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Without sufficient storage capabilities, alternative energy is inconsistent and unreliable. Richard Peterson, professor of mechanical engineering at Oregon State University, is developing a thermal energy storage system that competes with current energy storage methods. Today, water and batteries are among the most common storage methods. Water can be pumped from a low elevation to a high elevation and then released when energy is needed, but this method relies on geographic features of the land such as mountains or hills and requires a large area; batteries use chemical reactions to store and release energy but are expensive. Thermal energy storage systems have been considered impractical because they are inefficient, but Peterson’s system changes that by storing energy in tanks in the form of “ice slurry.” As the ice melts the energy that is released is recaptured and used. Heat expelled from geothermal sources or industrial manufacturing plants can be incorporated into the process to make the system as efficient as other energy storage systems. “We could integrate into business enterprises that have a source of waste heat readily available,” Peterson says. The storage system can be scaled to fit large power plants, wind farms or private businesses. | <urn:uuid:5aa794dd-f547-4578-80bb-70eb0e86058a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.oregonbusiness.com/articles/97-march-2011/4893-next-thermal-energy-storage?device=iphone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273350.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00393-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953383 | 229 | 4 | 4 |
Compiled and edited by Angie Kay Dilmore
Do you ever just wish you had a doctor friend who you felt comfortable asking medical questions, no appointment necessary? In this feature debut, we rounded up a wide variety of local physicians to answer some of your most pressing health-related concerns.
“Shin splint” is a common term for pain experienced in the front of the lower leg. This pain occurs when the connective tissue around the bones of the leg is stressed due to overuse. This is a very common complaint in athletes. The shins become very tender to the touch and are especially sore after activity. If you experience shin splints, you should stop exercising for a few days and give your legs a rest. Ice your shins for 20 minutes several times a day during this time. If the problem persists, see a qualified specialist.
Alex Anderson, MD, primary care sports medicine physician, Center for Orthopaedics
It may be impingement syndrome, one of the most common causes of shoulder pain. This can be the result of an inflamed, weak, or torn rotator cuff tendon, or the bursa (sac that lubricates the shoulder joint) may become inflamed. Bone spurs are a major cause of internal impingement; weakness of the rotator cuff and muscles around the shoulder blade are typically seen with external impingement. Evaluation includes a physical exam, x-rays, and sometimes an MRI in long-standing cases or if a rotator cuff tear is suspected. Most patients do well with a course of physical therapy and anti-inflammatory medication.
Trappey, MD, orthopaedic surgeon, Center for Orthopaedics
It has been repeatedly demonstrated that regular exercise prevents low back pain, and for those suffering an acute injury resulting in lower back pain, doctors may recommend an exercise program that begins with gentle exercises and gradually increases in intensity. Once the acute pain subsides, an exercise regimen, particularly one focused on strengthening abdominal and back muscles may help prevent future recurrence of back pain. Improving cardiovascular endurance is also beneficial. Low impact exercise such as walking, swimming, and cycling are particularly useful for a good cardiovascular workout. Crunches, pelvic tilts, and gentle stretching are beneficial for improving strength and flexibility.
William Lowry, MD, physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist, Center for Orthopaedics
A flat foot deformity is a condition of the foot resulting in loss of arch height. Congenital flat feet are present at birth while acquired flat feet progress as one ages and become symptomatic around skeletal maturity. Flat feet are usually the result of biomechanical abnormalities. Other causes include poor footwear and trauma. Symptoms include pain, swelling around the ankle, difficulty standing on your toes, and a fallen, depressed arch. Treatment of the condition can include supportive orthotics, physical therapy, bracing, and in extreme cases surgical intervention.
Dr. Christine Palma, Podiatric Surgical Specialist, Imperial Health
This is a very important question. Diabetes represents significant risk for development of atherosclerotic disease including heart disease. Presence of diabetes is equivalent to already having heart disease. Other risk factors include hypertension, lipid abnormalities, tobacco use, family history of early heart disease or stroke, sedentary lifestyle. Additional risk factors increase the risk of developing heart disease. Thus it is important to check blood pressure, cholesterol, and other risks in a person with diabetes, and manage them appropriately.
Prasanna Sugathan, MD, cardiologist, Imperial Health
Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid (produces too much thyroid hormone). Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid (does not produce enough). Hypothyroidism is more common than hyperthyroidism. Although the two conditions have different signs and symptoms, sometimes they overlap Hypothyroidism causes symptoms symptoms Having an underactive thyroid can decrease or slow down your bodily functions. With hyperthyroidism, you may find yourself with more energy, as opposed to less. You may experience weight loss, tremors, anxiety and possibly heart palpitations. Balanced thyroid hormone levels are vital to your overall health. If you experience any of these symptoms, be sure to tell your doctor.
Tyler Zachary, MD, endocrinologist, Endocrinology Center of Southwest Louisiana
Glaucoma is a condition in which the eye’s intraocular pressure is too high. This means that your eye has too much aqueous humor (a fluid) in it, either because it produced too much, or because it’s not draining properly. Most types typically cause no pain and produce no symptoms until the optic nerve has been damaged and noticeable vision loss has occurred. That’s another reason routine eye exams are so important. If you’re over age 60, African American, diabetic or have a family member with glaucoma, you are at higher risk for glaucoma than others, and should be tested regularly.
Marcy Hanudel, MD, ophthalmologist, The Eye Center
The reasons for picky eating are numerous, but often can be overcome with a few simple strategies. Children learn eating habits from their family. Eat meals together and eat the same foods. To learn how to prepare a well-balanced meal, see the “My Plate” guide at
www.myplate.gov. Children should eat until they feel satisfied. Forced eating can lead to negative food relationships. Don’t expect them to empty every plate. Encourage them to try one bite of everything on their plate but avoid second servings unless they finish their plate. If they get hungry between meals, offer a healthy snack. If these strategies don’t help, your child may have a medical or developmental condition. Consult your medical provider for an evaluation.
Anatole Karpovs, MD, The Children’s Clinic
Age 35 is a prime time for a “healthy eye” exam. An ophthalmologist will ask about systemic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, pregnancy problems, and other health conditions that could affect vision. A complete eye exam is then performed and related to your personal and family history of disease. The results of the exam can be stored in your electronic medical records—your “health database”—so future changes can be more clearly understood. Many hidden eye diseases can benefit from early diagnosis, for examples melanoma and glaucoma. Early detection is the key, and that’s why regular eye examinations are so important.
William B. Hart, MD, Hart Eye Center
The way medicinal cannabis is consumed by a patient makes a difference, and ingesting and smoking are two of the more popular routes of administration. Inhaled cannabis enters the lungs and is absorbed quickly into the bloodstream, which is very beneficial for patients that need immediate relief for their symptoms. Edible cannabis is slower to take effect because it must be digested and metabolized, but the results can be more powerful and last much longer than inhalation. Patients with chronic conditions that require around-the-clock treatment will often utilize multiple methods of consumption depending on their needs at any given time.
William R Condos, Jr, MD, medical director, Medicis Pharmacy
Cosmetic fillers have come a long way. Today’s options are safer, longer lasting, and look more natural. As we age, our lips lose collagen and fat and lose definition, especially at the cupid’s bow. Factors such as sun exposure, repeated sipping, pursing, and smoking add to the problem. The goal with lip injections is not only to make lips fuller, but also to create a proportional balance between the upper and lower lips. Injections add volume where this loss of definition is most apparent, smooth out creases in the skin around the lips, and give the corners of the mouth a lift to help restore a younger looking appearance.
Dr. Allison Clement, master injector, The Skin Studios
Everything builds on a yearly wellness exam. The annual blood work will show a complete blood count, looking for anemia, heart disease, autoimmune disease and other concerns. It checks kidney function and identifies any diabetic concerns as well as showing the levels of cholesterol. We’ll discuss any concerns or difficulties, and we’ll talk about recommended screenings such as a mammogram or colonoscopy. If anything of concern is detected, we’ll address it and create a path forward. One of the best ways to live a healthy lifestyle is to have a yearly wellness exam.
Kelly Fuqua, MD, family medicine physician, Calcasieu Family Physicians and member of the WCCH medical staff
While family history is a risk factor, most women with breast cancer have no family history. Lifestyle changes make a tremendous impact on breast cancer – maintaining a healthy body weight, getting regular exercise, lowering or eliminating alcohol consumption, and not smoking are all strategies to lower one’s cancer risk, including breast cancer. Getting regular mammograms is key because early detection makes a big difference in outcomes. She should talk with her doctor about concerns. In some cases, medication and/or surgery can be a beneficial tool.
Stephen Castleberry, MD, general surgeon, Sulphur Surgical Clinic and member of the WCCH medical staff
PCOS is a syndrome that involves having enlarged ovaries on ultrasound with multiple small follicles, irregular periods, and/or symptoms of hirsutism, which is when a female grows hair in a male pattern. Also, this is a diagnosis of exclusion so it’s important to have a hormone panel performed to evaluate other causes for these symptoms. Diet and lifestyle changes are helpful. Hormonal therapy is helpful, as well and metformin to stabilize insulin levels.
Uzma Naeem, MD, OB/GYN
Neck pain often masks itself as shoulder pain. Conservative care and a careful evaluation often help differentiate these. Start with your primary care physician for pain. They can order initial testing, direct you in the right direction, and refer you to an orthopedic, if necessary. New pain as a result of an identifiable incident is best evaluated by a specialist. After several weeks of conservative management to ease the pain, advanced imaging is often encouraged. At this time, a specialist will be able to help you understand what is seen on advanced imaging, such as a MRI. They can also discuss with you the benefits of surgery vs. continued non-operative pain management.
James Jackson, DO, Orthopedics/Sports Medicine, LCMHS
Most mosquito-borne illnesses are not known to be endemic in the United States and are of little concern at this time. Malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever more commonly affect travelers; however, there is a risk that these may be transmitted in the United States. We are privileged to live in a country with a strong fight against mosquito-borne illness, but as we’ve seen, sometimes illnesses break through. I recommend having a supply of mosquito repellant, repellant candles, and mosquito netting. These items may prevent an annoyance now, but if there was a surge in mosquito-borne illness, they could be lifesaving.
Joshua Bacon, MD, Family Medicine, LCMHS
Eighty percent of the population will suffer from serious back problems at some point in their lives. While most people recover quickly, twenty percent experience chronic back pain which interferes with work, homelife, and may require medical treatment. Surgery is rarely required for back pain; instead, the focus becomes pain management which often utilizes specialists such as physicians, physical therapists, chiropractors, and mental health specialists working together. Pain management physicians are generally anesthesiologists who specialize in spine and joint injections such as epidural steroid injections, and other minimally invasive procedures. Physical therapy strengthens the body and teaches patients how to prevent further harm or injury. These may not completely cure back and neck pain, but it helps a patient live a more functional and predictable life..
Seth Billiodeaux, MD, Anesthesiology and Pain Management, LCMHS | <urn:uuid:5b9dfa3e-d370-4c3e-9076-33958ad0d81e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://thriveswla.com/2022/07/ask-a-doctor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949642.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331113819-20230331143819-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.946825 | 2,502 | 2.703125 | 3 |
This online course (MOOC) gives an introduction to viruses, immunity, and vaccination.
The course explores:
|Teacher:||Professor Jonathan Gershoni|
Great course. The lessons 1 and 2 are a general intro to cells and DNA. I think you can maybe skip if you want to learn just about virus (lessons 3 and4).
How do you like the course 'Viruses & How to Beat Them: Cells, Immunity, Vaccines'? | <urn:uuid:83ff2e0d-8b5a-44e4-817f-aafbccc14f5f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.edukatico.org/en/course/viruses-how-to-beat-them-cells-immunity-vaccines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735867.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804131928-20200804161928-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.741285 | 99 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Marie (Mary) Henriette Hermine Hegeler was born 10 January 1861 in La Salle, Illinois. Her parents Maria Camilla Weisbach and Edward C. Hegeler were both German-American immigrants. Mary was the first born of ten children, and thus the first U.S. born citizen of the family. She was also the first to be born on the grounds of her father’s zinc smelting plant, the Matthiessen and Hegeler Zinc Company (M&H), which was established in 1858. Her father—a well-educated mechanical engineer and shrewd entrepreneur—and her mother—also well-educated and a devoted matriarch of her family and mansion estate—would prove a strong foundation for her future.
The unique context of Mary’s birth is an auspicious beginning for a girl who went on to break many cultural norms for women of the nineteenth century and to achieve success as an engineer, business executive, wife, mother, humanitarian, and editor. Her devotion to her career and family made a significant impact on later generations, and she continues to stand as a role model worthy of admiration in our own time. | <urn:uuid:00219c13-927c-4c70-b348-e9671973d572> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://scrcexhibits.omeka.net/exhibits/show/mary-hegeler-carus/auspicious-beginnings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736962.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806121241-20200806151241-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.983617 | 239 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Water Quality Basics
Water quality is a general term used to describe the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of lake, river, or stream. Although scientific measurements are used to define the quality of water in a given lake, river, or stream, it's not a simple thing to say that "this water is good," or "this water is bad." To help understand why the state, cities, counties, universities, and watershed groups collect water samples, analyze these samples, and decide how things measure up, it is important to understand some basic water quality terms and concepts. Where possible, we have provided links to laws, regulations, and other educational materials that explain these concepts in greater detail.
The Clean Water Act and Indiana Water Quality Standards:
The Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, more commonly known as the Clean Water Act (CWA), provide the framework for how we view water and its overall quality. The CWA contains a basic objective for all Americans:
"Restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters."
A secondary, but equally important goal of the CWA is that we need to work towards achieving:
"Water quality which provides for the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and provides for recreation in and on the water."
To achieve these goals, all States and authorized tribes are required to create rules and regulations that protect water quality. In Indiana, we have state water quality standards [PDF] that describe how we will protect and maintain water quality, acceptable limits for various types of pollutants, and how we will allow industry, agriculture, cities and towns, and ordinary citizens to use our water resources in ways that are protective of humans and the environment.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provides a detailed overview of the Clean Water Act, as well information on water quality standards as online educational presentations that are available for anyone interested in learning more about these topics. Two points to note:
Water quality is more than chemical pollution
When many people think of water quality, the first image that comes to mind is the amount, or level, of chemical pollution in a waterbody. Federal and state agencies are very concerned about levels of chemicals such as mercury, PCBs, chlorine, and hundreds of other compounds. Even certain types of bacteria are a concern. Our water quality standards contain numbers, or limits, that describe how much of a given chemical can be in a waterbody and not cause harm to humans or the environment. There are a number of key nonpoint source pollution parameters that are helpful to understand in greater detail.
In addition, we are concerned about the physical properties of our waterbodies. We have regulations that require we keep the physical properties of our water clean. Clean waters are waters that are free from things like oily sheens, abnormal color and odor, nuisance algae, high levels of sediment, or other conditions that could harm the humans and environment or create problems for humans that want to swim or boat in these waters. We also are concerned that our rivers, streams, and lakes have the right habitat to support healthy populations of fish, freshwater mussels, and even insects that are part of a clean environment.
We protect water quality for many uses
Clean water is important to all aspects of our lives. Our laws and regulations not only protect water for environmental purposes, but for the use of water by humans. We have regulations that insure our rivers, lakes, and streams can have a well-balanced aquatic community, be usable for public and industrial water supplies, are available and usable for agriculture, and in special cases, have additional protection for high water quality.
In all cases, we insure that the most protective of any of these uses on a given waterbody applies to any activities. Our regulations require that these existing beneficial uses shall be maintained and protected. Water quality cannot become worse and in turn, hurt these uses. | <urn:uuid:44132ee9-20df-4c96-ab29-89f5a9b5e990> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.in.gov/idem/nps/3476.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426951.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727022134-20170727042134-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.947112 | 797 | 4.1875 | 4 |
No war has had a more profound army group on the United States of America than the cultured fight. Its progeny non only determined the political future of the pastoral besides also how American Society would develop. The outcome of the Civil state of war has affected almost every American living today. ascribable to the Civil War, 620,000 lives were taken. During the time period, there were only 30 billion Americans. In different words, 1 out of 50 Americans were killed. In other words, 1 out of 12 boys and men, died in this war. It was called the Bloodiest War. It fling comrade against brother and father against son. The Civil War part the country in half. And in the case of Virginia, the state itself was fork in half. Before, the Civil War, the North had grown into a more manufacturing and steady growing area. Plenty of people had been not apply slaves either longer. The slaves, were put in the factories, and got paid, unless not very much. Yet, t he combination had remained the basic idea. They tranquillize had been using plantations and slaves. They did use machines for farming or any other purpose. They relied on the slaves. When President Lincoln was elected, problems arose. He banned slavery in all the country, which caused problems for the Southern States. They quieten needed the slaves. Because of the problems, the South Carolina voted to secede, or break away from the country. This was unless a month after Lincoln was elected chairperson. The succeeding(prenominal) year, in January of 1861, other states follow. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana secede. Then, quickly after, Texas secedes. After that, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as president of the Confederate States of America, commonly called, the rebels, by the northern states. respectable weeks later, in March... If you want to get a full essay, baffle it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com!
