live with us and as one of us, in human flesh. As the opening sentences of John’s Gospel puts it: “the Word became flesh and lived among us.” Jesus is the eternal Word, the creative agency through whom the Father created all that is or ever shall be. And, as John also affirms, this Word of God was God.
Incarnational Theology teaches us that God has always revealed Himself to us through the “normal,” the physical, the temproal, the mundane things of this life. The created order has always contained within it a window into the agency and genious of its Creator; it has always been true that one can know about God by looking at what God has created. Likewise, God’s ultimate and enternal self-revelation for us is in and through the form of a man: Jesus of Nazareth. In this man we see not only ourselves as God calls us to be, but we also see God Himself. The only begotten Son of the Father didn’t stop being God in order to become human but, rather, took upon Himself our human nature, almost as if He were putting on a garment, and in so doing He purified our humanity and made it possible for us to become one with Him. As Charles Wesley’s wonderful Christmas hymn proclaims:
Veiled in flesh the Godhead see,
hail the incarnate Deity
Pleased as man with man to dwell
Jesus, our Emmanuel! (No. 240 UMH)
In the incarnation God veiled Himself in humanity, thus revealing his gracious, life-transforming nature to us. It also had the glorious side-effect of enabling us to interact with Him. Thanks to the veiling nature of the incarnation, the Disciples were able to be with the God-man, Jesus, without fear, to learn from him, to enjoy time with him, and to come to know God through him. We, too, have that same privilage; we, like the Disciples, have the joy of coming to know God in and through Jesus. This is a critical point within Incarnational Theology: all that we need for our salvation can be experienced in and through our relationship with Christ Jesus, our Lord.
There isn’t an element of Christian dogma that isn’t impacted by understanding that God was in Christ, reconciling the world to Himself. This is nowhere more evident than in the area of Sacramental Theology. The incarnational concept is so critical to the functioning of the means of grace that it is fair to say that they cannot be properly comprehended apart from it. To put this simply, every means of grace is incarnational. Apart from the real presence of God in Jesus Christ, each and every means of grace would be meaningless; but, because Jesus is truly the divine manifestation of God’s grace in our midst, each of the means is consequently a conduit for conveying that very grace of God to us. In other words, it is precisely because God became man in Jesus Christ that we can come to know God and receive God’s gifts of love and presence through such material instumentalities as the scriptures, prayer, worship, healing, Baptism, and Holy Communion. Jesus is the ultimate means of grace, the foundational conduit, the personal manfestation and supreme expression of the pure grace of God. Jesus, in and through His incarnation, is the Sacrament of all Sacraments. And, it is because of this that all the means of grace have meaning from the Scriptures, which are the Word of God incarnate in the written form, to Holy Communion, which is the Word of God incarnate in the consecrated bread and wine all the means of grace depend upon the incarnation of Jesus for their efficacy. Far from being mere symbols, or lifeless reminders of that which they signify, by virtue of conveying the real presence of Jesus each spiritually becomes that which each re-presents.
It is in this sense that Eucharistic Theology is also Incarnational Theology. In and through the Incarnation of God in Jesus Christ we, when we partake of the elements in the Holy Meal, are partaking of the very real, very divine, life transforming presence of God which became one with man in Jesus of Nazareth. God, incarnate in human flesh, becomes God typologically incarnate in bread and wine, so that we, when we partake in faith, might be sanctified into the very presence of Christ for others.
Dr. Gregory S. Neal is the Senior Pastor of St. Stephen United Methodist Church in Mesquite, Texas, and an Ordained Elder in the North Texas Conference of the United Methodist Church. A graduate of Southern Methodist University, Duke University, and Trinity Graduate College, Dr. Neal is a scholar of Biblical Studies, Languages, Systematic Theology, Liturgy, and the Sacraments. He has taught New Testament Studies, Biblical Greek, and courses on the Theology of the Sacraments in UM Schools of Mission, Continuing Education Seminars, and in undergraduate courses across the country. As a popular teacher, preacher, and retreat leader, Dr. Neal is known for his ability to translate complex theological concepts into common, everyday terms. He is the author of several books, including Grace Upon Grace: Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life, and Seeking the Shepherd's Arms: Reflections from the Pastoral Side of Life, both of which are available from Koinonia Press through your local bookstore, on the internet at Amazon.com, and in the Grace Incarnate Store. You are invited to read Dr. Neal's academic papers and theological articles on his website at Writings, and you are encouraged to listen to Dr. Neal's Messages online in Real Player format.
© 2006, Dr. Gregory S. Neal
All Rights Reserved
|
<urn:uuid:1de81163-47ac-4eb7-89ca-9896e64da9af>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.revneal.org/Writings/incarntheol.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022222745-20171023002745-00578.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968102 | 1,545 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Lewenstein, B.V. (1992). The meaning of “public understanding of science” in the United States after World War II. Public Understanding of Science, 1(1), 45-68.
Lewenstein, B.V. (1994). A survey of public communication of science and technology activities in the United States. In B. Schiele (Ed.), When science becomes culture: World survey of scientific culture (pp. 119-178). Boucherville, Quebec: University of Ottawa Press.
National Research Council. (1996). National science education standards. National Committee on Science Education Standards and Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Science Board. (2007). Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education issues and legislative options. In R. Nata (Ed.), Progress in education (vol. 14, pp. 161-189). Washington, DC: Author.
Neulight, N., Kafai, Y.B., Kao, L., Foley, B., and Galas, C. (2007). Children’s participation in a virtual epidemic in the science classroom: Making connections to natural infectious diseases. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 16(1), 47-58.
Newton, P., Driver, R., and Osborne, J. (1999). The place of argumentation in the pedagogy of school science. International Journal of Science Education, 21(5), 553-576.
Paris, S. (2002). Perspectives on object-centered learning in museums. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Ray, A.G. (2005). The lyceum and public culture in the nineteenth century United States. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Rockman Et Al. (2007). Media-based learning science in informal environments. Paper commissioned for the National Research Council’s Committee on Learning Science in Informal Environments, Washington, DC. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/Learning_Science_in_Informal_Environments_Commissioned_Papers.html [accessed November 18, 2008].
Royal Society. (1985). The public understanding of science. London: Author.
Rudolph, J.L. (2002). Scientists in the classroom: The cold war reconstruction of American science education. New York: Pelgrave.
Schiele, B. (Ed.). (1994). When science becomes culture: World survey of scientific culture (Proceedings I). Boucherville, Quebec: University of Ottawa Press.
Sosniak, L. (2001). The 9% challenge: Education in school and society. Teachers College Record, 103, 15.
U.S. Department of Education. (2007). Report of the Academic Competitiveness Council. Washington, DC: Author.
Ziman, J. (1991). Public understanding of science. Science, Technology and Human Values, 16(1 Winter), 99-105.
|
<urn:uuid:b9c7a595-fb4f-4a70-805d-467b48efc83e>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12190&page=26
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830094.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00465-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.749347 | 627 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Arctic methane catastrophe scenario is based on new empirical observations
Critics of new Nature paper on costs of Arctic warming ignore latest science on permafrost methane at everyone's peril
31 July, 2013
Last week, the journal Nature published a new paper warning of a $60 trillion price tag for a potential 50 Gigatonne methane pulse from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) over 10-50 years this century. The paper, however, prompted many to suggest that its core scenario - as Arctic permafrost thaws it could increasingly unleash dangerous quantities of methane from sub-ice methane hydrates in as quick as a decade - is implausible.
The Washington Post's Jason Samenow argued that "most everything known and published about methane indicates this scenario is very unlikely." Andrew Revkin of the New York Times (NYT) liberally quoted Samenow among others on "the lack of evidence that such an outburst is plausible." Similarly, Carbon Brief concluded: "The scientists we spoke to suggested the authors have chosen a scenario that's either implausible, or very much at the upper limit of what we can reasonably expect."
Both the Post and NYT quoted Prof David Archer, an expert on ocean sediments and methane at the University of Chicago:
"For methane to be a game-changer in the future of Earth's climate, it would have to degas to the atmosphere catastrophically, on a time scale that is faster than the decadal lifetime of methane in the air. So far no one has seen or proposed a mechanism to make that happen."
Dr Vincent Gauci, a methane expert at Open University, similarly argued:
"It's not a given all the methane will end up in the atmosphere. Some could be oxidised [broken down] in the water by bacteria, and some could remain in the sediments on the seafloor."
The problem is that these reservations are based on outdated assumptions that sea floor released methane would not make it into the atmosphere - but all the new fieldwork on the levels of methane being released above the ESAS shows this assumption is just empirically wrong.
Atmospheric methane levels in the Arctic are currently at new record highs, averaging about 1900 parts per billion, 70 parts per billion higher than the global average. NASA researchers have found local methane plumes as large as 150 kilometres across - far higher than previously anticipated.
Dr Gavin Schmidt, climate modeller at NASA, was also cited claiming lack of evidence from ice cores of previous catastrophic methane pulses in the Earth's history in the Early Holocene or Eamian, when Arctic temperatures were warmer than today. But the blanket references to the past may well be irrelevant. In the Early Holocene, the ESAS was not an underwater shelf but a frozen landmass, illustrating the pointlessness of this past analogy with contemporary conditions.
Dr Schmidt also overlooked other issues - such as new research showing that the warm, Eamian interglacial period some 130,000 years ago should not be used as a model for today's climate due to fundamental differences in the development of the Arctic ocean. Ice core methane records are also too short to reach back to the entire Cenozoic - another reason suggesting lack of past evidence is no basis for present complacency; and even Prof Archer himself recognises that ice cores will not necessarily capture a past catastrophic methane release due to fern diffusion.
Finally, the Post and NYT refer to a range of scientific publications - a 2008 report by the US Climate Change Science Programme and a 2011 review of the literature by Carolyn Rupple also in the journal Nature - essentially arguing that a catastrophic methane release would be, for all intents and purposes, impossible within such a short time-frame, with actual methane releases taking place over hundreds if not thousands of years.
Yet in my interview with Prof Peter Wadhams, co-author of the Nature study and head of Polar ocean physics at Cambridge University, he told me that the scientists who rejected his scenario as implausible were simply unacquainted with the unique dynamics of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, the nature of permafrost melting there, and its relationship to ongoing releases of methane in recent years which have been wholly unexpected within established models based on reconstructions of Earth's historical climate:
"Those who understand Arctic seabed geology and the oceanography of water column warming from ice retreat do not say that this is a low probability event. I think one should trust those who know about a subject rather than those who don't. As far as I'm concerned, the experts in this area are the people who have been actively working on the seabed conditions in the East Siberian Sea in summer during the past few summers where the ice cover has disappeared and the water has warmed. The rapid disappearance of offshore permafrost through water heating is a unique phenomenon, so clearly no 'expert' would have found a mechanism elsewhere to compare with this... I think that most Arctic specialists would agree that this scenario is plausible."
In a rebuttal to the original Post article, Wadhams points out that none of the scientists rejecting his scenario understand the unique mechanism currently at play in the Arctic, and all were citing research preceding the empirical evidence which unearthed this mechanism - which has only become clear in recent years in the context of the rapid loss of summer sea ice.
While Wadhams refers directly to an actual empirical phenomenon unique to the Arctic seabed resulting in unprecedented methane venting - uncovered by Dr Natalia Shakhova and Dr Igor Semiletov of the International Arctic Research Center - the critics refer instead to general theoretical dynamics of methane release but show little awareness of what's actually going on in the north pole:
"The mechanism which is causing the observed mass of rising methane plumes in the East Siberian Sea is itself unprecedented and hence it is not surprising that various climate scientists, none of them Arctic specialists, failed to spot it. What is actually happening is that the summer sea ice now retreats so far, and for so long each summer, that there is a substantial ice-free season over the Siberian shelf, sufficient for solar irradiance to warm the surface water by a significant amount – up to 7C according to satellite data.
That warming extends the 50 m or so to the seabed because we are dealing with only a polar surface water layer here (over the shelves the Arctic Ocean structure is one-layer rather than three layers) and the surface warming is mixed down by wave-induced mixing because the extensive open water permits large fetches.
So long as some ice persisted on the shelf, the water mass was held to about 0C in summer because any further heat content in the water column was used for melting the ice underside. But once the ice disappears, as it has done, the temperature of the water can rise significantly, and the heat content reaching the seabed can melt the frozen sediments at a rate that was never before possible. The authors who so confidently dismiss the idea of extensive methane release are simply not aware of the new mechanism that is causing it."
Wadhams thus describes the previous research dismissing the methane threat by Rupple and others as "rendered obsolete by the Semiletov/Shakhova field experiments - the seeing - and the mechanism described above."
So far, cutting edge peer-reviewed research on the link between Arctic permafrost melt and methane release has received no attention from these critics. Indeed, their offhand dismissals are based on ignoring the potential implications of the specific empirical evidence on the ESAS emerging over the last few years, which challenges the assumptions of conventional modelling.
Dr Nafeez Ahmed is executive director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development and author of A User's Guide to the Crisis of Civilisation: And How to Save It among other books. Follow him on Twitter @nafeezahmed
|
<urn:uuid:d0e2742c-dc98-408b-b477-a7400ec22933>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://robinwestenra.blogspot.com/2013/07/discussing-methane-threat.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689897.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924062956-20170924082956-00230.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951612 | 1,608 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Monsanto and Agent Orange
(Note: much of the following is excerpted from The Legacy of Agent Orange).
Agent Orange was manufactured by Monsanto, Dow Chemicals (manufacturers of napalm), Uniroyal, Hercules, Diamond Shamrock, Thompson Chemical and TH Agriculture. Monsanto [was] the main supplier. The Agent Orange produced by Monsanto had dioxin levels many times higher than that produced by Dow Chemicals, the other major supplier of Agent Orange to Vietnam.... Monsanto's involvement with the production of dioxin contaminated 2,4,5-T dates back to the late 1940s. 'Almost immediately workers started getting sick with skin rashes, inexplicable pains in the limbs, joints and other parts of the body, weakness, irritability, nervousness and loss of libido,' to quote Peter Sills, author of a forthcoming book on dioxins. Internal Monsanto memos show that Monsanto knew of the problems but once again a cover-up was the order of the day.... Operation Hades, later changed to Operation Ranch Hand, sprayed 6 million acres of forest in Vietnam, 19 million gallons of defoliant. The intention was to turn Vietnam into desert, to cause such destruction that Vietnam would never recover.... The most gruesome legacy caused by spraying Vietnam with dioxin contaminated Agent Orange was that born by the Vietnamese themselves. In a locked room of Tu Du Obstetrical and Gynaecological Hospital in Saigon are rows of formaldehyde-filled jars containing deformed foetuses, a grotesque illustration of Man's inhumanity to Man. The level of poverty in Vietnam prevents the preservation of further examples. Many of the living have fared little better, limb deformities, cancers. Says this CorpWatch article, "The Vietnamese government estimates that three million Vietnamese were exposed to these chemicals during the war, and that at least 800,000 suffer serious health problems today as a result". Here find photos of Vietnamese children from villages which were heavily sprayed (warning the images are disturbing).
Monsanto responds that while "sympathetic" with the victims "reliable scientific evidence indicates that Agent Orange is not the cause of serious long-term health effects" . However the U.S. Institute of Medicine in their book Veterans and Agent Orange states that there is "Sufficient Evidence of Association" between herbicides used in Vietnam and Soft-tissue sarcoma (including heart), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and Cloracne. The book also cites numerous other illnesses with less certain associations .
And while 291,000 American GIs sued Monsanto and other chemical companies in 1984 and won an $180 million settlement (albeit what William Sanjour, EPA Policy Analyst describes as only a "token 'nuisance value' settlement'" due to false Monsanto studies which confused the issue), Vietnamese victims have attempted to sue but without success. "In February 2004, the newly -formed Vietnamese Association of Victims of Agent Orange (VAVA) filed a class action law suit in a New York court, against Monsanto and 36 other manufacturers of the poisonous chemical" . However "On March 10, 2005, the District Court judge Jack Weinstein dismissed the suit, ruling that there was no legal basis for the plaintiffs' claims" . On February 22, 2008 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in New York again dismissed the Vietnamese lawsuit even though "studies have shown the compound of dioxin, a component of 'agent orange' herbicides sprayed during the war, is still present in so-called 'hot spots' at levels hundreds of times higher than would be accepted elsewhere" . "'We anticipated this because it is not easy suing big and powerful U.S. companies on U.S. soil and under the U.S. court system,' said Nguyen Trong Nhan, vice chairman of the Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin."
At a time when US tobacco corporations have been forced to pay billions of dollars in the US to compensate the victims of smoking, it would seem only reasonable that Monsanto be forced to pay billions to the Vietnamese for the catastrophe Monsanto has wrought on their country .
See also Friction Tv's The Horror of Agent Orange. Also see the Vietnam Agent Orange Relief & Responsibility Campaign.
(Note: much of the following is extracted from The Monsanto Investigation by William Sanjour, Policy Analyst at the EPA)
"The story starts in Nitro, West Virginia at a Monsanto chemical plant which was manufacturing the herbicide 2,4,5-T (the principal ingredient of Agent Orange, which contains traces of dioxin). In 1949, a runaway reaction at the plant caused an explosion releasing reaction material, resulting in many workers being doused with dioxin. In 1978 when concern about dioxin was on the rise and EPA was considering banning 2,4,5-T, Monsanto sponsored several studies of the long range health effects of the workers exposed to dioxin ... These studies were published in medical and scientific journals between 1980 and 1984. Publication of the first study, in 1980, coincided with a time when Monsanto was defending itself in three different legal actions relating to dioxin exposure from their products. Monsanto issued a press release headlined 'Study Fails to Link "Agent Orange" to Deaths of Industrial Workers'. All of these studies showed no statistically significant increase in cancers among the exposed workers. Because of the high exposures, these studies contributed to the conclusion drawn in EPA and elsewhere that: '[T]he human evidence supporting an association between 2,3,7,8-TCDD [dioxin] and cancer is considered inadequate.' Monsanto's studies would promote the idea that human beings, unlike other animals, are relatively immune to this man-made chemical".
Then in Sturgeon, Missouri in 1979 "a freight train derailment caused the spill of a tank car, containing 19,000 gallons of a Monsanto chlorophenol intermediate called OCP-crude,used in making wood preservatives and contaminated with dioxin. Francis Kemner and others exposed to the spill filed a suit in Missouri state court in 1980 (Kemner et al v. Monsanto Company). The trial lasted three years and eight months", which Sanjour later explains was "the longest running trial in history at the time". And while in the end "the jury did not believe the plaintiffs had proven that they had suffered any harm to date ... they were outraged at the egregious behavior of the Monsanto Company". Among the allegations made by the plaintiff's attorneys was:
- Monsanto failed to notify and lied to its workers about the presence and danger of dioxin in its chlorophenol plant, so that it would not have to bear the expense of changing its manufacturing process or lose customers,
- Monsanto knew how to make chlorophenol with significantly less dioxin content but did not do so until after the Sturgeon spill.
- Monsanto knowingly dumped 30 to 40 pounds of dioxin a day into the Mississippi River between 1970 and 1977 which could enter the St. Louis food chain.
- Monsanto lied to EPA that it had no knowledge that its plant effluent contained dioxin.
- Monsanto secretly tested the corpses of people killed by accident in St. Louis for the presence of dioxin and found it in every case.
- Lysol, a product made from Monsanto's Santophen, was contaminated with dioxin with Monsanto's knowledge. Lysol is recommended for cleaning babies' toys and for other cleaning activities involving human contact.
- The manufacturer of Lysol was not told about the dioxin by Monsanto for fear of losing his business.
- Other companies using Santophen, who specifically asked about the presence of dioxin, were lied to by Monsanto.
- Monsanto was aware that dioxin contaminated their lawn care products (which were eventually banned by EPA).
- Monsanto sold these and many other consumer products knowingly contaminated with dioxin without warning the public for over thirty years.
- Shortly after a spill in the Monsanto chlorophenol plant, OSHA measured dioxin on the plant walls. Monsanto conducted its own measurements, which were higher than OSHA's, but they issued a press release to the public and they lied to OSHA and their workers saying they had failed to confirm OSHA's findings.
- Exposed Monsanto workers were not told of the presence of dioxin and were not given protective clothing even though the company was aware of the dangers of dioxin.
- Even though the Toxic Substances Control Act requires chemical companies to report the presence of hazardous substances in their products to EPA, Monsanto never gave notice and lied to EPA in reports.
- At one time Monsanto lied to EPA saying that it could not test its products for dioxin because dioxin was too toxic to handle in its labs.
- At the trial a Monsanto executive argued that it did not report what it considered very low levels of dioxin to EPA because it would merely "add fuel to the media fires."
"Monsanto fought these charges with the best lawyers and expert witnesses that money could buy. They had to; the downside risk to Monsanto was enormous. If the plaintiffs in the Kemner case could collect damages, then every user of Lysol, Weed-B-Gone, and dozens of other consumer products using chemicals containing traces of dioxin might collect damages and put Monsanto and other chemical companies into bankruptcy".
"Despite Monsanto's parade of expert witnesses, the jury expressed its opinion of Monsanto's honesty and integrity by the unusual award of more than sixteen million dollars in punitive damages." However, the "Plaintiffs lost on appeal on the technical legal ground that a punitive award could not be made in the absence of actual damages regardless of the facts in the case".
Several years later, Cate Jenkins, a PhD chemist at EPA, became convinced that Monsanto had deliberately manipulated studies showing that dioxin was a human carcinogen. Greenpeace also "issued a detailed 44 page critique of the Monsanto studies by Joe Thornton entitled "Science for Sale" (1)
"On February 23, 1990, Jenkins sent a memorandum to the EPA Science Advisory Board entitled 'Newly Revealed Fraud by Monsanto in an Epidemiological Study Used by EPA to Assess Human Health Effects from Dioxins', attaching a copy of part of the Kemner Plaintiffs-Appellees' brief dealing with the Monsanto studies. She requested that the Board or the EPA Office of Research and Development, audit the records of these studies to see if they were flawed". Ironically, rather than investigate the Monsanto studies the EPA launched what Sanjour says was a harrassing investigation of Jenkins. "Within days of learning that the Office of Enforcement [which "began to look into the criminal aspect of the fraud charges"] had initiated a criminal investigation of Monsanto based on Jenkins' allegations, her job duties were withdrawn without warning. She was not given any assignments from August 30, 1990 until she was reassigned on April 8, 1992 to a job which was primarily administrative or clerical." "Dr. Jenkins filed a complaint with the Department of Labor claiming that she was being harassed for carrying out perfectly legal activities". The Labor Department investigated and found in Jenkins favor. The EPA appealed three times all the way up to the Secretary of Labor but each time the Department came down in favor of Jenkins finding that "None of the rationales [explaining her transfer] given by EPA ... appear valid".
"In August of 1992, EPA quietly closed the criminal investigation without ever determining or even attempting to determine if the Monsanto studies were valid or invalid, let alone fraudulent.... There was no public announcement that the investigation was closed. Dr. Jenkins didn't learn about it until fifteen months later. Yet Monsanto knew within a few days of EPA's closure".
According to John Thomas Burch, Jr., an attorney, a Viet Nam veteran and the chairman of the National Viet Nam Veterans Coalition, "Dr. Jenkins' memos about the Monsanto studies 'broke a roadblock' to additional legislation in Congress which 'meant thousands of [veterans] getting medical care who wouldn't have gotten it otherwise.' For this she was awarded a plaque for exemplary service to Viet Nam veterans".
"Although she had committed no crime, Jenkins had been vilified and harassed for the sin of wanting to protect the public from dioxin. Many wrongs, including violations of EPA's own regulations, were committed by those who illegally harassed her, but no one has suggested punishment for them. And while many EPA officials were willing, even anxious, to apologize to Monsanto, none has come forward to apologize to Dr. Jenkins".
(1) Full title: "Science for Sale - Critique Of Monsanto Studies Of Worker Health Effects Due To Exposure To 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)"
Other SourceWatch resources
|
<urn:uuid:b94d9ef8-dea0-460a-b95c-3b90b9952f01>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Monsanto_and_Agent_Orange
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00344-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961502 | 2,647 | 2.765625 | 3 |
When she recently attended the Florida Education Technology Conference in Orlando her geek status was definitely to her benefit, as she addressed hundreds of teachers from around the state. Having been a teacher of teachers for eight years and a presenter at technology conferences for about six years, she was on familiar stomping grounds to say the least.
“This was a conference that promotes technology, and the use of it in the classroom,” Heather said. “It’s about 21st century learning.”
Heather co-presented with a friend at one workshop, and led a couple of others. One that she presented was called “K/12 Integrated Projects that Expand the Way you Teach.”View More images >>What, you say? What does that mean? Heather explained.
“It’s taking all of the subjects that children learn, and trying to combine them all into projects,” she explained. “It’s putting what they learn into real-life situations.”
Heather, a former IBM network engineer, has her own web site dedicated to teaching children not only how to research with and utilize the World Wide Web for their schoolwork, she is also keen on teaching kids about computer ethics. The site, crossercares.com, has a wealth of information, including resources and links for teaching in the technology age, real-life examples of project-based education and even a “menu of inspiration.”
The Island School students have lots of hands-on computer time, and all of the classrooms have “Smart Boards” (interactive white boards that use touch detection). Everyone has access to laptops as well.
“The technology in our school is awesome,” Crosser said. “While our region is on par with the rest of the country, I think we are definitely above and beyond that here. It’s not that we want to get rid of textbooks, which we still use for building background to what we are teaching, and for reinforcement. In a lot of ways we can keep those as a secondary measure and focus on project-based learning.”
To read more of this story, up a Boca Beacon on newsstands today or click here to visit the Boca Beacon online, where you can subscribe to our print or e-edition. Take the Beacon anywhere with our new apps, available for Apple and Android.
E-mail (required, but will not display)
Notify me of follow-up comments
Click for a larger view
|
<urn:uuid:1ad3d154-603a-4dc6-b9ee-fe2998e7deaf>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://bocabeacon.com/news/featured-news/5145-island-school-teacher-picks-up-technology-ball-and-runs-with-it
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163055852/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131735-00076-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969951 | 527 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A TIME Magazine Top 10 Nonfiction Book of 2012A New Yorker Best Book of the YearLos Angeles Magazine's #1 Music Book of the YearA unique and revelatory book of music history that examines in great depth what is perhaps the best-known and most-popular symphony ever written and its four-note opening, which has fascinated musicians, historians, and philosophers for the last two hundred years. Music critic Matthew Guerrieri reaches back before Beethoven’s time to examine what might have influenced him in writing his Fifth Symphony, and forward into our own time to describe the ways in which the Fifth has, in turn, asserted its influence. He uncovers possible sources for the famous opening notes in the rhythms of ancient Greek poetry and certain French Revolutionary songs and symphonies. Guerrieri confirms that, contrary to popular belief, Beethoven was not deaf when he wrote the Fifth. He traces the Fifth’s influence in China, Russia, and the United States (Emerson and Thoreau were passionate fans) and shows how the masterpiece was used by both the Allies and the Nazis in World War II. Altogether, a fascinating piece of musical detective work—a treat for music lovers of every stripe.
Arts-Photography, Music, Musical-Genres, Classical,
|
<urn:uuid:4d728913-7c27-44de-a44b-4ae1673ea5f1>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.campusbooks.com/books/entertainment/music/9780307593283_Matthew-Guerrieri_The-First-Four-Notes-Beethovens-Fifth-and-the-Human-Imagination.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500821666.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021341-00087-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948265 | 267 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Your Hospital-Acquired Infection May Have Been Prevented
Medical errors can lead to fatal infections and are now the third leading cause of death in the US. Johns Hopkins patient safety experts say these mistakes are responsible for more than 250,000 deaths per year and nearly 70 percent of the 1.7 million preventable hospital-acquired infections accounted for.
Hospital-acquired infections can be caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. The most common types are central-line associated infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI), Clostridium Difficile (C. diff) infections, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), invasive Candidiasis, Septicemia, and surgical site infections (SSI).
|
<urn:uuid:f518e7d9-0ffc-4dc3-adfd-6299f7895abc>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://blog.levinperconti.com/category/920medical-malpractice
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605014501-20200605044501-00101.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.879331 | 161 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Decide which word in each of these groups is significantly different from the others.
What does it mean? (Use your dictionary where necessary.)
EXAMPLE: a custom, a habit, an anomaly, a tradition an anomaly = a strange or unusual feature of a situation
to celebrate , to commiserate, to commemorate, to honour
to inflame, to douse, to extinguish (to put out) , to smother
a spirit, a phantom, a ghost , a premonition
to originate, to terminate, to initiate, to conceive
to soothe, to startle, to alarm, to frighten
a rebellion, an insurrection , a mutiny , an assembly
In each of the groups of words in 1-8 above three of the words
have a similar meaning. Make distinctions about when you use each of the
three words which are similar.
EXAMPLE: a custom, a habit, an anomaly, a tradition
A custom is usually something which has been done for a long time by a group.
'It's our custom to have a party at the end of every school year.'
A habit is something someone does again and again, perhaps without realising it.
'He has an annoying habit of biting his nails.'
A tradition is similar to a custom,
but may be older and passed down from parents to their children.
'We have a tradition in our family to go for a long walk after Christmas lunch.'
Use the most appropriate word from Exercise I
(in the correct form) in each of the following sentences.
Smoking is strictly.....................inside the factory.
Scientists first.....................the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s.
That cake looks fantastic.
It's.....................in chocolate. Just how I like it!
After several days of reduced rations,
there was serious talk of.....................amongst the crew.
The dove is universally known as a.....................of peace.
As children we used to terrify one another by telling
.....................stories at night.
I was.....................to see
Andrea sitting in the corner of the room. I had thought the flat was empty.
I felt.....................to be chosen to play for the national team.
commiserate /kЙ™mЙЄz.Й™.reЙЄt/ to express sympathy to someone about some bad luck
I began by commiserating with her over the defeat.
Ahh never mind, it's not so bad.
Don't worry about a thing, because every little thing, is going to be alright
commemorate verb /kЙ™mem.Й™.reЙЄt/ v [T]
to remember officially and give respect to a great person or event,
especially by a public ceremony or by making a statue or special building
Gathered all together in this church, we commemorate those who lost their lives in the great war.
A statue has been built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the poet's birthday.
a feeling that something, especially something unpleasant, is going to happen
[+ that] He had a premonition that his plane would crash, so he took the train.
She had a sudden premonition of what the future might bring.
a spirit of a dead person believed by some to visit the living as a pale,
almost transparent form of a person, animal or other object; a ghost
A phantom coach is said to pass through the grounds of this house when there's a full moon.
humorous - The phantom wine-drinker has been around - this was almost a full bottle when I
put it in the fridge (= an unknown person has been drinking the wine)!
douse verb (also dowse ) v [T]
to make something or someone wet by throwing a lot of liquid over them
to stop a fire or light from burning or shining,
especially by putting water on it or by covering it with something
We watched as demonstrators doused a car in/with petrol and set it alight.
smother verb (COVER) /smКЊГ°.Й™ r/US pronunciation symbol //-Йљ/ v [T]
to kill someone by covering their face so that they cannot breathe
To kill something by covering it and preventing it from receiving the substances and conditions it needs for life
They threatened to smother the animals with plastic bags.
Snow soon smothered the last of the blooms.
figurative - I tried desperately to smother a sneeze
(= I tried not to sneeze) during his speech.
to stop a fire from burning by covering it with something
which prevents air from reaching it
I threw a blanket over the cooker to smother the flames.
inflame verb /ЙЄnfleЙЄm / v [T]
to cause or increase very strong feelings such as anger or excitement
Reducing the number of staff is certain to inflame
the already angry medical profession.
Pictures of the bombed and burning city inflamed feelings/passions further.
n [C or u]
an organized attempt by a group of people to defeat their government
and take control of their country, usually by violence
revolution noun (CHANGE) /rev.Й™lu.Кѓ Й™ n / n [C]
a very important change in the way that people do things
a technological revolution
Penicillin produced a revolution in medicine.
rebellion noun n [C or U]
violent action organized by a group of people who are trying
to change the political system in their country
The government has brutally crushed the rebellion.
action against those in authority or against the rules
or against normal and accepted ways of behaving
a backbench rebellion against the new foreign policy
her teenage rebellion
Now listen to the words used in context and check your ideas.
Each group should take one group of synonyms and find out what differences,
if any, exist between the meaning of the words in each group.
Explain your findings to students from other groups.
Complete each sentence with an appropriate word in the correct form from the table in Exercise I.
In order to.....................available power, solar panels are placed on the highest part of the building.
She stared up at the great glaring moon and the.....................stars.
It is.....................British behaviour to suffer in silence rather than complain.
It's.....................that the missing children could have survived so long without food.
Many of the factory workers signed up for overtime to.....................their meagre wages.
There's no skill in a game like roulette. It's all ......................
The cars are.....................tested for safety and reliability before leaving the factory.
.....................scholars before Copernicus had suggested that the earth went round the sun.
The idea of travelling to other solar systems may sound.....................but scientists now see it as a real possibility.
You're going to Bermuda? What an amazing......................So am I!
Now find one approximate synonym for each of the following words.
(Refer to a thesaurus or a dictionary such as the Longman Language Activator.)
Make a note of any differences in meaning with the original word.
Then compare your synonyms with other students.
Record in your vocabulary notebook all the new words you have learnt.
Take care to note the exact meaning and context when particular words can be used.
Quick Study PopUp ( Array )
You Study Pages
You can add study pages by visiting the page and
opening this study links pop up
( Bottom left of the page )
See the button to add the page to your study page list.
This page is assigned to me
This page is not assigned to me
Close X Chat
Please wait.... Messages should appear here almost immediately !
If not, please click on Resume Chat at the bottom.
Subdomain = SUBDOMAIN
Domain = englishtap.com
Div id = chat-load-php
(Should be class="hidden")
Chat message edit form goes here
111 container.php ajax load div
|
<urn:uuid:7e1d8108-41ed-43d7-9dc9-dab0c6e6d748>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://englishtap.com/EFL/advanced/confusing-synonyms?concise=1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806070.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120145722-20171120165722-00165.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927714 | 1,734 | 3.359375 | 3 |
A new study in the US has found that, in grain-fed beef systems, the greatest amount of methane is created when cows are nursing their calves.
The study, which was published in the Journal of Animal Science, looked at greenhouse gas emission from beef cattle during different life stages. They found that the ‘cow-calf’ stage - which is from birth until the calf is six to ten months old - is the biggest contributor of greenhouse gases.
The scientists said this is because the cow eats plants like hay and grasses while nursing calves, which can be used more effectively by the methane-producing bacteria in a cow’s gut than the corn and grains which feedlot cattle eat.
“If you look at everything that contributes to greenhouse gases through the beef supply chain, then it is the cow-calf that produces the greatest greenhouse gases,” said co-author Frank Mitloehner, an associate professor in the Department of Animal Science at UC Davis.
“The more roughage is in the diet of the ruminant animal, the more methane is produced by the microbes in the gut of the ruminant, and methane comes out the front end.”
Mitloehner added that further greenhouse gas reductions could be achieved by using growth promotants in beef cattle, but consumers remain resistant to these new technologies.
“The technologies many consumers are critical of are those that help us receive the greatest environmental gains,” he explained.
|
<urn:uuid:965556e5-5f02-4d5d-9f68-b362f2501250>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.globalmeatnews.com/Industry-Markets/Cows-produce-more-methane-while-nursing-calves-says-report
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500811391.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021331-00234-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959075 | 304 | 3.6875 | 4 |
God Almighty has blessed dairy farmers with different kinds of fodder for the health of his animals and to make his business profitable. He can provide the best quality of feed to his animals with comparatively less expense.
Fodder for Animals:
- The cheapest source of
- Fodder provides a variety of important
- Fodderprovides animals their favourite feed, throughout the
- Excessive fodder can be easily stored for seasons when there is a shortage of
Types of Fodder:
God Almighty has blessed man with various kinds of fodders according to the needs of the animals in different seasons. For instance, wintertime fodders have a higher protein con- tent to help tolerate a cold climate; in the summertime fodders contain less protein to counter the ill effects of high temperatures. These fodders can be divided according to the productive age of the fodders and different seasons, as listed below:
- Multicut/ evergreen fodders
Evergreen Fodders (Perennial):
This is the fodder which is planted once only and may be utilized all year long or even for many years. These fodders are lucern, mott grass, sudan grass, etc.
Fodders of the Winter Seasons:
These fodders are grown at the beginning of winter. They ensure provision of fodder in the cold season and reaches maturity in summer. These fodders are barseem, oats, rye grass etc.
Fodders of the Summer Seasons:
These fodders are grown at the beginning of summer. They ensures provision of fodder till the beginning of the winter season. These fodders are maize, sorghum, millet etc.
