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Procedure Guideline for Inserting a Nasogastric Tube
- Verify the health care provider’s orders.
- Perform hand hygiene.
- Gather the necessary equipment and supplies.
- Provide for the patient’s privacy.
- Introduce yourself to the patient and family, if present.
- Identify the patient using two identifiers, such as name and birth date or name and account number, according to your agency’s policy.
Wat Procedure Guideline for Inserting a Nasogastric Tube
- Explain the procedure. Assess the patient’s cough and gag reflexes.
- Position the patient upright in the high Fowler’s position, unless contraindicated. If the patient is comatose, raise the head of the bed, as tolerated, into the semi-Fowler’s position. If necessary, have NAP help with the positioning of confused or comatose patients. If the patient must lie supine, place him or her in the reverse Trendelenburg position.
- Apply the pulse oximeter, and measure the patient’s vital signs.
- Assess the patency of each nare.
- To determine the length of the tube to be inserted, measure the distance from the tip of the nose to the earlobe, and then from the earlobe to the xiphoid process of the sternum. Mark the required tube length with tape or indelible ink.
- If the tube has a surface lubricant, dip it into a glass of room-temperature water to activate it. For other tubes, apply a water-soluble lubricant, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
- Apply clean gloves.
- Prepare the nasogastric or nasoenteric tube for intubation:
- Using a 30-mL to 60-mL catheter-tip syringe, inject 10 mL of water into the tube. If you are using a stylet, make certain it is securely positioned within the tube.
- Explain the procedure to the patient, and then gently insert the tube through one nostril to the back of the throat (posterior nasopharynx), aiming back and down toward the ear. The patient may gag.
- As the tube passes the nasopharynx, have the patient bend his or her head toward the chest.
- Encourage the patient to swallow by giving him or her small sips of water or ice chips. Advance the tube as the patient swallows. Emphasize that the patient needs to mouth breathe and swallow throughout the procedure.
- When the tip of the tube is approximately 25 cm to 30 cm [10 inches to 12 inches], assess for air coming out of the tubing. If the tube entered the trachea instead of the esophagus, air exchange may be heard. If air is present, withdrawal the tube and start again. If there is no air, continue to advance the tube to the distance marker.
- Check the tube position at the back of the patient’s throat with a penlight and tongue blade.
- Temporarily anchor the tube to the patient’s nose with a small piece of tape.
- Check the placement of the tube by aspirating stomach contents and checking pH. See the video skill “Managing a Nasogastric Tube.”
- Anchor the tube to the patient’s nose, avoiding pressure on the nares. Mark the exit site on the tube with indelible ink. Select one of the following options for anchoring:
- Apply a tincture of benzoin or other skin adhesive to the tip of the patient’s nose. It should feel tacky.
- Remove your gloves. Cut a piece of hypo-allergenic tape 10 cm (4 inches) long, or prepare a membrane dressing or other securing device. Split one end of the tape lengthwise 5 cm (2 inches).
- Place the intact end of the tape over the bridge of the patient’s nose. Secure the ends of the new tape out of the way while removing the temporary tape.
- Wrap each of the 5-cm strips in opposite directions around the tube as it exits the nose.
- Apply a tincture of benzoin or another skin protectant to the patient’s cheek and to the area of the tube to be secured.
- Place the tube against the patient’s cheek, and secure it with the membrane dressing, out of the patient’s line of vision.
Tube fixation device:
- Apply the wide end of the patch to the bridge of the patient’s nose.
- Slip the connector around the feeding tube where it exits the nose.
- Fasten the end of the NG tube to the patient’s gown using a clip or a piece of tape. Do not use safety pins to pin the tube to the gown.
- Help the patient into a comfortable position.
- Obtain a chest or abdominal xray to verify placement.
- Apply clean gloves, and administer oral hygiene. Clean the tubing at the nostril with a washcloth dampened in mild soap and water.
- Dispose of used supplies.
- Remove and dispose of used gloves. Perform hand hygiene.
- Help the patient into a comfortable position, and place toiletries and personal items within reach.
- Place the call light within easy reach, and make sure the patient knows how to use it to summon assistance.
- To ensure the patient’s safety, raise the appropriate number of side rails and lower the bed to the lowest position.
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We just returned from a trip to Upper Michigan where we hiked in the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park. This is an amazing park, close to sixty thousand acres of wilderness and almost half is old growth forest (the largest track west of the Adirondacks).
A large escarpment runs through the park running parallel to Lake Superior giving spectacular views of the interior of the park. In the shallow soils along the escarpment we found Bearberry, Blueberry, Serviceberry, Northern White Cedar, Common Juniper, Red Pine and Pin Oak.
In the small rock crevices Three Leaved Cinquefoil, Common Yarrow, Harebell and Goldenrod (possibly Ontario Goldenrod) thrived.
Views from the highest point in the park from an overlook looking north towards Lake Superior.
Wintergreen and Bunchberry were common woodland natives, as well as Partridgeberry, Hepatica and Jack in the Pulpits.
Large clusters of Cinnamon Fern and Sensitive Fern were along many of the hiking trails in the old growth forests growing under Sugar Maples.
There are many waterfalls in the park, as many small and large tributaries flow from the hilly terrain into Lake Superior.
Large Hemlocks create a densely shaded understory limiting the number of herbaceous plants. Wild Sarsaparilla, and Bluebead Lily were found in the spongy forest floor beneath the Hemlocks, as well as several types of wood sedges and maple saplings.
A large white pine which we estimated to be 13 feet in circumference towered above the Hemlocks at the top of a ridge by the Presque Isle River.
View of the Presque Isle river, with its tannin colored waters and many waterfalls.
The slate bedrock in the river had circular holes worn into it from the river.
The other predominant tree species in the old growth forests was Yellow Birch. Often unrecognizable due to their size as the distinctive peeling bark is less apparent.
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A sterile instrument manufactured to be utilized for assessing and examining the surrounding vasculature. It may have threaded shaft which links to the intramed imaging device connector and all quality cameras, irrigation ways with luer fittings, and light post that can be linked to all quality light origin cables and other concerning attributes.
Angioscopy is a procedural diagnosis methodology for assessing the internal diaphragm of blood vessels. In this method, a adaptable fiberoptic catheter placed rightly into an artery. It can be of great use in assessing and evaluation of arterial embolism. Angioscopy is also utilized as an adjunctive process throughout vascular bypass to envision valves inside venous channels.
Angioscopy related Coronary artery, which primarily was utilized to expose the identification of a blood clot in the coronary arteries of subjects with unsteady chest pain and myocardial obstruction of blood supply, is currently extensively utilized in catherization labs to assess stents.
Define Angioscope: An adjustable endoscope that is utilized to apparently assess the inner configuration of a blood vessel. The angioscope permits physicians to be extraordinarily precise in diagnosing and correcting blood vessel clots.
Model: Now in today’s market of surgical industry there are Disposable Angioscope which feature a distinctive ten thousand pixel, blended optical fiber parcel that supplies a sharp picture and sturdy wear resistance. When connected with a valvulotome, it supplies straight vision of valves for quicker, ergonomic, and additionally influential valvulotomy throughout vein arterial bypass processes. The angioscope is perfectly configurable with majority endoscopic video devices.
- Visible Imaging
- Accurate control
- Flexible to apply and configure
- On site bypass processes for direct visualization of valves and secondary branches
- Uncover thrombectomy processes to make sure clot discharge
- AV Access processes to assess vein excellence
- Examine vein status before transfer
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Nature Topic: Meadow Voles
Nature Topic: Black Flies
Nature Topic: Gray Fox
Nature Topic: Common Strawberry
Nature Topic: Great Blue Heron
Nature Topic: Yellow Clintonia / Bluebead Lily
Spring Coming-out Season for Bears
Leave No Trace Principles
Late Fall Hiking: How to Hike in Comfort and Safety
A Fascination with Fire Towers in New Hampshire and Vermont
Why Leaves Change Color in the Fall
Gear: The Ten Essentials
Full Gear List of What to Take With You on the Trail
Hiking Safely Through the Seasons in the Mountains
If You Get Lost: How to Self-Rescue
Alpine Zone Preservation
hikeSafe: Hiker Responsibility Code
E. Ann Poole
Some of winter's stories are revealed in March as the snow evaporates layer-by-layer, blown clean by the bitter night wind. Tracks like fossils crisscross our field, connecting islands of piled rocks to stone walls and tufts of dried weeds. The trails tell tales – mostly mundane, some confounding, and a few dramatic or even tragic. Tragic, that is, if you root for the presumed underdog which in this case was a meadow vole.
Bearing a resemblance in miniature to their cousin the muskrat, meadow voles or field mice are rotund with longish fur and small ears. They measure 3 to 5 inches long with a 1 to 2 inch hairless tail. Female voles can have between one and five litters in a year, producing about five pups in each litter. Though voles reproduce frequently and produce many offspring, they have a relatively short life. On average, a meadow vole living in its natural environment will live about five months. In summer, meadow voles stay well hidden in a network of burrows and nests among thick clumps of grass and sedge. In winter, they travel over the ground in a labyrinth of snow tunnels feeding on grasses, seeds and the live bark of shrubs and saplings. They seldom travel out of the tunnel; all their needs are met under the cover of snow.
Beneath the protective blanket of snow, the temperature in the tunnels is often several degrees warmer than the surface. Uneaten grass often covers the snow tunnel floor like a runner. As spring approaches and the snow recedes, the grassy runways can be easily seen and followed.
In addition to protecting the voles from cold and wind, the tunnels provide a certain amount of security. To find the voles, predators have developed keen hearing. Foxes and coyotes will stand above the snow with their ears pointed forward listening for a vole running through its tunnel. When they locate one, they will leap and dive trying to catch the vole between their paws. This tactic may be attempted several times. In the end they will either enjoy a tasty meal, or if the vole is lucky, just a mouthful of snow.
January and February are often lean months for the meadow vole's predators. Rain on snow can freeze solid, locking out foxes and owls. But in March as the sun's ray strengthen and the snow softens and recedes, the odds improve for foxes and owls. Which leads one to wonder, in winter which really is the underdog – the hunter or the hunted?
E. Ann Poole is a Consulting Ecologist & Environmental Planner in Hillsborough, NH. She can be reached by calling 603.478.1178 or via the web at
Fox pouncing on meadow vole below the snow
Welcome hikers, walkers, and snowshoers!
This site is geared towards those that love to be outside. Whether you're looking for outdoor fitness and recreation or wishing to find peace and serenity through nature - we have suggestions for you.
Our free hiking trail guide resource offers everything from short, easy, nature walks to challenging mountain climbs above timberline in the alpine zone. The detailed trail reports with hike descriptions, trail maps, photos, and driving directions serve as a great planning tool. Many of the trail guides are based on hikes in the beautiful White Mountains of New Hampshire.
We offer ideas for all seasons so take those boots or snowshoes out of the closet and go for a hike! Get revitalized and melt away stress; there's always a special peace or joy in being surrounded by nature whether you're all alone on a remote path or on a busy trail exchanging cheerful greetings with like-minded people.
HikeNewEngland.com covers hikes in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
Please check the links below to get the latest status, closures, and alerts regarding forest roads, trails, and campgrounds.
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The information on this site may freely be used for personal purposes but may not be replicated on other websites or publications. If you want to reference some content on this site, please link to us.
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About 50 years ago, over 15,000 families in the Kaiser Permanente Health Plan joined the Child Health and Development Studies, a landmark study of pregnancy and child development. Today, families continue to participate in the CHDS, allowing scientists to discover how disease starts even before birth - not just by genes, but also through social, personal, and environmental surroundings.
Our goal is to learn enough to prevent diseases before they happen, including widespread health conditions like obesity, diabetes, asthma, heart disease, cancer, learning problems and mental illness. Learn more.
Breast cancer and the environment: Women's exposures early in life could unlock mysteries. Read more.
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diabetes is no longer a mystery to any of us. This dreadful disease has affected more than millions of people including young and the old. Diabetes is the outcome of malfunctioning of insulin. One can blame genetics or today’s lifestyle for the increase in this life threatening disease. Although this disease has known to kill several people, it can certainly be controlled with the help of balanced diet. Diabetic menu diets are especially designed by experts and doctors to help you manage your blood sugar levels. Abiding by your diabetic menus and diets will help you lead a healthy and carefree life.
There are several diabetic menus and diets to choose from. However, one needs to follow a diabetic diet that suits his/her body. No two people are similar and thus no 2 diabetics can follow a same diet. Though you may have some similarities in your diet, there will certainly be a difference in the portions. Being able to understand your body and its need will help you manage diabetes and stay healthy for all your life. Diabetic menus and diets are combination of various healthy foods. Its main concern is to bring your sugar levels to normal and help you fight diabetes.
A diabetic person is recommended to eat small meals in short intervals. Normally a diabetic is asked to take 4 small meals throughout the day, and at times it can go up to 6 meals a day. It is best not to skip these meals as it can disrupt your blood sugar levels. A diabetic menu will have a combination of food items that can provide your body with required amount of nutrients and calories. To be on a safer side, it is good to stay away from fatty food stuff. Include only complex carbohydrates in your diet, along with fiber, proteins and some amount of fats. Carbohydrates being the source of energy, one needs to include them in diabetic diets.
Diabetic menus and diets should consist of fresh fruits and vegetables like, berries, apple, banana, peach and vegetables like green beans, leafy vegetables, cucumber, tomatoes, cucumber, broccoli, and lettuce. These vegetables can be taken in any form like soup or steamed. Fish and eggs should not be left behind when planning a diabetic diet. Small portion of chicken and turkey breast also serves healthy. Skimmed milk, sour cream, and yoghurt, along with nuts and bread are good for snacks. When gorging on sweets and desserts, make sure they are prepared out of artificial sweeteners with zero calories.
Diabetic meals should be planned considering the amount of calories your body needs to take in. A good diabetic menus and diets will ensure that your blood sugar levels are well controlled helping you stay off worries. Diabetic diet followed with a strict exercise regime will bring in positive changes in your body making you feel lighter and good.
A good understanding about the various food groups will help you plan your own meals. Make sure the diabetic menu and diets that you choose do not exceed the required amount of calories. Assistance from a medical expert will help you choose the best diabetic diet that suits your body.
An Excellent Healthy Drink for Diabetics!
Did you know that flavored carbonated water has no calories, sugar, body, sweetener, color or preservatives?
The taste is fantastic, extremely refreshing and gives diabetics a great drink without any carbohydrates. A large
and affordable assortment of flavored carbonated water concentrate is available for free delivery world wide from
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NCERT Class 6:A Pact With the Sun:The Old-Clock Shop
Textual Questions and Exercises
Q1. What made Ray think the visitor was not really a shopper?
Ans. Ray old, wise eyes told him that this was not a shopper because there was no sign of friendliness in his eyes and his other friend remained at the door.
Q2. Why do you think he had come to the shop?
Ans. I thought he was down on his luck and had come to rob Ray’s shop.
Q3. How did Ray communicate with him?
Ans. Ray communicated with him by writing his messages on notepad with pencil because he was deaf and dumb. The visitor also replied by doing the same process.
Q4. What do you think the man said to his friend who waited at the door?
Ans. I think the man said that the shop owner is deaf and dumb to his friend who waited at the door.
Q5. Ray was not a pawnbroker. Why then did he lend money to people in exchange for their old watches and clocks?
Ans. He lend money to people in exchange for their old watches and clocks because he was kind hearted. He couldn’t say ‘No’ to the needy people who placed their old watches or clocks before him for anything they could get.
Q6. “The watch was nothing special and yet had great powers.” In what sense did it have ‘great powers’?
Ans. “The watch was nothing special and yet had great powers.” because it can be exchanged for money and pull out a person from bad situation. Also, it saved Mr. Ray from getting any physical injury and robbery.
Q7. Do you think the man would ever come back to pick up the watch?
Ans. Yes, i think that the man would return to pick up the watch. Before leaving the shop, he himself wrote that he would return to pick up the watch and also he was grateful to Mr. Ray and must be touched by his kindness.
Q8. When did “the unfriendly face” of the visitor turn truly friendly?
Ans. The unfriendly face of the visitor turn truly friendly when Ray gave him fifty dollar note for his ordinary watch which was not worth that much. Also, he was surprised to know that Mr. Ray was deaf and dumb and ready to help him.
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Heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) form a hot, dense medium called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), in which the primary constituents are thought to be quarks and gluons produced in the initial interactions of the nuclei. Besides typical heavy ion collisions, where the nucleons in the colliding nuclei undergo multiple strong interactions with each other, there is also a class of “ultraperipheral” collisions. In these collisions, the nuclei are far enough apart to miss each other, but the surrounding electromagnetic field of one nucleus is able to interact both with the other nucleus (“photonuclear” interactions) and with the other electromagnetic field (“photon-photon” interactions).
These interactions provide ATLAS with the means to study quantum electrodynamic (QED) processes, such as dilepton production and light-by-light scattering (first seen by ATLAS in 2017), and quantum chromodynamics (QCD), via the study of the quark-gluon substructure of nuclei. However, it remained an open question whether dileptons from photon-photon interactions could be observed in more typical high-multiplicity interactions of heavy ions and, if so, whether they would be sensitive to the dramatically increased charge density inside the QGP.
To study dimuons in lead-lead collision data, ATLAS analysed two variables characterizing the kinematic properties of the two oppositely-charged muons, namely “acoplanarity” and “momentum asymmetry”. The “acoplanarity” variable measures how much the two muons are not back-to-back. The “momentum asymmetry” variable reflects the relative difference in the transverse momenta of the muons, or the momentum that is perpendicular to the beam line. Both quantities are large for muons decaying from heavy flavor mesons, while both are nearly zero for the gamma-gamma process.
As heavy flavor mesons have a long lifetime, they travel an appreciable distance before decaying and so can be measured precisely by the ATLAS pixel detector as the distance where the track is closest to where the event occurred. Using this distance, the fraction of heavy flavor decays can be estimated, and allowing the most important background to be subtracted from measured distributions of the acoplanarity and the momentum asymmetry.
The corrected acoplanarity distributions are shown in Figure 1. The rightmost panel shows two distributions. One is the acoplanarity distribution for the approximately 20% of events with the lowest amount of transverse energy in the ATLAS forward calorimeter. These events are primarily “ultraperipheral” and reflect isolated gamma-gamma interactions, and are used as a reference for the other measured events. The other distribution (“40-80%”) represent pairs from 40% of events with higher transverse energy, which is understood to arise from having a greater overlap between the colliding lead nuclei. One can already see that the measured acoplanarity distribution is somewhat wider. Over the next three panels, moving to the right, the distributions get progressively wider, with the 10% most “central” events being more than twice as wide as the reference distribution.
Given that the two muons started out nearly back-to-back, what could have caused this change in their relative angles as the two lead ions overlapped more and more? One plausible scenario is that one of the muons passed through the quark-gluon plasma, which has a high density of charged quarks and anti-quarks. This could have caused the muon to scatter off of at least one of the quarks, changing the muon’s angle slightly. To compare the data with models of such scenarios, the width of the acoplanarity distribution is converted to a characteristic transverse momentum imparted to each of the muons, relative to its original direction. This is shown in Figure 2 as a function of the number of participating nucleons, which increases with forward transverse energy. It shows that central events impart an extra 70 MeV relative to what is observed for muons in ultraperipheral collisions. This offers the intriguing possibility that muon pairs from gamma-gamma interactions can be used to study the charge density of the quark-gluon plasma produced in central heavy ion collisions.
- Quark Matter 2018 presentation by Peter Steinberg: Measurements of the photo-production of jets in ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
- See also the full lists of ATLAS Conference Notes and ATLAS Physics Papers.
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Container orchestration — Kubernetes in particular — has become a ubiquitous tool for developers. Kubernetes represents an interface layer and a common delivery platform in which both operations and developers can collaborate to increase reliability of applications, while utilizing each of their complementary expertise. It was first developed by Google Cloud and later donated to the Cloud Native Computing Foundation as an open-source platform designed to give development teams of all sizes control and flexibility over software deployed in a data center.
The History of Kubernetes
Let’s take a look at software development history. Early on, organizations ran applications on physical servers with no way to define resource boundaries for applications, causing resource allocation issues and halting scalability. Then came virtualization. Virtualization allowed applications to be isolated between virtual machines (VMs) but without being able to freely access each other. Scalability had increased due to the ability to more rapidly create VMs. Now, to containerization. Containers are like VMs but with relaxed isolation properties that share the operating system (OS) kernel among applications. Because containers are decoupled from the underlying infrastructure, they become portable across clouds and on-prem solutions.
Containers allow software to be deployed in a whole new way, including as microservices, where a monolithic application is broken down into smaller parts and managed individually. Kubernetes automates the deployment and lifecycle, while scaling and managing these smaller applications.
Kubernetes was developed thanks to the rise of Docker, another developer tool that makes the development and delivery of containers super easy to use.
Docker provides a way for developers to package an application and its dependencies such as a database or OS on a laptop. They can then deploy the application to a server unchanged. The challenge here is you could potentially have hundreds of these microservices for a single application. Once you multiply that across an organization, a “manager” is required to keep all pistons firing in that container.
How does Kubernetes pull all of this off?
Imagine Kubernetes as a network, and the application is on that network in a secure box. They are both inside this box talking to each other, with the developer deciding specifically what the conversation is about. They don’t have to worry about anything going on outside of that box. In fact, everything is totally isolated within the box, or container, with Kubernetes — and the developer is totally in control of the environment.
That’s the idea of container orchestration, and since developers are using containers to deploy everything, Kubernetes has become an essential tool to manage them. Kubernetes is not a container itself, the containers are the applications running within the Kubernetes system. It’s really all about managing multiple groups of containers simultaneously since there is no discovery mechanism built into Kubernetes. They provide a Domain Name System (DNS) convention that allow applications to find each other.
Kubernetes provides the containers with the central processor (CPU) and memory they require along with storage, almost like cloud in-a-box. And because Kubernetes allows developers to simulate a whole network of computers connected together, software can be easily and flexibly deployed into a data center environment. That’s because within Kubernetes, it has its own ecosystem.
Kubernetes also performs many other key processes such as:
Developers looking for help with fully implementing a container-based infrastructure that automates many operational tasks will find Kubernetes as a must-have tool. Our help is best served around how you can utilize Kubernetes to orchestrate not only your applications, but the methods in which you develop software to become more efficient as an organization. Contact Nortal to get started on deployment today.
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Ethanol plants could begin seeing demand for zein (pronounced ZEE-in), one of ethanol's byproducts, coming from new market areas in the months ahead. New uses for the well-known corn protein are on the horizon, thanks to efforts of researchers at the ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) in Peoria, IL.
NCAUR chemist David Sessa developed a new method for purifying zein to remove its color and odor components. Those two elements make zein undesirable for use in a variety of products, including biomedicines.
UNPURIFIED ZEIN is currently used in specialty coatings, such as for paper. The new process makes commercial production of purified zein economically viable. It may now be suitable for cosmetic and biomedical applications.
“Sessa's process is not only elegant, it's a very cost-effective way to use zein, which is now readily available from ethanol byproducts,” says Bruno Marino, consultant to Global Protein Products, Inc. “Global Protein will be using Sessa's process and take our pilot scale operation to a commercial scale.”
Marino says Global Protein isn't ready to discuss the types of products they'll produce with zein, but notes there is an industrial demand for the product.
“Chewing gum manufacturers would like to use zein,” he says. “Its properties also make it a viable option for use in the medical field. Because of its plant origin, there's no danger of prion (an animal protein known to cause disease) or viruses. It appears to be the only plant-based component suitable for tissue scaffolding, used for skin regeneration.”
UNTIL SESSA MADE his breakthrough, activated carbons were used to bind and trap the compounds causing zein's color and odor. Between 37% and 95% of zein was lost in the process, causing the end product to be very costly. Sessa's study of the existing process led him to use zeolites, silicate or clay-based particles, whose pores act as molecular sieves to trap zein's color and odor compounds. He's been able to reduce zein's absorption to 25% to minimize the loss and make the process both more satisfactory and economical.
Because zein is an incomplete protein and has little nutritional value, its use for commercial products doesn't threaten world food costs or supplies.
In 2007, 7.8 billion gallons of ethanol production resulted in 14.6 million metric tons of dried distillers' grains (DDGs). Extracting zein from DDGs will make it a more economically appealing product; it was previously derived from corn gluten meal.
“If you can accomplish that with low cost, you open up all sorts of doors,” he says.
Zein was first identified in 1897. It forms tough, glossy, hydrophobic grease-proof coatings highly resistant to microbial attack. Potential uses for zein manufactured at low cost include fiber, adhesives and ink. Zein can be transformed into a renewable and valuable maize coproduct, in Global Protein's opinion.
“As such, a commercial supply of zein could have a positive effect on corn pricing, but many uncertainties remain,” Marino says. “High-value applications for zein are now particularly attractive as a result of Sessa's technology, offering a consistent source of the material not previously available. Zein will likely be recognized as a preferred renewable biopolymer by those seeking a green edge in their products.”
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Often, people confuse a backflow prevention device with check valve, which prevents the backflow of wastewater into the house’s basement. This is quite normal since it is a very common application in residential buildings. A backflow prevention device also protects against backflow, that is, a reversal of the direction of water flow, but in the building’s drinking water distribution network.
For drinking water, also known as water suitable for human consumption, to be contaminated, a backflow must therefore occur. A backflow prevention device is a mechanical device that is activated in the presence of a backflow. Its internal components, including the check valves, restrict potentially contaminated water in specific pipes, thus preventing contact with drinking water. Backflow prevention devices must be installed at strategic locations on the drinking water distribution system, where there are risky cross-connections.
There is a wide variety of backflow prevention devices, all designed to meet specific needs. Some devices are said to be "verifiable" because their good working condition must be tested annually by a certified backflow prevention device verifier. Others, however, do not require annual certification as defined by law, but it is recommended that they undergo a periodic visual examination.
Only an expert who is familiar with CSA B64.10-17 – Selection and installation of backflow prevention devices, can select the appropriate backflow prevention device and identify the risk areas on the drinking water distribution system where such a device must be installed. This is called cross-connection engineering.
Thanks to the backflow prevention devices, you can drink the water from the fountain with peace of mind. For example, Sainte-Justine Hospital faced a drinking water crisis in January 2016, after finding particles in its drinking water. Fortunately, these turned out to be non-toxic...
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The practice of banning books has its roots in various cultures and locations. Today, these books are celebrated to ensure access to information for all.
Librarian and curator of the special collections and archives Jessica Blackwell sat down to talked to Imprint about the history of banned books. Blackwell has been working at Dana Porter for four years, doing all the programming for the rare book collection.
“We wanted to do something for Banned Books Week because we think it’s important to support freedom of access to information,” said Blackwell.
Blackwell continued, “[It’s important to acknowledge the books that have been or were banned] because censorship still happens, which is something we don’t think about living in Canada. We often think we are free and books aren’t challenged here. There are many books challenged in school districts — parents deem work offensive or think that their kids shouldn’t have access to it — which limits the access of information a large variety of people have.”
When books are challenged, they are put under review to be put in a different section of the library, but they aren’t completely removed. However, according to Dr. Jennifer Harris of the UW English department, one book that you still won’t find in any public library in Toronto is Flowers in the Attic.
Blackwell remembered when she was younger her teacher taught a book that was being challenged at the time, Thomas’ Snowsuit by Robert Munsch. The story features two teachers, one who identifies as male and one who identifies as female, who change clothes through the course of the book. People believed this would promote cross-dressing to children and therefore challenged it. The library did not take this challenge seriously and instead of reviewing the case, they put the book on display and promoted it. Blackwell said, “[It is important] to think about why something is being challenged and not just agreeing with it.”
Dana Porter Library had many books on display through the month including, Ulysses, Grimm’s Fairy Tales, Tarzan (because Tarzan and Jane were living together before they were married), The Scarlet Letter, 1984, Mein Kampf (for obvious reasons), Little Red Riding Hood (because she was carrying wine to her grandmother) and Fanny Hill.
Fanny Hill was written in 1754, the first prose porn book, which is why it was banned. In 1954, Dana Porter, who was the chief justice of the Ontario court of appeal, struck down the ban.
Blackwell commented that the practice was probably started in the Vatican as a religious practice condemning scientific texts that went against the teachings of the Bible.
Harris has taught banned books including Moby Dick, The Scarlet Letter, and Harry Potter. “As a teacher of literature its impossible to avoid it … everything from the Canterbury Tales to Moby Dick has been banned [at some point]. [Banned books] reflect where a society is at. Books that that are challenged are often challenged based on values. Someone is making a presumption [about some values]. Often banned texts contain critiques by marginalized people.”
Harris added that in libraries and bookstores books are divided by age, “You won’t find 50 Shades [of Grey] in the kids section.” Canada has laws against hate speech, which causes people to “shy away from outright bans,” but there are some authors that can’t be published in Canada.” One example of this is books denying the holocaust.
Harris shared that LGBTQ* bookstores have historically had a hard time getting literature on their shelves. “We had the RCMP doing moral policing at the border so some books didn’t even make it into the country. The heart of the matter is: who decides what is acceptable, and what is moral?” she said.
For a long time, books that featured homosexuality were not allowed to be sold, shared, or at the library unless the characters that were homosexual died a horrible death, “but now the books show them being happy, and so it’s a problem,” Dr. Harris said, “There’s a kind of irony there. Challenges often come when work is promoting homosexuality.”
The history of banning books has evolved as a community-based activity and “happens differently in different countries” such as book burnings in Nazi Germany or the Comstock laws in the U.S. “Generally [this happens] when people are responding to authority, so we see these kinds of things happening at times of significant social conflict. On the flip side people want to ban Adventures of Huckleberry Finn for the use of the ‘N word’,” said Harris, “Huckleberry Finn was never meant for kids. People still don’t know how to talk about race and teachers are not trained to have these sophisticated talks with 15-year-olds.”
One series that everyone knows has had a long history of challenges is Harry Potter. “[The series was challenged by the] Evangelical Christians in the U.S. The challenges emerged before the series was done because people thought there was content going against Christian teachings. It is still challenged because people feel it promotes demon worshipping, witchcraft, and engaging with the dark arts. Some of these people have come around … [they] saw important messages, like, standing up to authority as a marginalized group, but that is also why it is challenged,” said Harris.
Harris also shared, “People who challenge these books, come out and say that they will not read this ‘trash’.”
“I am an Americanist by training. They [the U.S.] engaged [in banning books] by only having one press, which is now the Harvard Press, and the ministers controlled it. Anything that was printed had to be signed off on by a body of ministers … [this was a kind of] pre-emptive banning. There are all kinds of interesting critiques that never made it to print [because of this],” said Harris.
“The minute you ban a book everyone knows what that book is,” Harris said, because it creates more interest in it. She recalled a story about her aunt reading Peyton’s Place on the subway wrapped in plain paper so that it was hidden, but everyone was doing it at the time.
“Contraband is fun,” said Harris, “The idea that books contain dangerous thoughts is fascinating, that books can cause us to think is also fascinating.”
“[It’s important to celebrate the books because they] serve as an index of the things people care about over time. Independent of the intrinsic literary merit of The Scarlet Letter or Moby Dick or Huckleberry Finn, independent of this they really do give us insight of how people were feeling in a particular political moment.”
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Identification. The Orkney Islands constitute one of the three "Special Island Areas" of Scotland. Prior to the fifteenth century, the Norse were the majority of the population. After 1469, Scottish settlers arrived in increasing numbers and, in time, supplanted the older culture and Language. The Romans called the islands "Orcades." Early Irish writers called them "Insi Orc" or "Islands of the Boar."
Location. The Orkneys are located to the northeast of northern Scotland. They consist of 90 islands, of which only 23 are inhabited. They are separated from Scotland by the 10-kilometer-wide Pentland Firth and are 83 kilometers south of the Shetland Islands. They extend from 58°41′ to 59°24′ N and from 2°22′ to 3°26′ W. The largest island, Mainland, which makes up half the land area, is 39 kilometers long in an east-west direction. The northerly islands are Rousay, Shapinsay, Westray, Papa Westray, Sanday, Stronsay, and the more remote island of North Ronaldsay. The southern Islands, separated from Mainland by the inland sea of Scapa Flow, are Hoy and South Ronaldsay. With the exception of high cliffs and hills on the western coasts, the treeless islands consist of broad lowlands and low-lying hills. The spectacular red sandstone sea stack, the Old Man of Hoy, is a famous landmark. The highest point is Ward Hill (549.5 meters) on Hoy.
A subarctic oceanic climate and vegetation pattern prevails. This is conditioned by the Gulf Stream, North Sea, and Atlantic Ocean. Severe winter gales occur at times. The January mean temperature is 4° C and the July mean is 13° C. The annual rainfall averages between 150 and 250 centimeters.
Demography. In 1981, the population of the Orkney Islands was 19,040, of which 14,900 lived on Mainland. The largest town and the administrative center is Kirkwall (Population 4,600 in 1971); Stromness (population 1,477 in 1961) is the only other large town. All other communities are very small. Since 1861, the population has slowly declined.
Linguistic Affiliation. The local dialect of English is derived from earlier forms of lowland Scottish English. It still retains many words of Norn, the former dialect of Norwegian, which died out in the seventeenth century.
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The new pill works by mimicking the effects of melatonin, the so-called sleep hormone, on the body.
Results of trials on the drug, called tasimelteon, published in the Lancet medical journal, show that it can cut the amount of time that it takes sufferers to fall asleep and keep them asleep for longer.
The new drug is also likely to be less addictive than other more traditional medications used to help sleep, such as valium.
Writing in the Lancet Dr Daniel Cardinali, from the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina, who reviewed the results of the study, said that the findings would be welcomed by "shift-workers, airline crew, tourists, football teams and many others".
Crossing times zones or working at night both disrupt the body's natural or "circadian" sleep rhythms.
This is affected by melatonin, a natural hormone released in the brain, which plays a key role in regulating sleep.
Dubbed the "darkness hormone" it rises at night and falls during the day.
In two studies, scientists monitored 450 people, kept awake for five hours longer than normal to replicate crossing into a different time zone and disrupt their sleep patterns, for a week.
Half of the group were given tasimelteon to take half an hour before they went to bed, whole the other half received a placebo.
The findings show that taking the new drug allowed patients to fall asleep faster and stay asleep for longer.
On average those taking tasimelteon got between half an hour and almost two hours extra sleep than those who took the dummy pill, according to the study, led by researchers at the Harvard and Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.
The scientists believe that as well as offering a potential cure for jet lag and other sleep problems the drug, made by Vanda Pharmaceuticals, could also help to explain how melatonin regulates sleep patterns.
Controlling levels of light can also help to reset the body's natural rhythms but those suffering from jet lag often struggle with the self control needed to get back into the a regular pattern.
Earlier this year it was announced that the first drug to use melatonin would be available in Britain.
However, the drug, called Circadin, will only be available on prescription to sufferers aged more than 55, who suffer from "primary insomnia", or problems getting to sleep that are not caused by any medical condition or by taking substances such as drugs or alcohol.
Melatonin is widely used in America, where it is sold over the counter.
But the authors of this latest study warn that using the hormone itself has not been proven to improve sleep levels.
Between one and two million people, many of them shift workers, are thought to suffer from insomnia in Britain.
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Product planning and development are essential components for businesses that create products and refine them before offering them for sale. Planning and development represent two distinct phases of the product creation process. Planning requires information gathering from multiple sources, including consumer input and competition information. The development stage creates a partnership between the marketing and engineering departments to work together to create a final product that meets consumer needs in the most effective way possible.
In a broad sense, product planning defines the way a company generates the ideas for its products. Factors that go into planning include input from multiple internal departments, such as marketing and sales, technical support and engineering. A business also includes an analysis of competitor products and consumer needs into its product planning stages. This helps it to understand what products the competition offers, how those products meet consumer needs and how the business can innovate new products to better serve new and existing consumers.
The product planning cycle encompasses all steps from the product idea to the initiation of development. Once input is received from all departments, the planning phase moves to the proposal stage. Proposals may come from multiple departments, such as engineering and marketing. The different proposals are then sanded down to suggestions that show the most promise. The marketing department takes the final proposals and gauges the product that can best meet customer needs that also offer greater marketability. Marketing may also include other figures in making a final product determination, such as cost of production and expected sales numbers based on the current market trends.
After choosing a product, prototype development begins. During this phase, thought is given to the individual item's functional specifications and the materials that can create the strongest product at the best price. The engineering department and marketing department generally work closely during this phase to ensure the product's design and market implementation agree. This also helps ensure the product's design corresponds to its planning phase. The final product must ideally meet consumer needs in the ways the planning phase envisioned.
Product development requires the necessary raw materials to create a functioning prototype, while allowing revisions as market requirements come into focus. To accomplish this, a business prioritizes its development projects by those that show the most promise against those that require additional design time. Allocating resources effectively helps a business shorten its development time and move finished products to the marketplace quickly. This allows a business to meet customer demands at peak need before another company can swoop in and take advantage.
- Monkey Business Images/Monkey Business/Getty Images
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By Anastasia Heaton
While diving into the Rare Books Collection here at the Santa Bárbara Mission Archive Library (SBMAL), I was stunned to find a considerable amount of late 18th and early 19th-century travel literature. These works detail Western Europeans’ travels to diverse and far-flung regions such as Peru, Siberia, and the Ryuku Islands of Japan. At Westmont College, I am currently pursuing a degree in History, focusing on Russia and Central Asia. As a born-and-raised Californian, I harbor a love for local history. When I first started my internship at SBMAL, however, I did not anticipate much overlap between my academic specialization and SBMAL’s collections of local historical documents.
I was elated then to find a bridge between my two historical loves within the Rare Books Collection. Among these travelogues I discovered at SBMAL, I became interested in a small, intriguing children’s book with a lengthy title: Polar scenes, exhibited in the voyages of Heemskirk and Borenz to the northern regions, and in the adventures of four Russian sailors at the Island of Spitzbergen. This Enlightenment-era children’s book was written in 1785 by German author Joachim Campe. SBMAL’s edition is an 1822 English translation: Campe’s work enjoyed significantly more popularity in Britain than in his native Saxony. Campe is best known for his earlier book, Robinson Crusoe the Younger, an adaptation of Daniel Defoe’s widely known Robinson Crusoe. In fact, historian Matt Erlin notes that Karl Marx references Campe’s version of Robinson Crusoe instead of Defoe’s original in his Das Kapital!
As I dug deeper into the history of this work, I discovered that this book is the first piece of Western travel literature expressly written for children. Additionally, this 1822 edition was printed in the midst of the rise of consumerism, especially in the literary world. Historian Susanne Zantop claims that book production alone doubled its output in thirty years from 1770 – 1800. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, travel became far more attainable as it became cheaper and more convenient, increasing the sheer number of travelogue authors. And so, while the majority of Germans still could not travel physically to the Arctic Circle or Central Asia, they could gain imaginary access to these regions intellectually, while also being entertained. Nowhere was this more prominent than in the German states, where the genre dominated popular literature. According to Birgit Tautz, the German states were especially inclined to favor the travelogue genre because, unlike their Western European counterparts, they were not a colonial superpower at the time and had to find creative ways to assert their validity as a presence in Western Europe and avoid a German inferiority complex. Tautz believes that the immense popularity of travelogues within Germany cultivated a distinct German national identity by making them the “intellectual gatekeepers” of the world – granting them some sense of hegemony and validating their existence as a unified nation, foreshadowing the unification of Germany a century later. This tiny volume, therefore embodies the dramatically shifting landscapes of economies and power structures which took the world by storm in the early 19th century.
This book contains two separate stories, both works of fiction, though the included detailed illustrations suggest otherwise. The first story, The Voyages of Heemskirk and Borenz, describes the harrowing adventures of four Dutch explorers as they explore the islands of the Arctic Circle. The second story, The Adventures of four Russian Sailors, chronicles the survival of four Russian sailors stranded on the fictional island of Nova Zembla, a play on the Northern archipelago Novaya Zemlya (‘New World’ in Russian).
The author, Joachim Campe, is the most famous member of the Philanthropinism movement. This movement of German Enlightenment thinkers strove to instill morality into children through widespread reform education and literature. Campe was particularly interested in encouraging children to apply their imaginations to practical use — after they were appropriately inspired by his books, of course. You can see this heavy emphasis on cultivating morality in children in the pages of his novels:
The wind had prevented them from catching anything, but these good people, seeing their want, threw them a codfish, without receiving any payment for it. Thus you see, my young readers, thanks to all-merciful Providence, there are to be found under every zone, and in all states, people to whom the laws of humanity are sacred.
Despite Campe’s hope in the moral value of his work, most literary historians believe Polar Scenes was most loved abroad as an adventure book and not for its parental potential. In the case of SBMAL’s specific copy, however, that perhaps may not be the case. Little is known about how this book found its way into our collections, but written on the inside cover is a note, dated March 31, 1826. It states: “Miss Emily Warren, as a reward from her father for attending the Sunday school.” At least one parent thought this book would be an acceptable reward for moral behavior! Whether or not Miss Emily Warren took its lessons to heart, however, is another question.
For me, the most interesting aspect of this book is how transnational it is. As a scholar of Russian history, I find this book to be a valuable glimpse into Western Europeans’ perception of Russians in the late 18th century. Throughout the book, Campe uses language to highlight the distinctions between the German-speaking Dutch protagonists of the story and the Russian-speaking sailors. Outside of these linguistic differences, however, there is not much different culturally between the two groups. Campe frequently notes the ‘familiarity’ of Russian customs and humanizes the sailors in ways he does not extend to his depictions of the Sámi indigenous peoples in the text. I don’t think such a congenial understanding of Russians and Russian culture would have been the case a few decades earlier. By the mid-18th century, German-Russian relations significantly improved and Peter the Great’s Westernization campaign sought to align aristocratic Russian culture more closely with that of its Western European counterparts.
Scholars may find value in the place of Polar Scenes in the German or British literary canons and its representation of Western European travel during the 18th century. Intellectual historians interested in education during the Enlightenment could explore its definitions of moral behavior. Still others could apply a postcolonial lens to Campe’s problematic depictions of the Sámi indigenous people of the Arctic Circle. Since starting my internship several weeks ago, I continue to be amazed by the incredible variety of the contents of SBMAL’s collections and the organization’s dedication to preserving history and making it accessible. Joachim Campe’s Polar Scenes is just one feature of this remarkable unique collection – I would highly encourage you to explore what’s within the collections here at SBMAL!
Interested in exploring the collections further? Visit: https://www.sbmal.org/research
Interested in helping support SBMAL’s initiatives to preserve the history of Santa Barbara and beyond? Visit: https://www.sbmal.org/giving.