If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: cheap essay | <urn:uuid:2142bb2f-5b44-464a-8f65-7beee9e10153> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://cheap-ideas-for-water-pollution-essay.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-civil-war.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689874.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924044206-20170924064206-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.977145 | 424 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Demographic and social changes are the leading causes of public healthcare spending, a significant issue that affects countries worldwide (WHO,2019). One solution to increasing costs in healthcare is innovation in the form of digital transformation. Digital transformation in healthcare consists of several different digital technologies such as virtual reality tools, wearable medical devices, telehealth, 5G technology, and AI-powered systems (Hermes et al., 2020). The technologies mentioned above enable streamlining physicians’ work, optimizing systems, improving patients’ outcomes, reducing human error, and lowering costs in general (Hermes et al., 2020). Therefore, this article structures digital transformation technologies in healthcare into the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and artificial intelligence (AI). At last, the adverse effects and an example of digital technologies in the fight against COVID-19 in Brazil are analyzed.
The Internet of Things definition is: “the proliferation of sensors and actuators embedded in everyday things, coupled with the wide availability of high-speed Internet” (Bougouettaya et al., 2021, p.86). The trend of wearable medical devices strongly supports this technology. Heart rate sensors, exercise trackers, sweat meters, and oximeters are just a few examples of new wearable devices. Further, wearable devices enable medical technology companies and public health institutions to track better the well-being of individuals (Haghi et al., 2017). Additionally, patients are encouraged to focus on the prevention of diseases and maintenance of their well-being. Furthermore, the data collected from wearable devices and IoT can help personalize the healthcare experience and provide incentives for individuals.
In the next step, the data collected through IoT flows into the trend of big data. Big data in healthcare commonly refers to electronic health data, which are highly complex and hard to manage. Healthcare data can originate from different sources in the healthcare industry, for example, from clinical data, prescriptions, medical imaging, laboratories, pharmacies, insurances, and many more (Raghupathi, 2014). Healthcare data volumes have grown exponentially within the last years, and the growth is unlikely to slow down (Lv et al., 2020). The effective use of the data available can lead to benefits on an individual level, such as detecting diseases at earlier stages and on public health level: managing population health more quickly and efficiently (Raghupathi, 2014).
One application of big data in healthcare is artificial intelligence (AI), which has a broad scope of application. Contrary to common belief, AI will not replace the work of healthcare staff but rather facilitate and enhance their day-to-day work. The most common applications of AI in healthcare are to improve administrative workflows, image analysis, robotic surgery, virtual assistance, and clinical decision support (Marr, 2018). Moreover, there are even applications to find genetics-based solutions, opening many new opportunities to find genetically based treatments.
The digital transformation opens many new possibilities, ranging from technological advancements such as wearables to collect data to extensive data analysis, which structures the data for further applications. Finally, AI creates actual value for patients and public healthcare. These digital technologies are just a few more that can fundamentally change and improve healthcare from an individual and a public healthcare perspective.
Regardless of the many benefits, digital technologies bring along, there are also downsides to the digital transformation in healthcare (Lupton, 2014). One possible risk is data security and the mishandling of personal patient data. However, the data created and used within the healthcare ecosystem is precious to patients, public health institutions, and commercial companies (Mazanderani, 2013). Another downside to digital transformation is the lack of access for patients without access to the internet and other digital technologies (Lupton, 2014).
For instance, digital technologies have enabled the public healthcare response to the COVID-19 pandemic in countries globally. Accordingly, Brazil introduced several digital initiatives to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects. A coronavirus app, a chatbot, a WhatsApp helpline, and telemedicine are just some of the many solutions introduced by public healthcare institutions (Celuppi et al., 2021). Further, public healthcare institutions introduced initiatives to collect and access data more efficiently, which is fundamental for efficient application.
In conclusion, digital transformation in healthcare has vast potential and can help overcome some of the most challenging public and global healthcare issues. Nevertheless, it is crucial to enable these technologies to everyone as their effect is dependent on the number of users and data. Therefore, digital technologies will play an essential role in the healthcare industry and have to be adjusted to social and local circumstances to enable the best solution for everyone.
Bohr, A., & Memarzadeh, K. (2020). The rise of artificial intelligence in healthcare applications. In Artificial Intelligence in healthcare (pp. 25-60). Academic Press.
Bougouettaya, A., Sheng, Q. Z., Benatallah, B., Neiat, A. G., Mistry, S., Ghose, A., Nepal, S., & Yao, L. (2021). An Internet of Things Service Roadmap: A blueprint for leveraging the tremendous opportunities the IoT has to offer. Communications of the ACM, 64(9), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1145/3464960
Celuppi, I. C., Lima, G. D. S., Rossi, E., Wazlawick, R. S., & Dalmarco, E. M. (2021). An analysis of the development of digital health technologies to fight COVID-19 in Brazil and the world. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 37.
Haghi, M., Thurow, K., & Stoll, R. (2017). Wearable devices in medical internet of things: scientific research and commercially available devices. Healthcare informatics research, 23(1), 4-15.
Hermes, S., Riasanow, T., Clemons, E.K. et al. The digital transformation of the healthcare industry: exploring the rise of emerging platform ecosystems and their influence on the role of patients. Bus Res 13, 1033–1069 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00125-x
Lupton, D. (2014). Critical perspectives on digital health technologies. Sociology compass, 8(12), 1344-1359.
Lv, Z., & Qiao, L. (2020). Analysis of healthcare big data. Future Generation Computer Systems, 109, 103-110.
Marr, B. (2018). How is AI used in healthcare-5 powerful real-world examples that show the latest advances. Forbes, July, 27.
Mazanderani, F., O’Neill, B., & Powell, J. (2013). “People power” or “pester power”? YouTube as a forum for the generation of evidence and patient advocacy. Patient Education and Counseling, 93(3), 420-425.
Raghupathi, W., Raghupathi, V. Big data analytics in healthcare: promise and potential. Health Inf Sci Syst 2, 3 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2501-2-3
World Health Organization (WHO), Global Health Expenditure Database (2019).
Excellent text, Patrick!
During the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of telemedicine was existential, as many people didn’t feel safe going to hospitals for routine consultations anymore. Even though the doctor-patient contact is essential, it is obvious that this technology has helped us get through this turbulent period.
Furthermore, the article written by Professor-Master Marcelo Dias Carvalho and Professor Rodrigo Aquino deals very clearly with how AI resources have been used in addition to telemedicine. One example is Remote Monitoring Assistance. To help reduce overcrowding and hospitalization costs. The Baptist Health association – a non-profit organization for healthcare in the US – has developed an online remote monitoring system for its patients, which monitors the evolution of the health condition of each person.
The system uses Machine Learning techniques to send alerts to the medical team if it identifies anomalies. In addition, it allows the patient to be better assisted at home or in hospitals at the same time. In this case, AI uses sensors attached to the human body and newly developed algorithms that recognize abnormalities within the body, which helps the medical team in better monitoring of patients. Further mechanisms are already being developed and deployed to monitor changes, for example, with diabetes and automatic drug injection, which will improve people’s quality of life.
We must use technology and innovation in healthcare to our advantage and and fully enable all benefits it brings along.
Obrigada pelo post, Patrick. Ele trata de um tema muito importante. Creio, porém, que faltam dois elementos importantes para que tenhamos um post mais informativo sobre o assunto. O primeiro é uma visão crítica sobre o uso das tecnologias digitais na saúde. Quando escrevemos sobre algo, é recomendável citar ao menos uma boa referência de opinião contrária, obviamente se esta não for baseada em fake news nem preconizar a violação de direitos humanos e do Estado Democrático de Direito. Veja, por exemplo, a revisão de literatura crítica feita por Debora Lupton, Critical Perspectives on Digital Health Technologies, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/soc4.12226Um segundo elemento é o enorme impacto da pandemia de Covid-19 sobre o avanço deste tema, que não é referido pelo post. Neste ponto, sugiro Celuppi et al. An analysis of the development of digital health technologies to fight COVID-19 in Brazil and the world https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/rvdKVpTJq8PqTk5MgTYTz3x/?lang=en&format=pdf
Com estes elementos, poderemos ter um segundo post mais completo, certo?
Obrigado pelo comentário. É claro que as opiniões críticas sobre o tema da digitalização são muito importantes. Portanto, eu completei o texto com fontes críticas e tentei dar uma imagem mais completa da digitalização no setor da saúde. Infelizmente, muitas tecnologias inovadoras não são disponibilizadas para toda a população, embora muitas vezes as camadas mais pobres da população possam se beneficiar mais com elas. | <urn:uuid:95532475-db1a-43da-8380-a4dacf246b62> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://saudeglobal.org/digital-transformation-as-a-solution-for-global-healthcare-problems-de-patrick-eugster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649293.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603133129-20230603163129-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.852773 | 2,357 | 3.328125 | 3 |
It started with a simple question. How many species occur in Vermont? You’d think we’d know this for a small state steeped in a rich tradition of naturalists dating back to Zadock Thompson and his seminal 1842 work on the natural history of Vermont. But, the simple answer is, no one really knows.
The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their correct names. Authoritative lists of scientifically defensible names are the backbone of biodiversity science. The goal of the Vermont Life List (VLL) is to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of all known plants, animals and fungi in Vermont that is continually updated based on the latest science.
We do know how many species there are of some of the popular taxonomic groups like birds (382) or mammals (58). But how many invertebrates are there in Vermont? A back of the envelope estimate puts it at nearly 22,000 species. There are about 2,150 species of plants – about 1,400 are native. We share Vermont with at least 26,000 species, although no one knows for sure just how many. The Vermont Life List aims to change that.
Keeping VLL up-to-date is a continuous process, with new information constantly being discovered. VLL uses global and regional standardized species lists and taxonomic experts to update and verify the content of VLL database.
VLL contains valid species names and vernacular names, and extra information such as conservation status. Besides species names, VLL also contains the higher classification in which each scientific name is linked to its parent taxon. The classification used is a ‘compromise’ between established systems and recent changes and discoveries. Our aim is to aid data management, rather than suggest any taxonomic or phylogenetic opinion on species relationships. | <urn:uuid:765c2dcb-027a-4846-aec0-d6879e297fbe> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://val.vtecostudies.org/vermont-life-list/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687766.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921115822-20170921135822-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.936046 | 373 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Hey there, friends! I am just popping in to show you how we finished up with Stellaluna last week. To see what we did earlier in the week click HERE. To meet my district standards I needed to incorporate nonfiction reading into my week. So, we finished off the week reading nonfiction books about bats. We continued to make connections to Stellaluna as we were learning new information. One of my students even mentioned, “You know… if Stellaluna weren’t a fruit bat then it wouldn’t have been quite as hard for her to live with the birds!” I loved that they were continually thinking about our reading and making connections galore!
To show what we had learned we did these directed drawings on Friday. I went ahead and added these to the unit. So, make sure you redownload for the directions!
I just seriously LOVE kid art!
Responding to our reading was such a key component all throughout the week. I forgot to snap a picture, BUT one of my students has only been in the states since August has just had a difficult time adjusting and catching on. She’s as smart as a whip and does what she can, but writing in English has been a little harder for her. Well, last week when we started Stellaluna, she just started to blossom! She completed all of her writing. She made great connections. AND She was able to understand the vocabulary since we spent so much time on it! I think really focusing on one story really helped all of my students dig deeper!
Katie and I have been getting a few questions about the unit, so I thought I’d take the opportunity to answer those here!
•Q:Do the books need to be taught in a certain order?
A:No, they can be taught in any order.You may want to look at the grammar skills to see which order would work best for your kids.
•Q:Should I follow the lesson plans exactly?
A:That is totally up to you!The lesson plans were written to give you a framework, but you can certainly change things up and arrange your lessons the way you best see fit!Every classroom, teacher, and set of students are different.You have to do what is best for YOU!
•Q:I’m having trouble fitting it all in.Am I doing something wrong?
A:No way!We tried to give you way way way toooooooo much stuff! We wanted you to have a wide variety of activities that you could choose from. We didn’t want to leave you empty-handed at all. With that being said…you will not be able to use every single sheet every single week. Pick out the activities that you like best and run with it!
This week we are studying Spiders and my kiddos are already pumped about reading every single day!!! I’ll be back later to show you what we are working on 🙂
Hey y'all! I'm here to answer questions that I've had about Rooted in Reading. I give you a peek into a 2nd grade and a 3rd grade week of RiR in this video and break down the components! I also show you the differences between the two grade levels that we have!
One more day to save BIG!! TpT knows how crazy back to school is, so they are giving us another chance to make all of those much needed purchases! Save up to 25% on August 22nd with code BTSBONUS ... See MoreSee Less
Hey y'all! I've got another top ten list but this one is all about math! I've shared some activities, displays, and ideas in this video! You can find a blog post with links to everything I talked about here --> bit.ly/TopTenMath ... See MoreSee Less | <urn:uuid:f4f8b272-38c7-4df1-94b0-8f87b52a90cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://stepinto2ndgrade.com/stellaluna-and-questions-answered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126027.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824024147-20170824044147-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.980989 | 805 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Children fitted with hearing aids (HAs) and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have marked difficulties concentrating in noisy environments. However, little is known about the underlying neural mechanism of auditory and visual attention deficits in a direct comparison of both groups. The current functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study was the first to investigate the behavioral performance and neural activation during an auditory and a visual go/nogo paradigm in children fitted with bilateral HAs, children with ADHD and typically developing children (TDC). All children reacted faster, but less accurately, to visual than auditory stimuli, indicating a sensory-specific response inhibition efficiency. Independent of modality, children with ADHD and children with HAs reacted faster and tended to show more false alarms than TDC. On a neural level, however, children with ADHD showed supra-modal neural alterations, particularly in frontal regions. On the contrary, children with HAs exhibited modality-dependent alterations in the right temporopolar cortex. Higher activation was observed in the auditory than in the visual condition. Thus, while children with ADHD and children with HAs showed similar behavioral alterations, different neural mechanisms might underlie these behavioral changes. Future studies are warranted to confirm the current findings with larger samples. To this end, fNIRS provided a promising tool to differentiate the neural mechanisms underlying response inhibition deficits between groups and modalities.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited | <urn:uuid:99538118-6e67-4db8-8d33-b7455f3c4f87> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/10/5/307 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348509264.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606000537-20200606030537-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.935543 | 322 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In light of the current Chicago teachers union strike, city officials would be wise to keep in mind that an increasing number of Americans are skeptical of teachers unions' efficacy.
Since 1976, Gallup has surveyed Americans’ perception of teachers unions' efficacy. In April 1976, 38 percent of Americans believed that teachers unions hurt the quality of public education in the United States. By 2011, nearly half of Americans think teacher unionization has hurt the quality of public education in the United States.
Over this same time period, only roughly a quarter think teachers unions have improved the quality of public education. Interestingly, between 1976 and 1998 when Gallup asked these questions, a declining number of Americans thought teachers unions hurt public education. However, between 1998 and 2011 Americans have become dramatically more skeptical of these unions, leaping from 26 percent in 1998 to 47 percent in 2011. | <urn:uuid:6dc54f57-1b70-47a7-ba51-755eec5e1d47> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://reason.com/blog/2012/09/10/polling-shows-most-americans-think-teach/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163985723/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133305-00005-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956858 | 170 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What is it?
Hawthorne berry - also known as hawthorn belongs to the Rosaceae family. It's cousins are rose, peach, apple, almond, and strawberry.
Hawthorne can grow to a spiny thirty-foot tree, but it is more often a bushy shrub or hedge plant. It's berries yield a bitter taste that is red to blue in color.
A Little History
Originally native to Europe, Germany used hawthorne as a hedge to divide plots of land, its sharp thorns was used to ward off intruders. To the ancient Greeks and Romans, it was rich in symbolism, linked to hope, happiness, and marriage (love) and, as such, it was often woven into bridal bouquets. In ancient Rome, hawthorne leaves were placed in babies' cradles to ward off evil spirits.
However, the arrival of Christianity had a much different view of hawthorne. It was believed that it furnished Christ's crown of thorns, and, as a result, hawthorne became a symbol of bad luck and impending death.
Traditionally, the herb was used medicinally to treat digestive disturbances and insomnia. However, around the late 19th century European physicians discovered that the berries from hawthorne also harbored cardiotonic properties, meaning it benefited the heart.
Benefits of Hawthorne Berry
How can it Benefit you?
Today, hawthorne is highly recognized as a superstar herb for the heart and cardiovascular system. It has the ability to dilate (enlarge or open) the coronary arteries (the vessels that supply blood to the heart), thus improving blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscle. It also strengthens the hearts pumping ability (muscle), helping the heart to beat more forcefully and efficiently.
In addition, hawthorne appears to dilate the highways of other blood vessels around the body, thereby allowing blood to circulate more freely with less strain on the heart.
Another benefit of hawthorne berry is that it harbors potent antioxidant properties, which are believed to exert cholesterol lowering effects and reduce the accumulation of fatty plague in the arteries – the hallmark of atherosclerosis. However, more evidence is needed to support its cholesterol lowering effects.
Nonetheless, the powerful actions of hawthorne berry has been used for several heart and cardiovascular conditions such as:
Lower high blood pressure
Correct arrhythmia (irregular heat beat)
Relieve symptoms of congestive heart failure
Heart attack recovery
Heart disease prevention
In fact, hawthorne berry standardized extracts is an approved treatment for heart disease in Western Europe!