Nutritional Value of Different Fodders
The Schedule of Permanent Provision of Fodders to the Cattle:
Time of Cultivation
25 September to October
November to May
15 September to October
Permanent yield from December for 3 years, after every 45 days
October to December
January to May
October to December
December to April
February to September
May to December
March to May
June to November
March to May
May to October
April to September
June to November
April to July
June to November
February to March, July to August
May to November
Modern Trends in the Production of Fodder:
- Selectionof fodder with higher nutritional value
- Preferencefor fodder with a higher per acre production
- Preference for (multicut)fodder
- Preference for fodder which can be easilypreserved/stored
Important Factors that Increase per Acre Production of Fodder:
- Seeds which produce highyield
- Timelycultivation according to schedule
- Timely use of balanced fertilizers andwater
- Timely use ofinsecticides
Use of crop residues and bye-products:
It is important to reduce expenses on the farm to a suitable level to make the dairy busi- ness a successful industrial unit. This aim can be achieved by using the inexpensive resi- dues of crops in a better way, because they constitute 2/3 the amount of total production of grains. These residues include wheat chaff, maize stems and cobs etc. It can be pur- chased at a low price at the time of their harvesting. Its nutritional value can be easily increased by mixing it with urea, molasses and mineral mixture.
According to NARC, the nutritional value of wheat straw for animal feed can be increased according to the following formula:
According to the UAF, the nutritional value of maize cobs can be increased consider- ably according to this formula:
Hurdles in Continous Provision of Fodder and How to over- come them:
Sowing and harvesting fodder depends on weather suitable for growth of each required fodder. The farmer divides fodder into groups of winter, summer and perennials accord- ing to the appropriateness of sowing and harvesting. He has to grow the required fodder according to the weather conditions to get a better yield. Due to this seasonal schedule of sowing and harvesting of fodder, he has to face its shortage three times in a year. The following table describes this shortage:
Production of Fodder in Punjab with Traditional Methods:
A farmer has the following options during this fodder shortage:
- Purchasing expensive fodder to feed animals thus wasting all his possiblesavings
- Keeping his animals hungry or under-fed and as a result adversely affect theirproduction
- Buyingcheap fodder of low quality and then bear losses of health and production of his animals
Traditionally, the farmer bears the negative effects on the health and production of his animals, but it is not difficult for a successful dairy farmers to find a solution to these problems. The secret of his success is in providing cheap but quality fodder to his animals all the year round, without hindrance.
If the dairy farmer takes note of these points and acts upon this procedure, he will always benefit from his dairy farming. There would be no negative effects on health and produc- tion of the animals.
- The farmer must know how much fodder is required for all of his animals for the whole year and he must meet his
- He must choose those fodders whose per acre production is double that of tradi tional He can thus double its production and feed more animals from the samepiece of land. The per acre production of traditional sorghum is 300 maunds (12000 kgs) whereas the per acre production of hybrid sorghum is 700 maunds (28000 kgs). Just by changing the variety of the crops he gets double the production of fodder and reduces the price of per maund fodder.
- He can get the whole production in one go, unlike growing traditional fodder in which he has to go through the process of growing the fodder and preparing the land again for planting; whereas due to the use of scientific methods in agriculture he can get fodder seeds which yield many times more production. He can get many cuts and more fodder by using these
- If he grows seasonal fodder on one piece of land and perennial fodder on the remaining land, he can manage the problem of fodder shortage which he encounters thrice a
- The latest blessing in these contemporary times for the farmer is the technology of preserving He can preserve, in the form of hay and silage, the fodder that he gets when the production is in plenty. This preserved fodder can be easily used at the time of scarcity of fodder. Thus he can maintain the health and production of hisanimals, and he would be known all around as a successful farmer.
- Better use of the residues of
What is Good Fodder?
Dairy farmers should choose the best type of fodder for better growth of their animals. The growth and production of animals depends on the fodder they eat. Only the best fodder can guarantee their growth and maximum production. So fodders which fulfill the following criteria should be given to the animals for profitable dairy farming.
- Fodder according to the animal’s liking, that it consumes
- There should be a reasonable amount of dry matter in the
- There must be an appropriate amount of raw proteins to meet the requirements of the
- There should be enough digestible raw proteins in the fodder so that the animals’ digestive system remains
- Thefodder should be completely
- It must have the quality to be preserved so that the farmer knows how much of the nutritional requirements of his animals are being
Given below is the importance of the fodder according to its nutritional value:
Name of Fodder
Percentage of CP
Keeping in mind this table, the dairy farmer can arrange his own schedule of growing fodder. From the chosen fodder the farmer himself would know what quality of fodder he is feeding to his animals and what nutritional ingredients are required to make a balanced diet for them.
|
<urn:uuid:4f0952e5-0f0c-43d1-93cb-ec8d70571dad>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.gowandi.com/087_importance-of-fodder-for-successful-dairy-farming/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523476.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607013327-20200607043327-00564.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933653 | 1,624 | 2.5625 | 3 |
French case studies: RESPONSE project
LIFE Environment/RESPONSE project . Impact of climate change on coastal risks. Application to Aquitaine and Languedoc Roussillon (France) C. VINCHON, D.IDIER (BRGM-France)
LIFE Environment /RESPONSE (2003-2006) aimed to demonstrate and map, at regional scale, the impact of climate change on coastal risks (erosion and marine flooding), by anticipating the response to regional climatic change scenarios of coastal systems in 2100. Coastline systems were described by its geomorphology, coastal processes, known hazardous events and existing defences. Trends of changes in erosion and marine flooding of each system were evaluated by expert advices and mapped. Crossing this information with assets distribution allowed mapping where assets were likely to be put at risk, and underlining critical points in regards to coastal risk and climate change. Application on Aquitaine and Languedoc Roussillon (France) assessed the likely increase of the coastal risks. Weight of geomorphology and existing settlements development was underlined. In Aquitaine, the large dune systems and undertidal sandbars will give a relative resilience capacity to erosion, except on low lying spots and coastal outlets, where urbanisation is concentrated. The urbanised cliff-lined coast of Pays Basque, already vulnerable, will face an increased vulnerability. In Languedoc Roussillon (figure 1), the low lying “lidos” systems will be submitted to erosion and marine flooding increased risks, whereas the hard rock cliff-lined coast of Pyrénées Orientales should resist, apart from pocket beaches where the sediment storage might not be sufficient to help beach erosion resilience.
This study pointed out the need to have an integrated approach of coastal hazards and risks, at least at a sedimentary cell scale. The results also emphasised the need of better knowledge on physical resilience capacity of the coast, and on assets at stake values and vulnerability processes.
References C. Vinchon, D. Idier, M. Garcin, Y. Balouin, C. Mallet S Aubie L. Closset 2006, Response of the Coastline to Climate Change. Specific Report for the RESPONSE LIFE–Environment Project: Evolution of coastal risks (Erosion and marine flooding) on the Aquitaine and Languedoc-Roussillon pilot regions, BRGM/RP 54718-FR,July 2006
C.Vinchon, S.Aubie, Y.Balouin, L.Closset, M.Garcin,D.Idier, C.Mallet, 2007, Anticipate response of climate change on coastal risks at regional scale, in Aquitaine and Languedoc Roussillon (France). Submitted to Ocean and Coastal Management Journal.
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
|
<urn:uuid:993ffb2f-d9cd-4581-b169-e35438b090fb>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.vliz.be/wiki/French_case_studies:_RESPONSE_project
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917663.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00083-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.897036 | 608 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Project will link lakes to restore marsh, reduce flooding
CHICAGO (AP) — Work is getting underway to connect two lakes along the Illinois and Indiana border — a project that will one day restore wetlands, reduce flooding and allow fish to travel between Lake Michigan and marshland on Chicago’s Southeast Side.
Powderhorn Lake was built in the 1950s, primarily for fishing, and is part of the Cook County forest preserves. Through human engineering, it will be connected to Wolf Lake, which spans across the two states and eventually connects to Lake Michigan, the Chicago Tribune reported.
More than 100 acres of wetlands stand to benefit from the project. It’s a collaboration between the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Audubon Great Lakes, Great Lakes Commission and the national Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and part of an effort to protect or restore more than 250,000 acres in the next decade.
Olga Bautista is executive director of the Southeast Environmental Task Force, which works to prevent pollution and protect public health in the industrialized Calumet region, where Powderhorn Lake is located.
She hopes work to reduce water levels will alleviate flooding for residents living between Powderhorn and Wolf lakes.
“When something like that happens in their neighborhood, it’s catastrophic for folks,” Bautista said.
|
<urn:uuid:687101ab-7f20-4c19-85cc-f4313a80aa9f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://apnews.com/article/chicago-lakes-environment-floods-illinois-3787eaf3661f1398cf6954f6c3f464e3
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657720.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610131939-20230610161939-00404.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929734 | 276 | 2.8125 | 3 |
You have a server named Server1 that runs Windows Server 2016. Server1 is a Hyper-V host that hosts a virtual machine named VM1.
Server1 has three network adapter cards that are connected to virtual switches named vSwitch1, vSwitch2 and vSwitch3.
You configure NIC Teaming on VM1 as shown in the exhibit. (Click the Exhibit button.)
You need to ensure that VM1 will retain access to the network if a physical network adapter card fails on Server1.
What should you do?
A . From Windows PowerShell on VM1, run the Set-VmNetworkAdapterTeamMapping cmdlet.
B . From Windows PowerShell on Server1, run the Set-VmNetworkAdapter cmdlet.
C . From Windows PowerShell on Server1, run the Set-VmSwitch cmdlet.
D . From Windows PowerShell on Server1, run the Set-VmNetworkAdapterFailoverConfiguration cmdlet
|
<urn:uuid:c3c1f60b-9596-43b1-a086-52a86cd9349b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.exam4training.com/what-should-you-do-1705/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506580.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402014600-20200402044600-00421.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.780604 | 197 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Many of the older generation would recollect that not very long ago, the Japanese industries were not reputed for the quality of their goods, and in fact their name was synonymous with cheap and unreliable products. The second World War had devastated all their industries and they had to build up their economy from scratch.
It was then that Gen.Douglas Mac Arthur, Commander of Allied forces in Japan at that time, felt that something had to be done to improve the nations image and sought the help of some American management experts, Dr. Edward Deming, an SQC expert of USA was sent to train the management personnel in Japan from 1968 to 1969. He advocated what has come to be called ‘The Deming Wheel’, and achieved such success that the Japanese government honored his services by awarding the ‘Deming Prize’ annually.
Between 1954 and 1955, another famous management consultant, Dr.Juran started, visiting Japan. He preached what is known as ‘Total Quality.’ The Japanese Government followed it up with massive training programme on Quality Control, Statistics and related subjects. which were also disseminated on radio and television. A number of Seminars and Conventions were initiated to promote a Quality drive. Thus the Japanese image started changing gradually.
Japan has no natural resources of its own and imports most of its requirements of raw materials from abroad. It realized the necessity of achieving a very high standard of quality of its products in the face of stiff competition in the industrial world. So the Japanese frantically started searching for a technique that would give their products an edge over other industrialized countries, in quality, productivity and marketability. They adopted a six point programme to maintain a quality image which included the following
1. Quality Audits
2. Nation-wide promotion for good quality
3. Quality Training
4. Use of Statistical methods
5. Nation wide quality control activities
6. Quality circles
They also realised that involvement of their employees at the grass-roots would give the necessary fillip to achieving better quality standards. Towards this end extensive training in Quality Control techniques was organized for workers and foremen, charge-hands as well as other supervisory levels.
In April 1962, a magazine called ‘SQC'(QC for the foremen) designed for employees in workshops was started. The main objective was to facilitate education, training and propagation of Quality Control techniques and to help first line supervisor and Foremen to improve their Quality Control ability, soon realized that discussing the contents of this magazine with their co-workers would improve their performance much faster and more effectively. That is how the concept of Quality Circles took birth in Japan in 1962. The initial success that was achieved through group associations in different work areas led to the rapid growth of the concept in that country. In order to afford an opportunity for the Quality Circle participants to express their experiences in the operation of the concept. the first Quality Control Circle Conference was held in May 1963. Consequent upon the overwhelming response to this gathering, similar conferences were subsequently held each year at a different places. The number of QC Circles grew and it was no longer possible for their activities to be co-ordinated from the Central Headquarters any more. This led to formation of QC Circle Regional Chapters at different Centers, with the objective of giving any assistance that might be required for the proper implementation of the concept.
In May 1962 the first QC Circle was registered with the QC Circle Headquarters. By September 1971, the registered QC Circles reached the level of 40,000. And in November 1971, the registered QC Circles Conference was held in Tokyo. By June 1978, the first international QC Circle Convention was held and was followed by another International convention in September 1981.
At present there are more than one million Circles with over ten million members operating in Japan. Initially in the early 1950s and 60s the major concern of the Japanese organizations and therefore of the QC Circles was one of ‘Quality’. But as the QC Circles activities expanded and as the members gained more and more experience in problem solving and application of various techniques, the subject matter began to include larger and more difficult items closely related to the, policies established at a higher level. The themes taken up by the Quality Circles were now no longer limited to ‘quality’ but incorporated such diverse themes as productivity, efficiency, cost reduction, design, safety, production control etc. With QC Circle members acquiring more confidence, some variations and changes were also introduced in the concept. For example, originally Foreman and Supervisors acted as leaders of QC Circles but as members became more knowledgeable and experienced, they organized smaller groups for sub-circles or mini-circles withing the original QC Circles. This helped in increasing the sense of participation among workers apart from affording opportunity for more people to assume leadership by actually acting as a sub-circle leader.
Another minor variation is the formation of joint QC Circles. When problems were large enough to involve more than one area, QC Circles of different areas poo their knowledge to solve common problems. Such an extended group is called a ‘Joint QC Circle’. For instance, coalition of production workshops – one of which precedes the other in a manufacturing process or coalition between production and other departments such as Inspection, Maintenance, Power Supply, Warehouse, Shipment, Process Control etc.
Another gradual development that took place was that whereas QC Circles in initial stages were introduced mainly in production, workshops, the concept slowly started expanding into non-production areas such as offices, Sales Departments, Warehouses, insurance compamies, banks, hospitals etc. It has since been established that the QC Circle concept can be effectively introduced in any kind of work or service.
It is, therefore, seen during the evolution of the Quality Circle concept in Japan that there can be a Quality Circle involving both a parent company as well as its affiliate or sub-contractors who work closely together in the day-to-day operations. This not only helped improve their performance but also resulted in better communication between them.
It has therefore, to be appreciated that the concept of Quality Circles was evolved and adopted in Japan in the early 1960s due to compulsion of circumstances prevailing then. Much of the success of Japanese industry today be ascribed to their adopting the Quality Circle concept in a big way through efforts of Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineering (JUSE) and dedicated individuals such as Dr.Ishikawa. To quote one single instance of their miraculous recovery, in 1960 Japan was unable to sell a single car abroad. By 1974, they were exporting 1 1/2 million cars a year and by 1979 that figure had been doubled. Realizing the efficacy of this philosophy, Quality Circle movement grew rapidly in that country and the painstaking and persevering efforts of the Japanese leaders resulted in the QC Concept being accepted all over the world now, as a very effective technique to improve the total performance of any organization.
|
<urn:uuid:787404ba-9c82-424c-b2b5-fd22be89f152>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://qcfi.in/the-genesis-of-quality-circles/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00366.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980774 | 1,423 | 3.171875 | 3 |
A Biography of William C. Houston 1746-1788
William Houston was born about 1746 to Margaret and Archibald Houston. He attended the College of New Jersey (later Princeton) and graduated in 1768 and became master of the college grammar school and then its tutor. In 1771 he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy.
From 1775 to 1776 Houston was deputy secretary of the Continental Congress. He also saw active military service in 1776 and 1777 when, as captain of the foot militia of Somerset County, he engaged in action around Princeton. During the Revolution, Houston also served in the New Jersey Assembly (1777) and the New Jersey Council of Safety (1778). In 1779 he was once again elected to the Continental Congress, where he worked mainly in the areas of supply and finance. In addition to serving in Congress, Houston remained active in the affairs of the College of New Jersey and also found time to study law. He was admitted to the bar in 1781 and won the appointment of clerk of the New Jersey Supreme Court in the same year. Houston resigned from the college in 1783 and concentrated on his Trenton law practice. He represented New Jersey in Congress once again in 1784 and 1785.
Houston represented New Jersey at both the Annapolis and Philadelphia conventions. Though illness forced him to leave after 1 week, he did serve on a committee to consider the distribution of seats in the lower house. Houston did not sign the Constitution, but he signed the report to the New Jersey legislature.
On August 12, 1788, William Houston succumbed to tuberculosis and died in Frankford, PA., leaving his wife Jane, two daughters, and two sons. His body was laid to rest in the Second Presbyterian Churchyard in Philadelphia.
|
<urn:uuid:6545b9c8-0caf-46a1-8d96-b70eae0346a2>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/william-c-houston/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00467-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979872 | 362 | 2.546875 | 3 |
General Benefits Of Healing
There is a non-physical energy that gives life to every living organism; we carry this energy in and around our body from the day we are born - it is our birthright.
When the flow of the "Life Force Energy" is disrupted, weakened or blocked, emotional or health problems tend to occur. Imbalances are caused from many situations occurring in our lives, such as emotional or physical trauma, injury, negative thoughts, negative self-talk, toxicity, nutritional depletion, destructive lifestyle, and bad relationships. Neglect of self and lack of love for oneself or others, expressed emotions, including fear, worry, doubt, anger, anxiety. The wrong diet, limiting belief systems, chemicals in food and water, environmental pollution, stress, etc.
Healing (literally meaning to make whole) is the process of the restoration of health from an unbalanced, diseased or damaged organism.
|
<urn:uuid:b2144b1b-2741-4cdf-aacf-95c4bf76b4e4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://venetiaz.com/services/services-prices.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693459.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925220350-20170926000350-00698.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946337 | 187 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Excerpted from A Bigger Picture: My Fight to Bring a New African Voice to the Climate Crisis by Vanessa Nakate. Copyright © 2021 by Vanessa Nakate. Available from Mariner Books, HarperCollins.
In February 2013, Ella Adoo-Kissi-Debrah had a fatal asthma attack in London after experiencing a seizure, the sort that had required her to be hospitalized twenty-seven times in the previous three years. She was nine years old. Ella’s death brought home to me the connection between racial justice and the climate crisis that’s one of the least recognized: public health.
I learned about Ella’s story in December 2020. That’s when the international media reported that a UK court had, for the first time in British history, allowed air pollution to be recorded as the cause of someone’s death. The coroner noted that the area of southeast London where Ella lived, Lewisham, had levels of nitrogen dioxide higher than European Union or World Health Organization guidelines. Nitrogen dioxide, which contributes to toxic ground-level ozone, is a by-product of car engines that run on diesel.
We’ve known for decades the visible damage done to the environment by fossil fuels. We’re increasingly familiar with the ever-upward trajectory of parts per million of atmospheric carbon dioxide: reaching 420 in April 2021, a level not seen in recorded history. But much of the climate crisis is invisible. We can’t see the planet warming or the GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in the atmosphere.
The effect of invisible particulate matter on our health may be as severe as the visible pollution of oil spills and algal blooms. The particles are so small that they can affect the heart, lungs, and other vital organs, increasing the risk of strokes, heart attacks, and, of course, problems associated with the lungs, such as asthma. My mother suffered from bad asthma when I was younger. I remember the anxiety I felt and the pain in her face as she struggled to breathe. I can only imagine what it must have felt like to Ella and her mother, Rosamund Kissi-Debrah.
Air pollution doesn’t only come at a cost to human lives, but to economies in the Global North and South. The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air has estimated that the cost to public health of air pollution is at least U.S. $8 billion a day (or 3.3 percent of global GDP).
Of course, the drag on the economy cannot mask the terrible consequences for Ella or anyone else of inhaling so much particulate matter. In Delhi, widely considered to be one of the most polluted cities in the world, more than 50,000 people died in 2020 due to air pollution, according to a report from Greenpeace Southeast Asia.
Some of the most damning research on fossil fuels and public health is in a report released in February 2021 by Harvard and three British universities. A team of researchers found that more than eight million people were killed by fossil fuels in 2018, much higher than earlier research estimates. Even the researchers were shocked by the results, which they called “astounding.” One of them, Eloise Marais, a geographer at University College, London, said, “We are discovering more and more about the impact of this pollution. It’s pervasive.”
Given the enormous costs to public health and economic activity, along with the tragic loss of individual lives like Ella’s, why haven’t we dealt with our addiction to fossil fuels in favor of clean, renewable sources of energy?
One reason may be that, like many victims, Ella Adoo-Kissi-Debrah was Black. Neither powerful or wealthy, or well-connected, she and her family lived in an economically disadvantaged area of London. Her neighborhood is crisscrossed, as many low-income urban areas are, by highways packed with traffic. It’s important that we ask ourselves, if Ella had been rich and white, would she have had to live with and die from such severely polluted air, and would it have taken seven years after her death for the coroner to issue his report?
UK climate activist Elijah Mckenzie-Jackson told me that he doesn’t think people in the UK took on board the lesson from Ella’s death: “She was a young woman, a female, Black. The headlines weren’t enough,” he said. “If we had a middle-class white male who died from air pollution, everyone would know about it.”
The reason why I’m writing about Ella, and why the coroner was compelled to hear the case on which he produced his landmark ruling, is that Ella’s mother, Rosamund, wasn’t silent or resigned. She made extraordinary efforts to make sure her daughter’s death had a reason, a cause: that something or someone brought it about. She has become a clean air campaigner and has set up a foundation in Ella’s name to improve the lives of young people with asthma in South London.
Ella’s death — and the deaths of millions of others like her — are not simply accidents of fate, just as it isn’t accidental that she was in the wrong place at the wrong time. The inequalities we see and those we don’t — between South and North, wealthy and less wealthy, and people of color and white people — are stark.
Throughout the Global North, Black and other communities of color are more likely to live near sewage treatment plants, landfill sites, and chemical industries; and bus depots and toxic landfills will be located in their neighborhoods. Their residences will be more likely to be situated near slaughterhouses or factory farms that pollute nearby waterways, foul their air, can make them sick, and can cause respiratory diseases. Or they may inhabit low-lying areas, intensifying their exposure to floods, storm surges, and waterborne diseases.
Here, people may not be able to afford air-conditioners, or they may have jobs that require them to be in the street for long periods of time.
Too often, when some people think of environmentalism or climate change, they assume a color-blind or economically neutral perspective, Leah Thomas, a Black writer and intersectional environmental activist living in Los Angeles, told me. Over and over again, Black communities suffer from higher levels of air and water pollution. “Sometimes, when people think about environmentalism, they try to exclude the aspect of race or wealth, and how those things might play a role in who is experiencing environmental injustice.” This is a mistake, she says, “because the people who are currently being faced with environmental injustices the most are communities of color, and that’s going to continue to happen if we don’t address it.”
Leah offers a number of potentially transformational ideas for the U.S. government. In addition to declaring a climate emergency, she suggests establishing a council of youth environmentalists and a council for intersectional environmentalism to work directly with grassroots climate activists. She adds: “I want to see real-time environmental justice legislation that specifically addresses the fact that communities of color are plagued with these environmental issues and makes environmental racism a civil rights violation.”
Environmental justice is also at the center of the work of Veronica Mulenga, a climate activist from Zambia. “At first, I didn’t know about environmental justice,” she told me. “Then while I was doing the research on climate change, I also came across how disproportionately it affects us in the Global South. I was really shocked. We’re the ones that are causing and contributing the least to the climate crisis and then we’re the ones being affected the most.”
Veronica lives with persistent shortages of power. Rainfall in Zambia has decreased, leaving rivers low and dams without enough water volume for the hydroelectric power plants from which Zambia draws 95 percent of its formal energy capacity. “We experience power cuts from eight to fourteen hours or more every single day,” she says. People who can afford generators buy them, she adds, but they run on fossil fuels and emit carbon dioxide. Purchasing enough solar panels to power a whole house is expensive. “We’re saving to get a solar panel someday,” Veronica says of her family. “I would love the international community to help a lot of us here with financial aid and adaptation methods.”
|
<urn:uuid:57f595c6-a217-4cc2-9461-d8e71c0fec85>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.nationofchange.org/2021/11/04/why-we-need-environmental-justice-at-the-heart-of-climate-action/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930014147-20230930044147-00840.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968439 | 1,797 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Histories of speculative bubbles are popular these days, in large part because they have driven our economy for the last two decades. First came the tech bubble, whose quasi-utopian promises drew in billions of investment dollars, only to pop its cork in 2000, dragging the United States into a recession. That was followed by our recently retired real estate adventure, which threw us and much of the world into The Great Recession.
Given the consequences of these turbulent financial frolics, Bubble Studies has become a popular scholarly field. Its more well known offerings include John Cassidy's Dot Con, Charles Kindleberger's Manias, Panics, and Crashes, and the latest: Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff's This Time is Different: A Panoramic View of Eight Centuries of Financial Crises.
The title of that last tome was inspired by the comment of a bitter investor of yesteryear. "More money has been lost because of four words than at the point of a gun," he warned. "Those words are 'This time is different'." As the quote suggests, investors in boom times know that the bubble threat is there, but invariably hope that their beloved industry or commodity will escape that fate.
But now one of our favorite telecom thinkers, Andrew Odlyzko, thinks he's found a bubble that was a bonfide Good Thing. Sorry speculators, it has long come and gone—the British Railway Boom of the 1830s, an example of a "giant, wildly speculative, and successful investment mania," as Odlyzko puts it.
Not only did this surge of development not go south, but "it resulted in the creation of a productive transportation system that had a deep and positive effect on the economy," Odlyzko argues. "It also occurred during the formative period of corporate capitalism, and its influence on the shaping of the legal, social, and institutional framework of modern society has been little explored."
The late strange Railway
One of the reasons why the boom of the 1830s has been ignored, argues Odlyzko, is because it was overshadowed by the British "Railway Mania" of the 1840s, in which a host of investors lost their shirts, among them computer pioneer Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, and the novelist Charlotte Brontë, soon to recoup her losses with the success of her novel Jane Eyre.
"When I look at my own case," Brontë wrote to a friend, "and compare it with that of thousands besides—I scarcely see room for a murmer. Many—very many are—by the late strange Railway system deprived almost of their daily bread."
But the British railroad development boom of the 1830s was different, Odlyzko says. Here are some facts that he cites:
- At its peak, British investors put more than eight percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product into railway infrastructure—the equivalent of over $1 trillion for the United States now. Compare that to estimates for upgrading US telecom networks with fiber that go from $150 to $300 billion.
- Following that peak phase, cost overruns pushed British railroad boosters to double that investment—the equal of $2 trillion when all was said and done. "But within a few years they were happy," Odlyzko notes, "as they were earning above-market returns."
- This investment persisted into the late 1830s despite a huge bank panic and depression (we had a somewhat smaller crisis here remembered as the Panic of 1837). Investments in 1838 and 1839 equaled around two percent of GDP each year.
By 1844, share subscribers to the London and South Western Railway were earning 9.68% on their pay-in. "This was regarded as exceptionally lucrative in an era when the risk-free rate on long-term government obligations was about 3%."
On the face of the matter
Despite this striking success, prominent economists warned that the great railroad expansion of the 1830s would fail, not in the sense that the railroads wouldn't be built, but that investors wouldn't see much gain from their money. “On the face of the matter it seems absurd to suppose that both the Great Western Railway, and the London and Southampton, can pay," wrote John Stewart Mill, "though it is just possible that either of them might, if the other did not exist."
On the contrary, both did offer nice dividends. Not that the precautions offered by Mill and others weren't sound, Odlyzko observes. It is just very hard to predict how these things will work out.
"The railway mania of the 1830s was an extremely speculative one," he writes. "Investors relied on an untested technology and an untested demand estimation methodology. Yet they succeeded!"
Does this mean that these bubbly financial outbursts aren't so bad after all? Odlyzko acknowledges that the railroad boom of the 1830s led in some ways to the disastrous mania of the 1840s. Many subscribers were required to respond to investment calls for more shares. Others did so willingly because of the success of 1830s era investment, as The Economist noted in 1845:
"The origin of the very favourable reception with which railways have met at this time, is no doubt to be traced to the fact that, of all the schemes which originated in the speculative period of 1835-36, they were the only ones which stood the test of the succeeding pressure, without any disastrous losses."
But he wants his readers to get the larger message: "The British railway mania of the 1830s is neglected and misrepresented in the literature," Odlyzko concludes. "It was a giant and very speculative undertaking that succeeded. That time was really different. This is something that policy makers should keep in mind in considering episodes of great investment exuberance."
So are bubbles good?
We're not sure what policy makers should conclude from these observations. We're also not sure whether we accept the periodization implied here, which seems to put the successes of the 1830s and the failures of the 1840s into separate historical compartments. And we'd like to see a few more historical exceptions like this one uncovered before we conclude that it doesn't prove the cautionary rule, so to speak, about bubbles.
Still, we appreciate the idea that these moments of social, financial, and technological fervor are not all bad. It's difficult to imagine, for example, that the open source code/database advances that we associate with Web 2.0 would have flourished without the spectacular wave of collective learning that took place during the height of the dot bomb era—1995 through 1999. Indeed, it is right during that period that the term "web log" was coined.
If Odlyzko is right, then the next question is how you let these speculative outbursts unleash their potential productive good, while making sure that the rest of us lemmings don't run off the proverbial economic cliff. That's a tough problem which waits, perhaps, for a less partisan and less ideological era than ours to take on.
|
<urn:uuid:27b4b6da-c97c-43fb-96bd-e2c91afb9bcb>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/03/historian-finds-tech-bubble-that-didnt-pop-180-years-ago/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894976.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00058-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978297 | 1,462 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Charles Darwin is most remembered for his revolutionary theory of evolution. As a child, he hated school, but Darwin loved to read and to explore the natural world. Throughout his life he was constantly experimenting — with seeds, plants, worms, gases, and Galapagos flora and fauna — to understand the science of life.
February 24, 2009 · When young Charles Darwin set out on the Beagle, near the top of his wish list was a rare and coveted bird: the lesser rhea, a South American version of the ostrich. The bird had been sighted by a French rival — but never caught. Darwin wanted to be the first to snatch the prize for Britain. And he did find the bird, just not in the shape he was expecting.
February 20, 2009 · Evolution doubters have adopted a new focus for their attacks on Darwin's theory: the human brain. They say it's impossible that a grouping of cells could produce something as abstract and complex as consciousness or free will. Brain scientists counter that there's plenty of evidence that the brain causes the mind. But they admit they're not exactly sure how this happens.
February 11, 2009 · Imagine having a revolutionary idea, and then sitting on it for more than 20 years. That's what Charles Darwin did. His theory that nature — not God — was responsible for the marvelous variety of life on Earth was heretical. But then a young butterfly collector forced Darwin's hand.
February 8, 2009 · Science long ago proclaimed Darwin's theory of evolution a winner. And in honor of his 200th birthday, England is issuing commemorative stamps, coins — even quilts — in honor of its hero. But in parts of the U.S., Darwin's theories remain socially controversial.
February 1, 2009 · To honor Charles Darwin — born 200 years ago this month — Weekend Edition Sunday and the NPR science desk are launching a series called "Darwin 200." In the first installment, Keith Thomson, author of The Young Charles Darwin, talks about his early influences.
February 12, 2009 · While Charles Darwin is most remembered for his revolutionary theory of evolution, he also studied earthworms. He proposed the theory that earthworms, then considered pests, actually processed soil, making it more fertile.
February 22, 2009 · This Orchids. These brilliant, flashy, sensual, and sometimes graphic flowers fascinated Charles Darwin. This year the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History has made Darwin's interest in the flowers the theme of their annual orchid exhibition.
February 15, 2009 · The state of Kansas has been publicly wrestling with how or whether to teach Darwin's theory of evolution in the public schools. At the University of Kansas, some students are studying biological sciences despite devout Christian faith and a strong belief in the biblical story of creation. They face internal struggles similar to the ones Darwin himself must have felt as he wrestled with his scientific theories about evolution.
February 12, 2009 · Charles Darwin was honest with his devout Christian wife that his scientific investigations led him to doubt the existence of heaven. But he feared that publishing his scientific ideas would hurt her deeply. Only after his daughter Annie's death did this change, biographers say.
February 12, 2009 · The work of Charles Darwin, who was born 200 years ago Thursday, transformed our understanding of life on Earth and underpins the whole of modern biology. His work challenged just about everything the Victorians believed in.
February 12, 2009 · The University of Cambridge in England is working to put all of Charles Darwin's scientific work online. You can already see thousands of letters, and an online version of the first edition of "The Origin of Species".
February 15, 2009 · Why do Charles Darwin's ideas generate such strong resistance? Maybe because it hurts people's feelings. But does accepting our place in the animal kingdom make us any less miraculous?
February 11, 2009 · Churches and synagogues worldwide will be holding events this weekend to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin. Organizers of Evolution Weekend say it's a chance for people of faith to challenge the assumption that evolution and religion are incompatible.
February 6, 2009 · Feb. 12 marks the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth. Ira Flatow speaks with Darwin's great-great-grandson, writer and director Matthew Chapman, about the ongoing battle over teaching evolution in public schools and how Darwin's legacy continues to evolve.
January 25, 2009 · Liane Hansen reads listeners' reactions to last week's "This I Believe" essay by 6-year-old Tarak McLain, a suggestion for the upcoming series on Charles Darwin, and a note of praise for our interview with gospel singer Shari Addison.
January 18, 2009 · The world is getting ready to celebrate the 200th birthday of one of the most influential biologists — some would say THE most influential biologist — ever born. Charles Darwin revolutionized the way scientists think about how life on this planet evolved.
January 10, 2009 · The Galapagos Islands have been famous for their wildlife ever since Charles Darwin hatched his theories on evolution by studying Galapagos finches. Twenty years after spotting the strange lizard, scientists have discovered its secret.
July 1, 2008 · Tuesday marks the 150th anniversary of the formal presentation of the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin is credited with developing the theory, but some scholars say Darwin's contemporary, Alfred Russel Wallace, deserves credit, too.
April 24, 2008 · Studying Charles Darwin's documents has evolved from visiting the library at Cambridge University to visiting a Web site. The British university has just made a trove of about 20,000 papers from Darwin's life and studies accessible online.
|
<urn:uuid:fd0eb5ed-4361-4287-bd35-3e2a4602fb3f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://rapsublog.blogspot.com/2009/06/darwin-potpourri-on-npr.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320539.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625152316-20170625172316-00587.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94888 | 1,160 | 3.203125 | 3 |
As the flu season progresses, we wanted to let you know that WPI is working closely with city and state public health offices to monitor flu conditions.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has just reported that this year’s severe flu season is approximately half-way through. The CDC is urging people who haven’t been vaccinated against the flu to seek vaccination. The CDC also urges people to speak with their medical providers about antiviral medications, and to do their best to prevent infection.
Thus far there have been minimal Influenza-like Illness (ILI)-related cases reported to WPI Health Services. For any members of our community who may be experiencing flu symptoms, please contact your doctor; he or she may prescribe an "antiviral" for treating the flu faster and preventing serious complications.
It is critically important to take every day preventative actions to protect yourself against the flu. The most effective tool for safeguarding our collective health is vigilance in preventing illness, and taking exceptional care in the event of illness. We ask all members of the WPI community diagnosed with ILI to self-isolate until at least 24 hours after their fever breaks (without the aid of fever-reducing medication). WPI also reminds everyone to follow the CDC's tips for prevention:
- Wash your hands often, or use disinfectants if access to soap and water is limited;
- Avoid close contact with people who are sick;
- Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing;
- Cover your mouth and nose with the inside of your elbow if you do not have a tissue;
- Do not touch your eyes, nose, or mouth, especially after contact with others;
- Keep a 6-foot [two-meter] distance between yourself and anyone who is ill.
For the most up-to-date information on the flu, visit www.flu.gov or call 1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636).
|
<urn:uuid:e68d5da4-9e83-43ef-ad05-c763a14fa549>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.wpi.edu/offices/health/flu.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163066152/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131746-00062-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952571 | 410 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Nature - Observational work conducted over the past few decades indicates that all massive galaxies have supermassive black holes at their centres. Although the luminosities and brightness fluctuations of quasars in the early Universe suggest that some were powered by black holes with masses greater than 10 billion solar masses the remnants of these objects have not been found in the nearby Universe. The giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87 hosts the hitherto most massive known black hole, which has a mass of 6.3 billion solar masses. Here we report that NGC 3842, the brightest galaxy in a cluster at a distance from Earth of 98 megaparsecs, has a central black hole with a mass of 9.7 billion solar masses, and that a black hole of comparable or greater mass is present in NGC 4889, the brightest galaxy in the Coma cluster (at a distance of 103 megaparsecs). These two black holes are significantly more massive than predicted by linearly extrapolating the widely used correlations between black-hole mass and the stellar velocity dispersion or bulge luminosity of the host galaxy. Although these correlations remain useful for predicting black-hole masses in less massive elliptical galaxies, our measurements suggest that different evolutionary processes influence the growth of the largest galaxies and their black holes.