Erlin, Matt. “Book Fetish: Joachim Heinrich Campe and the Commodification of Literature.” Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 42, no. 4 (2006): 355–76. https://doi.org/10.3138/seminar.42.4.seminar-v42-4-357.
Zantop, Susanne. Colonial Fantasies: Conquest, Family, and Nation in Precolonial Germany, 1770–1870. Durham: Duke UP, 1997. 104.
Nebgen, Christoph. “Economic and Confessional Relationships in 18th Century Travel Writing from the Rhine.” Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung 42, no. 2 (160) (2017): 158-69. Accessed February 6, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44234957.
Tautz, Birgit. “Cutting, Pasting, Fabricating: Late 18th-Century Travelogues and Their German Translators between Legitimacy and Imaginary Nations. The German Quarterly, Vol. 79, No.2 (Spring 2006), p. 171.
Polar Scenes, 109 – 110.
Blamires, David. “A World of Discovery: Joachim Heinrich Campe.” In Telling Tales: The Impact of Germany on English Children’s Books 1780-1918, 23-38. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Open Book Publishers, 2009. Accessed January 27, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjt8c.5.
Blamires, David. Telling Tales : The Impact of Germany on English Children’s Books 1780-1918. Cambridge: Open Book, 2009. 2009. Accessed January 27, 2020.
Claudia Nitschke. 2016. “Joachim Heinrich Campe’s Robinson the Younger: Universal Moral Foundations and Intercultural Relations.” Humanities 5 (2). doi:10.3390/h5020045.
Erlin, Matt. “Book Fetish: Joachim Heinrich Campe and the Commodification of Literature.” Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 42, no. 4 (2006): 355–76. https://doi.org/10.3138/seminar.42.4.seminar-v42-4-355.
Koerrenz, Ralf, “Campe, Joachim Heinrich”, in: Religion Past and Present. Consulted online on 27 January 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_SIM_02720.
Zantop, Susanne. Colonial Fantasies: Conquest, Family, and Nation in Precolonial Germany, 1770–1870. Durham: Duke UP, 1997.
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(04/30/2009) Poor regulation of the international wildlife trade has increased the vulnerability of the U.S. to outbreaks of disease and alien invasive species, report researchers writing in Science. Analyzing Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) data gathered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from 2000 through 2006, Katherine Smith of Brown University and colleagues found that of the more than 1.5 billion live wildlife animals legally imported to the United States during the period, only 14 percent were classified to the level of species despite federal mandates for such labeling. The lack of accurate reporting makes it impossible to "accurately assess the diversity of wildlife imported or the risk they pose as invasive species or hosts of harmful pathogens," they write.
Coral reef loss in Caribbean leads to ongoing fish declines
(04/30/2009) Analyzing 48 surveys of Caribbean fish populations over fifty years, from 1955-2007, a new meta-study has found that fish populations in the famously clear waters began to drop in the mid-90s, leading to a consistent decline that hasn’t stopped. The study published in Current Biology discovered a region-wide decline of about 3-6 percent per year in three out of six trophic groups of fish, i.e. groupings of species categorized by their place on the food chain. The declines didn’t show major differences between species targeted by fishermen and those that are not, implying that overfishing isn’t the only cause of the decline in the Caribbean.
Birds can dance, proving humans aren't the only ones with rhythm
(04/30/2009) Another ability long-thought to belong solely to humans, like tool-use or counting, does in fact occur in other species, according to two new studies. In this case, it is the capacity to move rhythmically with music. Studying two different birds the research groups found that the birds weren’t just moving randomly or mimicking owners, but actually changing the tempo of their movement to match the music—in other words, dancing.
Canada and Britain abandon conventional coal
(04/29/2009) In an effort to curb climate change, both Britain and Canada have announced plans to stop building new conventional coal power plants, a move long-advocated by environmentalists. Both nations have turned their sights to the possibility of clean coal, a controversial and still unproven method that has divided environmentalists, scientists, and policy makers.
Huge cache of smuggled ivory represents up to 40 elephants
(04/29/2009) On April 25th two men were pursued by wildlife rangers from the Amboseli-Tsavo Game Scouts Association in Tanzania. The men escaped across the border to southern Kenya where they were caught by police, who had been tipped off by the wildlife scouts. The two men’s SUV contained 1,550 lbs (703 kilograms) of elephant tusks, representing a total of up to forty individuals according to the Kenyan Wildlife Service. This is considered the largest seizure in the region since the ivory smuggling boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s. The ivory is estimated at a value of $750,000 (or 60 million Kenyan shillings).
The story of 'Save the Frogs Day', April 28th, An Interview with Kerry Kriger
(04/26/2009) Founder and director of SAVE THE FROGS!, Dr. Kerry Kriger is responsible for the first annual Save The Frogs Day on Tuesday, April 28th with events planned worldwide from the United States to Nepal, and Australia to China. Solely devoted to saving amphibians, SAVE THE FROGS! is focused on a multi-pronged approach, including community outreach efforts (like ‘Save the Frog Day’), education, legal defense, acquiring land vital for amphibians, lobbying for environmental protections, and funding scientific research.
Obama administration overturns rule that weakened Endangered Species Act
(04/28/2009) Interior Secretary Ken Salazar announced today that the Obama administration will reverse an Endangered Species Act (ESA) regulation that allowed federal agencies to go ahead with actions that may impact endangered species without consulting with experts, essentially circumventing the role of conservation scientists in such decisions.
New park in United Arab Emirates to protect rare mammals
(04/28/2009) With only 2,500 individuals in the wild, the Arabian tahr is certainly in need of the sanctuary just established by the United Arab Emirates. The country’s first mountain reserve, Wadi Wurayah Fujairah covers 129 square kilometers (80 square miles).
Bronx zoo closes exhibits, evicts hundreds of animals following budget crisis
(04/28/2009) Following a budget shortfall of 15 million dollars, the Bronx Zoo has announced that it will be closing several exhibits and sending away hundreds of animals.
Global warming to cripple Southeast Asia economically
(04/28/2009) By the end of the century nations in Southeast Asia will face debilitating economic loss due to global warming, according to a new study from the Asian Development Bank. Analyzing Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam the study found that they could suffer an annual loss of 6.7 percent ($230 billion dollars) in combined gross domestic product by 2100, more than double the global average which is estimated at a loss of 2.6 percent.
Tropical storms affect carbon sinks by knocking down forests
(04/27/2009) Studying nearly a hundred and fifty years of tropical storm landfalls in the United States, researchers have discovered that the storm systems have a sizable impact on forest carbon sinks due to the large-scale destruction of trees.
New protections for coral reefs and dwindling fish species in Belize
(04/27/2009) Coral reefs in Belize, considered to be some of the most pristine in the west, have secured additional protections. Rene Montero, the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries, signed a set of new laws this month to protect Belize’s coral reefs and the fish that inhabit them. The additional laws protect increasingly overfished species, ban spearfishing in marine reserves, and create no-take zones, according to a press release from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS).
Starving vultures in Europe allowed to feast again
(04/26/2009) European vultures have been thrown a lifeline. Last week, Members of the European Parliament voted to change a law that had banned farmers across the continent from leaving dead livestock in the field, a major source of food for vultures.
Environmental campaign blocks palm oil project in Cote d' Ivoire wetland
(04/25/2009) Environmentalists have thwarted plans to establish an oil palm plantation in the Tanoe forest wetlands of southern Cote d' Ivoire (Ivory Coast), reports AFP.
Fire contributes 20% of global warming emissions
(04/23/2009) Fire accounts for roughly half of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and about twenty percent of total emissions from human activities, report researchers writing in the journal Science. The estimates — based on analysis of fire's impact on emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane; albedo or the reflectivity of Earth's surface; and release of aerosols and other particulates — suggest fire plays a major large role in climate than conventionally believed.
DNA testing finds identical animals actually different species
(04/23/2009) Seemingly identical animals on the outside may in fact be completely different species, according to scientists who have made a startling discovery that could have widespread implications for biology.
Antarctica’s sea ice increasing due to ozone hole, but scientists predict global warming will catch-up
(04/23/2009) Increasing ice in Antarctica is not a sign that the earth is actually cooling instead of warming as some climate change-skeptics have attested. A new study finds that the growth in Antarctic ice during the last 30 years is actually due to shifting weather patterns caused by the hole in the ozone layer. The researchers predict that eventually global warming will catch up to Antarctica leading to overall melting as it has in the Arctic.
After disease engulfs island, rare mountain chicken frogs airlifted to safety
(04/23/2009) In a rescue operation that sounds straight out of an action film, 50 mountain chicken frogs were airlifted from the Caribbean island Montserrat after the discovery of Chytridomycosis, a fungal disease that has wiped out amphibian populations worldwide. Already, hundreds of the critically-endangered mountain chicken frogs succumbed to the disease, which is thought to have made its way to the island in late 2008 or early 2009.
Great Cats and Rare Canids Act and Crane Conservation Act pass the US House
(04/22/2009) The US House of Representatives passed today, the 39th Earth Day, two bills that would aid some of the world’s most embattled wildlife: the Great Cats and Rare Canids Act (H.R. 411) and the Crane Conservation Act (H.R. 388).
Howler monkeys poisoned because of misinformed link to yellow fever
(04/22/2009) There have been numerous reports of howler monkeys poisoned in the southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul due to misinformation regarding the monkeys and the yellow fever virus. Some locals believed that the monkeys, which also suffer from yellow fever, were in fact the disease-carriers, but yellow fever is carried by mosquitoes not monkeys. A new campaign headed by Dr. Julio Cesar Bicca Marques wants to set the record straight. The campaign, entitled ‘Save Our Guardian Angels’, is working to inform the public of the actual and important role of howler monkeys in yellow fever outbreaks.
River systems worldwide are losing water due to global warming
(04/22/2009) Many rivers around the world are losing water due to global climate change, according to a new study from the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate. Large populations depend on some of the rivers for everything from agriculture to clean drinking resources, including the Yellow River, the Ganges, the Niger, and the Colorado, which have all shown significant declines.
Indigenous forest management offers lessons in fighting global warming
(04/22/2009) A new book written by members of indigenous communities across Indonesia argues that traditional forest management practices can provide important lessons in the effort to slow climate change.
Afghanistan announces first national park on Earth Day
(04/22/2009) War-wearied Afghanis received uplifting news on Earth Day this year. Their nation has announced the creation of the nation’s first national park, Band-e-Amir, protecting a one-of-a-kind landscape encompassing six sky-blue lakes separated by natural dams. Announced by Afghanistan’s National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) at a ceremony in the FAO Building at the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock in Kabul this morning, key funding for the park was provided by The United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
100 photos to remind us of the beauty of the world we share
(04/22/2009) With Earth Day fast becoming just another commercial holiday — albeit one where most people still have to go to the work — mongabay is taking a visual approach to capture the beauty that surrounds us. Here are around 120 photos I've taken at sites around the world, most of which were snapped in the past five years. The animals pictured are in their natural settings — no zoo or aquarium specimen are included. I've done my best to name most of the creatures pictured, although I haven't been able to identify many of the insects.
Indigenous people serve as guardians of forest carbon, must be involved in climate solutions
(04/22/2009) Efforts to create an international climate framework — including a carbon financing mechanism for forest conservation — must involve forest people, said indigenous leaders attending the Indigenous Peoples Global Summit on Climate Change meeting this week in Anchorage, Alaska.
Famous Kenyan park experiencing large declines in wildlife
(04/21/2009) In Masai Mara, one of Africa’s most treasured parks, researchers have found significant, in some cases catastrophic, declines of wild grazing animals. In fifteen years six of seven hoofed animals—giraffes, warthogs, hartebeest, impala, topis and waterbucks—showed declines. The study published in the British Journal of Zoology confirms what has long been expected: wildlife populations in Masai Mara are plummeting due to increased competition with humans and livestock.
U.S. climate change legislation may cut energy costs - report
(04/21/2009) The U.S. can dramatically cut greenhouse gas emissions while reducing energy spending at the same time, reports a new study by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS).
New legislation in Brazil opens up road-paving across country, threatening Amazon
(04/21/2009) Brazil’s Chamber of Deputies has approved a measure that would speed up paving roads across the country, including paving a road that environmentalists have long-fought, BR-319. Environmental groups across the nation have warned of widespread deforestation if the measure passes the Senate and is signed by the president.
Expedition in Philippines uncovers one of the world’s rarest mammals along with possible new species
(04/21/2009) A two week expedition into the North Negros Natural Park (NNNP) in the Philippines has led to several discoveries. In the 80,454 hectare park (nearly 200,000 acres), the expedition found what may be new species of insects and plants, in addition to a frog likely unknown to science. They also discovered evidence of the Visayan spotted deer, considered to be the world’s rarest deer and one of the rarest mammals. The team discovered droppings from the deer, which will be analyzed for food content.
Avoided deforestation projects highly desirable for carbon offsets finds survey
(04/21/2009) 91 percent of companies rated avoided deforestation as the most desirable forestry projects for carbon offsets, reports a survey by EcoSecurities, Conservation International, The Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance and ClimateBiz.
New chameleon species named after carbon conservation pioneer
(04/21/2009) A newly discovered species of chameleon from Tanzania has been named after Dorjee Sun, CEO of Carbon Conservation, an outfit which seeks to make rainforest conservation profitable through a carbon market mechanism known as REDD for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation.
Colorado River unlikely to meet current water demands in warmer, drier world
(04/20/2009) Feeding the water habits of such major cities as Los Angeles, Las Vegas, and Phoenix, in addition to providing irrigation waters for the entire Southwestern United States, has stretched the Colorado River thin. The river no longer consistently reaches the sea as it once did. Now a new study warns that the Colorado River system, which has proven dependable for human use throughout the 20th Century, may soon experience shortages due to global warming.
Republic of Congo to turn over 25 M acres of land to South African farmers
(04/20/2009) The government of Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) has offered 25 million acres (10 million hectares) of land to South African farmers in an effort to improve the central African nation's food security, reports Reuters. The area is nearly twice the amount of arable land in South Africa.
Gabonese environmental activist receives prize for standing up to government, Chinese company
(04/20/2009) Marc Ona Essangui is a beloved environmental leader in his native Gabon, however by winning the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize he is now being introduced to a larger audience: the world. Essangui received the prize for exposing unsavory truths about a deal between the Gabon government and a Chinese company, CMEC, to mine for iron ore in the Congo rainforest, the world’s second largest tropical forest. The Belinga mine is a $3.5 billion project that also includes a hydroelectric dam, which will flood traditional lands and destroy what is considered the most beautiful waterfall in the forests of equatorial Africa. The Kongou Falls is located in the Ivindo National Park.
Rainforest conservation can help U.S. businesses reduce costs
(04/20/2009) Carbon credits generated through forest conservation could provide a cost-effective way for U.S. companies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, business leaders were told at a meeting in Columbus, Ohio
Rainforest pillage continues in Madagascar
(04/16/2009) Gangs of illegal rosewood loggers continue to pillage the wildlife-rich forests of northeastern Madagascar, reports a local source.
Extremophiles discovered below Antarctic glacier are remnants of marine life
(04/16/2009) Living in isolation for millions of years, cut off from sunlight and oxygen, surviving by breathing iron beneath an Antarctic glacier—such are the conditions of newly-discovered microbes living under Taylor Glacier in Antarctica’s desert-waste, the McMurdo Dry Valleys.
Droughts lasting over centuries in West Africa are commonplace
(04/16/2009) New evidence shows that sub-Saharan West Africa has experienced megadroughts in recent history lasting hundreds of years, far worse than the Sahel drought of the 1970s and 80s which left 100,000 dead. To uncover West Africa's past drought patterns, researchers compiled a year-by-year record of the last 3,000 years of climate in West Africa by looking at annually-occurring layers of sediment in Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana.
Kenya signs its first REDD deal to conserve forests
(04/16/2009) Kenya has signed its first carbon deal to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD).
New lichen named after Obama
(04/15/2009) A California researcher has named a new species of lichen after President Barack Obama. Kerry Knudsen of the University of California-Riverside (UCR) named the lichen Caloplaca obamae.
Brazil could triple agricultural output without touching the Amazon rainforest
(04/15/2009) Brazil could triple its agricultural without the needing to clear additional rainforest in the Amazon Basin, Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs, told Bloomberg in an interview. The argument that Brazil can expand its agricultural production without harming the Amazon is a mantra among Brazilian officials. The country has vast tracts of pasture and agricultural land that are being underutilized or have been abandoned, but rapidly appreciating land prices, coupled with poor governance and inconsistent enforcement of environmental laws, means that it is often more profitable to clear new forest land than to rehabilitate pasture.
Bird migrations lengthen due to global warming, threatening species
(04/15/2009) Global warming is likely to increase the length of bird migrations, some of which already extend thousands of miles. The increased distance could imperil certain species, as it would require more energy reserves than may be available. The new study, published in the Journal of Biogeography, studied the migration patterns of European Sylvia warblers from Africa to breeding grounds in Europe every spring. They discovered that climate change would likely push the breeding ranges of birds north, causing migrations to lengthen, in some cases by a total of 250 miles.
Mangroves save lives by softening cyclone’s blow
(04/15/2009) In 1999 a super cyclone struck the eastern coast of India, leaving 10,000 people dead. At the time the Orissa cyclone, named after the Indian state which it battered, was the deadliest storm in India in over a quarter century. However, according to a new study published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences the death toll would have been significantly higher if the mangrove forests buffeting the Indian villagers from the sea had not softened the cyclone’s blow.
Rainforest soy moratorium shows success in the Brazilian Amazon
(04/15/2009) An industry-led moratorium on soy plantings on recently deforested rainforest land continues to show success in the Brazilian Amazon, reports a study released Tuesday by environmental groups and Abiove, the soy industry group that formed the initiative and represents about 90 percent of Brazil's soy crush. The satellite-based study showed that only 12 of 630 sample areas (1,389 of 157,896 hectares) deforested since July 2006 — the date the moratorium took effect — were planted with soy.
Cutting greenhouse gases now would save world from worst global warming scenarios
(04/14/2009) If nations worked together to produce large cuts in greenhouse gases, the world would be saved from global warming's worst-case-scenarios, according to a new study from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The study found that, although temperatures are set to rise this century, cutting greenhouse gases by 70 percent the globe could avoid the most dangerous aspects of climate change, including a drastic rise in sea level, melting of the Arctic sea ice, and large-scale changes in precipitation. In addition such cuts would eventually allow the climate to stabilize by the end of the century rather than a continuous rise in temperatures.
Mediterranean bluefin tuna has only three years left unless fishery closes
(04/14/2009) If the Mediterranean bluefin tuna fishery is not closed, the bluefin will be functionally extinct by 2012 according to a new analysis from World Wildlife Fund (WWF). While the population has undergone steep declines for over a decade, fishery managers and policy-makers have continually ignored calls from scientists that fishing must stop if the Mediterranean bluefin tuna is to survive.
Rainforest conservation gains in U.S. and U.N. climate proposals
(04/14/2009) A proposed mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) figures prominently in the draft climate bill released last month by Congressmen Henry Waxman and Ed Markey as well as a U.N. document posted last week following a climate meeting in Bonn, Germany. Deforestation is the source of roughly 20 percent of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.
Trees in trouble: massive die-offs predicted with global warming
(04/13/2009) An experimental study of pinon pines at Biosphere 2 in Arizona shows that an increase in temperature makes the species more susceptible to die-off during drought. When temperatures were increased by 4 degrees Celsius (7.2 degrees Fahrenheit), the piñon pines died 28 percent faster than trees which experienced drought-conditions at current temperatures, according to a new study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Group devoted to cutting human population receives boost from David Attenborough
(04/13/2009) Legendary filmmaker, broadcaster, and conservationist, David Attenborough has become a patron of the group Optimum Population Trust (OPT). The organization's goal is to use education and policy to lower the world's population.
New Australian dolphin spits at food
(04/13/2009) Only recognized as a new species in 2005, the snubfin dolphin has been observed spitting jet streams of water at schools of fish. Spitting at the fish helps the dolphins round them up into groups where they are easier to catch.
Large population of rare black orangutans found in Borneo
(04/13/2009) A large population of orangutans has been documented by conservationists conducting a survey in a remote part of Indonesia Borneo.
Global warming will hit corn yields, costing US over a billion dollars annually
(04/10/2009) Corn is the staple crop of the US. Its annual yield is more than twice that of any other American crop, covering an astounding 125,000 square miles. However, this behemoth crop is currently threatened. A new analysis by Environment America, shows that lower yields of corn due to global warming will cost farmers 1.4 billion every year.
African pygmies diverged from other humans 60,000 years ago
(04/10/2009) Around 60,000 years ago the ancestors of modern African Pygmies, known worldwide for their small-stature, separated from local farmer populations, according to new genetic research published in PLoS Genetics.
Vanishing forest elephants are the Congo's greatest cultivators
(04/09/2009) A new study finds that forest elephants may be responsible for planting more trees in the Congo than any other species or ghenus. Conducting a thorough survey of seed dispersal by forest elephants, Dr. Stephen Blake, formerly of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and now of the Mac Planck Institute for Ornithology, and his team found that forest elephants consume more than 96 species of plant seeds and can carry the seeds as far as 57 kilometers (35 miles) from their parent tree. Forest elephants are a subspecies of the more-widely known African elephant of the continent's great savannahs, differing in many ways from their savannah-relations, including in their diet.
Study confirms that sonar can cause deafness in dolphins
(04/08/2009) A new study in Biology Lettersconfirms what marine biologists have long suspected: loud sonar can cause temporary deafness in dolphins, possibly explaining some mass strandings. The study, using a captive dolphin in a controlled experiment, found that sonar at high prolonged levels could even lead to slight behavioral changes.
Whale sharks threatened by interbreeding
(04/08/2009) The world's largest living fish, the whale shark, is threatened by interbreeding, according to a new study in PLoS ONE. Comparing the DNA of 68 individual whale sharks from eleven locations across the globe, geneticists found that the whale sharks had little genetic variation between the populations.
Reserves with roads still vital for reducing fires in Brazilian Amazon
(04/08/2009) Analyzing ten years of data from on fires in the Brazilian Amazon, researchers found that roads built through reserves do not largely hamper a reserve's important role in reducing the spread of forest fires. The finding is important as Brazil continues a spree of road-building while at the same time paving over existing roads.
Male chimps use meat to seduce
(04/07/2009) Male chimpanzees who share meat with females over a long period of time have a better chance of mating, according to a new study published in PLoS ONE. Studying chimps in Tai National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, researchers from the Mac Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology observed that female chimps have sex more frequently with males who have shared meat with them at least once as opposed to males who never share.
Arctic ecosystem in danger as ice thins
(04/07/2009) Recent dramatic news points to both poles undergoing transformation due to climate change. This weekend an ice bridge disintegrated on the Wilkins Ice Shelf in Antarctica, leaving the whole shelf vulnerable to melting, and then yesterday new evidence was released of the impact of warming in the Arctic. Younger thinner ice has become the dominant type in the Arctic over the past five years, reports a new study led by Research Associate Charles Fowler of the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research. The thinner ice does not bode well for the Arctic ecosystem, as the ice is more prone to summer melting.
Marine Protected Areas too small for whales and dolphins
(04/07/2009) Current Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are too small to adequately serve whales and dolphins according to the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS). The international organization is calling for a global network of MPAs to save the ocean's most beloved inhabitants. "A worldwide effort must be made urgently to identify and define whale and dolphin critical habitats and hot spots,” said WDCS Research Fellow, Erich Hoyt.
Stop staring at me: birds react to human gaze
(04/06/2009) A new study of jackdaws shows that these crow-like birds react to humans watching them, changing their behavior depending on who is looking and how the gaze moves.
Vital corridor for Asian elephants to be severed by government development in India
(04/05/2009) The largest wild population of Asian elephants in the world is threatened by development over a 2.5 kilometer wide corridor, according to Rainforest Information Centre which is a part of an international campaign to change the location of the development. The corridor, located in the Western Ghats of India, is the last unbroken forest leading the elephants from wet season to dry season feeding grounds. Unfortunately the corridor also connects two different Indian states: Kerala and Karnataka.
Black carbon linked to half of Arctic warming
(04/05/2009) Black carbon is responsible for 50 percent of the total temperature increases in the Arctic from 1890 to 2007 according to a study published in Nature Geoscience. Since 1890 the temperature in the Arctic has risen 1.9 degrees Celsius, linking black carbon to nearly an entire degree rise in Celsius or almost two degrees Fahrenheit.
Ice bridge collapses, leaving Wilkins Ice Shelf vulnerable
(04/05/2009) As though commenting on world leader's lack of progress in combating climate change at the G20 conference last week, an ice bridge connecting the Wilkins Ice Shelf to the Antarctic continent broke off over the weekend. Long expected by scientists, the break is perhaps the beginning of the Wilkins Ice Shelf completely coming loose from Antarctica.
Amphibians could develop immunity against devastating fungal disease
(04/03/2009) The fungal disease chytridiomycosis has ravaged amphibian populations, including contributing to several extinctions. But new research may bring some hope for currently threatened amphibians.
Greenpeace opposes forest conservation initiative in Indonesia
(04/02/2009) Greenpeace criticized Indonesia's plan to reduce deforestation through a market-based emissions mechanism known as REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation), reports AFP.
Former environment minister Silva honored with prestigious environmental award
(04/02/2009) Brazil's former Environment Minister Marina Silva was awarded Norway's $100,000 Sophie Prize for her efforts to protect the Amazon rainforest.
Replacing natural experiences with technology hurts humans and the natural world
(04/02/2009) What is the difference between a robotic dog and a real one? Or a plasma screen displaying high definition images of natural splendor and a window that looks out an on actual natural scene? According to psychologists from the University of Washington the difference is massive. Writing in the journal Current Directions in Psychological Science Dr. Peter Kahn, a developmental psychologist, explores the different effects produced by humans interacting with actual nature and technological nature, i.e. technology meant to represent the natural world in some aspect.
Switching the homepage format
(04/02/2009) I'm doing away with the "categories" links on the homepage. They aren't widely used and are an extra effort.
Ecological Cacao? Thinking about all sides of your chocolate bar
Most popular mongabay news articles in March
(04/01/2009) Most popular mongabay news articles in March [Most popular]
Massive population of rare Irrawaddy dolphins discovered in Bangladesh
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HIGH RESOLUTION PHOTOS / PRINTS
About | Privacy
Copyright Rhett Butler 2013
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During the late 1960s and early 1970s, students across the nation protested against U.S. military involvement in Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. These posters were produced around 1970 at the University of California, Berkeley. Political posters, such as these, use vivid imagery to attract attention. In addition to serving as visual examples of protest from the Vietnam War era, what can these posters communicate about the people who were a part of the antiwar movement? Read the background on these primary sources, then see if you can analyze and interpret what historical evidence ephemeral artwork may hold.
After the antiwar student demonstrations and killings at Kent State, Ohio and Jackson State, Mississippi there was a massive upswelling of resistance in the United States. Political poster workshops blossomed all over the country to express public outrage. At the University of California, Berkeley faculty at the College of Environmental Design encouraged the use of campus facilities for a short-lived workshop that created an estimated 50,000 copies of hundreds of works, including these three posters shown here.
Analyze and Interpret
What symbols were used to convey the artist’s message? How effective, or powerful do you think they were to the public during this time period?
Consider the material used to make these posters. What kind of financial resources do you think were available to the creators?
These political posters were created on a college campus. Why is that significant?VIEW NEXT GALLERY
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Social media platforms are the success story of the century, certainly as far as numbers of users go. To give you an idea of the popularity of this type of software here are some of those numbers:
- Facebook – 2.45 billion monthly active users
- Twitter – 300 million monthly active users
- Instagram – 1 billion monthly active users
Popularity like this means that social media is like honey to a wasp where cybercrime is concerned. Fraudsters see social media users as a captive and trusting audience, that can be manipulated into performing acts they would normally be more vigilant about. Social media has effectively built a platform, not just for sharing ideas and cat pictures, but as a playground for cybercrime.
Here, we look at some of the ways that your social presence is being used to commit cybercrime.
How Social Media is Used in Cybercrimes
In a report from security vendor Bromium, “Social Media Platforms and the Cybercrime Economy” they describe this conduit for cyber-attacks as “platform criminality”. The social media platforms that many of us love and use daily are a portal that opens new opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit. The nature of social media means data sharing is an inherent part of the apps. Trust is also a crucial part of the social media engine. These two things align to create a perfect cyber-storm.
The Bromium report explains how cyber-attacks are facilitated by social media platforms; it concludes:
- A “global distribution centre for malware”: The report explains that 20% of organizations have been infected by malware via social media.
- Specifically, the spread of cryptomining malware: Simply clicking on a YouTube advert could end in cryptomining malware infection.
- The boundary between the darknet and social media is blurring across social platforms, such as WhatsApp and Instagram, which are being used to promote and sell the tools of the hacker.
Social media is also a deep pool of personal data. People feel safe to share personal details on social media platforms; a sense of safety is an important part of being on social media, that is designed to be used between friends and family. However, without due care, personal data, such as name, phone number, address, and even your location can be stolen and used for identity theft or the creation of synthetic identities.
How to improve your cybersecurity in your social media profiles
Social media is not all bad. It offers a way to keep in touch with family and friends and generally communicate. Professional versions of social media, such as LinkedIn, are an important way to keep up with industry intelligence. But using them safely requires some effort. Here are some ideas of using your social media account, safely.
Privacy has been in the news a lot over the last couple of years. Regulations such as the EU’s GDPR, have resulted in privacy becoming mandated. In 2019, Facebook, one of the worst privacy violation offenders, ended up with a fine of $5 billion (approx. £3.9 billion) for the Cambridge Analytica debacle because Facebook sold user data without consent. In another Facebook case, the company was accused of storing hundreds of millions of passwords in plain text, accessible by Facebook employees.
When using social media, you should always ensure you are comfortable with the privacy settings on the platform. Each platform is different, but some general rules of thumb are:
- Do not overshare – avoid putting highly sensitive information on a social platform, especially those such as Twitter which are essentially public.
- Know the audience – some platforms allow you to set granular controls over who can see a post, e.g., only friends, use these settings wisely.
- Control your public profile – if the platform allows this, control who can view your account details.
- Control your data – do not place data such as birthday or phone number on a platform that is public. Avoid these types of data even in more private settings too.
Some social media platforms are more insecure than others.
Twitter: This is essentially an open social platform. Your profile is public, or it is private, there is no granularity. Private profiles mean that only those who follow you can see your tweets. Twitter asks for your date of birth during profile setup. If you add it (this is optional) then the world can see it unless you set your profile to private.
Facebook: Because of privacy violations, Facebook has been forced to make changes to improve overall privacy on the platform. Groups are now public, private, and private and hidden. The platform has also updated its “Privacy Check-up Tool” to help you decide if your privacy settings are robust enough. Other privacy settings have been improved too.
LinkedIn: This professional social platform has good levels of privacy granularity. You can choose which degree of connection can see various profile settings, such as email address. There is even a level of control over who can see your last name.
Instagram: Owned by Facebook, this platform has suffered from inherent security vulnerabilities like its parent, putting data at risk. The platform has also been used as a way to recruit Money Mules.
One of the reasons that social media can be so useful to fraudsters is that, currently, it is fairly easy to set up a fake account. Facebook has recently had to delete 5.4 billion fake accounts across its platform. Fake accounts are used to trick legitimate users, socially engineering them into clicking malicious links or even giving away sensitive information.
The fake account method can also be used to spoof a real user account, using photos of that person. The fraudster then posts offensive material in an attempt to extort money from the target.
Phishing on Social Media
As well as being a target for malicious account access via phishing emails and texts, social media is being increasingly used to deliver phishing. The combination of wide reach and elevated trust levels is making social media an attractive way for cybercriminals to use social engineering tricks against their targets.
Cybercrimes on social media include “Romance Scams” where a fake account is used to groom a victim, eventually tricking them into handing over money. Another scam type is the offer of free vouchers and giveaways. The fraudster provides a link in a post that goes to a malicious website.
Examples of Social Media Platforms and Privacy Settings
Below is a quick guide to some of the most well-known social media platforms and how to avoid becoming a victim of cybercrime when using one.
Before reading on, a general comment about all social media accounts. Most social platforms now offer second-factor authentication options, such as SMS text codes, to augment username and password when logging into an account – whenever available, always have this option set.
Granularity in setting post privacy has improved a lot since the various Facebook privacy violation fines of the last few years. When you post to your Facebook page you can set the post to be viewable by options including public, specific friends, only me.
In terms of older posts, pre-the new privacy options, you can retrospectively set restrictions on older posts too.
Other privacy settings
Other settings such as “Who can see your friends list” and “Do you want search engines outside of Facebook to link to your profile?” can also be controlled.
IMPORTANT: Always remember to be careful about oversharing personal or sensitive data on social media platforms such as Facebook.
Twitter is a platform that is designed to be much more public than other social media outlets. As such, you have either a public account or private.
Public accounts are totally open. Potentially anyone searching could come across your tweets and read them.
You can set your ‘DM’ (direct Messages) to only available to those who you follow by unchecking “Receive messages from anyone”
You can use the setting:
“Only show your Tweets to people who follow you. If selected, you will need to approve each new follower.”
This effectively controls who can see your tweets.
There are several other privacy settings, including under the section “Personalization and data” an option to switch off sharing of your data with third-parties.
Instagram is very much more of an off/on type of platform in terms of who can see/not see your posts.
There is an option to set your account to “Private”. This means that only approved persons can see your Instagram posts. Otherwise, your account is public.
Story Sharing is an option that if set to ‘allow’, permits anyone following you to share your Instagram Stories as messages.
IMPORTANT: Anyone can tag you in a photo unless you specifically block them. You can alternatively, remove your name tag from an image by tapping the image and your name, and choosing “Remove me from post”
YouTube is a gateway to your watching habits which is part of the privacy of your behaviour. On YouTube, you can make those habits private. There are two options to manage this “Keep all my saved playlists private” and “Keep all my subscriptions private”.
Google uses your online browsing behaviour and YouTube watch history to send you targeted adverts. To control ad preferences and switch off targeting, you need to set this as an option in Google settings/Ad personalisation.
Revealing personal details on YouTube
If you make your own videos that you post to YouTube, make sure you don’t reveal any sensitive or personal details in the video. Similarly, if you post comments on other people’s videos, don’t overshare personal data.
It is worth noting that across various social platforms, including Facebook and Instagram, Photo-Tagging can be hard to control or even know about. If you are tagged in a photo by someone else, you may not be able to control who subsequently shares that image, simply because you may not be aware of it.
The watchword for prevention of cybercrimes on social media are:
Stay vigilant and don’t overshare
Further Reading: Blogs Relating to Social Media and Cybercrime
Below we have linked to some further reading on the use of social media in cybercrimes.
- Advice on avoiding phishing on social media platforms: https://www.getsafeonline.org/social-networking/social-media-phishing/
- Use of Instagram for Money Mule recruitment: https://thedefenceworks.com/blog/breaking-scams-kicked-by-a-mule-the-social-media-scam/
- Cybercrime attacks and social media: https://blog.cyberint.com/social-media-a-heaven-for-cyber-criminals
- Trends in social media use and cybercrime: https://www.rsa.com/en-us/blog/2019-04/social-media-and-the-digital-transformation-of-cybercrime
Facebook, Q3 2019, Results: https://s21.q4cdn.com/399680738/files/doc_financials/2019/q3/Q3-2019-Earnings-Presentation.pdf
Bromium, Social Media Platforms and the Cybercrime Economy: https://www.bromium.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Bromium-Web-of-Profit-Social-Platforms-Report.pdf
Facebook Privacy Check-up Tool: https://about.fb.com/news/2020/01/privacy-checkup/
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Measuring & Trimming
TRIMMING SHOULD OCCUR ON A MONTHLY SCHEDULE. Hoof growth is one of the most important elements in hoof physiology. The hoof grows from the coronary band down toward the toe. The average hoof grows ¼ to 3/8 inch per month. TO AVOID LAMENESS ISSUES, trimming is the most important aspect with any shoes. Avoiding interference, tendon, ligament issues, maintain hoof balance, & the nails hold better, would'nt it make sense for your horse to reset shoes, &/or TRIM MONTHLY?
Our Horseshoes are fitted to the heel of the hoof with angles usually higher than 52 degrees. This angle will successfully remove the long toe, low heel challenge and provide protection for the entire hoof. The protection extends from the sole, ligaments, tendons, knees and shoulders to the entire horse and its spine.
Most lameness occurs in the front legs. Approximately 95% of front leg lameness stems from the knee down. Lameness in the hind legs, though less common, is usually caused by problems in the hock and/or stifle. Proper trimming of the hoof and fitting of the shoe can eliminate many instances of hind leg lameness. We’ve raised angles up to 58 front and 63 rear to correct hock, stifle, and suspensory issues.
We suggest the following tools to make accurate measurements.
|Hoof divider||Measurer Including Millimeters||T Square Adjustable (HMS)|
|Finnegan||NC Cavalry #1 or #2||Ruidoso||Ward & Story|
Barefoot hoof- from below
(4) Central sulcus
(5) Collateral groove
(8) Seat of corn
(9) Pigmented walls (external layer)
(10) Water line (inner layer)
(11) White line
(12) Apex of frog
(15) How to measure width (fulcrum)
(17) How to measure length
Note the frog in this illustration: Excessively paring the frog removes the shock absorption, traction, cushion, flexibility, & ability to pump blood.
GoldenwingsHorseshoes are designed to fit the width of the trimmed foot (see blue dotted line above).
Fitted from the rear of the heel buttress at the ground #5 forward to toe #3 (see hoof-lateral view below).
Barefoot hoof-lateral view.
(1) Coronet band
(7) P2 or small pastern
Excess toe at #3 from the white line forward, may be removed with nippers or rasp to conform to the same degree of front angle of the shoe. The toe will wear of naturally, too.
As with any project, or journey, you must know where you are to begin if you expect to arrive at your destination with a successful conclusion.
^ See Illustrations Above ^
Follow These Guidelines Below for Trimming & Measuring
These measurement recommendations are based on the individual horse’s GOLDEN RATIO-DIVINE PROPORTION (click here for information on "The Golden Ratio") and unique to GOLDENWINGSHORSESHOES. THE ONLY WAY TO CORRECT INAPPROPRIATE ANGLES IS IN THE TRIMMING.
GoldenwingsHorseshoes are designed to fit the width of the trimmed hoof.
1. We believe that flares should be removed first to aid in correct measurement. Measure the angle carefully to determine the angle before trimming. Measure the toe length from the point where the hair line ends on the hoof below the coronary band to the base of the toe. Be sure to make notes before and after trimming. Be certain of your measurements so that your order for the appropriate size shoe is made.
2. Clean the Collateral Grove beside the Frog to remove debris or thrush. This will assist in careful, measurement along the length of each side of the Frog. Measurement will occur from the apex to the “V” at the buttress of the heel. Please note- It is not advisable to clean/pare around the Frog in Excess. Extreme care must be taken in paring the Frog in order to let the Frog do its job. Excessive paring of the Frog removes the shock absorption, traction, cushioning, and flexibility functions. It will also reduce the ability of the Frog to perform the pumping action that supplies the entire hoof with blood flow.
3. Average the 2 measurements of each side of the Frog to determine the length of the toe from the hairline to the ground. Measure the distance from the apex of the frog to the “V” on each heel. Carefully note the length of each side of the frog. If you find a slight difference on each side, you may then need to split the difference to determine the proper toe length. The average length of each side of the frog will determine the toe length. Measure from the hair line at the coronary band to the toe where it meets the terrain. The toe length may be a bit shorter to accommodate the shoe thickness, but not longer to avoid excessive leverage. This measurement normally provides for a 52-degree (or higher) angle to reduce leverage and relieve stress on the tendons, ligaments and legs of this specific horse. Splitting the difference in length (on each side of the frog) making this measurement the length of the toe (or slightly less) will bring the foot into balance within a couple of trims. This will balance the foot with Triangulation with 1 to 2 resets. The concept of TRIANGULATION to balance a hoof is borrowed from navigational and land surveying techniques that determine a single point that is dependent on the convergence of measurements taken from two other distinct points, in our case, on each side of the frog. Check for proper angulation of each hoof, and check for inconsistencies in balance in each hoof. Angles need to be at least between 50 – 55 degrees for front feet – a matching pair. For the hind legs, the angle needs to be a minimum of 55 – 60 degrees, again a matching pair. You can check the angles of you horse’s feet with a hoof gauge. There is probably nothing more important in measuring and fitting as a GOOD HOOF GAUGE.
4. Trim the heel to the base where it joins the bar at the “V.” Proceed to remove excess hoof wall even with the sole around to the other side at the heel. Using the T-Square, check to be sure the hoof is level.
5. Determine the correct shoes size by measuring across the trimmed hoof at the widest part in millimeters. This measurement determines the front and rear sizes of GOLDENWINGSHORSESHOES for this horse. When the shoe is fitted to the heel properly, it will be the correct length to allow the frog to be exposed and do its job. This will also provide protection of the coffin bone. Excess toe from the white line forward may be removed with nippers or rasp to the same degree angle as on the toe of the shoe, or the toe will wear off naturally, as well. The amount of toe trimmed here is usually comparable (or less) than the hoof might “self-trim” over varying terrain (as if no shoe were installed). The angle at the toe of the shoe is designed to relieve leverage, helping the toe break over for the next phase of the stride.
6. Rasp the shoe to fit the hoof. Do not rasp the hoof to fit the shoe.
7. By using nature’s Golden Ratio, you then determine the correct angle for a specific horse as determined by the Golden Ratio or Divine Proportion.
8. Reccomended, # 5 City Head or similar nail head size to fit into holes provided in the shoe design.
9. Make accurate records of the finished unshod hoof angle and toe measurements and maintain good records.
GOLDENWINGSHORSESHOES are designed to fit the entire hoof capsule rather than a hoof rasped to fit a shoe.
Our shoes can be rasped to fit the hoof perfectly, if necessary, being careful to not rasp the hoof wall. It is important to keep the hoof wall strong and flexible. Clinch block the nails, driving the nail crown even or slightly into the shoe material to lock nails into the nail slot provided.
Our experience has shown that the second or third application of GOLDENWINGSHORSESHOES, with proper trimming as suggested in our Trimming Guidelines, may result in a reduction, or an increase of shoe size, as the foot begins to reshape as it achieves balance. This is a good and positive reaction of using GOLDENWINGSHORSESHOES. A strong, flexible and healthy hoof!