Moreover, it is often prescribed in European herbal medicine as a premier cardiotonic to simply support normal heart functions.
Side Effects of Hawthorne Berry
What are the Precautions?
Hawthorne is recognized as a safe herb with rare side effects such as nausea, sweating, and fatigue.
However, hawthorne may interfere or potentiate with the effects of drugs used for angina, high blood pressure, arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure and, as such, use this herb only in consultation with a physician.
Moreover, hawthorne is not a substitute for conventional medical treatment as all of these aforementioned conditions are serious and require professional medical care.
Children and pregnant or nursing women should only use this herb under the direction of a physician.
Taking large doses of hawthorne may have some side effects such as sedation, or an extreme drop in blood pressure, which may cause one to feel faint.
Always speak to a physician before taking any dietary supplements.
Tips on Choosing a Hawthorne Supplement
1. When choosing a supplement make sure it's produced from standardized extracts. Hawthorne extracts should be standardized to contain at least 1.8% vitexin (it's also known as vitexin-2”-rhamnoside). This is the herb's primary active ingredient.
2. To reap the maximum benefits of this superstar herb, select a supplement produced at pharmaceutical GMP compliant facilities. These facilities adhere to the most rigorous manufacturing standard requirements for dietary supplements.
Because dietary supplements are not strictly regulated in the U.S. and, as such, manufacturers do not have to guarantee the safety, effectiveness, or even the true content of their products.
Although supplements should be labeled properly, many aren't, so what's stated on the label may not be in the container. The potency or purity may be inconsistent or misrepresented. Some products tested also contained very harmful contaminates! In fact, according to Consumerlab.com, the leading provider of independent test results states:
"Testing by ConsumerLab.com shows that one in four supplements in the United States lacks the promised ingredients or has other serious problems."
This is why it's crucial that you only purchase your supplements from pharmaceutical GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) compliant facilities. These facilities follow the exact same rigorous standards that pharmaceutical prescription medications must adhere to - thus - it ensures stringent requirements.
Featured Hawthorne Berry Supplement
We have found a true powerful comprehensive heart health product that has been formulated by one of the world's top bio-scientists.
This breakthrough heart supplement is called Cardio-Support and it contains a broad range of potent synergistic nutrients, including hawthorne berry (2% Vitexin-O-Rhamnoside), CoQ10, Resveratrol, Policosanol, Guggul, L-Arginine, Grape Seed Extract, Grape Skin Extract, and much, much, more.
Cardio-Support is manufactured by Xtend-Life Natural Products of New Zealand.
The company only uses standardized herbal extracts, the purest herbal extracts with the highest quality and therapeutic benefits and Xtend-Life manufactures their products using strict pharmaceutical GMP compliance, which is among the most rigorous manufacturing standards for dietary supplements in the world.
We hope this webpage discussing hawthorne was useful to you.
And remember....to reap the benefits of hawthorne berry, select a supplement produced at pharmaceutical GMP compliant facilities. These companies adhere to the most rigorous manufacturing standard requirements, thus ensuring the supplements potency and purity.
To Your Heart's Health!
Much more than Hawthorne Berry can be found at our Herbal Guide web-page | <urn:uuid:92539412-3c57-48e7-af62-f57638798e1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.nutritional-supplement-educational-centre.com/hawthorne-berry.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687938.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921224617-20170922004617-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.937468 | 1,309 | 2.9375 | 3 |
VoIP Vs IP Telephony
Technically there is a difference between VoIP and IP Telephony terms. Following is my brief explanation and example.
- IP Telephony is when you make on-site call within your LAN (local area network) at home or work. For instance, when calling to a co-coworkers or manager.
- VoIP (short for Voice Over Internet Protocol) is when you make a call to an off-site location or WAN (Wide Are Network). For instance, when you call to your family, friend, co-worker at branch office in different city or across the ocean.
You may be interested in the following related articles:
What's VoIP FAQs
How VoIP Works | <urn:uuid:ff0deaff-80dd-478a-9050-584b656c5726> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.voipphonetips.com/voip-ipt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.852982 | 152 | 3.375 | 3 |
Do you want to make a career change? Don’t know what field to work in? Consider working in the healthcare industry.
Jobs in the healthcare industry will grow by 16% from now until 2030. About 2.6 million new jobs are up for grabs.
The job opportunities are vast, so it’s up to you to find the right one. Want to learn more about the job in healthcare available?
Choosing a career path in healthcare starts here. Read on to learn more about the greatest jobs in this industry.
When you think about the healthcare industry what comes to mind? A registered nurse, or RN, should be the professional you picture. RNs are at the front line of healthcare.
RNs focus on patient care and have different duties and roles. RNs assess patients’ conditions and chart patient records. RNs also check vital signs and give medication.
RNs can work in different healthcare settings. These include hospitals, doctor’s offices, and home health. They can work with children, adults, or seniors.
There are different ways to become an RN. An associate degree in nursing is required, but most RNs have a BSN. RNs must also have a license to practice.
As of 2019, an RN’s median salary is $73,300. You can argue it’s a good salary, but working in the nursing field can be stressful. You need to be good at handling stress.
Licensed Practical Nurse or Certified Nursing Assistant
If you want to work as a nurse, but not spend too many years in college, you can become a licensed practical nurse. A licensed practical nurse performs patient care. This type of nurse also completes administrative tasks.
An RN oversees the work of a licensed practical nurse. Most licensed practical nurses work in hospitals and nursing homes.
A certified nursing assistant assists the RN and the licensed practical nurse. A certified nursing assistant helps patients with their basic needs. These include eating, bathing, and grooming.
Certified nursing assistants can help check vital signs. They can also answer patient calls and document information.
Want to work with a dentist? You should become a dental hygienist. This professional plays an important role in a dental office.
Dental hygienists clean a patient’s teeth. They check the teeth for oral diseases like cavities. Providing preventative dental care measures is also part of the job.
Educating patients about their oral health is one of their goals. This includes proper brushing and flossing methods.
On average, dental hygienists make $72,910 per year. To become a dental hygienist, you need to have an associate degree. You’ll also need a license to practice.
A respiratory therapist treats patients who have trouble breathing. The conditions that this healthcare worker treats include asthma and emphysema.
To become a respiratory therapist, you’ll need at least an associate degree. You must also need to have a license. Most respiratory therapists work in hospitals and earn an average salary of $71,509.
Cancer patients might have a radiation therapist as part of their treatment team. As a radiation therapist, you’ll administer high doses of radiation to patients.
A radiation therapist collects and analyzes patient data. The data helps to plan a patient’s treatment.
To become a radiation therapist, you’ll need at least an associate degree. You must have a license or be certified by the state where you practice.
Most radiation therapists work full-time. These therapists can work in hospitals and outpatient treatment centers. The average hourly wage is $34.59.
As a phlebotomist, you can draw and document blood samples. Phlebotomists work with patients or donors.
This healthcare worker must practice strict sanitation and confidentiality rules. This is important when handling and labeling blood samples.
To become a phlebotomist, you must earn a phlebotomy technician certificate. Practice requirements vary by state. Salary also varies depending on the work setting.
Would you like to work with a physician? As a medical assistant, you can provide direct and immediate support to a physician. You can work with a doctor to improve the quality of patient care.
Medical assistants perform administrative and clinical tasks. They can answer phone calls and file insurance forms. They can also draw blood and administer injections.
You can work as an ultrasound technician. These workers are part of a team of healthcare providers. They can work with doctors and radiologists.
They are responsible for assessing and identifying a patient’s medical conditions. Imaging equipment is used to create medical images of the inner body. Conducting tests on different parts of the body is also part of their duties.
Ultrasound technicians explain the images to their patients. Distinguishing between normal and abnormal findings is part of the job.
An ultrasound technician must understand the body. Anatomy and physiology are part of the curriculum. Scan protocols, sonographic characteristics, and pathology are also part of the curriculum.
If you want to work as an ultrasound technician, you must pass the RMSK Ultrasound Registry exam. Much of this exam covers areas that are part of the curriculum.
To prepare for the exam, you should take an RMSK Registry Review online course. Click the link to learn more about this review course.
These Are Some of the Greatest Jobs in the Healthcare Industry
If you’re seeking to start a new career, you should consider working in healthcare. There are several jobs in the healthcare industry that are up for grabs.
Healthcare careers are rewarding and offer advancement opportunities. Now is the time to make your move to find one of the best healthcare jobs in this guide. | <urn:uuid:517b8609-f3d2-4603-86e1-93c3a8bbcfee> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://greatrockdev.com/greatest-jobs-in-the-healthcare-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.950884 | 1,236 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The world of living things, is our world, a world of interdependence and relatedness, it includes an incredible number of diverse and fascinating organisms. All of these organisms are, or should be important to us, our world is their world, their health is our our health and our life is their life. We are not separate or apart. We are joined, united, interactive and dependant on each other.
We can not live pretending the world is something separate, something that has no effect on us. The energy that flows through us all each day came from the sun, it was trapped by a plant, eaten by an animal which may have been us or an animal we later ate. Every atom of our bodies has been part of one or more plants, and many animals before it was us, and afterwards it will be other organisms again. The water we drink was drunk first by worms in the sea, then by insects then by dinosaurs and many other animals before it reached us. The air we breathe has been breathed before, or the molecules that make up the air may once have been a flower or a millipede or both.
As living things we need to be aware that life is not a straight line, it is an infinitely complex series of connected cycles. An ever changing mesh or web of interactiveness where every creature effects every other creature, and is in turn effected by them. We are all related. Remember this when you are learning about other organisms that share this world with us. We need all these other organisms, without them we would not be alive, they are therefore very beautiful and worthy of our compassion and love.
Nobody can ever know all the name of all creatures and plants and fungi that inhabit this world, there are far to many for the human mind to really even think about. Many, if not most, of the individual species that make up this wonderful rainbow of life are not even known yet to science. However the number of organisms that is known to science is already immense, well over 1 million.
In order to allow us to keep track of this amazing diversity of living things scientists divide them all up into series of categories (boxes) depending on how related they are to each other.
These categories are a lot like Chinese dolls in that each one contains smaller subcategories, sometimes only one, sometimes many. These categories come in a well defined hierarchy. Unfortunately not all scientists agree all the time on what categories to use or who exactly is in which category. This is not terribly important. The system I have used here is the most popular and will be sufficient for most people's needs until such times as their degree of learning is well beyond what little knowledge I offer on these pages, university undergraduate level and beyond.
What is important is learning to appreciate the wonder, glory and interrelatedness of the other living things that share this planet with us. It is often easier to love what you understand, so I hope these pages will help you understand, and love the living world a little more. | <urn:uuid:a78a1194-695c-4f9c-befd-e052e8a1feba> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://earthlife.net/living.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688997.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922145724-20170922165724-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.968569 | 614 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This article was originally published in the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
With an estimated maternal mortality ratio of 1,100 per 100,000 live births and a neonatal mortality rate of 49 per 1,000 live births, Sierra Leone has the highest maternal mortality ratio and the fourth highest neonatal mortality rate in the world, accounting for 2,400 maternal and 11,200 newborn deaths annually (1,2). By straining the fragile health care infrastructure, the Ebola virus disease (Ebola) epidemic might put pregnant women and their newborns at even greater risk for adverse outcomes.
During May–July 2014, one third of confirmed Ebola cases in Sierra Leone originated in Kenema District (population 653,000), located in the Eastern Province (3). During this period, routine maternal and newborn health service use was reported by the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MOHS) to have declined across the district (Sierra Leone MOHS, unpublished data, 2014). For example, the number of first antenatal care visits in the district decreased by 29%, from 2,086 in May to 1,488 in July, and the number of postnatal care visits within 48 hours after delivery decreased by 21%, from 1,923 in May to 1,512 in July (Sierra Leone MOHS, unpublished data, 2014). To understand factors that might have contributed to these declines and to explore approaches to increase use of maternal and newborn health services during the Ebola epidemic, MOHS collaborated with the International Rescue Committee, the Kenema District Health Management Team, and CDC to assess attitudes and perceptions regarding the risk for Ebola and health facility use among health workers and pregnant and lactating women.
In Kenema District, community-level maternal, newborn, and child health services are available at community health centers, health posts, and maternal and child health posts. During September 2014, five focus group discussions with a total of 34 participants who were health workers and support staff were held at six primary health care facilities, and four focus group discussions with a total of 27 participants were held with pregnant and lactating women in Kenema District. Facilities at varying distances from referral hospitals were chosen to improve representativeness of the information. Health worker participants included 10 traditional birth attendants, eight maternal and child health aides, five vaccinators, three nurses, three community health officers and assistants, and five support staff.
A structured interview guide was used to ask open-ended questions covering the following areas: 1) health facility use for routine health services; 2) reasons for decreased use; 3) ideas for encouraging women and children to return to the facility for care; and 4) perceptions of safety. Content analysis was used on interview notes to group responses into common themes. Responses were repeatedly and systematically reviewed until no new themes emerged.
Perceptions of Health Facility Use.
Health workers, support staff, and pregnant and lactating women reported a sharp decline in facility use for routine health services immediately after the Ebola outbreak began. Deliveries in health facilities were perceived to be less affected by the Ebola outbreak compared with antenatal, postnatal, and immunization care. After Ebola awareness and educational activities had been implemented, health workers reported that the numbers of antenatal, family planning, and immunization care visits appeared to increase gradually, although most have not yet returned to pre-epidemic levels. Vaccination coverage remained stable in some communities because health workers went directly to villages to vaccinate. Health workers and pregnant and lactating women believed that the recent infection prevention training of health workers, and additional equipment such as containers for hand washing with chlorinated water, has increased use of maternal and infant health services by providing reassurance to the community. Some noted that community members now come to health facilities just for the purpose of washing their hands.
Perceptions of Reasons for Decreased Use.
There was consensus among facility staff and pregnant and lactating women that the primary reason for decreased use of health facilities was fear of contracting Ebola at a facility, including outpatient facilities. Several common misconceptions were reported by pregnant and lactating women. For example, it was erroneously believed that staff was paid for each patient referred and therefore every person who went to a health facility would be presumed to have Ebola and taken to the Kenema Ebola Treatment Unit. Another common misconception was that health facility staff injected patients with Ebola or took their blood for financial gain or magical power. All vehicles or foreigners or both that came into the community were thought to be bringing Ebola to the area. These misconceptions were particularly strong early in the outbreak, but have become much less common according to pregnant and lactating women. However, all participants reported knowing at least some persons in their communities who continue to refuse to seek care at health facilities because of ongoing fear related to misconceptions.
Ideas for Encouraging Women and Children to Return to Health Facilities.
Women and health workers suggested the following messaging to encourage facility use: "The health workers took good care of you before Ebola, and they will do so now! Come and see how many other women and children are coming for care." A popular idea among participants was to share messages about the recent infection prevention and control trainings so that facilities were perceived to be safe. Health workers and community members also suggested offering incentives such as food or clothing to encourage antenatal care registration and use of the facility for care. Another recommendation was having women who have had care recently in the facility return to their villages to share their positive experiences. Traditional birth attendants described the process of going into villages and singing and dancing as a way to call women together for education. The traditional birth attendants showed a deep interest in helping to spread messages about Ebola and the importance of coming to the facilities for health care, but felt they would first need training to be effective. The facility staff strongly encouraged this option because traditional birth attendants are highly trusted by women in the villages. Pregnant and lactating women and health workers expressed their eagerness to engage in these activities to encourage facility use.
Feelings of Safety Among the Staff.
The health staff reported a reduction in fear of Ebola since their recent infection prevention and control training, although they noted gaps in the provision of infection prevention equipment. It was commonly reported that "if these other people at the higher health system level [hospitals] can get Ebola and die, then of course we can, too!" Fear among and for traditional birth attendants by nurses and midwives was particularly strong, because they did not receive the trainings and did not have access to personal protective equipment such as gloves, aprons, and masks.
Information from these focus groups contributed towards the modification of the national infection prevention and control strategy to incorporate community awareness of the infection prevention and control trainings. To restore communities’ confidence in their health facilities, the Ebola Response Consortium (a group of 10 international non-governmental organizations that supports the MOHS in the Ebola response) will work with the local health development committees, local facility management teams, health workers, and traditional birth attendants to educate communities about improvements in infection prevention and control and waste management, and to dispel myths that might have prevented attendance at health facilities. Engaging the community after infection prevention and control trainings has become a key strategy to encourage women and families to return to health facilities.
1Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; 2International Rescue Committee; 3Kenema District Health Management Team, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation; 4Center for Global Health, CDC (Corresponding author: Michelle M. Dynes, [email protected], 404-263-7881)
1. World Health Organization, UNICEF, World Bank, United Nations Population Division. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014. Available at http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2013/enExternal Web Site Icon.
2. Save the Children. Surviving the first day: state of the world’s mothers 2013. Available at http://www.refworld.org/docid/51a5ad654.htmlExternal Web Site Icon.
3. Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation. Ebola virus disease—situation report (Sit-Rep) 07 December 2014. Available at http://health.gov.sl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Ebola-Situation-Report_Vol-193.pdf | <urn:uuid:19eef893-4935-4b02-b397-364e77f6be3a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.healthynewbornnetwork.org/resource/perceptions-of-the-risk-for-ebola-and-health-facility-use-among-health-workers-and-pregnant-and-lactating-women-kenema-district-sierra-leone-september-2014/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.962376 | 1,735 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Travel.State.Gov > U.S. Visas > Study & Exchange > Student Visa
Generally, a citizen of a foreign country who wishes to enter the United States must first obtain a visa, either a nonimmigrant visa for temporary stay, or an immigrant visa for permanent residence. You must have a student visa to study in the United States. Your course of study and the type of school you plan to attend determine whether you need an F visa or an M visa.
|To enter the United States to attend:||You need the following visa category:|
|University or college||F|
|Private elementary school|
|Another academic institution, including a language training program|
|Vocational or other recognized nonacademic institution, other than a language training program||M|
Students cannot travel on the Visa Waiver Program or with Visitor Visas
A student visa (F or M) is required to study in the United States. Foreign nationals may not study after entering on a visitor (B) visa or through the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), except to undertake recreational study (non-credit) as part of a tourist visit. For more information on the VWP, see Visa Waiver Program.
For short periods of recreational study, a Visitor (B) visa may be appropriate
A visitor (B) visa permits enrollment in a short recreational course of study, which is not for credit toward a degree or academic certificate. Learn more about Visitor Visas.
Study leading to a U.S. conferred degree or certificate is never permitted on a visitor (B) visa, even if it is for a short duration. For example, a student in a distance learning program that requires a period of time on the institution’s U.S. campus must obtain a student (F or M) visa prior to entering the United States.
Student Acceptance at a SEVP Approved School
The first step is to apply to a SEVP-approved school in the United States. After the SEVP-approved school accepts your enrollment, you will be registered for the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) and must pay the SEVIS I-901 fee. The SEVP-approved school will issue you a Form I-20. After you receive the Form I-20 and register in SEVIS, you may apply at a U.S. Embassy or Consulate for a student (F or M) visa. You must present the Form I-20 to the consular officer when you attend your visa interview.
If your spouse and/or children intend to live with you in the United States while you study, they must also enroll in SEVIS, obtain individual Form I-20s from the SEVP-approved school, and apply for a visa (but they do not pay the SEVIS fee).
Visit the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP) website to learn more about SEVIS and the SEVIS I-901 Fee.
Visit the Department of State EducationUSA website to learn about educational opportunities for undergraduate and graduate study, and an overview of the application process. You can also visit the DHS Study in the States school search page to search for SEVP-certified schools.
There are several steps to apply for a visa. The order of these steps and how you complete them may vary by U.S. Embassy or Consulate. Please consult the instructions on the embassy or consulate website.
Interviews are generally required for visa applicants with certain limited exceptions below. Consular officers may require an interview of any visa applicant.
If you are age:
Then an interview is:
13 and younger
Generally not required
14 - 79
Required (some exceptions for renewals)
80 and older
Generally not required
You should schedule an appointment for your visa interview at the U.S. Embassy or Consulate in the country where you live. You may schedule your interview at another U.S. Embassy or Consulate, but be aware that it may be more difficult to qualify for a visa outside of the country where you live.
Wait times for interview appointments vary by location, season, and visa category, so you should apply for your visa early. Review the interview wait time for the location where you will apply:
Check the estimated wait time for a nonimmigrant visa interview appointment at a U.S. Embassy or Consulate.
Note: Please check the individual Embassy or Consulate website to determine if your case is eligible for a waiver of the in-person interview.
Applicants scheduling visa appointments in a location different from their place of residence should check post websites for nonresident wait times.
|Nonimmigrant Visa Type||Appointment Wait Time|
|Interview Required Students/Exchange Visitors (F, M, J)||-- days|
|Interview Required Petition-Based Temporary Workers (H, L, O, P, Q)||-- days|
|Interview Required Crew and Transit (C, D, C1/D)||-- days|
|Interview Required Visitors (B1/B2)||-- days|
|Interview Waiver Students/Exchange Visitors (F, M, J)||-- days|
|Interview Waiver Petition-Based Temporary Workers (H, L, O, P, Q)||-- days|
|Interview Waiver Crew and Transit (C, D, C1/D)||-- days|
|Interview Waiver Visitors (B1/B2)||-- days|
New Students – Student (F and M) visas for new students can be issued up to 365 days in advance of the start date for a course of study. However, you will not be allowed to enter the United States on your student visa more than 30 days before the start date.
Continuing Students - Student (F and M) visas for continuing students may be issued at any time, as long as the student is currently enrolled at a SEVP-approved school or institution and in SEVIS. Continuing students may enter the United States at any time before classes start.
Gather and prepare the following required documents before your visa interview:
A consular officer will interview you to determine your qualifications for a student visa, and may request additional documents, such as evidence of:
Review the instructions for how to apply for a visa on the website of the U.S. Embassy or Consulate where you will apply.
A consular officer will interview you to determine whether you are qualified to receive a student visa. You must establish that you meet the requirements under U.S. law to receive a visa.
Ink-free, digital fingerprint scans are taken as part of the application process. They are usually taken during your interview, but this varies based on location.
After your visa interview, the consular officer may determine that your application requires further administrative processing. The consular officer will inform you if this is required.
After the visa is approved, you may need to pay a visa issuance fee (if applicable to your nationality), and make arrangements for the return of the passport and visa to you. Review the visa processing times to learn more.
A visa does not guarantee entry into the United States. A visa only allows a foreign citizen to travel to a U.S. port-of-entry (generally an airport) and request permission to enter the United States. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials at the port-of-entry have authority to permit or deny admission to the United States.
After you present your passport, visa, and Form I-20 at the port-of-entry, a CBP official will make this decision. Once you are allowed to enter the United States, the CBP official will provide an admission stamp or paper Form I-94, Arrival/Departure Record.
Learn about procedures for students (with F or M visas) entering the United States on the CBP website under Arrival Procedures for Students or Exchange Visitors. Learn about admissions and entry requirements, restrictions about bringing food, agricultural products, and other restricted/prohibited goods, and more by reviewing the CBP website.
Foreign students in the United States with F visas must depart the United States within 60 days after the program end date listed on Form I-20, including any authorized practical training.
Foreign students may request an extension through U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) website (see the USCIS Extend Your Stay page). Additional information to maintain student status is on the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement SEVP website under Maintaining Your Immigration Status While a Student or Exchange Visitor.
Failure to depart the United States on time will result in being out of status. Under U.S. law, visas of individuals who are out of status are automatically voided (Section 222(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act). Any multiple entry visa that was voided due to being out of status will not be valid for future entries into the United States.
Failure to depart the United States on time may also result in you being ineligible for visas in the future. Review Visa Denials and Ineligibilities and Waivers: Laws to learn more.
If your plans change while in the United States (for example, you marry a U.S. citizen or receive an offer of employment), you may be able to request a change in your nonimmigrant status to another category through U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). See Change My Nonimmigrant Status on the USCIS website to learn more.
While you are in the United States, receiving a change of status from USCIS does not require you to apply for a new visa. However, once you depart the United States you must apply for a new visa at a U.S. Embassy or Consulate in the appropriate category for your travel.
Students on F or M visas are not permitted to enter the United States earlier than 30 days before the start date of their program. If you wish to enter earlier than 30 days before your start date, you must separately apply and qualify for a visitor (B) visa.
After you are admitted to the United States by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials in visitor (B) visa status, you must separately apply to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) for a change of status to student (For M) status prior to the start of your program. You may not begin your course of study until the change of status is approved, and you may encounter lengthy processing times. You may also depart the United States and re-enter on your student (F or M) visa.
Students who are authorized Optional Practical Training (OPT) must have a Form I-20 endorsed for OPT, and apply to USCIS for an Employment Authorization Document (EAD). When authorized, OPT is temporary employment that is directly related to the eligible F-1 student's area of study. To learn more about OPT, please visit the USCIS Website and the ICE International Students webpage.
There are restrictions for student (F) visa holders to attend public school in the United States. See Foreign Students in Public Schools to learn more.
Whether you are applying for the first time or renewing your visa, you will use the same application process (please review How to Apply, above).
Review Visa Denials for detailed information about visa ineligibilities, denials, and waivers.
You may reapply if you believe you have additional evidence of your qualifications for a student (F or M) visa, or you believe your circumstances have changed. Review Visa Denials to learn more.
Attempting to obtain a visa by the willful misrepresentation of a material fact, or fraud, may result in the permanent refusal of a visa or denial of entry into the United States.
Citizens of Canada and Bermuda do not require visas to enter the United States as students, although they must present a valid Form I-20 at the time of admission. For more information see information for Citizens of Canada and Bermuda.
Additional resources for Canadian visitors to the United States can be found on the U.S. Embassy and Consulate websites in Canada. | <urn:uuid:505b044b-1d89-4e74-acd0-3c79136487a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/study/student-visa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943749.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322020215-20230322050215-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.91691 | 2,591 | 2.703125 | 3 |
This is a map of the 48 contiguous United States of America, in a situation in which each state has just begun to expand its market reach into territories which will have formerly been exclusively governed by their neighboring states.
During this transition, where there are now interstate borders, there would be territories in which individuals or communities would be free to choose whether to submit the disputes which arise amongst them to be arbitrated by the judicial system of to two or more states; essentially, to choose their government.
The next stage of transition into panarchy would involve the continued expansion of the states' market reaches - in proportion with each state's fiscal and infrastructural ability to gradually expand their market reach into new areas - to include the entire areas which comprise the states which are their neighbors.
Areas in which multiple arbitrators or governments are available to consumers of justice are said to lie within overlapping jurisdictions. This phrase relates to the name of a formulation of panarchy called Functional, Overlapping, and Competing Jurisdictions, which was proposed by Austrian political scientist and social democrat Bruno Frey and Reiner Eichenberger.
Panarchy is diametrically opposed to - and the antithesis of - statism (at least as it is defined by Max Weber in his essay Politics as a Vocation). The goal of panarchy is to provide for the abolition of statism; that is, the abolition of local (or territorial) monopoly on legitimate violence.
This requires that within every area, there be at least two governments (or arbitrators) competing to provide a better quality of justice to citizens (the consumers of justice), so that no agency providing justice may require people to always submit their disputes to it, and so that no such agency may prohibit others from going into competition with it.
As long as we classify provision of justice, security, and other government services as commercial business activity, then we should construe the Interstate Commerce Clause to apply to such activity, so that the Sherman Antitrust Act obligates the federal government to intervene (constitutionally) in interstate commerce in order to abolish the states' local monopolies on the sale of justice, security, and other goods and services, and to abolish their local monopsonies on the purchase of certain goods and services on the behalf of citizens, the single-payer (i.e., monopsonistic) health insurance system as an example.
All this begs three questions about the relationship between the federal government and the states:
1) Federal and local government wield some influence within the states. How is that monopoly? Don't the states compete with the federal government to make good policy?
Since the establishment of the states (earlier, colonies) began, states were organized as wielding local monopolies over second-level administrative jurisdiction (states are considered to be second-level administrative divisions, while nations and federal governments are first-level administrative divisions), within the local monopolies over first-level administrative jurisdiction, which was wielded first by the United Kingdom and then by the United States.
Also, county and local governments wield local monopolies over their respective levels of administrative jurisdiction. This means that states are not sovereign (independent), but suzerain; that is, submissive to the federal government. This is to say that the states' monopolies are dependent on - and framed and bounded by the extent of - the national monopoly.
This is not a state of perfect competition, imperfect competition, or even oligopoly, but a system of local territorial monopolies which are subsidiaries of the larger territorial monopolies which bound, condition, and constrain them. A system of subsidiary monopolies is nothing more than a monopoly with a hierarchy.
Under dual federalism, the states and the federal government are regarded as co-equal sovereigns (supreme within in their respective, constitutionally-delineated spheres of policy influence) and the states and federal government make policies separately but more or less equally.
Dual federalism favors a situation in which states compete with the federal government to make good policy more than cooperative federalism does. But dual federalism does not support state sovereignty; only the right of the states to nullify federal laws which unconstitutionally transfer the authority of the states to the federal government (often through executive orders and executive branch expansions).
Confederationism supports state sovereignty; dual federalism instead supports well-delineated boundaries between federal and state policy territory (or political territory, or functional jurisdiction). The states cannot be said to truly compete with the federal government to make good policy. There are many government programs which are jointly run and funded by governmental agencies operating at more than one administrative jurisdictional level; this is not competition but coordination and cooperation.
Also, under cooperative federalism (the federal system which we have apparently decided is better than dual federalism), multiple levels of government cooperate to solve common policy problems collectively. These days, under cooperative federalism, the Tenth Amendment (the nullification or states' rights amendment) is largely ignored (at least by the administration which currently controls the executive branch and the Senate), and its supporters vilified and ridiculed.
While cooperative federalism can promote coordination between different levels of government, it is not very useful in promoting political competition, except in that it allows voices from multiple levels of administrative jurisdiction to be heard. We might be inclined to liken this arrangement to competition across levels, but it is competition only in theory and ideology, and not in practice, because this cooperation is directed at implementing a single universal policy rather than simultaneous experiments in policy conducted in different territories.
Additionally, cooperative federalism has for the most part been subsumed and replaced by idea that the federal government is supposed to direct and order the states and their subsidiaries (directed and ordered by the states) to act in accordance with whatever set of policies have been deemed by the executive branch of the federal government to be in the interest of the general (read as "vague", not "universal") welfare of the nation at large. Essentially, that the Tenth Amendment is no longer in effect, and that.the federal government has the right to force a state to violate the Constitution that balances state and federal power and keeps the nation's governmental structure together.
We may see the federal government backing off of the states on the issues of legalizing the medicinal and recreational uses of cannabis, and gay marriage, and it is true that in the Obamacare decision we saw the Supreme Court enjoin the federal government from withdrawing Medicare subsidies from states which do not increase medical welfare for the poor.
This may suggest that dual federalism is still considered legitimate to some degree in modern constitutional law, but this small degree of dual federalism does not remotely approach a situation of full competition in government. Also, these popular policy issues distract from more fundamental questions pertaining to competition and government structure, such as "Whom shall arbitrate disputes?" and "How may dispute resolution be conducted voluntarily?"
2) What is the proper relationship between the federal government and the states under panarchy?
The only federal arrangements which would allow for real competition (i.e., competition in practice, not just in theory and speech and potential) would be the dual federalist, triple federalist, or other multiple-federalist systems, and even then, individuals would choose independently which level of government have jurisdiction over them and arbitrate their disputes.
In such an arrangement (a transitional state between dual federalism and panarchy), individuals would choose independently whether this or that level of government governs them for some case or for some period of time. For example, a person could subscribe to only the local or county government; to only the state or federal government; to two or three thereof; to all four, or to none thereof
However, individuals are not free to choose independently which level(s) of government apply to them. Section I of Amendment XIV to the U.S. Constitution reads, “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”
Many libertarian, originalist, and textualist scholars of constitutional law are apt to criticize Section I of the 14th Amendment because it causes citizens of the states to additionally become citizens of the federal government, and because the law and the manner in which it became the law are constitutionally and procedurally questionable.
The main problem of this is that support of the 14th Amendment typically comes with a defense of the idea that the amendment somehow subverts the states to the federal government; that it sets up a power structure wherein the citizen is subjugated to the states, which in turn are subjugated to the federal government.
If in a system of voluntary accession to government(s) on an individual basis, a person chose to become subject to both the state and federal government – or any group of governments from among the various levels of administrative division – such agencies' authority could only reasonably apply to the same person if there were no conflict of interest between them.
The dispute between the states and the federal government regarding the 10th Amendment is precisely the conflict of interest which is threatened by a federal government which neglects the need for a clear constitutional delineation between what is the functional jurisdiction of the state government and what is the political territory of the federal government.
This is especially problematic because – being that the purposes of the 14th Amendment include to authorize the federal government to prevent the states from making or enforcing laws which abridge the privileges or immunities associated with federal citizenship – the 14th Amendment is intended to empower to the federal government to address inequalities in legal protections (un-“equal protection of the laws” which arise across states, and there are many ways to show that the federal government has invoked the 14th Amendment and the Commerce Clause in order to justify undue obstructive intervention in interstate commerce rather than to keep interstate commerce regular, i.e., free from inhibitions and interruptions.
All of this presents a problem to constitutional scholars, because the federal government is only supposed to wield exclusive jurisdiction within the District of Columbia and the overseas territories; however, it has come to wield something resembling exclusive jurisdiction over the states through its administration of vast swaths of state lands (around 90% of the land area of some western states are administered by the federal government) for natural resource protection purposes, through its neglect of the 10th Amendment, and through the 17th Amendment which shifted the responsibility to elect U.S. Senators from the state houses to the people.
However, Section I of the 14th Amendment does not, in fact, subvert the states and the people thereof to the federal government; rather, it provides that citizens of states only become “subject to the jurisdiction” of the federal government if individuals willingly subject themselves to the federal government.
Although the following fact is not well publicized and considered dangerous and discussion of it treasonous, individuals may constitutionally renounce their federal citizenship and become citizens only of the states in which they reside. However, today the federal government maintains that a person may only renounce his U.S. citizenship (without committing treason) if he is at a U.S. embassy in a foreign country in which he intends to become a citizen.