8 pages of supplemental information
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks
|
<urn:uuid:83b81a9d-fd19-4924-bb2a-46af6f05e726>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/12/two-ten-billion-solar-mass-black-holes.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163048362/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131728-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927635 | 290 | 3.546875 | 4 |
How can researchers help other audiences understand and utilize findings?
- Researchers must be prepared to communicate and commit to extensive listening with a variety of constituents in order to ensure that essential points of research are accurately and successfully understood and acted upon by audiences and policymakers outside of the scholarly community, according to speakers during a panel discussion organized by the Aspen Institute.
- The discussion centered around the release of a report on developing students' social, emotional and academic development. In addition to listening to constituents, researchers must be forthcoming about the fact that they don't have all of the answers, according to Maurice Elias, a professor at Rutgers University and the director of that school’s Social-Emotional and Character Development Lab.
- Elias noted researchers should also convey “a sense of optimism,” and help aggrieved educators understand that problems in social-emotional learning are not intractable. Distressing traits and trends in students are challenges which must be overcome, he said, rather than insurmountable issues.
In discussing what kinds of state policies could be beneficial in support of the research into student’s social, emotional and academic development, Stephanie Jones, a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the author of the aforementioned report, noted that researchers needed to continue to build an evidence base to draw from to commit to more work on the policy level, saying it is an opportunity of growth that was necessary for the next generation of researchers.
But it is important for researchers (and by extension, research institutions and universities) to be considerate of how their work can be utilized and digested for practical applications. In a subsequent panel discussion, Zoe Stemm-Calderon, the director of education at the Raikes Foundation, detailed some frustrating aspects of her interactions with researchers in her prior work experience as an educator, saying that she was “supposed to read it, understand, and turn into some transformation of practice” on her own, and also said that at times she felt as if she was a “subject” utilized to prove someone else’s theories. Stemm-Calderon’s advice for researchers and philanthropists, though encroached in the context of speaking about social, emotional and academic development, could also be useful for researchers and institutions in the nascent stages of their own work. She asserted the importance of recognizing the pursuit in the field is a “team effort” that is not about individual scholarly achievement.
|
<urn:uuid:0a3fc7b8-114a-41f6-90cb-dd68ba64e3e1>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://www.educationdive.com/news/how-can-researchers-help-other-audiences-understand-and-utilize-findings/504875/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687324.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920142244-20170920162244-00614.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96596 | 504 | 2.796875 | 3 |
War on Poverty in America Won?
During the best of earlier times, no war on poverty was ever waged in America, skirmishes alone, letting a problem demanding strong action fester.
Michael Harrington’s 1962 book, titled “The Other America” exposed the nation’s dark underside enough for Jack Kennedy to address the issue, and for Lyndon Johnson to declare “unconditional war on poverty in America.”
“In morality and in justice, every citizen should be committed to abolishing the other America, for it is intolerable that the richest nation in human history should allow such needless suffering,” Harrington stressed, adding:
“But more than that, if we solve the problem of the other America we will have learned how to solve the problems of all of America.”
In wasn’t solved during New Deal, Fair Deal or Great Society years. Poverty today is America’s leading growth industry because of bipartisan indifference to a largely unaddressed festering problem.
Days earlier, the Trump regime’s Council of Economic Advisers shamefully declared America’s longstanding war on poverty “largely over and a success” – ignoring countless tens of millions in the country struggling to get by.
The Clinton co-presidency promised to “end welfare as we know it.” Trump exceeds the worst of his predecessors, waging war on social justice so America’s resources can be used for militarism, war-making, tax cuts for the rich, and corporate handouts.
In April, Trump signed an executive order, expanding work requirements for eligibility to receive federal benefits.
A White House report falsely claimed Medicaid, food stamps, and other federal benefits discourage poor and low-income Americans from working more – ignoring Depression-level unemployment at nearly 22%, most households with jobs having rotten part-time or temp low pay/poor-or-no benefit ones.
In May 2018, a report by UN special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights Philip Alston detailed America’s deplorable state.
The American dream is pure fantasy under both Republicans and undemocratic Dems – neoliberal harshness prioritized over social justice, fast eroding, on the chopping block for elimination altogether the way things are heading.
“The United States already leads the developed world in income and wealth inequality, and it is now moving full steam ahead to make itself even more unequal,” said Alston, adding:
“High child and youth poverty rates perpetuate the intergenerational transmission of poverty very effectively, and ensure that the American dream is rapidly becoming the American illusion.”
The Trump regime was explicitly blamed for policies increasing poverty and inequality. “The $1.5 trillion in tax cuts in December 2017 overwhelmingly benefited the wealthy and worsened inequality,” Alston explained, adding:
“The consequences of neglecting poverty and promoting inequality are clear. The policies pursued over the past year seem deliberately designed to remove basic protections from the poorest, punish those who are not in employment, and make even basic health care into a privilege to be earned rather than a right of citizenship.”
Last December, Alston visited seven US locations, including Los Angeles’ skid row, rural Alabama, West Virginia and Puerto Rico.
He could have visited virtually any US metropolitan inner city and other poor communities throughout America and learned the same things – countless tens of millions impoverished or bordering on it.
America was thirdworldized before Trump took office. He made a bad situation worse, making America more dysfunctional than already under his leadership, the nation’s most disadvantaged struggling to get by.
Interviews Alston requested with House Speaker Ryan and various GOP committee chairs were refused. Trump’s Justice Department declined to meet with him.
When congressional debate was ongoing about enacting tax cuts, benefits for impoverished Americans were cut to fund them, said Alston, saying US policy contrasts dramatically to what he found elsewhere in developed societies.
The world’s richest country doesn’t give a damn about its least advantaged.
Nourishing food, proper healthcare, and other essentials to life and welfare are increasingly unaddressed in a nation serving privileged interests exclusively, uncaring about others.
My newest book as editor and contributor is titled “Flashpoint in Ukraine: How the US Drive for Hegemony Risks WW III.”
|
<urn:uuid:d7eae7b3-6c25-4629-856c-0633ad5c64b6>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://stephenlendman.org/2018/07/war-on-poverty-in-america-won/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348502097.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605143036-20200605173036-00532.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940472 | 912 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This is me going off on a tangent before writing up a post on Worcester Cathedral. I’ve spent quite a lot of the past few weeks staring at stained glass one way or another, though not taken many photographs of whole windows because I can’t do them justice. Aside from a crick in my neck, time spent waiting for the sun to come out and a fascination with Thomas Denny windows I’ve learned a whole new vocabulary. This is by way of a glossary for future reference.
Cartoon -A full scale drawing of each panel of glass or light. The cartoon follows on from the vidimus.
Catherine window – another name for a rose window or wheel window because of its symmetrical pattern, containing tracery that makes the ‘rose’. They are usually Gothic in origin and must contain the radiating wheel spokes to be Catherine, wheel or rose windows depending upon your choice of name.
Cinquefoil– five lobed shape. Usually to be found within the tracery (fancy lace-like stonework) elements of a window.
Clerestory – the upper part of the wall within the church, cathedral or abbey containing windows.
Diaper- a decorative pattern added to the glass with paint.
Donor window – the people who paid for the window feature in the window.
Gothic – style of architecture evolving from Romanseque during the late medieval period – pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, flying buttresses and fancy tracery.
Grisaille– monochrome painting on glass.
Jesse Window – window depicting Christ’s ancestors beginning with Jesse, father of King David. Wells Cathedral has a fourteenth century Jesse Window.
Light – the posh term for the complete vertical panel of glass within the stone framework of the window.
Medallion– circular panel of glass.
Mullion – vertical stone shafts between the panes (lights) of the window.
Murrey – colour ranging from pink through to reddish brown.
Quarry– small diamond shape pane of glass. Quarries are prone to bulging with the passage of time.
Rose window – The most common name for a Catherine window or wheel window derived from the French name rosace. The window is formed from symmetrical patterns, containing tracery that makes the ‘rose’ or ‘spoke’. They are usually Gothic in origin and must contain the radiating wheel spokes to be Catherine, wheel or rose windows depending upon your choice of name. The Rose Window in York Minster is one of, if not the, best in the country. It is certainly the most famous after the fire of 1984 which saw all 7000 pieces of glass cracked by the heat of the blaze but remained in tact. The painstaking conservation that followed ensured that the window was back on display by 1987. The ‘Bishop’s Eye’ window in Lincoln is not a rose window despite often being called such because although it is round it is not created with ‘spokes.’ An article on the development of rose windows and their symbolism can be found here. There is also an interesting article on the geometry and number involved in the creation of rose windows as well as their symbolism here.
Saddle bar – a horizontal iron bar running across a pane (light) to which the glass panels are tied.
Spandrel– in window terms they are the small openings between the corner of the arch of a window and the horizontal stone bar (transom).
Tracery – intricate stonework at the top of the window.
Transom– the horizontal bar of stone that runs across the middle of the window giving it strength.
Trefoil – three lobed shape.
Vidimus – literally meaning “we have seen”. A sketch of the window to be shown to the people who have paid for it or want it created.
Wheel window – another name for a rose window or Catherine window because of their symmetrical patterns, containing tracery that makes the ‘rose’ or ‘spoke’. They are usually Gothic in origin and must contain the radiating wheel spokes to be Catherine, wheel or rose windows depending upon your choice of name.
Here is a link to the York Glaziers Trust with a bigger glossary and much better illustrations. Double click to open a new window. The Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi (CVMA) of Great Britain is a project devoted to recording Britain’s medieval stained glass. They have a very large archive. Double click to open a new window and possibly a whole new set of days and weekends out! As you might expect given it’s medieval heritage there is a Worshipful Company of Glaziers which dates back to 1328. Part of their story is told by the Stained Glass Museum which is based in Ely.
|
<urn:uuid:6b7eae3d-1338-4823-880e-d462aea94f2f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://thehistoryjar.com/tag/murrey/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146186.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226023658-20200226053658-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937857 | 1,025 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Additional way To Construct Fabric
*Nonwoven - Fibers are compacted together using moisture , heat , chemicals , friction , or pressure .
*Laces and Nets- made by knotting , twisting , or looping , yarns.
*Braided fabrics - created by interlacing three or more years to form a regular diagonal patterns down the length of the resulting cord
*Bonded fabric - made by permanently fastening together two layers of fabric by lamination
*Quilted fabric - a layer of padding or batting is sandwiched between two layers of fabric and held in place by stitching
|
<urn:uuid:707c0d41-e3e8-419f-93a4-b23e196168fe>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://tackk.com/42m2w9
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423927.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722082709-20170722102709-00571.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.910191 | 125 | 3 | 3 |
John Glenn in orbit.
Launch of Mercury-Atlas carrying Gordon Cooper.
Shepard photographed in flight by a 16mm movie camera inside the Freedom 7 spacecraft. Shepard is just about to raise the shield in front of his face during descent after opening of the main parachute.
Schirra's Sigma 7 capsule approaching splashdown.
Project Mercury was America's first manned space program, the object of which was to put a human being in orbit, test his ability to function in space, and return him safely to Earth. Project Mercury began on 7 October 1958 – one year and three days after the launch of Sputnik 1 – and included six manned flights between 1961 and 1963. It paved the way for the Gemini and Apollo projects.
Drawing on work done by its predecessor, NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), NASA requested as early as 1959 proposals for a one-man capsule to be named Mercury and launched by either a Redstone or an Atlas rocket. Development of the spacecraft proceeded through a series of unmanned test flights involving different launch vehicles. Boilerplate versions were lifted by solid-fueled Little Joes, and later by Redstone and Atlas rockets, to test the capsule's structure and launch escape system. While some of these tests were successful, others blew up or veered off course. Next came flights involving real unmanned capsules, one of which (MR-1) failed moments after liftoff when the Redstone launcher simply settled back onto the launch pad. The launch escape system triggered, however, tricked into supposing an abort had happened during the ascent to orbit, and, a few minutes later the capsule parachuted back to Earth within sight of the pad. It was collected and fitted to a new Redstone which launched successfully a few weeks later. A major milestone was passed with the suborbital journey and safe return of chimpanzee Ham in January 1961. A few months later, Alan Shepard became the second primate to fly a Mercury-Redstone to the edge of space. See also Mercury Seven and Mercury Thirteen (about the women pilots who went through the Mercury tests).
|LJ-1||Aug 21, 1959||-||Abort and escape test; failed|
|BJ-1||Sep 9, 1959||-||Atlas-launched heat shield test|
|LJ-6||Oct 4, 1959||-||Capsule aerodynamics and integrity test|
|LJ-1A||Nov 4, 1959||-||Abort and escape test|
|LJ-2||Dec 4, 1959||rhesus Sam||Primate escape at high altitude|
|LJ-1B||Jan 21, 1960||rhesus Miss Sam||Abort and escape test|
|BA-1||May 9, 1960||-||Pad escape system test|
|MA-1||Jul 29, 1960||-||Qualification of spacecraft and Atlas; failed|
|LJ-5||Nov 8, 1960||-||Qualification of Mercury spacecraft; failed|
|MR-1||Nov 21, 1960||-||Qualification of spacecraft and Redstone; failed|
|MR-1A||Dec 19, 1960||-||Qualification of systems for suborbital operation|
|MR-2||Jan 31, 1961||chimpanzee Ham||Primate suborbital and auto abort test|
|MA-2||Feb 21, 1961||-||Qualification of Mercury-Atlas interfaces|
|MR BD||Mar 24, 1961||-||Qualification of booster for manned operation|
|MA-3||Apr 25, 1961||-||Test of spacecraft and Atlas in orbit; failed|
|LJ-5B||Apr 28, 1961||-||Max Q escape and sequence|
|MA-4||Sep 13, 1961||-||Test of spacecraft environmental control in orbit|
|MS-1||Nov 1, 1961||-||Test of Mercury-Scout configuration; failed|
|MA-5||Nov 29, 1961||chimpanzee Enos||Primate test in orbit|
Key: LJ = Little Joe, BJ = Big Joe, BA = Beach abort, MA = Mercury-Atlas, MR = Mercury-Redstone, MS = Mercury-Scout
A bell-shaped capsule, 2.9 m tall, 1.88 m in diameter, built by McDonnell Aircraft Corp., for launch by either a Redstone or an Atlas booster. Its basic design was proposed by Maxime Faget of NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) Langley in December 1957. The pressurized cabin, with an internal volume about the same as that of a telephone booth, was made of titanium, while the capsule's outer shell consisted of a nickel alloy. Around the base, a fiberglass-reinforced laminated plastic heat-shield was designed to ablate during reentry then detach and drop about a meter to form the bottom of a pneumatic cushion to help soften the impact at splashdown. Attitude control in all three axes was achieved by 18 small thrusters linked to a controller operated by the astronaut's right hand.
|Glenn entering Friendship 7
Three, solid-fueled retrorockets, held at the center of the heat-shield by metal straps, were fired in quick succession to de-orbit then jettisoned. Above the cabin was a cylindrical section containing the main and reserve parachutes. Atop the whole capsule at launch was a latticework tower supporting a solid-rocket escape motor with three canted nozzles which could carry the spacecraft sufficiently clear of the booster in an emergency for the capsule's parachute to be deployed. Inside the cabin was a couch, tailor-made for each astronaut, facing the control panel. Early capsules had two small round portholes, but following complaints from the astronauts about poor visibility, a larger rectangular window was installed on later versions. A retractable periscope was also provided. The capsule was filled with pure oxygen at about one-third atmospheric pressure and the astronaut usually kept his helmet visor open. Only if the cabin pressure fell would he need to lower his visor and switch to his spacesuit's independent oxygen supply.
|MR-3||May 5, 1961||Redstone||15 min 22 s||suborbital||Alan Shepard, Jr.||Freedom 7|
|MR-4||Jul 21, 1961||Redstone||15 min 37 s||suborbital||Virgil Grissom||Liberty Bell 7|
|MA-6||Feb 20, 1962||Atlas||4 h 55 min||3||John Glenn||Friendship 7|
|MA-7||May 24, 1962||Atlas||4 h 56 min||3||M. Scott Carpenter||Aurora 7|
|MA-8||Oct 3, 1962||Atlas||9 h 13 min||6||Walter Schirra, Jr.||Sigma 7|
|MA-9||May 15, 1963||Atlas||34 h 19 min||22||L. Gordon Cooper||Faith 7|
Mercury MR-3A suborbital mission which climbed high enough for MR-3 to be considered a true space flight and Shepard the first American in space. After reaching a peak altitude of 187 km and peak velocity of 8,335 km/h, the Freedom 7 capsule splashed down in the Atlantic 486 km downrange of the launch site. Shepard and his craft were recovered by helicopter within six minutes of splashdown and placed aboard the recovery vessel about five minutes later.
Because the planned flight was only 15 min long, no one gave much thought to the issue of personal waste disposal. However, Shepard was strapped into his capsule some three hours before liftoff and after a couple of hours on his back, asked for "permission to relieve his bladder." After some debate, the engineers and medical team decided that this would be OK, presumably realizing that the alternative – postponing the launch while Shepard visited the bathroom – would not amount to a NASA publicity coup. Starting with Gus Grissom's flight, strap-on urine receptacles were provided for the astronauts' use.
During the flight, Shepard experienced a maximum 6g during ascent, about five minutes of weightlessness, and slightly under 12g during reentry. He successfully completed all his assigned tasks, including manually guiding the capsule in a specific direction from the time it separated from the Redstone booster. This demonstrated to NASA that a human could handle a vehicle during weightlessness and high gravity stresses without adverse physiological effects. The Freedom 7 capsule did not have a window, but Shepard was able to see outside through a periscope – but only in black-and-white because a gray filter had been mistakenly left on the lens.
|Grissom climbing into Liberty Bell 7.|
Launch attempts on 18 and 19 July 1961, were scrubbed due to bad weather – the first scrubs in the history of American manned spaceflight. On his suborbital flight, Grissom became the second American in space, reached a maximum altitude of 190 km and ended up 488 km downrange of the launch site. The mission objectives were almost identical to those of the Shepard's flight but the Liberty Bell capsule had a window, easier to use hand controls, and explosive side hatch bolts that could be blown in an emergency.
Unfortunately, after splashdown these bolts were unexpectedly blown, causing the capsule to start filling with water. Grissom made his way out but had to struggle to reach a sling lowered from a rescue helicopter because his spacesuit had become waterlogged. He was rescued without injury after being in the ocean for about four minutes, but an attempt to lift the water-laden Liberty Bell capsule by helicopter failed and the capsule sank. This was the only capsule not recovered following an American manned spaceflight. NASA ran a battery of tests and simulations to find out how Grissom might have blown the hatch and determined that it would have been nearly impossible for Grissom to have done this accidentally. Instead the loss of the capsule was blamed on an unknown failure of the hatch itself, although it became a standing joked that a crack which had been painted on the side of Liberty Bell 7 prior to the flight was the real cause of its sinking.
Following the successes of missions MR-3 and MR-4, NASA decided that no more suborbital flights were needed before a manned orbital attempt and so cancelled the flights that had been designated MR-5 and MR-6.
|The February 20, 1962 launch of the Mercury capsule Friendship
7. Aboard it, John Glenn became the first American in orbit
After a series of scrubs that delayed his launch for nearly a month, John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. His Friendship 7 capsule completed a 130,000 km flight, three times around the planet, with Glenn becoming the first American astronaut to view sunrise and sunset from space and to take pictures in orbit – using a 35 mm camera he bought in a drugstore.
|Glenn on his first orbit in Friendship
Glenn also had the distinction of being the first American astronaut to eat in space, consuming a small tube of apple sauce, and of discovering what became known as the "Glenn Effect." Early in the flight, he noticed what looked like fireflies dancing outside his window. These were later identified as frost particles sparkling in the sunlight after being released from the spacecraft's attitude control jets.
During the second and third orbits, Glenn took manual control of Friendship 7 due to a failure of the automatic pilot caused by one of the control jets becoming clogged. Far more worrisome was a potential problem that mission managers became aware of as Glenn prepared to leave orbit. At first, they hid their concern from the astronaut. But when Glenn was asked to carry out unfamiliar instructions, he asked the reason and was told there was a possibility that the capsule's landing bag and heat-shield had come loose. The landing bag was designed to absorb the shock of water impact, and the heat-shield was essential to prevent the spacecraft from burning up during reentry. Glenn was instructed to delay jettisoning the capsule's retrorocket package in hope that the straps which held it to the capsule might keep the potentially loose heat-shield in place until the last possible moment. Glenn later recalled that he saw the burning retrorocket package pass by outside his window, causing him to believe his spacecraft on fire. Anxious moments passed for those on the ground during the time of communications blackout, but Glenn's capsule returned safely and the problem was later traced to a faulty switch in the heat-shield circuitry which gave a false reading.
Friendship 7 splashed down in the Atlantic 267 km east of Grand Turk Island and remained in the water just 21 min before being picked up by helicopter, Glenn staying inside his spacecraft until it was on the deck of the recovery vessel.
|Launch of Mercury-Atlas carrying
Carpenter and Aurora 7
Scott Carpenter became the second American to orbit Earth, flying a similar mission to Glenn's but with some extra activities. Aurora 7 carried two experiments – one to test the way liquids react in weightlessness and the other, a balloon, intended to provide drag and visual data; however, the balloon failed to inflate outside the capsule as planned. Carpenter performed more on-orbit maneuvering than Glenn, although this was curtailed when mission managers grew concerned that too much fuel was being used. He also became the first American astronaut to eat an entire meal in space, squeezed Glenn's apple sauce, out of tubes.
A three-second delay in beginning the reentry burn together with a 25° yaw error at the time of firing meant the capsule overshot the intended recovery area by 400 kilometers, splashing down about 200 km northeast of Puerto Rico. Carpenter climbed out his capsule and then had to wait about three hours until the recovery crew arrived.
Although NASA was concerned a couple of days before launch that Tropical
Storm Daisy on 1 October 1962, might pose a threat, Wally Schirra took off aboard Sigma 7 on schedule. The capsule for this mission had been
modified to avoid problems that had cropped up on previous flights. Its
reaction control system was modified to disarm the high-thrust jets during
periods of manual maneuvering, and the mission had more scheduled "drift
time" (periods of unmaneuvered flight), to save fuel. As it happened,
the spaceflight deviated so little from its planned trajectory during its
drift times that fuel economy on future flights was much improved.
Two high-frequency antennas were mounted onto the retro package to provide better communications between the capsule and the ground during the flight. Schirra operated an experimental hand-held camera and took part in the first live television broadcast to be beamed back to Earth during an American manned spaceflight. The signal was transmitted to North America and Western Europe via Telstar-1. Nine ablative-type material samples were included in an experiment package mounted onto the cylindrical neck of the capsule. Also, two radiation monitoring devices were carried inside the capsule, one on either side of the astronaut's couch. Shortly after Schirra's return, the Air Force announced that he would likely have been killed by radiation if his spacecraft had flown above an altitude of 640 km. Radiation monitoring devices on classified military satellites had confirmed this lethal radiation, which resulted from a high-altitude nuclear test carried out in July 1962. In fact, at the height at which Schirra actually flew, the radiation monitoring devices inside the spacecraft confirmed that he had been exposed to much less radiation than predicted even under normal circumstances. The mission showed that longer duration spaceflights were feasible, and Schirra commented that both he and the spacecraft could have flown much longer than six orbits. Splashdown took place within the intended recovery zone, about 440 km northeast of Midway Island and just 9km from the recovery vessel.
|Cooper in Faith 7 after hatch was
Lying in his Faith 7 capsule during countdown, Cooper was so relaxed that he even managed to nod off. He had another opportunity to sleep once in space because this 22-orbit mission was the first in American manned spaceflight history to last more than a day. (Vostok 2, however, holds the record for the first full-day manned mission of all.)
During the flight, Cooper released a beacon sphere containing strobe lights – the first time satellite to be deployed from a manned spacecraft – which he was able to see during his next orbit. He also spotted a 44,000-W xenon lamp that had been set up as an experiment in visual observation in a town in South Africa, and was able to recognize cities, oil refineries, and even smoke from houses in Asia. Cooper attempted twice unsuccessfully to deploy an inflatable balloon. Between orbits 10 and 14 he slept for about eight hours, later reporting that he had anchored his thumbs to his helmet restraint strap to prevent his arms from floating freely – a potential hazard with so many switches within easy reach.
On the 19th orbit a warning light came on indicating that the capsule had dipped to an unacceptably low altitude. However, further tests showed that the capsule was still in its proper orbit, leading to a conclusion that the warning system had failed, possibly due to a short-circuit caused by dampness in the electrical system. Fearing there might be more such short-circuits in the automatic reentry system, mission managers instructed Cooper to reenter under manual control – the only such reentry of all four Mercury orbital flights. In the event, Cooper did a fine job bringing his capsule to a splashdown just 7 km from the prime recovery vessel.
Cooper was the last American astronaut to orbit Earth alone. NASA had considered one more Mercury flight, but the Project officially ended on 12 June 1963, when NASA Administrator James Webb told the Senate Space Committee that no further Mercury missions were needed, and that NASA would press ahead with the Gemini and Apollo programs.
|
<urn:uuid:c0ab4c50-f935-402c-bebf-00782f7c059a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Mercury_Project.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510941.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001205332-20231001235332-00664.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967113 | 3,831 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Under the current lockdowns during COVID-19 pandemic, people are restricted in their movements and activities in order to help limiting disease transmission. However, it remains important for people of all ages and abilities to be as active as possible. Physical activity refers to all forms of active recreation, sport participation as well as activities at work and around the home and garden. It does not have to be exercise or sport. In fact, playing, dancing, gardening and even house cleaning are a part of being physically active. Not only to boost immune function to act against viruses more effectively, but regular physical activity also helps ease muscle functions and reduce risks of developing chronic diseases as well as relieve mental tension, improving overall mental health.
Although, there is no confirmative evidence suggesting that regular exercise can prevent people from COVID-19 disease, all forms of physical activity play a major role in enhancing immune functions, resulting in lowered risks of being infected as well as quicker recovery if becoming infected. However, being physically and mentally active during the COVID-19 pandemic is challenging due to certain restrictions. It is still vital to continue daily life with regular movements in order to remain fit and active. To benefit overall health and wellbeing, recommendations made by health authorities on physical activity for people of all ages include:
Regular physical movements: It is suggested to have a total of at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the week, or at least 30 minutes per day, at least 5 days/week.
Vigorous-intensity exercise should be avoided: Since vigorous exercise might suppress certain aspects of immune function, thus only moderate-intensity activity is preferred. Talking during exercise is also allowed along with social practice.
At-home workouts: At-home workout routine can be started easily with a wide range of activities, for instance:
Dancing practice by using social network and media;
Playing games that physical movement is required;
Having exercise instructed by experts or trainers through internet and
Conducting simple activities, such as skipping rope and yoga.
To follow instructions directed by health authorities and governments, fitness centers, gyms and parks have temporarily closed in an effort to prevent the spread of the viruses. Nevertheless, being inactive and skipping physical routine significantly reduce physical fitness and overall health status. If physical inactivity continues, this might potentially lead to decreased fitness level up to 10% per week.
Instead of going to these places, at-home workouts can be easily implemented with convenience and joy. Tips for starting routine at-home workouts are:
Exercise should combine both cardio and strength trainings. Cardio training generally involves exercising at a constant moderate level of intensity, for a specified duration in order to strengthen the heart and increase lung capacity. Strength or resistance training aims to improve muscular fitness by exercising a specific muscle or muscle group against external resistance, weight machines or body weight.
Researches have indicated that vigorous or high-intensity exercise can potentially induce immune suppression, thus the optimal length for each exercise session should not longer than 60 minutes while target heart rate should be lower than 80% of maximum heart rate.
In case of the lack of sport equipment that used in gyms, alternatives include bodyweight exercise using own body weight and elastic resistance training using elastic devices e.g. elastic band and tube.
The workout should begin with a warm-up and end with cooling down. A warn-up and cooling down are important since they increase flexibility of muscles and help preventing injuries.
To avoid boredom after repeating same routine, exercise should be performed with joy and fun. Interval training is simply alternating short bursts of intense activity with longer intervals of less intense activity. In addition, there are plenty of mobile applications involving exercise and physical activities e.g. online games and competitions which participants can easily join at home.
For professional athletes, a video conference can contribute significant benefits in training and coaching with coaches and team members. While holding a video conference, athletic posture, techniques and skills could be monitored, resulting in fitness improvement and reduced chance of injuries.
Despite the consistency in the recommendation that people should wear face masks as a daily habit, wearing masks during conducting physical activities or exercise might generate negative impacts to the body. The face mask generally covers the mouth and nose. While exercising, wearing masks may limit ventilation and impair oxygen levels, causing breathing difficulties, shortness of breath and chest tightness. However, effects generated by wearing mask vary among individuals, depending on personal conditions and the types of masks.
Professional and general athletes: Athletes who have regular training are prone to be more tolerant of wearing mask while having moderate-intensity exercise. Nonetheless, performing high-intensity exercise might need increased ventilation if mask is worn during exercise. As a result, this might lead to breathing issues and impaired fitness level.
People who do not exercise regularly or the elderly: Wearing mask during exercise might increase risk of breathing problems since the body is not familiar to limited ventilation, therefore the heart and lungs tend to work harder than usual.
Face masks made of different materials have been developed and available. Different types of masks have different quality and usage purposes as well as effects on ventilation system while wearing, such as:
N95 mask: N95 mask or respirator is a respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very close facial fit and very efficient filtration of airborne particles. N95 mask or even surgical mask increases the effort in breathing and may cause discomfort especially while exercising. Although some N95 masks have exhalation valves on the front, it does not help to breathe easier. In fact, it might induce breathing difficulties and shortness of breath during conducting exercise.
Cloth mask: Even though cloth mask is more convenient to wear and considered an alternative for personal protection, it cannot filter fine particles such as PM2.5 and prevent viral transmission during direct exposure to droplets from sneeze or cough.
Given the current circumstances, prevention of disease transmission via all means remains crucial as the first priority. Staying active and fit is also important to minimize the risk of infections. To reduce chances of viral spreading, at-home exercise or exercise in isolation areas with social distancing (at least 2 meters from each other) is highly recommended. Especially outdoor exercise, social distancing must be strictly complied with since droplets contaminated with viruses from infected people when sneezing or coughing might spread further due to speed and wind velocity. Besides social practice, other preventive measures must be followed e.g. maintaining good personal hygiene, frequent handwashing and avoiding touching mouth, eyes, nose and face.
|
<urn:uuid:a217904d-de5d-40ee-8dbf-97d78c9620c3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.royalphnompenhhospital.com/show-case-detail/16/5
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100290.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201151933-20231201181933-00501.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955229 | 1,335 | 3.5 | 4 |
What You Can See on March 18
Submitted by Ted Williams on Sat, 03/18/2006 - 09:23.
From Audubon’s Earth Almanac by Ted Williams and compiled in “Wild Moments,” edited by Connie Isbell, Illustrations by John Burgoyne, Storey Publishing, 174 pages. The Vulture Test Poets commonly celebrate the first robin and bluebird of the year. Not the first black vulture -- cousin to the stork but also an “anti-stork” symbolizing death instead of procreation. We are talking about a bald-headed scavenger drawn fly-like to filth, that gorges on rotting offal, that cools and possibly disinfects its legs by hosing them down with acidic excreta, that hisses and grunts if you startle it on the ground, then projectile vomits into your face. So if your heart soars at the sight of the first black vulture of spring, you have arrived as a naturalist. You may spy a black vulture almost anywhere in the United States, but most likely in the Southeast. Black vultures will roust larger turkey vultures from carrion. They flap more than turkey vultures, lack their red heads, and are aloft later in the day and on straighter wings. One poet who *did* celebrate the black vulture was George Sterling: “Aloof upon the day's immeasured dome/ He holds unshared the silence of the sky./ Far down his bleak, relentless eyes descry/ The eagle's empire and the falcon's home.” Fierce, Playful Predator Mink watching is a sport you can pursue year round, but there is no better time than spring. From the Canadian tree line south across the entire United States, save the driest portions of our Southwest, these efficient predators are on the move. They fear nothing, including you. A mink may chase a muskrat into its burrow, devour it along with its young, then take over the quarters. Or perfectly aware of your presence, it may run across your feet in pursuit of newly emerged turtles, frogs and crayfish. Confront a mink up close, however, and you may find yourself wearing vile-smelling musk similar to *eau de skunk.* In fact, the name “mink” derives from the Swedish *menk,* meaning “that stinking animal from Finland.” Keep watching and you’ll see another side to the mink’s personality -- playfulness. Like its larger cousin, the otter, it will slide down rocks and slippery banks or, if there’s still snow on the ground, it will dive and tunnel.
|
<urn:uuid:514363df-8c56-41c3-b138-f4ec22d48d06>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.flyrodreel.com/node/7050
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834663.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00459-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940763 | 582 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Last post my daughter and I discussed the issue of clothing on our environment and some astounding facts surrounding fast fashion. Emily mentioned that globally, we consume approximately 80 billion new items of clothing annually. And that Australians are tossing a whopping 85% of unwanted items to landfill. We also learned that with over 60 percent of textiles in production being synthetic (derived from fossil fuels, a non-renewable resource) our unwanted clothing will remain non decaying for centuries. Therefore, we’re exerting an unprecedented strain on finite resources to produce an infinite amount of things i.e clothing and accessories.
Let’s have a closer look at some of the realities of what goes on behind the scenes to make the clothes we love to wear everyday. Pretty startling facts to say the least – it’s hard to get your head around the enormity of what we’re dealing with while feeling overwhelmed and a bit helpless.
- Fast fashion causes 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions – that produces more than all international flights & shipping combined.
- The fashion industry is the second largest polluter in the world just after the oil industry. And the environmental damage is increasing as the industry grows.
- Every second, one garbage truck full of textiles is burned or sent to landfill – three out of five items bought are thrown away within a year.
- 1.5 trillion litres of are used by the fashion industry each year.
- Washing one synthetic garment releases about 2,000 plastic microfibres – which enters the ocean & food chain.
- It takes 2,700 litres of water to make one cotton shirt – a person drinks about that in 2.5 years.
- Making & washing one pair of jeans emits the same CO2 (carbon dioxide) as driving 69 miles.
- 120 million trees are cut down every year to make clothes – 30% of rayon & viscose come from endangered and ancient forests.
- Up to 16% of pesticides are used in cotton farming every year – these
chemicals degrade soil & pollute water while poisoning cotton pickers.
- 85 % of the daily needs in water of the entire population of India would be covered by the water used to grow cotton in the country. Sadly, a staggering 100 million people in India do not have access to drinking water.
- 22,000 litres of toxic waste is dumped into rivers by tanneries in Bangladesh every day.
- 20% of industrial water pollution comes from textiles, treatments and dyes.
- 190,000 tons of microplastic fibres are going into the oceans each year.
As seen in the http://www.weekenderherald.com.au/
|
<urn:uuid:14f7dee9-17a8-48ed-bbc3-c419e9607b87>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
http://lizzyedenpersonalstylist.com.au/clothing-the-environment-part-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890181.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706191400-20200706221400-00343.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930063 | 554 | 2.90625 | 3 |
If you have a latex allergy, your skin or mucous membranes (eyes, mouth, nose, or other moist areas), or blood react when latex touches them. A severe latex allergy can affect breathing and cause other serious problems.
Latex is made from the sap of rubber trees. It is very strong and stretchy. Because of this, it is used in a lot of common household items and toys.
Below is a list of items that may contain latex. Other items that are not on this list could also contain latex.
You may develop a latex allergy if you are allergic to foods that have the same proteins that are in latex. These foods are:
Some other foods that are less strongly linked with latex allergy are kiwi, peaches, nectarines, celery, melons, tomatoes, papayas, figs, potatoes, apples, and carrots.
Latex allergy is diagnosed by how you have reacted to latex in the past. If you developed a rash or other symptoms after contact with latex, you may be allergic to latex. Your health care provider can use allergy skin testing to see if you have a latex allergy.
A blood test can also be done. This may help your doctor tell whether you are allergic to latex.
Always notify any, doctor, nurse, dentist, or person who draws blood that you have concerns about a latex allergy.
More and more, people wear gloves in the workplace and elsewhere to protect their hands and avoid germs. These tips can help you avoid latex:
Carry a pair of vinyl or other non-latex gloves with you and have more at home. Wear them when you handle items that:
Your health care provider may prescribe epinephrine if you are at risk for a severe allergic reaction to latex.
This medicine is injected. It slows down or stops allergic reactions.