GOLDENWINGSHORSESHOES Secret Technology Compound provides a shoe made of material that flexes and wears just like a natural barefoot hoof. When the hoof, loaded with the weight of the horse, hits the ground with each stride it actually changes shape. GOLDENWINGSHORSESHOES are made of a material that moves with the changes the hoof experiences with each stride. A horse’s hoof is so flexible that one could actually take hold and give it a good squeeze, noticing the give.
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How to Treat Acne with Natural Remedies
Acne happens when sebaceous, or oil, glands produce sebum that blocks your pores, usually on your face, neck, or back, and bacteria starts to grow. When it does, it results in pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. Though we’re not sure what causes acne, diet and food allergies may play a role—but so may stress and hormonal imbalances. Fortunately, you can do something about it.
The Importance of Diet
Sugar and greasy foods like pizza and French fries are some of the worst foods for acne. Why? Simple carbohydrates (carbs) are metabolized as sugar, and this can affect the hormone balance in the body. But cutting out these carbs and increasing protein, such as lean meats and whole-wheat breads, can help prevent acne breakouts, as can eating regular meals and adding five servings of fruits and vegetables.
Green veggies especially help to clear the skin, and they’re high in vitamins and minerals. Green food supplements are also very cleansing for the skin. Go for greens like chlorophyll, spirulina, and barley greens to help filter out toxins. Drinking lots of water also helps to remove toxins from the skin. Get in the habit of keeping your water bottle or glass full throughout the day.
Recognizing Food Allergies
Acne can also result from food allergies. When you have an allergic reaction to a particular food, such as dairy or eggs, it’s because the immune system perceives the food as a kind of “invader” and mounts a response resulting in inflammation and acne. To find out if this is what’s happening to you, have your doctor give you the ELISA Blood Test, which tests for different food allergies, or try an elimination diet. To get a good response, you’ll want to eliminate possible offending food products in your diet for two weeks to see if your skin clears.
Acidophilus to Prevent Outbreaks
When your digestive tract isn’t functioning optimally, it shows on the skin. Taking acidophilus, a type of “friendly bacteria” or probiotic, can help your digestion by replenishing essential bacteria, similar to beneficial microorganisms found in the human gut that are lost to poor diet and overuse of antibiotics. You can find acidophilus in yogurt or sold as a capsule. The recommended dosage is 10 billion parts of acidophilus with bifidus, another type of helpful probiotic. Now you can buy multi-layer acidophilus with bifidus “pearls,” which do not need to be refrigerated and deliver the bacteria intact and alive.
Topical Treatments for Blemishes
One of the best treatments for your acne is tea tree oil, as clinical studies prove its antiseptic effectiveness. It’s readily absorbed by the skin, which means it can help dry up and heal pimples faster. Calendula (from marigold petals) with vitamin E is also excellent for healing skin with acne, and lavender essential oil is a good antibiotic and antiseptic. Antioxidants vitamins A (Retinol-A), C, and E in topical form, either separately or together, can be effective in battling acne, too. At health food stores, you’ll find the available dosages for Retinol-A in cream form at 1 to 2 percent retinol. With a doctor’s prescription, you can get up to 5 percent. Taking these vitamins as oral supplements can help, too.
Don’t Fear Oil
If you have oily skin, the idea of adding more oil can seem, well, nuts. But the right kind can actually help to reduce sebum production. To make your own custom blend astringent, fill a 1-ounce bottle with the following:
½ oz. hazelnut oil
4 drops juniper oil
3 drops tea tree oil
2 drops rosemary oil
Shake all ingredients together, then top off with another ½ ounce of hazelnut oil. Apply two to three drops to a cotton pad and massage into clean skin twice daily.
Full Steam Ahead
For adults with acne, steam is a great remedy. Fill a tea kettle with water and bring it to boiling. Pour the contents into a plugged bathroom sink and create an herbal steam by adding a few drops of essential antiseptic oils such as tea tree and juniper oil to soften pores. Pull up a chair and put a towel over your head to capture the steam around your face. Top off with more hot water as needed. Afterward, dab tea tree oil on any pimples you may have.
When cleansing and toning the skin—an essential routine for those with acne—try the following natural regime:
2 oz. unscented cleansing base (you can use Dr. Bronner’s liquid baby-mild soap found here)
7 drops tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)
5 drops lemon oil (Citrus limon)
5 drops lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia)
Mix together all ingredients. Wash with cleanser two times a day, once in the morning and once in the evening.
4 oz. witch hazel hydrosol or extract
4 drops tea tree oil
2 drops lemon oil
Place all ingredients in a 4-ounce bottle with a spritzer top. Shake before each use. Apply by spritzing the face or mix 1 tablespoon into 2 ounces of unscented castile soap.
Most acne skin types are prone to dehydration due to the overuse of alcohol-based toners and cleansers. For this reason, individuals with acne can benefit from applying a soothing hydrating cream after cleansing and toning.
2 oz. unscented water-based cream
2 drops German chamomile oil
4 drops lavender oil
5 drops Frankincense oil
Mix together all ingredients. Apply to skin as a last step after cleansing and toning.
Helpful Herbal Teas
The liver is the primary organ of detoxification in the body, but if it’s overwhelmed by the wrong food and drink or hormonal imbalances, it can cause an acne flare-up. Certain herbal teas help the liver detoxify, including burdock root, dandelion leaves, milk thistle, and red clover. Chaste tree berry tea is especially good for hormonal women.
Acidophilus with bifidus multi-layer pearls: 10 billion parts
Burdock root tea
Calendula with vitamin E essential oil
Chaste tree berry tea
Dandelion leaves tea
Green food supplement: As directed
Juniper essential oil
Lavender essential oil
Milk thistle tea
Red clover tea
Tea tree oil essential oil
Tea tree oil with vitamins A and E topical salve
Vitamin A: 2,500 IU
Vitamin A: Retinol-A, C, and E cream
Vitamin C: 2,000 mg
Vitamin E: 400 IU
Follow these diet suggestions and treatments, and say goodbye to your acne! Good luck!
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Did you know:
Bacteria in fresh milk doubles every 20 minutes while stored at room temperature, according to the FDA.
Freshly pumped breastmilk needs to be cooled and stored in a freezer or refrigerator. Research shows that storing breastmilk at room temperature can:
- lead to rapid bacterial growth, reducing both the nutritional value of breastmilk (since bacteria consume the nutrients in the milk) and its immunological value (as breastmilk uses up its immune defenses to fight off the bacteria.)
- cause cellular damage due to an increase the amount of free fatty acids in the milk.
- adversely affect the intestinal microbiota, known to play a major role in nutrition, metabolism, protection against pathogens, development of the immune system and brain.
Quick cooling protects the nutritional and immunological value of your milk.
Protecting your breastmilk from nutrient-damaging temperatures.
Did you know:
Heating milk over 40°C/104°F causes deterioration of the milk’s immunological proteins and enzymes. Overheating pumped breastmilk may also reduce fat absorption which could cause less caloric intake for your baby.
Nanobébé’s revolutionary bottle shape
allows breastmilk to be spread thin across the surface area and thereby warming quickly and evenly. Now you or a caregiver can warm the bottle at safe temperatures and feed baby promptly without destroying your precious breastmilk nutrients by overheating.
Finally, you can speed up prep time without exposing
breastmilk to nutrient-damaging temperatures.
Recent scientific research has proven that the temperature and the storage of human milk, plays a vital role in preserving its natural nutrients.
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Curriculum & Instruction Subject Areas
Information and resources related to health education for students in grades K-12.
Information that defines the History and Social Science knowledge, concepts, and skills students should acquire at each grade level.
Information that all students in California public schools should know and be able to do in mathematics, emphasizing computational and procedural skills, conceptual understanding, and problem solving.
Resources for developing quality physical education programs designed to provide students with knowledge and ability needed to maintain active, healthy lifestyles.
Information to help students achieve progressive levels of mastery so that they may communicate effectively in English and, ultimately, participate fully in society and the world of work.
Information that represents the content of science education and includes the essential skills and knowledge students will need to be scientifically literate citizens in the twenty-first century.
Visual & Performing Arts
Information that represents students, skills, knowledge, and abilities in dance, music, theatre, and the visual arts that all students should be able to master from prekindergarten to grade 12.
Information that focuses on developing the highest levels of world language proficiency (also referred to as foreign language) in California students.
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The Morgan Library & Museum's collection of Italian old master drawings is one of the most significant in this country and functions as a cornerstone of the institution's holdings in graphic art. The nucleus of the Morgan's Italian drawings—presently numbering at nearly three thousand sheets including sketchbook and album pages—originated in Pierpont Morgan's 1909 purchase of fifteen hundred drawings from the Fairfax Murray collection, which contained exceptional examples of sixteenth- and eighteenth-century Italian draftsmanship. Since then the Morgan has acquired, through both purchases and gifts, remarkable Italian drawings and continues to grow.
The Morgan houses drawings by Italy's most prominent Renaissance artists. Florence—arguably the center of draftsmanship in Renaissance Italy—yielded a plethora of master draftsmen, such as Sandro Botticelli, Filippo Lippi, and Fra Bartolommeo, whose works reveal the central role of drawing in the artistic process. This practice is brought to a remarkable level of perfection in drawings by the canonical triumvirate of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The succeeding generation of artists, such as Andrea del Sarto, Jacopo Pontormo, and Luca Signorelli, as well as major north Italian masters of the Renaissance, such as Correggio, Parmigianino, and Andrea Mantegna, are also well-represented in the collection.
From artists who worked for papal Rome during the seventeenth century, the Morgan owns significant works by Annibale Carracci, Gianlorenzo Bernini, and Pietro da Cortona. The breadth of the Morgan's collection of Italian Baroque drawings is due in large part to the incorporation during the second half of the twentieth century of the Janos Scholz collection, which introduced a large number of accomplished drawings by artists working in various artistic centers, such as Bologna, Naples, Genoa, and Milan.
Venetian drawings are a particularly rich component of the Morgan's Italian drawings collection. In addition to drawings by Renaissance masters such as Vittore Carpaccio, Titian, Jacopo Tintoretto, and Paolo Veronese, the Morgan's holdings comprise the best collection of Venetian eighteenth-century drawings in the United States. Sheets with elegant views of Venice by Canaletto and Giambattista Tiepolo's exquisite decorative designs are numerous and of the highest quality.
Jacopo da Pontormo (1494–1557)
Standing Male Nude Seen from the Back and Two Seated Nudes, 1517–21
Inscribed at lower left, in pen and black ink, Jacopo da Pontormo Purchased as the gift of the Fellows with the special assistance of Mrs. Carl Stern and Janos Scholz; 1954.4.
A pupil of Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo also explored the human figure in studies after garzoni posed in the studio, although
he blended Andrea's naturalism with his own eccentric grace. Working in red chalk, he applied pressure to create bold
contours and emphasize details, while reducing the heads to simple ovals or curves. The figures do not correspond to any
known works by the artist and are more likely a free exercise in life drawing done about 1519–21, when Pontormo was at
work on the decoration of the Great Hall in the Medici villa at Poggio a Caiano.
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Carbon fibers are made from a chemical called acrylonitrile. At present, the manufacturers make acrylonitrile from oil, ammonia, oxygen and expensive catalysts. The process produces a large amount of heat and produces toxic by-products, causing considerable pollution to the environment. And since acrylonitrile is made from oil, the cost of carbon fiber tends to rise as the price of oil rises.
Carbon fiber is a new fiber material with high strength and high modulus fiber with carbon content above 95% from the material performance point of view. It is a microcrystalline graphite material obtained by the carbonization and graphitization of the organic fibers, such as flaky graphite microcrystals, stacked along the axial direction of the fiber. Carbon fiber “an hand in a velvet glove lighter than aluminum,” the quality, but the strength is higher than that of steel, which is equivalent to 5 times over the steel strength, weight less than steel 1/4, was hailed as the “Superman material field”.
At the same time, carbon fiber is made from other rare components, such as oil, so it usually appears on products with high price and special demand, such as bicycles, wind turbine blades, airliners, Formula One racing cars, etc. In addition, the characteristics of corrosion resistance and high modulus make it an important material in both military and civil fields.
It not only has the intrinsic characteristic of carbon material, but also has the soft processability of textile fiber. It is a new generation of reinforced fiber.
Carbon fiber has many excellent properties, carbon fiber axial strength and high modulus, low density, high performance, no creep, non oxidation under the environment of high temperature resistance, good fatigue resistance, between heat and electrical conductivity between the metal and non metal, smaller thermal expansion coefficient and anisotropy, good corrosion resistance, X Radiability good. Good conductive and thermal conductivity, good electromagnetic shielding and so on.
Compared with the traditional carbon fiber glass fiber, the young’s modulus is more than 3 times; compared with Kevlar fiber, the young’s modulus is about 2 times in the organic solvent, acid and alkali insoluble swelling, outstanding corrosion resistance.
Carbon fiber application field
Carbon fiber is an important strategic material for developing national defense industry and national economy. It is a key material of technology intensive. With the academic research from short fiber carbon fiber to long fiber carbon fiber, the technology and products of making heating materials with carbon fiber are gradually popularized. In the background of high speed industrialization in the world, the use of carbon fiber is becoming diversified. In China, long fiber has been used as a high-performance fiber. In the case of high temperature and high physical stability, CFRP has irreplaceable advantages.
The higher the specific strength of the material is, the smaller the self weight and the higher the modulus, the greater the stiffness of the component. Because of its excellent performance, carbon fiber has wide application prospects in the field of national defense and civil area. Carbon fiber carbon materials have been widely used in various fields of military and civil industry. From the aerospace, aviation, automobile, electronic, mechanical, chemical, textile and other civilian industries to sports equipment and leisure products. Carbon fibre reinforced composites can be used in aircraft manufacturing and military field, wind turbine blades and other industrial fields, electromagnetic shielding materials, in addition to electric artificial ligament and other physical substitute materials and for the manufacture of rocket shell, motor boats, industrial robot, automobile plate spring and drive shaft etc.. Ball clubs and other sports fields. Carbon fiber is a new type of industrial material in a typical high-tech field.
But such a good technology, why can only appear in sports cars, aircraft and other industries?
Because the cost is high, it is too expensive!
Acrylonitrile, a chemical used to make carbon fiber, is currently used in the manufacture of acrylonitrile. Petroleum, ammonia, oxygen and expensive catalysts are used to make acrylonitrile, which makes the final product extremely expensive and produces lots of heat and toxic by-products in the production process.
That’s why carbon fibers appear on a high sports car, not on a truck.
So what is the progress of the latest process?
A new process for the production of acrylonitrile
National Renewable Energy Laboratory has developed a new process to produce acrylonitrile, which is made from parts that people can’t eat in plants, such as corn stalks and wheat stalks. Scientists decompose these substances into sugar, convert them into acids, and combine with cheap catalysts to produce acrylonitrile. The process does not produce excessive heat, and it does not produce toxic by-products.
Reg Beckham Gregg Beckham said, “in the past, the price of acrylonitrile fluctuated greatly, which led to a decline in the utilization rate of carbon fiber, which made the weight of cars and aircraft lighter. “If we can stabilize the price of acrylonitrile by providing a new kind of acrylonitrile,” he added, “we may be able to make carbon fiber cheaper.”
Scientists believe that plant based processes can be magnified and used in manufacturing. Researchers are working with several companies to produce large amounts of acrylonitrile, which will be converted into carbon fibers and used in automobiles. By making carbon fiber cheaper, scientists can help car owners to save money for a long time. A car made of carbon fiber is lighter than a car made of steel. So they need less fuel to drive the same distance, help drivers save gasoline and reduce the carbon pollution that is warming the earth.
That is to say, with the help of new technology that carbon fiber material is expected to broaden its application field, because of high cost and no longer being shut out, even into the manufacturing industry related to everyday life, at the same time, renewable energy means to effectively improve the environmental pollution situation.
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Activities and Games for the Classroom
Ensure students develop the argumentation and critical-thinking skills they need for academic and lifetime success. Discover 10 fun, engaging activities and games for teaching argumentation that align with the CCSS. Incorporate these tools into your instruction to help students develop their ability to present and support claims, distinguish fact and opinion, identify errors in reasoning, and debate constructively.
- Obtain games and activities to support instruction and teach argumentation skills.
- Help students develop the critical-thinking skills necessary to lead informed lives.
- Facilitate classroom discussions about various topics—including difficult ones—to prepare students for democratic life.
- Provide students with the tools to build effective arguments and relay complex information.
- Access reproducibles including question cards, memory cards, evidence organizers, answer keys, and more.
Product Code: BKL021
Page Count: 256
These reproducibles include handouts to copy and share, as well as forms you can fill in electronically.
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Google has built a prototype Android smartphone that can learn and map the world around it. The device comes from a new initiative called Project Tango, and it’s ready to get the phone into developers’ hands to see what the technology is capable of. Google says that the phone will learn the dimension of rooms and spaces just by being moved around inside of them — walking around your bedroom, for example, would help the phone learn the shape of your home. The hope is that by creating a robust map of the world, Google’s phone could eventually give precise directions to any given point that needs to be reached. It’s an ambitious project, but that should be no surprise given who it’s coming from: Tango comes out of the Advanced Technology and Projects group — one of the few pieces of Motorola that Google has opted to hang on to rather than sell.
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"Google’s ‘Project Tango’ Smartphone Maps the World Around It" by @ShellyPalmer
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It’s a worst-case scenario for many times over, and it’s happening in two European countries just 20 miles apart.
At least 120 people are known to have contracted the Crimean coronavirus (CCV) in the last three months in Crimea, a peninsula on the Mediterranean coast annexed by Russia in 2014, but doctors are still searching for up to 600 cases in the region.
“We have a powerful epidemiological infrastructure, but we are scrambling to know where people have been exposed,” said Aleksandra Naliskova, a medical doctor and researcher at the Joint Institute for Virology in Novosibirsk, Russia.
The virus is no stronger than cold viruses, but there are several that transmit rapidly between people, including SARS and Ebola. In March, the World Health Organization sounded the alarm and Russia shut off its borders for 30 days.
In Greece, where six people have been reported to have been infected with the virus, health officials and the European Commission tried to head off the crisis by banning all visits and cargoes from the region, canceling exams, public gatherings and meeting with patients. The European Commission also launched a monitoring network to monitor outbreaks.
In Washington, health officials have had to adapt. The virus spread quickly on board a passenger jet flying from Dubai to Athens. Between November 2013 and March this year, there were no cases until one was detected a month ago.
“In this case, an international traveler carried the virus from the region to Athens,” said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. “That’s not much better than a civilian coming from Afghanistan or Iraq and bringing it here.”
Maryland officials closed an insecticide plant after finding traces of the virus in tree leaves. More about the CDC's outbreak response and response plans at arkiv.msd.gov/aboutus/sanity/.
Influenza has a history of clustering, and the virus didn’t stay at 1.5 percent that month. That suggests there could be a lot more cases.
“My first conclusion is that we have a virulent and lethal pathogen,” said John Howard, president of The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine.
More worrisome, however, is the potential financial impact.
In the aftermath of the 2009 pandemic, many children in the U.S. got vaccinated. That’s because the CDC advised that children younger than 6 months should be vaccinated along with the general public to protect them from sudden pneumonia, which often comes from pertussis, or whooping cough.
The European Union instituted a similar rule for at least two years because adults can infect children with the virus and help spread it, while pregnant women aren’t affected by the disease.
“For almost a decade, we have taken appropriate measures to guard against further spread of influenza in Europe,” said Pierre De Clercy de Boursac, WHO’s representative in Belgium. “Fortunately, so far, there has been no evidence of continued transmission.”
Concentrations of the virus have been reported on the island of Karpathos and in western Greece.
“The situation in Greece appears to be rapidly improving but it remains a major concern,” De Clercy de Boursac said.
More cases are expected because the virus can linger for months and even years in some insects, which some have reported in their traps.
“Our theory is that the virus may survive in bat saliva and cross into humans. This is hard to determine because the virus appears to have switched species,” said Naliskova.
Because Ukraine borders Crimea, the virus seems unlikely to spread into Russia. The European Commission said it won’t be tightening any borders with countries in that region.
At the state and federal level, the CDC has been updating its pandemic pandemic response plan and asking states for advice.
“The last time we did a pandemic pandemic-control plan, the flu pandemic was a decade ago,” said Dr. Bruce Gilden, the director of CDC’s Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response. “We’re trying to understand the time, resources and implications of a new viral agent that is emerging.”
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“Artificial Intelligence (AI) is going to change the world more than anything in the history of mankind. More than electricity!” Dr. Kai-Fu Lee
The present-day generation is privileged to live in an era of information. Intelligent machines have taken the place of manual working to ensure higher automation and sophistication. AI enables the computing machines to exhibit human-like behaviors while adjusting to the newly given inputs and accommodating change in the environment.
The emergence of artificial intelligence has helped to make computing pervasive in every walk of life. The industry experts and enthusiasts believe that AI will change the ways how people interact with technology. Even, it is expected to change the ways of perception and interaction occur between human beings.
Keeping the scope of AI into consideration, many organizations from the corporate sector are spending billions of dollars to purchase products and services based on AI for improved process management. The tech-giants such as Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Apple, and many others are investing in creating AI-driven products to facilitate the market demands for sophisticated automation. Similarly, tech-savvy countries have been taking an active part in strengthening AI for the future. It is evident from the Artificial Intelligence UAE based initiatives to promote advanced learning through exhibitions and summits. It clearly indicates the importance of AI in the 21st century and beyond!
So, why not look into the significance and scope of AI for now and in the future? But before getting into detailed insights, let’s have a look at the definition of artificial intelligence for basic understanding!
What is Artificial Intelligence?
The best definition of AI is the provision of basic imitating intelligence to the machines for displaying human-like behavior under dynamic environmental constraints. It is generally referred to as machine intelligence because computing devices and machines are designed to demonstrate human behaviors through artificially inculcated intelligence. The technology helps the machines to experience modifications in their working behaviors in response to the external inputs to perform like human beings. It has considerably helped to extend the frontiers of knowledge using technology.
Top Reasons Artificial Intelligence is Important for everyone
Nevertheless, AI can be used to perform several exceptionally complex tasks and activities. Every individual can utilize AI to get an advantage in his/her respective field to achieve the intended objectives with higher standards of optimization and sophistication. It’s because AI-driven machines offer a combination of deep learning with symbolic reasoning. The scope of AI is widespread, owing to its significance in the modern world. Let’s have a brief review of why artificial intelligence is important for you:
Improved learning facilities with artificial intelligence
There is no denying that technology has helped in bringing the knowledge to the fingertips – interestingly, AI has increased the efficiency of learning systems. Evidently, the present-day students have no longer visit the libraries and search for hours to acquire their desired knowledge. They can get everything searched and presented in seconds. The use of personalization based on AI has further eased the process of knowledge acquisition.
Interestingly, dynamic posters in educational institutions, smart chalkboards, sophisticated display monitors, and active chatbots have revolutionized the education sector. Additionally, robotics has facilitated hundreds of parents and teachers during the phase of early childhood education. It is because intelligent robots assist students in learning different sensory-motor and cognitive skills with higher precision.
Better-quality healthcare services
The provision of top-quality healthcare services to citizens is the fundamental responsibility of the state. However, government across the world faces a serious challenge of basic rights accommodation owing to higher population growth. Here also, AI comes to the rescue! The benefits of using AI in healthcare are enormous. The states can significantly improve the health conditions of the patients, along with reducing the overall cost.
Not only this, but AI has also contributed significantly to improving the efficiency of healthcare professionals by optimizing the diagnostic processes and medical treatments. Additionally, the landscape of the healthcare industry is expected to be reshaped by applying automation for disease prevention and treatment interventions. Just wait and watch!
Higher productivity in agriculture
It will not be wrong to say that AI is expected to revolutionize the field of agriculture. Many countries have already started getting the benefits of AI in farming and cultivation. It is because robots are used to plant crops and pesticide administration. Not only this, but farmers also use drones to supervise their crops production for extensive supervision and information collection to make further decisions.
The collected data is further analyzed using AI-based machines to improve the yields. It can be done through different tasks. For example, seeds can be genetically engineered using AI machines to bring innovation in cultivation. The health of soil can be improved using AI-driven harvesting methods.
Information security using artificial intelligence
Although the invention of the World Wide Web has turned the world into a global village, it has grave repercussions. The widespread of information has posed severe privacy risks to the individuals as well as the organizations. Illegal access to corporate or personal data has made everyone vulnerable to and hacking activities. So, it has become essential to protect the information from security threats.
It’s a fact that AI has helped the people to protect their privacy rights while connecting to the internet. Various sensitive institutions, such as financial organizations, banks, and state departments, rely heavily on artificial intelligence threat management solutions to improve the surveillance of their communication networks. Not only this, lie and fake information detection devices also use AI to improve the quality of available data across the world.
Enhanced efficiency with smart workforce
According to the estimations of the World Economic Forum, the majority of the business corporate and enterprise sectors will move to advanced technologies and AI machines by the year 2022. Therefore, all the states in the world should focus on educating their professionals in both cognitive and non-cognitive skills for higher efficiency. It will not only help in boosting the productivity of their workforce but also trigger economic progress.
So, it is safe to say that a focus on AI learning and utilization can help the countries to start their future earlier than the others. To your surprise, the United Arab Emirates has already started paying attention to promote a culture of AI in all the spheres of life by introducing well-organized initiatives. More specifically, AI UAE based startups and competitions are hosted to play an active role in grooming the skills of a tech-savvy generation. It is because the country is looking for preparing the smart workforce to meet the needs of the future.
Creation of new jobs opportunities
There is a misconception among a few people that rapid advancement in technology and the application of AI in the work industries will replace a human being. It’s not true, but the news is that AI-driven machines are going to optimize human work in the best way possible. Evidently, robotics has already facilitating people to perform repetitive tasks with efficiency.
In this way, AI is expected to eliminate the need for getting busy into low-skilled tasks while helping the individuals to focus on more jobs that require higher diversity and human sophistication. It will create more job opportunities for people. So, the professionals can spend more time in accomplishing other tasks that cannot be handled by the automatic machines.
Artificial intelligence for environment protection
Over the years, people have realized that rapid industrialization and other human activities have harmed the environment significantly. Increasing environmental degradation is alarming because the survival of all living organisms depends on a sustainable environment. So, AI has rushed to save the world!
So, the technology experts have paid great attention to improve the ecology with the help of artificial intelligence. It is evident from Google’s startup DeepMind uses AI to eliminate energy wastage. The initiative has helped to save 40% usage of data center energy. Additionally, AI is used to eliminate pollution by cleaning the air, managing waste, and perform so many other eco-friendly activities.
Conclusion: Your future belongs to artificial intelligence!
Summing up, artificial intelligence is much more important than everything discussed in this brief overview. It’s because researchers, engineers, and technology experts are busy in trying to replicate human brains into machines to improve intelligence. The efforts are expected to grow more rigorously for converting contemplations into realities using modern technology. This will surely magnify the role and contribution of the AI in transforming the world industries for improved automation and complexity handling.
Don’t miss the opportunity to get involved in AI-driven initiatives to get better insights to redefine your dreams for a tech-savvy future!
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Hypnotherapy for smoking, weight loss and much more!
Hypnosis scientific research:
1890s – In 1892 a team of doctors were commissioned by the (BMA) British Medical Association to evaluate the effects of hypnotherapy. After the evaluation was completed the committee came back with a report that they were more than satisfied with the genuineness of the hypnotic state.
The committee was of the opinion that hypnosis was very effective at alleviating many ailments like problems sleeping (insomnia), overcoming anxiety disorders and pain relief. If you suffer from any kind of physical, emotional or psychological problem, rest assured that hypnosis at Quays Clinic does work.
1950s – In 1955 a sub-committee of the (BMA) British Medical Association called the “Psychological Medicine Group” led by the eminent T. Ferguson Rodger was commissioned to do another more comprehensive report about hypnosis. After they had consulted with many of the leading experts in the field of hypnosis for over two years they completed a report which was published by the British Medical Journal which was titled “Medical use of hypnotism”.
The report stated that hypnotism should be considered for use in medical practice. The committee also commented on how self-hypnosis was a very valuable tool which could be used for psycho-somatic disorders. Hypnosis had proved very useful in the removal of the symptoms of unwanted habits, behaviors and emotions.
The committee also concluded that hypnotism was not only effective in the treatment of psychiatric disabilities but also could be useful in the production of analgesia, anesthesia, dental procedures, surgical procedures and pain relief in childbirth.
In the same addition of the journal they published that they had discovered an abundance of evidence from the last 100 years that hypnotism works.
In 1958 The (AMA) American Medical Association produced a more comprehensive report which not only endorsed the BMA report from 1955 but stated that they had concluded that hypnosis has a recognized place in the medical profession recognizing the effectiveness of hypnosis in treating illness when used by professional dentists and medical professionals.
Hypnotherapy was also recognized by the AMA who rendered hypnotherapy as an orthodox treatment.
1990s In 1955 in the United States of America the National Institute for Health put together an official statement which concluded that hypnosis was very effective in helping patients with overcoming chronic pain for cancer sufferers as well as other conditions such as tension, headaches, jaw pain and (IBS) irritable bowel syndrome.
More research was compiled by the (BMJ) British Medical Journal about hypnotherapy and relaxation therapies which concluded that hypnotherapy could also be used effectively for nausea, overcoming panic disorders, phobias, stopping anxiety, weight control and asthma.
2001 The British Psychological Society commissioned a report by experts in the field of psychology entitled “The Nature of Hypnosis” in which the remit was to produce a statement about the application of hypnosis for clinical purposes, entertainment and training.
They concluded that enough studies had been published and accumulated to suggest that hypnotic procedures may benefit patients in the treatment of many conditions in the practice of medicine, psychotherapy and psychiatry.
They noted that evidence existed that hypnotic procedures were very effective in overcoming the symptoms of psychosomatic illness which included migraines, gastric-intestinal complaints, irritable bowel syndrome as well as skin complaints like eczema hives and psoriasis.
There was also evidence to show that hypnosis could help with weight control and stop smoking.
2003 Enrich Flammer and Dr. Walter Bongartz from the University of Konstanz in Germany published their analysis on the effectiveness of hypnotherapy. The examined data related to psychosomatic illness, stop smoking, test anxiety and pain relief. They showed that clinical hypnotherapy was very effective in overcoming many different medical problems.
Undoubtedly the boundaries of hypnotherapy in modern times will be significantly moved forward thanks to the work of Dave Elman, Ormond McGill, Milton Ericson, Gerald Kein and many other professional hypnotherapists.
It’s my ambition as a clinical hypnotherapist to play my part in what has to be one of the most challenging and best professions in the world. If you are looking to find hypnotherapy in Newcastle upon Tyne to help you quit smoking or lose weight pick up the phone and give Quays Clinic a call.
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Originally posted by Nextstep
There seems to be plenty of evidence suggesting past advanced technology not understood today (Giza Egypt has enough examples to validate this alone), the only thing that really seems to be absent is the willingness to embrace the possibility (which any good researcher would do until sufficient evidence proves otherwise).
Originally posted by zysin5
The only thing I have found to be advanced from a long time ago are called known as BC-vintage batteries (made by the Parthians, who dominated the Baghdad region between 250 BC and 224 AD.
They are very simple. Thin sheetcopper was soldered into a cylinder less than four inches long and about an inch in diameter.
You can find at the relieft at the Temple of Hathor at Dendera pictures on the walls of people holding what looks like light bulbs! Called at that time "Djed" pillars.
Originally posted by grover
You might find such books convincing but I have never found one that actually stood up to protracted scrutiny. They make alright science fiction but lousy science.
The last such one I read was Graham Hancock's "Fingerprints of the Gods" and it followed the same pathway carved by such books as "The Chariot of the Gods"; long on supposition and short on verifiable fact. But hey, if you like such things more power to you, but don't call them science because they are not.
Originally posted by BlackGuardXIII ...and the ceiling stones of the kings chamber are very advanced, while also making the project very much harder to complete.
Originally posted by Gazrok
Gazrok! please for one moment try getting yourself a rationale view point!
Those iron beams etc are the case left by two airliners... incase of nuclear blast, it would be molten iron, and plastic wont even be found i guess...
I'd strongly recommend looking at some photos of Nagasaki and Hiroshima after the atom bombs were dropped on it, as you'll see just how much is left.
And those were very very weak bombs.
If Russia were to drop their tsar bomb on Washington, all you would see is ash.
A nuclear war between two civilizations would most likely have greater tonage than hiroshima because they would occur when the technology is greater.
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Orthodontics is a speciality of dentistry that is concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of teeth displacement and facial irregularities. An Orthodontist is a dentist who have received more training than the general dentist to become skilled in helping patients align their teeth, fit braces and treat many types of teeth and jaw disorders.
Everyone knows who a dentist is: they are the teeth doctor and so people run to them anytime they need some treatment for their teeth. Orthodontists are not as popular as dentists, but they are also a dentist, only that they have much more treatments to offer.
An Orthodontist even though they are dentists is quite alien to many people; and to people that know what an orthodontist can do, the different myths that have been created about orthodontists has made a lot of people skeptical or fearful about visiting them.
These myths have prevented a lot of people from taking the needed step to improve the appearance of their teeth and face. They are myths standing between people and their desire to achieve a perfect smile.
What are some of the myths about orthodontists and the treatment they offer and why should you not always believe what you hear about orthodontist?
- Orthodontists are very expensive
Orthodontists are not as expensive as people say they are. The cost of treatments depends on the severity of each case. Most orthodontists offer free consultations and flexible payment plans, so you do not have to worry about how you are going to pay the doctor’s fee at once. Orthodontists take pride in helping people achieve an excellent dental and facial transformation; they closely monitor your progress every step of the way, so any amount of money you pay them is well worth it.
- Orthodontic treatments take a very long time
Many believe all orthodontic treatment take months to several years. This is not entirely true. Just like most other health cases, orthodontic treatment time depend on the complexity of a patient’s case. Some patients need more time for treatment while some patients can complete their treatment in a much shorter time. To know the time required for your treatment, you need to consult an orthodontist instead of believing what people say about orthodontic treatment duration.
- Orthodontic treatment is cosmetic
It is true that orthodontists want your face to look better; they want to help you achieve a nice smile and increase your self-esteem. However, this is just a part of what they do. They also solve biting, speaking, and chewing problems. Furthermore, the teeth straightening treatment they provide is important for oral health because it is difficult to effectively brush overlapping teeth, and when the teeth are not cleaned the right way, tooth decay sets in.
- Orthodontic treatment is for kids
Everyone that desires a beautiful smile needs an orthodontist, not just kids. The time you need to visit a dentist is the first time you feel self-conscious about your smile.
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Monday, January 3, 2011
Creating a Color Wheel...The Beauty of Mixing Paint
I am not sure what it is but for some reason mixing paint is just so much fun. I guess it is the idea of all the different colors that you can create by using three main primary colors (red, yellow and blue) and then mixing the primary colors together you create secondary colors (purple, orange and green)…and no matter what, you get a little messy because painting is just where you can let your creative energy flow.
During our winter break, my daughters and I had the best afternoon learning about color! Yes, we created our own color wheel so that they could see firsthand how colors are created. It is one thing to see color on a page, the different shades and hues via markers, in a crayon box or even in the various colored pencils that we doodle with on a daily basis. Now they have (I hope) a better visualization of how mixing colors can open the door to creating many colors on their painting palette.
We started out with an 11X17 sheet of paper. I traced around a dinner plate, allowing for two larger circles on the page (one top and one on the bottom). Then each of the circles were divided into six pie shaped slices, which would later be represented by a specific color.
We started our color wheel project by using crayons on the top color wheel, so that my six- and three- year old daughters could see the colors that we were going to be creating and mixing together below. Our first three colors were the primary colors of red, blue and yellow. These three colors were colored on three pie slices, with a white slice in between them so that the secondary colors (purple, orange and green) would be colored in their respective places. Our color wheel would consist of the following (final) order of red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple.
Then for the second color wheel, I placed red, yellow, and blue paint in little ramekins to share. They painted each primary color respectively on their color wheel (my three year old mixed the order around a little bit as you can see from the photograph above but she did have the colors in the final mixing order correct). We then had three more ramekins where they did their mixing together.
Blue + Red = Purple
Red + Yellow = Orange
Blue + Yellow = Green
After we finished the color wheel, we talked a little bit about how by adding black or white, it changes the colors that we use. We can mix black with colors to make a shade. So for example, I asked them to put a dabble of red on another ramekin and then add a little bit of black paint to make the color burgundy. With the same color of red, I shared with them that if we mixed red with a little bit of white paint we would make a tint and create pink. Where pink is a tint of red.
We also talked about the use of warm and cool colors on the color wheel. The warm colors being the red, yellow and orange where they create a feeling of warmth – like the sun. Then the cool colors being green blue and purple and these creating a feeling of coolness – representing water, ice, etc.
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By Dr. Harold Pease
So what if the President does executive orders! Did not prior presidents do the same thing? Yes and no! George Washington did 8, John Adams 1, Thomas Jefferson 4, James Madison 1, James Monroe 1, John Quincy Adams 3, and Andrew Jackson 12. The first seven presidents totaled 30 executive orders over forty-seven years. The most recent seven presidents Barack Obama 168, George W. Bush 291, William J. Clinton 364, George Bush 166, Ronald Reagan 381, Jimmy Carter 320, and Gerald R. Ford 169 totaled 1,859, over forty years—sixty-two times as many. Obviously something has radically changed.
A review of the literature shows that, in fact, Barack Obama has fewer executive orders than most and proponents of him are quick to make this distinction. They also convey the idea that all executive orders are similar and constitutional unless undone by Congress or declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. These ideas are easy to dismiss. Rarely does Congress undo an executive order because the president’s party runs interference. Moreover, virtually no executive orders are declared unconstitutional because personal damage to someone (not the Constitution) has to be demonstrated and those damaged must be willing to pursue a legal course for several years before their case reaches the high court.
That all executive orders are similar is the biggest fallacy and the one most perpetuated by the establishment media. Rarely do they share the different types of executive orders as I do here. Initially executive orders were largely inter-departmental directives. They were never to have the force and effect of law as only Congress was allowed to make federal law (Art. I, Sec. I, Clause I). The President is to execute the law of the legislative branch, not make it himself.
A few laws of Congress need a statement of implementation by the president. For example, President Washington was directed by Congress to create Thanksgiving Day as a national holiday. His executive order doing so stated their request and his selection of the last Thursday of November as that day. An executive order implementing a single, recently passed (within weeks), law of Congress is constitutional. Very few of the executive orders of today fit the George Washington, or constitutional model.
Nearing the end of the 1800s presidents, fearing rejection of Congress on something that they wanted and not having a specific single act of Congress authorizing their action, began gluing pieces of ancient laws together, some decades old, and initiating an executive order from these. Congress should have threatened impeachment as presidents were usurping their clear constitutional jurisdiction but didn’t, largely again, because of political party.
It was Richard Nixon during the 1970’s that found the burden of gluing pieces of ancient laws together too much work and issued them without it. Impeachment should have followed on this issue alone but didn’t. Presidents from his time to ours have continued the practice of making executive orders simply presidential decrees as dictators do, effectively creating new laws without any review and unconstitutionally usurping the powers of Congress. The normal wordage now used: “By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:” is designed to sound official but it is simply made up. Added phraseology “as President,” or “by the Constitution” or, “as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces” still establishes no specific authority.
The Founding Fathers’ concept of separation of powers has been heavily altered the last fifty years. The Constitution allowed only the Legislative Branch to make federal law as noted. A law’s review by 536 individuals (435 members of the House, 100 Senators and 1 President) served as a filter for bad law as only one bill in thirty survived the rigid scrutiny of both branches and bore the signature of the President. Today we need to reject the executive order process that increasingly allows the executive branch to replace Congress as the principal law-making branch.
This is why Barack Obama’s executive orders differ from past presidents and is far more dangerous. In his State of the Union Address he boldly threatened to replace the legislative branch of government by doing it alone, through executive orders, if they did not do as he wished and in a timely fashion. Such is unprecedented and totally unconstitutional. Today, through the executive order process, the President makes half as many laws (decrees if you prefer) as does the Legislative Branch—about three a week. The practice is killing liberty.
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Lessons are collections of course materials—content, assignments, discussions, links, and files—that cover a particular section of the course curriculum.
Getting to lessons
There are a few ways to get to lessons or a particular lesson:
- When a lesson is available, course alerts (found on Home > Dashboard and My Courses) take you to the course dashboard, where you'll see alerts for particular lessons. Click the alert for the lesson you wish to go to.
- You can also navigate directly to a course's Lessons view, where all of the lessons the instructor has made available will be listed.
- indicates that you have completed that lesson.
- indicates that the lesson is available but has not been completed.
- indicates that the lesson is not available—whether because you must complete the previous lesson or because its availability has yet to start.
- If an assignment or a discussion has been connected to a lesson, you'll see a link to the lesson on the assignment or discussion's page. It will say something like "This discussion belongs to
Working through lessons
Lessons can combine a number of different course elements; here are some of the things you may encounter:
- Gated lessons: As alluded to above, sometimes your instructor may require you to view or complete a lesson before you can proceed to the next one. If a lesson has required elements, you must complete those before you will be considered to have completed the lesson.
- Pages: Your instructor may divide the lesson into pages. Pages may let you navigate freely, or they may contain elements you are required to complete or interact with before you can proceed to the next page.
- Lesson content: Text, images, video, and audio that convey the meat of the lesson.
- Assignments: Your instructor may link the lesson to particular assignments; if the assignment is required, you'll need to submit work for it in order to proceed.
- Discussions: Likewise with discussions: they can be linked to the lesson, and your participation may be required in order to proceed.
- Links: Links take you to an external website; if required, you'll need to visit that site in order to proceed.
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|“||Once upon a time, the land was ruled by monsters. They wore fine black suits. They hid behind their fine black book with their fine black beards. And they lived in grand houses. And they ruled by fear. They made everyone fear the woods, trees, and the birds and the animals around them so that they would not dare to venture from their village. And if anyone said anything other than what the monsters wanted them to say, they stole their voices.||”|
The Puritans are a group of Protestant settlers who emigrated from the Old World to America following violent religious wars. In Salem they act as antagonists of the witches as they are represented as fervent religious, free-thinking oppressors.
Most of the citizens of Salem are Puritans, people who adhere to a particular moral code that affects their entire life, deeply attached to the Holy Scriptures. The entire structure of the colonies of Essex County is governed by a council of Puritans opposed to Native Americans, to the Anglo-French domain and, of course, to the enemies of Christ, who are allied with the demonic forces.
The Council of Selectmen is an assembly formed by prominent male citizens, whose task is to administer justice, quell disputes and intervene on urban issues. Given the close correlation between religious and temporal power in the puritanical society, the selectmen are - apparently - eminent Puritan who blindly follow the word of the Lord. There are fourteen members of the select board in 1692, after John Alden claims a seat on the board as his father's heir.