But there are constitutional scholars who would point to the fact that in 2009 the federal government confirmed that Article I of the 1783 Treaty of Paris – in which the American colonists and the British acknowledged the right of the states to be “free, independent, and sovereign” - was the only article of the treaty which was still in affect; these scholars would argue that the states and the federal government are to be construed as nations which are foreign to one another, which would suggest that a U.S. citizen may renounce his federal citizenship and retain his state citizenship as long as he were to do so at a federal office established as a federal diplomatic office in a state.
To answer the original question, the proper relationship between the federal government and the states is for neither to exist as a geographic entity which wields exclusive jurisdiction. The proper relationship between governmental agencies at the various levels of administrative divisions, however, is to perfectly align themselves with some of the other levels of government, and to permit other levels of government to be different from them.
But to focus on this is to ignore the need to ask why various levels of administrative divisions would be necessary in the first place, when utilizing the various other types and modes of social organizations to deliver goods and services currently provided inefficiently by government remains an option (this will be discussed).
This would provide for individual freedom to choose to have one's disputes resolved by zero, one, or multiple governments, multiple governments being possible because governments which perfectly align and jointly govern citizens would have had their conflicts of interest resolved.
Additionally – insofar as we are promoting the need for various levels of administrative division, and speaking within the context of currently existing federalism as it develops into panarchy – the most important role the federal government should play is to provide a solution in areas in the states which most severely lack competition (i.e., choice from among several available alternative governments which would actually govern individuals in practice, rather than solely existing in potential as a minority vote within a majoritarian system) in interstate provision of governmental goods and services (as commercial business activity).
To be explicit and to use a concrete example: suppose that you lived in the center of the state of Wyoming, and the nationwide transition to panarchy had just recently begun. In such a situation, the state governments of Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, and Idaho would only just recently have begun to offer dispute resolution and other government services to persons living and traveling in Wyoming, so you could not reasonably expect the government service providers in those states to be immediately available in your remote location in Wyoming.
Only with efficient utilization of and improvements to governmental commercial infrastructure can such expansions in market reach become possible. But the federal government – which has long had offices in and relations with Wyoming – is already established there, so its services should substitute as the single alternative to the Wyoming state government until such time as local and interstate alternatives become available.
This state of affairs would ensure that more than one alternative is available, and this will promote competition as long as neither federal nor state government prohibit such alternatives from competing, and as long as federal and state government do not collude to keep such competitors out of the government marketplace. Basically, the federal government should come in to offer alternatives, not orders and mandates.
3) This proposal invites the federal government to intervene in the states' affairs, and invites the federal and local governments to compete with the states within the territories over which the states are supposed to wield exclusive jurisdiction. How can you defend this as a constitutional proposal when it undermines state sovereignty?
This proposal does not authorize the federal government to intervene in the states' affairs; only to obligate the federal government to assume the authority contained in the Interstate Commerce Clause of the Constitution, i.e., to regulate interstate commerce (insofar as provision of goods and services by government is commercial activity.
That is, the federal government has the authority to keep governmental commerce between the states regular, meaning free from inhibitions and interruptions. I argue that exclusive territorial jurisdiction of any kind constitutes an inhibition and interruption of interstate governmental commerce which can only be constitutionally resolved by the federal government, acting on the authority given to it by the Sherman Antitrust Act.
However, the federal government has not yet contended with the idea that government services should be considered commercial business activity, and it is for this reason that the existence and actions of the federal government have served only to entrench the hierarchical system of monopolies which are subjugated to one another, rather than to promote a competitive market in governance.
This proposal may invite the federal government into the states' affairs, but such invitation can be done without violating 1) the libertarian, originalist, and textualist views of the Interstate Commerce Clause of – and the 10th Amendment to - the Constitution, and the Sherman Antitrust Act; 2) the conditions required for a perfect and complete system of markets; and 3) the conditions necessary for a system of justice (namely, that no arbitrator of disputes be permitted to require others to always come to it in order to resolve their disputes, because that arbitrator – which could simultaneously be judge and defendant – could not be trusted to rule against itself when it is in the wrong).
While the United States of America may have begun as a confederation, since 1787 there has been a federal government which has constitutional powers. This is not to say that states' rights to nullify federal law do not exist; they exist, however the states are not sovereign. On the contrary, the federal government and the state governments are “co-equally sovereign” in their respective, constitutionally-delineated spheres of political influence on the various activities and industries.
Furthermore, the idea of sovereignty (alternatively: statism, local monopoly on legitimate violence, exclusive dominion) – in addition to the related ideas of suzerainty and co-equal sovereignty - stands in direct opposition to the notion of a free and competitive market to provide good governance to individuals and communities who have the freedom to choose which agency or agencies resolve their disputes and provide them with justice, security, and other goods and services customarily provided by government.
Also, sovereignty and its variants are monopolistic, oligopolistic, monopsonistic, and oligopsonistic; they favor situations in which single and few buyers and sellers exist, which distorts the calculation of prices such that price, cost, supply, and demand can be easily manipulated by those who wield the ability to influence market prices, due to their purchasing power and their willingness to use coercion to affect the market.
Sovereignty is literally the right of governments to threaten individuals, enterprises, and other organizations to purchase or sell goods and services at some price determined unilaterally by the sovereign. State sovereignty, the federal-over-state structure, and all other forms and variations of sovereignty are exclusive dominion over people, businesses, and resources.
It is ownership of people and things; human ownership, chattel and political and debt slavery, involuntary servitude, choiceless accession – subjugation – to political contractual “agreement”/ It is a system that can trap a man in a prison of a land – and deprive him of his natural freedom of travel - for committing a victimless crime.
It is a system in which a man can be condemned to death within an appeals process system that ends. The system of checks and balances of the current federal system stands in direct contrast to a private system of courts in which there would be a potentially infinite series of appeals, because in such a system the parties to disputes would submit their dispute to be resolved by some mutually chosen arbitrator which is neutral and has no vested interest in the outcome of the resolution of the dispute.
A ban on monopolies – sovereign entities (that is, governments) included – as monopolization is a fundamental transgression of the rules of a perfectly and completely competitive system of markets would provide that no state could exist which could compel parties to disputes to come to it for resolution, nor to prohibit parties to disputes from choosing to have their disputes resolved by some entity other than the local sovereign.
At this point, it should be clear that the proper way to constitutionally provide for a free-market solution to the problem of statism (local monopoly on violence, and on dispute resolution) in the United States – at least insofar as we are talking about the structure of the government – is to enable the various levels of administrative divisions of government to compete against one another to sell their goods and services to individual consumers (and to voluntary communities and voluntary collectives) without regard to their location, so that citizens may have political choice which can be actualized in terms of materially affecting how they are governed, rather than political choice which exists only in potential as a minority within a majoritarian decision-making system.
Additionally, this solution involves explicitly authorizing the federal government to regulate interstate governmental commerce; to keep it regular and free from inhibitions and interruptions by providing that potential competitors are not prohibited from going into competition with one, several, or all of the local sovereign governments and the agencies thereof.
However, there is one last issue which remains to be addressed. Let us suppose that two neighbors live near what is now the border between Wyoming and Montana, but which in a transition to panarchy would be a territory in which the state governments of Wyoming and Montana – in addition to the federal government, and the municipal and county governments within those states - municipal, county, and federal governments – would offer dispute resolution services.
If the neighbors got into a dispute, and one would choose to have his disputes resolved by the government of the state of Wyoming, and the other by Montana, then wouldn't those states have to submit their dispute to the federal government? Wouldn't that result in a huge number of cases which would normally be resolved by a single state to be submitted to be resolved by the federal government?
In the current federal system, yes, a dispute arising between the states of Wyoming and Montana would have to be resolved by the federal government. But under panarchy, a dispute between those states would be resolved by whichever neutral, independent third-party arbiter they choose.
Of course, any municipal, county, or federal government which could be chosen to resolve a dispute could be easily argued to have vested interest in the outcome of the dispute resolution. This is to say that any government which is now practicing statism and / or its variants would be prohibited from providing government services, because their presence makes competition impossible in practice, and for all of the reasons discussed above.
But going back to the premise of how a dispute between two states would play out during a transition to panarchy: yes, many cases which would normally be resolved by a single state would clog the federal court system. However, this presents us with an opportunity to ensure that equal protection of the law is provided, and that the interests of governments at various levels may be aligned if such governments and their subscribers so choose.
In fact, not only would this alignment of interests achieve one of the goals of the 14th Amendment (and of cooperative federalism), it would serve to fulfill (at least as far as the market for government is concerned) one of the conditions for a perfectly and completely competitive system of markets, which is homogenous products; that the qualities and characteristics of a market good or service do not vary between different suppliers.
Simply put, increasing citizen choice in the market for good government would increase the rate at which the federal government resolves disputes between the states - and addresses inequalities in legal protection which arise between the states - thus increasing the homogeneity of justice provision. Problems arising from an excessive amount of homogeneity of justice and other government goods and services (problems such as mediocre standards of justice and rationing of justice services) might be ameliorated in three ways.
1) By placing strict conditions for – or outright bans on – market participation by governments having contributed to hierarchical and oligopolistic conditions in the market for government
2) By exploiting what appears to be a loophole in the requirement that a good or service be homogenous; that is, by allowing various sets of government services to be “bundled” together (as in the “bundle” of property rights), and allowing there to arise arrays of rights, liberties, privileges, immunities, and responsibilities – in addition to sets of functional (political) jurisdiction across administrative divisions (or voluntary community or collective territories) - which are offered as packages.
The sets which the markets prefer would become common, and - eventually - standard and homogenous. But of course, imperfect homogeneity would exist during the transition. Significant amounts of research, development, and public information might mitigate this problem.
3) Permitting any and all manners of social organizations and societal institutions – be they individuals, enterprises, business alliances, trade associations and organizations, consumers' groups, social enterprise agencies, charity organizations, non-profit and non-for-profit organizations, interest groups, unions, syndicates, communities, cooperatives, cooperative corporations, guilds, mutuals, or private communities – to come to offer to consumers the goods and services which are now provided by states, in order to provide alternatives to consumers where existing sovereign governments (which are transgressors against the conditions for a free market and competition in government, and which therefore ought to be disqualified from selling something they cannot be rightfully be trusted to call real justice) do not yet offer services.
“...it is in the consumer's best interest that labor and trade remain free, because the freedom of labor and of trade have as their necessary and permanent result the maximum reduction of price... the interests of the consumer of any commodity whatsoever should always prevail over the interests of the producer... the production of security should, in the interests of the consumers of this intangible commodity, remain subject to the law of free competition... no government should have the right to prevent another government from going into competition with it, or to require consumers of security to come exclusively to it for this commodity.” - Gustave de Molinari, 1849
“Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony.” - Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 | <urn:uuid:a69acb5c-c6b8-4245-b832-0c129f77b775> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2013/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.965086 | 5,275 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What is a spotlight? What is a floodlight ? Knowing the difference between the two is important for properly lighting any application. Before you can understand the difference, you must know what a beam pattern is. Beam angle or pattern is a measurement of the angles that are formed between a cone of light’s brightest point (the center) and the points on both sides of the center where the light’s intensity is 50 percent as bright.
While it depends on the angle and individual light retailers, small beams are often referred to as spot beams, and larger angles (usually anything above 90 degrees) are considered flood beams. Bulbs and fixtures might not always be labeled as spot or flood specifically, but their beam patterns define them as such. Floodlights and spotlights come in many different styles. Sometimes bulbs or fixtures may look the same but emit completely different beam patterns.
First, Let’s Cover The Basics:
What Is A Spot Light ?
A spotlight casts a narrow beam of light, usually no wider than 45 degrees. This beam is more concentrated and easier to point and control.
Spot Light mainly stresses on the ‘spot’ whose function is focusing light. The spot light output a narrower, long-reaching beam pattern. It’s not as focused as a searchlight, which often puts out a more or less parallel beam, but less than 45° is common. Most of the light in a spot light is focused onto a relatively small area generating a bright spot. Spot light also have the ability to accommodate a variety of bulbs and beam sizes.
In contrast, spot light typically illuminates specific points like artwork and architectural details. For most driving situations, a spot light beam pattern is the best bet because the light is able to reach out and light up the road for a long ways, making it the best bet for on road driving. This gives you plenty of time to react to any potential hazards that might be down the road.
It also can add drama and draw attention to prominent structures such as fountains, trees and statues, place a spot light at the base of the specific structure.
What Is A Flood Light?
A floodlight can have a beam spread of up to 120 degrees. It can illuminate a larger amount of space with the same wattage and lumen output as a spotlight.
Flood light is the opposite of spot light. It cast a wide, all-encompassing wash of light that does not reach for a very long distance. Typically, the light produced by a flood light has an angle of around 120 degrees --- a big difference from the much narrower 45 degrees of a spot light.
For ordinary driving situations a floodlight is not the best choice since it does not reach far enough, however, there are scenarios where flood light is optimum.
Flood light work well to illuminate large areas and can effectively illuminate a work area or serve as security lights. Like with off road driving, long distance illumination isn’t all that useful when you are setting the light directly in front of the area you want to illuminate.Floodlights most often have a beam spread of more than 45 degrees and up to about 120 degrees; however, some lights that are labeled as floodlights may have a beam spread as narrow as 25 degrees. With this in mind, if you are looking for floodlights with a beam angle that narrow, you are probably better off to look at spotlights instead.
Aside from lighting your driveway, guest parking area or outdoor living spaces, floodlights are also the perfect choice for using downlights installed high up in trees or on structures to create the look of moonlight bathing your garden, lawn or patio.
Using Spotlights And Floodlights:
When highlighting specific points like display objects, wall artwork, architectural details, or landscape features, use a spotlight.
When illuminating larger areas like driveways, stages, warehouses, parking lots, or any other area that needs wide, even light coverage, go with a floodlight.
Determining Beam Width:
When planning your lighting scheme, knowing the width of a light’s beam in degrees isn’t always helpful. It would be much easier to know the beam width in feet, from a given distance away. Luckily, there’s a simple formula that can help you figure this out:
Angle of Beam x 0.018 x Distance from Light Bulb = Beam Width
So, if you have an 80 degree floodlight, and want to know how wide the beam will be from 10 feet away, just do the math:
80 degrees x 0.018 x 10 feet = 14.4 feet wide
If you have a 30 degree spotlight, and want to know how wide the beam will be from 15 feet away, here’s how you calculate it:
30 degrees x 0.018 x 15 feet = 8.1 feet wide
For more information, check out this infographic about light bulb beam spread, featuring a table with common beam widths.
At the most basic level, spotlights and floodlights are two types of light patterns, a term which refers to how light is projected. As a rule, the narrower the pattern, the further the distance the light travels.
You can see this in action with vehicle headlights; high beams are a narrow pattern that projects light further, while low beams are a wider spread that doesn't travel as far.
Floods and spots are more or less on the opposite ends of this spectrum. Floodlights are short, wide patterns, generally used to illuminate a wide area; conversely, a spotlight is designed to travel a longer distance but in a much narrower beam.
For optimal visibility in different situations, many work vehicles incorporate both types of lighting patterns. To determine which combination of lighting patterns is right for your work vehicle, consider how and where lights will be used.
A simple Google image search for floodlights will reveal hundreds of large square fixtures that are typically used for landscape lighting, parking lots, tree uplighting, architectural lighting, work lighting, and other applications that require wide light spread. These lights not only have flood beam patterns but are usually referred to as actual floodlight fixtures.
Spotlights are usually significantly smaller than floodlight fixtures and are designed for highlighting small areas. These lights are often found in gardens, theaters, above garage doors, on police and search and rescue vehicles, or other applications where focused light is needed.
If you’re offroading and need to see far down the path ahead of you, a spotlight will project a longer, narrow beam of illumination. A flood beam would allow you to see a wider area at a closer distance.
A bulb with a spot beam pattern would also be the best choice if you’re installing track lights in your kitchen and need to highlight the sink or stove as it will shine exactly where you need it.If you want to illuminate the front of your house, you will need a floodlight because it can cover more surface area.
In the end, it’s up to you to choose which light is best for your application. Just keep in mind what large and small beam patterns are designed to do, and you should have no problem creating the look you’re aiming for. | <urn:uuid:a24c7b02-4206-4ffb-827f-968b8e74ea85> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.razorlux.com/spotlights-vs-floodlights-whats-the-difference.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147917.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714020904-20200714050904-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.948524 | 1,487 | 3.578125 | 4 |
African Fat-tailed Gecko (Hemitheconyx caudicinctus) Caresheet
by Richard Brooks
African Fat-tailed Gecko Taxonomy
African Fat-tailed Geckos (AFT's) are very similar to Leopard Geckos in both size and shape.
Like the leopard gecko, they belong to the subfamily Eublepharinae. These are the eyelid geckos. They are the only group of geckos with functioning eyelids that can close. All other geckos possess eyelids that are fused open and are unable to blink. The eyelid geckos are the most primitive reptiles within the gecko family.
Aft's are native to West Africa, stemming from Nigeria, Senegal and up to Northern Cameroon.
Though these geckos are not as widely bred as the leopard gecko, they have become a favorite amongst gecko enthusiasts because of their hardy and adaptable disposition.
A single gecko can be housed in a ten-gallon aquarium though a longer enclosure is always suggested.
Since Aft's are not arboreal, they do not require enclosures that are "tall/high". A longer, shallower enclosure would suit them best.