Carry this medicine with you if you have had a severe reaction to latex in the past.
Call your health care provider if you think you may be allergic to latex. It is easier to diagnose a
latex allergy when you are having a reaction. Some symptoms of latex allergy are:
If a severe allergic reaction occurs, call 9-1-1 right away. Some of these symptoms are:
Latex products; Latex allergy; Latex sensitivity
Pien LC. Allergy and immunology. In: Cary WD, ed. Current Clinical Medicine. 2nd Ed. Cleveland Clinic. 2010.
Updated by: Stuart I. Henochowicz, MD, FACP, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Georgetown University Medical School. Also reviewed by Stuart I. Henochowicz, MD, FACP, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Georgetown University Medical School.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 1997-2013, A.D.A.M., Inc. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by ADAM Health Solutions.
|
<urn:uuid:63ae22fe-c6cc-4000-9901-ea4db8f8f627>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000500.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164944725/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134904-00027-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920681 | 686 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Code of Conduct
The Environmental Code of Conduct for Australian Field Activities in Antarctica was developed due to the understanding that field activities, though usually less intensive or substantial than activities conducted in the vicinity of stations, can nevertheless have considerable negative impacts on the Antarctic environment.
An Environmental Code of Conduct for Fieldwork in the McMurdo Dry Valleys was used as the basis for the AAT Code. The Dry Valleys Code has been successfully implemented by the United States and New Zealand Antarctic Programs, and has received wide support from the other Antarctic Treaty Nations. Consultations with scientists, environmental managers, operations staff and expeditioners were undertaken to adapt the Dry Valleys guidelines to the AAT environment and the operational nature of the Australian Antarctic Program, which included such changes as the inclusion of guidelines for minimising disturbance to wildlife (absent in the Dry Valleys), plus an accompanying table of recommended minimum approach distances.
The Code is intended to raise peoples’ awareness of the possible environmental consequences of their activities, and of the susceptibility of some elements of the Antarctic environment relative to the Australian environment. The actions of individuals can contribute significantly to protecting the Antarctic environment and the Code provides general principles to assist people in minimising their own environmental impacts when travelling, camping and working in the field.
|
<urn:uuid:e11ab346-98e4-4911-a8c2-4302d129b83d>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.antarctica.gov.au/environment/environment-policy-and-management/code-of-conduct
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105195.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818233221-20170819013221-00058.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947766 | 256 | 3.265625 | 3 |
ARISSat-1 “Suits Up” for February 2011 Launch
Earlier this year, astronauts living on the International Space Station (ISS) had to discard two surplus Orlan space suits. With the loss of the suits, those involved with AMSAT and Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) were at a loss. One of these suits was to be used to house the electronics for the upcoming SuitSat-2 mission: the batteries were to be mounted inside the suit, solar panels attached to the extremities with the electronics, with video cameras and an antenna mounted on the helmet. But even though the removal of the space suits took away the “Suit” component of the deployment, AMSAT and ARISS forged ahead, changing the configuration of the satellite and Amateur Radio experiment and giving it a new name: ARISSat-1/RadioSkaf-V.
According to ARRL ARISS Program Manager Rosalie White, K1STO, the AMSAT engineering team made the final decision for the satellite to become a cube with solar panels on all 6 sides. “The team is mounting a 70 cm quarter-wave whip on the bottom and a 2 meter quarter wave whip on the top, she explained. “All of the hardware and software goes inside the cube, with the cameras on the outside. ARISS sees this mission as another opportunity for education outreach, as it will provide an opportunity for students around the world to listen for recorded greetings from space, as well as learn about tracking spacecraft in orbit.”
Students at Russia’s Kursk State University are developing an experiment that will measure the vacuum of space; it is expected to be integrated into the electronics once the US-produced equipment is delivered to Russia this fall.
A band plan for ARISSat-1, including CW beacon, SSB/CW 16 kHz transponder (70 cm uplink/2 meter downlink), BPSK telemetry (satellite status and experiment telemetry) and FM (announcements, slow scan television [SSTV] transmissions and telemetry) is now available.
ARISSat-1 will boast:
- 24 different student greetings -- transmitted in 15 languages -- on the FM downlink.
- SSTV shots taken by the spacecraft and transmitted to the ground on FM.
- Telemetry from Russia’s Kursk State University experiment that will measure of the vacuum of space. The experiment will be sampling the amount of vacuum each day for 90 minutes, then sending down the data to map the vacuum change as the satellite slowly spirals into the atmosphere. According to AMSAT ARISSat Project Manager Gould Smith, WA4SXM, this is a unique experiment, “as we understand that such measurements have not been taken previously at the altitudes at which ARISSat-1 will operate.”
- Ground station software for both the PC and Mac platforms. This software will be useful to demodulate and display the new BPSK1000 downlink that will include data from the experiment and satellite telemetry, as well as demodulate the older BPSK-400 format used by the Phase III satellites, such as AO-40. Audio from a 2 meter SSB receiver/scanner can be fed into a computer soundcard and the software will demodulate the downlink. Separate programs for displaying SSTV images and decoding CW are currently available from other sources.
Smith said that compared to SuitSat-1, the ARISSat-1 satellite is significantly enhanced: “You will recall that SuitSat-1 was battery operated only (no solar panels), while ARISSat-1 has six solar panels to provide power, plus a storage battery provided by RSC-Energia (the same type of battery used in the Russian Orlan spacesuit). The addition of solar panels will significantly enhance mission duration versus SuitSat-1.”
Other ARISSat-1 upgrades include:
- ARISSat-1 will transmit four different modulated signals across a 48 kHz band, including a 16 kHz wide SSB/CW transponder, extensive BPSK telemetry downlink, CW beacon and FM downlink capabilities. SuitSat-1 did not have a receiver, so it was transmit-only with canned voice messages and a pre-recorded SSTV image, plus CW telemetry downlink on a single FM channel.
- ARISSat-1 will have a student experiment; the system can handle up to three experiments. SuitSat-1 did not carry student experiments.
- ARISSat-1 has 4 SSTV cameras and software to select photos taken with illuminated pixels to be transmitted to the ground on the FM channel. SuitSat-1 did not have SSTV photo capability, only a prerecorded SSTV image to transmit.
- ARISSat-1 has more pre-recorded student messages to transmit -- 24 messages in 15 languages. SuitSat-1 had prerecorded student messages in only 6 languages.
- ARISSat-1 has several “challenges” that students and others will be encouraged to meet, including decoding CW transmission of call signs of those involved with the project, recognizing a “secret word” at the end of the greetings and hearing a recording of a two-way transmission from former Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first human to orbit the Earth.
- ARISSat-1 is a technology demonstrator, featuring the first use of a software defined transponder (SDX) in an Amateur Radio spacecraft. According to one of the team leaders, Gould Smith, WA4SXM, SDX uses software to modulate/demodulate radio signals, rather than analog hardware. SuitSat-1 used a modified Kenwood analog transmitter.
Plans to launch a second SuitSat-spacesuit-turned-satellite were the subject of discussions and presentations at the November 2006 AMSAT Space Symposium and ARISS International Delegates’ meeting. Despite a weaker-than-anticipated 2 meter signal, SuitSat-1 -- a surplus Russian Orlan spacesuit fitted with an Amateur Radio transmitter -- sparked the imagination of students and the general public and turned into a public relations bonanza for Amateur Radio. ARISS hoped to capitalize on the concept by building an even better SuitSat that will include ham radio transponders. The SuitSat.org Web site attracted nearly 10 million hits during the mission. Designated by AMSAT as AO-54, SuitSat-1 remained in operation for more than two weeks, easily outlasting initial predictions that it would transmit for about a week. It re-entered the atmosphere and burned up in September 2006.
“Though ARISSat-1 won’t sport as charming an exterior as its predecessor, it embodies significant enhancement in capability and longevity,” said ARRL Education Services Manager Debra Johnson, K1DMJ. “The ham radio community and schools with access to Amateur Radio ground stations can begin planning their mode of conversation with this new space inhabitant that will be arriving on the scene in just a few months!”
|
<urn:uuid:7daa9e45-fb34-4c1a-ac8e-051ff696703c>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.arrl.org/news/arissat-1-suits-up-for-february-2011-launch
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999679238/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060759-00030-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936085 | 1,494 | 2.59375 | 3 |
BEIJING, March 6 (Xinhua) -- An international research team has found 5,200-year-old common wheat and naked barley grains from the Altai Mountains in central Asia, providing the earliest evidence of the eastward spread of wheat cultivation and the steppe route of east-west communication.
The ancient people moved these crops across Eurasia about 1,000 years earlier than previously thought, according to the study by archaeologists, biologists and paleoclimatologists of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH) in Germany and Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
Cereal crops, notably common wheat and naked barley, originated in the Fertile Crescent of southwest Asia, while millet originated in what is today's northern China. These crops spread across the ancient world and became integrated into complex farming systems that used crop-rotation cycles.
There were three main land routes in the early days of Eurasia: the southern Himalayan, the oasis in central Asia to the Tarim basin, and the steppes in north Asia. But it was previously not clear when and how this process occurred because of lack of data.
Zhou Xinying, of the IVPP, said the new study shows that as early agricultural populations in western Asia and Iran spread, common wheat and naked barley reached the foothills of the western Tianshan Mountains in central Asia around 5,500 years ago, and the early agriculture and animal husbandry populations in central Asia may have directed the dispersal of productive economies northward to the Altai Mountains around 5,200 years ago.
Then the agro-pastoralists in the Altai Mountains may have transferred common wheat and naked barley into the Hexi Corridor, from where these crops eventually dispersed into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, as well as to the middle and lower basin of the Yellow River, Zhou said.
The study was recently published online in the journal Nature Plants.
|
<urn:uuid:b70bd6dc-1f2a-4dac-be7d-adc4d5dd77e6>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
http://en.sss.net.cn/101001/2591.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370521574.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404073139-20200404103139-00369.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943428 | 434 | 3.625 | 4 |
From the following masses, the one which is expressed nearest to the milligram is
The nucleus of helium contains
The proton and neutron are collectively called as
One would expect proton to have very large
Which of the following statement is true
Magnitude of K.E. in an orbit is caused by
The density of a neclear of an atom is
The average distance of an electron in an atom from its nucleus is of the order of
Which is correct statement about proton
Number of neutron in C12 is
Assertion : Cathode rays are a stream of α -particles.
Reason : They are generated under high pressure and high voltage.
Assertion : Cathode rays do not travel in straight lines.
Reason : Cathode rays penetrate through thick sheets.
Ratio of masses of proton and electron is
Penetration power of proton is
Splitting of signals is caused by
The Heaviest particle is
Which phrase would be incorrect to us
Who discovered that cathode rays are made up of electrons
What is the ratio of mass of an electron to the mass of a proton
Rutherford experiment prove
The minimum real charge on any particle which can exist is
Cathode rays have
The nature of anode rays depends upon
Anode rays were discovered by
Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched
Connect With Answers
We are available 24x7 to answer.
TestprepKart [Answers] is a global answer platform for all students, teachers and contributors to help community grow and share knowledge. TestprepKart [Answers] is primarily focused on School Exam Preparation, Entrance Exam Preparation, UG Admissions Worldwide. Share your doubts and help others getting their answers is the spirit of TestprepKart [Answers].
our students rated us: 4.8 out of 5.0 by 1350+ valuable client
|
<urn:uuid:6d3450db-2021-4ccc-a698-88997cf33b19>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://answers.testprepkart.com/index.php/question/asked/26433/Ratio-of-masses-of-proton-and-electron-is
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00455.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911284 | 402 | 3.328125 | 3 |
How Twins Co-Bed
If parents decide to sleep their babies together, another dilemma arises - which sleeping positions are safe and comfortable?
Studies carried out by Ball showed that in the first month most co-bedded infants slept side-by-side. By the third month there was more variability, and those still co-bedded were positioned side-by-side, head-to-head and feet-to-feet. No evidence was found that any of these arrangements is more or less safe, comfortable, or connected with sleep duration.
General safety tips
While there is no strong evidence supporting co-bedding over separate bedding, or vice versa, general safe sleep advice applies to twins as well as singletons:
- Room-share until 6 months of age: Sleeping babies alone in a room before the age of 6 months increases the risk of SIDS. There are a number of ways in which families with twins can arrange to room-share with both babies: both parents and both co-bedded babies in one room, both parents and babies sleeping in separate beds in one room, one parent and both babies in one room or one parent with baby in one room and other parent with other baby in another room.
- Makeshift barriers separating co-bedded babies are unnecessary and can present a risk of accidental injury or suffocation.
- Both co-bedded and separate sleeping twins should be put down to sleep on their backs, as this reduces the risk of SIDS compared to side or tummy sleeping.
|
<urn:uuid:6ca4db81-6e6f-4bb8-b75b-f6538bd8371a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.isisonline.org.uk/twins/cobedding/how/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319636.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622161445-20170622181445-00334.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961093 | 314 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Although many video games rely on people's emotional attachments, ambition and other psychological motivations in order to hook them in, the Nevermind video game focuses solely on the mind to help them get over deep-seeded fears. It accomplishes this by getting players to take on the role of the neuroprober, a sci-fi psychologist who helps trauma patients uncover their most disturbing memories.
What makes the Nevermind video game so realistic is that it monitors the player's heart rate, responding to it as the game goes on. If a person's fear is detected, the screen becomes hazy and shaky until scary situations are increased to the point of failure.
The Nevermind video game was created by Erin Reynolds.
Fear-Overcoming Video Games
More Stats +/-
Video Game Screenshot Cosplay
Iconic Cartoon Zombie Makeovers
Retro Gamer Notebooks
Purposely Lackluster Video Games
Personalized Guitar-Teaching Games
|
<urn:uuid:97e63326-f763-40b1-8f10-a3dd4662d6dd>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/nevermind-video-game
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423785.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721142410-20170721162410-00630.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.905191 | 191 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Glaucoma Eye Exams
Glaucoma is a leading cause of preventable vision loss and blindness in older individuals in the United States and Canada and the second leading cause of blindness in the World, even more than macular degeneration.
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is not a single disease. It is actually a group of eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve due to an increase in pressure inside the eye, which is called intraocular pressure (IOP). When detected in the early stages, glaucoma can often be controlled, preventing severe vision loss and blindness. However, symptoms of noticeable vision loss often only occur once the disease has progressed. This is why glaucoma is called “the sneak thief of sight”. Unfortunately, once vision is lost from the disease, it usually can’t be restored.
Treatments include medication or surgery that can regulate the IOP and slow down the progression of the disease to prevent further vision loss. The type of treatment depends on the type and the cause of glaucoma.
Prevention is possible only with early detection and treatment. Since symptoms are often absent, regular eye exams which include a glaucoma screening are essential, particularly for individuals at risk of the disease. While anyone can get glaucoma, the following traits put you at a higher risk:
- Age over 60
- Hispanic or Latino descent, Asian descent
- African Americans over the age of 40 (glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans, 6-8 times more common than in Caucasians.)
- Family history of glaucoma
- People with severe nearsightedness
- Certain medications (e.g. steroids)
- Significant eye injury (even if it occurred in childhood)
Signs and Symptoms of Glaucoma: Due to a buildup of pressure in the eye, glaucoma causes damage to the optic nerve which is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. How does glaucoma affect your vision?
Types of Glaucoma: There are a number of types of glaucoma, some more acute than others. Learn about the common types of glaucoma and the differences between them.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma: Early detection and treatment of glaucoma are essential to stopping or slowing the disease progression and saving vision. Treatment can include medicated eye drops, pills, laser procedures and minor surgical procedures depending on the type and stage of glaucoma.
Signs and Symptoms of Glaucoma
The intraocular pressure caused by glaucoma can slowly damage the optic nerve, causing a gradual loss of vision. Vision loss begins with peripheral (side) vision, resulting in limited tunnel vision. Over time if left untreated, central vision will also be affected which will increase until it eventually causes total blindness. Unfortunately, any vision that is lost from the optic nerve damage cannot be restored.
What are the Symptoms?
Typically, glaucoma sets in without any symptoms. At the early onset of the most common type of glaucoma “open angle” glaucoma, vision remains normal and there is no pain or discomfort. This is why the disease is nicknamed the “sneak thief of sight”.
An acute type of glaucoma, called angle-closure glaucoma, can present sudden symptoms such as foggy, blurred vision, halos around lights, eye pain, headache and even nausea. This is a medical emergency and should be assessed immediately as the intraocular pressure can become extremely high and cause permanent damage within hours.
Types of Glaucoma
The primary forms of glaucoma are open-angle and narrow-angle, with open-angle being the most common type.
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)
POAG gradually progresses without pain or noticeable vision loss initially affecting peripheral vision. By the time visual symptoms appear, irreparable damage has usually occurred, however, the sooner treatment starts the more vision loss can be prevented. When untreated, vision loss will eventually result in total loss of side vision (or tunnel vision) and eventually total vision loss.
Normal-tension glaucoma or low-tension glaucoma
This is another form of open-angle glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure remains within the normal level. The cause of this form of glaucoma is not known, but it is believed to have something to do with insufficient blood flow to the optic nerve, causing damage. Individuals of Japanese descent, women and those with a history of vascular disease or low blood pressure are at higher risk.
Acute angle-closure glaucoma is marked by a sudden increase in eye pressure, which can cause severe pain, blurred vision, halos, nausea, and headaches. The pressure is caused by a blockage in the fluid at the front of the eye which is a medical emergency and should be treated immediately. Without prompt treatment to clear the blockage vision can be permanently lost.
The inherited form of the disease that is present at birth. In these cases, babies are born with a defect that slows the normal drainage of fluid out of the eye; they are usually diagnosed by the time they turn one. There are typically some noticeable symptoms such as excessive tearing, cloudiness or haziness of the eyes, large or protruding eyes or light sensitivity. Surgery is usually performed, with a very high success rate, to restore full vision.
Glaucoma can develop as a complication of eye surgeries, injuries or other medical conditions such as cataracts, tumors, or a condition called uveitis which causes inflammation. Uncontrolled high blood pressure or diabetes can result in another serious form called neovascular glaucoma.
A rare form of glaucoma, this occurs when pigment from the iris sheds and clogs the drainage of fluid from the eye resulting in inflammation and damage to the eye and drainage system.
Treatment of glaucoma is dependant upon the severity and type of glaucoma present.
Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment
During a routine comprehensive eye exam to check for glaucoma, your eye doctor will dilate your eye to examine the optic nerve for signs of glaucoma and will also measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) with an instrument called a tonometer.
Tonometry involves numbing the eye with drops and then gently pressing on the surface of the eye to measure the pressure. Since your IOP can fluctuate throughout the day and glaucoma can exist without elevated IOP this is not enough to rule out the disease. If there are signs of the disease, further testing will be performed.
Visual Field Test
A visual field test is designed to detect any blind spots in your peripheral or side field of vision. You will be asked to place your head in front of a machine while looking ahead and indicate when you see a signal in your peripheral field of view.
Your doctor may also measure the thickness of the cornea with an ultrasonic wave instrument in a test called pachymetry or use imaging techniques such as digital retina scanning or optical coherence tomography (OCT) to create an image of your optic nerve to look for glaucoma damage.
Treatment for glaucoma depends on the type and severity of the disease and can include medication such as eye drops or pills or laser or traditional surgery.
Medication and drops to lower IOP are often the first resort for controlling pressure-related glaucoma. These drops may have some uncomfortable side effects, but compliance with the treatment plan is essential for preserving vision and halting the progression of the disease.
Surgical procedures are designed to control the flow of fluids through the eye by either decreasing the amount of fluid produced or improving the drainage. Your doctor may decide that a combination of surgery and medication will be the most effective in many cases.
It cannot be stressed enough that the most effective treatment for glaucoma happens when the disease is detected and treated early before significant vision loss occurs. Any vision that is lost cannot be restored. This is why the best prevention is awareness by knowing your risks and taking responsibility by having your eyes examined on a regular basis.
|
<urn:uuid:a2f60ccb-6a5d-4288-be20-c2abba076d11>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.bvovision.com/eye-care-services/management-of-ocular-diseases/glaucoma-testing-treatment/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371624083.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406102322-20200406132822-00372.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928426 | 1,730 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Sweet taste in the mouth usually comes from eating candy or drinking soda. However, if a sweet sensation frequently appears in your mouth without having any sugary foods, you should care about this condition. It is very important for you to know the reason why for this because it can be a sign of a health problem. So, this article will help you learn about causes of sweet taste in the mouth as well as solutions to this problem.
What are the causes of sweet taste in mouth?
Below are some common medical conditions which contribute to a sweet taste in the mouth.
Diabetes is one of the causes of a constant sweet taste in your mouth. It hinders the renal metabolism of insulin, affecting blood sugar levels in the body. For this reason, the high levels of sugar in the blood result in a ceaseless sweet taste in the mouth.
According to another study published in 2016, those with diabetes are usually less sensitive to a sweet taste. It leads to a craving for sugar consumption which increases the condition of diabetes such as inflammation, cardiovascular accident or weakened the immune system.
Various kinds of infections can contribute to a constant sweet taste in the mouth. Scientists said that virus and bacteria could have the bad impact on the nerves which results in some changes in tastes. For example, a bacterium called Pseudomonas causes Pseudomonas infection which can cause sinusitis together with changes in taste including a sweet taste in the mouth.
According to a study by the National Institutes of Health published on its website, people suffering from blocked sinuses caused by inflammation have changes in taste including a sweet taste in the mouth.
Nutritionists confirmed that inappropriate diets with dietary deficiency could lead to an uncommonly unpleasant sweet taste. They researched a group of men who were served with improper diets for 60 days.
The results of the research showed that there was 80% of participants in this study had a sweet taste in mouth while the rest had experienced changes in taste including a sour taste, salty taste, and fatty taste.
Another recent study also found that zinc, folic acid, and vitamin B deficiency caused strange changes in taste.
Some neurological disorders such as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease or brain tumor can contribute to a sweet taste in the mouth. A study published in the Canadian Journal of Neuroscience Nursing showed that strokes and multiple sclerosis could lead to smell and taste disorders.
Neurological disorders impair the normal the functions of gustatory nerve in sending signals. So, we cannot feel the variety of taste and smell except for getting a sweet taste in the mouth.
When the body needs high-fat content for energy production, the fat breakdown will result in the release of chemicals. The progress is called ketones. Also, ketones produce a byproduct known as acetone which is responsible for a smell or taste in the mouth. Ketosis usually occurs when the level of blood sugar and insulin in the body decreases and causes a sweet taste in the mouth.
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disorder) is caused by a stomach acid imbalance which pushes digestive enzymes from the stomach back into the food pipe, throat, and voice box. The backflow is blamed for changes in taste including a sweet taste in the mouth. Gastroenterologists also confirmed that people with GERD usually liked to sip sweet foods or soda drinks.
Some types of cancer, lung carcinoma, for example, cause sodium depletion (hyponatremia) due to the unbalance antidiuretic hormone secretion. The condition is known as Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) can change a person’s sense of taste including a constant sweet taste in the mouth.
Lots of women experience changes in taste during their pregnancy including a sweet taste in the mouth. In the early pregnancy, this strange phenomenon occurs due to gastrointestinal changes such as acid reflux.
As mentioned above, acid reflux is stomach acid imbalance which leads to a sweet taste in mouth after some acids flow back into the gut. It is estimated that about 7 % of all pregnant women experiencing this condition.
Other risk factors blamed for a sweet taste in mouth during pregnancy include:
- The family history of type 2 diabetes
- Previous gestational diabetes
- Pre-Diabetes before pregnancy
- A previous macrocosmic infant over 10 pounds (4.5 kg)
- Pregnancy at 25 years or older
How to get rid of a sweet taste in the mouth
As mentioned above, a sweet taste in mouth can be a sign of health issue. If you want to get rid of this condition, below is some advice for you:
Medication is considered the obvious and effective treatment method to maintain good blood sugar and insulin levels. Proper diets also play an important part in improving diabetic symptoms, enhancing your overall health. For people with diabetes, they should share their condition with a physician to get better results in minimizing their health issues as well as reducing a sweet taste in the mouth.
If you are suffering from sinusitis caused by Pseudomonas infection (sinusitis), antibiotics are considered as the trusted treatment method. Depending on your current condition, while there are various antibiotics on the market, you should ask your physician for recommendations and guidance.
A sweet taste in mouth can be the result of the improper regime; for instance, having high sugary or acidic foods. It negatively impacts the levels of insulin or blood sugar in the body and causes the condition. Therefore, you should set up a balanced diet with no artificial sweeteners such as soda or candies, which can help you to get rid of a sweet taste.
A sweet taste in mouth can come from your bad oral hygiene habits. When the small amounts of food left in the mouth, it will produce some acids which make your saliva taste sweet in the next day. Therefore, you should brush your teeth regularly and adequately, especially after having foods with high sugar content to avoid the condition.
Depending on the condition of a sweet taste in mouth, following alternative treatments may help you reduce the constant sweetness:
- Consume more lean protein, fresh veggies, and fruits
- Reduce the intake of sugar, processed foods, and unhealthy fats.
- Probiotics supplement including kimchi, kefir, sauerkraut, yogurt, and miso soup
- Insulin Therapy
- Digestion issues treatments
Be sure to see your physician if you are those with diabetes or suffering from nerve damage.
A sweet taste in mouth is not always a sign of a health problem. However, if there is no reason for this, the sweet taste can be a symptom of a severe medical condition. Above are common causes of the weird situation outlined as well as some treatment methods suggested. We hope you will discover the apparent reason for your sweet sensation and find the best solution by visiting DotBeasts to get rid of this.
|
<urn:uuid:3997e3a1-9c42-4c17-b81a-440668528177>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://itsmyownway.com/sweet-taste-mouth-causes-solutions/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00176.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941399 | 1,412 | 3 | 3 |
Why This Matters for Schools
One of the most important steps schools can take is to get to know students and families in a personal relationship that establishes trust and rapport. It is much easier to address a difficult situation when you already have a solid relationship.
Tips for Getting Started
- Learn more about family backgrounds and strengths by talking with families, cultural liaisons, and ELL/bilingual colleagues.
- Invite members of the community or local organizations to share their insights.
- Look for ways to increase the amount of interaction among staff and families.
- Get into families’ neighborhoods by:
◦ planning events in neighborhood venues or around families’ schedule
◦ conducting home visits.
Strategies and Tips
- A Guide for Engaging ELL Families
- Resource Section: Getting to Know ELLs and Their Families
- Getting to Know Your ELLs: Six Steps for Success
- Ideas for Getting to Know ELL Families
- Making Your First ELL Home Visit: A Guide for Classroom Teachers
- How Immigration Status Affects Students, Families, & Schools
- Children in Mixed-Status Families
- DACA and Dreamers: What Schools Need to Know
- Special Populations: Refugees, Unaccompanied Minors, and Newcomer Immigrants
- Immigrant Youth: Some Implications for Schools (UCLA)
Add new comment
|
<urn:uuid:83b783be-9099-4446-a172-09ad52cd6be0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.colorincolorado.org/article/how-build-relationships-immigrant-families
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654606.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608071820-20230608101820-00425.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.880724 | 292 | 3.71875 | 4 |
In September 2008, Oxfam published a report called “Climate Wrongs and Human Rights: Putting people at the heart of climate-change policy”. At our UK-based blog Climate Resistance, we were unconvinced already. Humans, by definition, cannot be at the heart of any eco-centric view of the world. Moreover, the climate issue has been adopted by one-time development agencies to instead emphasise not developing as the most ‘progressive’ course of action for the world’s poorest people.
In failing to tackle global warming with urgency, rich countries are effectively violating the human rights of millions of the world’s poorest people. Continued excessive greenhouse-gas emissions primarily from industrialised nations are – with scientific certainty – creating floods, droughts, hurricanes, sea-level rise, and seasonal unpredictability. The result is failed harvests, disappearing islands, destroyed homes, water scarcity, and deepening health crises, which are undermining millions of peoples’ rights to life, security, food, water, health, shelter, and culture. Such rights violations could never truly be remedied in courts of law. Human-rights principles must be put at the heart of international climate change policy making now, in order to stop this irreversible damage to humanity’s future.We began looking at the claims made in the report, and tried to establish where they had come from. For a part-time, unfunded project such as the Climate-Resistance blog, this proved to be simply far too time-consuming, and other things were happening, such as the UK’s Climate Change Bill, which was going (being shoved) through Parliament.
We began compiling a list of the claims made by Oxfam, with the intention of asking them what their bases had been. For instance, in the quote above, Oxfam say that scientific certainty exists about the relationship between the carbon emissions of industrialised countries and floods, droughts, hurricanes, sea-level rise, and seasonal unpredictability that they have, allegedly, produced. We didn’t think that this was an appropriate emphasis of “scientific certainty”. Where had it come from?
What attracted our attention most, however, was this claim
According to the IPCC, climate change could halve yields from rain-fed crops in parts of Africa as early as 2020, and put 50 million more people worldwide at risk of hunger. [Pg. 2]We looked to see if it was true. All we could find in the IPCC report was this.
In other [African] countries, additional risks that could be exacerbated by climate change include greater erosion, deficiencies in yields from rain-fed agriculture of up to 50% during the 2000-2020 period, and reductions in crop growth period (Agoumi, 2003). [IPCC WGII, Page 448. 9.4.4]Oxfam cite the IPCC, but the citation belongs to Agoumi. The IPCC reference his study properly:
Agoumi, A., 2003: Vulnerability of North African countries to climatic changes: adaptation and implementation strategies for climatic change. Developing Perspectives on Climate Change: Issues and Analysis from Developing Countries and Countries with Economies in Transition. IISD/Climate Change Knowledge Network, 14 pp. (PDF).
There is only limited discussion of “deficiencies in yields from rain-fed agriculture” in that paper, and its focus is not ‘some’ African countries, but just three: Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. It is not climate research. It is a discussion about the possible effects of climate change. All that the report actually says in relation to the IPCC quote, is that,
Studies on the future of vital agriculture in the region have shown the following risks, which are linked to climate change:Most interestingly, the study was not simply produced by some academic working in some academic department, for publication in some peer-reviewed journal. Instead, it was published by The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). According to the report itself,
• greater erosion, leading to widespread soil degradation;
• deficient yields from rain-based agriculture of up to 50 per cent during the 2000–2020 period;
• reduced crop growth period;
The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and indicators, and natural resource management. By using Internet communications, we report on international negotiations and broker knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South.Oxfam takes its authority from the IPCC. The IPCC report seemingly takes its authority from a bullet point in a paper published by an organisation with a declared political interest in the sustainability agenda that was the brainchild of former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in 1988. (Take note: Conservatives are often behind the advance of the sustainability agenda, in spite of claims that it’s a left-wing phenomenon).
That the IPCC is citing non-peer-reviewed, non-scientific research from quasi governmental semi-independent sustainability advocacy organisations must say something about the dearth of scientific or empirical research. The paper in question barely provides any references for its own claims, yet by virtue of merely appearing in the IPCC’s 2007 AR4 report, a single study, put together by a single researcher, becomes “consensus science”.
The situation is simply insane. The IPCC are cited as producers of official science, yet they often appear to take as many liberties with the sources they cite, as those who cite the IPCC – such as Oxfam – go on to do. To ask questions about this process is to stand against ‘the consensus’, to be a ‘denier’, and to be willingly jeopardising the future of millions of people, and inviting the end of the world.
The popular view of the climate debate and politics is that the IPCC and scientists produce the science, which politicians and policymakers respond to, encouraged by NGOs, all reported on by journalists. But as the seemingly unfounded claims about the Himalayan glaciers and the North African water shortages show, this is a misconception. Science, the media, government, NGOs and supra-national political organisations do not exist as sharply distinct institutions. They are nebulous and porous. They merge, and each influences the interpretation and substance of the next iteration of their own product. The distinction between science and politics breaks down in the miasma.
If this process could be mapped, it would be no surprise if it was discovered that the IPCC was found to be citing itself through citing NGOs and Quasi-NGOs, and other non-peer-reviewed, not scientific literature. This is the real climate feedback mechanism. Sadly, we have no time and no resources to undertake such a survey, as much as we’d like to.
But would it even be necessary to ‘debunk’ the IPCC in this way? Maybe not. We can deal with the arguments on their own terms, after all. We have argued on Climate Resistance that whatever the evidence or strength of the science with respect to the claim that “climate change is happening”, the political argument about how to respond to climate change depends far too much on the claim that “failure to act” is equivalent to producing a disaster.
The problem with much of the argument emerging from the sustainability camp of this kind is that its premise is political, not scientific. That is to say that the ‘politics is prior’ to the science. It may well be the case that the region that the IISD study focussed on faces increased droughts, and that, historically, agricultural output in those regions vary as rainfall varies, and that rainfall is declining. But this is not the whole story.
If they are at all true, the claims made in the reports from the IISD and Oxfam, and perhaps the IPCC, are only significant if we assume that mankind is impotent to address the water problems they describe. But the North African region covered by the study has a coast, lots of sunshine, and a lot of land. Indeed, the same area is being considered for a huge solar-energy project that could power much of Europe and the region, and so its water problems could be answered by the development of large-scale desalination infrastructure. The only problem is capital. So it is somewhat ironic that the lack of capital available to provide such a project with momentum is not the subject of Oxfam’s report.
|
<urn:uuid:33eb1c58-bb3f-4c7f-a904-d9f9998d50b1>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://rogerpielkejr.blogspot.com/2010/01/more-laundered-literature-guest-post-by.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535095.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00321-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959035 | 1,777 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Photograph by Mark Godfrey, The Nature Conservancy
From the November 2012 issue of National Geographic Traveler
It’s 1977 and I’m sitting by a smoldering fire of coconut husks on Pinney’s Beach in Nevis. A guy in dreadlocks named Bushes torches a spliff and invites me to “reason” with him. Our conversation roams from the mundane to the metaphysical until the pink glow of daybreak, when he turns prophetic: “Dem crazy bald heads pollute di Earth ’til what future we gonna have?”
Pretty potent stuff for an idealistic marine biology intern with the Island Resources Foundation. This conservation group was among the first to conduct an environmental survey of the islands and publicize the growing damage to the region’s fragile marine habitats.
Some three decades later, government inaction and the tourism industry’s unchecked sun-and-fun mentality make 1977 look like the good old days. Seventy-five percent of the Caribbean’s reefs are threatened, more than any other marine region on the planet except for Asia’s Coral Triangle, according to the World Resources Institute. And nearly three quarters of beaches are eroding away, the result of relentless development of coastal areas, including clear-cutting mangrove forests and dredging up sea grass beds. Coral reefs have also been ripped out to create larger cruise ship ports to accommodate the new breed of giant ocean liners that carry up to 8,700 passengers and crew. It’s not just the beaches and reefs disappearing but fish, too, their spawning sites collapsing from pollution, habitat destruction, and overfishing. It’s enough to make a tropical island lover swig a bottle of rum in despair.
But it may not be time to drown in drink just yet. With tourism in the Caribbean generating roughly $20 billion in annual revenues and supporting two million jobs—employing one out of eight people (the Caribbean is the world’s most tourism-dependent region)—local government leaders are finally making the connection between a healthy environment and those postcard-pretty island images. In what could be the most ambitious marine conservation effort ever undertaken, ten governments have formed the Caribbean Challenge Initiative. The goal is to conserve at least 20 percent of each island’s marine and coastal habitat—an unprecedented target that would nearly triple the Caribbean’s marine protected areas to some 20 million acres.
“The tourism economy of our region relies to a great extent on protecting our natural heritage. The success of the Caribbean Challenge Initiative speaks to the very survival of the Caribbean as a travel destination and the prosperity of our people,” says Prime Minister Tillman Thomas of Grenada, where three new marine national parks were recently created.
Other island governments are also putting their words into action: Since the initiative was unveiled in 2008, the Bahamas has set aside 1.2 million acres of unspoiled coast—one of the region’s last true wildernesses—as the Andros Westside National Park. St. Kitts and Nevis has completed an integrated marine conservation zoning plan, and Jamaica has declared ten fish sanctuaries.
In a major conservation move, the Dominican Republic—one of the Caribbean’s most biodiverse countries—created 32 new protected areas, safeguarding 2.7 million acres of marine habitat, including coral reefs and meadows of sea grass that are home to endangered species such as manatees and sea turtles.
“If these island nations can pull off protecting a full 20 percent of their marine ecosystems, the Caribbean will show the world that even small nations can deliver huge conservation results and provide a model that other islands can learn from,” says John Myers, deputy director for the Caribbean Program at the Nature Conservancy, which is providing technical assistance.