Salem Council of Selectmen
Boston assembly of Puritan elders
The Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, including, but not limited to, English Calvinists. Puritanism in this sense was founded by John Calvin from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England. Particularly in the years after 1630, Puritans left for New England, supporting the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other settlements. This English-speaking population in America did not all consist of original colonists, since many returned to England shortly after arriving on the continent, but produced more than 16 million descendants. This so-called "Great Migration" is not so-named because of sheer numbers, which were much less than the number of English citizens who emigrated to Virginia and the Caribbean during this time. Puritan hegemony lasted for at least a century. That century can be broken down into three parts: the generation of John Cotton and Richard Mather, 1630–1661 from the founding to the Restoration, years of virtual independence and nearly autonomous development; the generation of Increase Mather, 1662–1689 from the Restoration and the Halfway Covenant to the Glorious Revolution: years of struggle with the British crown; and the generation of Cotton Mather, 1689–1728 from the overthrow of Edmund Andros (in which Cotton Mather played a part) and the new charter, mediated by Increase Mather, to the death of Cotton Mather.
Throughout the Salem serie
To Be Added
- John Alden (to Cotton Mather): Are you sure you want the truth? Are you really damn sure you know the difference between good and evil? Cause you puritans, you think the world is just black and white. What if the truth of the world is that it's nothing but gray?
- Tituba: My body was bought and sold many times, but never my soul, not until I came to Salem. I am a child in a cage, given less to eat than the animals on the ship. I fear I will never see the sun again. And then a man comes. It was he that brought me to Salem, only to be bought and sold again. I am sold from hand to hand, from man to man.
- -- in The House of Pain
- Tituba: Tell me, who started this war between witches and puritans, the scattered few of them or the mighty many of you?
- Increase Mather: By your own admission, these creatures have sold their very souls for vengeance to the Devil. Is this not so?
- Tituba: Were your people never slaves? Did they never cry out in the wilderness for justice? And did your God not hear their cries and answer with thunder?
- -- in The House of Pain
- Mary Sibley: There is no world new or old not founded on bones and blood.Imagine a world free of the violent hypocrisy and oppression of the puritans, a new world that celebrates the power of nature, freedom of thought, belief, and feeling. This is our chance.
- Anne Hale: But at what price? You, all of you, even my father, sold your souls to the devil himself.
- Mary Sibley: Neither the world, the flesh, nor the devil himself is like a puritan suit in only black and white. All is gray. And the devil they fear is not the devil I know.
- -- in Cry Havoc
- Mr. Hathorne: I am quite certain what God is most displeased with. But what is a surer sign of a world turned upside-down than a world with a woman on top? We have utterly upended the most fundamental principle of how things are to be, which is led by men. Men of property, men of substance, men of godly goodwill.
- -- in Cry Havoc
- Isaac Walton: Hypocrite! Hypocrite.You're all fornicators. Screwing each other every day of the week, including the Sabbath! I swear if Jesus Christ walked the streets of Salem, he wouldn't find a man worth saving.
- Mr.Hathorne: This is vile blasphemy, and you will hang for it.
- Isaac Walton: Go on, then! Hang me! Hang me! Done died on those stocks years ago. You all, so busy looking for where the evil came from. You brought it with you. Still, you look all'round for who could have done it. Must be the Indians, or the French or the witches or even my Dollie. Blame it on my Dollie. She had angel eyes. Couldn't see my scars just my soul and loved it. Angel eyes. Risked her life to save mine. And I'll remember them until my dying day. I promise you. But who will remember the lot of you when you're ashes? They say God sees every sparrow that falls. But he don't see you. Not no more! He forgot all about you. Salem is the dust he shook from his feet when he turned around and walked away, and he ain't never coming back!
- --in On Earth as in Hell
- Mary Sibley: No, I no longer have Faith in my magic. It has brought me and everyone around me nothing but misery and death.
- Anne Hale: Do not give in to despair. That is what you would tell me. We are not puritans Not anymore. We do not believe in this idiotic predestination. We make our own destiny.
- Mary Sibley: You're right. It's not over till we're dead and the birds are eating our eyes!
- --in On Earth as in Hell
- The seat of the Puritan Council of Elders is based in Boston.
- Mr. Elliot, subjugated by Countess Von Marburg, was one of the members together with rev. Increase Mather and rev. Cotton Mather.
- The hallmark of the Puritans is their inclination to dress entirely in black.
- George Sibley was the last of the founding fathers of Salem to be alive during the events narrated in the Second Season of Salem, before being killed.
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The Attic warbler pours her throat,
Responsive to the cuckoo's note,
The untaught harmony of spring:
While, whisp'ring pleasure as they fly,
Cool Zephyrs thro' the clear blue sky
Their gathered fragrance fling .
Thomas Gray, "Ode on the Spring"
Forget about odes to spring. Neuroscience has taken the magic, not to mention the mystery, out of the poetry.
That surge of optimism? Merely the serotonergic response to increased daylight. The distraction and dreaminess? The neurotransmitter dopamine is responding to light and warmth. And what about the "gathered fragrance" of romance in the air? Hardly poetic, since the sensitivity of the olfactory system has been proven to directly relate to pheromones, the essential chemical ingredient of sexual attraction.
And here the poets thought the "untaught harmony of spring" was inexplicable.
While a formal scientific study of the delightful disorder known as spring fever is yet to be undertaken, the serious work of scientists looking at other maladies and other biological phenomena goes a long way in explaining why this particular season makes us feel the way we do.
For example, the study of seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, whose sufferers are morbidly depressed during the winter months and less so during the spring and summer, has shown how responsive our mood-defining neurotransmitters are to light. The intricacies of olfaction are intimately tied to human social, sexual and emotional responses. And the various chemicals involved in coupling, or what biologists call pair bonding — in the aching world of singles ads, the grimly unromantic "committed relationship" — seem to have special intensity in the spring.
In other words, the season's temperature, light and orgy of scents seemingly conspire to create a trifecta of feel-good stimuli. Interacting with those environmental stimuli, our hormones and neurotransmitters mix a heady cocktail for nearly everyone as the rain, chill and dark of winter give way to the warmth, sunshine and fecundity of spring.
"Anything that is novel and exciting drives up dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain," says Helen Fisher, author of "Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love." "In the spring we are more impulsive; we leap up and go into the park rather than drive. The novelty of spring, the warmth and the light all drive up our creativity, our impulsivity, our sex drive. And that sounds a lot like spring fever. "
The most obvious impetus for that sense of health and vitality can be found in two basic characteristics of spring: more daylight and warmer temperatures. Flowers need light to grow, and research has shown that humans need light to regulate the concentration of a number of chemicals, including those related to mood and emotion, among them serotonin, melatonin, dopamine and norepinephrine.
Although the precise causes of SAD are unclear, scientists have found that one explanation for the blank depression that afflicts those with the disorder is that these brain chemicals get out of balance in the winter months. Those with SAD often crave carbohydrates, which create a temporary but not very therapeutic surge of serotonin. At the same time, the brain's basic biological clock is governed by circadian rhythms, and when there is insufficient light, too much melatonin is released, also causing depression.
For those with seasonal depression, a dose of light therapy is often recommended by physicians to lift some of the melancholy created by the darkness of winter. While some doctors have been highly skeptical of light therapy, a comprehensive analysis published in the April issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry found not only that the treatment was effective for seasonal depression but that it also eased moderate depression nearly as effectively as the class of antidepressant drugs known as SSRIs, which focus on serotonin.
And if light affects those who are depressed, it also affects those who aren't. A study of 101 healthy men that was published in the British journal Lancet revealed that the turnover of serotonin in the brain was at its lowest during the dark winter months. The production of serotonin was "directly related to the prevailing duration of bright sunlight and rose rapidly with increased luminosity." Dazzling spring sunshine during daylight savings time can make even the healthiest people feel as if they have experienced the ideal response to Prozac.
"I feel so energetic in the spring," says Pamela C. Regan, professor of psychology at Cal State L.A. and author of "The Mating Game: A Primer on Love, Sex, and Marriage ." "And it makes sense. Spring is a time of new life and rebirth. We have this great cognitive capacity when we see all this new life; our serotonin levels increase and so does our sense of health and vitality."
Spending time outside in nice weather, studies have found, improves mood, memory, even creativity. But spending too much time outside when the weather is too warm makes people just as cranky as if they were outside when it rained. The optimal mood temperature: 72 degrees. "It looks like there is something uniquely uplifting about nice springtime weather that just doesn't occur in other seasons," says Matthew Keller, a post doctoral fellow at UCLA who led a series of three studies. "After people have been deprived of sunlight and sunny days, the body is just thirsting for it. So it makes sense to go outside and get a big gulp of a good mood."
Accompanying that big gulp with a deep whiff only increases the intoxicating effects of the weather. Smell is the only sense that does not make a brief stop at the brain's relay station, the thalamus, before going to the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain that explains, reasons and rationalizes. Smell is unmediated, unfiltered; it hits the prefrontal cortex with a wallop.
Research has shown that many people with schizophrenia have an impaired sense of smell, and with that impairment comes dysfunction in higher brain centers, such as the parietal lobes. This part of the brain is responsible for integrating sensory output; it helps people read social cues and contextualize those cues. Increasingly, it appears that smell is a good window into the unconscious basis for sociability and social interest. One of the biggest problems for those with schizophrenia — and one that isn't helped by medication — is the inability to read social cues and interact with others in a healthy way.
For hamsters, elephants, mice and other mammals, smell plays a strong role in mating choices; they secrete pheromones indicating sexual readiness, and a member of the opposite sex responds. And while humans are far more complex in their choice of partners, what they smell does make a difference. As usual, men and women are not the same.
In 2002, researchers at the University of Chicago demonstrated that women prefer the scent of certain men because of genes the women inherited from their fathers. These genes somehow narrowed the choice of mates by eliminating the extremes: mates whose smell indicated a genetic profile that was too close to their own (and therefore dangerous in terms of procreation) were unappealing, as were potential mates whose smell indicated a genetic profile that was too disparate for healthy offspring. There is wisdom in our olfaction.
Warm weather, fewer garments, the gleam of perspiration — not to mention the heady odors of buds and blooms — run riot over the more than 1,000 different olfactory receptor proteins found on neurons in the nose. Our reactions to smells then commingle with other parts of the brain that govern reasoning, memory and social cues to create an often unconscious, but intensely powerful, emotional response. Part of the feverish quality of spring involves a greater desire to socialize and, perhaps, even to fall in love.
The bonding chemical Oxytocin has many roles, but one of its most important is that it supports our feelings of attachment and social bonding. Nursing mothers are awash in oxytocin, and areas of the brain associated with memory and emotions have a high density of oxytocin receptors. Testosterone is the essential hormone for sexual attraction, but the relationship goes nowhere without the bonding that oxytocin provides. Add to this mix the feel-good neurotransmitter dopamine — which also surges in the spring, and which is involved with the release of oxytocin — and you have all the ingredients for social bonding.
"The same hormones that facilitate sex and long-term pair bonding also mediate trusting relationships among strangers," says Paul J. Zak, the director of the Center for Neuroeconomics Studies at Claremont Graduate University. When people feel that sense of camaraderie, he explains, or that surge of happy trust during a spontaneous conversation in the park or in a deepening romance, neurochemicals such as dopamine and oxytocin flood the brain. And with oxytocin come relationships that are more than just superficial.
To understand this, one need only look at the vole, a mouse-like rodent. While, to the unschooled, all voles may look the same, in fact the prairie vole is a monogamous creature, a good parent, an upstanding member of society — unlike its close relative, the solitary and promiscuous meadow vole.
Studies of these two voles have shown that the major difference between them can be found in the oxytocin and vasopressin pathways of the prairie vole brain, and in the ways that dopamine is processed. When researchers injected a drug to block dopamine in previously monogamous prairie voles, they became as fickle as Casanova. Conversely, when the vasopressin gene was transferred to the promiscuous meadow vole, the previous commitment-phobe became the doting mate.
Voles are also instructive about the sense of smell: When the olfactory bulbs of prairie voles were damaged, they were unable to form pair bonds.
"Human behavior is of course much more complex than rodent social behavior," cautions Miranda M. Lim, a researcher at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta who was involved in the vole study. "However, a component of behavior is undeniably influenced by genes." And, she points out, human brain imaging studies show that being in a romantic relationship activates reward regions in the brain, much as pair bonding does in voles.
So if one's fancy turns to thoughts of love in the spring — if one finds oneself, in the words of Oscar Hammerstein, "as restless as a willow in a windstorm as jumpy as a puppet on a string" — then the explanation can be found in our biology. And in the end, that very riot of biological and neurochemical responses may be spring fever's greatest mystery of all.
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The Tale of Dolley Madison’s rescue of the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington is known mainly through Dolley’s own letters and diary. But another firsthand account, by Paul Jennings, a slave who served as President Madison’s footman, is getting new attention. Beth Taylor, a historian at Montpelier, Madison’s Virginia estate, arranged for nearly two dozen descendants of Jennings to view the painting at the White House this past August.
Jennings believed misperceptions had arisen over time. “It has often been stated in print,” he recalled years after the fact, “that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House, she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington...and carried it off. This is totally false.” Jennings continued: “She had no time for doing it. It would have required a ladder to get it down. All she carried off was the silver in her reticule, as the British were...expected every moment.”
Jennings said White House staffers John Sioussat, a steward, and Thomas McGraw, a gardener, removed the canvas “and sent it off on a wagon, with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of.”
Jennings had come to the White House in 1809, at about age 10, from Montpelier. Dolley kept Jennings until 1846, when, by then an impoverished widow, she sold him to Pollard Webb, an insurance agent, for $200. Six months later, Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster purchased Jennings’ freedom for $120, an amount Jennings agreed to work off as Webster’s servant. In 1851, Webster recommended Jennings for a job at the Pension Office. In 1865, his recollections were published in A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison—believed to be the first published account by a White House slave as well as the first White House staff memoir. But it attracted little notice.
Taylor has unearthed the only known photograph of Jennings (who died in 1874) and discovered details of his marriage to Fanny Gordon, a slave on the plantation next to Montpelier. “It was the [Jennings] memoir that inspired me,” Taylor says. She plans to complete a book about him this year.
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There are various kinds of ushi-oni, all of them some sort of monster with a horned, bovine head. Perhaps the most famous ushi-oni appears as a protective symbol in the Uwajima Ushi-oni Festival, which is held in late July in Uwajima of Ehime Prefecture. Something like the dragon dancers at a Chinese New Year celebration, this ushi-oni is represented with a huge, multiple-person costume with a cloth body and a carved, painted head held upon a pole. It has a sword for a tail, and is thought to drive away evil spirits.
Another well-known ushi-oni is a massive, brutal sea-monster which lives off the coast of Shimane Prefecture and other places in Western Japan and attacks fishermen. It is often depicted with a spider- or crab-like body. This ushi-oni seems to be connected to another monster called the nure-onna, who sometimes appears before an ushi-oni attack and tricks the victim into holding her child, which then becomes stuck to the person's hands and grows heavier in order to hinder escape.
Yet another ushi-oni is depicted as a statue on the grounds of the Negoroji temple in Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture. It is a bipedal monster with huge tusks, spurred wrists, and membranes like a flying squirrel. A sign nearby explains that this creature terrorized the area about four-hundred years ago, and was slain by a skilled archer by the name of Yamada Kurando Takakiyo (山田蔵人高清). He dedicated its horns to the temple, and they can still be seen to this day. Ushi-oni are also mentioned in Sei Shōnagon's tenth-century diary The Pillow Book, and in the Taiheiki of the fourteenth century.
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Author : Abhay Vasoya, Heyaben Patel* Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
<strong>Abstract</strong> A drug is a biochemical substance which has biological effects in the body when ingested or otherwise introduced in the body. Its takes many years to discover a new drug as it is has to undergo several operations, several tests and clinical trials leading to huge cost based on expenditure of the research. The drug is to be marketed and manufactured in pharmaceutical industry only if it has passed the USFDA standards. Once the drug passes the USFDA standard the drug is manufactured, and the discoverer is awarded patent for that same drug for certain period of time. As the drug research is much costly the discoverer sets the prices for the drug which is too high, at least not affordable by common community. For this reason, Generic drugs are introduced in the market. In the recent era generic pharmaceutical are the largest contributor of drugs in the market and are in high demand due to cost effective. As all the generic drugs are approved by USFDA and are allowed to be marketed only when the brand drugs discoverer do not hold the patent for the same drug and the brand drugs is in the market for years and well-established safety profile. Although Generic Medication appear to be same as brand drugs, but variation in manufacturing facilities may lead to unseen adverse events. On other side, generic drugs are tested for bioequivalence properties within a certain range compared to brand discoverer drugs, safety and efficacy testing are not required; therefore, it can be said that generic drugs are not therapeutically equivalent to branded innovator drugs the question of requirements of Pharmacovigilance for generic arises when there is plethora of information available for brand drugs regarding safety and adverse effects.
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Photos & Vidoes of Sydney Harbour Bridge.
Sydney Harbour Bridge Climb
Harbour Bridge from Milson Point
Sydney Harbour Bridge Pylon Lookout
Bridge Climbers From Pylon Lookout
Harbour Bridge Walk
Harbour Bridge History
Harbour Bridge From Observatory Hill
Harbour Bridge From Opera House
Photos of Sydney Harbour Bridge from different locations.
Sydney Harbour Bridge is a steel through arch bridge across Sydney Harbour that carries rail, vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district and the North Shore. The total length of Sydney Harbour Bridge is 1,149m (3,770 ft), the height is 134m (440 ft) and the width is 48.8m (160 ft). The longest span is 503m (1,650 ft), clearance below the bridge at mid-span is 49m (161 ft). There are total 8 lanes and 2 rail tracks, track guage is 1,435mm (4 ft 8.5in). There is also 1 pedestrain way on the east side and 1 cycleway on the west side of Sydney Harbour Bridge.
Construction work of Sydney Harbour Bridge began on 28 July 1923 and was completed on 19 January 1932. It was opened on 19 March 1932.
It crosses Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), the official name is: Sydney Harbour Bridge. It is owned by Government of New South Wales and maintained by Roads and Maritime Services. Sydney Harbour Bridge is one of Australia's most well known and photographed landmarks.
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What is the salt water test for dice?
The salt water test or dice float test is a way to test the mass distribution (weighting) of certain dice (i.e. those that can float like those made of plastic, but not metal), in particular to test whether the weighting favours specific results more than others.
How do you balance resin dice?
As resin dice float, you can test whether or not they are balanced by placing them in some water and spinning them around. If the same number shows on top consistently, they are not balanced. However, if different numbers show on top after each spin in the water, the die is balanced.
How are dice numbered?
The most common type of die is a six-sided cube with the numbers 1-6 placed on the faces. … The value of the roll is indicated by the number of “spots” showing on the top. For the six-sided die, opposite faces are arranged to always sum to seven.
How long do dice last?
Being thrown on a high volume basis during rapid games means that casino dice will not last too long. They may be used in a four hour shift or, potentially, they could last for up to eight hours. It’s rare that a casino will use a set of dice beyond that eight hour period.
Do dice need to be balanced?
Benefits of the Dice Balance Test
When there’s big money on the line, it’s important to ensure that every roll of the dice is completely random. … If you’re in a group like this but you want to use your favorite gemstone dice, you could do a test to prove they are fair.
How much salt does it take to make a dice float?
The ratio of salt to water is typically 9 tablespoons of salt to 1 cup of room temperature water. However, this will vary depending on the dice being tested. Once your dice float in the saltwater solution, you can begin the test.
Are homemade dice balanced?
You can test if they’re balanced or not by putting them in a glass of water and spinning them. If the same number always comes up on top they’re not balanced. If random numbers come up on top every time you roll them in the water they are balanced. I have a set of metal dice and they are heavy.
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Welcome to Teaching Through Documentary Art: Lessons for Elementary and Middle School Social Studies Teachers – 11 stand-alone sets of innovative lessons developed to engage 4th through 8th-grade students in social studies while strengthening their visual, literacy, and analytical thinking skills.
The lesson sets are linked to two murals by documentary artist Susan A. Walton. These murals are featured in the award-winning documentary Davis Bottom, Rare History, Valuable Lives, part of the Kentucky Archaeological Survey’s Kentucky Archaeology and Heritage Video Series.
The first painting, Davis Bottom in the 1890s, is a portrait of a working class neighborhood in Lexington, Kentucky at the turn of the last century. Davis Bottom was one of the city’s first integrated neighborhoods. Learning about the lives of these late 20th century people gives students the opportunity to explore the meaning of neighborhood and the definition of family, the use and abuse of power, and stereotypes about the working poor. Six lesson sets, targeting upper elementary school students (grades 4-5) are linked to this mural.
The second painting, Civil Rights in Lexington – 4th of July 1867, recreates the scene of one of Kentucky’s largest civil rights events. William “Willard” Davis, the man responsible for establishing Davis Bottom as an integrated community, was among the speakers that day. Learning about this event helps students understand the situation of newly freed African Americans after the Civil War and the beginnings of their long struggle for civil rights. Five lesson sets targeting middle school students (grades 6-8) are linked to this mural.
Each set begins with a short, illustrated, grade-level background essay, followed by standards-based discussion questions and a list of achieved standards. Teaching tips, which provide suggestions for teaching and activities, round out each set. The lessons are aligned to the Kentucky Core Academic Standards/the C3 Framework for Social Studies State Standards; the Kentucky Academic Standards/Common Core Standards in English Language Arts; and the Kentucky Academic Standards in Arts and Humanities/National Core Arts Standards.
Activities outlined in Teaching Through Documentary Art are diverse and include:
1) exploring the paintings as a whole as well as selected vignettes, and analyzing the artist’s use of the elements of art;
2) writing poetry or delving into a special writing project that explores students’ own community’s traditions;
3) comparing the lives of children today to the lives of children who lived during the 1809s;
4) exploring primary and secondary historic resources;
5) learning about shotgun house roof technology;
6) meeting Isaac Scott Hathaway, who grew up in Davis Bottom and became one of the most influential African American sculptors of the 20th century; and
7) researching a wide array of topics such as African American soldiers of the United States US Colored Troops, music and the military, and voting and civil rights after the Civil War.
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Historical time begins with information on the multiethnic development of Vojvodina.
From the Battle of Kosovo the migration of the Serbian population began from regions south of the Sava and Danube rivers to regions to the north, and it was continued in even larger proportions with the decline of Hungary in the mid 16th century. In this way the Slavic population, which had lived throughout Hungary after the Great Migration, first at the time of Stefan Lazarević and Đurađ Branković, and then at the time of the Hungarian-Turkish wars and Srem despots, as well as under the Turks in the 16th and 17th century was joined in great masses by the Serbian population of the Balkans, whereby Srem, Bačka and Banat, Pomorišje and Baranja became new Serbian lands. Into their new settlements the Serbs transferred their traditions, culture and beliefs. Patrons from the families of the Serbian despots built magnificent monasteries on the slopes of the Fruška gora hills in the 15th to the 17th centuries. The permanent exhibition depicts this period with copies of frescoes of St. Sava, Despot Stefan Lazarević, Maksim Branković, photolithographies of the Miroslav Gospel from 1897, as well as the Four Gospels of Archbishop Maksim Branković from the 16th century.
The Austro-Turkish wars, led in this region from 1683 to 1739, caused great migrations and significantly changed the administrative and military border between Austria and Turkey. In this period the Great Migration of the Serbs took place in 1690 led by Patriarch Arsenije Čarnojević, shen Serbs moved to the Bačka, Banat, Srem districts and areas all the way to Buda and Komoran. For their services in the war against the Turks and the defence of the southern border of the Monarchy, The Royal Court in Vienna, starting from 1690, gave the Serbian people a series of privileges which concerned cultural and educatinal, and above all their religious autonomy. These events are illustrated by engravings of victorious battles against the Turks: near Slankamen in 1691, Senta 1697, Petrovaradin and Timisoara in 1716, along with portraits and personal belongings of important people of this period in Serbian history and engravings of privileges issued by the Austrian Emperor Leopold I, Charles VI and the Empress Maria Therese.
As part of the subject of migration and resettlement there is a depiction of the planned resettlement of Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Rumanians and Ruthenians in the 18th century. At that time the territory of present day Vojvodina was divided into separate administrative regions, politically and economically: the Military Border which was formed in 1702 and the diocese districts under civil rule. The growth of the population led to the growth of the economy, handicrafts and trade, along with the growth of towns as can be seen from urban items, objects from handicraft workshops, guild letters, seals, banners of handicraft associations, coats of arms and engravings of towns and cities.
Multiethnicity also implied the presence of many confessions. The spiritual life in this region was under the auspices of the Orthodox and Catholic churches, but also under that of other religious communities (Jewish, Protestant, Greek Catholic). This is depicted by numerous exhibits: church vessels, priests habits, prayer books, portraits of church dignitaries, parts of the iconostases and engravings of the Fruška gora monsteries.
The political life of Vojvodina of the first half of the 19th century is marked by two important historical events. As an echo of the First Serbian Uprising, Tican’s Uprising broke out in the Srem district (1807) and the Krušica Uprising in the Banat district (1808). Under the effect of the revolutionary events in Europe 1848/9 the Serbian people began a struggle for territorial and political autonomy, which led to the creation of separate crown regions: the Duchy of Serbia and the Tamiš Banat (1849-1860). These events are represented by the portraits of noted participants, engravings of important events and battles, archive material and weapons from that period.
The economic and political events of the 18th and 19th centuries shaped the cultural and educational development of Serbs in these regions. In the late 18th and especially during the 19th centuries the Serbs had significant achievements in these fields. First among the southern Slavs they founded their national newspapers and founded their Matica Srpska Arts and Culture Society in 1826, published the Matica Srpska Annual Review, opened two grammar schools (in Karlovac in 1791 and in Novi Sad in 1810), teachers’ training schools in Szent Andrea (1812) and in Sombor (1816) and two seminaries. They printed a large number of books and textbooks. This aspect of the cultural life is illustrated by items connected with the founding and activity of the Matica Srpska Arts and Culture Society (founding charter, portraits of the founders and the first issues of the Annual Review), the growth of schools (the first readers and teaching aids from the 19th century), the printing of the first books (The History of the Slavic Peoples by Jovan Rajić from 1794/5, and the Stematographia by Hristifor Žefarović from 1741). The social events took place in literarz clubs, school and singing societies and theatre companies which were established in larger villages and towns in Vojvodina. This is illustrated by items from theatre events, invitations and programmes of various lectures and fetes.
The forming of a civil society and the western European influences on the way of life, dress and habitation are respresented by items of town clothing, furniture in the characteristic styles (Baroque, Biedermeier, Second Rococo), watches, glass and porcelain from the 18th and 19th centuries. The collection of silver, from the legacy of Patriarch Rajačić from the 19th century is the largest collection of Viennese silver in Vojvodina.
At that time various sports disciplines were also developing – marksmanship, fencing, swimming, bicycling. The exhibition displays some rare objects (a bicycle from 1880, a marksman banner and target from the 19th century, Laza Kostić’s stop-watch, medals).
(Suzana Milovanović / Ljubica Otić)
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Rube Goldberg was a cartoonist popular in the early 20th century for drawing complex contraptions in his comic strips, including those with featuring character Professor Lucifer Gorganzola Butts.
You’re probably familiar with the concept of a Rube Goldberg machine – one that involves an overly complicated series of steps to accomplish a task. However, you might not know who Rube Goldberg was or why his name is synonymous with this kind of contraption.
Rueben (Rube) Goldberg was born in San Francisco in 1883 (d. 1970). He earned a degree in mining engineering from UC Berkeley before later becoming an award-winning and prolific cartoonist.
He initially began his career designing sewer pipes in San Francisco, but quickly switched to a job as a sports cartoonist for the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Bulletin. Later he moved to the New York Evening Mail, where he created some of his most famous cartoons, ultimately winning him a Pulitzer Prize. This was a large part thanks to the Rube Goldberg machines and inventions he drew.
Rube Goldberg Machines
The now-common phrases Goldbergian or Rube Goldberg machine refer to crazy inventions featured in his comic strips. These cartoons featuring complex contraptions began in 1912 and quickly made him a household name.
In 1928 Goldberg created a character called Professor Lucifer Gorganzola Butts A.K. Lucifer Butts, who was featured in a comic strip that ran in Collier magazine every two weeks until the end of 1931, devised elaborate inventions.
Goldberg continued to draw comics until 1964. Like many others, like Dr. Seuss and Walt Disney, he crafted anti-fascist political cartoons leading up to and during the second world war.
A collection of invention cartoons can be found on rubegoldberg.com.
“Rube Goldberg” is an adjective
In 1931 Merriam Webster dictionary listed “Rube Goldberg” as an adjective.
Rube Gold·berg | adjective \ ˈrüb-ˈgōl(d)-ˌbərg \
: accomplishing by complex means what seemingly could be done simply
If you’re interested in further information about Rube Goldberg, check out the following video.
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National Land Parcel Data: A Vision for the Future (June 2007)Report in Brief
Land parcel data (also known as cadastral data) provides geographically-referenced information about the rights, interests, and ownership of land and are an important part of the financial, legal and real estate systems of society. The data are used by governments to make decisions about land development, business activities, regulatory compliance, emergency response, and law enforcement. In 1980, a National Research Council report called for nationally-integrated land parcel data, but despite major progress in development of land parcel databases in many local jurisdictions, little progress has been made towards a national system. Therefore, this National Research Council report was sponsored by the Bureau of Land Management, the Census Bureau, the Federal Geographic Data Committee, the Department of Homeland Security, and Environmental Systems Research Institute, to look at the current status of land parcel data in the United States. This report concludes that nationally-integrated land parcel data is necessary, feasible, and affordable, and provides recommendations for establishing a practical framework for sustained intergovernmental coordination and funding required to overcome the remaining challenges and move forward.
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To help with online shopping during COVID-19, we are offering free shipping on all orders.
What Do Moths Eat and How to Keep Moths Away
If you’ve ever pulled your favorite wool sweater out of storage only to find it riddled with holes, you know the aggravation that a tiny little moth can generate. Clothes moths and their cousins, the household pest known as the pantry moth, can infest even the cleanest homes and create untold damage. The key to eliminating both pantry and clothes moths is understanding their life cycle and taking steps to kill them based on where they live, breed, feed and hide.
What Do Moths Eat?
There are actually two types of clothes moths distributed worldwide: the webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliell) and casemaking clothes moth (Tinea pellionella). Both types of moths eat natural fibers found in clothing, carpet, drapes, upholstery and bedding. They’ll eat wool, silk, cotton and any other natural fiber they can find. If they run out of clothing fibers, moths will even eat pet fur or chomp through synthetic materials to burrow into natural fibers underneath.
A Moth’s Lifecycle
The adult moth flutters near the food source to mate and lay eggs. Adult moths are about a quarter-of-an-inch long. Webbing clothes moths are a reddish-gold or golden color, while casemaking clothes moths are a paler tan color with black spots on the wings. Once the adults mate, the females lay approximately 40 to 50 eggs over a period of several weeks on suitable fabrics such as cashmere, fur and wool. She attaches the eggs to clothing fibers with a special adhesive. The eggs are so tiny that they are difficult to see without a magnifying glass.
After about four to 10 days, depending on the temperature, the larvae hatch. Warm temperatures encourage faster hatching, while cool temperatures delay or prevent hatching. Larvae live anywhere between 35 days and two-and-a-half years, depending on the food source and temperature. In that time, they can cause quite a bit of damage to fabrics.
As the larvae emerge, they spin either a web (webbing moths) or case (casemaking moths) around themselves as protection and camouflage. Webbings moths create temporary silken tunnels from which they can emerge at either end to feed. Casemaking moths create a hard-shelled case around themselves, which they cart around as they crawl among your clothes.
Once they’ve eaten enough of your favorite coat, sweater or slacks to satisfy their appetites, the larvae pupates. Casemaking moths crawl away from your garments and find a crack or crevice — such as the space between the floorboards of your closet — to pupate and emerge as adult moths. Webbing moths prefer to spin a little web right on your clothes to pupate. In regular household temperatures, pupation occurs in about eight to 10 days, while in cold climates or unheated buildings, it may take as long as four months. Two complete lifecycles per year are typical in the warm, comfortable climates found in the average home.
How to Spot a Moth Infestation
It’s hard to spot clothing moth larvae. The casemaking moth, for example, uses the fibers it eats to spin a case the same color as the clothing it’s feeding on, making it difficult to see the small case among the folds of material. Webbing moths are a little easier to spot — the webs, although small, can often be spotted with the naked eye.
Adult clothing moths tend to flutter around the area of infestation. Although they look a little like pantry moths, another common household moth, they don’t travel very far from their food source. Pantry moths, on the other hand, will fly around your home seeking alternative food sources.
The easiest way to spot a clothing moth infestation, however, is from the damage on your clothes. Moths prefer to eat along collars and cuffs or within hidden places along the seams. Holes vary in size, but there may be several spots in a single garment where the material is eaten straight through.
How to Keep Moths Away
Clothes moths can enter your home in several ways. Newly purchased items can harbor eggs, especially if purchased from resale shops. Perspiration, urine, food stains and moisture attract the adult moths, so cleaning your clothes before storing them is essential. Dry-cleaning wool, silk and other fine fabrics is highly recommended. Not only does the dry-cleaning process avoid adding moisture to the garments, which attracts the moths, it also kills any existing larvae.
Keeping your home clean also prevents moth infestations. Vacuuming living areas as well as closets can reduce or eliminate pests as the vacuum cleaner traps eggs and larvae. Move heavy furniture, including couches, and vacuum underneath. Run a vacuum cleaner over the baseboards in your clothes closet and along the floorboards to sweep up any hidden larvae. Empty the vacuum cleaner bag in the trash immediately after cleaning to prevent any survivors from emerging and re-infesting your home.
How to Get Rid of Clothes Moths
If you’ve discovered a moth infestation in your closet, don’t panic. There are several steps you can take to get rid of clothes moths.
- -Dry-clean woolen items and anything marked “dry-clean only” before storing them at the end of the season.
- -Launder household items and clothes with hot, soapy water. Washing fabric in 120-degree-F water for 20 to 30 minutes effectively kills clothes moths at all stages in their life cycle. Washing clothes also removes perspiration, urine and food stains, reducing the attractiveness of the garments. Cold can also kills moths. Garments and fabric items can be placed inside airtight freezer bags and kept at 18 degrees F or colder for several days. Garments can also be fumigated with dry ice.
- -An old-fashioned yet effective method for combatting clothes moths is a combination of sunlight and brushing. Brushing destroys eggs and sweeps larvae to the surface. Larvae hate sunlight, and they fall off the garment as they rush to escape the sun’s rays. Air out your natural fabrics on a clothes line or coat hangers in the sunlight, brush them off and allow them to remain in the sunlight for several hours to naturally get rid of clothes moths.
- -Moth balls are another old-fashioned method of killing clothes moths. While you might smell like your grandmother’s closet for a while, they do work. Mothballs contain a chemical called 1,4-dichlorobenzene or paradichlorobenzene that suffocates moths and larvae. This chemical is poisonous to pets and children so use with great caution.
- -Natural oils such as cedar oils and cedar chests are said to repel clothing moths, but the University of California at Davis Integrated Pest management center says there is little research to support this fact. You can try various natural oils, especially cedar, to repel moths. Other folk methods include bay leaves and blends of lavender and rosemary essential oils.
- -Traps, such as Safer Brand® Clothes Moth Traps, lure adult moths into the trap and prevent eggs from reaching your clothes. You can use them around pets, and they won’t leave your clothes smelling like mothballs! Clothes moth traps are a beneficial way to get rid of moths.
If you discover clothes moths, clean or launder your clothing, use the methods above and vacuum out the area where your clothes were stored. For a severe infestation, remove all items from the closet. Air them in bright sunlight and have them professionally cleaned. Or, if you can launder them at home, wash them in hot, soapy water for at least a half hour. Wipe the floorboards with a Safer® Brand End ALL™ With Neem Oil RTU containing pyrethrin to kill any hidden eggs or larvae before placing items back in storage.
How to Get Rid of Pantry Moths
Nothing is worse than opening a box of cereal and seeing it squirm with pantry moth larvae. Even the cleanest pantries and kitchens can be infested with the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. If you spot pantry moth larvae in your food, or moths fluttering around your kitchen, don’t panic. Take these steps immediately to eliminate moths before your food supply is contaminated.
What Do Moths Look Like?
Like the clothes moth, it’s not the adult pantry moth you have to worry about — it’s the larvae that does most of the damage to your food. Adult Indianmeal moths are about 1/3- to 1/5-of-an-inch long with copper-colored bodies and a whitish-gray underbelly. Unlike clothes moths, which tend to stay close to their food source at all stages of the lifecycle, pantry moths can fly great distances around your home to find new food sources. Larvae will also crawl out of containers to pupate in remote places in your home.
Most pantry moths enter the home through infested foods. Their favorite foods include any grain products such as flour, cereal, cornmeal, rice and nuts, but they will also infest birdseed, pet food, dried pasta and dried fruit. Even your chocolate stash is at risk, because Indianmeal moths have a sweet tooth — they’ll devour chocolate faster than you can.
How to Spot a Pantry Moth Infestation
A pantry moth infestation is fairly easy to spot. The larvae spin webs around themselves as they eat, and infested foods will contain webs and small, white- or cream-colored caterpillars. Once the insects pupate, they emerge as the adult moths, which are also large enough to be seen easily as they fly about the house.
How to Kill Moths in the Pantry
Pantry moths can be difficult to eradicate once they take hold. The trick is to spot an infestation quickly and take swift action to prevent it from spreading.
- Once you find an infested package of food, place the entire package — container and all — inside a plastic bag. Seal the bag and discard it in the trash. Don’t try to save any of the food. Even if it looks clean, small eggs or larvae may still be among the remains.
- Remove all the items from your cabinets and pantry, and then inspect them for signs of infestation. Discard any products that are contaminated.
- Remove and discard all shelf-liner paper from your pantry or kitchen cabinets as the larvae can hide underneath the paper. Place it in a plastic bag and discard it in the trash.
- Vacuum all pantry and cabinet shelves. Empty the vacuum cleaner bag in the trash immediately after cleaning your shelves.
- Wash your pantry shelves, walls, door and floor with hot, soapy water.
- Don’t forget to clean on top of your kitchen cabinets. Pantry moths can hide in unexpected places. They can spin webs on top of cabinets, in the corners of your pantry ceiling and even behind the refrigerator. Vacuum and clean all potentially infested areas with hot, soapy water.
- Put down fresh shelf-liner paper once the shelves are dry. Then, replace the food.
- Use traps, such as the Safer Brand® Pantry Moth trap. These traps are non-toxic, and you can use them around food sources. They can contain any moths you may have missed, and they work for up to three months.
Lastly, check other areas of your home for pantry moths. Even though they like to stay close to their food supply, if their food sources dwindle, they can spread into other areas of the home in an attempt to wait out the scarcity. In other words, they go into hiding until you supply them with fresh groceries. Pantry moths can crawl into corners, closets and crevices to pupate. A good vacuuming job will remove most of the larvae and pupae, but be sure to discard the vacuum cleaner bag after use.
Once you’ve cleaned your pantry, cabinets, kitchen and home, keeping pantry moth traps around the house is a good way to ensure any moths you’ve missed are captured and contained. These non-toxic traps can be used around pets and children, and they can trap and kill moths for up to three months.
How to Eliminate Moths Without Harmful Chemicals
Never use pesticide sprays near your food or in your pantry. They can contaminate your food and make you sick. Pantry moth traps, discarding contaminated food and cleaning your pantry are the best ways to combat a pantry moth infestation.
How to Keep Pantry Moths Away
Most homeowners will face a pantry moth infestation at some point in their lives. Even the cleanest-looking supermarket may have a few contaminated boxes among their shelves. You can, however, take several simple steps to prevent Indianmeal moth infestations.
- Avoid buying bulk foods, which may be contaminated more easily in open containers than sealed factory packages.
- Use foods by their expiration date. Go through your pantry and organize it so that it’s easy for you to use older foods first. Rotate your pantry stock and don’t just place new items in front of old ones.
- Treat foods suspected of infestation by heating them to 140 degrees F or higher for one hour to kill moth eggs and larvae. Microwaving food for five minutes on high also kills eggs and larvae. You can also place foods such as chocolate, which would melt in the microwave or oven, into the freezer for a week to kill eggs and larvae.
- Refrigerate grains and other foods you don’t use frequently.
- Seal grains and other foods in airtight containers to prevent infestations from spreading.
- Buy only what you need and can use within a reasonable amount of time. The longer food is stored, the more likely it is to become infested.
Rolling Up the Welcome Mat for Moths
The key to preventing both clothes and pantry moths is to make your home as unfriendly to moth infestations as possible. Cleanliness counts, but keep in mind that even the cleanest homes can find unwelcomed guests lurking among the clothes or cereal. Vigilance, swift action and preventative steps can contain and eradicate both clothes and pantry moths.
A chemical, called pyrethrin, found in this product can be highly toxic to cats. Keep cats away from areas where this product is applied to prevent them from ingesting it directly from licking the product or indirectly while grooming.
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Hokupa'a mounted on GeminiThe Adaptive Optics (AO) group at the Institute for Astronomy (University of Hawaii) is developing adaptive optics systems based upon curvature sensing and correction. We have chosen to implement curvature based AO, for its implementational simplicity, sensitivity, and robustness.
The UH Institute for Astronomy's adaptive optics group has developed and implemented multiple AO systems since 1994.
- The first AO system developed at UH was a 13-element system , initially built at the coudé focus of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on Mauna Kea, has been regularly used (typically 20 nights a year) at the F/36 Cassegrain focus since December 1994. In January 1994, the 13 element AO system was fitted to the bent Cassegrain focus of UKIRT, and in November 1996, relocated to the UH 2.2m telescope.
- Hokupa'a-36 with a 36 element deformable mirror, was built in 1997 for CFHT. In late May 1999, Holupa'a was installed on Gemini North, just days before the telescope's dedication. Hokupa'a was upgraded to an 85 element system served on Gemini North until the installation of Altair in 2003.
- An 85 element UH AO system is in place at the Gemini South telescope on the summit of Cerro Pachon in Chile as part of the Near-Infrared Coronographic Imager (NICI), a dedicated Lyot coronagraph (see NICI instrument page on the Gemini South website).
As a part of UH's Institute for Astronomy, the adaptive optics lab has exceptional opportunity for collaboration with the telescopes on Mauna Kea and Haleakala. We are currently focusing on developing curvature wavefront sensing systems with hundreds of elements optimized for low-light operations.