Many people own and house multiple geckos. This can be done individually or accumulatively. Female aft's can be housed in groups so long as the space is permitted. A 20-gallon aquarium would be sufficient for three females. Males must be housed separately. They will fight over territory and some cases of fighting have lead to death of one or both of the geckos.
Adequate substrates to use include paper, unprinted newspaper, paper towel, slate, tile, linoleum, etc.
Coconut fiber is also a widely used substrate material, as is peat moss, for this species. You can also combine the two materials to create your own substrate material.
Unlike the leopard gecko, this species requires slightly elevated humidity levels. Some substrates, like the coconut fiber and the peat moss, will help retain moisture better than others.
If using a substrate like slate, tile, etc., you will need to add a moist hide. Moist hides will create a humid chamber for your Aft, and will also double as an egg laying box for your gravid females if you will be breeding these wonderful lizards.
A great medium to use in the moist hide would be vermiculite. Vermiculite can be purchased at almost all garden centers and retains moisture very well.
As with all granular substrates, impaction can be an issue, so base your decision off knowing that the vermiculite could be ingested resulting in an impaction. It is a very widely used medium for egg laying boxes/ humid hides with this species.
The most common and often the most preferred method of heating an enclosure for Aft's is with the use of an under tank heater (UTH).
Under tank heaters adhere to the bottom of the glass aquariums and should be placed on one end of the enclosure. The spot in the enclosure that has the uth under it will be considerably warmer than the rest of the enclosure. There should be a hide spot/spots placed over this location. This is where the geckos can receive the warmth required to aid in thermo-regulation and digestion. The use of a rheostat will allow you to change the amount of heat that is emitted by the uth.
Other methods of heating an enclosure are ceramic heat emitters, basking lights, etc. Never should you use a "heat rock" with ANY reptile. There have been a number of reported cases where heat rocks have malfunctioned and caused thermal burns.
The ideal temperature range to house an Aft at would be 85-88 degrees in the "basking spot". (That would be where the uth is located.)
The cooler end of the enclosure should not fall below 74 degrees but should also not exceed 78 degrees. There should be a hide spot located on this end of the enclosure as well.
The purpose of having this type of setup is to allow the gecko to thermo-regulate its body temperature. Unlike humans, geckos are cold blooded. They depend upon external heat sources and cool spots to adjust their bodies core temperature. If a proper heat gradient is not supplied, the gecko could become too cool and/or hot and become ill or die.
Heating (night time)
In the wild, evening temperatures differ from those during the day. This has to be duplicated in captivity as well.
The ideal evening temperatures would be between 74-78 degrees. Do not fall below 74 degrees.
Under tank heat emitters are never turned off unless your household temperature exceeds 80 degrees. This allows the geckos a place to warm themselves in the evening.
If you are using a ceramic heat emitter for your enclosure, it should be left on. This will allow the gecko to have an end of the enclosure that is warmer than the other.
It is crucial that you monitor your Aft's enclosure. This can be done with the use of thermometers. There are many different types to choose from and one for every budget. The use of two thermometers is recommended so that each end of the enclosure can be monitored.
The best thermometers, by opinion, are digital inddor/outdoor thermometers with a probe.
These thermometers are very accurate and allow you to monitor both the cool end of the enclosure, as well as the warm end, with a single unit.
The radial thermometers found at petstores have been known to be inaccurate by as much as 5-10 degrees!
Aft's come from a climate where humidity is often present. Unlike the leopard gecko, these geckos should have a slightly elevated humidity level within the enclosure.
Misting the enclosure every 2 days will help keep the humidity elevated slightly. You can also use a moist hide to ensure that your aft has constant access to a humid area if he so desires.
A moist hide is designed to aid with shedding and to double as an egg laying box for gravid females.
Since african fat-tailed geckos require a higher humidity than the leopard gecko, these are ideal for allowing a centralized location where the humidity is substantially higher than the rest of the enclosure.
By providing this humidity chamber, your aft will be equipped to decide what type of humidity it requires at any given time.
Instructions for creating a humid hide can be found here:
Simple Moist Hide - Humidity Chamber Creation
Like all living creatures, aft's require what is called a photoperiod. This can be established by providing 12 hours of light as well as 12 hours of darkness.
A simple household bulb can be used for this purpose. The light cycle that you provide will help the gecko to determine night and day.
While UV is not essential, nor required for this species, low level UV exposure will not harm the gecko.
A shallow dish of clean water should be made available at all times. Aft's will readily drink from standing water.
The water should be changed daily and the water dish should be cleaned at least every 2 days.
African fat-taied geckos are insectivores and require a diet consisting of healthy insects. They will also consume small pinky mice on occasion.
The most common insects available and used are crickets, mealworms, wax worms, and super worms. Each of these insects make up an entire diet with crickets or mealworms being the staple of the diet.
Wax worms are high in fat and are not fed on a regular basis.
The feeding of pinkie mice should only be done with robust adults. Their frequency should be maintained at 1-2 pinkies per month. The average owner does not need to use pinkies as part of their diet. Pinkies are most commonly used by breeders as a means to help increase the fat intake in gravid or recently gravid females.
The rule of thumb to follow is that the prey you feed your aft should not be longer than the space between the eyes.
This ensures that you are feeding prey that the gecko can easily consume and digest.
Items larger than the space can pose an impaction risk and can also deter the aft from eating.
Slightly larger insects are safe. You want to use the space as a guideline.
When feeding or offering pinkie mice, you should offer the smallest pinkies you have access too.
This process requires you to feed your insects healthy foods. By supplying your feeder insects with fresh fruits and vegetables, they will be adding nutrients to their contents. This will aid your gecko with their nutrient consumption because they will be eating insects that are healthy and nutritious.
Never feed insects directly from the pet store. They should be gut loaded first. Most pet stores do not take the time to feed their feeders because they are never in the store long enough for them to do so.
The health of your reptile is depicted by the diet they consume. Unfortunately, not all feeder insects are balanced enough nutritionally to accommodate the needs of the animal.
Your aft will benefit from calcium and vitamin dusting 2 times per week. To do this, simply sprinkle a small amount of calcium powder, and a vitamin supplement like herptivite into a sandwich bag. Toss in a few of your aft's feeders, and lightly shake the bag.
The insects will become coated in the calcium and vitamins, and should then be fed to your aft. As your aft consumes the coated prey, he will be also consuming the added nutrients you are supplying. | <urn:uuid:405cfecb-ded4-4bba-8225-01d49966fceb> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.herpcenter.com/reptile-caresheets/african-fat-tailed-gecko.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704133142/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113533-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938772 | 2,020 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe announced in 1998. It has been proposed by some physicists to be a fifth fundamental force. Quintessence differs from the cosmological constant explanation of dark energy in that it is dynamic, that is, it changes over time, unlike the cosmological constant which always stays constant. It is suggested that quintessence can be either attractive or repulsive depending on the ratio of its kinetic and potential energy. Specifically, it is thought that quintessence became repulsive about ten billion years ago (the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old).
Hence, quintessence is dynamic, and generally has a density and wq parameter that varies with time. By contrast, a cosmological constant is static, with a fixed energy density and wq = −1.
Many models of quintessence have a tracker behavior, which according to Paul Steinhardt et al. (1999) partly solves the cosmological constant problem. In these models, the quintessence field has a density which closely tracks (but is less than) the radiation density until matter-radiation equality, which triggers quintessence to start having characteristics similar to dark energy, eventually dominating the universe. This naturally sets the low scale of the dark energy. When comparing the predicted expansion rate of the universe as given by the tracker solutions with cosmological data, a main feature of tracker solutions is that one needs four parameters to properly describe the behavior of their equation of state, whereas it has been shown that at most a two-parameter model can optimally be constrained by mid-term future data (horizon 2015-2020).
Some special cases of quintessence are phantom energy, in which wq < −1, and k-essence (short for kinetic quintessence), which has a non-standard form of kinetic energy. If this type of energy were to exist, it would cause a big rip in the universe due to the growing energy density of dark energy which would cause the expansion of the universe to increase at a faster-than-exponential rate.
In 2004, when scientists fit the evolution of dark energy with the cosmological data, they found that the equation of state had possibly crossed the cosmological constant boundary (w=-1) from above to below. A proven no-go theorem[which?] indicates this situation, called the Quintom scenario, requires at least two degrees of freedom for dark energy models.
The name comes from the classical elements in ancient Greece. The aether, a pure "fifth element" (quinta essentia in Latin), was thought to fill the Universe beyond Earth. Similarly, modern quintessence would be the fifth known contribution to the overall mass-energy content of the Universe. (The other four in the modern interpretation, different from the ancient ideas, are: baryonic matter; radiation – photons and the highly relativistic neutrinos, which may be considered hot dark matter; cold dark matter; and the term due to spatial curvature – loosely, gravitational self-energy.)
- Christopher Wanjek; "Quintessence, accelerating the Universe?"; http://www.astronomytoday.com/cosmology/quintessence.html
- Zlatev, I.; Wang, L.; Steinhardt, P. (1999). "Quintessence, Cosmic Coincidence, and the Cosmological Constant". Physical Review Letters 82 (5): 896–899. arXiv:astro-ph/9807002. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82..896Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.896.
- Steinhardt, P.; Wang, L.; Zlatev, I. (1999). "Cosmological tracking solutions". Physical Review D 59 (12): 123504. arXiv:astro-ph/9812313. Bibcode:1999PhRvD..59l3504S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.59.123504.
- Linden, Sebastian; Virey, Jean-Marc (2008). "Test of the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder parametrization for rapid dark energy equation of state transitions". Physical Review D 78 (2): 023526. arXiv:0804.0389. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..78b3526L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.023526.
- Ferramacho, L.; Blanchard, A.; Zolnierowsky, Y.; Riazuelo, A. (2010). "Constraints on dark energy evolution". A&A 514: A20. arXiv:0909.1703. Bibcode:2010A&A...514A..20F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913271.
- Linder, Eric V.; Huterer, Dragan (2005). "How many cosmological parameters". Physical Review D 72 (4): 043509. arXiv:astro-ph/0505330. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72d3509L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.043509.
- Caldwell, R. R. (2002). "A phantom menace? Cosmological consequences of a dark energy component with super-negative equation of state". Physics Letters B 545 (1-2): 23–29. arXiv:astro-ph/9908168. Bibcode:2002PhLB..545...23C. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(02)02589-3.
- Hu, Wayne (2005). "Crossing the phantom divide: Dark energy internal degrees of freedom". Physical Review D 71 (4): 047301. arXiv:astro-ph/0410680. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..71d7301H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.71.047301.
- Ostriker JP, Steinhardt P (January 2001). "The Quintessential Universe". Scientific American 284 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0101-46.
- Dark Energy dominates the Universe (recently unavailable link, outreach poster from University of Bonn)
- Dark Energy dominates the Universe
- Quintessence Accelerating the Universe
- Quintessence model on arxiv.org
||This article needs attention from an expert in physics. The specific problem is: Unclear phrasing in #Tracker behavior and #Quintom scenario. (April 2009)| | <urn:uuid:5ebaa173-0e7f-449b-81eb-22aa226e2f75> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintessence_(physics) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500832032.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021352-00135-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.80199 | 1,431 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The great advancements in technology have changed the world radically. The proliferation of technologies that eliminate the boundaries of time and space have been extremely useful to us. From the way we eat to our definitions of luxury, everything has changed over the past decades. Computers, tablets, smart phones, airplanes, televisions, missiles, rockets, machines, toasters, air conditioners etc have made our lives easier and have shrunk the world into a small sphere. But this marvelous scientific stream – technology – has its own negative points as well. Let’s explore them here.
Positive effects of technology
Technology has made transportation much easier. We can now cover hundreds of kilometers in a single day in the comfort of our temperature regulated cars, airplanes or trains. Trains can help us navigate hills and mountains and airplanes make it possible to cross the 7 seas in a matter of days. One can now view traveling as luxury.
Invention of computers and tablets has made business very easy. One can sell and buy items in a few clicks, post advertisements for jobs and recruit people from all over the world and communicate with business associates from miles away. Face time applications like Skype have made attending conferences easier. Data storage was never easier, thanks to the invention of hard disks and USBs.
Trade has improved tremendously due to technology. Globalization has a whole new meaning and the factors of time and space no more hinder the growth of cross border trading. Electronic fund transfer methods and e-wallets have made the transaction of money easier.
Assessment of remote areas through satellites and exploring the space are no more out of reach.
Technology has made it possible to harness solar and wind energies, reducing the use of polluting non – renewable fossil fuels. This has gone a long way in helping us preserve Mother Nature. Research towards bio fuel and efficient combustion has also helped us curb pollution, which in turn has improved life expectancy.
Internet, a marvel of technology, has made it possible for people to look up information regarding any topic in a few minutes. One can work, learn, communicate and get paid on the internet. One can revive their long lost friendships; reunite with long forgotten relatives on the internet. Literacy rates have been rising due to distant learning courses available on the net. Web Seminars, educational games, globalization and internet research have improved standards of modern day education. Defense systems and medical surgeries have reached new heights.
Negative effects of technology
Although technology has its merits, it is damaging to several areas of life. Addiction to gadgets is giving rise to new psychic problems. Anxiety disorders, eyesight issues and heart problems are on the rise ever since these screens emitting harmful radiations have come into existence. Migraines, arthritis, blurred vision, spine dislocations etc are connected to long stretches of time spent in front of computers. Mobile phones and laptops are a huge distraction to the student community as well as to office goers. Heavy usage of social networking is creating communication gaps. Generation gaps, divorces and rifts are on a rise ever since technology took over.
The streaming of unfit content full of violence and inappropriate activities are available freely to public eyes, causing irreparable damage to the thinking of young minds. Thought processes of small children are very influential, and such content is not suitable for them.
People are becoming lazier and creativity amongst youngsters is dying. Present day games are killing it. Another major issue is security of data. Data breaches due to hacking and phishing is a very common occurrence. We are at the mercy of gadgets to protect our oh-so-precious data. One single tech catastrophe and we’re gone.
Though Agriculture has gained a lot from technology, it has also learnt the use of chemicals. Pesticides and insecticides are harmful for the health of consumers; however this fact is being neglected by farmers.
Another inevitably huge factor is pollution. Pollution in humongous amounts is caused by technology. Part of computers and other gadgets are non-disposable toxic materials that release lead and mercury which are extremely harmful to the society. Cars and other vehicles release benzene, carbon dioxide, etc that cause numerous problems like acid rain, global warming and cancer.
Conclusion: Technology is an ever progressing branch. Science is striving hard to remove the demerits of gadgets, but with development destruction is inevitable.
I’d like to end my quoting Thomas Elva Edison, the famous inventor,
“Just because something doesn’t do what you planned it to do doesn’t mean it’s useless.” | <urn:uuid:dacbcc5b-dae3-4a0b-96ee-cd12058d5b57> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.positivenegativeeffects.com/technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510846.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403092656-20200403122656-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.950575 | 936 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Diesel Generators Can Be Used in Many IndustriesMany people prefer diesel when compared to gas because it has higher energy density, diesel fuel is heavier, oilier and has a higher boiling point when compared to gas. Modern diesel generators have less noise. In the present scenario, there are different types of diesel engine generators.
Small portable diesel generators range from 1 kva to 10 kva. Large industrial generators range from 8 kva - 30kva for homes, small shops and offices. This type of generator can work for longer period of time and requires less maintenance when compared to gasoline generator.
Diesel generators operate in a similar way as diesel engines. Diesel engines comprises of 2-stroke and 4-stroke operation. 4-stroke operation is used in diesel generators. Diesel generators may require larger store of fuel but this is much safer to store than gasoline. Basically there are two types of diesel generators: open frame and close frame.
Diesel Generators to the Rescue!
Most homeowners have always thought diesel generators were priced out of their reach. Diesel generators are much more reliable than other fuel types if they are used correctly. A diesel generator is designed to work at around 75% of the maximum load. Diesel generators come in all sizes from 1 kVA to 10 kVA for portable ones; from 8 kVA to 30 kVA for small commercial businesses and households; and anything up to 2000 kVA for hospitals, big buildings and manufacturing plants. Many people associate diesel generators with old, dirty noisy machines.
These days manufacturers have designed their diesel generators to be environmentally friendly and relatively maintenance-free. Another advantage of diesel generators is they are tougher and more reliable than their competitors and use up to 50% less fuel than gas powered generators. | <urn:uuid:add683b7-a415-4cc2-80cf-72dc33186aae> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://endi-avrforgenerator.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320362.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624221310-20170625001310-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.939761 | 353 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Food labeling is something that is necessary and helpful in many situations, such as allergies or sensitivities. However, labels have been used as a sort of propaganda, in that if one label mentions being “_______-free,” the competing product is therefore implied to contain whatever this blank may be (gluten, sugar, steroids/hormones, GMOs, etc). It is important for products to be properly labeled, and I do believe that the public has the right to know what is in the products they are consuming, however there should be limitations. Certain items simply cannot contain gluten, or maybe dairy, and therefore labeling them this way should not be able to be used as a competitive marketing technique.