The task will not be easy. Despite some impressive strides, much more still needs to be done. Next spring, the prime ministers of Grenada and British Virgin Islands will join sustainability advocate and Virgin CEO Richard Branson in cohosting other Caribbean government leaders, business representatives, and marine conservationists at Branson's private retreat in the British Virgin Islands. Together they will wrestle with some of the most intractable challenges. On the agenda: Raise money to finance the project (at least $50 million is needed), get the support of the tourism sector—including businesses that have long benefited from lax environmental regulations (think cruise ships and megaresorts)—and encourage other Caribbean governments to sign on. (Where are you, Guadeloupe and Martinique? And what about you, Barbados?)
The good news is that it’s not too late for the Caribbean. As local governments and concerned groups grapple with setting policy, what can reef-snorkeling, sun-basking travelers do? We can reward the islands that are trying to do the right thing by snorkeling, basking, and spending money on their shores: Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, the Caymans, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Bushes, from Nevis, would call that “good reasoning.”
2014 Traveler Photo Contest
See all the winning images from the 2014 Traveler Photo Contest.
|
<urn:uuid:ee538d6d-df60-4594-8682-1a78068f9a8a>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/traveler-magazine/tales-from-the-frontier/caribbean-problems/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829210.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00442-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918884 | 1,107 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The settlement of Tasilaq in Greenland.
© Greenpeace/ Nick Cobbing
An indicator of change
The annual sea ice minimum (and maximum around February) is an effective indicator of how the Arctic sea ice responds to increasing temperatures, currents and atmospheric changes. Sea ice extent - simply put, the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by sea ice varies every year, but trends can be established over time.
Measuring sea ice extent
Satellite measurements of sea ice have only been available since 1979 when satellites were first commissioned for this purpose. This does not mean, however, that no previous data exists. From ship and aircraft observations, it is possible to partially recreate the trends.
Extent or volume?
Ideally, sea ice volume - extent multiplied by thickness - is the best indicator of the health of the Arctic sea ice. However, satellites have only been able to measure this properly for a few years. In order to establish longer term trends, sea ice extent is still the best measurement available, although small patterns in volume change are beginning to appear.
Old ice versus new ice
The age and thickness of sea ice is just as important as extent. First-year ice - ice that has frozen in one winter - is not more than one to two meters thick. Once that ice survives one or more summer melt seasons it becomes multi-year ice. Multi-year ice is commonly three to four meters thick, not only because more ice freezes each winter, but because plates of ice known as "floes" collide due to wind, current and tide.
During the first half-century, ice extent in all seasons remained essentially constant. Beginning about mid-century, the summer minimum extent began to shrink while the winter maximum remained unchanged. Starting in about 1975, the maximum, too, began to shrink.
When ice floes collide it's a lot like plate tectonics: two continents collide and a ridge of mountains is formed. In the case of sea ice, when ice floes collide a ridge of ice is formed. Ridged ice can grow 5 meters high and extend 10-25 meters deep below the water. Thin, first-year ice is more susceptible to melt than thick, multi-year ice. Scientists are finding that less and less of the Arctic sea ice is made up of multi-year ice, meaning the sea ice is not only receding, it's thinning, too. And that makes it more susceptible to even more melt.
What do these measurements tell us? The annual sea ice minimum and maximum extent has been shrinking in the last decades:
The contrast is particularly clear when comparing satellite images several years apart.
Record minimum sea-ice extent
The lowest sea-ice extant in recorded history was reached in September 2007.
Source: Cryosphere Today
The lowest Arctic sea-ice extent on record is that of 2007, with 4.13 million square kilometers.
That minimum was so low that scientists first believed it was an anomaly. Indeed, particular weather patterns (winds, clear skies and high temepratures) combined to create a "perfect storm".
Arctic Sea Ice Extent
Evolution of the average sea ice extent for the month of July since 1979. A record low was reached in 2011.
Credit: National snow and Ice Data Center
However, 2008 almost broke the record set in 2007, without the special weather patterns observed in 2007.
While year to year anomalies can be explained by short term weather changes, long term trends - like the one appearing with 30 years of satellite data - cannot. The last two annual minimum sea-ice extents are the lowest since satellite records have begun. They are on par with the trend of continuously shrinking sea ice.
Sea ice melt does not contribute to sea level rise the way the melt of ice on land does - when an ice cube melts in a glass of water, the glass doesn't overflow.
However, the shrinking and receding sea ice still has dire consequences. First, as the white ice that normally reflects sunlight away from Earth melts, more of the dark open water of the Arctic Ocean is is exposed, absorbing heat and causing more ice to melt. This is a positive feedback loop where ice melt causes more ice to melt. Second, distinctive Arctic species such as the polar bear, walrus and ice seals depend on the sea ice; they cannot survive without it, so as the sea ice shrinks and thins, these animals' continued existence is jeopardized, as are the Arctic peoples whose cultures and ways of life have depended on the animals and the ice for millenia.
To learn more about Arctic Sea Ice, follow the links below:
|
<urn:uuid:e208edb6-fa86-4d6b-83f4-5b5f93635638>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/What-We-Do/Stop-Climate-Change/arctic-impacts/sea-ice-extent/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137145.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00191-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952383 | 950 | 4 | 4 |
Experts who research addiction have long argued that it is a disease of the brain. Now, in a new paper, they present a model of addiction, broken down into three key stages, to illustrate how the condition changes human neurobiology.
Essentially, each of these three phases affects the brain in a unique way, according to the review of studies, published today (Jan. 27) in The New England Journal of Medicine. These brain changes, in turn, affect a person's behavior, altering both the way they react to stress and their ability to control certain actions, the authors propose.
Understanding what's going on in the brain of someone with an addiction is essential for medical professionals to better treat people with this disease, said Dr. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the lead author of the new review. Currently, 20 million to 22 million people in the United States are addicted to alcohol or other drugs, according to the review. [Top 10 Stigmatized Health Disorders]
But simply telling people that addiction is a disease doesn't always convey the severity of the condition or convince them that it goes beyond a voluntary behavior, Volkow said.
That's because when people are told addiction is a disease of the brain, they don't really understand what it means, Volkow told Live Science. For comparison, saying that "diabetes is a disease of the pancreas" also doesn't give a person a clear understanding of how the disease works or affects a person's body, she said. But by explaining that the pancreas produces insulin that's needed for cells to metabolize glucose, and that, in people with diabetes, the pancreas is damaged and cannot produce that necessary insulin, people start to understand, she said.
With the new review, Volkow wanted to provide such an explanation for how addiction works in the brain.
In addition to improving people's understanding of addiction as a disease, the "three-stage" framework presented in the review can be used as a guide for studying the circuits in the brain and for developing medications to treat addiction, said George Koob, director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and a co-author of the review.
The stages of addiction
In the review, the authors break down addiction into three main stages: binge and intoxication, withdrawal and negative affect, and preoccupation and anticipation.
The condition starts with intoxication, Volkow said. People take a drug, which makes them feel euphoric.
But in some people, intoxication can eventually lead to changes in the connectivity of the brain that make them feel very distressed when they don't have the drug in their body — this is the second stage, she said. To get rid of that distressed feeling, a person craves more of the drug, she said.
One of the most important functions of the human brain is to learn very rapidly how to get a person out of stressful situations, Volkow said. For example, when people are hungry, they eat to get rid of that feeling — addiction works in a similar way, she said. When someone is vulnerable to addiction and is repeatedly exposed to a drug, that person quickly learns that the state of distress that occurs when he or she is in withdrawal can be relieved by consuming more of the drug, she said.
Ultimately, intoxication and withdrawal initiate a feedback loop, Volkow said. "You get high, you feel great, you crash, you feel horrible" and your brain learns to get more of the drug, she said.
But in addition to changes in the brain's connectivity that lead to stress and cravings, changes also occur in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, where "executive processes," such as self-regulation and decision making, are carried out, according to the review. This is the third stage: These changes in the circuitry decrease a person's ability to resist strong urges and to follow through on decisions, for example, the authors wrote.
And these brain changes may explain why people may sincerely desire to stop using a drug, but are simultaneously impulsive and unable to follow through on their resolve, the authors wrote.
Volkow noted that the three stages are not necessarily distinct. They can blend into one another, she said.
For example, the stages of withdrawal and anticipation or cravings are very closely tied, she said. In many people, the symptoms of withdrawal will trigger cravings, because the brain learns that withdrawal is very stressful, and if you take the drug, the stress will go away, she said.
In other instances, a person may skip the withdrawal phase and go right into cravings, she said.
Koob agreed. The stages run together and amplify each other, he told Live Science. You wouldn't necessarily say that a person is in a given stage of addiction at a certain time, he said.
It's also important to recognize that there is no specific "threshold" of exposure to a drug that, if surpassed, means a person will become addicted, Volkow said.
If doctors could say to someone, "You need to drink alcohol for 90 days to become addicted," people would be careful to avoid that in order to prevent addiction, Volkow said. But in reality, that's not the case. "It's basically unpredictable," she said.
The next steps
The authors hope that the review will not only help physicians treat addiction but also help researchers develop medications to treat the disease.
Indeed, there are some treatments available that target certain stages of addiction, Koob said.
For example, some medications can dull the "highs" induced by drugs or alcohol, while others may target the craving aspect, he said. Ultimately, all treatments should result in decreased cravings, he said.
The authors also noted that it's important to identify people who are more vulnerable to addiction. [The Drug Talk: 7 New Tips for Today's Parents]
As with other diseases, there are risk factors that make certain people more susceptible. For example, family history often plays a role in how likely a person is to develop heart disease or diabetes; it also plays a role in addiction, Volkow said.
Adolescents are also particularly vulnerable to addiction, in part because the prefrontal cortex of the brain isn't fully developed in adolescence. This can affect decision making, Koob said.
|
<urn:uuid:37a5d00d-9f15-4677-87dc-28943651a42f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.livescience.com/53508-brain-disease-model-addiction.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00527.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964027 | 1,310 | 3.234375 | 3 |
If you've heard the term diatomaceous, you may want to learn its actual definition. Diatomaceous earth is the powdered remains of diatoms, which were ancient, sea-dwelling algae. While it feels like a fine, soft powder to humans, it is composed of millions of tiny, jagged edges that spell doom for a wide variety of garden trouble-makers.
What Is Diatomaceous Earth?
As mentioned, it's the remains of diatoms or algae.
Diatomaceous earth is also known as DE, diatomite or kieselgur/kieselguhr. It occurs naturally and is similar to pumice. It is typically ground down so it is not too abrasive to the touch.
It can be used in toothpaste and metal polishes, and is also found as a plastic filler, cat litter, thermal insulator, liquid absorbent, blood-clotting activator, and yes, insecticide. It is great at killing aphids, beetle grubs, ants, and squash bugs.
How Diatomaceous Earth Works
Diatomaceous earth works by cutting the pest, causing it to dry up and die. It absorbs lipids from their waxy outer layers and causes them to dehydrate. In the case of slugs and snails, DE can be sprinkled on the ground and on plants they eat, and the sharp edges will cut them as they slide across the diatomaceous earth. It can be tough to kill slugs using it at the same time, since the areas they occupy are often very moist.
DE will abrade pests internally, though, so eventually they will die.
How to Use Diatomaceous Earth
First off, safety matters when handling DE. A mask should be worn at all times when working with DE, because it is very irritating if inhaled. It should be used sparingly, since it can be equally damaging to beneficial insects.
You don't want to add too much, so be sure to read the direction on the package very carefully.
To keep slugs from devouring young carrot foliage, sprinkle that area of the garden with diatomaceous earth.Use food-grade diatomaceous earth--filter-grade DE may contain harmful silica. Otherwise, it's not harmful to humans.
DE can be applied using wet or dry methods.
For the dry method, fill a shaker container with diatomaceous earth, using a spoon to transfer the powder into the container as to avoid dust. Just because it's non-toxic to humans doesn't mean you want to breathe it in, especially if you have any respiratory issues.
During early mornings or late evenings, shake the powder onto plants. You want to do it then to take advantage of natural moisture, which helps it stay on the plants. Put it on veggies and leaves.
Shake the powder onto the vegetable plants. The best time to do this is in early morning or late evening, when the plants are wet with dew. The moisture helps the dust to adhere to the plant. Diatomaceous earth won’t harm insects when it is wet, but it will be effective once it dries. Shake the powder on the vegetables as well as the leaves; the powder can be easily washed off the vegetables prior to consumption.
In addition to the garden, spread it around the area surrounding the garden. You can pour a thick ring around plants to deter slugs, squash bugs and snails.
If it's another time of day, wet plants with a hose first; then apply the DE.
For the wet method, pour four tablespoons of diatomaceous earth into a one-gallon jug filled with water. Put the top on and shake the container until the mixture is dissolved. Pour the liquid into a spray bottle and spray the plants. You want them to be wet but not dripping. Pay attention to getting the undersides of leaves, too. Once they dry, the DE water will glue to the plants and display a thin powder coating. This is a good way to apply DE on a windy day.
|
<urn:uuid:2942ac0f-3d3c-47ef-8ee7-881b12c8be43>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-diatomaceous-earth-2539759
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102967.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817053725-20170817073725-00124.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934813 | 850 | 3.28125 | 3 |
- Special Features
Blogs & Columns
- Fun & Games
Researchers believe that they have found a new way to test a woman’s risk for breast cancer even if there is no presence of a mutated gene.
The findings to this research were published in the journal Genome Medicine.
The new test looks for how the DNA functions, while others before this looked for gene mutations. This is extremely important because most breast cancer is not caused by gene mutations, according to NBC News.
Scientists hope that the new test available will be able to drastically decrease the number of women who are diagnosed with breast cancer, according to Daily Mail.
Only 40 percent of breast cancer cases can be explained due to genetics. That leaves the majority of cases (60 percent) due to things like diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol use.
"Women who carry the signature are at particularly higher risk of developing breast cancer in the future," said Martin Widschwendter, who led the study.
Widschwendter and his colleagues took blood samples from women with and without the BRCA1 gene mutation before they developed breast cancer.
“It was able to predict breast cancer risk several years before diagnosis,” Widschwendter said. He said that the changes could have been caused by factors like, obesity and drinking too much alcohol.
The simple blood test consistently was able to predict breast cancer as early as 12 years prior to diagnosis.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and will be diagnosed more than 200,000 times this year and kill around 40,000 women.
The ways to prevent breast cancer are still debated quite often. When should a woman begin getting mammograms - age 40 or age 50? How often should you receive a mammogram - every year, every other year or every three years?
The blood test could help doctors tailor screening as well as reduce risk of breast cancer among patients.
|
<urn:uuid:1d02589a-4fd0-4469-9d6b-348c0437805d>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://thecelebritycafe.com/feature/2014/06/simple-blood-test-could-reduce-womans-risk-breast-cancer
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835822.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00192-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967034 | 400 | 3.546875 | 4 |
VIDEO: Will Germany Banish Fossil Fuels before the US?
Germany wants to slash its use of fossil fuels by 2050.
What would it take to transform the whole country’s electric grid–to shut down all of its old power plants, and move to a system that generates electricity exclusively from renewable resources? Well, that’s exactly what Germany’s trying to do–not decades from now…. but now. Correspondent Rick Karr reports on how German political parties of every stripe are now backing a plan that is expected to nearly end that country’s use of fossil fuels by 2050.
Below, Karr sits down with German environmental economist Claudia Kemfert, who heads the department of energy, transportation and environment at the German Institute for Economic Research, to discuss Germany’s Energiewende:
Literally, the word Energiewende means “energy turn,” and it describes the country’s bold plan to shift from nuclear and fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.
Following Fukushima, German Chancellor Angela Merkel reaffirmed Germany’s pledge to Energiewende (, but insisted the country’s targets be met without the use of nuclear power. Germany’s goal now stands at 65 percent renewables on the grid by 2040 and 80 percent — the most the country believes it can achieve with existing technology — by 2050.
“The German public strongly supports renewable energy,” Kemfert said. “They strongly support the Energiewende and this is why our politicians react, and this is why German consumers are willing to pay more for electricity.”
|
<urn:uuid:67a8d87e-bc79-4aec-aaf9-2e6b235a549f>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://climatedesk.org/2013/01/will-germanys-big-bet-on-renewables-pay-off/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394024787620/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305130627-00022-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928183 | 339 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Home > Preview
The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
Functions of the reproductive system:
- 1. produce gametes
- 2. reproduction - produce a human by fertilization of a female gamete (egg) by a male gamete (sperm)
Describe mitosis (asexual cell reproduction).
1 cell splits into 2 identical
- Stages of Mitosis
- Prophase = mitotic spindle forms
- Metaphase = chromotids line up on equator
- Anaphase = sisters separate (egg shaped)
- Telophase = nuclear envelope reforming
Describe meiosis - sexual cell reproduction
- 1 2n (46 chromosomes) cell results in 4 n cells (23)
- 3 of which are polar bodies
- Stages of Meiosis:
- Meiosis I
- Prophase I - Homologous (sister) chromotids pair up and cross over (transposition) - genetic variability
- Metaphase I - Homologous pairs of chromotids line up at equator
- Anaphase I - Sister chromotids pulled towards poles - could be chromosome from mom or dad - Independent Assortment - genetic variability
- Telophase I
- Cytokinesis - two haploid cells - 23 sister chromotids in each cell
- Meitosis II
- Prophase II - spindles reform and attach to the sister chromotids
- Metaphase II - sister chromotids line up on equator
- Anaphase II - sister chromotids separate and move toward poles
- Telophase II -
- Cytokinesis - results in 4 haploid cells
What is the eukaryotic cell cycle?
Process by which cell reproduce - results in 2 identical cells.
- Cell Cycle:
- Interphase (cell is preparing to divide -consists of G1, S ,G2)
- G1 = growth (in size)
- S = synthesis ( DNA is replicated)
- G2 = growth
- Mitosis = separation of chromosomes (in preparation for division)
- Cytokinesis = cell division
- G0 = a cell can leave the cell cycle and enter G0 - it can stay there or reenter the cell cycle in the future (nerve cells enter G0 and dont divide)
What is a zygote?
Is it a single cell?
Does this cell thereafter reproduce asexually?
Zygote = single cell that results from fertilization of an egg cell with a sperm cell.
Grows into a human through mitotic cell divison (asexual reproduction) and cellular differentiation (ability of cells to specialize - become different kinds of cells)
All somatic cells have the exact same 46 chromosomes (23 homologous pairs) with the same DNA
All gametes have only 23 chromosomes and all are different due to crossing over and indendent assortment.
How many chromosomes in a somatic cell?
How many homologous pairs?
What is a homologous pair?
- Somatic cell (diploid - 2n) 46 chromosomes- 23 homologous pairs
- Homologous pairs = chromosomes pairs that code for the same proteins - one from mother and one from father
- Gametes (haploid = n) 23 chromosomes
- produced by meiotic cell division
- Fertilization - egg( 23) + sperm (23) will give zygote a full 46 chromosomes
What's the difference between a haploid & diploid cell?
Haploid (n) - 23 chromosomes - gamates - eggs & sperm
Diploid (2n) - 24 chromosomes - 23 homologous pairs - all cells in body (except sex cells)
Name the male:
accessory sex glands
= testes (testicles) - make sperm & hormones (testosterone)
- a. epididymus
- b. vas deferens
- c. ejaculatory duct
- d. urethra
= scrotum, penis
- accessory sex glands
- a. seminal vesicles
- b. prostate gland
- c. bulbourethral gland
What is the purpose of the scrotum?
- Regulate the temp of sperm below core body temp
- sperm prefer 96 oF.
- Raphae - median ridge of scrotum (external)
- Scrotal septum - divides scrotum into two sacs (internal)
What do testicles do when the temp outside is cold?
- Sperm works best at 96oF
- When cold out the Cremaster & Dartos muscle contract and move the testicles closer to the body (heat)
When hot out the cremaster & dartos muscles relax and allow testes to move away from body (allow for lower temperature)
What are the cremaster & dartos muscles?
Cremaster muscle (skeletal muscle) - elevates teates
Dartos muscle (smooth muscle) - tightens scrotum
both respond to heat (relaxation) & cold (contraction)
Basic anatomy of the penis
- 1. tunic (albuginea) - outermost layer - CT under the skin
- 2. corpus cavernosum (2 larger cylinders) - venous sinuses -erectile tissue
- 3. corpus spongiosum - (smaller cylinder) - contains urethra surrouded by erectile tissue
- Root - proximal attachment
- 1. crus - bast of cavernosa
- 2. bulb - base of spongiosa
- both attached to perineal skelatal muscles
Basic anatomy of testicle
How does the tunica vaginalis form?
1. tunica vaginalis - loose CT (serous) surrounding outside of testicle - hydrocele when filled with fluid
- 2. tunica albuginea - dense CT - surrounds testicle & forms septa
- - evagination of septa → divide testes into 300 lobules
- 3. seminiferous tubules - 2 in each lobule (spaghetti like) - where spermatogenesis takes place
- two cell types:
- a. spermatogenic cells - make sperm
- b. sertoli cells - support sperm
Leydig cells - make testosterone - located around seminiferous tubules
rete testis - all seminiferous tubules unite & drain into the rete testis
- Tunica vaginalis forms from peritoneum as testicle descends from inguinal canal
- - testes develop near kidney (retroperitoneal) and travel down inguinal canal at 7 months gestation
Hydrocele - when the Spermatic cord and tunica vaginalis fill with fluid - like a water ballon
Varicocele - vericose veins - veins in the spermatic cord are enlarged (swollen) - caused by incompetent valves or venous obstruction (tumor).
What is spermatogenesis?
- Spermatogenesis = The production of sperm- occurs in the seminiferous tubules- begins at puberty
- -takes 70 days (~2 months)
Spermiogenesis is the process by which a spermatid (haploid) transforms into a spermatozoa (mature sperm cell). Spermiogenesis starts in the testes and ends in the epididymis - Maturation in the epididymis takes two weeks.
Name the cells from germ cell to mature sperm cell in spermatogenesis
- 1. Germ cell - primordial stem cell (diploid) -differentiate into spermatogonia in utero
- 2. Spermatoginia - emain dormant until puberty - diploid cell - attached to basement membrane of seminifierous tubules
- - undergo mitosis - duplicate cells lose contact with basement membrane & squeeze through blood-testis barrier
- - differentiate into primary spermatocytes
3. Primary spermatocytes - diploid cells - undergoes Meiosis I - results in 2 haploid cells (with attached sister chromotids) called Seconday spermatocytes
4. Secondary spermatocytes - haploid cells (with 23 sister chromotids) that enter Meiosis II → 4 haploid cells called spermatids
5. Spermatids -4 haploid cells that undergo spermiogenesis → transforms into long slender shape and becomes a spermatazoa (sperm cell) - spermiogenesis starts in the testes and ends in the epididymis - Maturation in the epididymis takes two weeks.
6. Spermatazoa = mature sperm cell
Are sertoli cells within or around the seminiferous tubule?
What is the blood/ testes barrier?
What is inhibin & where does it work?
Sertoli cells - Embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules - they extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule -
- - blood/ testes barrier
- - support sperm production
- - spermatogenesis occurs in them
- - release mature sperm into seminferous tubule lumen
- - secrete inhibin
- - provide fluid for transport
Inhibin - secreted by sertoli cells - released if lots of sperm - negative feedback to hypothalamus→ less FSH from pituitary = less spermatogenesis
What is the primary male androgen?
What are the functions of testosterone?
What are primary and secondary male sexual characteristics.
Testosterone - made in the Leydig cells (clusters of cells in the lobules around the seminiferous tubules). Steroid hormone - fat soluble
- -Primary and Seconday sexual characterisits
- - anabolic - increses bone/ muscle growth
- Primary sexual characteristics: penis & testicles
- Secondary: deep voice, broad sholders, hair on chest, etc.
LH from anterior pituitary stimulates the leydig cells to secrete testosterone
Draw a sperm cell
What does the acrosome do?
Where is ATP made and why?
How long to sperm survive?
Acrosome - at the tip of the head and conteins enzymes that penetrate the egg
Midpiece or body of the sperm - contains many mitochondria for ATP production - sperm needs energy to swim to fillopian tubes.
- Spermatogenesis - 3 months
- Spermiogenesis - 2 weeks
- Sperm can survive two days after entry to female
Draw a picture showing the realtionship between:
GnRH, LH, FSH
- GnRh - Gonadotropic releasing hormone - made by hypothalamus - acts on anterior pituitary to secrete 2 gonadotropins:
- - LH = leuteining hormone
- - FSH = follicle stimulating hormone
- LH → Leydig cell→ testosterone
- FSH → seminiferous tubule → sperm formation
- controlled by negative feedback system:
- ↑ testosterone → hypothalamus/ pituitary → ↓GnHR/ LH
- ↑ sperm →inhibin (sertoli cell)→ pituitary→ ↓ FSH
What is semen composed of?
- -sperm + seminal fluid
- 5% + 95% secretions
- -Contains nutrient for sperm - fructose for ATP production & antimicrobial agents
- - Semen is very basic - neutralized acidity of male urethra & vagina
- - Contains enzymes that activate the sperm to swim
- Seminal fluid = secretions from sertoli cells & epididymis, form accessory male sex glands -
- - seminal vesicles (2)
- - prostate gland
- - bulbourethral glands (2)
Draw the sequence of ducts sperm travles through before it reaches the urethra
What are the ducts of the male reproductive system?
- Epididymis (2) - cap on testicles
- - sperm matures here for 2 weeks
- - stores sperm (months)
- - long tube coiled up (20 ft)
- - dead sperm reabsorbed
- Vas deferens (2)- 1.5 ft stores sperm
- - enters ejaculatory duct distally
- - passes from epididymis through inguinal canal
- Ejaculatory duct - semen forms
- - vas deferens & seminal vesicle meet
- - above the prostate
- Urethra - 3 parts
- - prostatic
- - membranous (perineal muscles)
- - penile (spongy urethra)
How does sperm get from testicle to urethra?
seminiferous tubules → rete testi → epididymis→ vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → prostatic urethra→ urethra
sprem does not swim in the male - pushed through the duct system by peristalsis
Where is a vasectomy performed?
Incision on the scrotum - Vas deferens is cut & tied (ligated)
Where is semen made?
Semen is mixed in the ejaculatory ducts where the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle join
What is the spermatic cord?
What is its purpose?
Spermatic cord (2) is a protective structure that surrounds ducts, nerves, blood & lymphatic vessels, and the cremaster muscle.
- - it passes through the inguinal canal - it formed that way
- - it continues into the tunica vaginalis around the testicle
Hydrocele - spermatic cord fills up with fluid - water baloon
Varicocele - vericose veins (veins swell) caused by incompetent venous valves or venous obstruciton (tumor)
Name the accessory sex glands.
Which gland activates sperm to swim?
Why does seminal fluid contain fructose & PGs?
What are Cowper's glands and their function?
- 1. Seminal vesicles - two at the base of the bladder - above the prostate
- - secrete alkaline fluid (60% of semen volume)
- - - fructose (sperm to make ATP)
- - - PG's (for sperm motility)
- - - Clotting factors (coagulation)
- 2. Prostate - (1) golf ball size - below the bladder - surrounds urethra - activates sperm to swim
- - secretion is milky, slightly acidic (25% vol)
- - cirtic acid - for sperm ATP production
- - proteolytic enzyme - enventually will break down clotting factos from seminal fluid
- - plasmin - kills bacteria
- 3. Bulbourethral glands (2) - Cowper's gland
- - at the base of the penis
- - secretes alkaline fluid neutralize pH of urethra and lubricate urethra to lower sperm damage from abrasion
What are the structures and functions of the female reproductive system?
- secrete eggs & hormones
- 2. Fallopian tubes - transport
- - site of fertilization
- 3. Uterus - implantation
- - development of fetus
- intercourse - passageway
5. Mammary glands
- lactation (produce, secrete, eject milk)
What hormones do the ovaries make?
Draw the uterus, ovaries & fallopian tubes.
What are the ligaments of the ovaries?
1. Broad ligaments - attaches ovary to perietal peritoneum (inferior)
2. ovarian ligaments - ovaries to uterus (medial)
3, suspensory ligaments - ovary to pelvic wall (lateral)
4. Mesovarium - part of broad ligament - fallopian tubes to ovarian ligaments
What are the 4 layes of the ovary?
Draw a picture and label them.
1. germinal epithelium - outermost
2. tunica albuginea - dense CT
- 3. Cortex - site of oogenesis - contains ovarian follicles
- - made of CT/ scattered smooth muscle
4. Medulla - loose CT - innermost layer
What is the granulosa cell?
What is their purpose?
What hormoes does it make?
What type of egg is meleased @ ovulation?
- Granulosa cells make up the ovarian follicles.
- They contain eggs in various states of development & secrete follicular fluid to nourish the eggs.
Granulosa cell makes estrogen
Mature follicle is released at ovulation - it is a secondary oocyte that will mature when it is fertilized.
When does oogenesis begin?
How many germinal cells are you born with?
How many exist to potentially mature @ puberty?
Stages of develpment and are the cells diploid or haploid?
What is a polar body?
What happens at menopause?
- oogenesis = formation of eggs in the ovary
- oogenesis begins in utero - about 2 mil oogina/ ovary
~ 40,000 primary oocytes exist at puberty
~ 400 secondary oocytes will ovulate in lifetime
- oogonia - dipliod (stem cells)
- primary oocyte - diploid + Meiosis I =
- secondary oocyte -haploid w/ sis cromotids +Meiosis II=
- ovum - mature fertilized egg - diploid
= cessation of ovarian function - atresia
= remaining eggs degenerate
When ovulation occurs is the egg intraabdominal for a moment? What catches it?
How long does it take the fertilized egg to reach the uterus?
Does ovualtion occur in both ovaries?
When the follicle ruptures the egg is intrabdominal for a moment but it is caught by the infundibulum of the fallopian tube which have fimbriae to catch & sweep the egg into the tube.
It takes 1 week for the zygote to travel to the uterus & implant
Ovulation each month occurs in one ovary of the other but usually not both at the same time.
List the funcitons of the uterus.
What are the parts of the uterus?
- 1. pathway for sperm to the fallopian tubes
- 2. site of implantation and fetal development
- 3. labor and delivery
- 4. source of menstral flow
- cervix (neck) - 3 parts
- - - external os (vagina)
- - - cervical canal (between two ora)
- - - internal os (os = opening or mouth) to uterus
- isthmus (between cervix & body)
- uterine cavity (inside)
Name the 3 layers of the uterus?
- 1. perimetrium = serosa -visceral peritoneum - outer layer
- - continues into two pouches - recto-uterine (pouch of douglas) and vesico-uterine (bladder)
- 2. Myometrium = 3 layers smooth muscle - thick
- - thickest at fundus - thinest at cervix
- - oxytocin acts on this layer and increases contractions during labor (force & frequency)
- 3. Endometrium - inner lining - extremely vascualar- 2 layers
- a. basilis - deep layer - gives rise to new functionalis each month
- b. functionalis - superficial - develops & bleeds out every month
What is the arterial blood supply to the uterus?
What is caval compression & when does it occur?
- Internal iliac arteries → uterine arteries → arcurate arteries (myometrial)→ radial arteries (myometrium to endometrium) → Arterioles (two types)
- 1. straight = basilis
- 2. sprial = functionalis
- Venous return
- Capillaries → uterine veins → internal iliac vein → IVC
Caval compression is when the IVC is being compressed during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy (mother lays on back = IVC compression)
Parts and Layers of the fallopian tubes
Parts - uterus → isthmus → ampulla→ infundibulum → ovary
- isthmus - opens to the uterus
- ampulla - site of fertilization
- infundibulum - end of tube that catches egg - contains fimbrae that catch egg
- 1. Mucosal layer - cilliated - beats egg forward
- 2. muscularis - peristalsis moves egg
- 3. serosa - outer cover - serous membrane
takes 1 week for fertilized egg to reach uterus
What is the pH of the vagina?
What is an imperforate hymen?
Where is the vagina attached? What layer does this?
pH of the vagina is acidic - mucusa contains large stores of glycogen - breaks down & produces acidic enviroment to retard microbial growth
An imperforate hymen completely covers the vaginal orafice & must be surgically opened to allow menstral flow
- 1. mucosa - produces lactic acid
- 2. muscularis - smooth muscle
- 3. adventitia - outer layer - anchors vagina to bladder anteriorly and rectum posteriorly
What is the vulva?
What are the skenes glands?
The Bartholin's glands?
female external genitalia
- 1. mons pubis - "pubic mountain" cushions the pubic bone symphysis
- 2. labia majorum - outer skin covering (pubic hair)
- 3. labia minorum - inner skin covering
- 4. clitorus = erectile
- 5. vestibule - labia minorum to the vaginal oriface
- 6. Bartholin's glands (2) one on each side of vaginal orafiface - lubricant
- 7. Skene's glands - (2) one on each side of urethra - secretes mucus
What are the 2 triangles of the perineum?
What are perineal muscles?
- The perineum is a diamond shaped region
- Anterior = pubic symphasis
- Posterior = coccyx
- lateral = ischial tuberosity (r & l)
- Line drawn to connect the ischial tuberosities will result in 2 triangles
- urogenital triange - anterior - external genitals
- anal triangle - posteror - contains anus
What is lactation?
Structures of the breast.
How many mammary glands do you have?
What hormones affect mammary glands?
What stimulates milk release?
- Lactation =
- 1. synthesis
- 2. secretion
- 3. ejection
- Each breast has 1 mammary gland →
- gland contains 20 lobules (grape-like clusters that contain alveoli) →
- drain into lactiferous sinuses (storage)→
- lactiferous ducts →
- milk ejection
Breast milk contians IgA
- oxytocin → release of mik - stimulated by sucking
- prolactin → production of milk
Name all of the hormones involved in the ovarian cycle.
- 1. GnRH - Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone
- - secreted by hypothalamus
- - stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH & LH
- 2. FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- - stimulates the follicle to grow/ develop from primary oocyte to secondary oocyte
- - granulosa cells in the follicle produce estrogens, inhibins, and relaxin
3. LH - triggers ovulation at mid-cycle (day 14) and ruptured follicle turns into corpus luteum - corpus luteum makes progesterone, estragon, inhibin, relaxin
- 4. Estrogen - made by follicle & corpus luteum
- - prepares uterus for zygote - increases indometrial growth for fetus
- - Negative feedback sys: ↑ estrogen → ↓ GnRH → ↓ FSH & LH
- - Positve Feedback: ↑ GnRH → ↑ LH → ovulation
- 5. progesterone - made by corpus luteum
- - hormone of pregnancy
- - maintains uterine lining
- - prepares mammary glands for milk production
- - ↑ progesterone → ↓ GnRH & LH
6. Inhibin - negative feedback to pituitary → ↓ FSH & ↓ LH
7. Relaxin - relaxes uterine muscles for implantation & relaxes pubic symphasis
What is the purpose of the ovarian cycle?
The Uterine Cycle?
Female reproductive cycle - 28 days
- 1. Ovarian cycle - produces secondary oocyte
- - makes progesterone, estragen, inhibin, relaxin
2. Uterine cycle - prepares uterus for implantation & development of the fetus (endometrial layer)
Which hormone is a relaxing hormone?
Tropic hormones? What does tropic mean?
Which cells to FSH and LH work on in females?
Relaxin - relaxes uterus for implantation & relaxes pubic symphasis
- GnRH - Tropic = a hormone that stimulates the release of another hormone (target is another endocrine gland)
- GnRH - released from hypothalamus → anterior pituitary
- FSH stimulates the follicle (grow egg)
- LH stimulates the corpus leuteum (hormones)
Does estrogen cause heart disease? Stroke?
osteoporosis in the elderly?
- Estrogen lowers blood cholesterol levels
- - less ASHD (arteriosclerotic heart disease) & CAD (coronary artery disease) in young women
Increases risk of breast cancer - breast is normal target organ & has estrogen receptors - 80% of breast cancers require estrogen to grow.
- Decreases risk of osteoporosis
- - hip fractures of particular concern - 25% first year mortality
Do estrogen levels indirectly cause ovulation?
- Yes - positive feedback system
- ↑ follicle estrogen → pituitary LH surge = ovulation
Are estrogen and testosterone anabolic of catabolic?
Estrogen is anabolic - it increses protein anabolism to build strong bones.
What hormone directly causes ovulation?
What is ovulation?
When does it occur?
What type of egg pops out?
- Sudden spike in LH (caused by estrogen) causes the follicle to rupture and egg is released.
- This occurs at about day 14 of the reproductive cycle.
- When the follicle ruptures and the egg pops out it is a secondary oocyte - it has completed meiosis I and is a haploid cell with sister chromotids still attached.
What structure is the corpus leuteum derived from?
When is it created?
What is its lifespan?
What hormone does it make?
What are the main functions of estrogen & progesterone on the uterus?