Site design: Katie Whitman; Header graphic design: Banana Grafeeks
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What is Hyperkalemia? Hyperkalemia is the medical term for when you experience high potassium levels in your blood. In terms of numbers, a healthy individual will have between 3.6mmol/L and 5.2mmol/L in their body. Anything higher than that is officially classified as hyperkalemia. Between 5.3mmol/L and 6.0mmol/L is mild hyperkalemia. Between 6.1mmol/L and 7.0 mmol/L is moderate hyperkalemia. Above 7mmol/L is severe hyperkalemia. Why is Too Much Potassium Harmful? Potassium is healthy for you in the right doses. Your body needs it to function properly. It is an incredibly important substance that plays a vital role in your nerves and muscle cells. This means that you need it for your heart to work. Like with anything else, too much of a good thing is not good. The more common form of hyperkalemia only rears mild to moderate symptoms. The most extreme severities of this condition can result in death. Symptoms of Hyperkalemia Generally, until your hyperkalemia is severe, you may not even experience or recognize any of the symptoms. As your levels soar to dangerous heights, you may experience one or more of the following symptoms: Muscle weakness or pain. Your muscles may feel tender or even painful. It may feel as though you just finished an intense workout. Fatigue. Despite getting adequate sleep, you may feel sluggish and tired the entire day or you may be too weak to function. Nausea. An upset stomach may or may not be accompanied by some vomiting. This is a common sign of hyperkalemia. Breathing problems. You may find it difficult to take deep breaths or find yourself forced to gasp for air. Irregular heartbeat. Your heart may beat funnily or feel weird in your chest. This is always a symptom to bring up to your doctor immediately. Chest pains. Chest pains ranging from mild to severe are a common result of hyperkalemia. In the most extreme cases, hyperkalemia left untreated can cause cardiac arrest and death. What Causes Hyperkalemia? There are several known causes of hyperkalemia, which range from medical disorders to lifestyle habits. Hyperkalemia is known to have many causes. These include: Kidney Disease The main function of a kidney is that it filters everything in your body. When there is something wrong with your kidneys, it can mess up all sorts of vitamin levels in your body. Potassium is just one of them. Heart Disease Heart disease results in a variety of factors that make it more likely to have problems with your potassium levels. Hormone Imbalances Having abnormally low amounts of aldosterone can result in potassium problems. This can happen due to a variety of conditions, including hypoaldosteronism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Diabetes A lack of insulin may be the culprit behind enhanced potassium levels. This is something that would be more likely to occur if diabetes is undermanaged (or undiagnosed). [youmaylike] Medications Side effects of certain medications could cause potassium levels to rise. You may be surprised to see that some common medications will do this. Non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, will do it. Some of the other medications that can do this are heparin, mannitol, beta-blockers, angiotensin inhibitors, calcium blockers, and cyclosporine. Diet Medications are not the only way to introduce potassium to the body. There are lots of foods that can lead to heightened potassium levels. Many of these foods are healthy, but to a person at risk for hyperkalemia, they can be dangerous if not eaten in responsible quantities. There is also the chance that you are a victim of pseudo hyperkalemia. As the name suggests, you do not have any potassium problems. Sometimes due to faulty equipment, you will get a wrong reading. Hyperkalemia Treatment To determine how to treat hyperkalemia, it is important that you first identify the cause of it in yourself. Getting advice from a licensed medical physician is the best way to determine your treatments. Diet Change Changing your diet can do wonders for your health. If you battle hyperkalemia, consider limiting your intake of foods rich in potassium like cucumbers, pumpkins, potatoes, bananas, grapefruit, oranges, eggplants and peas. Intravenous Calcium or Insulin and Glucose Medical injections are an efficient and fast technique to lower calcium levels. When diet alone is not enough, these can drop your potassium levels to a safer place in a pinch. Albuterol Doctors may also administer albuterol alone or in addition to other treatments. Unfortunately, this does not work for everyone. Changing Medications If a certain medication is causing dangerous, unwanted side effects, you may want to talk to your doctor about switching.
What is Gout?
To answer "what is gout?" you should know it is a relatively frequently occurring type of arthritis. The common condition is the result of having elevated levels of uric acid in your bloodstream. This excess of uric acid leads to uric acid crystal formation in the joints, notoriously the one on the base of the big toe. These crystals cause a number of alarming and uncomfortable symptoms.
Signs and Symptoms
Gout can manifest in several different ways depending on the patient. In general, gout can be characterized as episodes of joint pain, swelling, and redness.
The pain itself can occur out of nowhere, and either turn into a general discomfort or disappear. Episodes of gout can occur abruptly and it is not uncommon for them to start in the middle of the night.
The big toe is one of the most common appendages that is affected, although it can also affect the forefoot, knees, ankles, knees, elbows, and bones in your hand or wrist.
Types of Gout
Although these all refer to the same illness, there are “types” of gout, which indicate different stages of the illness.
- Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: This is the earliest stage of the disease. Some of the crystals may be causing some tissue damage, but symptoms may be mild to non-existent.
- Acute: This refers to a more extreme event. In acute gout, patients experience acute episodes of intense pain in a “flare” that lasts a couple of days. Different events can trigger the onset of symptoms, including stress or alcohol. They may also appear seemingly out of nowhere.
- Intercritical: When flares die down but you still have gout, your body is still depositing excess urate crystals into your joint tissue. These periods are called intercritical gout, where you may not really feel symptoms but the damage is still happening.
- Chronic tophaceous: This is the most extreme form of the disease. It is debilitating and can get to the point where permanent and extreme damage has been done to the joints and kidneys. Huge lumps and pain may be chronically present at this point.
There is also a condition that is referred to as pseudogout. This condition is not a form of gout, but it is very similar in terms of the symptoms someone might experience. These similar symptoms are not caused by urate crystals, but rather calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Generally, symptom expression is less severe in comparison to traditional gout.
There are several different medications that may be prescribed to treat gout. Different medications may be used depending on the types of symptoms you are experiencing or expressing a desire to reduce.
These medications include some which may manage uric acid levels (aloprim, zyloprim, ulroic, or lesinurad), inflammation (colcrys), or painkillers. Talk to your doctor to find a solution which is best for you.
Natural Remedies for Gout
One of the best natural remedies for gout is making lifestyle changes. By making these tiny lifestyle changes, you will be able to minimize the flares of gout or even prevent it entirely. If you know that you have had a flare before or are at risk for developing gout, consider taking the following steps:
- Drink lots of water: Drinking the recommended amount of water a day can help keep your body in tip-top shape.
- Achieve a healthy body weight: Obesity puts a lot of pressure on your body. If you are overweight, try to achieve and maintain healthy body weight.
- Stay sober: Alcohol can be an especially big trigger for gout. Consider abstaining from alcohol use in order to keep your gout under control.
- Change your diet: To limit the about of uric acid coming into your body, make changes to your what you eat. There are some foods that will encourage very high levels of uric acid in your body, including: anchovies, sardines, mackerel, herring, lobster, shrimp, mussels, scallops, mushrooms, organs (especially liver and kidneys), fast food, soda, and alcohol.
Consider having healthier foods that encourage an overall healthy diet. Some of the best foods for managing gout include:
- Yogurt and skim milk
- Nuts and grains
- Fresh fruits and veggies
Most importantly, be sure to practice moderation.
When to See a Doctor
As soon as you notice that your symptoms are interfering with your daily life, you should make an appointment with a medical professional. This is a good practice in general. Even if you do not have gout, alarming symptoms may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition.
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Part of speech: Noun
Origin: Latin, 19th century
A carnivorous aquatic mammal of the order Pinnipedia, such as a seal or walrus.
Examples of Pinniped in a sentence
"Seals, sea lions, and walruses are all pinnipeds — carnivorous mammals who live in the water."
"Billy thinks all types of pinnipeds are adorable, even though he knows they can be dangerous."
“Pinniped” was coined in the early 19th century by combining the suffix “-ped,” meaning “foot,” with the prefix “pinni-,” which refers to fins. From this, zoologists derived the biological suborder “Pinnipedia” consisting of 34 species of seals, walruses, and sea-lions.
Did you Know?
The Pinnipedia suborder of animal describes carnivorous aquatic mammals, but the term “pinniped” was once used to describe any creature whose feet were like fins—meaning seals, sea-lions, and walruses, but also certain crabs, birds, and sea-slugs.
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Much of the eastern half of the country is under some kind of flood watch or warning as a huge storm travels from the south toward the mid-Atlantic and New England states, bringing heavy rains to areas where the ground is already saturated.
Flooding can occur when heavy or steady rain has occurred for several hours or days, saturating the ground. Flash floods occur suddenly due to rapidly rising water along a stream or low-lying area.
The American Red Cross has steps people can take to remain safe should flooding threaten their neighborhood:
- Know what the warnings mean. A flood/flash flood watch means flooding is possible in your area. A flood/flash flood warning means flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in your area.
- Listen to area radio and television stations and a NOAA Weather Radio for possible flood warnings and reports of flooding in progress or other critical information from the National Weather Service (NWS).
- Be prepared to evacuate at a moment’s notice.
- When a flood or flash flood warning is issued for your area, head for higher ground and stay there.
- Stay away from floodwaters. If you come upon a flowing stream where water is above your ankles, stop, turn around and go another way. Six inches of swiftly moving water can sweep you off of your feet.
- If you come upon a flooded road while driving, turn around and go another way. If you are caught on a flooded road and waters are rising rapidly around you, get out of the car quickly and move to higher ground. Most cars can be swept away by less than two feet of moving water.
- Keep children out of the water.
- Be especially cautious at night when it is harder to recognize flood danger.
It’s important to be ready to leave quickly if flooding becomes a threat to your community. People should pack the following supplies:
- Water—at least a three-day supply; one gallon per person per day
- Food—at least a three-day supply of nonperishable, easy-to-prepare food
- Battery-powered or hand-crank radio and extra batteries
- First aid kit
- Medications and medical items
- Sanitation and personal hygiene items
- Copies of personal documents (medication list and pertinent medical information, deed/lease to home, birth certificates, insurance policies)
- Cell phone with chargers
- Family and emergency contact information
- Extra cash
- Emergency blanket
- Map(s) of the area
- Baby supplies
- Pet supplies
- Extra set of car keys and house keys
- Extra clothing, hat and sturdy shoes
- Rain gear
- Insect repellent and sunscreen
- Camera for photos of damage
More information on what you should do if flooding threatens your home is available on the preparedness section of the Red Cross web site.
March has been proclaimed Red Cross Month by President Barack Obama. During March, people can join the Red Cross in its lifesaving mission by becoming a Red Cross volunteer, giving blood, making a donation, or taking a class. More information is available through the almost 650 Red Cross chapters serving more than 2,000 locations across the country, or by visiting www.redcross.org.
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Tobira Gateway to Advanced Japanese Learning through Content and Multimedia assumes 297 kanji are already learned by its potential readers. Tobira presents many words using these kanji without furigana. Learning the statistically most common kanji on- and kun-readings through WaniKani makes Tobira more accessible.
The following table shows what percentage of these prerequisite kanji are covered at particular WaniKani levels:
Level 5: 40%
Level 10: 76%
Level 15: 92%
Level 20: 97%
Only nine prerequisite kanji are introduced by WaniKani after level 20: 職違質授痛貸婚汚遅. The other 277 required kanji are covered in the first 20 levels.
The following snippet, with furigana as provided in Tobira, is extracted from page 5 of the textbook：
首都）、一道は北海道、二府は 大阪府と京都府で、その 他は、 静岡県や 広島県のように全部、県です。静岡県はお茶や 富士山で有名で、広島県には 戦争の 恐ろしさと平和の大切さを伝える 原爆ドームがあります。
Working through level 20 on WaniKani will not give language students the ability to know all vocabulary in the above text. However, they will be able to make good guesses at how to read words such as 都道府県 and use online dictionaries like Jisho. Several words with furigana included by Tobira, such as 他, 大阪, 広島, and 戦争, should be known by WaniKani users at level 20. If Tobira is a gateway to advanced Japanese, then WaniKani is a great tool to develop vocabulary and reading skills needed to pass through that gateway.
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Fluoride is not inherently bad for dogs, but it can be toxic to them if they ingest a large amount.
It is generally considered that fluoride is not harmful to dogs in the amounts typically found in drinking water or in small amounts ingested through dental products. However, fluoride can be toxic to dogs if ingested in large amounts.
Fluoride is a chemical element that is commonly added to drinking water and dental products to help prevent tooth decay. But is fluoride safe for dogs to consume or be exposed to? In this blog post, we’ll explore the potential effects of fluoride on dogs and what you can do to protect your furry friend.
Introduction to Fluoride
Fluoride is a naturally occurring element that is found in soil, water, and various minerals. It is known for its ability to strengthen tooth enamel, making it less prone to decay. For this reason, fluoride is often added to drinking water and dental products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and fluoride treatments. Fluoride is also used in some medications and insecticides.
You may be interested to read About Hyperkeratosis in Dogs
Fluoride and Dogs
While fluoride can be beneficial for humans, it is not always safe for dogs. Like humans, dogs can be exposed to fluoride through drinking water, dental products, and household products. However, dogs are more sensitive to fluoride than humans and can be more prone to fluoride toxicity.
Symptoms of Fluoride Toxicity in Dogs
If a dog ingests or is exposed to too much fluoride, it can lead to fluoride toxicity. Symptoms of fluoride toxicity in dogs may include:
- Loss of appetite
- Difficulty breathing
If you suspect that your dog has ingested or been exposed to too much fluoride, it is important to seek veterinary care as soon as possible.
You may be interested to read About Are Christmas Cactus Poisonous to Dogs?
Sources of Fluoride for Dogs
There are several sources of fluoride that dogs may be exposed to, including:
- Tap water: Depending on where you live, the tap water in your area may be fluoridated. If you give your dog tap water to drink, it is possible that they may be consuming fluoride.
- Dental products: Some dental products for dogs, such as toothpaste and mouthwash, contain fluoride. It is important to read the label and choose products that are fluoride-free or specifically formulated for dogs.
- Household products: Certain household products, such as pest control products and some cleaning products, contain fluoride. It is important to keep these products out of reach of your dog and to follow the instructions for use carefully.
Treatment of Fluoride Toxicity in Dogs
If your dog is suspected to have ingested or been exposed to too much fluoride, it is important to seek veterinary care as soon as possible. Treatment may include inducing vomiting to remove the fluoride from the dog’s system, providing supportive care such as fluids and electrolytes, and administering medications to control symptoms.
Prevention of Fluoride Toxicity in Dogs
To prevent fluoride toxicity in dogs, there are a few steps you can take:
- Use fluoride-free dental products: Choose dental products for your dog that are fluoride-free or specifically formulated for dogs
- Provide filtered water: If you are concerned about the fluoride content of your tap water, consider using a water filter to remove fluoride and other contaminants
- Keep household products out of reach: Make sure that household products containing fluoride are stored safely and out of reach of your dog.
You may be interested to read About Are Christmas trees poisonous to dogs?
Is Fluoride Safe? (Watch it)
Fluoride can be harmful to dogs if they are exposed to too much of it. To protect your furry friend, it is important to be aware of the sources of fluoride that your dog may be exposed to and to take steps to prevent fluoride toxicity. If you suspect that your dog has ingested or been exposed to too much fluoride, it is important to seek veterinary care as soon as possible. By following these precautions, you can help ensure the health and well-being of your beloved pet.
Thank you for reading. If you have any additional questions about fluoride and its potential effects on dogs, don’t hesitate to reach out to your veterinarian for more information.
- Can Cats Eat Cucumber? Debunking the Myths and Understanding the Facts - April 9, 2023
- can i wash my dog with laundry detergent? - April 8, 2023
- Are Money Trees Toxic to Cats?: What Every Cat Owner Should Know - April 8, 2023
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Communion tokens were most notably a feature of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland. They were used not only in the Established Church but by the various Secession and Free Churches, the Episcopal Church in Scotland, and occasionally others, such as Methodist and Wesleyan. Scots took the tradition abroad with them, and significant numbers are recorded from Ireland, England, Canada, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere.
The original purpose of the tokens was to identify those considered worthy to take part in the communion service, and to prevent those not well instructed in the faith or not of good character from approaching the communion table. In times of persecution, tokens served to exclude strangers and possible spies from the open air conventicles, when this could be a matter of life and death. In the early days, discipline was strict, and celebration of Holy Communion (once or twice a year, but sometimes at much longer intervals) was an important part of life in Scotland. Later the communion season became a great social and religious gathering, continuing from preparatory services as early as Thursday, through to thanksgiving on the Monday. When farm servants in Scotland were engaged they would sometimes bargain for time off to attend.
The kirk session and minister decided who should get the tokens, which were handed out by the minister at the preparatory service or distributed by the elders. On occasion the communion service could last all day, with several ministers serving great numbers at a succession of ‘tables’. Communicants surrendered their tokens usually at the entrance to the table, or when seated, taking their places at the sitting shown by the table number on the token. Table numbers could also indicate different locations in the church when it was possible to seat everyone at once.
There were variations in procedure, and in later times the strictness of the early days was seen as less appropriate, but tokens continued to be used. To be refused one was a matter of great shame in a small community.
Information from "The First Dictionary of Paranumismatica", Brian Edge 1991
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Digital Dermoscopy, Moles, Mole Follow-Ups and Early Diagnosis of Skin Cancers
Early Diagnosis of Skin Cancer by Digital Dermoscopy ...
Digital Dermoscopy creates a Mole Map, which is a trustable method, and analyzing it, provides a chance to early diagnosis and treatment of malign melanoma.
There is an increase in melanoma incidence compared to past. Every year approximately 1 million patients are diagnosed skin tumor. 1 of every 100 skin cancer patients is a patient of malign melanoma. Although it is possible to cure a malign melanoma a hundred percent which is diagnosed in time, we lose young patients to this disease.
Thus too much sunbathe should be avoided and you should observe your skin closely.
A-B-C-D-E Score Method
ABCDE Score method helps diagnosing suspicious moles. Moles which fit to at least one or more of these should be examined by your doctor.
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Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)All Conditions »
Atopic Dermatitis is a chronic and recurrent skin disease. Atopic Dermatitis usually begins in the first few years of life. It has a characteristic distribution on the body, and is itchy and red. Eczema is often the initial indication that a child is atopic, and may later develop food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and / or asthma.
More conditionsPediatric and Adult Asthma
Pediatric and Adult Allergies
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
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8 Amazing Artworks Created With School Supplies
School supplies are good for things like math or maybe writing down answers on a science test, but what if they could be used for more? No, not tiny wooden swords… I’m talking about ART. The visionary artists below took at look at normal everyday school supplies, and turned them into something amazing. Here are 8 amazing artworks made out of school supplies!
Pencils – life size dude
See that man? He’s actually made of colored pencils and zip ties. Instead of using his writing instruments to fill out scantrons, Columbian-born artist Federico Uribe fastens thousands of pencils together to make sculptures. He’s also created portraits out of shoe laces, and metal plants out of gardening tools. Remind me not to lend him and pencils, shoes laces, or gardening tools.
Paperclips – Chandelier
If you have thousands of dollars, you can by this chandelier from designer Gary Ponzo. If you have thousands of hours, you might be able to make you own, since it’s made of the common household paperclip. I don’t either, so I guess I’ll stick to my normal LED flashlight inside a white plastic bag.
Scissors – Spider
Probably the most dangerous art on this list, industrial artist Christopher Locke created this spider from recycled scissors confiscated at airport security checkpoints. I guess a lot of people try and get huge scary scissors onto planes? So there’s that to think about.
Rubber Bands - Fruit
I like the idea of someone trying to eat one of these. Or better yet, throwing the apple at the doctor. That’ll keep that jerk away. These were created by rubber band artist Donna McLeod. Oh man, I wish I knew that job existed when I was deciding on a career.
Staples – Manhattan
Artist Tofi Stoler created this teeny-tiny Manhattan using only staples. Surprisingly, finding parking in Staples Manhattan is easier.
Paperclips – this guy
Italian artist Pietro D’Angelo makes striking life-sized sculptures using paper clips. When you are made of school supplies you don’t have to worry about grass stains on your suit.
Crayons - Ferrari
Using tens of thousands of everyday crayons, Herb Williams creates wax renditions of everything from dresses to Elvis to wildfire (for real). And you thought coloring inside the lines was impressive.
Everything – tiny X-wing
Less fine art, and more do-it-yourself (see the instructions here), this is just a reminder that even the non-geniuses among us can make our art with a little imagination and a few things lying around the house. I should start on my rubber band Death Star
These artists clearly have plenty of pencils and paperclips and rubber bands, but for a lot of students, they don’t even have money to get enough supplies to get through the school year. Please check out Staples For Students and see how easy it is to help kids in need. You could even win supplies signed by Disney Channel star Bella Thorne. Check it out!
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The rare weather phenomenon of temperature inversion occurred in the Grand Canyon on Friday 29 November and Sunday 1 December and allowed visitors to witness a breathtaking sight of the place completely filled with fog. This event happens around one time every decade and that’s the reason why every single person who was there couldn’t help but take some picture to capture the epic moment. Even rangers wait years to see it, so it’s no surprise they were excited too.
The phenomenon of temperature inversion occurs when a layer of hot air at higher altitude blocks the colder air underneath from rising. The fog is given by the humidity of the colder air layer. An inversion of this magnitude, where the entire Canyon is covered in a blanket of clouds, is even more infrequent.
Waiting for this amazingness to happen again, enjoy the pictures that were shoot the last weekend.
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Resolution ppi & dpi terminology – sizing & resizing for printing – another of the confusing issues tossed about for discussion in our Grafx Group. Here I’m jotting down my understanding of the difference.
dpi (dots per inch) to me originates from the old days & is purely a printing thing … dots being the droplets of ink a printer lays down for each inch in a print. So as far as digital imaging dpi means absolutely naught. Generally the higher the dpi of the printer the better the quality print – the tonality & colours will be better & the blends between the colours will be smoother. There are many printers out there with varying dpi’s ranging from basic photo to super fine … your choice is obviously based on the size prints you are creating, for general photographic needs round 1440dpi seems to be a good choice. Can I suggest here that if you’re unfamiliar with printing & are thinking of purchasing a photo printer it would do you no harm to carry out some in depth research … there are so many photo printers out there varying in price & quality.
ppi (Pixels per inch) Basically this is the term used when talking about the size & quality of the digital image. Our image is X pixels by Y pixels … ppi represents the number of these pixels the printer will use to print one inch on paper. The higher the ppi the better the quality print we can achieve. Too few ppi in an image means that the pixels will be very large resulting in a pixelated image – an image where you can see the actual pixels giving jagged edges.
In our image editing program we have an image dialogue box – I’ll talk about PS here as that’s the program I’m most familiar with. Within this dialogue box there is a ‘resample’ check box which plays an integral role in the whole process of sizing our image … it is a very important check box! It is the one & only action that will affect the quality of information available to you from your file! Using this box you choose the print size – & the file size – by either resampling or not resampling your image.
I’ll try to explain the differences between ‘checking’ & ‘unchecking’ this box.
When resizing the image with this box checked you are, as it says, resampling the image … you are changing the pixel dimensions – not the document dimensions – of your image by either throwing away pixels or adding pixels. Setting the ppi to a smaller number you will throw away pixels setting it to a higher number you are adding pixels. Losing, or throwing away, pixels is OK provided you don’t need the bigger file again (use a copy of the original large file!) Creating, or adding, pixels is not good – you will see that the resulting quality has been degraded as these ‘new’ pixels are generated by the computer. However leaving this box unchecked, i.e. not resampling the image, you are only changing the document size not the number of pixels in our image. You are choosing how many pixels in your image you wish to make available to print one inch. This is what you would do to achieve the best quality print for your image. Again the larger this number the smaller the print & the smaller the number the larger the print. If you are outsourcing your image the default standard is 300ppi … this means that for every inch there is 300 pixels from the source image. So with this in mind – if you want a print of a determined size you must make sure the image has enough pixels to make a good quality print!
Let’s look at an example –
My camera gives me images with pixel dimensions 5616 x 3744 px.
If I wish to make a print of say 12in x 8in the ppi to print this size will be 468. This figure is calculated from the pixel dimension divided by the size of the print you want – for example using my image dimension 5616 / 12 = 468 (or 3744 / 8 = 468). From that I can see that the ppi available to make a print of this size is 468 pixels. 468 pixels are used for each inch of my print. Let PS do the calculations – in the image size dialogue box uncheck the resample image box & in the document size section select a unit & size to be printed … the resulting ppi is displayed in the resolution box.
The printer driver will now do it’s stuff translating those 468 pixels into dots per inch & produce a high quality print!
Looking at it another way … this time I want to know the maximum size I can achieve for a good quality print from my image. I know that on my printer 240ppi will be sufficient to get a good quality image – so long as my image is good & sharp! This time the result is calculated by dividing the pixels by the ppi – in my image 5616 / 240 = 23.4in : 3744 / 240 = 15.6in. So again let PS do the calculations – in the image dialogue box & with the resample check box unchecked I type 240 in the resolution box (ppi box) & PS calculates the ultimate size for print.
My final image will be 23.4in X 15.6in with 240 pixels used to represent each inch.
It’s important to understand the results of resampling or not resampling the image. The only reason I can think of for resampling an image to reduce its size would be to use it online or send via email.
This is my very basic understanding of the whole subject & I hope I have got it down logically! But hey don’t take my word as it … use this as a base for some further research!
Try it open an image go to > Image > Image Size & play with different combinations of controls & check boxes note down the differences. (Remember to experiment on a duplicate of the image just in case!)
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Chapter 6: Communication Disorders Aphasia, Agraphia, and Alexia
Diseases that affect the brain may cause problems in talking, understanding speech, reading, and writing. Aphasia refers to difficulties in the ability to understand or express oneself through speech. Aphasia commonly occurs in people who also have agraphia and alexia. Agraphia refers to difficulties with writing ability. Alexia refers to difficulties with reading ability. These problems occur most often with Alzheimer's disease and strokes but may be seen with other forms of dementia. Damage to the left side of the brain (the left hemisphere) in most people who are right-handed results in these kinds of problems. Some examples of communication problems include:
- Difficulty expressing ideas, such as describing what happened during a movie.
- Difficulty joining in a conversation.
- Difficulty finding the words quickly enough to keep up with the topic.
- Using the wrong words or pronouncing them incorrectly.
- Difficulty understanding hidden or subtle meanings, not getting the 'joke."
- Difficulty understanding spoken sentences, especially long sentences with more than two pieces of information, such as "Sarah found her eyeglasses before settling into the chair with the morning newspaper."
- Difficulty understanding complicated material, such as not being able to follow a news report or a family story.
Aphasia, agraphia, or alexia may appear as the only difficulty. This difficulty may result from a single stroke. It may result from some kind of ongoing decline in brain cells that may affect only one function. For example, at first progressive aphasia may affect only speaking ability for a long time. After several years, it may affect understanding while memory may remain excellent. More information is available about progressive aphasia through a local neurologist or the National Aphasia Association, 1-800-922-4622 (see address in Appendix Directory).
Typically, it is hard for people who have Alzheimer's disease to name objects. For example, when they try to name an object, they might be able to tell what it does, but not able to say its name. Sometimes it is easy for them to name the whole object but hard for them to name part of an object. For example, they might know what to call a pen, but might not be able to say what to call the point of the pen or the cap of a pen.
It may be hard for patients to find words. Instead they may describe the word they cannot remember. This roundabout way of talking is called circumlocution. For example, instead of saying, "I need a pen," they might say, "I have to have one of those things you write with...the one that has ink
Many people with Alzheimer's disease might also make other mistakes, such as using the wrong word. For example, they might use the word pencil when they mean crayon. They also might say the wrong sound. Instead of saying "pen," they might say "den."
Or they might make up a new nonsense word (without any meaning), called
a neologism. Instead of saying "car," they might say "flemer"
(not a real word).
As the disease gets worse, people make more mistakes when they speak. They may ramble or make little sense when they talk. As time goes on, they may stop speaking all together.
At first people with Alzheimer's disease understand speech well. But as the disease gets worse, they have more and more difficulty understanding. First, it may be hard for them to understand sentences with many parts. An example of this type of sentence is, "Put away all the groceries and leave out the vegetables for the salad, but first put the butter in the refrigerator."
It may also be hard for them to under-stand sentences that have difficult grammar, for example, "Are you sure you didn't want to see him before he went out for the evening?"
As the disease gets worse, they might not understand short sentences like, "Bring these carrots to the table." Later on, the patients may be unable to under-stand single words, such as "carrots."
Watching the eyes of the person with dementia will help the caregiver to know what is understood. A blank, empty look may mean no understanding. Eye-to-eye contact keeps the attention. A smile with eye-to-eye contact may mean focused attention. This type of look may vary in meaning. It may mean, for example, interest in a topic being discussed, a little understanding, a feeling of comfort, or agreement and a willingness to do the activity. For example, in response to a request to get the newspaper, a smile with eye contact may be the sign of agreement although the caregiver may need to point out the newspaper and start the person in the right direction.
Reading comprehension also declines as Alzheimer's disease progresses. Gradually there is less and less understanding of written words. Even if they can read the words aloud, they might not under-stand the meaning. Simple, short stories will be understood better than long and difficult material. When a person can no longer read words, looking at pictures may bring some pleasure.
Writing ability declines as Alzheimer's disease gets worse. The person may struggle to write reports at work, letters to friends, or notes in a personal diary. They may write the wrong words or misspell words. Next they may have a problem writing short notes or taking messages over the telephone. Eventually they may get to the point where they can-not sign their name on a greeting card.
WAYS TO HELP COMMUNICATION
Some ways to help communication were identified in the previous chapter, which focused on memory. In the following pages we discuss the best conditions for communication: (1) the best place for communicating, (2) the best state of mind to express oneself and understand others, and (3) the best way to talk to someone with a communication disorder.
The Best Place
When you are talking with a person who has a hard time communicating, it is important to choose the best place.
The Best Place is:
- A small group.
Quiet - It is hard to understand speech when there is a lot of noise. When talking to people with dementia, try to make sure everything is quiet. Remember that people with dementia may have a hard time understanding and are easily distracted. For example, turn down loud music, shut off the television, stop the dishwasher, and avoid other household noises when talking with these people.
Peaceful - Peaceful surroundings might also aid the patient's under-standing. By removing distracters, such as playful pets, the focus can be on the task at hand. By moving away from the distracters, paying attention and understanding become easier.
A room divider, a folding door, a curtain hanging from the ceiling, or a folding screen around the "work area" or activity area creates a smaller, more private space for those easily distracted. The room divider or screen absorbs some of the extra sounds, especially in a large room with echoes. The privacy wall blocks out some of the visible distracters, such as other people in a dining room, so a person can focus on speaking and understanding.
A Small Group - People with dementia communicate best
when face-to-face with one other person. When talking to people with Alzheimer's
disease in a group, keep the group as small as possible, address the person
by name, and use eye contact. Have only one conversation going on at a time.
Provide help when the topic of conversation changes. For example, "Tom, now we are talking about Sam. Sam has the red car. Sam played the clarinet last night at the concert."
The Best State of Mind
The best state of mind is to be rested, calm, adaptable, and open to new possibilities with a positive attitude. Usually when people are tired, troubled, or upset, they cannot understand or remember as well. People with severe dementia will pay attention better if first their basic needs such as hunger, thirst, exercise, or toileting have been met.
The Best Way to Talk
There are many ways to say the same thing. It is important to speak simply so that the person can understand. The following hints will help make speech simpler and perhaps better understood.
To keep the person's attention, it is helpful to:
- Use their name to get their attention before talking.
- Try a gentle touch on the arm or shoulder to get their attention. Wait until they look at you; then begin to speak.
- Always look at them when talking. Keep eye contact.
- Talk slowly and wait between sentences.
- Talk about only one thing at a time.
Use Everyday Words - For example, instead of saying, "Cultivating a garden is so demanding," say "Weeding is hard." It is much easier to understand.
Use Exact (Concrete) Words - Avoid abstract words, which can be confusing. Abstract words refer to things such as feelings or a state of mind. Concrete words are words that can be sensed (seen, felt, heard, smelled, or tasted). The sentence, "Jim walked to the store" has concrete words. The concrete words are "Jim" and "store." This sentence talks about action that can be seen directly.
A more difficult sentence, "Jim wondered about his anger" has two abstract words ("wondered" and "anger"). Although the anger may be seen, "wondered" may be hard for someone with Alzheimer's disease to follow and understand.
Limit Describing Words - For example, do not say, "We need to walk down Frasier Street to the new big discount furniture store." Instead say, "Let's walk to the store." This sentence has fewer extra words for a person to listen to and thus is easier to understand. When near the store, it may help to point to the object and use one describing word at a time, such as, "There is the new store. The store sells tables."
Do Not Use Metaphors (Words Expressing a likeness) - For example, do not say, "Let's walk like a bear is chasing us." Instead say, "Let's walk fast." This last sentence is much easier to understand.
People often use analogies or sayings to make a point. Saying "Being a good friend is like being a good gardener" may confuse a patient with dementia. They may not be able to connect the relationship between friend (caring for someone else) and gardener (caring for plants). The sentence, "You are a good friend," is much easier for them to understand.
Be Direct - Do not say, "Would you like to go to the store?" Instead say, "Let's go to the store." This last sentence is direct and less likely to be confusing.
Use Short Sentences With Simple Grammar - It is helpful to use sentences with a subject, verb, and object. For example, in the sentence "Jim ate candy"-"Jim" is the subject, "ate" is the verb and "candy" is the object. People with dementia may tire easily and may not be able to follow a long sentence.
Do Not Use Pronouns When Using More Than One Sentence - For example, the sentences, "Jim ate candy. He got sick." contain "he" and may not be understood. It is helpful to repeat the names, "Jim ate candy. Jim got sick." without the pronoun "he".
Speak Briefly - Say one thing at a time. For example, do not say, "Jim ate too much candy, had an upset stomach, was sick for a while, and is sleeping in bed now." Instead, "Jim is sleeping" is easier to understand. When talking about actions with many steps, give the correct order. For example, do not say, "Before coming home, Jim went to the store." Instead, put the sentence in the order in which something happened. For example say, "Jim went to the store. Then Jim came home."
Be Patient - Speak slowly and wait between sentences. Some people with dementia need extra time to express their words. To give such people enough time, it may help to remember the 15-second rule. The listener should count silently to 15 to allow enough of a pause for the slower person to respond.
Speak Slowly and Clearly - A person with dementia may also be hard of hearing. Most of the time, shouting does not help the person hear better. A helpful way to communicate with hearing impaired persons is to speak each word slowly and clearly. The person with hearing loss may miss words that are shouted. Instead they may sense a strong emotion, misunderstand, and think you are angry.
Repeat Sentences, Word for Word - People will often understand
if given a second or third chance to hear it. If repeating the same words
slowly does not help, try using different, simpler words to state the message.
If "Let's sit down for breakfast" does not make sense, try "Let's
eat" or "Breakfast" or "Hungry?" as you point to
the food. Repeat the beginning message so the speaker does not have to start
over. When a message is hard to under-stand, repeat what was received to
help the speaker move on to the next part of the message. Never respond
with "What?" or "Huh?" With each interaction, say the
part that was received so that after several turns, the speaker completes
the entire message. For example:
Speaker: "Lunch. "
Caregiver: "Lunch. You are asking about lunch..."
Caregiver: "What are we eating for lunch?" or "What do you want for lunch?"
Try Different Ways to be Understood - Use nonverbal ways to communicate such as:
- Hand signals or movements
- Point to the object
- Draw or show pictures
- Write the words
Check for Understanding. Ask the person with dementia to explain what was just said in their own words. People with dementia might be able to repeat without understanding. Some people may answer "yes" or "no" to everything. If all "no" answers are given, check with a question that should be answered "yes." If all "yes" answers are given, try a question that should be answered "no."
TIPS TO HELP PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA COMMUNICATE
The person with mild memory loss may find it helpful to:
- Say it or write it.
- Think of similar words and start saying or writing them until the correct word is found.
- Think of the first letter and say it aloud or write it down.
- Think of the function and other activities linked with the word and say these aloud or write them down.
People with Alzheimer's disease may have problems making themselves understood by others. To help them express their thoughts and feelings, try teaching them several strategies to get the message across.
Ways For People With Dementia To Communicate Better
The person with severe memory loss may find it helpful to:
- Point to an object or person.
- Act out the situation or need.
- Use a different tone of voice or pace of words to show different meanings.
- Use facial expressions to show what is meant.
- Write or draw.
- Use index cards with common words or phrases or pictures they can point to. (These may be made by the family or bought in sets from stores serving people with special needs.)
If the person with dementia is not able to use these six suggestions, the caregiver may try another approach.
Direct, Simple Questions
It might help to break many choices down into simple steps or choices needing yes or no answers. The caregiver could ask questions that need only a yes or no answer, head nods, or pointing.
For example, the person with dementia may be unable to answer the question, "What do you want to eat?" Instead, ask the question, "Do you want to eat meat?" Then wait. Or ask, "Do you want chicken?" Or try pointing and asking, "Do you want this leg of chicken?" Use step-by-step questions that need either a "yes" or "no" answer.
Above all, keep a sense of humor. In difficult times just smile, take a break, and wait. A few minutes later may be a better time to do the activity.
Diseases that affect the brain can lead to decline in speech comprehension or expression (aphasia), decline in writing ability (agraphia), and decline in reading ability (alexia).
Speaking and Understanding Speech
People with aphasia have difficulty speaking and understanding others. At first they may be unable to recall an exact word or person's name, talk in a roundabout way (circumlocution), substitute wrong words in an expression, or use the right word but with a wrong speech sound. Sometimes people with aphasia make up new words, called neologisms, that are not true words. People with dementia slowly become able to understand only simple, brief communication. As communication becomes harder for them, they may slowly withdraw from interactions with others.
As reading ability declines, the person gradually has less understanding of written material and may be happy just to look through picture books.
Problems with writing often show up first as inability to write stories or letters, as misspellings, and eventually the person may be unable to write a signature on a greeting card.
The Best Conditions for Communication
The best conditions for communication:
- The best place is quiet and peaceful with the smallest group possible.
- The best state of mind is being rested, calm, and positive.
- The best way to talk is with simple, clear, brief, and direct words.
Nonverbal helps to communication include using hand signals or gestures, pointing, drawing or showing pictures, and writing words. However, be careful that these do not cause distractions. Pointing may distract the person who is trying to listen to spoken words. Do one thing at a time. First try speech.
If repeating the spoken message does not work, try to point. First smile at the person. Be sure to get the person's attention before pointing. Use a strong arm movement to point to keep the person's attention on the task.
It is important to check understanding. The person with dementia could explain what they just heard or they could respond with a "yes" or "no" to direct questions about the communication.
Tips to Help People With Dementia
Suggestions to help people with dementia communicate better include writing, drawing or pointing, acting, or changing voice tones or face expression to show the meaning. Sometimes it helps to use index cards as word-cards or picture cards.
Go back to the index.
Material taken from
"Helping People with Progressive Memory Disorders: A Guide For You And Your Family, 2nd ed." (University of Florida Health Science Center). Used with permission from the authors: K. M. Heilman, MD, L. Doty, PhD, J. T. Stewart, MD, D Bowers, PhD, & L. Gonzalez-Rothi, PhD. (1999).
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23 July 2008
History of Persia/Iran
There is an interesting article in the online National Geographic covering the history of Persia and modern Iran.
The image embedded above is of the tomb of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae, with scaffolding reflecting preservation and restoration efforts. Cyrus formed Persia into perhaps the world's first "superpower," and established what many consider the "world's first religiously and culturally tolerant empire" comprised of 23 different peoples.
The article briefly reviews how because of Iran's strategic location, the great Achaemenid culture was eventually overrun by Mongols and Turks and Islamic Arabs, and how among many current Iranians there is a dislike of Arabs as a result of that history.
The modern conflict with the West can be traced back to 1953 when, in order to secure Iran's oil, Great Britain and the U.S. used the CIA to engineer a coup, overthrowing the democratically-elected Mohammad Mossadegh, and placing on the throne the notorious Shah of Iran backed by his SAVAK secret police. That of course eventually led to the counterrevolution by the mullahs and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. One cannot help but wonder how today's world would be different had the democracy of 1953 been allowed to persist.
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Not all of the drinking water in the golden state is all that golden. Hexavalent chromium (chrome-6) is in the drinking water in many parts of California. A naturally occurring element, chrome-6 is also associated with industrial sites because it is widely used in chrome plating, paints and dyes, leather tanning, and as a corrosion inhibitor. The U.S. is one of the leading producers of chromium compounds in the world.Chrome-6 is a known carcinogen when inhaled. Workers can be exposed to high levels of chrome-6 who work in industries that use or process chromium compounds. Chrome-6 can cause nasal and sinus cancer, kidney and liver damage, eye irritation and damage and nasal and skin irritation and ulceration. Exposure to chrome-6 through inhalation affects a small part of the population since it mainly occurs through occupational exposures.
But what happens when chrome-6 is ingested? It is designated by the California Environmental Protection Agency as a potential oral carcinogen. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted a two-year study that found that chrome-6 to be carcinogenic in rats and mice. A study in the Oinofita region of Greece, where drinking is contaminated with chrome-6, found an elevated cancer mortality rate which “supports the hypothesis of hexavalent chromium carcinogenicity via the oral ingestion pathway of exposure.”
The prevalence of chrome-6 in California drinking water
Chrome-6 from industrial sources has been found in groundwater in California, including in alluvial aquifers in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. However, industrial sources are not the only source of chrome-6 contamination in drinking water. Chrome-3 is another naturally occurring chromium compound that can be oxidized to chrome-6 when certain geochemical conditions happen. Two areas where this occurs is the west side of the Central Valley and the Coastal Ranges. A 2018 study of California groundwater found that naturally occurring sources of chrome-6 affect more areas and a larger population than industrial sources. Although the highest concentrations of chrome-6 in any one well are from industrial sources, more wells are contaminated from naturally occurring chrome-6. “As we continue to push the need to use and manage groundwater, understanding how these naturally occurring contaminants can jeopardize water becomes really, really important,” said co-author of the study Scott Fendorf.
A stricter limit in the state for chrome-6 in drinking water was tossed out in 2017 after a judge ruled the limit, set in 2014, invalid because the California Department of Health “failed to properly consider the economic feasibility of complying with the maximum contaminant level was economically feasible.”
What you can do
The State Water Resources Control Board plans to reestablish a drinking water standard for chrome-6. However, that has been delayed by Governor Gavin Newsom who has yet to approve the release of a white paper about how the Board performs economic analyses of drinking water standards. Send a message to Governor Newsom by signing a petition urging him to take action to protect the drinking water of California communities.