Consumers recently have become more interested in what their food contains more than ever before, which is good in that society wants to be healthier. However, in order for labels, especially GMO labels, to be beneficial to both society and the industry, education of the public is necessary. GMOs are an agricultural technological tool that have allowed agriculture to excel, and should not be demonized due to misunderstanding. I imagine that because of society’s insistence on labeling, companies will be pushed into GMO labeling in the close future. If so, I think it would be helpful to include educational information on the packaging as well, in hopes that the public will be more open when given more information.
Regardless of the laws placed on labeling, further education about GMOs is still necessary for people to get both sides of the story, and to fully understand what exactly is being offered to them so they can make an educated decision. | <urn:uuid:5c61a2cf-7074-4707-9dc0-eeaf4bf101ae> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://sites.udel.edu/understand-de-ag/2017/12/01/to-label-or-not-to-label/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943483.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320114206-20230320144206-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.969709 | 326 | 3.046875 | 3 |
On October 19th, 2014, Dr. Ian Crozier was discharged from Emory University Hospital after a near-fatal encounter with Ebola, which he contracted while caring for patients in Sierra Leone. Despite a lingering fatigue, his doctors were confident that he would make a full recovery. It therefore came as a shock when, almost two months later, Dr. Crozier was readmitted with severe uveitis threatening his sight, the inside of his afflicted eye teeming with Ebola. With additional treatment, Dr. Crozier’s symptoms receded and his eyesight returned. However, he is not the only survivor to show signs of a post-Ebola syndrome. Following their apparent recovery and release from hospital, survivors have reported a litany of symptoms including joint and muscle pains, chronic headaches, difficulty hearing, fatigue, and vision problems, leading many to wonder what risks are posed by the virus that may be lurking in their bodies.
Contained within Dr. Crozier’s eye, the Ebola virus had no chance of being transmitted to a new host through casual contact. However, the eye is not the only site where Ebola can persist. The recent death of a Liberian woman, whose only connection with Ebola was unprotected sex with a survivor, highlights the possibility that Ebola can persist in the testes and be transmitted sexually. Comparative sequence analysis confirmed that the virus isolated from her body and her partner’s semen showed similarities at key points, suggesting that the Ebola was transmitted sexually.
A new mode of transmission for Ebola could change the rules of host-pathogen interaction, applying very different selection pressures on both sides of the equation. Dr. Crozier hopes that his case will help doctors “change the natural history of the disease for survivors” and reduce the damage caused by symptoms of post-Ebola syndrome. But could we go even further and try to direct the evolution of an originally deadly virus towards benignity?
The adaptive trade-off hypothesis, originally proposed by Anderson and May (1982), predicts that virulence will reduce with the length of time that the host-pathogen interaction progresses, eventually reaching an equilibrium where mortality is reduced and transmission is maximized. This belief is inextricably tied to the assumption that virulence has negative consequences for the pathogen. Myxomatosis has become the poster child for this type of equilibrium after a hypervirulent strain of the Myxoma virus was released in Australia in 1950 to control a bunny boom. The virus was tracked and researchers noted that virulence decreased in subsequent years. Moreover, the majority of transmissions were determined to come from rabbits that survived longer, providing a distinct survival benefit for virus strains with reduced virulence.
Cholera outbreaks occurring around South America in the 1990’s offered an opportunity to examine the effect of social infrastructure on pathogenicity, providing further support for the adaptive trade-off hypothesis. Researchers observed that areas with poor water sanitation were susceptible to cholera outbreaks caused by Vibrio cholera strains with high virulence. By contrast, cholera strains with lower virulence were found to cause outbreaks in countries with better water sanitation.
While the studies on cholera suggest that simply reducing ease of transmission favours the evolution of less virulent disease, other research has not yielded the same clear results. Subjecting bacteriophages to conditions restricting their transmission only modestly decreases their virulence, and areas with good mosquito control programs are not rewarded with less virulent vector-borne illnesses. Moreover, many of the models and experiments that predict this type of virulence evolution use highly artificial systems with extreme conditions that don’t account for the complexity and variability found in nature. In a world where different pathogens have to coexist within the same host, and where each host has different levels of resistance, nutrition, and social support, the evolution of pathogen virulence cannot be explained as a simple trade-off with transmission.
The largest Ebola outbreak in history has yielded the largest pool of survivors to date and as the epidemic in West Africa ebbs, focus has shifted away from the dangerous acute infection to the emergence of a post-Ebola syndrome. Even if it proves too complicated to direct Ebola’s virulence in a specific direction, this syndrome can still offer insight into the virus’ evolution in the human host. Anticipation of the changes in symptomatology and modes of transmission will aid in the design of more effective care strategies for Ebola patients.
1. Alizon, S., Hurford, A., Mideo, N., van Baalen, M. (2009). Virulence evolution and the trade-off hypothesis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 22:245-259.
2. Christie, A., et al. (May 8, 2015). Possible Sexual Transmission of Ebola Virus – Liberia 2015. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
3. Grady, D. (May 7, 2015). After Nearly Claiming his Life, Ebola Lurked in a Doctor’s Eye. The New York Times.
4. Kerr, P.J. (2012). Myxomatosis in Australia and Europe: a model for emerging infectious diseases. Antiviral Research. 93: 387-415.
5. Messenger, S.L., Molineux, I.J., Bull, J.J. (2000). Virulence evolution in a virus obeys a trade-off. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 266:397-404.
6. Turner, PE., Cooper, V.S., Lenski, R.E. (1998). Tradeoff between horizontal and vertical modes of transmission in bacterial plasmids. Evolution. 52: 315-329.
7. Zimmer, C. (2003). Taming Pathogens: An Elegant Idea, but Does it Work? Science. 300: 1362-1364.
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- The Decline of Theranos - October 17, 2016 | <urn:uuid:b142a077-7f7e-4c82-bd46-2ce651b0df52> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.immpressmagazine.com/breaking-up-is-hard-to-do-post-ebola-syndrome-offers-insight-into-viral-evolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736902.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806091418-20200806121418-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.943491 | 1,283 | 3 | 3 |
Stephen Girard Biography & Net Worth
Stephen Girard Biography & Net Worth
|Popular Name:||Stephen Girard|
|Real Name:||Stephen Girard|
|Birth Date:||May 20, 1750|
Bordeaux, Kingdom of France
|Age:||Died on December 26, 1831 (aged 81)|
|Profession:||Businessman, Investor, Entrepreneur, Banker, Philanthropist|
|Net Worth:||$105 Billion|
Stephen Girard was a wealthy French banker and philanthropist who also owned slaves. He was a naturalized American whose legacy remains as the man who saved the United States government from financial downfall during the War of 1812. Girard became one of the wealthiest men in America, reportedly the fourth-richest American of all time. He had no children of his own, therefore, the bulk of his wealth went to philanthropy, especially to the education and welfare of orphaned children.
Early Life, Sailing & Business Career
Girard was born to a common sailor in Bordeaux, France on 21 May 1750. He had very little education, lost sight of his right eye when he was eight years old, and landed in New York as a cabin boy in 1760. Thirteen years on, he became a licensed captain and visited California in 1774, and started trading to and from Port-au-Prince and New Orleans.
In May 1776, He navigated into the port of Philadelphia to dodge advancing Royal Navy warships and remained there to run a grocery and liquor store. By 1790, he had accumulated $6000 plus a small fleet of merchant boats.
In 1811, when the charter for the First Bank of America expired, Stephen Girard bought the bank’s building as well as most of its stock, and started what he called “Girard Bank.” He was a sole proprietor of his newly-formed bank and thus avoided the law in Pennsylvania State that prohibited an unincorporated group of persons from founding a bank. Girard hired the cashier of First Bank, George Simpson, to be the cashier at his bank, and with seven other staff, Girard Bank opened for business on May 18, 1812. The bank was a major source of government funding during the War of 1812. When the war was ending, and the financial credit of the United States government was at its lowest, Stephen Girard placed almost all of his resources at the disposal of the American government and underwrote up to 95 percent of the war loans issued, which allowed the United States to carry on to war.
After the war, Girard became a large shareholder in the Second Bank of America. His Girard Bank entered a merger with Mellon Bank in the year 1983 and was sold to what became known as Citizens Bank twenty years later.
Personal Life: Family, Marriage
In 1776, Girard met a Philadelphia woman who was nine years his junior. She was named Mary Lum, and they married soon after they met. Mary was the daughter of John Lum, a ship constructor who died a few months before the marriage.
In 1778 Girard became a Pennsylvania resident. Mary began succumbing to sudden, inconsistent emotional outbursts by 1985. Violent rages and mental unsteadiness ensued, leading to a diagnosis of irrepressible mental instability. Though Girard was devastated at first, he eventually took a mistress, Sally Bickham, by 1787.
In August 1790 he committed his wife, Mary Lum, to the Pennsylvania Hospital as an irredeemable lunatic. He provided her with every luxury and comfort she needed, and she gave birth to a baby girl whose sire is not completely certain. The child, named Mary, died a few months later and Girard spent the rest of his life with mistresses and had no other children.
On December 22, 1830, Girard was seriously wounded while crossing a road in Philadelphia. He was hit by a horse and wagon, his cheek and ear got lacerated, and his good (left) eye was completely ruined as well. Despite his age (81) at that time, he got up without assistance and returned to his home nearby and had a doctor dress his wound. He immediately threw himself back into his business even without fully recovering until his death on December 26, 1831. At the time of Girard’s death, he was considered the wealthiest man in America, and with adjustment for inflation, he is listed as the fifth-wealthiest American in history as of 1996, behind other notable names such as John D. Rockefeller, John Jacob Astor, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt
Girard was an atheist all the days of his life until his death. He even included his opinions on religion in his last testament.
Stephen Girard Net Worth: Income Sources, Investments, Assets
The French-born, naturalized American banker, Stephen Girard, had a net worth of $105 billion (modern dollars) at the time of his death. He had no other children after the death of his only daughter, and he devoted nearly all his wealth to philanthropy, particularly the welfare of orphans.
His family contested for his will in France but the United States Supreme Court upheld it in a landmark case of 1844.
A man of good heart, Stephen Girard bequeathed nearly all of his fortune to municipal and charitable institutions of New Orleans and Philadelphia, leaving behind millions of dollars for the construction of boarding schools and homes for poor orphans, children of coal miners, and other underprivileged children. He also made a bequest of thousands of dollars to the public schools in Philadelphia, with the profits from its venture to be used for the procurement of books for the school libraries. | <urn:uuid:20e8ca3f-5404-44e2-985d-12dca04a9f29> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://finanticum.com/stephen-girard-net-worth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652207.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606013819-20230606043819-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.983878 | 1,303 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Derived from the hemp plant, hemp seeds have been a vital source of nutrition for centuries.
These tiny seeds actually contain a powerhouse of health benefits.
While some might associate hemp seeds with actual marijuana (both come from the Cannabis sativa plant), they don’t contain THC and will not produce any psychoactive effects.
Hemp seeds are simply one of the healthiest seeds on planet earth.
If you’ve stayed away from hemp seeds in the past, check out the following reasons people can’t get enough of these seeds that are some of the most nutritious you can find.
5 Health Benefits of Hemps Seeds
They’re Packed with Protein
Hemp seeds are roughly 33% protein and provide approximately 11 grams of protein for every 3 tablespoons.
Individuals who consume a plant-based diet will find hemp seeds to be one of the best alternatives to animal protein that exists.
They’re an Excellent Source Essential Fatty Acids
Hemps seeds are full of essential fatty acids, omega-3 and 6, which are vital for good health.
These polyunsaturated fats are known to improve cholesterol levels and can help prevent heart disease.
They’re Full of Fiber
Consuming fiber everyday can help stabilize blood sugar levels, reduce appetite, assist with weight management, and promote gut health.
It’s also a great way to relieve constipation and stay regular.
Hemp seeds contain approximately 2 grams of fiber per serving, which is 8% of the daily recommended intake.
They’re a Powerful Antioxidant
Hemp seeds are considered a “superfood” and are full of antioxidants that may help reduce free radicals, protect the brain, and help with some neurological conditions.
They’re Rich in Vitamins and Minerals
Hemp seeds contain an impressive array of vitamins and minerals including vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, folate, and vitamin B6.
Staying Healthy with Hemp
There’s a reason hemp is one of the world’s most important agricultural crops.
Its versatility is unprecedented and the nutritional profile of the seeds it contains is one of the most complete found in nature.
Check out some of the ways hemp can keep you healthy:
• The nutrients found in hemp can help reduce inflammation, which can reduce the chances of developing adverse health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, and non-alcohol related fatty liver disease.
• The protein content of hemp is an excellent source for vegans or vegetarians and is a top choice amongst plant-based athletes and fitness enthusiasts everywhere.
• The polyunsaturated fat found in hemp seeds can keep cholesterol levels healthy and decrease the risk of heart disease and possibly prevent heart attacks.
• Hemp seed oil is often referred to as “nature’s most perfectly balanced oil because it contains a 3:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids.
• The fiber content in hemp can keep you regular, relieve constipation, and improve the overall gut health.
• Hemp seed oil has shown to balance hormones and reduce symptoms of PMS.
• While it’s a highly debated subject, hemp seed oil could be used to replace fish oil. Unlike hemp seed oil, fish oil does not contain the perfectly balanced 3:1 ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids the body needs to thrive. Fish oil can also contain potential toxins such as mercury, dioxins, and PCBs, as they are commonly found in the large “top of the food chain” fish that is used to produce fish oil. Hemp seed oil is also more sustainable than fish oil, as it doesn’t reduce fish population or disrupt the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
• The omega-3 content found in hemp seed oil may improve skin conditions like acne by helping to manage and reduce acne symptoms. Research indicates that taking hemp seed oil both internally and externally (applying topically to skin and hair) can provide the most optimal benefits. Not only is it beneficial for acne, but has shown to reduce the signs of aging, can reduce the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, smooth inflammation associated with skin conditions like psoriasis, and more.
We’re Crazy About Hemp Seeds
Even though hemp seeds are derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, they don’t contain any of the psychoactive effects cannabis is associated with.
They contain one of the richest nutritional profiles found in any plant and are an excellent addition to anyone’s diet interested in optimal health and naturally living their best life.
If you’re interested in adding hemp to your life you can integrate them into your diet by:
• Tossing them into a salad or adding them to soup.
• Roasting them. Add flavor and extra crunch to your hemp seeds by sprinkling them with sea salt and roasting them in the oven at 350-degrees for 15 minutes. You can also buy roasted hemp seeds online and at health food stores everywhere.
• Adding them to your cereal or oatmeal.
• Blending hemp seeds or hemp seed oil into a smoothie.
• Baking with whole or ground hemp seeds.
• Using a hemp seed protein powder.
• Make your own salad dressing using hemp seed oil in place of regular oil.
Note: Hemp seed oil burns hot and isn’t recommended for sautéing or frying foods.
These small seeds offer huge health benefits and can be an excellent source of nutrition as part of a balanced diet that keeps you healthy and your body strong.
Last Updated on | <urn:uuid:14285e7a-2edc-4c5c-8d4a-1d9772f31a0b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.cbdschool.com/hemp-seeds-health-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500331.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331053639-20200331083639-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.925104 | 1,178 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Neatorama presents our collaboration with Pzzlr, a site where you can always find a riddle to exercise your brain. Can you solve this one?
A teacher places three coins in front of her student: 1 copper, 1 silver, and 1 gold. She tells her student, “If you tell me a true statement, you will be given one of the coins. But if your statement proves to be false, you will be given nothing.”
What should the pupil say to guarantee being given the gold coin?
Can you figure out the answer? Find out if you're right at Pzzlr!
Look for a new puzzle here at Neatorama every Wednesday, and check out Pzzlr for a puzzle anytime!
(Image credit: Flickr user dichohecho) | <urn:uuid:8d9efc5b-d172-4c20-8d6b-e866cde0351f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.neatorama.com/2014/01/08/Solve-This-Pzzlr-Three-Coins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100057.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129073519-20231129103519-00768.warc.gz | en | 0.898264 | 165 | 3.046875 | 3 |
For more than a hundred years, human activities have modified the natural forces that control the Missouri River and its native fish fauna. While the ecological effects of regulation and channel engineering are understood in general, the current understanding is not sufficient to guide river restoration and management. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is in the third year of a multiagency research effort to determine the ecological requirements for reproduction and survival of the endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus) in the Missouri River. The multidisciplinary research strategy includes components of behavior, physiology, habitat use, habitat availability, and population modeling of all life stages. Shovelnose sturgeon are used to design the strategy because they are closely related to the pallid sturgeon and are often used as a surrogate species to develop new research tools or to examine the effects of management actions or environmental variables on sturgeon biology and habitat use.
During fiscal years 2005 and 2006, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) provided funds to USGS for tasks associated with the Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Program (CSRP) and for tasks associated with evaluation of the Sturgeon Response to Flow Modifications (SRFM). Because work activities of CSRP and SRFM are so integrated, we are providing information on activities that have been consolidated at the task level. These task activities represent chapters in this report.
Additional publication details
USGS Numbered Series
Factors affecting the reproduction, recruitment, habitat, and population dynamics of pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon in the Missouri River | <urn:uuid:06450ff6-2407-4e35-a6b7-11fc99f8308b> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20071262 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.900647 | 350 | 3.125 | 3 |
Dr. Wendy Stevens of the University of the Witwatersrand and the health ministry in South Africa reported on the first step in the national implementation of GeneXpert as a TB diagnostic tool in South Africa. Stevens described Cepheid’s GeneXpert as a “remarkable contribution to the field of TB diagnostics.”