- Corpus leuteum = remnants of ruptured mature follicle
- It is created when the follicle ruptures & the egg is released. Granulosa cells transform the follice (yellow body)
It lives for 14 days and then degenerates into corpus albicans - if pregnant it lives for 3 months - Beta HCG from the chorion (pre-placents) stimulates the maintenance of the corpus leuteum until the placenta takes over endocrine functiions
Primary hormone is progesterone to maintain pregnancy
- Uterus - progesterone prepares & maintains the endometrium for implantation
- - estrogen - stimulates endometrial growth & prepared the uterus for zygote inplantation & development
What structure makes progesterone?
When pregmant? Early & later?
What is BHCG?
What does the corpus leuteum degenerate into?
- Corpus leuteum makes progesterone.
- In early prenancy (first 3 months ) corpus peuteum make it - Beta HCG is secreted by chorion (the ealry placenta) which keeps the corpus leutem alive to make progesterone. After first 3 month then placenta makes progesterone
Beta HCG = human chorionic gonadotropin
Corpus leuteum degenerates into corpus albicans (white body)
Phases of the ovarian & uterine cycles.
What are the follicular & luteal phases?
The proliferative & secretory phases?
- Reproductive Cycle:
- 1. Menstral = days 0-5
- 2. Pre-ovulation = days 6-13
- 3. Ovulation = day 14
- 4. Post- ovulation = day 15-28
- Ovarian Phase
- 1. Follicular = day 6-13 - follicles growing
- 2. Luteal = day 15-28 - corpus leuteum
- Uterine Phase
- 1. Proliferative = day 6-13 - endometrium growing
- 2. Secretory = day 15-28 - secreations of progesterone & estrogen = additional endometrial growth
What causes mensturation?
Mensturation is caused by the death of the corpus luteum on day 28. The corpus leutem was secreting progesterone and estrogen which stimulated growth of the endometrial layer. When it dies the endothelial layer starts to die.
Dying endometrial cells release PG's → PG's stimulate endometrial sprial arteriolar constriction - the endometrial cells they supply become O2 deprived and start to slough off.
Mittelschmerz means pain in the middle - this is pain that some women experience at the time of ovulation due to a small amount of blood leaking into the pelvic cavity when the follicle ruptures.
When does menstruation begin? Why?
Does the corpus albicans make hormoes?
What happens after menstruation? Why?
- Menstruation begins at day 0 when the corpus leuteum dies.
- The corpus albicans is broken down by macrophages & does not make any hormones.
After the corpus leuteum dies levels of progesterone, estrogen and inhibin decrease - negative feedback supression stops and GnRH, FSH, and LH levels rise - FSH stimulates follicular growth and a new ovarian cycle beings.
|
<urn:uuid:fb74b596-82c2-42d9-baa4-9b9bf1a4e01f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=80956
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805881.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119234824-20171120014824-00427.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.793637 | 6,566 | 3.640625 | 4 |
More than 170 countries agreed early Saturday morning to limit emissions of key climate change-causing pollutants found in air conditioners, a significant step in the international effort to keep global warming from reaching catastrophic levels.
The deal reached in Kigali, Rwanda, comes after years of wrangling over HFCs—short for hydrofluorocarbons—and could on its own prevent a 0.5°C (0.9°F) rise in temperature by 2100. Scientists say such an achievement could be crucial to the goal laid out in last year’s Paris Agreement of holding global temperature rise below 2°C (3.6°F) by 2100.
Total global HFC emissions—most commonly from air conditioners and refrigerators—are far less significant contributors to climate change than the aggregate emission of other greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. But HFCs are thousands of times more potent than carbon dioxide on a pound-per-pound basis, making them an obvious target for international efforts to combat climate change.
“Adopting an ambitious amendment to phase down the use and production of hydrofluorocarbons—or HFCs—is likely the single most important step that we could take at this moment to limit the warming of our planet,” Secretary of State John Kerry said in Kigali, in remarks before the passage of the agreement.
This week’s accord formally comes an amendment to the Montreal Protocol, an agreement crafted in 1989 to protect the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol required countries to phase out chlorofluorocarbon—or CFC—from use in refrigerators, air conditioners and other uses because it depleted the ozone layer. Most manufacturers replaced CFC with HFCs—leading to a different, if related problem.
Now, countries party to the agreement will have to follow one of three timetables to peak and then reduce their use of HFCs. Developed countries will need to freeze their HFC production and use in 2019 with immediate reductions to follow immediately after that. Some developing countries, including China, Brazil and more than 100 more, agreed to peak their HFC use in 2024. And other developing countries agreed to freeze use in 2028. That last group includes many countries like India, Pakistan and the Gulf States, where expanded access to air conditioning could save lives due to sweltering heat.
The deal in Kigali builds on momentum from other international efforts this past year aimed at addressing climate change. The Paris Agreement—the most significant accord on the issue—will take effect next month after an intense ratification process that lasted less than a year after negotiations concluded, an unprecedented speed in the often slow-moving world of climate diplomacy. In November, climate negotiators will meet again in Morocco to discuss how to build on the Paris Agreement and ensure its effective implementation.
Countries also agreed last month to a landmark measure, known as the ICAO Agreement, to cap emissions from international air transport. Greenhouse gas emissions from the aviation industry currently total about as much as those of Germany, not a small amount, and experts say that sum will grow as the world becomes even more mobile.
“Over the last year the global march to tackle climate change has been unwavering,” Andrew Light, a fellow at the World Resources Institute and a former State Department climate official, said in a statement. “The Paris Agreement, the ICAO Agreement and the Montreal Protocol amendment are three pillars that underpin a global transformation to a far safer and more prosperous planet.”
Still many experts say that international efforts have moved too slowly as research continues to highlight the scale and effects of global warming. Scientists say 2016 will top last year as the hottest year on record and, during some months, temperature rise already seemed to veer close to the 2°C benchmark.
|
<urn:uuid:ad55a33f-3c45-446e-b1c7-4662ecff394b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://time.com/4532377/climate-change-kigali-agreement-air-conditioners/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806070.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120145722-20171120165722-00481.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935268 | 786 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A brain tumor can obstruct the flow of cerebrosinal fluid (CSF), which results in the accumulation of CSF (hydrocephalus) and increased intracranial pressure (IICP). Nausea, vomiting, and headaches are common symptoms.
Brain tumors can damage vital neurological pathways and invade and compress brain tissue. Symptoms usually develop over time and their characteristics depend on the location and size of the tumor. A brain tumor in the frontal lobe may cause the following:
* Behavioral and emotional changes
* Impaired judgment
* Impaired sense of smell
* Memory loss
* Paralysis on one side of the body (hemiplegia)
* Reduced mental capacity (cognitive function)
* Vision loss and inflammation of the optic nerve (papilledema)
A tumor located in both the right and left hemispheres of the frontal lobe often cause behavioral changes, cognitive changes, and a clumsy, uncoordinated gait.
A tumor in the parietal lobe may cause the following symptoms:
* Impaired speech
* Inability to write
* Lack of recognition
* Spatial disorders
Vision loss in one or both eyes and seizures may result from a tumor located in the occipital lobe.
Tumors that develop in the temporal lobe are often asymptomatic (i.e., without symptoms), but some may cause impaired speech and seizures.
A tumor in the brainstem may produce the following symptoms:
* Behavioral and emotional changes (e.g., irritability)
* Difficulty speaking and swallowing
* Headache, especially in the morning
* Hearing loss
* Muscle weakness on one side of the face (e.g., head tilt, crooked smile)
* Muscle weakness on one side of the body (i.e., hemiparesis)
* Uncoordinated gait
* Vision loss, drooping eyelid (i.e., ptosis) or crossed eyes (i.e., strabismus)
Ependymoma originates in the lining of the ventricles and the spinal canal and may damage cranial nerves. When this happens, hydrocephalus, stiff neck, head tilt, and weakness may result.
Symptoms produced by a tumor of the meninges (meningioma) depend on which area of the brain is being compressed. They include:
* Hearing loss
* Impaired speech (i.e., dysphasia)
* Mental and emotional changes (e.g., indifference, disinhibition)
* Prolonged drowsiness (somnolence)
* Vision loss
A tumor located in the pituitary gland (i.e., pituitary adenoma) may increase the secretion of hormones and cause discontinuation of menstruation (i.e., amenorrhea) and excess secretion of milk (i.e., galactorrhea) in women. Impotence may occur in men.
Metastatic brain cancer tends to invade the brain tissue indiscriminately. Some symptoms include the following:
* Impaired mental function
* Motor dysfunction
Complications Drastic and sometimes life-threatening complications can develop with brain cancer.
* Obstructed flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle may cause sudden death.
* Cerebral hernia is a progressive, fatal condition in which the brain is forced through an opening in the skull.
* Hemorrhagic stroke produces sudden loss of vision and/or speech, unconsciousness, and paralysis.
|
<urn:uuid:c9d42604-02f8-45c1-8b07-7bbc549868f1>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
http://wilsoncountyhospital.org/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00012.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.864058 | 737 | 3.671875 | 4 |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) (Khmer: អង្គរវត្ត), is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation—first Hindu, dedicated to Vishnu, then Buddhist. The temple is the epitome of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country’s prime attraction for visitors.
Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple mountain and the later galleried temple, based on early South Indian Hindu architecture, with key features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs and for the numerous devatas (guardian spirits) adorning its walls.
The modern name, Angkor Wat, means “City Temple”: Angkor is a vernacular form of the word nokor which comes from the Sanskrit word nagara meaning capital. wat is the Khmer word for temple. Prior to this time the temple was known as Preah Pisnulok, after the posthumous title of its founder, Suryavarman II.
Angkor Wat lies 5.5 km north of the modern town of Siem Reap, and a short distance south and slightly east of the previous capital, which was centred on the Baphuon. It is in an area of Cambodia where there is an important group of ancient structures. It is the southernmost of Angkor’s main sites.
The initial design and construction of the temple took place in the first half of the 12th century, during the reign of Suryavarman II (ruled 1113 – c. 1150), Dedicated to Vishnu, it was built as the king’s state temple and capital city. As neither the foundation stela nor any contemporary inscriptions referring to the temple have been found, its original name is unknown, but it may have been known as Vrah Vishnulok after the presiding deity. Work seems to have ended shortly after the king’s death, leaving some of the bas-relief decoration unfinished. In 1177, approximately 27 years after the death of Sulyavarman II, Angkor was sacked by the Chams, the traditional enemies of the Khmer. Thereafter the empire was restored by a new king, Jayavarman VII, who established a new capital and state temple (Angkor Thom and the Bayon respectively) a few kilometres to the north.
In the late 13th century, King Jayavarman VIII, who was Hindu, was deposed by his son in law, Srindravarman. Srindravarman had spent the previous 10 years in Sri Lanka becoming ordained as a Buddhist monk. Hence, the new King decided to convert the official religion of the empire from Hindu to Buddhist. Given the constant political corruption of the time, citizens were quick to follow a faith founded on tranquility without a need for material gain and power. This made the conversion relatively easy. Hence, Angkor Wat was converted from Hindu to Theravada Buddhist use, which continues to the present day. Angkor Wat is unusual among the Angkor temples in that although it was somewhat neglected after the 16th century it was never completely abandoned, its preservation being due in part to the fact that its moat also provided some protection from encroachment by the jungle.
One of the first Western visitors to the temple was Antonio da Magdalena, a Portuguese monk who visited in 1586 and said that it “is of such extraordinary construction that it is not possible to describe it with a pen, particularly since it is like no other building in the world. It has towers and decoration and all the refinements which the human genius can conceive of”.However, the temple was popularised in the West only in the mid-19th century on the publication of Henri Mouhot‘s travel notes. The French explorer wrote of it:
“One of these temples—a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michelangelo—might take an honourable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged.”
Mouhot, like other early Western visitors, was unable to believe that the Khmers could have built the temple, and mistakenly dated it to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was pieced together only from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site.
There were no ordinary dwellings or houses or other signs of settlement including cooking utensils weapons or items of clothing usually found at ancient sites. Instead there is the evidence of the monuments themselves.
Angkor Wat required considerable restoration in the 20th century, mainly the removal of accumulated earth and vegetation. Work was interrupted by the civil war and Khmer Rouge control of the country during the 1970s and 1980s, but relatively little damage was done during this period other than the theft and destruction of mostly post-Angkorian statues.
The temple has become a symbol of Cambodia, and is a source of great national pride. A depiction of Angkor Wat has been a part of Cambodian national flags since the introduction of the first version circa 1863. In January 2003 riots erupted in Phnom Penh when a false rumour circulated that a Thai soap opera actress had claimed that Angkor Wat belonged to Thailand.
Angkor Wat, located at 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E / 13.4125°N 103.86667°E / 13.4125; 103.86667Coordinates: 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E / 13.4125°N 103.86667°E / 13.4125; 103.86667, is a unique combination of the temple mountain, the standard design for the empire’s state temples, the later plan of concentric galleries, and influences from Orissa and the Chola of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is a representation of Mount Meru, the home of the gods: the central quincunx of towers symbolises the five peaks of the mountain, and the walls and moat the surrounding mountain ranges and ocean. Access to the upper areas of the temple was progressively more exclusive, with the laity being admitted only to the lowest level.
Unlike most Khmer temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west rather than the east. This has led many (including Glaize and George Coedès) to conclude that Suryavarman intended it to serve as his funerary temple. Further evidence for this view is provided by the bas-reliefs, which proceed in a counter-clockwise direction—prasavya in Hindu terminology—as this is the reverse of the normal order. Rituals take place in reverse order during Brahminic funeral services. The archaeologist Charles Higham also describes a container which may have been a funerary jar which was recovered from the central tower. It has been nominated by some as the greatest expenditure of energy on the disposal of a corpse. Freeman and Jacques, however, note that several other temples of Angkor depart from the typical eastern orientation, and suggest that Angkor Wat’s alignment was due to its dedication to Vishnu, who was associated with the west.
A further interpretation of Angkor Wat has been proposed by Eleanor Mannikka. Drawing on the temple’s alignment and dimensions, and on the content and arrangement of the bas-reliefs, she argues that these indicate a claimed new era of peace under king Suryavarman II: “as the measurements of solar and lunar time cycles were built into the sacred space of Angkor Wat, this divine mandate to rule was anchored to consecrated chambers and corridors meant to perpetuate the king’s power and to honor and placate the deities manifest in the heavens above.” Mannikka’s suggestions have been received with a mixture of interest and scepticism in academic circles. She distances herself from the speculations of others, such as Graham Hancock, that Angkor Wat is part of a representation of the constellation Draco.
Angkor Wat is the prime example of the classical style of Khmer architecture—the Angkor Wat style—to which it has given its name. By the 12th century Khmer architects had become skilled and confident in the use of sandstone (rather than brick or laterite) as the main building material. Most of the visible areas are of sandstone blocks, while laterite was used for the outer wall and for hidden structural parts. The binding agent used to join the blocks is yet to be identified, although natural resins or slaked lime have been suggested.
Angkor Wat has drawn praise above all for the harmony of its design, which has been compared to the architecture of ancient Greece or Rome. According to Maurice Glaize, a mid-20th-century conservator of Angkor, the temple “attains a classic perfection by the restrained monumentality of its finely balanced elements and the precise arrangement of its proportions. It is a work of power, unity and style.”
Architecturally, the elements characteristic of the style include: the ogival, redented towers shaped like lotus buds; half-galleries to broaden passageways; axial galleries connecting enclosures; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple. Typical decorative elements are devatas (or apsaras), bas-reliefs, and on pediments extensive garlands and narrative scenes. The statuary of Angkor Wat is considered conservative, being more static and less graceful than earlier work. Other elements of the design have been destroyed by looting and the passage of time, including gilded stucco on the towers, gilding on some figures on the bas-reliefs, and wooden ceiling panels and doors.
The Angkor Wat style was followed by that of the Bayon period, in which quality was often sacrificed to quantity. Other temples in the style are Banteay Samré, Thommanon, Chao Say Tevoda and the early temples of Preah Pithu at Angkor; outside Angkor, Beng Mealea and parts of Phanom Rung and Phimai.
The outer wall, 1024 by 802 m and 4.5 m high, is surrounded by a 30 m apron of open ground and a moat 190 m wide. Access to the temple is by an earth bank to the east and a sandstone causeway to the west; the latter, the main entrance, is a later addition, possibly replacing a wooden bridge. There are gopuras at each of the cardinal points; the western is much the largest and has three ruined towers. Glaize notes that this gopura both hides and echoes the form of the temple proper. Under the southern tower is a statue of Vishnu, known as Ta Reach, which may originally have occupied the temple’s central shrine. Galleries run between the towers and as far as two further entrances on either side of the gopura often referred to as “elephant gates”, as they are large enough to admit those animals. These galleries have square pillars on the outer (west) side and a closed wall on the inner (east) side. The ceiling between the pillars is decorated with lotus rosettes; the west face of the wall with dancing figures; and the east face of the wall with balustered windows, dancing male figures on prancing animals, and devatas, including (south of the entrance) the only one in the temple to be showing her teeth.
The outer wall encloses a space of 820,000 square metres (203 acres), which besides the temple proper was originally occupied by the city and, to the north of the temple, the royal palace. Like all secular buildings of Angkor, these were built of perishable materials rather than of stone, so nothing remains of them except the outlines of some of the streets. Most of the area is now covered by forest. A 350 m causeway connects the western gopura to the temple proper, with naga balustrades and six sets of steps leading down to the city on either side. Each side also features a library with entrances at each cardinal point, in front of the third set of stairs from the entrance, and a pond between the library and the temple itself. The ponds are later additions to the design, as is the cruciform terrace guarded by lions connecting the causeway to the central structure.
The temple stands on a terrace raised higher than the city. It is made of three rectangular galleries rising to a central tower, each level higher than the last. Mannikka interprets these galleries as being dedicated to the king, Brahma, the moon, and Vishnu. Each gallery has a gopura at each of the points, and the two inner galleries each have towers at their corners, forming a quincunx with the central tower. Because the temple faces west, the features are all set back towards the east, leaving more space to be filled in each enclosure and gallery on the west side; for the same reason the west-facing steps are shallower than those on the other sides.
The outer gallery measures 187 by 215 m, with pavilions rather than towers at the corners. The gallery is open to the outside of the temple, with columned half-galleries extending and buttressing the structure. Connecting the outer gallery to the second enclosure on the west side is a cruciform cloister called Preah Poan (the “Hall of a Thousand Buddhas”). Buddha images were left in the cloister by pilgrims over the centuries, although most have now been removed. This area has many inscriptions relating the good deeds of pilgrims, most written in Khmer but others in Burmese and Japanese. The four small courtyards marked out by the cloister may originally have been filled with water. North and south of the cloister are libraries.
Beyond, the second and inner galleries are connected to each other and to two flanking libraries by another cruciform terrace, again a later addition. From the second level upwards, devatas abound on the walls, singly or in groups of up to four. The second-level enclosure is 100 by 115 m, and may originally have been flooded to represent the ocean around Mount Meru. Three sets of steps on each side lead up to the corner towers and gopuras of the inner gallery. The very steep stairways represent the difficulty of ascending to the kingdom of the gods. This inner gallery, called the Bakan, is a 60 m square with axial galleries connecting each gopura with the central shrine, and subsidiary shrines located below the corner towers. The roofings of the galleries are decorated with the motif of the body of a snake ending in the heads of lions or garudas. Carved lintels and pediments decorate the entrances to the galleries and to the shrines. The tower above the central shrine rises 43 m to a height of 65 m above the ground; unlike those of previous temple mountains, the central tower is raised above the surrounding four. The shrine itself, originally occupied by a statue of Vishnu and open on each side, was walled in when the temple was converted to Theravada Buddhism, the new walls featuring standing Buddhas. In 1934, the conservator George Trouvé excavated the pit beneath the central shrine: filled with sand and water it had already been robbed of its treasure, but he did find a sacred foundation deposit of gold leaf two metres above ground level.
Integrated with the architecture of the building, and one of the causes for its fame is Angkor Wat’s extensive decoration, which predominantly takes the form of bas-relief friezes. The inner walls of the outer gallery bear a series of large-scale scenes mainly depicting episodes from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Higham has called these, “the greatest known linear arrangement of stone carving”. From the north-west corner anti-clockwise, the western gallery shows the Battle of Lanka (from the Ramayana, in which Rama defeats Ravana) and the Battle of Kurukshetra (from the Mahabharata, showing the mutual annihilation of the Kaurava and Pandava clans). On the southern gallery follow the only historical scene, a procession of Suryavarman II, then the 32 hells and 37 heavens of Hindu mythology.
Glaize writes of;
“… those unfortunate souls who are to be thrown down to hell to suffer a refined cruelty which, at times, seems to be a little disproportionate to the severity of the crimes committed. So it is that people who have damaged others’ property have their bones broken, that the glutton is cleaved in two, that rice thieves are afflicted with enormous bellies of hot iron, that those who picked the flowers in the garden of Shiva have their heads pierced with nails, and thieves are exposed to cold discomfort.”
On the eastern gallery is one of the most celebrated scenes, the Churning of the Sea of Milk, showing 92 asuras and 88 devas using the serpent Vasuki to churn the sea under Vishnu’s direction (Mannikka counts only 91 asuras, and explains the asymmetrical numbers as representing the number of days from the winter solstice to the spring equinox, and from the equinox to the summer solstice). It is followed by Vishnu defeating asuras (a 16th-century addition). The northern gallery shows Krishna’s victory over Bana (where according to Glaize, “The workmanship is at its worst”) and a battle between the Hindu gods and asuras. The north-west and south-west corner pavilions both feature much smaller-scale scenes, some unidentified but most from the Ramayana or the life of Krishna.
The stones, as smooth as polished marble, were laid without mortar with very tight joints that were sometimes hard to find. The blocks were held together by mortise and tenon joints in some cases, while in others they used dovetails and gravity. The blocks were presumably put in place by a combination of elephants, coir ropes, pulleys and bamboo scaffolding. Henri Mouhot noted that most of the blocks had holes 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep, with more holes on the larger blocks. Some scholars have suggested that these were used to join them together with iron rods, but others claim they were used to hold temporary pegs to help manoeuver them into place. The Khmer architects never made the curved arches used by the Romans. They did create a corbelled arch, but this often proved unstable and collapsed.
The monument was made out of enormous amounts of sandstone, as much as Khafre’s pyramid in Egypt (over 5 million tons). This sandstone had to be transported from Mount Kulen, a quarry approximately 25 miles (40 km) to the northeast. The stone was presumably transported by raft along the Siem Reap river. This would have to have been done with care to avoid overturning the rafts with such a large amount of weight. One modern engineer estimated it would take 300 years to complete Angkor Wat today. Yet the monument was begun soon after Suryavarman came to the throne and was finished shortly after his death, no more than 40 years.
Virtually all of its surfaces, columns, lintels even roofs are carved. There are miles of reliefs illustrating scenes from Indian literature including unicorns, griffins, winged dragons pulling chariots as well as warriors following an elephant mounted leader and celestial dancing girls with elaborate hair styles. The gallery wall alone is decorated with almost 1,000 square meters of bas reliefs. Holes on some of the Angkor walls indicate that they may have been decorated with bronze sheets. These were highly prized in ancient times and were a prime target for robbers. While excavating Khajuraho, Alex Evans, a stone mason and sculptor, recreated a stone sculpture under 4 feet (1.2 m), this took about 60 days to carve. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. The labour force to quarry, transport, carve and install this much sandstone must have run into the thousands including many highly skilled artisans. The skill required to carve these sculptures was developed hundreds of years earlier, as demonstrated by some artifacts found that were dated to the seventh century before the Khmer came into power.
The Archaeological Survey of India carried out restoration work on the temple between 1986 and 1992. Since the 1990s, Angkor Wat has seen continued conservation efforts and a massive increase in tourism. The temple is part of the Angkor World Heritage Site, established in 1992, which has provided some funding and has encouraged the Cambodian government to protect the site.The German Apsara Conservation Project (GACP) is working to protect the devatas and other bas-reliefs which decorate the temple from damage. The organisation’s survey found that around 20% of the devatas were in very poor condition, mainly because of natural erosion and deterioration of the stone but in part also due to earlier restoration efforts. Other work involves the repair of collapsed sections of the structure, and prevention of further collapse: the west facade of the upper level, for example, has been buttressed by scaffolding since 2002, while a Japanese team completed restoration of the north library of the outer enclosure in 2005. World Monuments Fund began work on the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery in 2008.
Angkor Wat has become a major tourist destination. In 2004 and 2005, government figures suggest that, respectively, 561,000 and 677,000 foreign visitors arrived in Siem Reap province, approximately 50% of all foreign tourists in Cambodia for both years. The influx of tourists has so far caused relatively little damage, other than some graffiti; ropes and wooden steps have been introduced to protect the bas-reliefs and floors, respectively. Tourism has also provided some additional funds for maintenance—as of 2000 approximately 28% of ticket revenues across the whole Angkor site was spent on the temples—although most work is carried out by foreign government-sponsored teams rather than by the Cambodian authorities.
|
<urn:uuid:959f1306-dd2b-4489-951c-0040d9dc6ae5>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
http://www.cambo-zone.org/ankor-wat-cambodia/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149205.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714051924-20200714081924-00284.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96707 | 4,929 | 3.125 | 3 |
BANGKOK, March 6 (UPI) -- An endangered species conference under way in Bangkok should extend protection of sharks and rays being threatened by overfishing, a U.S. wildlife group says.
On Monday DEFRA (Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs) launched ”If They’re Gone.......”, a new year-long campaign to raise awareness about the threats facing four iconic endangered species – orangutans, elephants, tigers and rhinos.
South Africa is one of 178 countries gathered in Bangkok this week to decide how to improve the world's wildlife trade regime, and to ensure the survival of threatened species.
PRETORIA: South Africa is part of 178 countries gathering in Bangkok this week to decide how to improve the world's wildlife trade regime, and ensure the survival of the threatened species.
Father-to-be Prince William has called on world leaders to stop illegal trade in animal parts so “our children have the same opportunity” as this generation to experience wildlife.
A UN environment expert has warned that trafficking has put several species of plants and animals in danger of extinction. A conference under way in Bangkok aims to protect polar bears, rays and sharks.
3 - 14 March 2013, Bangkok, Thailand
Remember the northern spotted owl? Once it was a symbol of environmental protection. Today, it symbolizes how regulatory decisions driven by ideology rather than science can devastate local economies without helping the species they were intended to protect.
SOME endangered species at Hope Zoo are getting closer to life outside of captivity, thanks to a US$50,000 grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Small Grants Programme implemented by the United Nations Development Fund (UNDP).
WELLINGTON, New Zealand, Feb. 15 (UPI) -- Scientists and conservationists say New Zealand must do more to protect the Maui's dolphin -- the world's most endangered dolphin -- from extinction.
Nearly one in five of the world's estimated 10,000 species of lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles and other reptiles are threatened with extinction, according to a study conducted by 200 experts.
Almost a fifth of the world's reptile species are at risk of extinction, according to scientists.
Last month, six white rhinos were captured at a private game reserve in South Africa and transferred to a quarantine facility for relocation to neighboring Botswana, which has lost its entire rhino population to poaching.
It can be as simple as building a temporary barrier along a highway guardrail to help encourage turtles not to cross. Or it could be closing off a quiet section of road for a few weeks each spring so rare salamanders can make their way to their nesting grounds.
The majestic tiger walks away with the maximum of wildlife conservation budget. The elephant too gets its share in the booty, though much less. But there are 132 other critically-endangered species of plants and animals, which get virtually peanuts of this conservation fund.
Forest and nature protection officials from Nepal and India have started their first ever joint survey of tigers.
Ten endangered pygmy elephants have been found dead in a reserve in Malaysia, with officials saying they may have been poisoned.
JAKARTA, Jan. 23 (UPI) -- A study of critically endangered black macaques in an Indonesian nature reserve shows their numbers have stabilized after years of decline, researchers say.
The premature death of at least 50 one-horned Indian rhinoceroses in the northeast Indian state of Assam has triggered concern among activists who call for improved conservation efforts.
Endangered spoon-billed sandpipers arriving at their wintering grounds in China are being threatened by nets designed to trap shorebirds.
Few people have ever seen a critically endangered Malherbe’s parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi) in the wild.
The trading of big cat pelts is nothing new, but recent demand for snow leopard pelts and taxidermy mounts has added a new commodity to the illegal trade in wildlife products, according to the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA).
Conservation group LionAid says as few as 645 lions remain in the wild in western and central Africa
KARACHI, Dec 19 2012 (IPS) - Every year, between November and January, the Indus Flyway bears witness to a migration of an endangered bird species – the houbara bustard – from Central Asia to the deserts of Pakistan.
Birds in popular carol The Twelve Days of Christmas are disappearing from countryside at alarming rates, scientists say
Drones could soon be helping protect rhinos, tigers and elephants in Africa and Asia, thanks to cash from Google.
VANCOUVER -- As the 10th anniversary of the federal Species At Risk Act approaches, dozens of animals and plants have been added to the list considered at-risk.
A species of giant tortoises from the Galapagos Islands could be brought back from extinction despite the death earlier this year of the famed "Lonesome George," a tourist magnet and conservation icon who was the last of his kind.
Studying the genetic variability of endangered species is becoming increasingly necessary for species conservation and monitoring. But, endangered species are difficult to observe and sample, and typically harbour very limited genetic diversity.
A group of conservationists, pastoralists and Chinese funders have joined forces to save the hirola antelope, the last living representative of a three-million-year-old lineage.
A mountain gorilla census in Uganda's Bwindi Impenetrable National Park has a population that continues to rise, hitting 400 animals.
Brazilian scientists are attempting to clone animals in danger of extinction, like the jaguar and maned wolf, although the potential impact on the conservation of these threatened species is still not clear
What makes some ocean animals more prone to extinction than others? A new study of marine fossils provides a clue.
Polar bears' designation as a threatened species was challenged in a U.S. appeals court on Friday, with a lawyer for Alaska and other parties arguing that regulators had failed to back up the listing.
A presentation by the CIC and a discussion with attendees on the potential themes to be included in a future Collaborative Partnership on Wildlife Conservation. For further details on the topic see additional information.
The purpose of this event will be to raise awareness of some of the globe’s most threatened species through the Seven Wonders of Conservation campaign. Presentations will include national governments sharing their succesful experiences combating species extinctions through the protection of the ...
The event will showcase progress the 13 range state governments and other important stakeholders have made on following up to the commitments made at the International Tiger forum in St. Petersburg (the Tiger Summit) in 2010. The event will highlight the positive examples from the field, and r ...
Securing wildlife priority corridors and habitat linkages to enable natural migration and genetic exchange is an important conservation element for successful implementation of the CBD Strategy 2020. At the side event success factors and challenges of examples from India and Southern Africa wil ...
Many of man's closest living relatives - apes, monkeys, lemurs and other primates - are on the brink of extinction, according to a new report released at the UN's Convention on Biological Diversity meeting this week in the Indian city of Hyderabad.
The value of rescuing, rehabilitating and releasing individual wild animals back into their ecosystem is often undervalued in the conservation debate. At the side event some outstanding examples contributing to the conservation of biodiversity will be presented and participants are invited to di ...
This side event seeks to exchange valuable experiences regarding threatened wetlands and the use of environmental strategic tools (territorial planning, environmental impact assessment, strategic environmental assessment, public participation and litigation) as a means of preventing or putting a ...
Over the last 20 years, South Asia has witnessed the precipitous decline of three vulture species: the white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis); the Indian vulture (Gyps indicus); and the slender-billed vulture (Gyps tenuirostris). Once numbering in the tens of millions, the combined population o ...
The event includes presentations from various organizations on conservation initiatives taken by various organizations called Saving Asia's Vultures from Extinction (SAVE). Critically Endangered Gyps vultures have suffered a 99 per cent decline in Asia over the last 20 years, attributed to th ...
TEHRAN, Sept. 26 (UPI) -- Asiatic cheetahs, an endangered species, have to kill and eat livestock in regions where their normal prey is in decline, a team in Iran has found.
Almost a fifth of the world's sharks are endangered. That's prompted many nations to enact protection measures but several Asian countries are lobbying hard for continued shark hunting.
Scaly, insect-devouring, nocturnal, and notoriously shy, pangolins are strange mammals who remain unknown to many.
Conservationists are hoping that advances in Western medicine may persuade some people to stop using parts from exotic and endangered animals to cure various ailments.
Ethiopia is a country endowed with precious, endemic wildlife, tremendous and marvelous natural resources, cascades, a range of tangible and intangible assets, among others.
Cape Town - Some experts say the world is heading for the "sixth extinction". Unlike the five separate mass extinctions millions of years ago, this one will be caused not by natural events, but by a single species: humans.
JEJU, South Korea, Sep 15 2012 (IPS) - The Red River Giant softshell turtle (Rafetus swinhoei) is the stuff of legend in Vietnam. The fabled turtle in Hanoi’s Hoan Kiem Lake is popularly known by the name Kim Qui or Golden Turtle God, and it made its first historical appearance in 250 BC.
|
<urn:uuid:cc99f636-6c3f-4192-ad24-2a8192ef81d3>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.cbd.int/kb/Results?page=2&OrderBy=Date&SortDirection=Descending&Subject=ENDS
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274987.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00188-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929202 | 2,042 | 2.953125 | 3 |
130 years -- Health Studies -- EPA Studies and lawsuits
A Work in Progress -- 1,200 + documents
Jim Bynum, VP 12/4/2010
Help for Sewage Victims
Death and disease from spreading pathogens and chemicals in the environment funded by EPA and/or
Congress. Dilution is not the solution to pollution with hazardous substances or pathogens.
The American Republic will endure, until politicians realize they can bribe the people with their own money.
Luntz Speak, Public Relations expert, "The core of the Democrat argument depends on the belief that
"Washington regulations" are the best way to preserve the environment. We don't agree."
This period saw the medical profession struggling with the discovery that E. coli, Klebsiella and other
coli-like-forms (coliforms) of gram negative bacteria were serious human pathogens that caused death to
both infants and their mothers as well as wound infections, blood infections, etc. With the discovery that E.
coli was thermotolerant and the only primary coliform that could grow at elevated temperatures it was
chosen as an indicator for fecal contamination in water. Public drinking cups were banned because they
were found to spread disease. It became the scientific assumption that only thermotolerant E. coli was from
human fecal material and other coliforms growing at the human body temperature was from environmental
sources. Antibiotic were developed and scientists discovered genes could be transferred between bacteria
and some were antibiotic resistant. E. coli K12 was isolated and cultured in the laboratory for research and
commercial applications as a nonpathogen. According to EPA over the past 90 years of cultivation it has
lost the ability to inhabit the human body and lost the capability to cause disease. Escherichia coli K12 and
the genetic derivatives of E. coli K-12 are what is meant when we are assured most E. coli are not
This period saw the development of genetic engineering capabilities. The medical profession discovered
even more serious infections caused by bacteria even as the Public Health Service was trying to decide the
significance of coliform contamination in water and food using indole; methyl red; Voges-Proskauer, and
citrate in laboratory growth media to establish the family Entrobacteriaceae which cause about 50% of
hospital acquired infections. There was an explosive expansion of antibiotic resistant bacteria in Japan
which was ignored by the health agencies of other countries even as they reported on the phenomenon.
This period saw the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. Scientists expanded the research on
antibiotic resistance and genetic engineering. The first patent application was filed to create bacteria which
could not exist in nature. About the same time the first E. coli 0157:H7 infection was recorded which
incorporated a shiga-toxin gene from a Central American outbreak. Scientists also reported the survival of
antibiotic resistant bacteria in chlorinated sewage and drinking waters. Bacteria survival was also reported
in compost. USDA and EPA reported that liming sludge caused Salmonella to go dormant for about 30 days
until the pH dropped at which time Salmonella returned to the original levels. In spite of the infectious nature
of sludge which makes it a hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
EPA started promoting sludge use claiming it was first practiced by order of the Lord in the Old Testament.
This period saw the development of a new coliform test to determine E. coli and other members of the
family Enterobateriaceae, acceptable methods for sludge use based on current knowledge and a policy to
spread the infectious sludge on fruits and vegetables signed by EPA, FDA, and USDA. EPA documented
the transfer of antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants. Antibiotic resistant markers were used in
genetic engineered plants to confirm DNA transfer. At the same time studies were being done on the
potential health effects among sewage plant workers. EPA studies also documented the regrowth of
bacteria in sludge and composts. Moreover, EPA documented bacteria could survive on grazing land for up
to sixteen months. Studies also confirmed a transfer of Salmonella from humans: to sludge; to grazing land;
to cattle; and back to humans. In its proposed part 503 sludge regulation EPA documented 25 primary
pathogen groups and 21 carcinogens in sludge, five of which were carcinogenic by inhalation.
This period saw EPA Office of Water ignore all previous science concerning infectious agents and
carcinogens in sludge and dropped the previous information from the final sludge rule. Scientists report the
survival of bacteria in sludge aggregates (biofilms) and that sludge use puts the national economy at risk.