Regardless of how chrome-6 contaminated groundwater, there needs to be a stricter limit. Californians deserve to have safe drinking water, which is not a privilege but a basic human right. The UN General Assembly acknowledged clean drinking water is essential to the realization of all human rights
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EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND
Emergency preparedness involves educating oneself about emergency procedures so that
one is in the know and is not caught unprepared. Therefore, procedures for potential
emergencies such as fire, accidents, injuries, spills, utility (e.g. power) failures, evacuation,
etc., have to be planned. The primary aim of emergency procedures is to protect the
personal safety and health of everyone in the department. Once the life and safety of staff,
students and visitors has been preserved, attention is drawn to protecting the property of the
Although emergencies are usually unpredictable in both nature and timing, it is possible to
prepare for potential situations by developing simple procedures that may greatly reduce the
impact of an emergency on us. This document is a guide developed for staff and students of
the department to prepare themselves for emergency situations that may arise.
This document is applicable to all staff, students and visitors of the Department of Medicine.
USEFUL TELEPHONE NUMBERS
Emergency Telephone Numbers
995 Fire /SCDF-Ambulance Give clear indication of location, contact
999 Police number and possible cause of injury, if any.
Medical Assistance/First Aid
67761631 University Health Service 0830 to 1800 hours
65162880 ( Monday to Friday)
67795555 National University Hospital (Main Line)
67725000 National University Hospital (Emergency Service)
24 Hours Security Hotlines in NUS and NUH
65161616 NUS Campus Security Hotline
65162365 NUS Security Post - BioSciences Complex Block S16
Contact numbers of person in-charge in Department of Medicine
67759301 Department of Medicine Safety Officer Dr Zhou Lei
NUH, Level 3,
67724038 Gastro Translational Research Lab Mrs Lim Thiew Peng
NUH, Level 3,
67751471 University Medicine Cluster Satellite Lab Ms Yeo Soh Bee
67759301 Department of Medicine Research Lab Ms Seet Bee Leng
Block 16, Level 9
INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT REPORTING
All incidents or accidents and injuries are to be reported by the department safety officer to
OSHE within 24 hours via online reporting, termed as “Accident/Incident Reporting System”
(AIRS) using the following link: https://staffweb.nus.edu.sg/oshe/submit_airs.htm.
a. Remain calm.
b. Activate the fire alarm by pulling the lever on the pull station or break the
glass station (older system)
c. Report the fire to Security Post (NUH or NUS) and Fire Department.
d. Immediately proceed to the assembly point with the doors closed behind you.
e. Carry out the roll call of staff and students when you reach the assembly point
and report the status (any missing persons) to the Security Officer.
f. Do not return to the building until permission is granted.
* If the fire is small and safely manageable, attempt to put out the fire by using
the nearest appropriate fire fighting equipment, i.e. fire extinguisher, fire
blanket, or hose reel.
2. ACCIDENT AND INJURY
a. Do not conduct any rescue operations unless you know for sure how to
perform a proper rescue and the situation is safe. Careless rescue operations
may endanger the rescuer, for example, the victim is in contact with live
b. Do not move an injured person when there are signs of spinal injury or bone
c. Keep the injured or ill person comfortable and lying down.
d. Give first aid if necessary.
Accidental inoculation injury, cuts and abrasions
a. Remove protective clothing and wash the affected area with running water.
Seek medical help at the University Health Service or NUH Emergency
Services, if necessary.
b. If it is an inoculation injury, apply first aid by making it bleed, wash well and
cover if necessary. Seek immediate medical attention
c. Inform the department safety officer, person in-charge of lab and the Principal
Investigator about the nature and cause of the wound and the possible
organism or agent involved, if any.
3. CHEMICAL SPILLS
Refer to the Medicine Safety Website SOP “Handling Chemical Spills”:
4. BIOLOGICAL SPILLS
Refer to the Medicine Safety Website SOP “Handling Biological Spills”:
5. POWER FAILURE/OUTAGE
a. Remain calm
b. If there is a power failure, determine the extent of the problem (whether it
affects an isolated area, building, etc).
c. Turn off and unplug all appliances and equipment. This will prevent injury and
damage to equipment and fire. Power can be restored more easily when the
electrical grids or systems are not overloaded.
d. Call NUS Office of Estate & Development Maintenance Services at 65161515
or NUH Keppel maintenance unit at extension 5222.
e. Have torchlight handy for moving around in darkness. Do not light candles,
especially when power outage occurs in the lab.
6. LIFT ENTRAPMENT
a. Remain calm.
b. Press the alarm button.
c. Communicate with the Security personnel through the intercom unit.
d. Be patient and wait for help.
e. Never try to force open the lift door or get out through the manhole at the
ceiling of the lift car. Such attempts may be fatal.
7. EMERGENCY EVACUATION
An evacuation is an organized withdrawal from a building or area to reach a safe
location. Such protective action may be ordered in certain emergency situations
such as release or leakage of hazardous materials, fire, etc. When an evacuation is
necessary, police, fire, university safety personnel will advise staff, student and
visitors through the public address system or other appropriate means.
a. Stay calm
b. Turn off unnecessary equipment and electrical appliances.
c. Leave your workplace quickly closing the door behind you.
d. Follow instructions from emergency personnel and the directions provided for
safe routes of evacuation, nearest exits, etc
e. Before opening doors, check if they are hot. (Do not open door if hot).
f. Walk, do not run.
g. Do not push or jam passageways
h. Keep noise to a minimum so you can hear emergency instructions.
i. When walking down stairs, be orderly by keeping to the right. Use handrails, if
j. Once outside the building, move quickly from the building
k. Watch for falling debris
l. Remain with your colleagues so that all can be accounted for
m. Do not return to the building until notified that it is safe to do so.
Revised by Safety Website Team
Revised on 22 October 2009
Endorsed by Professor Ho Khek Yu
Department of Medicine
|
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|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/43853328/EMERGENCY-PREPAREDNESS-AND-EMERGENCY-PROCEDURES
|
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|
en
| 0.860084 | 1,474 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Baking Soda and Vinegar Color Explosion! 12 mos+
Small bowls for vinegar [I used Rubbermaid tupperware]
Medicine Droppers, Spoons, Straws, Chicken Basters, etc. Anything they can pick up the vinegar with and drop onto the baking soda.
This is an amazing science experiment, fine motor and sensory activity all rolled into one! Cover your cookie sheet with aluminum foil to make cleanup a breeze! Pour two to three cups of baking soda onto the foil. Fill your small bowls halfway with white vinegar. Add a few drops of liquid food coloring to each container of vinegar. My two and a half year old loves to add the coloring himself which is a fine motor experience in itself! We usually use 4 cups and choose the colors he wants to use and or/mix. He is so proud of himself when he tells everyone who will listen that red and yellow make orange:)
Get ready for a color explosion! Use the droppers to pick up the colored vinegar and squirt onto the baking soda. When the two are combined there is a cool chemical reaction which causes the baking soda to bubble a little bit with the color. It is so colorful and neat to watch that children are completely engaged! This mixture is completely safe to touch but probably best to keep out of their mouths.
My son had so much fun doing this activity that I went and bought a huge box of baking soda so we can repeat it over and over again. It’s oodles of sensory and fine motor fun while sparking the budding scientist in your toddler!
Fine motor development
Learning and Mixing Colors
Cause and Effect
Tags: fine motor activity, learning colors, messy play, sensory activity, sensory fun, teach toddler colors, toddler activity, toddler fun, toddler science experiment, toddler spatial perception
|
<urn:uuid:440b3ed7-e571-4573-a7ba-ef89997d2e78>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.wigglethosetoes.com/2012/01/baking-soda-and-vinegar-color-explosion/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267865.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00421-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914083 | 371 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Vaccines are extremely sensitive to temperature. They must remain between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius in order to remain viable. Outside of this temperature range, vaccines become less effective at preventing diseases. Because of this, the storage and handling of vaccines need careful attention. The equipment and devices used to ensure vaccines stay in the right temperature range are known as the “cold chain.” When vaccines are transported, stored in a refrigerator, or used in an immunization session, the cold chain keeps the temperature right. Significant investments have been made in updating cold chain equipment in many countries, but overall performance remains a significant concern.
With our new partner Bull City Learning, VillageReach is strengthening the vaccine cold chain in Malawi. Using human-centered design principles, we are creating an easy-to-use, interactive, digital manual on refrigerator maintenance and repair. By providing this tool for cold chain technicians, we hope to improve routine maintenance of essential equipment used to keep vaccines at the right temperatures.
Global data shows that the maintenance of cold chain infrastructure gets weaker as vaccines move from higher levels of a supply chain towards the local level where the vaccines are used. Key observations from the EVM Global Data Analysis scores indicate that preventative maintenance for each level of the supply chain is significantly lower than the set target of 80% in the 39 countries assessed in Africa. One contributing factor is the availability of trained, competent technicians and engineers for basic maintenance and repairs. Providing a new tool for cold chain technicians will support their work to keep the cold chain cold at all levels of the supply chain.
This new interactive digital job aid will provide basic, yet comprehensive, on-the-job support to improve performance.
The training cold chain technicians receiving is often didactic, transferring knowledge from the trainer to the student with few job aids to guide their work. Having job aids is particularly useful in situations where skills are infrequently used and easily forgotten. Because cold chain technicians in Malawi receive limited training and repairs vary month to month, this new interactive digital job aid will provide basic, yet comprehensive, on-the-job support to improve performance.
We want to make sure this manual meets the needs of the users, so VillageReach will spend the next several months getting to know cold chain technicians and their work. Through job shadowing, in-depth interviews and group activities and discussions, we will explore the daily experiences and needs of a cold chain technician. Then, in January, a product design workshop will bring together cold chain technicians and other critical stakeholders in Malawi with the aim of launching the first version of the interactive application with users in May.
This new partnership with Bull City Learning and with our partners in Malawi will improve the routine preventative maintenance of cold chain equipment. By designing and developing an application to improve cold chain technician knowledge and skills, technicians will be better equipped to improve cold chain equipment performance and uptimes well as respond to cold chain equipment malfunctions. With improved cold chain performance and uptime, we anticipate improvements in the availability and potency of vaccines, less wastage, and more cost-efficient management of vaccines. In this initial phase of work, we will test the usability and effectiveness of the application with more than a third of cold chain technicians in Malawi. Once the application proves successful, we aim to work with additional partners to extend access to the application for all Cold Chain Technicians in Malawi.
We are extremely excited to partner with Bull City Learning in this work, providing VillageReach the opportunity to continue innovating and leveraging our existing knowledge of vaccine cold chains.
|
<urn:uuid:6b3832d7-2f9b-4fe6-af5a-09960737bb03>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.villagereach.org/2017/11/30/keeping-cool-new-partnership-bull-city-learning/
|
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|
en
| 0.921556 | 727 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Inspiration and advice for your building project
Bit by bit, we are being encouraged to switch from double to triple glazing. You may not have noticed yet but the pressure is on to improve the energy performance of windows and we are now reaching the stage where mere double glazing will no longer be enough.
The rough and ready method of comparing the energy performance of windows is to use the U value measurement, just as we do with walls, floors and roofs. Traditional windows, with a single pane of glass in them, have a U value in excess of 5. Double glazing used to score over 3, but, over the years, the manufacturing process has undergone a number of improvements and currently the Building Regulations insist that any window you install today should have a U value no worse than 1.6.
These improvements have been brought about by the introduction of:
Now, a U value of 1.8 may look good when compared to what we have been fitting relatively recently, but compared to the U value demanded for walls – currently less than 0.3 and due to fall even lower – you can see that windows remain weak spots in the overall thermal efficiency of a building envelope. Hence the tremendous pressure to improve their performance even further.
(MORE: Buyer's Guide to Rooflights)
Opinion is divided. Triple glazing is widely used in cold climate countries like Sweden and Norway, and the ultra-low energy PassivHaus standard requires triple glazed windows with a U value of no more than 0.8. To get a window with such a low U value, you have to not only switch to triple glazing but also insulate the frame itself, as well as using more expensive manufacturing techniques — the gas krypton tends to be used, instead of argon.
(MORE: Choosing Window Frames)
Now, though a U value as low as 0.8 sounds very impressive, the additional energy we are saving is minuscule whilst the payback time for triple glazing (like double glazing) is high compared to other energy-efficiency improvements. But there is a little more to it than this.
The key benefits are really to do with comfort. If you insulate the walls, roof and floor of a house, and you ignore the glazing, you end up with cold spots surrounding the windows at night, which cause draughts, draw heat away from you if you sit next to them, and result in streams of condensation running down the panes. So, in essence, the standard of glazing has to match the standard of the insulation elsewhere in the house, so that the warm wrapping around the house performs consistently.
(MORE: How to Solve Condensation)
Which is where triple glazing comes in. Because if double glazing makes a modern house more comfortable to live in, triple glazing makes it even more so.
The physics involved here have been worked out in Germany by the PassivHaus Institute. It has shown what happens to surface temperatures on various forms of glazing when it gets really cold outside, and the internal air temperature is designed to be at 21°C:
So you can see that whilst a double glazed window is perfectly adequate, a triple glazed one is just that much more comfortable, because it hangs onto heat just that little bit better. So whilst triple glazing may make little difference to your heating bills, you will notice the difference inside the house.
The PassivHaus standard promotes the use of triple glazing for precisely this reason – i.e. comfort – although it also states that the frames themselves have to be insulated, and the windows need to be mounted in the correct location within the wall assembly.
To make things more complex, windows behave rather differently to walls and roofs in that, when the sun is shining, they are capable of absorbing heat. In fact, the very best double glazed windows are already capable of being net heat contributors over the course of a heating season. In contrast, triple glazed windows slightly reduce the heat absorption characteristics of a window.
To reflect these complexities, the British Fenestration Rating Council has devised a scheme for the energy labelling of windows, from A down to G. The top rating is reserved for windows that are reckoned to absorb as much heat as they lose, and they include both double and triple glazed windows.
The upshot of this is that there are many who argue that triple glazing simply doesn’t make sense in a climate like ours. Triple glazing is more costly to produce, produces much heavier sections and has an embodied energy approximately 50% higher than double glazing.
So why are we even thinking of going triple glazed? It’s all to do with the Code for Sustainable Homes, which the Government is using as a roadmap for us to move towards building zero-carbon homes by 2016. The Code more or less requires us to adopt the ultra-low-energy PassivHaus standard which demands windows with a U value no higher than 0.8 — triple glazing with insulated frames.
Window manufacturer Scheiwiller in Switzerland is producing quadruple glazing (i.e. four panes; three cavities). There are, however, technical problems with simply adding more and more panes of glass: not only does the resulting window become ridiculously heavy, but the additional panes stop light coming through. In fact, in terms of energy efficiency, there may even be a fall-off as the amount of sunlight the window can absorb is reduced.
It is more likely that future developments in window technology will evolve around new coatings, or phase change materials which absorb heat in sunlight and release it at night. Look out for GlassX, produced by another Swiss company, which is already manufacturing a product that does this.
An alternative option that might make more sense is to revisit the traditional practice of drawing curtains across windows after dark. It may be low-tech, in comparison with glazed cavities filled with krypton, but it’s something of a natural British habit and it does cut down on heat loss. Perhaps it’s time we paid attention to improving the heat retention characteristics of curtains and blinds, rather than continuing to engineer glazing units to ever lower and lower U values.
|
<urn:uuid:09adac08-e34d-4b80-9ad4-a0112fbf8540>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/key-choices/green/triple-glazing
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|
en
| 0.952844 | 1,292 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This Week in Maritime History: 17th Century Pirate Haven Destroyed, Israel Attacks USS Liberty
June 7, 1692: Earthquake Destroys Caribbean Pirate Haven
On this day in 1692, an earthquake destroyed the city of Port Royal in southeastern Jamaica. The city was founded in 1518 on a small island just outside the harbor across from present day Jamaica. For the first half of the 17th century the city was the center of shipping commerce in the Caribbean Sea and was well known for elaborate displays of wealth and loose morals. Many considered it one of the most sinful cities in the world. English and Dutch sponsored privateers came to Port Royal to spend their treasure. After governments gave up the practice issuing Letters of marquee and reprisal, many of these privateers turned to piracy and continued to use Port Royal as their home port.
Three powerful earthquakes struck Jamaica on the morning of the 7th, followed by a large tsunami that put half the tiny island town under water. The HMS Swan was pushed ashore and thrown on top of a building. The ship would later become a refuge for survivors. The tsunami revealed that Port Royal was mostly made up of water saturated sand that liquefied into quick sand under the pressure from the earthquake. Several buildings on the island literally sank into the ground. Nearly every building on the island was left inhabitable. The quake killed an estimated 3,000 and 2,000 more were killed and another 2,000 were killed from disease following the disaster. Widespread looting took place following the destruction and multiple aftershocks discouraged the rebuilding of Port Royal. Many in the Christian world believed that the earthquake was God’s punishment for this sinful town.
June 8, 1967: Israel Attacks USS Liberty
Israeli aircraft and torpedo boats attacked the USS Liberty in international waters off Egypt’s Gaza Strip. Israeli aircraft fired napalm and rockets at the intelligence ship that was well marked as a U.S. vessel. The Liberty called for assistance but radio transmissions were blocked by Israel. The lightly armed vessel was eventually able to make contact with the U.S. carrier, Saratoga, whose 12 fighter jets and four tanker planes were launched to defend the Liberty.
Shortly after the aircraft were deployed, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara ordered the planes to return to the carrier. The Israeli air raid left nine of the 294 crew members dead and 60 wounded. Israeli torpedo boats also attacked the Liberty. The ship successfully dodged four of the torpedoes but was hit at the waterline by one. With severe damage to its hull, the Liberty launched its life boats, but these were also met with attack, a violation of international law. The Liberty did not sink and Israel retreated. The damaged USS Liberty managed to sail to a safe port. A total of 34 Americans were killed and 171 were wounded in the two hour attack.
Israel later apologized for the attack and paid $6.9 million as compensation to the families of the dead and wounded. In 1980, Israel and the U.S. came to an additional settlement of $6 million plus 13 years of interest for damages to the vessel. Israel claims they had mistaken the Liberty for an Egyptian military vessel. U.S. and Israeli reports also concluded the attack was a mistake due to confusion of the identity of the ship. However, Liberty survivors and some U.S. officials from the time say they believe the attack was intentional; done in order to conceal Israel’s planned seizure of Syria’s Golden Heights, which occurred the next day. Officials say that the Liberty, an intelligence ship, would have picked up in the communications in planning the controversial seizure of Golan Heights.
|
<urn:uuid:7dbc60ab-06c0-4f41-bd67-3e36fb2bfaee>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/this-week-in-maritime-history-17th-century-pirate-haven-destroyed-israel-attacks-uss-liberty
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en
| 0.97917 | 741 | 3.34375 | 3 |
1671. Coromo had discovered this idea all by himself, just as surely as Robinson Crusoe had discovered how to build a house from scratch. He had stumbled onto the nature of the beast out of coincidence or necessity.
1672. And yet it had not dawned on him that Koromo and Coromo were one and the same person; he had not understood it yet, although Proctor Cronk knew all along, and was just entertaining himself at Coromo’s expense.
1673. “I think you are absolutely correct about that,” said Proctor, “it is another example of the story about Joseph Beuy’s being a Nazi pilot in the Second World War.” “Yes, exactly,” replied Coromo, pretending that he knew who Joseph Beuys was.
1674. The next day Proctor Cronk departed from the resort for home but not before leaving a note for Coromo at the sign-in desk. This is what his note said. “Dear Coromo, I enjoyed talking to you about your paintings and I think you should take a little time to research the work of the New York artist Koromo, you will find all of his work very interesting.”
|
<urn:uuid:7c560184-30cc-47c6-8ca6-582da21de308>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://nocureforthemedievalmind.blogspot.com/2013/06/coromo-in-new-york-parts-1671-1674.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426951.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727022134-20170727042134-00419.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.986237 | 259 | 2.859375 | 3 |
It is no surprise that the world’s largest economy also has the world’s largest healthcare system. The United States spends trillions of dollars on healthcare every single year across public and private sectors, making its industry larger than most developed economies. The history of the U.S. health system tells a different story than that of many other countries, which has resulted in an outcome that is quite different than many others. Increasingly, more and more people point to a number of flaws and shortcomings in the US healthcare system that suggest it is failing a large percentage of the population. What is going on in US healthcare, and is the sector failing? We’ll discuss this below.
Severe Price Gouging Makes Access Difficult
First of all, let’s discuss the top-line statistics. Perhaps most importantly, the US spends more per capita on healthcare than any country in the world. Even when compared to other developed nations, the US spends 40 to 70 percent more on caring for its citizens. The primary difference between the US and other nations is the structure of its healthcare system; most developed nations have either single-payer healthcare or some other form of public healthcare competition. In the US, private companies largely control the healthcare decisions of everyday people and this creates complications. All of this leads to rapid growth in the sector; healthcare jobs in MSN administration and dozens of other fields are popping up due to the massive expenditures within this sector.
Loopholes, Exceptions and Lack of Oversight
For instance, many standard medical procedures may not be covered by health insurance in the US, forcing citizens to pay out of pocket for services at the same time that they’re paying for more insurance. Collusion between doctors and insurance companies have led to massive numbers of tests and procedures being conducted that are not necessary, further contributing to higher overall costs. A lack of true price constraints set forth by the federal government allows insurers, hospitals and doctors to further increase costs and pass them on to consumers.
Doctors Don’t Listen
The US healthcare system has many irregularities within it, including how doctors interact with patients. Several studies have reported that very few doctors actually do a good job of explaining the details of various conditions, treatments and procedures to their patients, making it difficult for open and honest conversations to occur. In many respects, doctors don’t have to listen: with complicated networks and wait times for the best doctors, many patients do not have much of a choice as to who they see for medical attention.
Marketing Influences the Process
In the United States, countless billions are spent every year on influencing how people are treated. For instance, commercials are constantly playing that encourage people to “ask your doctor if [drug] is right for you”, when it is the job of the doctor to determine what treatment is best suited. This is unheard of in practically every other country. As if that pressure wasn’t enough, the same brands bombard doctors with free samples, merchandise, coupons and other healthcare marketing gimmicks designed to promote their products and ensure they feature prominently.
From lower life expectancies and higher prices to inferior outcomes and poor oversight, the US healthcare system falls way behind most developed nations’ systems. In many respects, this is a failing system – especially when considering that it exists in the wealthiest nation on the planet.
|
<urn:uuid:9eca00e5-da4e-456b-aef4-9b75e5692400>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://borderlessnewsandviews.com/2016/11/17/is-healthcare-in-the-united-states-failing/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146643.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227002351-20200227032351-00394.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959499 | 684 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Today I am going to write about the big advanced debugging feature of LLDB. I am calling it advanced because I myself didn't know about it for a long time. It allows you to add a symbolic breakpoint which will halt the execution at a specific point so that you can backtrack and start investigating into where this method call was triggered.
If the introduction is not making sense, let me explain with the use-case. Suppose somewhere in your code, a method
dismissViewController which dismisses the
UIViewController gets called. Now there could be hundreds of
dismissViewController methods in your codebase. But how do you know which part of the code is actually calling this
dismissViewController method? Answer to this question is adding Symbolic Breakpoints.
Once you add a symbolic breakpoint to break at
dismissViewController method, the program execution will halt at it and traversing back in the stack trace will let you find the line which is responsible for dismissing the view controller.
Referring to the above screenshot, our program flow has stopped at the call of
dismissViewController. If we trace it back, we know that the method
viewDidAppear in class
Sample is responsible for dismissing this view controller.
Let's take a look at examples of different symbolic breakpoints which could be added during program execution,
- Symbolic breakpoint when the value is assigned to the object property
For example, you have a
UITextView object and you want to know the place where certain properties such as
translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints are assigned to them. You can click on Breakpoint Navigator and click on
+ symbol at the bottom and select
Symbolic Breakpoint as an option.
Now depending on which condition you want to break at, you can add the following values next to `Symbol` field
|view (On UIViewController)||-[UIViewController setView:]|
Now, you can ask - This is fine for putting a break on simple variables. But what about when property names follow names such as
Fortunately, it is very similar to what we did earlier. All you need to do it get rid of the prefix
is and simply apply the same logic as earlier.
2. Symbolic breakpoint when
UIViewController is presented
When it comes to stopping the program flow when the arbitrary place in your project prepares to present the view controller, you can do so by adding the following symbol to your symbolic breakpoint
3. Symbolic breakpoint when
UIViewController is dismissed
UIViewController is dismissed, it can be caught by adding the following symbol
4. Symbolic breakpoint when
UIViewController is pushed on the navigation stack
Similar symbol when
UIViewController instance is pushed on the navigation controller,
5. Symbolic breakpoint when you
UIViewController is popped from the navigation stack
And when current
UIViewController instance is popped from the navigation stack
6. Symbolic breakpoint when
UIViewController's lifecycle methods are called
This is a one-off trick to catch execution of any of the lifecycle methods associated with
UIViewController such as
viewWillAppear and so on. For example, you can stop the execution when the
viewDidLoad method gets called using the following symbol,
You may apply similar logic to break at other methods.
7. Symbolic breakpoint when the
view is added to its
Want to detect when the
UIView adds another
UIView instance as its
subView? Simply add the following symbol,
In the end, let's summarize the list of all the symbolic breakpoints that can be created with views and viewControllers to act as a handy list for any debug session,
|View Controller presented||-[UIViewController presentViewController:animated:completion:]|
|View Controller dismissed||-[UIViewController dismissViewControllerAnimated:completion:]|
|View Controller pushed on nav controller||-[UINavigationController pushViewController:animated:]|
|View Controller popped from nav controller||-[UINavigationController popViewControllerAnimated:]|
|viewDidLoad lifecycle method got called||-[UIViewController viewDidLoad]|
|viewDidAppear lifecycle method got called||-[UIViewController viewDidAppear:]|
|Added view as a subview to another view||-[UIView addSubview:]|
This is all for now. From my experience, I could only create symbolic breakpoints for classes and methods from existing iOS frameworks, and not for my own code. If you know the workaround for it, I would love to hear more.
If you are debugging excessively convoluted code and cannot for sure say where the particular caller is calling from, feel free to use this blog post as a cheat sheet. Any more questions? Feel free to comment, or hit me up on the Twitter!
|
<urn:uuid:8a374805-b0ee-4439-865c-eaa87e4dae3f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://jayeshkawli.ghost.io/xcode-symbolic-breakpoints-break-at-specific-method-call/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655898347.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709034306-20200709064306-00184.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.825319 | 1,059 | 3.125 | 3 |
While TV-based crime scene investigators use futuristic moon
technology to solve mysteries, real world forensic scientists say the biggest advancements need to come from how investigators collaborate on cases. North Carolina State University recently received a $1.4 million grant from the National Science Foundation to help develop crime scene mapping tech (right) derived from the Unity game engine
, allowing teams to create a virtual reproduction of crime scenes.
Using environments made up of 3-D laser scans and 2D models, investigators would be able to share detailed information with other scientists through the platform's website, reducing wait times and travel budgets.
The IC-CRIME platform
(Interdisciplinary, cyber-enabled crime reconstruction through innovative methodology and engagement) won't be ready for at least three years, but scientists seem confident in the platform's future potential growth in catching scumbags. Also, turning the lights on in the lab might help the process. Those rooms always look so dark on TV.
|
<urn:uuid:fb35571b-1620-4ef1-8d77-55bc087d5553>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.joystiq.com/2009/11/28/real-world-csis-look-at-videogame-tech-to-help-solve-cases/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163045217/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131725-00027-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92034 | 194 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields:
France, Pays de la Loire: Maine-et-Loire
This collection of airfields is ©
2010-2012 by RonaldV
Angers-Avrillé Added 4 Feb 2012
runway: 13/31 - 1230x00m - concrete
Angers-Avrillé airfield (french: aéroport d'Angers-Avrillé, ICAO: LFRA) was an airfield 260 kilometers southwest of Paris.
The airfield was built in 1913, 4 years after the Aéroclub de l'Ouest was founded.
It was built on a 1,260m2 plot of land, donated to the city of Angers by the Comité d'Aviation de l'Anjou (Anjou Aviation Committee).
On 16 May 1914 the landing site was inaugurated.
The first training center for reserve pilots was established in 1920, followed by a training center for civilian pilots in 1922.
Following a decision of the city council of 21 July 1927, the city decided to sell the buildings and hangars from school to the Aero Club of the West.
It came with a provision however: the school, one of three run by the Compagnie Française d'Aviation (CFA), would have to train both civilian and military pilots.
The War Department supported the initiative.
Soon Air France noted that the facility would be insufficent, as it could train only 20 pilots.
Air France recognised the need for the school to be around 50 pilots.
The front side of the new flying school in 1939 (Muséé de l'Air, via angers.fr).
A completely new school was built between 1937 and 1938.
The building, two storeys high, with a length of 90m and 8m wide was located at the south side of the airfield, parallel to the road to Avrillé.
At the entrance of the airfield the flying club erected a memorial milestones of aviation in Anjou.
Mentioned were the first flight of René Gasnier in 1908, the first city-to-city race in 1910, the first major air tour in 1912, the first pilot training center in 1920 and the first race of the twelve hours of Angers in 1934.
The monument was revealed on 29 January 1939.
On 1 September 1939 the new school welcomed its first students, two days before France declared war on Germany.
By the end of the year, the school had 120 student pilots, 79 non-commissioned officers and 140 troops.
Student pilots underwent rigorous training flying on planes like the Morane MS 191 or 182 Hanriot, but soon replaced with Morane 230 and Potez 25, of which the airfield had 40 to 50 units.
Unfortunately the pilots did not graduate to operational flights before the Battle of France broke out.
About 17 of them managed to escape to England however, graduated, and fought from there.
The advance of the German troops caused the aircraft to be dispersed over 6 airfields in southwestern France.
Another 27 were left unservicable at Angers.
The Germans occupied the airfield from summer 1940 and turned it into an important base for German air defenses over 17 western departments of France.
They expanded the airfield and built a concrete runway.
In 1942 they camouflaged the flight school with paint (Still visible in 1999!) and built a large metal hangar northeast of the CFA school.
The airfield was bombed by Allied aircraft on 15 August 1944.
A Lysander of the RAF at the airfield after the war (jean-maridor.org).
After the war 44 million Francs were allocated to the restauration of the airfields training centre and the hangar.
But when work was half completed the work was halted.
Following a ministerial decision which nationalized the training of civil aviation in 1945, the CFA ceased all training of pilots and abandoned the airfield.
The school building had its first acts of vandalism, which amongst others resulted in the theft of its central heating radiators.
The building was maintained however until 1960.
The flying club used the north wing and the aircraft hangar for a while, but soon abandoned it.
The airfield itself continued to be used until 1998.
It closed permanently on 31 October 1998 because over the years the city had encircled it.
To grow as a regional airport it needed to expand, which was impossible.
In 1998 it was replaced with a new airfield: Angers Loire Aéroport (ICAO: LFJR).
The old CFA flight school building was restored and reopened in 2005.
The airfield was completely torn up between 2000 and 2010.
Part of the airfield made room for a new Route Nationale.
Overview of Avrillé in 2002, with clearly visible Xs for 'Closed' markings all over the airfield. The brown old metal German hangar is visible in the center-bottom of the picture (Google Earth).
Overview of Avrillé in 2006. The new Route Nationale is under construction and the runway is beginning to get torn up. The old hangar was demolished (Google Earth)
The front side of the flying school after the renovation (angers.fr).
Almost nothing remained of the airfield in 2008, only the flying school, close to where the German Hangar was located remains unharmed (Google Earth)
If you have any information about airfields (listed and unlisted) in France, email RonaldV.
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Viruses don’t have a metabolism, but some have the building blocks for one
April 6, 2020
In satellite photos of the Earth, clouds of bright green bloom across the surface of lakes and oceans as algae populations explode in nutrient-rich water. From the air, the algae appear to be the primary players in the ecological drama unfolding below.
But those single-celled organisms we credit for influencing the aquatic environment at the base of the food chain may be under the influence of something else: viruses whose genes can reconfigure their hosts’ metabolism.
In a new study published in Nature Communications, a research team from Virginia Tech reported that they had found a substantial collection of genes for metabolic cycles — a defining characteristic of cellular life — in a wide range of “giant viruses.”
Giant viruses disrupt the familiar narrative about viruses — that they’re the tiniest denizens of the microbiome, little more than a stripped-down husk of an organism, just a few genes’ worth of DNA or RNA folded into a shell so small you need an electron microscope to see it. In fact, the giant viruses, 10 times the size of their more compact cousins and with hundreds or even thousands of genes, are so unlike the rest of the family that when the first species was discovered in 1992, researchers dismissed it as bacteria.
They were eventually correctly classified, but even then considered an isolated curiosity. Frank Aylward, an assistant professor of biological sciences in the College of Science who led the research, explained that routine surveys of viral diversity often missed them for a prosaic reason: They’re so big that they get caught in the filters researchers use to separate viruses from bacteria and other larger organisms.
But gradually, it became clear that these oversized viruses were everywhere and were especially plentiful in aquatic environments, where they infect single-celled organisms like algae and protozoans. That’s important, because the metabolism of those comparatively complex organisms — what nutrients they consume, what waste they produce — heavily influences the health of the oceans and lakes they live in and, ultimately, the planet’s carbon cycle.
“They’re all over the biosphere. It’s just we haven’t really paid attention to them,” Aylward said.
Aylward started paying attention after postdoctoral researcher Monir Moniruzzaman, the lead author of the new study, joined the lab in 2018.
“Monir is the giant virus expert,” Aylward laughed. “He just wouldn’t stop talking about giant viruses, so finally I said, okay, we’ll start working on them.”
Working from publicly available metagenome databases, which house jumbles of genetic data from the vast array of organisms in a variety of environments, Moniruzzaman began to tease out genomes that belonged to giant viruses. Using known giant-virus genes as markers and patterns in the data as clues, he pieced together genomes for 501 giant viruses, mostly from marine and freshwater environments. Those genomes contained the standard features you’d expect — genes that direct the construction of the virus’ protective shell, and that allow it to infect and kill its host.
They didn’t expect to see so many metabolic genes. Metabolism, the collection of processes cells use to extract energy from nutrients, is a hallmark of cellular life, absent from viruses almost by definition. Nevertheless, these giant viruses seemed to have genes linked to several key metabolic pathways in living cells.
These weren’t the first metabolic genes that had turned up in viral genomes, but they included many functions that had never been seen in viruses. Other examples had been isolated viral genes that were virtually identical to their cellular counterparts, suggesting they had been acquired from the host by chance during an infection and pasted into the virus’ genome relatively recently: vestigial artifacts of invasions past rather than functional tools.
The genes Moniruzzaman and Aylward found, on the other hand, comprised large portions of familiar metabolic pathways but had their own unique signature.
“It implies that the viruses have had these genes for millions of years, even billions of years, and they’re virus-specific metabolic genes,” Aylward explained.
That suggests that these genes aren’t just genetic flotsam, but working components the virus deploys as it commandeers its host. In this case, the researchers say, the implication is that the virus is altering the cell’s metabolism.
“Once viruses infect a cell, we can’t think of the cell as being its own autonomous entity anymore,” Aylward says. “The fundamental aspects of cellular physiology are being rewired by these viruses upon infection.”
Changes in the host’s metabolism can shift the balance of nutrients being consumed and released into the environment, giving viruses sway over aquatic biogeochemistry. Even though viruses aren’t alive, Aylward explained, “they are significantly altering the course of life every day in the environment.”
The next step is figuring out how by using experimental studies that can help uncover how these genes function and interact with the host’s native metabolism. The team will also probe the evolution of these genes to determine how they slipped into the viral genome, and when.
Discovering these genes, which stretch our ideas about how giant viruses influence their environment, has broader implications for virology. Finding the building blocks for metabolism in something that’s not alive blurs the distinction between what’s alive and what isn’t.
“I think of these Venn diagrams, where it used to be that there was very little overlap, and the more we learn, the more they continue to overlap,” Aylward said. “Now it’s gotten to the point where there are actually very few genes that are only found in cells, and very few genes that are only found in viruses. In terms of the genomic repertoires, they have much more in common than we would actually expect.”
Moniruzzaman suspects that there are more surprises lurking in these genomes, which are stuffed with what he describes as “viral dark matter” — genes that keep surfacing in studies of giant viruses but whose functions are still unknown.
“Don't you think they're fascinating? I just think they're fascinating,” Moniruzzaman marvels. “They're just a bag of mystery. They're like a big forest and you are standing in front of the forest and you don’t know what’s in it. And I think this is the right time to understand it. I think they're mysterious, that’s what I think.”
This research was supported in part by a Junior Faculty Award from the Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science. Aylward is an affiliated faculty member of the Global Change Center, housed under the Fralin Life Sciences Institute.
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Bullying in academia is workplace bullying of scholars and staff in academia, especially places of higher education such as colleges and universities. It is believed to be common, although has not received as much attention from researchers as bullying in some other contexts.
Various bullying permutations are possible, such as:
- principal bullying lecturer
- lecturer bullying lecturer
- student bullying lecturer
- lecturer bullying student
- student bullying another student.
Bullying and academic cultureEdit
Several aspects of academia lend themselves to the practice and discourage its reporting and mitigation. Its leadership is usually drawn from the ranks of faculty, most of whom have not received the management training that could enable an effective response to such situations. The perpetrators may possess tenure — a high-status and protected position — or the victims may belong to the increasing number of adjunct professors, who are often part-time employees. Academic victims of bullying may also be particularly conflict-averse.
The generally decentralized nature of academic institutions can make it difficult for victims to seek recourse, and appeals to outside authority have been described as "the kiss of death." Therefore, academics who are subject to bullying in workplace are often cautious about notifying problems. Social media is recently used to reveal bullying in academia anonymously.
Kenneth Westhues' study of mobbing in academia found that vulnerability was increased by personal differences such as being a foreigner or of a different sex; by working in a post-modern field such as music or literature; financial pressure; or having an aggressive superior. Other factors included envy, heresy and campus politics.
Bullying in this workplace has been described as somewhat more subtle than usual. Its recipients may be the target of unwanted physical contact, violence, obscene or loud language during meetings, be disparaged among their colleagues in venues they are not aware of, and face difficulties when seeking promotion. It may also be manifested by undue demands for compliance with regulations.
A 2008 study of the topic, conducted on the basis of a survey at a Canadian university [specify]
In 2008 the United Kingdom's University and College Union released the results of a survey taken among its 9,700 members. 51% of respondents said they had never been bullied, 16.7% that they had occasionally experienced it, and 6.7% that they were "always" or "often" subjected to bullying. The results varied by member institutions, with respondents from the University of East London reporting the highest incidence.
The Times Higher Education commissioned a survey in 2005 and received 843 responses. Over 40% reported they had been bullied, with 33% reporting "unwanted physical contact" and 10% reporting physical violence; about 75% reported they were aware that co-workers had been bullied. The incidence rate found in this survey was higher than that usually found via internal polling (12 to 24 percent).
Author C. K. Gunsalus describes the problem as "low incidence, high severity," analagous to research misconduct. She identifies the aggressors' misuse of the concepts of academic freedom and collegiality as a commonly used strategy.
Bullying of medical studentsEdit
- Main article: Bullying in medicine
In a 2005 British study, around 35% of medical students reported having been bullied. Around one in four of the 1,000 students questioned said they had been bullied by a doctor, while one in six had been bullied by a nurse. Manifestations of bullying included:
- being humiliated by teachers in front of patients
- been victimised for not having come from a "medical family"
- being put under pressure to carry out a procedure without supervision.
- ↑ Keashly L Faculty Experiences with Bullying in Higher Education Causes, Consequences, and Management - Administrative Theory & Praxis Volume 32, Number 1 March 2010
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Macgorine A. Cassell, Fairmont State University. Bullying In Academe: Prevalent, Significant, and Incessant (2010 IABR & ITLC Conference Proceedings ). The Clute Institute for Academic Research. URL accessed on 2011-03-08.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 C. K. Gunsalus (30 September 2006). The college administrator's survival guide, 124–125, Harvard University Press. URL accessed 7 March 2011.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 (August 2009) An Academic Life: A Handbook for New Academics, Australian Council for Educational Research. URL accessed 8 March 2011.
- ↑ Reveal bullying in academia, http://pi-reviews.blogspot.com/
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Workplace Bullying in the Academic World?, Higher Education Development Association, 13 May 2007, http://uv-net.uio.no/wpmu/hedda/2007/05/13/workplace-bullying-in-the-academic-world/
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Anthea Lipsett. Bullying rife across campus. Times Higher Education. URL accessed on 2011-03-08.
- ↑ Workplace Mediators Seek a Role in Taming Faculty Bullies. The Chronicle of Higher Education. URL accessed on 2011-03-09.
- ↑ McKay, R. Arnold, D. H. Fratzl, J. Thomas, R.. Workplace Bullying In Academia: A Canadian Study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal Volume 20, Number 2, Pages 77-100 2008. URL accessed on 2011-03-07.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 (2009) Students and universities: eleventh report of session 2008-09, Vol. 2: Oral and written evidence, 531–532, The Stationery Office. URL accessed 8 March 2011.
- ↑ Curtis P Medical students complain of bullying The Guardian 4 May 2005
- Riley S Barsteadworth College - How Workplace Bullies Get Away With It London, Chipmunka Publishing ISBN 9781849911825 (2010)
- Towler J Chaos and Academic Mobbing - The True Story of The Renison Affair (2011)
- Twale DJ Faculty Incivility: The Rise of the Academic Bully Culture and What to Do About It (2008)
- Westhues K The Envy of Excellence: Administrative Mobbing of High-Achieving Professors. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. (2004)
- Chapell M, Casey D, De la Cruz C, Ferrell J Bullying in College by Students and Teachers - Adolescence, Spring, 2004
- Hughes G Examples of Good Practice when Dealing with Bullying in a Further/Higher Education College - Pastoral Care in Education, 2001
- Krestelica D Do policies on bullying make a difference? Contrasting strategy regimes within higher education in Australia and Croatia - International Journal of Management and Decision Making, Volume 10, Numbers 5-6, 23 June 2009, Pages 303-320
- Lester J Not Your Child's Playground: Workplace Bullying Among Community College Faculty - Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 2009
- Lewis D Workplace bullying–interim findings of a study in further and higher education in Wales - International Journal of Manpower, Vol 20 Issue 1/2 1999
- Lewis D Voices in the social construction of bullying at work: exploring multiple realities in further and higher education - International Journal of Management and Decision Making Vol 4, No 1 Pages 65-81 2003
- Misawa M Racist and Homophobic Bullying in Adulthood: Narratives from Gay Men of Color in Higher Education - New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development 7 Volume 24, Number 1, Winter 2010
- Savva C The impact of bullying in further and higher education - Bullying at Work research and update conference 1998
- Simpson R Dangerous work: The gendered nature of bullying in the context of higher education - Gender Work and Organization, Vol 11(2) Pages 163-186 2004
- Thomas M Bullying among support staff in a higher education institution - Health Education Volume 105 Issue 4 Pages 273-288 2005
- Harassment and Bullying in Higher & Further Education The National Harassment Network First Higher and Further Education Branch Annual Conference 1997
- Baldridge JV Civility, Incivility, Bullying, and Mobbing in Academe
- Karim N Bullying in Universities: It exists The Independent on Sunday 15 January 2010
- Westhues K Workplace Mobbing in Academe
- Bullying of Academics in Higher Education
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|Does My Cat Need Senior Care?