EPA split the solid waste sludge disposal regulation 40 CFR 257 into three parts: Part 257 - industrial
treatment plant sludge; Part 258 -- municipal treatment plant sludge co-disposed in a landfill; and Part 503
-- "Standards apply to publicly and privately owned treatment works that generate or treat domestic sewage
sludge" from humans or household operations for use as a fertilizer and/or soil amendment or disposed of
in a sludge only landfill (monofill) or incinerated. The closer to the public -- the less regulation. Scientists
discovered sludge was actually biofilms that could damage health and the environment. EPA created its
public relations campaign to cover up the damage with its "Candidates for the Rest of the Story" to be run
by the Water Environment Federal funded by EPA and Congress. While some scientists and organizations
produced studies claiming sludge use was safe if the laws and regulations were followed, other scientists
were following the damage done by gene swapping bacteria without making the connection. Writers also
followed the lack of science behind the rules and damages caused by sludge use.
Water Environment finishes PR fact sheets for "Candidates for the Rest of the Story". Antibiotic resistance
spreads. Bacteria causes heart problems. EPA OIG reports Compliance and Enforcement Office has
withdrawn from the sludge program. Congress investigates and ignores problems. Necrotizing infections
(flesh eating bacteria) is recognized as a major problem. Scientist admit to dumping genetically engineered
bacteria down the laboratory drains. Security and Bioterrorism Act enacted to protect agriculture -- but it
only applies to laboratories. Biofilms are acknowledge as cause of chronic illness. Bacteria are found to
survive treatment in parasites. Antibiotic genes are used as markers in genetically modified plants.
Studies link deaths to sludge use and the lack of a high level of disinfection.
Legionnaires Disease Linked to Cooling Towers. MRSA infections and deaths explode from 1,900
hospitalizations in 1993 to 368,300 in 2005 with 20,000 deaths. Endotoxin caused lung disease and
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals research expands. Viable but Nonculturable found in sludge and reclaimed
water. Antibiotic gene research continues. EPA approves new tests for fecal coilform (thermotolerant E.
coli). Contaminated vegetable outbreaks cost hundreds of millions of dollars. Black plague bacteria
becomes antibiotic resistant. Viruses are found to cause Obesity. Bacteria are found to cause blood clots.
Viable but Nonculturable Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteria found in Drinking Water. Court finds
municipality lies about sludge tests. Senior Agency officials who support sludge policy earn more than Vice
Klebsiella picks up gene to cause Antibiotic-Associated Hemorrhagic Colitis. Bacteria reactivated after 28
years. FDA only tests for thermotolerant gram negative bacteria in food. Gram negative bacteria cause
endocarditis. Gram negative bacterial hospital acquired infections kills 99,000 patients annually. Viruses
cause Ischemic strokes. Antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus found in animals and food products. Plants take
up drugs, chemicals and pathogens. Federal Agencies claim to be studying antibiotic resistance. Still
ignoring it after 30 years.
|
<urn:uuid:1781fccf-f593-4324-ade2-f7398ee4cf78>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://deadlydeceit.com/studies/130-years-studies-EPA-health.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950110.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401160259-20230401190259-00149.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909815 | 1,953 | 2.53125 | 3 |
When dogs have a job to do, they give it their undivided attention. It turns out people should probably do the same. Stanford researchers found that attention and memory suffer in those who juggle work, email, and web-surfing, compared to those who focus on one task at a time. Other studies suggest employees actually lose time when multitasking.
You won't catch your pet going from dawn to dusk without any shut-eye. There's good evidence humans can benefit from catnaps, too. A study involving about 24,000 people indicates regular nappers are 37% less likely to die from heart disease than people who nap only occasionally. Short naps can also enhance alertness and job performance.
Walk Every Day
Whether you've got four legs or two, walking is one of the safest, easiest ways to burn calories and boost heart health. Taking regular walks can also help you:
- Fight depression
- Lose weight
- Lower your risk for type 2 diabetes
- Lower the risk of breast and colon cancer
- Keep your bones strong
- Keep your mind sharp
People are social animals, and friendships have measurable health benefits. Researchers in Australia followed 1,500 older people for 10 years. Those with the most friends were 22% likely to live longer than those with the fewest friends.
Live in the Moment
Living in the moment may be one of the most important lessons we can learn from our pets. In a study called "A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind," Harvard psychologists conclude that people are happiest when doing activities that keep the mind focused, such as sex or exercise. Planning, reminiscing, or thinking about anything other than the current activity can undermine happiness.
Don't Hold a Grudge
Part of living in the moment is letting bygones be bygones. Let go of old grudges, and you'll literally breathe easier. Chronic anger has been linked to a decline in lung function, while forgiveness contributes to lower blood pressure and reduced anxiety. People who forgive also tend to have higher self-esteem.
OK, so maybe you don't have a tail. But you can smile or put a spring in your step when you're feeling grateful. Researchers have found a strong connection between gratitude and general well-being. In one study, people who kept gratitude journals had better attitudes, exercised more, and had fewer physical complaints.
According to a popular saying, curiosity may be hazardous to a cat's health. But not so for humans. Researchers have found that people who are more curious tend to have a greater sense of meaning in life. Other studies have linked curiosity to psychological well-being and the expansion of knowledge and skills.
Indulging in a little silliness may have serious health benefits. Cardiologists at the University of Maryland Medical Center found a stronger sense of humor in people with healthy hearts than in those who had suffered a heart attack. They conclude that "laughter is the best medicine" – especially when it comes to protecting your heart.
Get a Back Rub
The power of touch is nothing to sniff at. The Touch Research Institute at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine has found massage therapy can ease pain, give the immune system a boost, and help manage chronic conditions like asthma and diabetes. The touch of a loved one may be even more powerful. In one study, married women experienced less anxiety over the threat of an electric shock when they held their husbands' hands.
Drink Water When You're Thirsty
Dogs don't lap up sports drinks when they've been playing hard – and most people don't need to, either. During a typical workout, drinking water is the best way to stay hydrated. Water gives your muscles and tissues critical fluid without adding to your calorie count. Be sure to drink more than usual on hot days or when you're sweating a lot.
Most cats would trade kibble for a can of tuna any day. Luckily, you can choose to make fish a regular part of your diet. Salmon, tuna, trout, and other fatty fish are high in omega-3 fatty acids, which may reduce the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and arthritis. In addition, Rush University researchers found that people who eat fish at least once a week are 60% less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease.
If You Love Someone, Show It
Dogs don't play hard to get – when they love you, they show you. It's a good approach for people seeking to strengthen their relationships. A study published in the journal Personal Relationships suggests small, thoughtful gestures can have a big impact on how connected and satisfied couples feel.
Goofing off is not just for kids and kittens. In his book, Play, Stuart Brown, MD, writes that playing is a basic human need along with sleeping and eating. Play enhances intelligence, creativity, problem-solving, and social skills. So take a cue from your pet and devote yourself to an activity that has no purpose other than sheer fun.
Enjoy the Great Outdoors
A hike in the woods may be a dog's idea of bliss, but it has plenty of benefits for the human mind and body, as well. Spending time outdoors can enhance fitness, increase vitamin D levels, and reduce stress. In children, playing in natural settings has also been linked to better distance vision, fewer ADHD symptoms, and better performance in school.
Make Time to Groom
Aside from the obvious health benefits of bathing and brushing your teeth, grooming can have a number of positive effects on your life. Good personal hygiene is vital to self-esteem. A tidy appearance can also help you get and maintain a job.
Be Aware of Body Language
Dogs are excellent at reading each other's intent from body language. Humans, not so much. While most of us do reveal our emotions through posture, speech patterns, and eye contact, other people generally aren't very good at reading those cues. People get better at decoding body language as they get older.
Stretching will keep you limber, but the benefits don't stop there. In a 10-week study, volunteers who did no exercise other than stretching experienced surprising physical changes. Besides improving flexibility, they increased their muscle strength, power, and endurance. Although the study was a small one, the results suggest stretching may be a good alternative for people who have a condition that rules out traditional strength-training.
Seek Out Shade
When you're at the park, and your pooch is ready for a break, she'll probably find a nice shady spot to relax. Dermatologists recommend you follow suit, especially between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. That’s when you would soak up the most UV rays, particularly during late spring and early summer. While you're sheltered in the shade, it's a good idea to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen on exposed skin.
Stick to a Schedule
Pets like the consistency of a routine – they can’t tell a Saturday from a Monday. The same goes for the human body clock. People sleep better if they go to bed and get up at the same time every day, even on weekends. Sticking to a consistent schedule for bathing, dressing, and eating can also improve the quality of sleep.
|
<urn:uuid:c739bf6d-3851-4b78-ae13-3b3c90996e89>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/slideshow_pictures_learn_from_your_pets/article_em.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140337.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712211314-20200713001314-00460.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958684 | 1,498 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Latin American and Caribbean Studies Courses
(Also SPA 110) Introductory course to Spanish Language and Culture. Basic language skills for the student who has no previous knowledge of the language. Course will cover different language functions, basic vocabulary, simple grammatical structure, oral recitation and written composition. In addition to language studies, the course will compare and contrast American, Latin American, Latino and Spanish cultures.
(Also APG 111) An analysis of the theory and universality of culture from the historical, functional and structural approaches. Emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons as a basis for understanding contemporary society.
(Also FRN 115) Introductory course to French Language and Culture. Basic language skills for the student who has no previous knowledge of the language. Course will cover different language function, basic vocabulary, simple grammatical structures, oral recitation and written composition. In addition to language studies, the course will compare French and French diasporic cultures in the Caribbean, Africa and elsewhere.
(Also HIS 116) This course will offer a broad overview of historical and contemporary issues in Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Special attention will be paid to the experiences of Latin American and Caribbean peoples; national, ethnic, and racial identities; waves of migration within the region and beyond; and US-Latin American and Caribbean relations. The course will draw on interdisciplinary materials, including scholarly articles, and fiction.
(Also SPA 120) Further development of language skills to broaden awareness and increase appreciation of the culture
(Also FRN 125) Further development of language skills to broaden awareness and increase appreciation of the culture.
(Also GIS 203) General problems of comparative analysis. Political communication, political culture, modernization and nation-building, conflict and revolution.
(Also APG 210) Cultural traditions of the Anglo and French Caribbean will be explored. Each cultural area will be examined in terms of its history of slavery and planation life, race and ethnic relations, socio-economic and political change, and family and community organization.
(Also HIS 216) This course explores the history of Latin America and the Caribbean from Conquest to Independence. Special attention will be paid to encounters between various peoples; the economic, political, and cultural institutions of the colonial period; and the wars for independence that ended colonialism. This is the first course offered in the Latin American-Caribbean survey.
(Also GIS 224) American foreign policy today. American relations with major allies, the Communist countries and the Third World. Current problems in American foreign policy such as d’etente, national security, disarmament, the global allocation of resources.
(Also HIS 226) This course explores the history of Latin America and the Caribbean since Independence. It will pay particular attention to the colonial legacy; the abolition of slavery; economic development; twentieth-century social movements and revolutions; and relations with the United States. This is the second course offered in the Latin American-Caribbean survey.
(Also ENG 232) Survey of Latin American literatures from the sixteenth century to the present. Emphasis is upon literary discourses the reflect and shape the diverse array of Latin American cultural identities throughout the region.
(Also HIS 233) This course provides for the in-depth study of the people, society, culture, or movements during a particular historical period or for comparative analysis of societies, cultures or movements of people or ideas during particular periods, or other historical moments. This course also allows for the in-depth study of particular historical events. The topic and methods of evaluation will be defined by the instructor of the course. Offered most Spring and Fall semesters.
Please contact your instructor for specific topic.
(Also AFS/SOC/WMS 241) This course examines race, ethnicity, racism, prejudice, discrimination, majority-minority relations, and other intergroup relations from a sociological perspective, paying close attention to the experiences of the major racial/ethnic groups in the United States, namely, American Indians, European Americans, African-Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans.
(Also ENG 264) Study of Caribbean literature with emphasis upon the oral and literary traditions of the English-speaking Caribbean. Consideration is also given to creole Caribbean languages and the ways in which they have shaped the development of Caribbean literatures and cultures.
(Also AFS/ENG 268) Haitian literature explores the literary contributions of prominent writers, artists, and filmmakers from Haiti and the Haitian Diaspora. All course texts are in translated to English. Using the literature as a lens, the course investigates Haitian history and Haitian cultural discourses. Haiti’s historic and cultural impact in the Caribbean region and throughout the Americas is also considered.
(Also SOC 305) Latinos, or Hispanic Americans, constitute the largest minority in the United States today. Yet, in a society that continues to focus on the BlackWhite racial divide, Latinos are often ignored. This course explores the experiences of Latinos from a sociological perspective. Topics include immigration trends, the meaning of race in the construction of Hispanic ethnicity, educational attainment, work, health, media representations, and family life.
Selected topics with Latin American and Caribbean focus.
Please contact your instructor for specific topic.
(Also ENG 356) Major figures in the literature of Latin America and the Caribbean in translation. Writers will include: Allende, Borges, Vargas, Llosa, Fuentes, Hijuelos, Wolcott, Marquez, and Paz.
(Also HIS 361) This course will examine the “democratic” Revolutions in the United States, France, and Haiti. Precipitating events, choices, and outcomes will be analyzed through the process of comparing and contrasting the revolutions in each location. The treatment of racial, ethnic, and religious minorities will be given special consideration when considering ideas of citizenship and nationhood. Each student will write a major (20 page) research paper for this course.
|
<urn:uuid:72084087-40a2-49f4-b160-cf7edf09225f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://bloomfield.edu/catalog/undergraduate-courses/interdisciplinary-courses/latin-american-and-caribbean-studies
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944606.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323003026-20230323033026-00233.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.893975 | 1,213 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The 'Big Boy' was the name universally applied to Union Pacific's twenty-five 4000 class 4-8-8-4 steam locomotives built between 1941 and 1944 by Alco.
They're often proclaimed as the largest steam locomotives ever built, but that title is quite controversial - there were heavier locomotives, and possibly more powerful locomotives. However, without tender, the Big Boy's locomotive body was the longest of all of them and fully loaded with water and fuel the Big Boy was the heaviest of all of them, even though the locomotive without tender was lighter than some. However, the Big Boy is in the running in every category, and it certainly could be said to be the most successful of the giant locomotives.
The Big Boys were certainly the only locomotives to have the 4-8-8-4 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation - in other words, combining two sets of eight driving wheels with both a four-wheel leading truck for stability at speed and a four-wheel trailing truck to support a large firebox. Just examining the locomotive arrangement makes it clear that the Big Boy's forté was power at speed, and that's exactly what they were designed for.
The Big Boy locomotives were created by the Union Pacific's need for a locomotive that could pull a 3600 ton freight train over the long 1.14% grade of the Wasatch. Helpers were needed for this grade at the time, but adding and removing them, crewing them, etc. both slowed down the movement of trains. However, for such a locomotive to be worthwhile, it had to be more than just a slow mountain lugger; to avoid locomotive changes, the new class would have to be able to pull that long train at speed - 60mph - once past the mountain grades.
In fact, the Big Boys were designed to be stable at 80mph, so they were built with a heavy margin of safety. Few previous articulated locomotives were capable of such speed; UP's earlier Challenger 4-6-6-4s were, however, and in many respects the Big Boy could be regarded as a longer, heavier and more powerful Challenger.
Twenty-five of them were built, split into two groups of 20 locomotives and 5 locomotives respectively. All were coal burners, with large grates to burn the Union Pacific's low quality Wyoming coal. One locomotive, #4005, was temporarily converted to oil firing, but unlike the experiences on the smaller Challengers, oil firing was not successful, and the locomotive soon reverted to standard configuration.
They did sterling service in the Second World War, especially since they proved so easy to fire that even a novice could do a fair job. Since many men who were unsuited to combat service were instead drafted into railroad service to replace crewmen who joined up, this proved essential.
Like all steam locomotives, postwar increases in the price of both coal and labor meant that the writing was on the wall, but even so they were among the last steam locomotives taken out of service. The last service train hauled by a Big Boy was in July, 1959; most were stored operational until 1961, and four remained in operational condition at Green River, WY until 1962.
Fortunately, the Big Boy is one of the best represented of preserved steam locomotives in the United States; its fame, and its more western area of operations, saw to that (towns and museums in western states tended to have more room to store such a massive gift). Eight of the twenty-five still exist:
- 4004: Holliday Park, Cheyenne, WY.
- 4005: Forney Transportation Museum, Denver, CO
- 4006: Museum of Transportation, St. Louis, MO
- 4012: Steamtown National Historic Site, Scranton, PA
- 4014: Los Angeles County Fairplex, Pomona, CA
- 4017: National Railroad Museum, Green Bay, WI
- 4018: Age of Steam Railroad Museum, Dallas, TX
- 4023: Durham Western Heritage Museum, Omaha, NE
All of them are currently stored in the open air without any protection from the weather. However, the hot, dry air of Southern California has helped #4014 to remain the best preserved of all the surviving Big Boys, assisted by care and attention from the local chapter of the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society. The Steamtown example is also said to be in good condition.
There are currently no serviceable Big Boys and no plans to restore one to operating condition. It's the general wisdom that, short of some very rich individual or corporation deciding to spend several million dollars on the task, that it will never happen in the forseeable future. The most likely corporate sponsor would be the Union Pacific, but they already have enough operational historical locomotives, including UP 3985, a Challenger, the Big Boy's slightly smaller cousin. Since the two look very similar, it's unlikely the railroad would want a bigger, harder to handle, more expensive to run locomotive.
Even if one were restored, the size and weight of a Big Boy mean it would be very hard to find anywhere to run one. The giants of steam produced near the end of the steam age were not general purpose machines; they could not roam whole railway systems, but were generally confined to certain routes where their size and weight were acceptable.
|
<urn:uuid:87669edd-86af-49c2-bdcf-029d1b698442>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://everything2.com/title/Big+Boy
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424770.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724082331-20170724102331-00157.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.982893 | 1,128 | 3 | 3 |
More and more I’m seeing people use a NUMERIC for their primary keys. This is a direct result of people leveraging automated tools for their Oracle to PostgreSQL migration. Oracle’s NUMBER data type is frequently used as the primary key for a table so the tools just map to a PostgreSQL NUMERIC and calls it a day. The PostgreSQL NUMERIC is a purpose built data type for arbitrary precision numbers where exactness is required, think monetary values. It can hold up to 131072 digits before the decimal point and up to 16383 after the decimal point. To me, that does not sound like the right choice for the surrogate key for your country code table. It really is more like using a cement truck for your daily commute. It gets the job done, but it is not even close to the most efficient way to do it.
Let’s take a look.
First, let’s create 2 tables with the only difference being the data type of the primary key.
test=# \d bar_int Table "public.bar_int" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default --------+-------------------+-----------+----------+--------- a | integer | | not null | b | character varying | | | Indexes: "bar_int_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a) test=# \d bar_numeric Table "public.bar_numeric" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default --------+-------------------+-----------+----------+--------- a | numeric | | not null | b | character varying | | | Indexes: "bar_numeric_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
Then, let’s fill those tables with 10 million rows of data.
test=# INSERT INTO bar_int test-# SELECT a, repeat('x', 100) test-# FROM generate_series(1, 100000000) a;
Looking at the sizes on disk of those 2 tables, they both take up exactly the same amount of space. When people are trying to decide if a NUMERIC is safe choice for their primary keys, many times this is where they stop the analysis. The storage difference is irrelevant or non-existent so it must be a good choice. We know it’s not, so let’s dig deeper.
test=# SELECT relname, pg_total_relation_size(relid) test-# FROM pg_stat_user_tables WHERE relname LIKE 'bar%' test-# ORDER BY 1; relname | pg_total_relation_size -------------+------------------------ bar_int | 16373833728 bar_numeric | 16373833728 (2 rows)
In a transactional system, the primary key is used to return a single row so let’s look at the difference NUMERIC makes for this use case. Creating a simple script to look up a random row by the primary key and running it via pgbench shows the performance loss of NUMERIC.
\set id random(1, 10000000) SELECT b FROM bar_int WHERE a = :id; pgbench -n -f number_test -c 4 -t 100000 test
Integer: 27105 tps Numeric: 25823 tps
That is a 4.7% performance loss by using NUMERIC instead of an integer. For some people who want to squeeze out every last bit of performance out of the system they can, this is enough to not use NUMERIC, but for many it is not. The convenience of using a NUMERIC is well worth the loss of 5% on queries that run in milliseconds. But let’s keep digging.
A very common first migration project people undertake is a reporting database. In many ways, it is a perfect choice as people become comfortable with PostgreSQL since frequently the uptime requirements are not as stringent as a transactional system. Let’s look at a very basic reporting type query joining 2 tables by their primary keys.
SELECT count(*) FROM foo_int a, bar_int b WHERE a.a = b.a;
This is where the performance loss of NUMERIC will change everyone’s mind about using them as primary keys.
Average Query Time: Integer: 5637 ms Numeric: 9216 ms
The query just using NUMERIC instead of integers as the primary key performs nearly 39% slower. And that is just a simple case. If you start summing or averaging the values which is frequently done in reports, the performance loss easily tops 40%.
While it is easy to just map an Oracle NUMBER to a PostgreSQL NUMERIC, take the time to map things to the correct data type and save that 40% of performance.
|
<urn:uuid:c4cbebf6-45cc-47bc-a2dc-55df74fa6bcc>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://www.openscg.com/2017/03/proliferation-of-numeric/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426629.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726202050-20170726222050-00512.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.843054 | 1,006 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Get exclusive member benefits & effect social change. Join Today
THURSDAY, Dec. 1 (HealthDay News) -- For many it's a good news/bad news scenario.
People with HIV/AIDS are living longer and healthier lives than ever before, but they still have a chronic disease that's potentially fatal and carries a heavy stigma, said Jorie Barna, a care coordinator for the AIDS/HIV Services Group in Charlottesville, Va.
Barna, who lived in San Francisco during the 1980s and 1990s, said she saw the debilitating and deadly toll that HIV/AIDS took before the development of lifesaving antiretroviral medications.
"Living with HIV today is very manageable," said Barna, 43, who has a case load of 50 patients whom she monitors. "If somebody were to take care of themselves, eat well, keep their stress levels down, exercise regularly and take their medications, they could live long lives. I think in another decade, living with HIV will be like diabetes. You just have to take care of yourself."
Despite the medical advances, however, the mental toll that HIV/AIDS takes on people remains strong, Barna said, particularly in less-urban parts of the country.
"Stigma is still huge, huge here," she said. "A lot of people still associate HIV and AIDS as being a gay disease, which is not true at all. A lot of my straight men struggle because they don't want to be seen as homosexual."
Also, many of the people Barna helps were already at risk for infection because of other conditions.
"The issues that originally put them at risk for HIV infection have not been addressed," she said. "They're still struggling with mental health or substance abuse. They may be taking their medications and their HIV is stable, but they have other problems."
In addition, HIV/AIDS can have a severe financial impact on people, particularly if their infection was detected late and they've been incapacitated by it.
"People go on disability because they are too ill to work, but there's less and less out there for them," Barna said. "The government funding is drying up. It's hard to find affordable housing. There's no such thing as public transit here in Charlottesville. It's financially a huge challenge."
People with HIV/AIDS also come under additional stress from alienation and lack of affection, she said.
"It's hard on their families. It's hard on them," Barna said. "A lot of people feel they can't share their status with anyone. I have a lot of people who avoid physical intimacy, period, because they are afraid of disclosure. They are isolated and alone."
All of this adds to the tough medical struggle that HIV/AIDS patients face in dealing with their chronic illness.
"They might be physically stable enough, but they are still struggling emotionally, financially and psychologically," she said.
A companion article offers more on AIDS research.
Enter your symptoms in our Symptom Checker to find out possible causes of your symptoms. Go.
Enter any list of prescription drugs and see how they interact with each other and with other substances. Go.
Enter its color and shape information, and this tool helps you identify it. Go.
From companies that meet the high standards of service and quality set by AARP.
Members save 10% on the monthly service charge of qualified AT&T wireless plans.
Members pay $9.50 for Regal ePremiere Tickets purchased online.
Members earn points on select Walgreens-brand health and wellness products.
Join or renew today! Members receive exclusive member benefits & affect social change.
|
<urn:uuid:2d7acd08-70c7-4b14-a414-5701e1812480>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://healthtools.aarp.org/healthday/despite-advances-hiv-aids-still-takes-heavy-emotional-toll
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689975.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924100541-20170924120541-00699.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980163 | 760 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Chuseok is soon to be upon us. If the biggest holiday of the first half of the year is Seollal (설날, Lunar New Year’s Day), then the biggest holiday of the second half of the year is undoubtedly Chuseok (추석). Chuseok is the mid-autumn festival celebrated on the 15th day of August of the lunar calendar, which is September 30th this year. It is usually a three day holiday – something quite rare in Korea – emphasizing the importance of this holiday.
Chuseok is generally called the “Korean Thanksgiving” and basically that is what it is: a festival to celebrate the harvest and the bounty of autumn. In Korea, however, there is much emphasis on one’s ancestors. People go back to their hometowns to get together with their families to tend the ancestors’ graves and give thanks to them through solemn ancestral rites.
Naturally, because it is a holiday celebrating the harvest, food becomes a central focus. Special Chuseok foods like songpyeon (송편), rice cakes in crescent shapes with various fillings, are made together as a family, with the usual holiday foods of jeon (전) and japchae (잡채) also making an appearance. Because it is the harvest season, there would be fruit in abundance, too.
Although called by different names depending on the era, Chuseok has been celebrated in Korea for centuries. Celebrating the harvest and the full moon also come hand in hand, as the full moon symbolizes fecundity and prosperity. Since the brightest and fullest moon is said to rise on Chuseok, it is more than reason enough for celebration. Among the traditional games played on Chuseok, the dance Ganggangsullae (강강술래) consists of people holding hands, singing and dancing in circles under the bright full moon.
So what about the rabbit in the moon? In Korea, you can’t talk about the full moon without thinking about the rabbit. I know that the full moon brings upon images of the “Man in the Moon” in some western cultures, but here, it’s the rabbit.
The rabbit in the moon is also called the “jade rabbit” (옥토끼), which is common in the folklore of not only Korea, but also China, Japan, and other countries. In Chinese folklore the rabbit is busily pounding a special medicine in a mortar for the Goddess of the Moon; in Korea, the rabbit is busily pounding rice to make tteok (떡, ddeok, rice cakes); in both cases, it is making an essence of life.
But why is there a rabbit in the moon? Legend says there once was a village where a rabbit, a fox, and a monkey resided. The three devoted themselves to Buddhism and spent much time in its study and practice. One day, the Emperor of the Heavens looked upon them and to test their faith, told them to bring him something to eat. The three set off to fulfill his wish. Consequently, the fox returned with fish, the monkey with fruit, and the rabbit, who could do nothing but gather grass, lit a fire with it and jumped in, offering his own self. His commitment earned the approval of the Emperor and he was placed in the moon as its guardian, with “smoke” surrounding him as a reminder of his endeavor.
This legend varies in different cultures: sometimes the Emperor of the Heavens is disguised as a poor old man, sometimes it’s not the three animals mentioned above but others. The actions of the rabbit remain consistent, however, and the results of his deed as well.
Along with the rabbit, in the Korean versions, the gyesu tree (계수나무) is always mentioned, i.e. the Korean laurel/cinnamon tree. (Latin: cercidiphyllum japonicum.) Apparently the rabbit is standing under the gyesu tree while pounding on its mortar. Other folk tales and legends also mention the tree quite often, as it is known to be a sturdy, long living tree, and its bark (as cinnamon) has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries.
Because the rabbit signifies fecundit, it is not surprising that it is paired with the gyesu tree to signify a long, bountiful, and happy life – something you wish for while gazing at the full moon.
The image of the rabbit in the moon and the gyesu tree is so steadfast in Korean culture that it shows up in a famous children’s song, “Half-moon” (반달), which was written and composed by the songwriter Yoon Geuk-young (윤극영) in 1924. (The song is better known for its first verse and some people think it is the title, but it’s not.) The English version is quite good, as it was translated in sync with the melody. You can listen to the song here.
The lyrics are:
푸른 하늘 은하수 하얀 쪽배엔
계수나무 한 나무 토끼 한마리
돛대도 아니 달고 삿대도 없이
가기도 잘도 간다 서쪽 나라로
High above the deep blue sky, down the Milky Way,
Rides a ship without a sail, with no oars they say,
Ship of white, its only crew, is a rabbit white,
Westward it floats along, silently through the night
Naturally, it isn’t only during Chuseok when you can see the rabbit in the moon. (After all, the full moon comes around every month.) But perhaps because people thought the rabbit looked lonely up there, modern day interpretations usually depict two rabbits happily making tteok together, which makes it even more significant for Chuseok, a time for family and friends to come together.
So when Chuseok comes around, treat yourself to all the delicious food you can, head outside with loved ones to catch a glimpse of the rabbit in the bright full moon, and have a joyful dancing round of Ganggangsullae, too. Happy Chuseok, everyone!
|
<urn:uuid:0862e71d-df14-404c-9228-c60c3e431a03>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://blog.korea.net/?p=13278
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538423.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00150-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969738 | 1,443 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Traditional knowledge is increasingly recognized as valuable for adaptation to climate change, bringing scientists and indigenous peoples together to collaborate and exchange knowledge. These partnerships can benefit both researchers and indigenous peoples through mutual learning and mutual knowledge generation. Despite these benefits, most descriptions focus on the social contexts of exchange. The implications of the multiple cultural, legal, risk-benefit and governance contexts of knowledge exchange have been less recognized. The failure to consider these contexts of knowledge exchange can result in the promotion of benefits while failing to adequately address adverse consequences. The purpose of this article is to promote awareness of these issues to encourage their wider incorporation into research, policy, measures to implement free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) and the development of equitable adaptation partnerships between indigenous peoples and researchers.
Indigenous peoples are increasingly recognized to possess considerable knowledge on issues related to climate change adaptation (Nakashima et al. 2012). Studies have demonstrated the value of indigenous peoples’ observations of changes in climate-related weather patterns (Green and Raygorodetsky 2010), ocean phenomena (Fienup-Riordan and Rearden 2010), phenology (Egeru 2012), and fire behavior (Mason et al. 2012). Their knowledge of past ecological patterns can help reconstruct historical baselines (Thornton and Scheer 2012). Traditional ecological knowledge of ecosystem health and species distributions can contribute to culturally appropriate adaptation (Girot et al. 2011). Traditional knowledge embodied in technologies, practices and cultivated species facilitate coping with climate change (Clements et al. 2011). Traditional water-related knowledge, water harvesting and storage have allowed indigenous peoples to survive in arid lands and cope with drought for millennia (Johnston 2012).
Research partnerships for using traditional knowledge and Western science for coping with and adapting to climate impacts offer benefits to both researchers and indigenous communities (Nakashima et al. 2012). Researchers benefit by acquiring a better understanding of indigenous values that need to be accommodated in adaptation planning for landscape restoration and management, traditional technologies for adaptation, and local knowledge to complement the scientific knowledge base. Indigenous communities benefit by acquiring a better understanding of climate change and its impacts and technologies for coping with these impacts that may lie outside of their traditions. Combining ways of knowing can lead to new innovations, knowledge and opportunities for adaptation through mutual learning (co-learning) and mutual knowledge generation (co-production) (Berkes 2009; Nakashima et al. 2012). Through mutually beneficial partnerships, indigenous peoples and scientists can cooperatively work to reduce climate change impacts while maintaining communities’ cultural values and resources.
Despite these demonstrated benefits, concerns have been raised over potential adverse consequences of knowledge exchanges (WIPO 2012). Co-learning and co-production processes do not guarantee fairness, equal standing or address power asymmetries (Hill et al. 2012). The cultural, legal, risk-benefit and governance contexts in which knowledge exchanges occur have been under-examined. This paper will outline these contexts and suggest ways to address them. Meeting these concerns presents challenges, but these should not pose a long-term impediment to indigenous-researcher partnerships. Addressing them constitutes a significant step in recognizing their rights to resources and decision-making, reducing long-term conflicts and ensuring equitable partnerships based on free, prior and informed consent (FPIC).
Traditional knowledge in the context of climate change
Traditional knowledge is useful in: defining earlier environmental baselines, identifying impacts that need to be mitigated, providing observational evidence for modelling, providing technologies for adapting, and for identifying culturally appropriate values for protection from direct impacts or from the impacts of adaptation measures themselves.
In one study from the Clyde River, in Nunavut in the Canadian Arctic, scientists spent years collecting weather data (Weatherhead et al. 2010). Inuit hunters had reported significant changes in wind persistence (likelihood that wind conditions 1 day are followed by similar conditions the following day). The hunters used multiple traditional observations (lack of formation of seasonal ice crusts, changes in snow forms used as navigational aids, animal behavior and sea-ice conditions to conclude that the wind was becoming less persistent and predictable. These observations were not supported by the research station, which recorded no significant changes in wind direction or wind persistence in northeast winds (Weatherhead et al. 2010).
One explanation for the discrepancies is that the weather station was in a fixed flat area at the airport, while Inuit hunters ranged long distances in complex topographies. A significant difference was in what was that hourly measurements of mean wind intensity were limited compared to the needs of hunters who were most interested in changes in snow conditions and wind, any shift in which can mean the difference between life and death if the weather signs are misinterpreted (Weatherhead et al. 2010). Ranges of wind direction and associated sea and ice phenomena matter much more to hunters than means.
The discovery of these discrepancies has led to the establishment of more weather stations around the hunting areas which are being correlated to indigenous weather observations, as well as other projects to extend indigenous monitoring of sea-ice thickness, extent and other climate-related phenomena. Importantly, it has helped to focus research on data to support their safety and subsistence needs in a changing climate. For other relevant observations, see Nakashima et al. (2012) and Berkes (2009).
Cultural contexts of traditional knowledge
Although the phrase “traditional knowledge” will be used throughout this paper, the concept illustrates the kinds of problems pervasive in cross-cultural understanding and knowledge exchanges. Traditional knowledge holders themselves may not express their knowledge in this way (Berkes 2009). Traditional knowledge is a noun phrase, turning knowledge into an object. Traditional knowledge holders commonly think of knowledge as a contextualized process connected to dynamic, evolving relationships expressed in the phrase “ways of knowing” (Berkes 2009).
In a widely influential definition, Berkes has characterized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) as “a cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief, evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with one another and with their environment” (Berkes 2012). This definition frames TEK within a materialistic, evolutionary framework that does not always conform to the beliefs of the knowledge-holders themselves, who may refer their knowledge as living breath, coming directly from the spirit world, ancestors, dreams, or conversations with plants, trees, rocks or other aspects of a living and spiritual nature (Little Bear 2000). Referring to a “cumulative body of knowledge” appeals to Western concepts of trial-and-error learning. While indigenous peoples are concerned deeply with relationships between humans and the natural world, this definition and many discussions focus on material concept of relationships (i.e. species interactions, social-ecological system interactions) and leave the spiritual dimensions out as metaphysical constructs. These so-called constructs are often at the core of indigenous identity and underpin their beliefs and practices, and ignoring them can create significant impediments to equitable partnerships (Burkett 2013).
Some have proposed dichotomous representations of traditional and Western scientific knowledge systems (Berkes 1993). These have limitations, however, as there is a spectrum of both indigenous and scientific ways of knowing with many areas of overlap (Berkes 2009). Both provide ways of knowing about and acting on the world to reliably achieve desired outcomes.
Differences remain in the way indigenous peoples conceive of intangible values and relationships. Scientists commonly aim to produce validated and transportable knowledge objects that are held to be universally true and objective regardless of cultural background. The scientific ethic is generally to make knowledge widely availableFootnote 1. This may be contrasted with traditional ways of knowing which are place-based, localized, and may carry prescriptions related to their use (Kipuri 2009). Indigenous peoples often believe their knowledge has spiritual origins and powers, and employ it to communicate with the spirit world to create outcomes in this world (Kipuri 2009).
Traditional knowledge has been described as being shared freely in a commons (Amankwah 2007), or as un-owned by peoples without property concepts (Helfer and Austin 2011). This has been countered by studies that demonstrate traditional ways of knowing occur in a wide spectrum of beliefs, norms, institutions and ways of owning that includes property concepts (Carpenter et al. 2009). Thom and Bain (2004) describe many ways in which aboriginal individuals and groups in Canada are the holders, custodians or owners of rights, powers, property and responsibilities. They hold proprietary interests in rituals, private professional knowledge, songs, stories, magic words, dances, shamanic knowledge, fishing sites and myriad other aspects of tribal life. Some weather knowledge may be shared widely, but may also be held by weather shamans holding proprietary knowledge and practices and passing these down through families (e.g., Chumash Indians of California, Timbrook 1987).