Could your cat benefit from senior care? Like people, cats all age at different rates. Generally speaking, senior cats are between the ages of 11 to 14 years, which is the equivalent of 60 to 72 years for humans. Look out for the following age-related changes in your cat’s behavior:
• Drinking more water than normal
These are signs that your cat needs additional veterinary care.
Thanks to advancements in veterinary care, today’s cats can live well into their teen years. It is not uncommon for cats to live to be 18 or even older. However, in order for cats to live a long full life, they need proactive veterinary care to stay healthy.
As cats age, they are at greater risk for chronic diseases and health complications. However, cats are also masters at hiding illness. Semi-annual veterinary appointments are the best way to monitor a cat’s well being. For a senior cat, six months can be the equivalent of two years – a number of health changes can happen during this period.
During a wellness exam, a veterinarian will check a cat’s weight and body condition, skin and coat quality, eyes, ears, thyroid, heart, lungs, joints, mouth and abdomen. A veterinarian may also conduct diagnostic blood work and parasite screenings. While physical changes are easily noticed (e.g., weight loss or change in coat quality), internal changes are more difficult to detect. Diagnostic tests provide an important snapshot of a cat’s internal health and can detect problems such as hyperthyroidism and kidney disease.
Feline hyperthyroidism and kidney problems are the most common health conditions affecting older cats. Hyperthyroidism affects many organs in the body, including the heart. Hyperthyroidism can lead to secondary heart disease as well as hypertension (high blood pressure). Kidney disease can also cause hypertension. Your veterinarian can check for this during your cat's exam. Blood tests during a semi-annual wellness screening are the best way to detect hyperthyroidism and kidney problems. With early diagnosis, medical treatments can be very successful in managing these disease. These are examples of why proactive veterinary care is so important for senior cats.
Wellness exams are also an opportunity to evaluate a cat’s dietary needs. As cats age, their nutritional needs change. For example, cats with kidney problems should have a diet low in protein and phosphorus. Less active cats may need to be fed less in order to prevent weight gain and obesity. Other cats may become disinterested in food, resulting in weight loss. Cats that lose their sense of taste and smell may also lose interest in eating. Unfortunately, gradual weight loss can also go unnoticed, especially for longhaired cats. This is why nutrition evaluations and regular weigh-ins are so important.
Just like humans, cats will have different wellness needs as they age. Some cats may need a special diet while other cats may need medication to manage a chronic disease. Your veterinarian will make specific recommendations based on your cat’s wellness needs.
American Association of Feline Practitioners. Friends for Life, Caring for your Older Cat.
Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine. Hyperthyroidism in Cats.
Free exam for dogs & cats only, for birds & exotics $20 off exam fee, only one coupon per pet allowed, cannot be combined with other offers or Itex
Sign-up using the form or call us at 626-441-1137 to take advantage of this exclusive offer.
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A wild wallaby sighted in eastern Australia has a rare predicament for a marsupial mother – she is carrying twins in her pouch.
The whiptail wallaby and her identical pair of offspring have become regular visitors to a small farm near Ellesmere in Queensland state.
Scientists say it is very unusual for a wallaby, a smaller cousin of a kangaroo, to have twins, and rarer still for a growing pair to survive in the cramped confines of the mother's pouch for so long. They appear to be several months old.
"I was very surprised," farm owner Peter Balsillie said of when he first saw the twins squeezed into the mother's pouch three weeks ago. "Most afternoons you see both heads. Sometimes you see a head and the other's back leg sticking out."
Balsillie spoke by phone Thursday from the farm, where he feeds bread daily to the mother and around six other wallabies that visit with her. He said the twins look the same but he has never seen them leave their mother's pouch.
Kangaroo expert Gordon Grigg, emeritus professor of zoology at Queensland University, said that judging from photos he had seen, the twins, which have already grown a wallaby's characteristic fur, would soon become independent of their mother.
"It's very unusual, especially that she's looked after them through to that size," Grigg said.
A wallaby has two teats in her pouch and often suckles two young at once, but the young are usually different ages: a jellybean sized new born and a sibling that has already left the pouch after five months but is not yet weaned.
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Richard J. Evans: Review of Gotz Aly's Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State (Metropolitan)
Why did Germans keep supporting Hitler and the Nazis until the end of the war? Why didn't they rise up against a regime that was committing mass murder and atrocity on an unimaginable scale? Why didn't the mass Allied bombing of German cities lead to a popular revolt against Hitler?
Many historians have tried to answer these questions over the years since the Nazi regime collapsed in ruins in 1945. Older explanations looked to stereotypes of the German national character for an answer--militarism, love of violence, willingness to obey authority, desire for strong leadership, civil passivity and similar clichés of dubious validity. More recently, some historians have argued that propaganda played a central role in rallying Germans to the Nazi flag; others have stressed the growing terror to which the Nazi Party subjected the German people, above all in the later stages of the war. A few years ago, American political scientist Daniel Jonah Goldhagen suggested that the overwhelming majority of Germans were fanatical supporters of Nazi anti-Semitism from the outset. Others have sought an explanation in the Germans' mindless enthusiasm for the charismatic leadership of Adolf Hitler.
None of these explanations by itself has proved very convincing. Simplistic notions of a German national character have foundered, like Goldhagen's sweeping generalizations, on the objection that a majority of Germans, in the Social Democratic and Communist parties, the Catholic community and many other parts of society, refused to lend their support to the Nazis in any of the elections of the Weimar Republic, where the Nazis never got much more than a third of the vote. There is plenty of evidence that Nazi propaganda, though not wholly ineffective, was limited in its impact, especially among these previously resistant sectors of the population and above all in the second half of the war, when Germany was demonstrably heading toward defeat. Hitler certainly seemed immune from popular criticism, at least until 1943, but he was admired as much for what he did as for the image he projected. And terror, though a very real, continuing and in 1944-45 rapidly escalating force, was surely not enough in itself to keep the entire German population in thrall.
In this startling and absorbing new book, which created a considerable storm in Germany when it was published in 2005, Götz Aly advances another explanation. It was, he says, material factors that persuaded the great mass of Germans to support Hitler and the Nazis almost to the very end. The Nazi leadership, he claims in Hitler's Beneficiaries, made the Germans into "well-fed parasites. Vast numbers of Germans fell prey to the euphoria of a gold rush.... As the state was transformed into a gigantic apparatus for plundering others, average Germans became unscrupulous profiteers and passive recipients of bribes."
Already by the late 1930s, Aly argues, even former Social Democrats had become reconciled to the regime because it replaced the mass unemployment and economic misery of the Depression with full employment, generated not least by rapid rearmament, prosperity and consumer satisfaction. During the war, he continues, "the cascade of riches and personal advantage--all derived from crimes against humanity...led the majority of the populace to feel that the regime had their best interests at heart."
Aly has offered this kind of materialist explanation before, in dealing with Nazi genocide, which he portrayed in his book "Final Solution": Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews, published in English in 1999, as the outcome of rational, or perhaps one should say pseudo-rational, processes of state planning and ethnic reordering generated in the Nazi and SS bureaucracies. In Architects of Annihilation, published in English in 2002 (more than ten years after its first appearance in German), written in collaboration with Susanne Heim, Aly turned his attention to the planners, demographers, civil servants and academics who devised these plans, and argued that in the drive to adjust the ratio between "productive" and "unproductive" population groups in Europe, the planners "advocated state-directed mass extermination as a necessary and logical component of social modernization," envisioning in the process "not only one 'final solution' but serial genocides, planned in detail to be carried out over several decades."
This approach originates in a particular German far-left understanding of Nazism, which seeks at every juncture to link it to processes of modernization culminating in the Federal Republic of the present day. In Hitler's Beneficiaries, for instance, Aly misses no opportunity to mention prominent figures in postwar Germany who were enthusiastic about the Third Reich as young men. Not long ago, he caused a stir by indicting much-admired German university historians of the 1950s for what he saw as their role during the Third Reich in planning or justifying Nazi genocide. What makes Aly such an uncomfortable figure for Germans is that his arguments are always buttressed by painstaking, meticulous and very extensive archival research. His voice may be an outsider's voice, but it has to be listened to.
In his new book, he caused an even greater upset in Germany than before by arguing that it was not only the elites whose support for the Nazi regime was based on rational, nonideological grounds but also the vast mass of the people. How does his new claim stand up to critical scrutiny?
Hitler's Beneficiaries, it has to be said, does not begin well. The opening pages on prewar Germany contain many sweeping claims that have long since been exploded by serious research. Thus, contrary to what Aly says, the German middle classes were not impoverished by the hyperinflation of 1922-23 (it was great for debtors, mortgage holders and the like); relatively few Communists went over to Nazism in the early 1930s; the plebiscite that brought the Saar (an ethnically German region on the French border under the control of the League of Nations since 1919) back to Germany was not a free election; and the Nazi leadership did not make automobiles "affordable to everyday Germans." Nazism preached equality, but as with so many aspects of Nazi rhetoric, the reality was very different, and to speak repeatedly, as Aly does, of the Nazis' "socialism" is to mislabel what is better seen as populism; real socialist regimes were very different in their basic political thrust, and few things in this book are less convincing than its attempt to show that the Third Reich was a genuinely redistributive regime that robbed the rich to pay the poor.
Desperate to demonstrate that the overwhelming mass of Germans enthusiastically supported Nazism from the start, Aly provides a highly selective list of examples of young people, some of them his own relatives, who waxed rhapsodic about the possibilities the regime offered them. Typically, he quotes Hanns Martin Schleyer, who became president of the Employers' Association in postwar West Germany, enthusing in 1942 about the opportunities Nazism gave to the young: "We learned at a young age during the movement's days of struggle to seek out challenges, instead of waiting for them to come to us--this and our constant efforts for the party, even after it took power, made us ready to take on responsibility much earlier than usual" (Aly neglects to mention that Schleyer was kidnapped and murdered in 1977 by ultra-left German terrorists from the "Red Army Faction," founded by Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof). He also cites two male relatives' entries in the Aly family guest book during the war, with slogans such as "tomorrow belongs to us" and "our country is heading towards a great and glorious future." But one could of course cite just as many testimonies by Germans who were frightened and disturbed by what the Nazi regime was doing, even in the 1930s.
The leadership did not divert resources to fulfilling consumer desires "to the detriment of rearmament"--rather the opposite. True, the Nazis' charitable organizations like the Winter Aid, designed to support the unemployed and their families at a time when jobs were few, or the Nazi People's Welfare, a larger, more formal institution aimed at doing essentially the same thing through the year, raised a lot of money for the less well-off, but a very high proportion of this charity was collected through contributions coerced from the population, including compulsory deductions from wages. The profits gained from the "Aryanization" of Jewish property were significant for those who availed themselves of them, but Jews made up less than 1 percent of Germany's population, and not all of them by any means were rich or even well-off; the difference this made to the nation's living standard overall was minimal, though Aly claims that the Jews were dispossessed, and indeed eventually exterminated, not least in order for the German state to get its hands on their property and use it to raise the people's standard of living.
The reductio ad absurdum of all this is reached when Aly claims that "the Third Reich was not a dictatorship maintained by force," citing the small size of the Gestapo, and the fact that there were fewer than 5,000 inmates in concentration camps by 1936; but the Gestapo was only one of a huge range of institutions of coercion and surveillance, all the way down to the "block wardens" who kept order in every street block, and by 1936 the concentration camps had long since given way to the prisons and penitentiaries, where there were some 23,000 political prisoners at this time, put there by a series of draconian laws that abolished every civil freedom and even prescribed the death penalty for telling "hateful" jokes about Hitler.
Even more bizarre, Aly describes the Third Reich as being run by a flat decision-making process, dependent on individual initiative rather than on a top-down hierarchy. The millions of people in Nazi Germany who were caught up in an undemocratic, totalitarian system governed by the all-pervasive "leadership principle" whereby Hitler's most casual remarks were immediately translated into official policy, often with devastating consequences, certainly would have been surprised to learn this.
Aly makes such crude and sweeping generalizations in part because he is almost entirely unfamiliar with the English-language literature on Nazi Germany, which is too large, diverse and sophisticated to be ignored with impunity. One feels that here, as elsewhere, his grasp of the secondary literature, and his knowledge of what other historians have written, including in Germany, is less than secure.
Aly's work rests overwhelmingly on documentary research. And here, once he gets beyond the simplistic account of Nazi Germany before the outbreak of the war, he has some interesting discoveries to present. Long ago, British historian Tim Mason pointed out that the Nazis' monomaniacal drive to rearm in preparation for a general European war got the German economy into increasing difficulties by 1939, as growing shortages of materials and labor began to impose growing constraints on production. Workers were increasingly coerced into working longer hours; they responded with rocketing rates of absenteeism, and the regime responded by drafting Gestapo agents into the factories to keep workers' noses to the grindstone. In this situation, economic salvation lay in conquest and plunder. Aly shows that as well as appropriating huge quantities of raw materials from Eastern and Western Europe, and eventually forcing more than 7 million workers from conquered and occupied countries to work for minimal pay in Germany, the regime also exploited the countries it occupied so as to prevent the mass of the German population at home from having to bear the real financial burden of the war.
It did this, as again Mason pointed out some thirty years ago, because Hitler and the leading Nazis were anxious to the point of paranoia about a possible recurrence of the "stab in the back" of 1918, when they believed--quite wrongly, of course--that a catastrophic deterioration of living conditions on the home front had led to a mass revolution, fomented by Jewish subversives, that had betrayed Germany's otherwise victorious army and brought about the country's defeat in World War I. As the Nazis pursued this deadly fantasy, more than half of Germany's Jews were forced out of the country by 1939, and the rest were dispossessed and marginalized and, from 1941 onward, deported and murdered. However, from the Nazi leadership's point of view, this still left the problem of how to maintain a decent standard of living at home.
At this point in the argument, Aly's exposition becomes quite technical and very hard-going for the reader, with a plethora of figures and calculations of tax burdens and exchange rates; but its broad outlines are clear enough. In every country they occupied, the Nazis either introduced a new currency or fixed exchange rates so that German soldiers, administrators and others could use a strong reichsmark to buy up goods cheaply and send them back home to their families. Buying goods abroad also helped control inflation at home. Special credit arrangements were made to assist in this process, and German troops in other countries were specifically allowed to receive money from their families at home to spend on goods they could not get in Germany.
Aly cites to dramatic effect the correspondence of a number of German soldiers who described with enthusiasm what they were buying and sending back to their families, among them the young Heinrich Böll, who many years later was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels and stories. "I've got half a suckling pig for you," he announced triumphantly to his family just before coming home on leave in 1940. After the regime lifted restrictions on how much could be sent home in this way, the number of packages sent from France to Germany by military post ran at more than 3 million a month. Soldiers' pay was increased toward the end of 1940 explicitly in order to help them pay for the foreign goods their families desperately needed.
At home, taxes on the general population were kept as low as possible in order to avoid discontent, while business was taxed more heavily, not least on the grounds that this would not incur the wrath of the population at large. Elaborate welfare arrangements and benefits were put in place to insure that families did not suffer while their principal breadwinner was away on military service. More important, occupied Eastern Europe was subjected to a ruthless policy of exploitation and expropriation, in which foodstuffs were seized in vast quantities from the granaries of the Ukraine to feed the population at home, while more than 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war were deliberately left to die of disease and starvation, and German war plans envisaged up to 30 million or in some versions 50 million Slavic civilians perishing in the same way. A similar policy was put into effect as soon as the German Army occupied Greece, with huge quantities of food being shipped home while Athens succumbed to a famine of terrible dimensions.
In 1941 Nazi planners urged the incorporation of "Russia's food economy into the European framework," leading to the "extinction" of "large segments of the population," running into "tens of millions." Aly cites many similar documents. German historian Christian Gerlach in particular has argued that the extermination of the region's Jews was hastened by the desire of German administrators to reduce the number of "useless mouths" in a situation where the German armed forces had to live off the land and food supplies at home constantly needed to be replenished from abroad. For Aly, indeed, a major reason for Hitler's decision to deport the remaining Jews in Berlin to the east in the summer of 1941 was the need to use their homes to house Germans made homeless by Allied bombing raids.
Here, however, a fundamental weakness of Aly's approach becomes apparent. In all his work, including his earlier study "Final Solution", he has applied a kind of economic reductionism that leaves other factors too much out of account--notably ideology and belief. His arguments are always stimulating and deserve the closest consideration, but they by no means tell the whole story, and they considerably exaggerate the impact of material factors on Nazi decision-making, which was fundamentally irrational at its core.
In a series of complex calculations, Aly comes to the conclusion that no less than 70 percent of the wartime revenues of the German Reich derived from occupied countries, from forced labor and from the murder of nearly 6 million of Europe's Jews (whose assets and possessions fell to the Reich once they were killed). One could make a case that Aly actually underestimates the amount of plunder extracted from the occupied countries, since he relies overwhelmingly on official documents and ignores the vast scale of the unofficial looting carried out by German soldiers as they marched into one country after another. Heinrich Böll described with disapproval how his fellow soldiers broke into deserted houses on their way into France, taking anything they wanted; and in Poland and the East, the troops stole food, jewelry, silver and gold, artworks of every description and much else besides from the country houses and monasteries they encountered on their victorious march toward Warsaw. The contribution all this made to the standard of living of the soldiers' families back home should not be underestimated, even if it is impossible to calculate.
But overall, Aly's figure is surely anything but an underestimate. Other calculations, notably by Adam Tooze in his forthcoming history of the Nazi economy, Wages of Destruction (to be published by Viking in April) put the figure more plausibly at around 25 percent; still substantial, but a long way from keeping almost the entire German people going, as Aly claims. Aly has relatively little in qualitative terms to say about the standard of living of Germans on the home front, and citing government social policy measures is no substitute. There can be little doubt that a deterioration in general living standards set in relatively early, as rations were steadily cut; people began to have recourse to the black market, where prices rapidly became inflated; and bombing raids from 1941 onward began to have their effect.
There is, moreover, a fundamental contradiction at the core of Aly's book. For if the overwhelming mass of Germans had been as positively committed to the Third Reich as he claims they were already before 1939, sustaining an "accommodating dictatorship" from below and participating fully in a flat decision-making process, then why would the regime have felt it necessary to divert such enormous resources into trying to avoid discontent on the home front during the war? Ironically, too, the decision-making processes that Aly describes, from tax reform and welfare measures to the regulation of food parcels and the raising of soldiers' wages, originated with central figures and institutions in the regime, including Hitler and Göring themselves, and were implemented in a top-down fashion through the Finance Ministry. If the Nazi leaders had decided not to tolerate the plundering of occupied countries and stopped the troops from enriching themselves and their families, they could have done so, and things surely would have turned out differently.
A central feature of Nazi ideology and rhetoric, explored by many historians but for obvious reasons completely ignored by Aly, was the cult of self-sacrifice, the appeal to self-surrender in the interests of nation and race. Much of this was coupled with promises that everything would get better once the war was over, but it also had a clear message for the present. Germany was everything, the individual nothing. Goebbels's propaganda machine constantly exhorted Germans to live frugally so that resources could be focused on financing the war. There is plenty of evidence that the deep-seated identification of a majority of Germans with the nation--their nationalism, in a word--was more important than anything else in maintaining their commitment to the war effort.
In 1939, 1940 and 1941, this produced an almost hysterical euphoria, as with startling rapidity and ease German forces overran territories whose conquest had largely eluded them in 1914-18. From 1942 to near the end of the war, coupled with growing and in many respects quite justified fear of the Red Army, it instilled a grim determination to preserve the nation in the face of its advancing enemies. At the same time, disillusion with the Nazi regime escalated rapidly in 1942-43, until by 1944 even Hitler was coming under increasing criticism from the populace, and the regular morale reports produced by the Security Service of the SS had to be stopped because they made too depressing reading.
When the Red Army finally overran Berlin, and Hitler committed suicide in his bunker, any remaining allegiance to his regime among the overwhelming majority of ordinary Germans collapsed. There can be little doubt that the material conditions of their life deteriorated sharply in 1945-47, now that the income and produce of occupied countries was no longer available to them, the country's huge arms and munitions industries ceased to exist, the armed forces were demobilized and returned home to begin the difficult search for a job, millions of refugees and expellees flooded in from Eastern Europe, and the burgeoning black market fueled inflation until it reached dangerous levels. Yet despite these appallingly difficult material conditions, there was no resistance to the Allied occupation, and no serious attempt to revive National Socialism after its defeat. If material factors had been so central in creating Germans' loyalty to the Third Reich, one would have expected far more serious levels of discontent after it collapsed. As it was, the death of Hitler, the central, integrating figure of Nazism, had cut the bonds of people's allegiance to his movement. And a regime that had constantly insisted that might was right, and that the spoils went to the strong, was now unambiguously hoist by its own petard.
It was not just the end of the good times, economically speaking, therefore, that tore people's allegiance away from the principles and practices of National Socialism, important though that was. Ideology, as always, was just as important, if not more so. Götz Aly has once more done a service to our understanding of Nazi Germany by drawing our attention to material factors, but as in much of his previous work, he has exaggerated their significance, and to concentrate on them alone is to show only half the picture.
Reprinted with permission from the Nation. For subscription information call 1-800-333-8536. Portions of each week's Nation magazine can be accessed at http://www.thenation.com.
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Jason Blake Keuter - 2/18/2007
Few books have been so willfully misunderstood as Fukurmama's "The End of History", in which capitalism and liberal democracy are not "triumphant" in the sense that they are the destiny of the world, but instead replace communism as the final stage of history. Welfare-state socialism remains the last refuge of those who can't fathom the fundamentally retrograde and reactionary nature of anti-capitalism. Further, the alleged successes of welfare state socialism help buttress among Europeans their sense of cultural superiority over the backward and barbarian Americans.
But the welfare state socialism is entirely parasitic. First, without the American military umbrella, European states would have had no money for welfare or economic investment. Further, the international trade so many decry as neo-Imperialistic, would not have existed either.
But it's not only the American military umbrella that made it all possible (due in some part to America's more productive economy, which generates a surplus that far outstrips standards of living elsewhere and leaves much left over for guns and bombs to keep Russians at bay), it is also FOREIGNERS that made Europe prosperous - foreigners that were locked out of the welfare state; in other words, guest workers who did the grueling industrial labor so that Europeans could get the cush European welfare benefits.
Thus the racist German welfare state is really a pan-European phenomenon. And it continues to be so today. The geriatric populations of Europe demand their welfare, as do the resentful young, who feel they pay in but might not pull anything out. The only real solution to Europe's worker crisis is immigration. But citizenship? Never! Europeans stick to their racist, blood-borne criteria for true citizenship and simply seek the importation of colonial subjects into their societies who will labor as "guests" to fuel the material prosperity the Europeans feel is their due. Much like in Arab tryannies, the Europeans are adroit at turning immmigrant hatred towards America and capitalism. Of course, it would be both American liberal democracy and capitalism that would give immigrants their just desserts: propsperity and citizenship. But under the guise of progressive, welfare-statism, they are instead the true neo-colonial subjects. Thus the welfare state is at its core a racist, parasitic and illiberal system - a historical step backwards. The response of many immigrants "radicalized" thrrough their experience in anti-American Europe is equally reactionary and retrograde.
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What are Smudge Cells?
Normally, cells have well defined structures with an easily identifiable cytoplasmic membrane. However, there are these abnormal bunches of cells which are called as smudge cells that do not have this well-defined boundary. They are actually the remains of the dead lymphocytes that have combined together into groups. Hence, they are also known as Basket Cells.
Smudge cells are often included into the classification of lymphocytes. Some people think that these cells are found only on the unhealthy lymphocytes but they can also occur on those lymphocytes that are weak.
You can clearly see how the smudge cells get clumped up together to appear as a dark violet patch in the above image. You must also note that only the violet patches on the left are smudge cells while the three in the middle are developing lymphocytes.
What Causes Smudge Cells?
To understand the reason behind the formation of smudge cells, we need to first discuss about a condition known as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). This abnormal condition results due to excess production of lymphocytes by bone marrow. Among the various types of Leukemia that can affect a person, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is one of the most common. This condition tends to become worse with the passing of time. Now, let us try to understand as to how this condition is related to the formation of smudge cells.
The formation of smudge cells is complicated. In normal cells, the nucleus occupies only a small portion of the cell while in case of CLL, it can occupy the entire cell. When an external pressure is applied, the thin cytoplasmic tends to get crushed as it is unable to take the pressure. This leads to the formation of smudge cells. One of the most common causes behind the formation of the smudge cells is the preparation of the blood films. Thus, expertise is desired in this area to prevent the formation of the smudge cells.
One needs to be very careful while handling the slide spreader. If you are not an expert at this, you can easily end up tilting the slide spreader more. This can cause the blood to spread out quickly and creating thick films of blood over the slide. On the other hand, if the slide is tilted to an angle lower than the desired, you can have even cell distribution.
Differential Diagnosis of Smudge Cells
The differential diagnosis of the smudge cells involves counting the lymphocytes to find out its relative differential count. It is usually 0.24 which is sometime represented as 24% of the total number of white blood cells present in the body.
When we compare these figures with the white blood cell differential count, we can easily figure out the mismatch between the figures. We can say this because all relative counts must give an equivalent value of 1.0. Also, the absolute counts must produce an equivalent value that is identical to the absolute count of white blood cells.
Modern medical instruments are getting better in differentiating lymphocytes from the smudge cells and thus producing the accurate results for relative and absolute counts. Constant increment in the absolute count of lymphocytes makes you more vulnerable to CCL and other lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Isn’t it amazing to think how much we have learnt about the benefits of drinking water in terms of our overall health!
It was only a generation ago that we would go to school with maybe a small “popper” or “fruit box” to drink for the entire day, and we would drink out of the “bubbler” (or water fountain) during our breaks – and this seemed to be enough to “keep us going”.
We now know, as a result of such wonderful advances in technology and various research, which our body relies on a consistent supply of water to function at its optimum level.
As our body is made up of around 70% water, it is vital that all of our major organs have an adequate supply of water in order to function.
Aside from feeling the benefits of drinking water, we’ve all felt the negative effects of not providing our systems with enough water. If you have ever had “sun-stroke” or a bad hangover, I’m sure you’ll recall the physical symptoms of your brain being starved of hydration – that’s right, a terrible head ache!
Some of the other effects which we may not feel, but are certainly reducing our ability to function properly include reduced kidney function and digestive issues.
Aside from oxygen, water is the most essential element needed for our survival. So while we can only last a matter of minutes without oxygen, we do have a bit longer without water – but it is still only a matter of days! So if you become severely dehydrated, your body basically begins to shut down.
The amount of water that you need to drink varies greatly, depending on your sex, weight / height, along with other factors such as weather and the amount of perspiration you are doing. It is however recommended that you drink at least 8 glasses of water each day.
But the major benefits of drinking water are that your body functions at it’s optimum level, and it contributes to you being in a better mood than if you are dehydrated.
I want you to think back to a time when you were severely dehydrated. Maybe you over-indulged in alcohol the night before...
Maybe you spent a day out in the hot sun without drinking enough water...
It doesn't feel very nice does it?
This is due to the simple fact that we are made up of around two-thirds water and our organs just don't function properly without adequate water - and feeling bad as a result of dehydration is your bodies way of telling you it needs water.
So go and grab a glass of fresh water and give your body the fuel that it requires.
While it is interesting to note that kombucha tea and kefir drink(s) most certainly have positive effects on these two bodily functions, these fermented drinks are powerful detoxifiers, and therefore additional water must be consumed when we are drinking these products.
There are also other foods and drinks that have a “draining
effect” on the moisture content in our bodies, including caffeine
(including coffee kombucha) and dehydrated foods.
When we consume any of these kinds of products, we must
ensure that we drink even greater amounts of water than usual, to ensure that
our bodies function at the optimum level.
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DAILY WORD LADDERS GRADE 4-6 INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD ACTIVITIES
Students climb to new heights in reading and writing with these engaging, reproducible word-building games—now also available for whole-class participation through the interactive whiteboard! Students read clues on each rung, then change and rearrange letters to create words until they reach the top. All the while, they're boosting decoding and spelling skills, broadening vocabulary, and becoming better, more fluent readers.
Customers also purchased...
Reproducible charts for recording grades in sev
Daily planning forms for every week of the scho
Add a splash of color to any bulletin board‹or
Encourage your students to think, dream, and do
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Q. What is the ‘CORNEA’?
A. This is a clear piece of tissue that fits like a watch crystal (outer glass cover of the watch) over the coloured part of the eye called the iris. Unlike the watch glass,which is flat, the cornea is dome shaped. Light passes through the transparent cornea, just like it would through a window, to the back of the eye. The parallel rays of light passing through the cornea get bent so as to focus on the retina which is the inner lining of the back of the eye, like the film of the camera.
Q. How does the cornea get cloudy?
A. Clouding or irregularity of the cornea may be caused by many different kinds of problems. When the cornea becomes cloudy, similar to the frosting of glass, light is not able to pass through the eye and poor vision results. Some of the causes are:
- Infection and injury to the eye
- Nutritional disorders such as Vitamin A deficiency
- Reaction to drugs, e.g. Stevens –Johnson Syndrome
- Degenerations and dystrophies of the cornea (inherited conditions which may cause clouding of the cornea in adult life
- Keratoconus (an irregularity of the shape of the cornea, where there is progressive ‘coning’ of the cornea) In this condition even though the cornea is clear the quality of vision gradually deteriorates. Clouding only occurs in the very late stages.
- Corneal clouding as a complication of cataract or glaucoma surgery
Q. In such cases, how is vision restored?
A. The only way to restore vision is to replace the cornea with donated healthy corneal tissue by a surgery called corneal transplant or keratoplasty. This consists of removal of a central disc of the abnormal cornea and replacing it with a similarly sized piece of normal cornea obtained from a donor eye. The cornea is the only part of the eye that can be transplanted.
Q. How successful is cornea transplant surgery? Is it true that most corneal transplants become opaque in a few years?
A. The corneal transplant or corneal graft as it is also called is devoid of blood vessels. Hence out of all transplants done in the body such as heart, liver, kidney etc, it has the least chance of rejection. I amend the previous statement – it would come second in terms of success rates to hair transplants! Even if rejection does occur, it can be successfully treated by eye drops in most cases without having to take recourse of systemic immunosuppressive medication, as is the case with rejected transplants elsewhere in the body. I have seen several grafts done 30 and 40 years ago, remaining crystal clear to this day! Grafts done in eyes where the cornea is already vascularised naturally have a poorer long-term prognosis (expected outcome, in layman’s terms). However, in case a graft does fail or get rejected for some reason and the rejection is not reversed by timely treatment, all is not lost. If the rest of the eye has no other complications, it is possible to do a regraft i.e. one more graft (naturally after removing the previous opaque graft!) and restore vision once more.
Q. When does rejection usually occur?
A. Statistically speaking, rejection occurs most often in the first year after transplant and following any major or minor surgery to the eye thereafter i.e. a patient of corneal graft who now undergoes cataract surgery or even removal of his corneal sutures (commonly done a year or so after the corneal graft surgery) is at increased risk of graft rejection in the month immediately following the surgical procedure.
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Director-General of UNESCO urges respect for the preservation of World Heritage site of Timbuktu (Mali)
The Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, today voiced concern about the risk posed by fighting around the World Heritage site of Timbuktu in the north of Mali and recalled the internationally recognized obligation of countries to safeguard their heritage in times of war.
“I call both on the Malian authorities and on warring factions to respect the country’s heritage and its commitment as a signatory of the 1972 World Heritage convention.
“Timbuktu’s outstanding earthen architectural wonders that are the great mosques of Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahia, must be safeguarded. Along with the site’s 16 cemeteries and mausolea, they are essential to the preservation of the identity of the people of Mali and of our universal heritage,” the Director-General added.
Inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1988, the site bears witness to the golden age of Timbuktu in the 16th century and to a history that stretches even further back to the 5th century A.D.
According to the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Properties in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Protocols, armies must refrain from using or damaging cultural heritage properties in times of war.
“UNESCO stands ready to share its expertise and experience to help Mali ensure the safeguarding of Timbuktu,” the Director-General concluded.
According to recent news reports, rebels have entered the site and shots have been heard there. Mali has three other world heritage sites beside Timbuktu: the Old Towns of Djenné, the Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) and the Tomb of Askia.
Timbuktu manuscripts: Africa’s written history unveiled, The UNESCO Courier, 2007-5, pp. 7-9
Ancient chroniclers of West Africq’s past: journeys of discovery throught the ‘country of the black people’, The UNESCO Courier, October 1959
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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework - 2010
Why is it important?:Diabetes is a long-term (chronic) condition in which blood glucose levels become too high because the body produces little or no insulin, or cannot use insulin properly. Over many years, high blood glucose levels can damage various parts of the body, especially the heart and blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves, resulting in permanent disability, reduced quality of life and shortened life expectancy. High blood glucose levels can cause complications for both the mother and baby during pregnancy. Diabetes is responsible for 12% of the health gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (Vos et al. 2007). Diabetes prevalence is higher for Indigenous Australians than non-Indigenous Australians in every socioeconomic status group, often by a considerable margin (Cunningham 2010:s21). Prevention, early detection and better management of diabetes will be important in closing the gap in life expectancy.
There are several forms of diabetes. The most common form is Type 2, which accounts for 85–90% of all people with diabetes and is more common in people who are physically inactive, have a poor diet, and are overweight or obese. Other factors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, low birthweight and intra-uterine factors are also associated with increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Type 1 diabetes, the most common form of diabetes in children, is generally thought to be rare among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples although misclassification problems with Type 2 diabetes make this difficult to ascertain (AIHW 2002b).
Findings:Measuring population levels of diabetes is difficult given the high rate of undiagnosed diabetes. The 2011–13 Australian Health Survey will include blood tests for measuring estimated diabetes prevalence. For this report, indirect measures of diabetes prevalence are explored.
In 2004–05, 6% of Indigenous Australians reported diabetes or high sugar levels. Diabetes was almost twice as likely to be reported by Indigenous Australians in remote areas (9%) as non-remote areas (5%). After accounting for age differences between the two populations, Indigenous Australians were more than 3 times as likely as non-Indigenous Australians to report some form of diabetes. For Indigenous Australians, diabetes problems start in younger age groups with higher rates of self-reported diabetes emerging from 25 years onwards. Diabetes or high sugar levels were reported for 32% of Indigenous Australians aged 55 years and over compared with 12% of non-Indigenous Australians. Rates have increased since 1995. There was a statistically significant relationship between prevalence of diabetes and selected social determinants of health and risk factors such as weight and diet (see Tables 4 and 5).
Indigenous mothers were more likely to experience pre-existing diabetes affecting pregnancy (3 to 4 times the non-Indigenous rate) and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) (twice the non-Indigenous rate). Indigenous mothers with pre-existing diabetes were more likely to deliver pre-term (32%), compared with Indigenous mothers with GDM (14%) and Indigenous mothers without diabetes (13%) (AIHW 2010c).
The prevalence of diabetes among Indigenous Australians in selected remote communities was 5 to 10 times as high as the general community (Hoy et al. 2007; Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan et al. 2008; Zhao et al. 2008). A New South Wales study of young people aged 10–18 years found incident rates for Indigenous children to be 6 times the rates for non-Indigenous children (Craig et al. 2007). An analysis of the Fremantle Diabetes Study found diabetes prevalence for Aboriginal people to be more than double the rate for non-Indigenous Australians, with average age at diagnosis 14 years younger (Davis et al. 2007).
Hospitalisation rates for principal diagnosis of diabetes are 4 times as high for Indigenous Australians as for other Australians, and are higher in all jurisdictions with adequate data quality. Around 84% of diabetes related hospitalisations for Indigenous Australians relate to Type 2 diabetes and 15% to Type 1 diabetes. An additional 1,554 hospitalisations for women were for gestational diabetes. Hospitalisation rates for diabetes have increased significantly in recent years for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians and the gap has widened. Deaths due to diabetes were around 7 times higher for Indigenous Australians than other Australians. Diabetes is identified as a problem in around 6% of general practice encounters with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, which is over 3 times the rate of other patients.
Implications:Diabetes is more common among Indigenous Australians than other Australians, as measured by self-reported prevalence and GP consultations. Hospitalisations and death rates for diabetes are both high pointing to possible issues in secondary prevention. Challenges for decision makers include maintaining a policy emphasis on primary prevention (nutrition, physical activity, smoking, alcohol) whilst implementing strategies to achieve effective secondary prevention (primary care, blood sugar control) and appropriate acute care to treat serious complications as they arise. More research is required on the most effective mechanism for achieving early detection and ongoing management of the condition (see measures 3.03 and 3.04). Indigenous Australians do not constitute a homogenous group with respect to socioeconomic status or diabetes prevalence, and this diversity must be recognised in developing measures to redress Indigenous health disadvantage (Cunningham 2010). The National Partnership Agreement on Closing the Gap in Indigenous Health Outcomes (COAG 2008c), sets priorities for preventive health measures designed to reduce the factors that contribute to chronic disease, and expanded access to and coordination of comprehensive primary health care to improve detection and management of chronic diseases. The Coordinated Care for Diabetes pilot will commence from 1 July 2011, as part of the National Health Reform. The pilot will fully road-test the initiative to confirm the reform’s practical design and make sure it achieves the best outcomes for people with diabetes. The National Partnership Agreement on Preventive Health (COAG 2008d) will introduce initiatives addressing lifestyle risks associated with chronic disease through healthy lifestyle programs in workplaces, communities, schools and early childhood settings. Programs will focus on increasing physical activity, improving nutrition, decreasing harmful alcohol intake and smoking cessation.
Table 14 – Percentage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples reporting diabetes/high sugar levels, by remoteness, 1995, 2001 and 2004–05
Source: ABS & AIHW analysis of 1995 and 2001 National Health Surveys (Indigenous supplements) and 2004–05 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey
Figure 20 – Percentage of persons reporting diabetes/high sugar levels, by Indigenous status and age, 2004–05
(a) Total is age-standardised
Source: 2004–05 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey and 2004–05 National Health Survey
Text description of figure 20 (TXT 1KB)
Figure 21 – Age-standardised hospitalisation rates for a principal diagnosis of diabetes, by Indigenous status Qld, WA, SA and NT, age-standardised, 2001–02 to 2007–08; NSW, Vic. Qld, WA, SA, NT 2004–05 to 2007–08
Source: AIHW analysis of National Hospital Morbidity Database
Text description of figure 21 (TXT 1KB)
Figure 22 – Age-specific hospitalisation rates for a principal diagnosis of diabetes, by Indigenous status, NSW, Vic., Qld, WA, SA and NT, July 2006 to June 2008
Source: AIHW analysis of National Hospital Morbidity Database
Text description of figure 22 (TXT 1KB)
Table 15 – Diabetes problems managed by GPs, by Indigenous status of patient, 2004–05 to 2008–09
Rate per 100 encounters (age adjusted)
|Total diabetes (excluding gestational)|
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What is it
When a horse makes an unusual respiratory noise during exercise they are often called 'whistlers' or 'roarers'. The noise occurs when the horse breathes in. It is more common in larger horses but is sometimes seen in ponies.
The noise made can vary from a whistle to a roar. It usually occurs when the horse is galloping to full extent (fast exercise). However, in some horses a noise can be heard when they are undertaking less strenuous exercise.
Laryngeal Hemiplegia is usually the cause of the noise - this is when the muscles on one side are either partially or totally paralysed. This causes interference with the passage of air (which is increased during fast exercise) through the larynx, resulting in the noise. Laryngeal Hemiplegia is progressive.
Other causes can include cysts or tumours forming in the epiglottis which will cause an obstruction to the larynx, or infection can also cause the horse to make an unusual noise.
If you suspect this problem call the vet. Listening to the horse during exercise is the first step. Following this an endoscopic examination can be used to look at the larynx as the horse breathes.
Horses with mild Laryngeal Hemiplegia that only undergo gentle exercise can continue without treatment. However, they need to be monitored regularly and their respiratory tracts kept healthy using low dust bedding, good ventilation etc.
In some situations the 'Hobday' operation can help, in others a 'tie back' operation will also be needed.
When another cause has been identified this can be treated appropriately. For example antibiotics for infection.
As conformation is thought to have an effect there is a limit to what can be done to prevent Laryngeal Hemiplegia. For other causes, keeping your horse in a clean, dust free environment, vaccinations and good hygiene can help reduce the chance of infection.
Have you seen this week's video 'How I ... Look after and Repair Rugs' on my You Tube channel? Horse Life and Love. Please check it out and SUBSCRIBE.
You can also follow me on Facebook and Instagram for updates on Chesney, Basil, Tommy and Daisy.
Until next time!
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Each September since 1991, the scientific community have gathered to award to celebrate the obscure, strange and sometime just the pure weird. Organised by the Annals of improbable research, the Ig Nobel awards recognizes that while some discoveries may at first appear trivial, you can never quite know where they might one day lead.
Traditionally the prizes have no set categories ranging from the more common place, such as Peace and Medicine, to the somewhat more niche, such as the Fluid Dynamics prize. However, just because the categories may be more familiar, it doesn’t make the winning research any more ordinary. For instance, this year’s winner of the of the Peace Prize demonstrated that regular playing of a didgeridoo is an effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring. The recipient, Milo Puhan, suggested in his research paper published in the British Medical Journal that this may be as a result of a strengthening of the tongue muscles and the reduction of “fat pads” in the throat. In his acceptance speech pointed out that previous winners have gone on to win the clearly lesser coveted Nobel award, adding that the president of his university was particularly excited about that fact.
While at first this kind of research may appear humorous, since the paper’s publication, one of its authors has switched career to work full-time as a therapeutic didgeridoo instructor and has already trained around 2,500 patients.
Other notable recipients include Marc-Antone Fardin who posed the age-old question, how fluid is a cat. Fardins study published in the Rheology Bulletin in 2014 speculated on the “Deborah number” which is used to measure the fluidity of materials. Essentially, it is the amount of time it would take a material to flow under certain conditions, such as an angled surface.
The ceremony also recognized Jean-Pierre Royet for his work which identified the area of the brain associated with disgust in cheese. In their study published in Frontiers of Human Neuroscience, Jean-Pierre and his team studied the cerebral processes of food aversion using fMRI, a technique that allows for the real-time study of brain techniques by measuring the change in blood flow to parts of the brain. They found that regions of the brain in the basal ganglia were more activated in participants who disliked cheese.
Other winners for this year include a GP from the UK, who received the anatomy prize for solving the riddle of why old men have such large ears (you can blame gravity for that), and a study conducted by a Korean student into the dynamics of liquid-sloshing, to learn what happens when a person walks backwards while carrying a cup of coffee.
The 27th annual Ig Nobel award ceremony itself took place at Theater at Harvard University with the usual degree of tradition and chaos. These include the throwing of paper planes onto the stage and booing if acceptance speeches go on too long (coordinated by the 8 year old, miss Sweetie Poo). According to the Ig Nobels founder and master of ceremonies, the awards, while at first may seem a joke, they are there to “first make people laugh, and then make them think”.
Previous awards have been given for the answering “Why pregnant women don’t tip over”, that there is an universal law of urination, and that naming cows increases their yield of milk.
The sky is truly the limit.
The full list of this year’s prize winners:
PHYSICS PRIZE [FRANCE, SINGAPORE, USA] — Marc-Antoine Fardin, for using fluid dynamics to probe the question “Can a Cat Be Both a Solid and a Liquid?”
“On the Rheology of Cats,” Marc-Antoine Fardin, Rheology Bulletin, vol. 83, 2, July 2014, pp. 16-17 and 30.
PEACE PRIZE [SWITZERLAND, CANADA, THE NETHERLANDS, USA] — Milo Puhan, Alex Suarez, Christian Lo Cascio, Alfred Zahn, Markus Heitz, and Otto Braendli, for demonstrating that regular playing of a didgeridoo is an effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring.
“Didgeridoo Playing as Alternative Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome: Randomised Controlled Trial,” Milo A. Puhan, Alex Suarez, Christian Lo Cascio, Alfred Zahn, Markus Heitz and Otto Braendli, BMJ, vol. 332 December 2006.
ECONOMICS PRIZE [AUSTRALIA, USA] — Matthew Rockloff and Nancy Greer, for their experiments to see how contact with a live crocodile affects a person’s willingness to gamble.
Never Smile at a Crocodile: Betting on Electronic Gaming Machines is Intensified by Reptile-Induced Arousal,” Matthew J. Rockloff and Nancy Greer, Journal of Gambling Studies, vol. 26, no. 4, December 2010, pp. 571-81.
ANATOMY PRIZE [UK] — James Heathcote, for his medical research study “Why Do Old Men Have Big Ears?”
“Why Do Old Men Have Big Ears?” James A. Heathcote, British Medical Journal, vol. 311, 1995, p. 1668.
BIOLOGY PRIZE [JAPAN, BRAZIL, SWITZERLAND] — Kazunori Yoshizawa, Rodrigo Ferreira, Yoshitaka Kamimura, and Charles Lienhard, for their discovery of a female penis, and a male vagina, in a cave insect.
“Female Penis, Male Vagina and Their Correlated Evolution in a Cave Insect,” Kazunori Yoshizawa, Rodrigo L. Ferreira, Yoshitaka Kamimura, Charles Lienhard, Current Biology, vol. 24, no. 9, 2014, pp. 1006-1010.
FLUID DYNAMICS PRIZE [SOUTH KOREA, USA] — Jiwon Han, for studying the dynamics of liquid-sloshing, to learn what happens when a person walks backwards while carrying a cup of coffee. REFERENCE: “A Study on the Coffee Spilling Phenomena in the Low Impulse Regime,” Jiwon Han, Achievements in the Life Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, 2016, pp. 87-101.
NUTRITION PRIZE [BRAZIL, CANADA, SPAIN] — Fernanda Ito, Enrico Bernard, and Rodrigo Torres, for the first scientific report of human blood in the diet of the hairy-legged vampire bat
“What is for Dinner? First Report of Human Blood in the Diet of the Hairy-Legged Vampire Bat Diphylla ecaudata,” Fernanda Ito, Enrico Bernard, and Rodrigo A. Torres, Acta Chiropterologica, vol. 18, no. 2, December 2016, pp. 509-515.
MEDICINE PRIZE [FRANCE, UK] — Jean-Pierre Royet, David Meunier, Nicolas Torquet, Anne-Marie Mouly and Tao Jiang, for using advanced brain-scanning technology to measure the extent to which some people are disgusted by cheese.
“The Neural Bases of Disgust for Cheese: An fMRI Study,” Jean-Pierre Royet, David Meunier, Nicolas Torquet, Anne-Marie Mouly and Tao Jiang, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 10, October 2016, article 511.
COGNITION PRIZE [ITALY, SPAIN, UK] — Matteo Martini, Ilaria Bufalari, Maria Antonietta Stazi, and Salvatore Maria Aglioti, for demonstrating that many identical twins cannot tell themselves apart visually.
“Is That Me or My Twin? Lack of Self-Face Recognition Advantage in Identical Twins,” Matteo Martini, Ilaria Bufalari, Maria Antonietta Stazi, Salvatore Maria Aglioti, PLoS ONE, vol. 10, no. 4, 2015: e0120900.
OBSTETRICS PRIZE — [SPAIN] — Marisa López-Teijón, Álex García-Faura, Alberto Prats-Galino, and Luis Pallarés Aniorte, for showing that a developing human fetus responds more strongly to music that is played electromechanically inside the mother’s vagina than to music that is played electromechanically on the mother’s belly.
“Fetal Facial Expression in Response to Intravaginal Music Emission,” Marisa López-Teijón, Álex García-Faura, and Alberto Prats-Galino, Ultrasound, November 2015, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 216–223.
“Fetal Acoustic Stimulation Device,” patent ES2546919B1, granted September 29, 2015 to Luis y Pallarés Aniorte and Maria Luisa López-Teijón Pérez.
Any questions that have have you vexed? Never figured out how something in biology works? Drop me a line and I’ll see if I can set that right.
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Roberts syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by limb and facial abnormalities. Affected individuals also grow slowly before and after birth. Mild to severe intellectual impairment occurs in about half of all people with Roberts syndrome.
Children with Roberts syndrome are born with abnormalities of all four limbs. They have shortened arm and leg bones (hypomelia), particularly the bones in their forearms and lower legs. In severe cases, the limbs may be so short that the hands and feet are located very close to the body (phocomelia). People with Roberts syndrome may also have abnormal or missing fingers and toes, and joint deformities (contractures) commonly occur at the elbows and knees. The limb abnormalities are very similar on the right and left sides of the body, but arms are usually more severely affected than legs.
Individuals with Roberts syndrome typically have numerous facial abnormalities, including an opening in the lip (a cleft lip) with or without an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), a small chin (micrognathia), ear abnormalities, wide-set eyes (hypertelorism), outer corners of the eyes that point downward (down-slanting palpebral fissures), small nostrils, and a beaked nose. They may have a small head size (microcephaly) or clouding of the clear front covering of the eyes (corneal opacities). In severe cases affected individuals have a sac-like protrusion of the brain (encephalocele) at the front of their head. In addition, people with Roberts syndrome may have heart, kidney, and genital abnormalities.
Infants with a severe form of Roberts syndrome are often stillborn or die shortly after birth. Mildly affected individuals may live into adulthood. A condition called SC phocomelia syndrome was originally thought to be distinct from Roberts syndrome; however, it is now considered to be a mild variant. "SC" represents the first letters of the surnames of the two families first diagnosed with this disorder.
Roberts syndrome is a rare disorder. Its prevalence is unknown.
Mutations in the ESCO2 gene cause Roberts syndrome. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is important for proper chromosome separation during cell division. Before cells divide, they must copy all of their chromosomes. The copied DNA from each chromosome is arranged into two identical structures, called sister chromatids. The ESCO2 protein plays an important role in establishing the glue that holds the sister chromatids together until the chromosomes are ready to separate.
All identified mutations in the ESCO2 gene prevent the cell from producing any functional ESCO2 protein, which causes some of the glue between sister chromatids to be missing around the chromosome's constriction point (centromere). In Roberts syndrome, cells respond to abnormal sister chromatid attachment by delaying cell division. Delayed cell division can be a signal that the cell should undergo self-destruction. The signs and symptoms of Roberts syndrome may result from the loss of cells from various tissues during early development. Because both mildly and severely affected individuals lack any functional ESCO2 protein, the underlying cause of the variation in disease severity remains unknown. Researchers suspect that other genetic and environmental factors may be involved.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
- Appelt-Gerken-Lenz syndrome
- hypomelia hypotrichosis facial hemangioma syndrome
- pseudothalidomide syndrome
- Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome
- SC phocomelia syndrome
- SC pseudothalidomide syndrome
- SC syndrome
- tetraphocomelia-cleft palate syndrome
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Anyone familiar with daytime TV relationship gurus such as Jerry Springer and Jeremy Kyle will have seen polygraphs in action. The accused husband/girlfriend/mother is hooked up to a lie detector as they face a barrage of questions. The machine monitors something known as skin conductance, basically the moisture level of the skin, which usually changes when someone is telling fibs. If this happens the show can then brand them a liar, a cheat and a scoundrel and offer various forms of counselling to their weeping loved one.
But polygraph tests can be manipulated by the subject (see various guides on how to cheat a polygraph) and their validity and reliability have been challenged for decades.
Surely, with the huge advances we've seen in neuroscience and brain imaging in recent years, there must be a more reliable way to detect deception? Yesterday The Royal Society published the first in a series of essays from the Brain Waves project, and some of them address just this question.
Research looking at changes and patterns in brain activity has identified areas of the brain, known as the prefrontal cortices, that seem to play a part in preventing someone telling the truth, while also helping them to generate a false response. Monitoring such changes has proved successful on a case-by-case basis, but it could still fall foul of the same tricks used to manipulate a polygraph test.
Because lying involves a conscious decision, another approach is to rely on unconscious knowledge or recognition of an event. The principle of the guilty knowledge test (GKT) is explained by Professor Geraint Rees in his report, "Contemporary neuroscience and technology": "The so-called guilty knowledge test utilises a series of multiple-choice questions, each having one relevant alternative (eg. some aspects of a crime under investigation) and several neutral alternatives, all chosen to be indistinguishable by an innocent participant. If the subject's physiological (or brain imaging) responses to the relevant alternative are consistently greater than for the neutral alternatives, then knowledge of the event is inferred."
Although this form of GKT has shown some success in proving innocence, there is a question mark over its ability to distinguish between someone who knows something about the crime but is innocent and the person who actually committed the crime.
The process of evaluating the reliability, sensitivity and suitability of any of these methods has serious limitations. The test subjects are often young, healthy adults who are asked to simulate deception. How the brain responses of such people differ from those of people who have actually been convicted of a crime – who include older people and those with mental illnesses – hasn't been established. As Rees writes, "It is not clear whether such simulated deception corresponds in any way to deception carried out in the real world."
These neuroimaging technologies aren't being used by police in the UK yet, and have little support from neuroscientists, but Professor Steven Rose writes of their use in Indian and US trials. There are also a number of commercial companies offering the devices for lie detection, like US company No Lie MRI which claims to have "the first and only direct measure of truth verification and lie detection in human history!"
Scientists are unconvinced of claims like this. As Rees comments: "It remains uncertain whether such technologies will ever be sufficiently robust to be used in such 'real world' settings."
The fourth in the Brain Waves series will focus more on some of these issues, and discuss applications of neuroscience within the law. With high expectations from the justice system and a great deal of public interest, this field is one with an interesting future.
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It’s hard to imagine it now, but much of the colonial architecture of north-east Brazil is there thanks to a single product: sugar. The Portuguese arrived in the north-east of Brazil in the early 16th century and set up their first capital in Salvador on the shores of Todos os Santos Bay, the largest tropical bay in the world. They had hoped to find gold in their new colony but it was almost 200 years before they would get lucky in that search, further south in the hills of Minas Gerais. They turned their attention instead to sugar.
Sugar cane was planted in much of tropical Brazil, but was especially concentrated around the shores of Todos os Santos Bay. Hundreds of sugar mills were built and the demand for machinery for the mills created an early industrial boom in Europe. And it was to work in the sugar fields that several million slaves were brought to Brazil by the Portuguese, inadvertently creating the ethnic diversity that characterises Brazil today. In Salvador over 80% of the population is black and there is a growing interest among the city’s residents to celebrate and protect the African heritage of the city and the region.
While the grand churches and public buildings in Salvador’s historic Pelourinho district are a visible legacy of the sugar boom years, it’s worth also taking a trip out along the bay to visit the small towns that grew up as a direct result of the sugar farms. Cachoeira is two hours by car or a day’s gentle sailing across the bay and has a town centre that feels stuck in its past. Crumbling facades of houses built during its boom years of sugar and tobacco in the 17th and 18th centuries face grand Baroque churches, set up by the religious orders who were never far away wherever new sources of wealth were discovered.
Arrive in the morning to explore the churches of Cachoeira (opening hours are brief and unpredictable). Pay a visit to the house of the Irmandade Da Boa Morte (Sisterhood of the Good Death) to learn about how Catholicism found a way to co-exist alongside Candomblé, the religion followed by the majority of Africans who came to Brazil.
Cachoeira sits on one side of the Paraguaçu river and is linked by a British-built iron bridge to the town of Sao Felix on the other bank. The main attraction for visitors in Sao Felix is the Dannemann Cigar Factory, set up by a German entrepreneur in the second half of the 19th century and still exporting high quality cigars around the world using locally-grown tobacco. Visitors are free to wander into the factory, watch the women at work chopping the tobacco leaves and rolling the cigars. Some of the ladies even smoke their products on the job.
You can visit Cachoeira and Sao Felix as part of a visit to Salvador. Visit our site for example itineraries for holidays to Brazil.
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Acceptance doesn’t always come without cost. In fact, if you are a college freshman going through the process of joining a fraternity, you should expect to be subjected to the performance of strenuous, humiliating, or even dangerous tasks before you can be considered a part of the group.
The popular term for this process is “hazing,” and it doesn’t just happen in college fraternities. Researchers have also found instances of hazing rituals being performed at the military level for new recruits as well as in other exclusive groups. Clearly this process of initiation runs rampant behind the closed doors of society, but why are so many inclined to involve themselves in such cruel acts?
From a psychological perspective, college students generally have an illusion of control during hazing rituals such as water overdose or alcohol chugging. They feel a false sense of security when performing such dangerous acts although results could easily be fatal.
Check out the infographic below presented by BestSchoolCounselingDegrees.com to learn more about the psychology of hazing.
Source: The Psychology of Hazing
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Tìm kiếm trích dẫn của người nổi tiếng (tiếng Anh)
Alfred North Whitehead
English mathematician and philosopher (1861-1947)
Alfred North Whitehead was an English mathematician and philosopher. He is best known as the defining figure of the philosophical school known as process philosophy, which today has found application to a wide variety of disciplines, including ecology, theology, education, physics, biology, economics, and psychology, among other areas.
Alfred North Whitehead Quotes Page 4
Everything of importance has been said before by somebody who did not discover it.
It requires a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious.
So far as the mere imparting of information is concerned, no university has had any justification for existence since the popularization of printing in the fifteenth century.
Our minds are finite, and yet even in these circumstances of finitude we are surrounded by possibilities that are infinite, and the purpose of life is to grasp as much as we can out of that infinitude.
But in the prevalent discussion of classes, there are illegitimate transitions to the notions of a 'nexus' and of a 'proposition'. The appeal to a class to perform the services of a proper entity is exactly analogous to an appeal to an imaginary terrier to kill a real rat.
To be an abstraction does not mean that an entity is nothing. It merely means that its existence is only a factor of a more concrete element of nature.
The merely well-informed man is the most useless bore on God's earth.
Disputing the commonsense notion that all events require the prior existence of some underlying matter or substance. There is no antecedent static cabinet.
There is a technique, a knack, for thinking, just as there is for doing other things. You are not wholly at the mercy of your thoughts, any more than they are you. They are a machine you can learn to operate.
The race that does not value trained intelligence is doomed.
Giới thiệu về Tìm kiếm trích dẫn của người nổi tiếng (tiếng Anh)
Công cụ Tìm kiếm Trích dẫn Người nổi tiếng (Tiếng Anh) này được sử dụng để tìm kiếm hàng nghìn câu trích dẫn nổi tiếng bằng Tiếng Anh theo tác giả, từ hoặc cụm từ.
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Berliner Dom: sing hallelujah
Martin Luther at Berliner Dom
If you think Germans are modest people that are greatly influenced by the protestant belief, think again. This church has so many colorful details and is decorated flamboyantly. Of course the Berliner Dom used to be a catholic church. Until the important German reformist Martin Luther came along. Germany changed from a catholic country into a protestant one. At least, most parts.
The Berliner Dom was built in the 15th century and its appearances changed a lot over the years. Many different building styles were used. The Berliner Dom has been gothic as well as baroque. Although it is now known as the Berliner Dom, the church got its prominent dome in 1821. In 1900 the dome had a lot of extravagant decorations. During the Second World War, like so many Berlin buildings, the church was severely damaged. After the war the Berliner Dom was renovated, but in a more simple way. The height of the Berliner Dom was altered, nevertheless it gives one a beautiful view of Berlin.
Lustgarten near Berliner Dom
At the Berliner Dom you can still spot the catholic influences in the colorful abundant walls, ceilings and statues. Take the stairs for breathtaking views of Berlin, particularly of Unter den Linden, Museumsinsel and the Lustgarten – a park in front of the Dom. It’s not only interesting to go up: the cellar is extraordinary as well. The German Kurfursten, (prince-electors) from the family the Hohenzollerns are all buried here. The cellar is open to the public.
More Berlin churches
Berlin Alexanderplatz has a lot to offer for people interested in churches. The nearby Marien kirche is a place to be if you are into old places of god. The church, built in 1292 has a very interesting and weird fresco. Disintegrated bodies that look like E.T dance with men in colorful robes on the walls of this Berlin church. The skulls on the old graves chew on their own bones.
The Kaiser Wilhelm Gedachtniskirche is the symbol of the destruction of World War Two. Berlin was severely hit by bombs during the Second World War. The people of Berlin quickly started rebuilding their city, but the Kaiser Wilhelm Gedachtniskirche remained nearly the way it was when it was hit by a bomb. If you see how it was damaged, it is clear how devastating war is.
The Versohnungskirche in Berlin district Prenzlauer Berg was directly in the kill zone of the Berlin Wall. No matter how religious the inhabitants of the nearby Bernauer Strasse were, they could no longer pray for the Berlin Wall to go away in their district church. The church became useless and the communist government decided to blow up the Versohnungskirche.
No matter how anti-religion the GDR government was, the Zionskirche community stayed strong. Believers and non-believers came together at this Prenzlauer Berg church. Not to say prayers, but to organize peaceful demonstrations against the GDR government. What started small in this church, spread quickly, ending up in the mass demonstrations in the hot autumn of 1989.
The Nicolaikirche is one of the oldest churches of Berlin. When you stand in front of the Nikolaikirche, you can easily spot this yourself. The church has different stones with different colors, like the builders couldn’t make up their mind or argued what stones they should use. The result is fascinating, with the two sharp towers that pinch the Berlin sky.
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a recording of an oral reading of a book, often in abridged form.
TAKE THIS QUIZ TO SEE WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT 2ND-3RD GRADE VOCAB FROM BOOKS!
Are you learning new vocabulary? Or do you just have an interest in words? Either way, this quiz is for you.
Question 1 of 10
Also au·di·o·book [aw-dee-oh-boo k] /ˈɔ di oʊˌbʊk/
Origin of audio book
Words nearby audio book
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2020
British Dictionary definitions for audio book
a reading of a book recorded on tape
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
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Download E-books Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound: An Introduction to Psychoacoustics PDF
How listening to works and the way the mind methods sounds coming into the ear to supply the listener with important info are of significant curiosity to psychologists, cognitive scientists, and musicians. even though, whereas a few books have focused on person elements of this box, often called psychoacoustics, there was no complete introductory assurance of the a number of themes encompassed below the time period. Music, Cognition, and automatic Sound is the 1st publication to supply that assurance, and it does so through a different and priceless approach.
The publication starts with introductory chapters at the uncomplicated body structure and features of the ear and auditory sections of the mind, then proceeds to debate various subject matters linked to the learn of psychoacoustics, together with cognitive psychology and the physics of sound. The publication has a specific emphasis on song and automatic sound. An accompanying obtain comprises many sound examples to assist explicate the textual content and is offered with the code integrated within the ebook at http://mitpress.mit.edu/mccs. The contributing authors comprise John Chowning, Perry R. prepare dinner, Brent Gillespie, Daniel J. Levitin, Max Mathews, John Pierce, and Roger Shepard.
Read Online or Download Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound: An Introduction to Psychoacoustics PDF
Similar Acoustics Sound books
The 1st version of this publication was once written six years in the past. due to the fact then, there were a few major advancements within the region of vehicle audio (and video). moreover, a number of the items featured within the first version at the moment are out of date. whereas the 1st variation of the e-book maintains to promote, we've seen a bit a slow-down at significant bills.
Revision of the easiest promoting creation to acoustion, applicable for physics of Sound/Musical acoustics for teens. new version stresses sleek tools.
The Audio Engineer's Reference publication is an authoritative quantity on all elements of audio engineering and know-how together with easy arithmetic and formulae, acoustics and psychoacoustics, microphones, loudspeakers and studio installations. The content material is concise and actual, delivering speedy and straightforward entry to every thing it is important to comprehend, from uncomplicated formulae to functional reasons and operational element.
This can be a useful examine advisor for faculties and faculties delivering images classes. It presents aid and counsel to employees and scholars with a dependent method of images in accordance with the rules of paintings and layout. This re-creation not just presents a proof of primary photographic innovations but additionally bargains a chain of sequential examine workouts.
Extra info for Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound: An Introduction to Psychoacoustics
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Part 1 - Devotional Aspect
The devotional aspect of Buddhism means rites and rituals, chanting of suttas and parittas, offering of flowers and incense as well as offering of food and robes. When we perform such good deeds, we do so with sraddha (in Sanskrit) or saddha (in Pali).
The word saddha is difficult to translate into English. There is no English equivalent for the Pali word saddha If we translate saddha to be faith, the word faith does not cover the real sense, and if we translate it as confidence, it also does not cover the real sense of saddha. We cannot find a single word in English which can give a complete meaning of saddha To me, saddha can be taken to mean belief through right understanding of the Dhamma.
When we perform religious ceremonies we do it with a belief in the Triple Gem (Tiratana). We believe in the Buddha, the Dhamma (his teachings) and the Sangha (the Order of Buddhist monks). We hold the view that the Buddha has eradicated all defilements through his supreme enlightenment, so he is worthy of respect (an Arahant). He was Buddha because he had strived and was enlightened by himself, not because he learned the Dhamma from any teacher. We believe in the Buddha in this way. The Buddha taught us to live happily and peacefully and he taught us the way leading to the cessation of all kinds of sufferings. We believe that if we follow his teaching or his way, we are sure to live happily and peacefully and to get rid of suffering. For this reason, we believe in the Dhamma. In the same way, we believe in the Sangha. When we say Sangha, it mainly means theAriya sangha, the Noble Sangha who have attained any one of the four stages of the Path (magga). But in the general sense, it also refers to the Sammuti sangha (those who are still striving to eradicate the defilements). Thus we pay homage to the Triple Gem (Tiratana) - the Buddha. Dhamma and Sangha. We also believe that by chanting suttas and parittas as taught by the Buddha, we perform meritorious deeds which will be conducive to the cessation of suffering. Performing these meritorious deeds forms the devotional aspect of Buddhism. However, we should not be content with this devotional aspect if we want to enjoy the essence of Buddhism and be free from all kinds of suffering. Therefore, we must proceed to practise the higher aspects.
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“A terrific book from the sustainability pioneer Lester Brown.” —Bill Hewitt, FPA's Climate Change Blog
As the world continues to add close to 80 million people each year, high population growth is running up against the limits of our finite planet, threatening global economic and political stability. To stay within the bounds of the earth’s natural resources, the world’s population will have to stabilize.
The United Nations’ recently revised “medium” projection shows world population exceeding 9 billion by 2045. In the “high” projection, which assumes high levels of fertility, world population would top 10 billion by the same year. But spreading hunger and poverty, along with the conflict and disease that come with them, could forcibly curtail growth before we reach 9 billion. Alternatively, the “low” projection suggests it is possible for world population to peak at just over 8 billion around 2045 if we voluntarily make rapid reductions in family size.
Fertility rates tend to be highest in the world’s least developed countries. When mortality rates decline quickly but fertility rates fail to follow, countries can find it harder to reduce poverty. Poverty, in turn, increases the likelihood of having many children, trapping families and countries in a vicious cycle. Conversely, countries that quickly slow population growth can receive a “demographic bonus”: the economic and social rewards that come from a smaller number of young dependents relative to the number of working adults.
For longer term population stability the goal is to reach replacement-level fertility, which is close to 2 children per woman in places where mortality rates are low. Industrial countries as a group have moved below this level. Some developing countries have made progress in reducing fertility, but fertility rates in the least developed countries as a group remain above 4 children per woman.
One of the most effective ways to lower population growth and reduce poverty is to provide adequate education for both girls and boys. Countries in which more children are enrolled in school—even at the primary level—tend to have strikingly lower fertility rates.
|Primary School Enrollment and Total Fertility Rates for Selected Countries, Latest Year|
|Rank||Country||Primary School Enrollment||Total Fertility Rate|
|Percent||Number of children
Note: Rankings are based on a list of 185 countries for which primary enrollment
|Source: EPI from UNESCO|
Female education is especially important. Research consistently shows that women who are empowered through education tend to have fewer children and have them later. If and when they do become mothers, they tend to be healthier and raise healthier children, who then also stay in school longer. They earn more money with which to support their families, and contribute more to their communities’ economic growth. Indeed, educating girls can transform whole communities.
School meal programs help improve all children’s attendance in low-income countries, but for girls the benefit is profound. Girls are more likely to be expected to contribute to their families by working at home, so sending each additional girl to school may cost her family not only tuition but labor as well. Providing free meals at school helps to offset these costs, particularly when programs include take-home rations. As a result, girls are both more likely to go to school and to keep coming back year after year.
This is significant because girls who reach secondary school are especially likely to have fewer children.
Worldwide, 69 million elementary-school-aged children were not in school in 2008, 37 million fewer than in 1999. By 2005, almost two thirds of developing countries had achieved gender parity in elementary school enrollment. Still, a majority of children not in school are female, and early marriage and motherhood keep many of the world’s poorest girls from completing secondary school.
Extending educational opportunities to all the world’s children can clearly reap vast rewards in lower population growth—which in turn brings greater stability, prosperity, and environmental sustainability.
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Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the first six months of 1942 were dark days for the American public. The Japanese war machine seemed unstoppable with the fall of the Philippines, Burma and Singapore. The Dutch East Indies and the Solomons would also fall. Japanese air attacks had already taken place on Darwin, Australia. A Japanese sub even managed to surface off the coast of California and shell targets on the coastline. Rommel's Afrika Corps were pushing steadily eastward towards the Suez Canal. The German U-boat offensive in the Atlantic was taking a tremendous toll on shipping.
The Japanese had landed on New Guinea and with the establishment of a major base in Rabaul in the Solomon Islands, Australia's populous east coast could fall under striking range. Already the carriers Enterprise and Yorktown had conducted a diversionary raid in the Marshall Islands and it was left to the carrier Lexington to make a diversionary raid several weeks later against Rabaul. On 20 February 1942 the Lexington was steaming 400 miles northeast of Rabaul when the Grumman F4F Wildcat fighter squadron VF-3 led by Lt. Commander John Thach was scrambled to intercept a Kawanshi H6K "Mavis" flying boat that had spotted the carrier strike force. Despite shooting down the flying boat, the position of the Lexington had been given away and later that afternoon, a formation of nine Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bombers approached the carrier at 11,000 feet. Despite the shootdown of four of the bombers by the Lexington's combat air patrols, five of the bombers made a level bombing run against the carrier. Waiting until the bombs had been released before making sharp turns, the Lexington escaped damage. Unfortunately, a second flight of nine G4M bombers approached and this time only two of the Lexington's F4F Wildcat fighters were in a position to intercept the incoming Bettys. One of those Wildcats was flown by Lt. Edward H. "Butch" O'Hare.
O'Hare firewalled his Wildcat and made directly for the bomber formation that was only minutes away from their bomb run on the Lexington. The Betty had a 20mm cannon tail gun and four machine gun defensive positions. Well-known for his marksmanship, on O'Hare's first pass of the V-shaped formation, two bombers fell to his guns. He then pulled the Wildcat into a tight turn for another pass at the formation and downed three more bombers, all of this action taking place in sight of the sailors onboard the Lexington. O'Hare's commanding officer, John Thach, joined the fight and downed several more bombers before scattering the formation as it beat a hasty retreat from the vicinity of the Lexington. In the space of only four minutes, Butch O'Hare become the first US Navy ace, saving the Lexington in the process. According to Thach, O'Hare had expended only sixty rounds of 0.50-caliber ammunition in the process! The captain of the Lexington, Frederick Sherman, recommended O'Hare for the Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions that day- O'Hare had refused, insisting to his captain that any one of his squadron mates would have done the same thing. But with the raid on Rabaul called off due to the loss of the element of surprise and the constant stream of bad news arriving from the Pacific and Europe, O'Hare became an instant hero- he was young, dashing, and was the recruiting poster boy for naval aviation. He was summoned to the White House in April 1942 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to receive the Medal of Honor.
In June 1942 O'Hare relieved Thach as the skipper of VF-3 and the following spring the squadron swapped designations with VF-6 as O'Hare converted to the more powerful Grumman F6F Hellcat. Embarked on the USS Independence with future ace Alexander Vraicu as his wingman, O'Hare would add to his score with several more victories during operations against Wake Island. Following action over Wake Island, O'Hare was promoted to be the new CAG (commander air group) for Air Group 6 aboard the USS Enterprise. At the time the Navy was concerned about single or dual aircraft attacks at night when the carrier battle group's defenses were at their most vulnerable. O'Hare had come up with an innovative idea to use a radar-equipped Grumman TBF Avenger orbiting over the carrier at night. On each wing of the Avenger would be Grumman F6F Hellcats who would be cued into the night intruders by the crew of the Avenger.
On 26 November 1943 O'Hare took up one of the Hellcats along with the radar-equipped Avenger and a second Hellcat to patrol the dark skies over the Enterprise. With some initial difficulties getting the formation coordinated with incoming bombers detected on radar, Butch O'Hare's Hellcat would slide out of the formation that night and disappear. It had been thought for years that he had gotten caught in the crossfire between the Avenger's gunner and Betty bomber and was hit inadvertently by the Avenger's gunner. However, later research that involved interviews with the surviving crew members of that formation indicate that O'Hare most likely had been downed by a lucky shot from a Betty gunner. Though declared missing in action, he was declared dead a year later. In his honor in 1947, Orchard Depot Airport in Chicago was renamed O'Hare Airport and its prior name is the reason why O'Hare's three letter code is ORD. In Terminal 2 of Chicago O'Hare is a restored Grumman F4F Wildcat painted in the colors of Butch O'Hare's aircraft during his Medal of Honor mission.
As an interesting historical side note, O'Hare's father "Easy Eddie" O'Hare was known as Al Capone's lawyer in the 1920s. Urban legend has it that a crisis of conscience in teaching his son Butch about right and wrong led the elder O'Hare to turn informant on Capone that led to the gangster's imprisonment on tax evasion charges. However, it may have been more a matter of survival for the elder O'Hare as he had offered to meet with the IRS after the 1929 St. Valentine's Day massacre in which rival gang members were brutally executed. O'Hare turned over extensive records that helped convict Al Capone in 1933. In November 1939, Eddie O'Hare was on his way home from the dog track when he was gunned down and killed in his car in a murder that to this day remains unsolved.
The following is from Butch O'Hare's Medal of Honor citation:
Source: United States Naval Fighters of World War II in Action by Michael O'Leary. Blandford Press, 1980, p58-62."For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in aerial combat, at grave risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, as section leader and pilot of Fighting Squadron 3 on February 20, 1942. Having lost the assistance of his teammates, Lieutenant O'Hare interposed his fighter between his ship and an advancing enemy formation of 9 attacking twin-engine heavy bombers. Without hesitation, alone and unaided, he repeatedly attacked this enemy formation, at close range in the face of intense combined machine gun and cannon fire. Despite this concentrated opposition, Lieutenant O'Hare, by his gallant and courageous action, his extremely skillful marksmanship in making the most of every shot of his limited amount of ammunition, shot down 5 enemy bombers and severely damaged a sixth before they reached the bomb release point. As a result of his gallant action—one of the most daring, if not the most daring, single action in the history of combat aviation—he undoubtedly saved his carrier from serious damage."
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Blood Pressure is the pressure blood exerts against the walls of the arteries. The extent of pressure depends upon the strength and the rate of the heart’s contraction, the volume of blood in the circulatory system and the elasticity of the arteries. Two measurements are taken, the highest and lowest values for pressure which correspond to the two main stages in the pumping action of the heart.
A healthy (normal) blood pressure reading varies with age, activity, altitude and from person to person. Bearing in mind these qualifications, values between 100/60 and 140/90 are generally considered normal. A single blood pressure reading, unless very high or very low, should not be considered abnormal. An average of several readings taken on different days is generally used.
Hypertension or high blood pressure, is a condition in which a person’s blood pressure is persistently above normal. Although blood pressure varies from person to person and from time to time, 140/90 or above is considered abnormal when measured while the person is at rest. Normal blood pressure is about 120/80.
High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is itself a major disorder that requires treatment. Untreated, this sustained rise in blood pressure can damage the heart, blood vessels and kidneys. Other serious disorders that cause blood pressure to rise well above the normal level include congestive heart failure and head injuries.
Hypotension or low blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood pressure is reduced or below normal. Hypotension is considered by many patients to be a disorder that can cause various symptoms, including depression, lethargy, and fatigue.
Expert's Advice on Typhoid
Typhoid: Protection and purification of drinking water supplies, improvement of basic sanitation, and promotion of food hygiene are essential measures to interrupt transmission of typhoid fever. read more…
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Tennis is a sport that originated in England around the 19th century and is now played in a number of countries around the world. There are four major tournaments known as ‘majors’ which include the Wimbledon, US Open, French Open and Australian tournaments.
The game of tennis is played on a rectangular court with a net across the middle. The objective is to hit the ball over the net and land the ball within the margins of the court and in a way that prevents your opponent from returning the ball. You win one point every time your opponent can’t return the ball on the court.
Players & Equipment
Tennis matches can be played by either one player on each side – a single match – or two players on each side – a doubles match. The rectangular court has a baseline (at the back), a service area (two spaces directly above the net where a successful serve must land) and two tram lines on either side. A single match means you use an inner tram line and a doubles match means you use an outer tram line.
The court can be played on four main surfaces including grass, clay, hard surfaces and carpet. Each tournament will select one surface type and remain without the entire. All that is needed in terms of equipment is a string racket and a tennis ball respectively.
You need to score four points to win the game of tennis. The points are known as 15 (1 point), 30 (two points), 40 (three points) and the fourth point will result in the winning points and the end of the game. If the score is 40-40 it is known as deuce. When the fifa game reaches deuce, the player must win by two clear points.
Winning the Game
To win a game you must win a certain number of sets (best of three sets for a women’s match and best of 5 sets for a men’s match). Winning a set is only the first player to reach 6 games but must be completed by at least 2 games. If your opponent wins 5 matches, you have to win the set 7-5. If the set goes 6-6 then a tie break is played and it is only the first player to score 7 points.
- The game begins with a toss of a coin to determine which player should serve first and from which side they wish to serve.
- The server must then serve each point of the alternate side on the baseline. Server feet must not move in front of the baseline on the court before serving them.
- If the server fails to get their first service, they can take advantage of the second service. If they fail to get their second serve again then the double fault will be canceled and the points lost.
- If the server cuts the net but the ball still enters the service area, then let it be called and they can take the service again without penalty. If the ball hits the net and fails to enter the service area, then the exit is called and they lose the service.
- Recipients can stand where they want after receiving service. If the ball is hit without service bounces then the server will receive points.
- After the serve has been made, the number of shots between players can be unlimited. Points are won by hitting the ball so that the opponent fails to return it to the area of the goal scorer.
- Points are awarded in scores of 15, 30 and 40. 15 represents 1 point, 30 = 2 and 40 = 3. You
- requires 4 points to win the game. If the game lands at 40-40, it is known as deuce. From deuce, the player must win 2 points in a row to win the game. After winning one point from deuce, the player has the advantage. If the player wins the next point they win the game, if they lose, it goes back to deuce.
- To win a set, players must win 6 games 2 times or more. The opening set will be a tie break if it ends 6-6 where the player plays first for 7 points. The final set will have no tie break and requires the player to win by two games of NFL without limitation.
- If a player touches the net, distracts his opponent or does a hitch they automatically lose points.
- The ball can hit any part of the line for the call point, outside the line and the ball is out.
- The balls in tennis matches are replaced with new balls every 6 matches
- A player loses one point if they fail to return the ball in the correct area of the court, hit the net and do not enter the opponent’s area or fail to return the ball before it has bounced twice in half.
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Nevertheless, nearly every senior German officer felt that if such reversal required war, Germany would have to wait to fight it. From its prescribed post-Versailles size of 100,000 men, the German army had recently expanded to well over a million, and would eventually grow to 4 million; but the expansion had come too fast, and the new soldiers lacked thorough training. The appearance of organized and armed SS military units - the force that would become the Waffen SS - was also of deep concern to Germany's regular army officers. How would these new soldiers, so thoroughly indoctrinated with Nazi dogma, so ferociously loyal to the party elite - and most important, so openly scornful of the regular army - behave in the field?
Even more crucial was the question of incorporating Germany's new military arms - the Luftwaffe and the panzer (armored) divisions - into the operations of the German army as a whole. In Germany as elsewhere, the debate over mobile armored warfare had raged ever since British tanks had made their presence felt in World War I. In England, Captain Basil Liddell Hart and Major J. F. C. Fuller had spent the decade of the twenties calling loudly but in vain for a new kind of army, in which masses of tanks would shatter linear fronts, race to the enemy's rear, and disrupt military and political control. It was warfare wholly unlike what had been the rule from 1914 to 1918. Fast and fluid, limiting destruction through mobility and seeking decision rather than devastation, mobile armored warfare represented a quantum leap in military thinking.
The idea was at variance with Britain's military tradition, as well as with that of the other victorious Allied powers, and was slow to take root. But in Germany it found fertile soil, for it must be remembered that the protracted attrition that was World War I was an anomaly in German (and especially Prussian) military history. Because of her geographic position - in a word, surrounded - Prussia's military goal since the days of Frederick the Great had consistently been quick, decisive campaigns that would allow her forces to turn speedily from one enemy to the next. Multiple-front wars were anathema to Prussian soldiers; protracted wars equally so.
The philosophy of mobility and quick decisions developed steadily in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Prussia and was given its fullest embodiment by Helmuth von Moltke during his stunningly swift victories over Austria in 1866 and France in 1870-71. Thus the new armored tactics did not represent a departure from the German emphasis on quick decisions and mobility; on the contrary, they simply sped those processes up, to a point where - to older, more conservative minds - they were scarcely recognizable. But the link between blitzkrieg and Prussian campaigns of the past was real and evident, even if senior commanders could not see it.
Of course, the partisan attitude of many armored and air enthusiasts during the interwar years was not altogether helpful in easing the German army's old school into the new era of blitzkrieg. This was particularly true of the father of Germany's panzer tactics and divisions, General Heinz Guderian. Building on the theories of Fuller and Liddell Hart, Guderian envisaged a new style of warfare in which tanks were supported by motorized infantry, mobile artillery, and air power - an integrated force that could achieve decisive results at the strategic as well as the tactical level. Whole nations, he believed, could be brought to capitulation within a matter of days through the use of such a force.
Guderian was not a member of the Prussian military aristocracy. He was plainspoken to the point of bluntness - even, on occasion, rudeness - and his opinions of junior and senior officers alike were ill-shrouded. For example, General Beck, the much-admired chief of the general staff who had been dismissed by Hitler, had been to Guderian "a procrastinator," "a paralyzing element wherever he appeared," "a disciple of Moltke...[with] no understanding of modern technical matters." Recalled another armored commander, General Ritter von Thoma, following the Second World War, "It was commonly said in the German army that Guderian was always seeing red, and was too inclined to charge like a bull."
Reprinted from No End Save Victory Edited by Robert Cowley by permission of G.P. Putnam's Sons, a member of Penguin Putnam Inc. Copyright (c) 2001 Edited by Robert Cowley. All rights reserved. This excerpt, or any parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission.
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Global History 1500-2000: Trade, Science, Environment and Empire (V1376)
15 credits, Level 5
Global History has emerged as an innovative and powerful approach to understanding the past and its implications for the present and future. Global history is a history of connections. It addresses the contexts and the structures through which societies and communities interacted with one another. The overarching theme of global history is the emergence of an ever more integrated global society, but the field looks to explain and understand particular circumstances as well as universal experiences.
The topics of global history transcend any particular national or local history. Students study a theme for between two and three weeks and lectures support the thematic concerns of the modules. The module looks at several topics in detail: communication and war; race, slavery and anti-slavery; colonial encounters and environments; civil and human rights; and global order and disorder, Empire, Science, Trade and Environment. Alongside these themes the module addresses particular questions such as the emergence of the 'great divergence', the widening gap in the nineteenth century between living standards in the Atlantic basin and those in the rest of the world and the global expansion of European Empires.
100%: Examination (Take away paper)
Contact hours and workload
This module is approximately 150 hours of work. This breaks down into about 22 hours of contact time and about 128 hours of independent study. The University may make minor variations to the contact hours for operational reasons, including timetabling requirements.
This module is running in the academic year 2020/21. We also plan to offer it in future academic years. It may become unavailable due to staff availability, student demand or updates to our curriculum. We’ll make sure to let our applicants know of such changes to modules at the earliest opportunity.
This module is offered on the following courses:
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| 0.919914 | 370 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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