Traditional knowledge is regulated by customary norms and embedded in a web of relationships defining who may use it, when it may be used, appropriate uses, and the rituals, words or practices that must accompany its use (Thom and Bain 2004). When traditional knowledge is shared, it is often accompanied by stewardship obligations within communities with expectations that outsiders also carry these obligations when knowledge is shared. This creates significant challenges in terms of the foreign contexts to which it is exposed when conveyed outside community boundaries.
Legal contexts of traditional knowledge
Once traditional knowledge is shared outside of a community, it enters alien social and legal contexts. Natural scientists often emphasize the value of partnerships with indigenous communities in outcomes-oriented terms. Social science researchers commonly use political, social or moral/ethical frameworks. These approaches emphasize the social aspects of knowledge holder-researcher relationships, promoting reciprocity, respect and protocols for them (Hardison and Bannister 2011). Although a significant advance, these approaches have rarely addressed the legal contexts of these exchanges.
Traditional knowledge holders will often evaluate seekers of knowledge to ensure they have the proper attitudes, maturity and responsibility to receive such knowledge (Noble 2009; Thom and Bain 2004). Once the knowledge has been shared with persons outside of the community, they may in turn share it with third parties who have not agreed to respect social conventions and are not bound by law to do so. Without special legal measures to recognize stewardship obligations associated with the knowledge, it becomes subject to foreign norms and laws that generally automatically apply regardless of the intentions of either the communities or the researchers (Riley 2005). Despite good intentions, protocols and best practices, the exchanged knowledge is not governed by customary laws or community aspirations, but by foreign laws such as intellectual property, freedom of expression, public domain and common heritage of mankind.
Countries have begun to put into place laws that protect such transfers of traditional knowledge to third parties. Under the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity, seekers of traditional knowledge related to genetic resources must first obtain the prior informed consent (PIC) of indigenous and local communities. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is negotiating a potential international treaty to regulate international access to genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore (now referred to as traditional cultural expressions).Footnote 2 A number of countries have passed national laws against appropriation and unfair use (McManis and Terán 2011).
However, these measures fall short of fully recognizing and respecting the values, beliefs and customary laws of the traditional knowledge holders themselves. Traditional knowledge is widely treated as secular knowledge and brought into conformation with existing national and international laws. We will not cover these in detail, but will focus on copyright law as a primary example of the conflict between customary law and non-indigenous law, then briefly mention other legal conflicts that require attention. It is important to understand the basics of these laws in order to appreciate the current limitations of social contracts in ensuring respectful partnerships.
Intellectual property laws
A copyright is a grant of a temporary monopoly by a government to provide economic incentives to individuals or firms for innovation. Copyright law defines a public domain from which people can freely draw, composed of knowledge that is too old to be protected and once protected knowledge that has exceeded the term of protection. Traditional knowledge is often treated as being in the public domain because it is too old to be protected, it is orally expressed rather than written down (“fixation requirement”)Footnote 3, and it cannot be attributed to a specific author. Once published or shared, traditional knowledge immediately starts its journey into the public domain where all of the traditional norms, beliefs or customary laws associated with it are stripped away. It becomes available to anyone with no legal requirement to obtain permission, share in any benefits or observe stewardship obligations for its use.
One aspect of copyright is the “fact/expression” dichotomy. Only the particular expressions in written works are protected, not the underlying ideas which become immediately available for exploitation (Bannister 2004). One example is the Traditional Knowledge World Bank (TKWB) project, a database of traditional knowledge for mitigating desertification and adapting to climate change.Footnote 4 The project intends to support “protection of traditional knowledge rights that can be implemented by persons, communities, disseminators and traditional technique innovators,”Footnote 5 without indicating how these rights are identified and distinguished from traditional knowledge in the public domain, or how the policy has been implemented in deciding on entries into the database. The project owns the copyright for the descriptions of the traditional adaptation technologies in the database, not the original knowledge holders. The underlying technologies are not protected and may be freely used by anyone.
Copyright law grants fair use exemptions allowing access for research, education, news reporting, parody, commentary and civic deliberation without requiring permission of the copyright holder. These exemptions are fundamental to the functioning of scientific and academic research, but they may not respect indigenous customs. Water rituals, for example, are a common response by indigenous peoples to climate- and weather-related water problems (AIPP 2012). In reviewing publications that recognize relationships between water, heritage, identity and worldviews, one author notes “religious beliefs and customs are often the focus, and examples are often illustrated by photographs of religious festivals or rituals that contribute to conservation of water or demonstrate the intimate spiritual relations people have with water” (Hiwasaki 2012). While such recognition is positive, some cultures believe that publication of photographs of sacred ceremonies interferes with their spiritual power and/or triggers adverse spiritual and physical consequences (e.g. Tsosie 2007).
In the absence of intangible cultural heritage laws, copyright law is automatically applied to any shared traditional knowledge and offers few legal safeguards that allow indigenous peoples to have their traditions respected or to gain benefits from the use of their knowledge.
Non-intellectual property laws: freedom of information Act (USA) / freedom of expression / the common heritage of humankind
Non-intellectual property laws may also serves as impediments to sharing traditional knowledge. Because of a Supreme Court decision in 2001 (Department of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Assn), tribes cannot share sensitive knowledge or information privately with the US on a government-to-government basis, because any exchanges are subject to Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests (Doremus and Tarlock 2008).
Disclosed traditional knowledge may also be subjected to claims for use under the right to freedom of expression. Collective customary laws can impose durable restrictions on the use of certain knowledge, practices and symbols, which do not become open to use by others because they have been publicly shared. Current freedom of expression law favors an individual interpretation to justify access to traditional knowledge against customary laws, norms and beliefs (Fletcher 2012; Riley 2007).
The Common Heritage of Mankind asserts that because certain resources are important to humanity as a whole, they should be protected beyond potentially the more narrow concerns of individual sovereign nation states (Curci 2010). Framing intangible cultural heritage as part of the common heritage of humankind can take away governance, ownership and control by indigenous peoples in the name of humanity (Coombe 2009).
Caution should be taken when framing the exchange of traditional knowledge within the social discourses of voluntary guidelines, protocols, partnerships and agreements. Knowledge exchanges occur within powerful and compelling legal frameworks that often conflict with and take precedence over social arrangements. Stewardship obligations generally have no equivalent in national and international legal systems. Social aims for respectful partnerships may be difficult to achieve without changes in legal systems to accommodate indigenous concepts and ways of being.
Risk contexts of traditional knowledge
A third consideration rests on arguments related to the manner in which sharing decisions are made, which should be based on free, prior and informed consent (FPIC). This concept is contained in the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and in decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol as prior informed consent (PIC).
Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)
FPIC is used in UNDRIP to create procedural safeguards for decision-making by indigenous peoples. FPIC ensures that when they are approached with proposals for access to their lands, resources or traditional knowledge, they are provided with all necessary and appropriate information they deem necessary to make an informed decision (FSC 2012). The concept is an extension of informed consent used in medicine, in which doctors have a duty not only inform patients of potential benefits of a procedure or treatment, but also of all relevant risks, and can only proceed with patient consent.
The concepts of FPIC can be understood to mean:
The decision must not be coerced or biased. In UNDRIP it emphasizes that decisions should be free from external manipulation, interference and coercion. “Free” has also been used in the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 (Republic Act No. 8371) of the Philippines to add the meaning of “determined in accordance with their respective customary laws and practices.” The word thus emphasizes freedom to determine the process of decision-making and freedom from coercion.
The term is often described as consent being required prior to access. This may be clear in terms of access to material resources. It is less clear case of traditional knowledge, which may have been disclosed in the past or appear in hybrid forms with other forms of knowledge. UNDRIP holds that permission is required prior to use, even if it has been disclosed, consistent with much customary law.
Consent is usually applied to a legally competent individual, corporate entity or competent authority of a government. In regard to indigenous peoples, decision-making authority may be less clear. There is a wide diversity of social and political organization among indigenous communities. Tribes and First Nations in the US and Canada are organized into governments that have the authority to make decisions, but difficulties may arise because of conflicts of authority between political authorities and the traditional knowledge holders.
Exercising the right to consent creates an obligation on the knowledge holders to establish authoritative decision-making processes. The institutionalization of authoritative processes, while challenging, should decrease conflicts over the long-term.
Indigenous peoples have argued that consent should be applied to both access to undisclosed knowledge or use of already disclosed knowledge. This implies a due diligence requirement to discover potential holders and owners of already disclosed knowledge before putting it into use. It also suggests that researchers need to clarify the pathways by which traditional knowledge is incorporated into research. Clarifying the cultural, legal and ethical dimensions of these pathways and formal mechanisms of consent is a major task of efforts to incorporate traditional knowledge into adaptation decision-making.
This provision holds that indigenous communities must be provided with all necessary relevant information of benefits, costs and risks sufficient to make an informed decision. There are as yet no standards on how to implement this, although there are some emerging attempts (FSC 2012).
To implement this, a traditional knowledge sharing risk assessment should be prepared in collaboration with the traditional knowledge holders, taking into account cultural, legal and governance contexts. Climate adaptation projects often extoll benefits without addressing the potential risks of knowledge sharing, as in two otherwise admirable attempts to survey existing experience, Advance Guard (McLean 2010) and Weathering Uncertainty (Nakashima et al. 2012).
Such considerations may have little effect on decisions to exchange knowledge. Traditional knowledge related to observations of changes in phenology, ice-out dates, coastal currents, fire behavior or hydrological patterns may carry few risks when shared. Other kinds of traditional knowledge carry more risks, either through moral hazards related to cultural values or through misuse that can seriously threaten indigenous livelihoods and cultural sustainability. Risks and benefits are linked to specific values held by the knowledge holders, to external legal and social environments and to the characteristics of the resources to which the knowledge is bound. Traditional knowledge is not generally about abstract things, but more focused on relationships and activities that constitute a way of life (Berkes 2012), and these can be harmed by misuse.
Below is an example that illustrates the kind of reasoning that can be applied and indicates where more research is needed to develop FPIC guidance in climate change adaptation (Fig. 1).
Risks of sharing climate-relevant traditional knowledge in the coast Salish
The Coast Salish of the Pacific Northwest live on small territories surrounded by much larger populations with different traditions and values, which increases conflicts over use of resources. Tribes have retained rights to wild resources on off-reservation lands to which they have little control. These uncultivated resources are sensitive to external drivers such as climate change, invasive species, species range shifts, habitat fragmentation and human population growth. Life history characteristics of wild species such as mobility and rarity can exacerbate problems in their governability (characteristics of resources that make them more or less manageable) and governance (characteristics of institutions, norms, laws and policies for their management) relative to cultured species. Coast Salish elders already complain they can no longer access many traditional foods because of overharvesting (Richards and Alexander 2006). Under these conditions, there may be few options for risk spreading through knowledge sharing.
Climate adaptation can be enhanced by traditional knowledge of wildlife movements and concentrations, for which tribal hunters have considerable knowledge (Huntington 2000). Even without cultural sensitivities to sharing, there are risks to publicly revealing the locations of valuable game. These risks can be amplified where tribes have low control over access to game in off-reservation situations.
Disclosing knowledge of medicinal plants useful for addressing climate change impacts on health carries the risks of use against cultural traditions and overharvesting. The bark of the Pacific yew is used for healing wounds by several Pacific Northwest tribes (Moerman 1998), The development of the anti-cancer drug taxol from bark extracts lead to illegal overharvesting in which trees were killed by stripping them entirely, endangering the yew (Laird and Wynberg 2008; Wynberg et al. 2009).
These challenges do not pose an insurmountable barrier to respectful knowledge exchanges. The changes from past practices will likely involve uncertainty and conflicts at first, but will reduce them in the long-run. Exercising the right to FPIC creates a duty to sort out processes for authoritative decision-making. Building respect for traditional knowledge and FPIC through professional training, public education, the development and implementation of guidelines and policies and other measures are necessary to reduce conflict over time (Hardison and Bannister 2011).
Under indigenously-led FPIC, many traditional knowledge exchanges related to climate change are likely to continue where they present few risks and provide benefits to indigenous peoples. The examples emphasize the need for precaution in ensuring their values and rights are protected both against the impacts of climate change and adaptation measures that fail to accommodate their rights and values.
Traditional knowledge governance
The combined arguments suggest that traditional knowledge exchanges in adaptation partnerships cannot be viewed as unproblematic information exchanges, and potentially carry significant risks as well as benefits and opportunities. Some knowledge useful to adaptation cannot be shared because it is too sacred, risky to disclose or weakly protected from appropriation and misuse. The dilemma often facing indigenous peoples is to either disclose their knowledge and lose control of it, or fail to have their values reflected and protected from climate impacts in adaptation measures. One pathway for resolving this dilemma is through viewing traditional knowledge exchanges through a governance mechanism, as opposed to a voluntary social framework.
Traditional knowledge held by indigenous peoples has significant political or governance dimensions in addition to cultural, legal and risk dimensions. Indigenous peoples are a subject of international law as being a distinct group with a distinct bundle of rights, which they hold as peoples with the right of self-determination (Anaya 2009). While their status as peoples is not universally recognized by all countries, it is affirmed by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007).
Peoples have the right of self-determination to freely determine their political status and form of governance within their territories (Anaya 2009). Self-determined governments have the inherent authority to grant and make trade-offs between the rights of their citizens, but not the rights of the citizens of other sovereigns. Sovereigns work through diplomacy and treaty making to gain cross-recognition for transboundary issues. The number of states that recognize the right to self-determination and self-governance is growing (Anaya 2009).
The Supreme Court has ruled that the tribes’ sovereign status is not granted to them by the United States, but an original right reserved by them in the treaties.Footnote 6 This reserved rights doctrine holds that any right not explicitly ceded by treaty is retained as a sovereign right. Consequently, tribal treaties are not legally interpreted as a listing of all rights that are retained, but primarily as a listing of those that are ceded. Any right not explicitly ceded is retained (Pevar 2012). The US has a government-to-government relationship with tribes in which tribes have retained inherent sovereign powers. Traditional knowledge holders are therefore not one stakeholder group among others. The United States Constitution, policy and law recognize them as members of sovereign governments that have retained inherent rights to determine their own laws and constitute their own cultural arrangements and institutions.
Tribal treaties have the fundamental purpose of allowing tribes to freely determine their ways of life in return for the cession of vast amounts of land. Tribes often reserved off-reservation rights to fish, hunt, trap and gather because their ancestors understood that their reservations would be insufficient to maintain their ways of life (Goodman 2000). Indigenous peoples have often expressed that their knowledge is inextricably linked to their lands, waters and heritage as inalienable and permanently associated with their identity and territories through ancestral, material and spiritual relationships (Carpenter et al. 2010; Kipuri 2009).
Official US policy affirms that tribes have sovereign rights “to protect tribal cultural heritage and cultural identity expressed in both tangible and intangible forms.” Footnote 7 Therefore, in the United States it is well-established in Constitutional law and national policy that the tribes have retained unextinguished sovereign jurisdiction over their tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Traditional knowledge is fundamental to the purpose of the treaties and a component of the governance rights reserved in them.
Article 31 of UNDRIP affirms the similar right of indigenous peoples “to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies and cultures.” Although many nations view UNDRIP to be aspirational and not currently legally binding, all signatories have committed themselves to moving towards implementing its principles. The Nagoya Protocol of the Convention on Biological Diversity recognizes the obligation to obtain the prior informed consent of indigenous and local communities prior to accessing and using their knowledge.
In the case of indigenous traditional knowledge, scientists therefore may not be dealing with knowledge and resources held by one stakeholder among many whose rights can be balanced, but with knowledge held collectively by a political entity that has the right of self-determination and self-governance. Concepts, instruments and approaches for stakeholder processes are inadequate when addressing issues related to sovereign property, which are dealt with through treaties, bilateral agreements and other government-to-government instruments.
In those cases where traditional knowledge is held by those with governance rights, it is governed by its own rules and laws determined by its proper sovereign, which do not necessarily resemble the laws of other sovereigns. While indigenous sovereigns cannot directly impose these rules and laws on citizens of other sovereigns, they can expect that equitable relationships can be worked out for cross-recognition of their issues based on comity guiding peaceful relations among states, respect for their human rights, and federal fiduciary obligations to respect their rights (Smith 2010). These rights are not limited to treaty tribes, but are increasingly recognized as a general right of indigenous peoples in international law, national constitutions and national legislation (Tsosie 2013).
Under conditions of sovereignty, governments may elect to engage in co-management or self-management of their resources and heritage (Goodman 2000; Nie 2008). In this case, co-management refers to a situation in which sovereign powers have equal status in determining an outcome related to shared sovereign resources. One sovereign cannot unilaterally impose their will on another, and equitable outcomes must be found in mutually agreed terms. Many cases of issues related to adaptation to climate change may involve both traditional knowledge and its associated biocultural heritage. In the classic model, federal scientists might request access to traditional knowledge to assess its validity and applicability to managing resources on the federal landscape. In a co-management and self-management model, indigenous peoples are recognized to have governance rights over their biocultural heritage, including tangible forms (resources) and intangible forms (traditional knowledge), both on their territories and in specified external areas.
Useful and unproblematic knowledge exchanges can occur without involving traditional knowledge. Where traditional knowledge is needed, solving management problems may not require its transfer, allowing indigenous peoples to apply their knowledge by themselves to their own biocultural heritage using negotiated outcomes that are mutually agreeable to the sovereigns (Davidson-Hunt et al. 2012). This performance-oriented approach allows the knowledge to be retained by the knowledge holders while upholding standards for public accountability in the management of resources.
Many traditional knowledge studies have framed indigenous peoples as stakeholders and have not treated traditional knowledge as a governed, sovereign property. Governance rights over traditional knowledge are not separable from governance rights over the biocultural heritage to which they are associated. This is not to argue that traditional knowledge exchanges should not occur, but their rights of governance should be taken seriously, respected and accommodated in resolving issues. The guiding principle is that exchanges should be based on free, prior and informed consent and mutually agreed terms based on equal standing.
Respect for indigenous governance in a climate change context
An example of using traditional knowledge in a respectful manner for climate change adaptation comes from the Waswanipi Cree in Northern Quebec through the Ndhoho Itschee Process (Trosper et al. 2012). They are interested in documenting their traditional forest knowledge in order to enter into respectful stewardship agreements to promote climate change adaptation and appropriate forest management on traditional lands not under their direct control. They do not believe they can convey their complex knowledge and values to others for management on their behalf, but want their stewardship role acknowledged. Communities are producing detailed community “family maps” which detail past, present and future desired land use. These maps are not shared outside the community. The maps are used to prepare a map of conservation values, which are shared with the government and industry for use in collaborative planning processes. In this way, they retain and manage sensitive cultural knowledge internally, while making available proxy values useful for climate change adaptation and resource scenario building.
A review of 21 case studies of natural resources management in Australia resulted in a classification of resource management initiatives as indigenous governed collaborations, indigenous-driven co-governance, agency-driven co-governance and agency governance (Hill et al. 2012). They concluded that “indigenous-driven co-governance provides better prospects for integration of IEK and western science for sustainability of social-ecological systems” than agency-driven co-governance and agency governance. They stress the importance of processes that support indigenous governance and do not vest power in government agencies but instead distribute decision making in “wider networks of families and communities” (Hill et al. 2012).
Berkes suggests there are limits to the extent to which science and traditional knowledge can be combined (Berkes 2009), concluding “the two kinds of knowledge should not be blended or synthesised; both should retain its own integrity” as they have their own epitemologies based on different worldviews. “Not taking knowledge out of its cultural context is one of the biggest challenges of indigenous knowledge research” (Berkes 2009).
This review raises issues beyond the narrow context of the exchange of information useful for solving climate-related problems. The exchange of traditional knowledge involves cultural values, multiple legal jurisdictions, risks to cultural sustainability and survival and rights to self-governance. Indigenous peoples are engaging in adaptation projects and knowledge exchanges, and these are leading many documented benefits. Despite these documented benefits, it must be kept in mind they are being invited to mobilize traditional knowledge, often deeply spiritual and core to their identity, to solve large-scale problems they cannot avoid and that are not of their making.
Traditional knowledge and associated biocultural heritage are often already threatened by drivers of global climate change such as population growth, urban sprawl, excessive consumption and land conversion. The consequences of disclosing valuable knowledge can add to these pressures. Indigenous peoples may be wary of sharing because of a history of exploitation, a lack of recognition and respect for their values and rights, a lack of safeguards for the control and proper use of their knowledge and associated biocultural heritage and by a lack of perceived long-term benefits to themselves for sharing. Partnership arrangements without proper safeguards may be encourage them to disclose relatively unprotected knowledge associated with relatively unprotected resources. Knowledge sharing and learning from one another will be critical for finding just and lasting solutions to the climate crisis. As indigenous peoples are some of those least responsible and most threatened by climate impacts, it is the highest duty of those seeking access to their knowledge and resources to ensure they are not further harmed and that their rights in cultural values are fully respected.
These arguments have focused on accommodating indigenous peoples and protection of traditional knowledge. While indigenous peoples wish to keep some of their gifts to themselves, it is clear many also wish to share some of them in the spirit of mutualism and reciprocal accommodation. The earth system is in decline and the indigenous concept of stewardship obligations is a good starting point for healing.
For example, the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003)
Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Folklore http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/
Copyright generally requires that works be written down, or fixed, in order to receive protection. A few legal systems are beginning to recognize some protection for orally transmitted knowledge.
Traditional Knowledge World Bank, http://www.tkwb.org/
United States v. Winans, 198 U.S. 371 (1905)
Undated letter from David J. Hayes, Deputy Secretary of the Interior to the Tulalip Tribes, received 28 September, 2011 and available from the corresponding author.
AIPP (2012) Indigenous peoples and climate change adaptation in Asia. Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP), Thailand, 24 pp
Amankwah HA (2007) Traditional values and modern challenges in property law. J South Pac Law 11:18–38
Anaya SJ (2009) International human rights and indigenous peoples. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, New York
Bannister K (2004) Indigenous knowledge and traditional plant resources of the Secwepemc first nation. In: Riley M (ed) Indigenous intellectual property rights: Legal obstacles and innovative solutions. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, pp 279–308
Berkes F (1993) Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective. In: Inglis JT (ed) Traditional ecological knowledge; concepts and cases. International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Ottawa, pp 1–10
Berkes F (2009) Indigenous ways of knowing and the study of environmental change. J R Soc N Z 39:151–156
Berkes F (2012) Sacred ecology. Routledge, London
Burkett M (2013) Indigenous environmental knowledge and climate change adaptation. In: Abate RS, Kronk EA (eds) Climate change and indigenous peoples: The search for legal remedies. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 96–118
Carpenter KA, Katyal SK, Riley AR (2009) In defense of property. Yale Law J 118:1022–1125
Carpenter KA, Katyal SK, Riley AR (2010) Clarifying cultural property. Int J Cult Prop 17:581–598
Clements R, Haggar J, Quezada A, Torres J (2011) Technologies for climate change adaptation—agriculture sector. UNEP Risø Centre, Roskilde
Coombe RJ (2009) The expanding purview of cultural properties and their politics. Annu Rev Law Soc Scie 5:393–412
Curci J (2010) The protection of biodiversity and traditional knowledge in international Law of intellectual property. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Davidson-Hunt IJ, Turner KL, Mead ATP, Cabrera-Lopez J, Bolton R, Idrobo CJ, Miretski I, Morrison A, Robson JP (2012) Biocultural design: a new conceptual framework for sustainable development in rural indigenous and local communities. Sapiens 5:33–45
Doremus HD, Tarlock AD (2008) Water War in the Klamath basin: Macho Law, combat biology, and dirty politics. Island Press, Washington, DC
Egeru A (2012) Role of indigenous knowledge in climate change adaptation: a case study of the teso Sub-region, eastern Uganda. Indian J Tradit Knowl 11:217–224
Fienup-Riordan A, Rearden A (2010) The ice is always changing: Yup’ik understandings of sea ice, past and present. In: Krupnik I, Aporta C, Gearheard S, Laidler GJ, Holm LK (eds) SIKU: knowing Our Ice: Documenting Inuit Sea Ice knowledge and Use. Springer, Berlin, pp 303–328
Fletcher MLM (2012) Resisting congress: Free speech and tribal law. In: Carpenter KA, Fletcher MLM, Riley AR (eds) The Indian civil rights Act at forty. UCLA American Indian Studies Center, Los Angeles, pp 133–158
FSC (2012) FSC Guidelines for the Implementation of the Right to Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). Version 1. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Bonn
Girot P, Ehrhart C, Oglethorpe JwR, Hannah, Rossing T, Gambarelli G, Jeans H, Barrow E, Martin S, Ikkala N, Phillips J (2011) Integrating Community and Ecosystem-Based Approaches in Climate Change Adaptation Responses. Ecosystems and Livelihoods Adaptation Network (ELAN), p. 19pp
Goodman EC (2000) Protecting habitat for off-reservation tribal hunting and fishing rights: tribal comanagement as a reserved right. Environl Law 30:279–361
Green D, Raygorodetsky G (2010) Indigenous knowledge of a changing climate. Clim Chang 100:239–242
Hardison PD, Bannister K (2011) Ethics in ethnobiology: History, international law and policy, and contemporary issues. In: Anderson EN, Pearsall D, Hunn E, Turner N (eds) Ethnobiology. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken New Jersey, pp 27–49
Helfer LR, Austin GW (2011) Human rights and intellectual property: Mapping the global interface. Cambridge University Press, New York
Hill R, Grant C, George M, Robinson CJ, Jackson S, Abel N (2012) Typology of indigenous engagement in Australian environmental management: Implications for knowledge integration and socialecological system sustainability. Ecol Soc 17(1):23
Hiwasaki L (2012) ‘Water for Life’.. water for whose life? water, cultural diversity and sustainable development in the united nations. In: Johnston BR (ed) Water, cultural diversity, and global environmental change: Emerging trends, sustainable futures? Springer, Berlin, pp 509–531
Huntington HP (2000) Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: methods and applications. Ecol Appl 10(5):1270–1274
Johnston BR (2012) Water, cultural diversity, and global environmental change: Emerging trends, sustainable futures? United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris
Kipuri N (2009) Culture. in UNDSP (ed.) State of the world’s indigenous peoples. united nations division for social policy and development—Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, New York, New York, pp. 52–81
Laird S, Wynberg R (2008) Access and benefit-sharing in practice: Trends in Partnerships Across Sectors. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD), Montreal, Quebec
Little Bear L (2000) Jagged worldviews colliding. In: Battiste M (ed) Reclaiming indigenous voice and vision. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, pp 77–85
Mason L, White G, Gea M (2012) Listening and learning from traditional knowledge and Western Science: a dialogue on contemporary challenges of forest health and wildfire. J For 110:187–193
McLean KG (2010) Advance guard: Climate change impacts, adaptation. Mitigation and Indigenous Peoples. United Nations University—Traditional Knowledge Initiative, Darwin
McManis C, Terán Y (2011) Trends and scenarios in the legal protection of traditional knowledge. In: Wong T, Dutfield G (eds) Intellectual property and human development: current trends and future scenarios. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 139–166
Moerman DE (1998) Native American ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland
Nakashima DJ, Galloway McLean K, Thulstrup HD, Ramos Castillo A, Rubis JT (2012) Weathering uncertainty: Traditional knowledge for climate change assessment and adaptation. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris
Nie M (2008) The Use of co-management and protected land-use designations to protect tribal cultural resources and reserved treaty rights on Federal Lands. Nat Res J 48:585–647
Noble B (2009) Owning as belonging/owning as property: The crisis of power and respect in first nations heritage transactions with Canada. In: Bell C, Napoleon V (eds) First nations cultural heritage and Law: Case studies, voices, and perspectives. UBC Press, Vancouver, pp 465–488
Pevar S (2012) The rights of Indians and tribes. Oxford University Press, New York
Richards RT, Alexander SJ (2006) A social history of wild huckleberry harvesting in the pacific northwest. US department of agriculture forest. Service—Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland
Riley AR (2005) “Straight stealing”: towards an indigenous system of cultural property protection. Wash Law Rev 80:69–165
Riley AR (2007) Good (native) governance. Columbia Law Rev 107:1049–1125
Smith C (2010) Full faith and credit in cross-jurisdictional recognition of tribal court decisions revisited. Calif Law Rev 98:1393–1436
Thom B, Bain D (2004) Aboriginal intangible property in Canada: An ethnographic review. Industry Canada - Marketplace Framework Policy Branch, Ottawa
Thornton TF, Scheer AM (2012) Collaborative engagement of local and traditional knowledge and science in marine environments: a review. Ecol Soc 17:8
Timbrook J (1987) Virtuous herbs: plants in Chumash medicine. J Ethnobiol 7:171–180
Trosper RL, Clark F, Gerez-Fernandez P, Lake F, McGregor D, Peters CM, Purata S, Ryan T, Thomson A, Watson AE, Wyatt S (2012) North America. In: Parrotta JA, Trosper RL (eds) Traditional forest-related knowledge: Sustaining communities, ecosystems, and biocultural diversity. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 15–201
Tsosie R (2007) Cultural challenges to biotechnology: native American genetic resources and the concept of cultural harm. J Law, Med Ethics 36:396–411
Tsosie R (2013) Climate change and indigenous peoples: Comparative models of sovereignty. In: Abate RS, Kronk EA (eds) Climate change and indigenous peoples: The search for legal remedies. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 79–95
Weatherhead E, Gearheard S, Barry RG (2010) Changes in weather persistence: insight from Inuit knowledge. Glob Env Change 20:523–528
WIPO (2012) Intellectual property and genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions. WIPO, Geneva
Wynberg, R, Schroeder, D, Chennells, R (2009) Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing: Lessons from the San-Hoodia Case. Springer, Berlin
This article is part of a Special Issue on "Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States: Impacts, Experiences, and Actions" edited by Julie Koppel Maldonado, Rajul E. Pandya, and Benedict J. Colombi.
About this article
Cite this article
Williams, T., Hardison, P. Culture, law, risk and governance: contexts of traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation. Climatic Change 120, 531–544 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0850-0
- Indigenous People
- Traditional Knowledge
- Climate Change Adaptation
- Knowledge Exchange
- Traditional Ecological Knowledge
|
<urn:uuid:4385dee0-d3df-4e3d-80de-9473835af61e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-0850-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=3b3ccb73-2677-473d-9abb-3ff1503a58ce
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737319.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808080642-20200808110642-00004.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918133 | 9,535 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Since 1987, the KMDB, according to
the order of the Ministry of Defence Industry of the USSR No. 328 of
May 27, 1987 included Department No.61 of the Industrial Association
Malyshev Plant - the design bureau for designing heavy full tracked
prime movers and engineer vehicles on their basis. Thus, the
KMDB became an enterprise engaged in designing not only main battle tanks, but
an full range of
military tracked vehicles.
Development of prime movers at the Kharkiv
Locomotive Plant has its glorious history. It also began in 1924, when production of the Kommunar
track-laying tractor was started, the German Hanomag tractor having been chosen as a prototype. This tractor was used
by the Red Army for towing heavy artillery systems. For servicing and manufacturing such vehicles, a design team was
singled out from the Kharkiv Locomotive Plant's technical
office, which later on, when the tank production facility was separated, continued to improve tractors. As the Kommunar
tractor became obsolete by the early 1930s and did not meet the requirements of the Red Army as to power and speed
of artillery system towing, then by the order of the Supreme Artillery Office the Kharkiv
Locomotive Plant's designers headed by B.N. Voronkov started to design a prime mover designated the Komintern.
For unification purposes the prime mover design was based on the assemblies of the T-24
tank. The prototypes built in 1931 revealed that the prime mover designed according to the tractor scheme gave no
advantage over its predecessor.
The design drawbacks were eliminated under the leadership of N.G. Zubarev. The prime mover layout was
considerably changed. It received a closed cabin and a cargo platform, and for the first time in the national practice
a power winch was mounted on it. The tests showed clearly that on the whole the vehicle met the requirements as to
towing artillery systems of 152 mm calibre, and series production of these vehicles commenced in 1935. Total production
of the Komintern amounted to 2,000 vehicles, which were widely used in the army
and national economy well into the late 1940s.
Voroshilovets artillery tractor during trials
Artillery systems of 203-305 mm
calibre were accepted for service and therefore there emerged a need
for a prime mover with a higher towing force than that of the
Komintern prime mover.
The designing of such vehicle at the Kharkiv
Locomotive Plant commenced in 1935, and it was designated the Voroshilovets.
The first two prime movers were built in 1936. The layout was identical to that of the Komintern prime mover, but
the new prime mover featured an enhanced transmission, running gear, winch, and, beginning with 1938, the V-2V diesel
engine (a variant of the tank engine) was installed in it. Series production commenced in the same year.
In 1940 the prime mover together with two first tanks of the T-34 type made a run as a technical support
under hard winter conditions from Kharkiv to Moscow and
back. Throughout the Second World War the prime mover was effectively used at all the fronts and took part in the
Victory Parade in Moscow. Total production of the Voroshilovets was about 1,200 vehicles.
(in the centre)
the first Komintern artilery tractor
After the evacuation of the Kharkiv Locomotive
Plant in 1941 from Kharkiv to Nizhnyi Tagil the designers
of prime mover were included into the Tank Design Bureau and were dealing with issues of tank series production. However,
in the war years they also designed the AT-42 and AT-45 prime movers on the basis of the T-34 tank at the Plant No.
183. Work on the next generation of prime movers could be started only after the war, when the Kharkiv
Locomotive Plant was restored at its initial place. In 1944 a test batch of the AT-45 was manufactured there, but
as the plant started to manufacture the T-44 tank, the work on this prime mover ceased.
When in 1946 production of the T-54 tank began, the designers headed by M.N. Shchukin
and A.I. Avtomonov started to design a prime mover called the Izdeliye 401 (Product 401) on the basis of this tank.
This work was ordered by the GAU and the TsVTU. The prime mover successfully completed a series of trials and in 1953
first series production examples of the AT-T (artillery prime mover,
heavy) were manufactured.
Trials of the AT-45 artillery tractor
The army needed a vehicle of such class, and the plant manufactured them in the 1950s in larger quantities
than tanks. The AT-T was universally adopted and continually modified. Together with
other enterprises, on its basis were created: BAT-1 (Izdeliye 405U
(Product 405U)) and BAT-1M (Izdeliye 405MU) track-layers, air defence control post (Izdeliye 426), army ditching machine
(Izdeliye 409). As to the cross-country capabilities under severe conditions the AT-T
prime mover had no match among wheeled or tracked vehicles, which made it possible to create on its basis a special
artillery tractor for transporting loads and towing sledge trailers at low temperatures in the regions of the Far
North and Antarctica (Izdeliye 401A and Izdeliye 403 A, B) and vehicles for transantarctic
runs deep into the continent.
Chief Designer of Plant № 75 in 1944-1949
Designer of Department 61 in 1954-1965
In 1979 the AT-T was replaced by the
MT-T prime mover (multipurpose carrier prime mover, also referred to as the Izdeliye 429AM). Its designing
started under the leadership of A.D. Motrich and then of M.P. Kalugin and was caused by the fact that the new generation
of tanks that entered service with the Army, required creation of engineer vehicles capable to interact with them.
In the 1980s on the basis of this vehicle, under the leadership of P.I. Sagir, the following vehicles were developed
and put into series production: BAT-2 track-layer (Izdeliye 454), MDK excavating
machine (Izdeliye 453) and (after 1990, within the framework of civilian conversion efforts) KGS-25 self-propelling
crane and BG-1 bulldozer.
MT-T artillery tractor
tows a heavy cannon
MDK excating machine
Chief Designer of Department 61 in 1965-1970
Chief Designer of Department 61 in 1970-1974
Chief Designer of Department 61 in 1974-1987
|
<urn:uuid:2c81f7f9-c4f2-4b9e-baa9-bb59590fdbe5>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://morozov.com.ua/eng/body/history4-17.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424148.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722202635-20170722222635-00650.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956568 | 1,492 | 2.75 | 3 |
Global Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia
This document outlines a global action plan to support countries in controlling pneumonia, providing a framework for action around which partners can coordinate their efforts. The document summarizes the global situation with respect to pneumonia, and how control of the disease can help achieve the Millennium Development Goal related to child mortality. It also projects the cost of scaling up key interventions of proven benefits, such as exclusive breastfeeding, vaccination, and treatment of pneumonia, and outlines the priority actions that are required of various stakeholders to ensure progress.
Author(s): World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund
Download file (English)
673 KB PDF (Located at whqlibdoc.who.int)
|
<urn:uuid:72912a79-0a89-4b4f-b0bf-8094d950af21>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/details.php?i=943
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510264270.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011744-00359-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.901977 | 145 | 2.875 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.