First some of the chilling news about South Africa and TB—20 percent of the world’s HIV associated tuberculosis cases and the second largest reported numbers of multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB in the world. Seventy to 80 percent of South African TB suspects are HIV infected and at least 16 percent of all new TB cases are extra-pulmonary. Despite a strong TB control infrastructure – more than 4.7 million smears and 1 million cultures last year alone – TB diagnosis remains complete inadequate with poor results from smear microscopy and delay in culture results, frequently translating into patients lost to follow up. The World Health Organization has issued a strong recommendation on the use of GeneXpert in settings with high rates of HIV/TB co-infection and drug-resistant tuberculosis. According to Dr. Stevens, “This describes tuberculosis in South Africa.”
The Phase I rollout of GeneXpert is a limited pilot in nine provinces in the highest burden district in each province. This effort is primarily funded by the health ministry but there is a contribution in the form of the purchase of some of the larger instruments by USAID. These sites represent about 11 percent of the TB diagnoses in the country. The goal is to replace two smears at diagnosis with one GeneXpert test. An algorithm has been developed for the 25 sites that is likely too complex and will probably be modified. So far 80 lab technicians have been trained, most of them previous microscopists.
Since April 50,093 GeneXpert tests have been performed with a 17.15 percent positivity rate. The rate of rifampicin resistance/potential MDR-TB was 7.33 percent. There is substantial geographic variation in TB and MDR rates. KwaZulu-Natal provides an illustration of the impact of GeneXpert, where an historical average of eight to nine percent smear positivity had a 20 percent positive rate with GeneXpert.
Currently there are two possible scenarios for GeneXpert scale-up nationwide – a fast scenario with a goal of December 2012 and a slower scenario with a goal of September 2013. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is funding a study on the cost-effectiveness of the new diagnostic and patient outcomes.
The average cost of the test is $26 to $36, and there are significant hidden costs including recalibration of the instruments, waste management and others. South Africa is developing a national TB cost model looking at the incremental cost of replacing the current diagnostic algorithm with this new algorithm. Stevens reported that program costs could increase by 53 percent, with a 17 percent increase in the cost of diagnosis alone. Nevertheless, South Africa will clearly diagnose many more cases and the pilot already shows a significant increase in early detection of TB and effective screening for MDR-TB. The majority of patients were diagnosed within five days. | <urn:uuid:6749950d-a4fb-4888-8211-f6c7ce7704bc> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://sciencespeaksblog.org/2011/07/20/genexpert-rapid-tb-diagnostic-takes-off-in-south-africa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500815050.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021335-00252-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936429 | 652 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Pollarding (tree pruning) – an uncommon and accuracy tree lopping & tree removal approach
First recognize what this practice is as there are numerous forms of bad tree pruning called pollarding (tree pruning), which is simply not the situation, they are covering or tree lopping and covered later on.
Also it is very important you recognize the species that it applies too, not all trees can take it. Typically the species are deciduous (drop leaves for wintertime) and due to the fact that pollarding (tree pruning) gets rid of all growth it’s excellent to have a types that a minimum of has come to be accustomed to being defoliated or the tree lopping. These deciduous trees store power for the spring ruptured of leaves and shoots so they are much better able to recover from a 100% trim. Several of the appropriate species are willow, lime, ash, area maple, holly, hornbeam, oak, aircraft and beech. See something acquainted? You don’t grow those up below! We‘re in a subtropical atmosphere not temperate.
Pollarding (tree pruning) is likewise begun on young trees, it’s not what you do to a fully grown tree. It’s an usual practice to start pollarding (tree pruning) at stem sizes of 75mm to 100mm.
pollarding (tree pruning) is the removal of all stems back to their factor of beginning, the pollard head. You do not remove any kind of collars or pollard heads, you cut just outside them. New stems grow from the pollard head. The trees have to have this duplicated each year or two. The initial factor for this pruning was to maintain a routine supply of wood and straw each year from the very same trees and to likewise consist of the size and kind of trees. Correctly done to the best species does not seem to lower the lifespan supplying it started at an early age.
The pollard heads are really tough (woundwood) and likewise filled with power as a storage space factor just near the injury for defence and to provide brand-new growth. Decay hardly ever developments a lot past the pollard head.
You’ll see some attempts at this however I can truthfully say the last time I saw a correct pollarded tree in real life was some two decades ago in Adelaide, it was a London Aircraft tree. Some individuals attempt to exercise this on their Crepe Myrtles however they don’t have the strategy right neither do they typically begin it on a young sampling. My guidance is avoid it and leave it to a specialist
Diploma Qualified Arborist Tree Information for Tree Removal Or Tree Lopping Unanderra
Often trees are protected and need a legit competent arborist report to be sent to council for tree removal, tree lopping or stump grinding.
Developers often have to submit an arborist report for the trees on website, the report might be as straightforward as determining the trees with information such as DBH (size at bust height) and height of the tree. It can likewise have to include trees to be protected during construction with referrals of just how to achieve that.
You might likewise desire a tree or landscape monitoring plan … being certified in both gardening and arboriculture I can report on all your yard’s needs.
With ten years neighborhood experience hands on dealing with trees and staying below considering that 1990 from Adelaide I have a terrific understanding of what tensions, diseases and microorganisms are impacting our trees and plants. Not so long ago and still with us today was the Lantana Insect mess which affected Fiddle Wood trees. That was researched and well recorded with Qld DPI nevertheless there’s little stated or pointed out regarding the years of observed decrease in the Metrosideros species below. Just recently I wrote a report on the decrease of Metrosideros especially the variegated. These are the kind of advantages you get when neighborhood and observe the failings of specific species.
Unanderra Arborist Report Prices and Information
Records generally have a purpose, there’s a factor for it and a factor for participating in tree lopping, tree removal, tree pruning or perhaps complete stump grinding. It could be “will the tree make it through construction?” via to something as open as “just how secure is this tree?”.
Prices of tree removal and tree lopping reports rely on time and devices etc. If we have to get laboratory analysis of tissue or soil, if we have to drill examination, do origin inspection, aerial inspection etc. Also it can take place where a report sent to council is followed up by council asking for extra information or information, so just when you think it’s completed you are back in the area doing extra work and paperwork.
For the reasons over we charge on a hourly price basis for tree reports. The costs remain in line with lots of other occupations and trades in the $100/hour location plus certainly any kind of additional fees for laboratory examinations or professional devices on top.
A great tree report will offer monitoring choices along with any kind of referrals for tree removal, or tree pruning. When I create reports I play the adversaries promote to my own tree removal or tree pruning report, I interrogate myself to think both sides of the argument, to maintain or to take part in tree removal or just tree pruning etc. Now this is a very important variable as some-one that is purely academic in their experience might not understand of all the choices and methods or perhaps have the experience to understand what is preferable for sure species.
Records are generally in PDF kind, can be emailed and easily dispersed to relevant authorities/builders etc. Part of the report treatment we have is to take photos and also video, which are connected to your report. There’s nothing more aesthetically definitive than to see clear and succinct graphics including video of a website. I have considerable experience in video editing and enhancing and output for net. We also have a helmet mounted high resolution cam with noise for aerial evaluations.
In this thread at Tree World you’ll in fact reach see a video I shot along with images of an unsafe tree on the side of the road, a copy of the email sent out to Unanderra common council and just how nothing was done and the tree failed 18 months later on. By miracle the tree managed to miss most barriers including individuals and traffic when it dropped. Despite knowledge of the Unanderra location from neighborhood authorities you ought to always go with a tree removal Unanderra firm that has experience not just in the market however in the Unanderra location.
Honest Unbiased Factual Guidance on Tree Removal Unanderra Homeowners trust fund.
It would certainly be most dishonest to get a tree report to attempt to eliminate a healthy tree simply due to the fact that it’s protected by council and you don’t desire it. We tell the truth and examine the tree. I have often left where some-one has asked for a tree removal report to condemn a perfectly healthy tree with little target value or opportunity of failure. Several of the thinking is, they desire the tree gone to obtain a view!
Beware when getting some-one, there’s no scarcity of tree lopping Unanderra operators that require to feed their machinery to make a buck so their tree removal, tree lopping and stump grinding coverage is biased toward needless tree pruning or tree removal with little or no supporting truths. You’ll likewise locate that these kinds hardly ever placed anything in composing, supply complimentary guidance, and have amazing xray vision to reach the verdicts they do … don’t get sucked in! I have seen some tree removal and arborist dreadful reports, in one situation a lady was informed 10 of her gum trees were dangerous around her residence on acreage residential property and needed immediate tree removal. The “arborist” made that evaluation in a few minutes of swiftly roaming around the backyard, no flaws on a few of the trees. Upon consultation we chose tree removal on 3 trees, (one was dead) and pruned a few of the others with a pair having no demand for anything.
Certificates & Competencies
Below are my credentials, these are real credentials not a generalized “our professional tree lopping Unanderra personnel” type of buzz you can get on the net, I go out and do the work, from quote to created reports, you deal me and me just. | <urn:uuid:a905a5f2-c193-4468-a47b-c3cec77247f5> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://endortreecare.com/tree-care/unanderra/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413406.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531120339-20200531150339-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.95908 | 1,772 | 2.6875 | 3 |
from Multigraph project, McGill University (at Interactingwithprint.org)
I’ve been thinking a lot about nanopublications recently. This is a concept primarily discussed in scientific scholarly communication. Nanopub.org explains:
A nanopublication is the smallest unit of publishable information: an assertion about anything that can be uniquely identified and attributed to its author.
With nanopublications, it is possible to disseminate individual data as independent publications with or without an accompanying research article.
Nanopublications can be…machine readable…opening the door to universal interoperability…data to be analyzed for the discovery of new associations that would otherwise be beyond the capacity of human reasoning.
The nanopublishing idea builds on earlier concepts such as microformats, a way to mark elements within pages (or other content) for machine-readability and reusability: for example, contact information, geographic coordinates, calendar events, or citation data.
T. H. Nelson’s “Literary Machines,” a key work in hypertext theory
You might say microformats and nanopublication are simply ways to generalize or extend the “page” model which the World Wide Web and HTML made so remarkably ubiquitous. They point out that it may often be useful to address, describe, and use separate elements within the customary unit of the page or document. More generally, the long tradition of hypertext theory and systems is all about making content more atomicized and networked.
With “nanopublishing,” I’ve been thinking not so much about science and logic/data elements, but about disaggregating books or articles in trade and Humanities/Social Science (HSS) publishing. That is to say, thinking about various ways to pull apart, reassemble books, or their production and use:
- distributing or gathering content fragments while writing (tweet-writing?)
- writing as link assemblage, or curation of elements which also exist independently.
- allowing larger units such as monographs (books) to be used, distributed, commented on, linked down to atomic levels. | <urn:uuid:524303c5-ee4f-449b-9af7-d37aac8a0305> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://tjm.org/2013/01/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824293.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020173404-20171020193404-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.894307 | 447 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Orion Environment Variables¶
Orion sets several environment variables that can be accessed in a cube. The hardware given to each allocation of a cube could be different depending on what was required and the instance type.
The number of CPUs available for use.
The amount of temporary storage in megabytes available for use.
The number of GPUs available for use.
The instance type providing the resources to the allocation.
A unique identifier given to each job.
The amount of memory in megabytes available for use.
The ID of the project the job is running in.
A list of comma separated strings indicating unique features of an instance. For example “cuda9” indicates that the allocation supports GPUs with a CUDA 9 compatible driver and software environment. | <urn:uuid:f2112a78-8882-432d-b4b0-b7e7e9308842> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://docs.eyesopen.com/orion-developer/modules/orion-platform/docs/orionplatform/environment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510903.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001141548-20231001171548-00743.warc.gz | en | 0.767009 | 206 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Establish and strengthen by 2010/2012 /
transboundary protected areas, other forms of collaboration between neighbouring protected areas across national boundaries and regional networks, to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, implementing the ecosystem approach, and improving international cooperation.
Suggested activities of the Parties
- 1.3.1 Collaborate with other parties and relevant partners to establish effective regional networks of protected areas, particularly in areas identified as common conservation priorities (e.g. barrier reef systems, large scale river basins, mountain systems, large remaining forest areas and critical habitat for endangered species), and establish multi-country coordination mechanisms as appropriate to support the establishment and effective long term management of such networks.
- 1.3.2 Collaborate with other Parties and relevant partners through the United Nations Informal Consultative Process on the Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS) to establish and manage protected areas in marine areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, in accordance with international law, including the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, and based on scientific information.
- 1.3.3 Establish, where appropriate, new TBPAs with adjacent Parties and countries and strengthen effective collaborative management of existing TBPAs.
- 1.3.4 Promote collaboration between protected areas across national boundaries.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
- 1.3.5 Collaborate and consult with relevant organizations and bodies for developing guidelines for establishing transboundary protected areas and collaborative management approaches, as appropriate, for dissemination to Parties.
- 1.3.6 Compile and disseminate information on regional networks of protected areas and transboundary protected areas, including, as far as possible, their geographical distribution, their historical background, their role and the partners involved.
- 1.3.7 Review the potential for regional cooperation under the Convention on Migratory Species with a view to linking of protected area networks across international boundaries and potentially beyond national jurisdiction through the establishment of migratory corridors for key species.
/ References to marine protected area networks to be consistent with the target in the WSSD plan of implementation. | <urn:uuid:e0cd8fee-da7a-4c2b-9283-db8d5564f0c1> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.cbd.int/protected/pow/learnmore/goal13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164580231/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134300-00059-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907494 | 435 | 3.1875 | 3 |
pyrocatechol[pī′rō kat′ə c̸hôl′, -c̸hōl′, -kôl′, -kōl′]
pyrocatechol definition by Webster's New World
Webster's New World College Dictionary Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
a white, crystalline phenol, CH(OH), occurring naturally in plants and now usually produced synthetically: used as an antiseptic, as a photographic developer, etc.
Origin: pyro- plush catech(u) plush -ol
pyrocatechol - Medical Definition
A biologically important organic phenol, having two hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring; used as a topical antiseptic. Also called catechol. | <urn:uuid:1224b332-b7f6-4e1d-bc81-8acc68b4d95c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.yourdictionary.com/pyrocatechol | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010951612/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091551-00086-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.841891 | 183 | 3.03125 | 3 |
// Posted by BonnieG on 05/28/2015 (7:13 PM)
Unlike typical malware that pulls its data from computer’s hard drive, Stuxnet pulled the data from the memory, which virtually made if impossible to detect. As the article “How Digital Detectives Deciphered Stuxnet, The Most Menacing Malware In History.” pointed out Stuxnet created a new “breed” of spyware. The malware was so malicious that it infected the software of several industrial sites in Iran, including a uranium plant. The worm spread from one computer to another through a LNK file of Windows Explorer. Unbeknownst, to the user, each time the USB stick was installed the worm installed an encrypted file onto the computer. This allowed the intruders to spy on Iran’s systems.
The worm caused cyber warfare, like battles played out in the military. First, the malware wreaked havoc on Microsoft Windows. Then it infected Siemens Step 7 software. The malware was so invasive that the worm would separate in many different directions. That made the detection even more difficult to discover. From what I gathered the malware flowed as such:
- First an infected USB sticks that contained the Stuxnet virus running Microsoft Windows is inserted.
- Then it targeted systems that ran Siemans.
- Stuxnet used the information on the network to filter information.
The malware was so unique and complicated that computer experts, and companies who spend millions of dollars, was unable to detect the virus, and after its detection was unable to immediately stop it. Therefore, if experts are unable to detect spyware using professional knowledge, and sophisticated software, what are the laymen like us to do? We install anti-virus and anti-spy software, hoping we are fully protected against viruses, and Trojan horses. We’re not. Certainly, it allows us some protection from malicious programmers, but it also gives us a false sense of security, as well. Because, in spite of continued warnings, about computer theft, we continue to put valuable information online; from pictures, and locations of our children, to personal account numbers.
It disturbs me, knowing if large companies that spend millions of dollars to detect, and stop malware, are unable to do so, where does that leave us? Certainly, we aren’t going to stop using the computer, because it has now become an integral tool in our lives. | <urn:uuid:78f0546c-aefd-4a0e-9f09-b6013159202c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://tocqueville.richmond.edu/digitalamerica/?p=4125 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806327.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121074123-20171121094123-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.94308 | 507 | 2.625 | 3 |
Scientists tested nanostructured titanium
Russian scientists from the National Research Group «Belgorod State University» experiencing a new titanium alloy developed by using nanocrystalline technology. This special alloyed composition for medical implants, which in the formula (in contrast to the materials used today) no vanadium and aluminum alloy adversely affect compatibility with the human body. This nanostructured titanium is not inferior to the existing analogues in terms of strength, while showing considerably higher ductility and corrosion resistance, which promises the development of Belgorod scientists solid prospects.
«The materials being developed for the needs of orthopedics, traumatology, dentistry and other fields in medicine throughout the world imposed the most stringent requirements» — describe the process of developing innovative formulations based on titanium representatives NIU «BSU». «Among other standards, they must not contain carcinogenic toxins and must be chemically and biologically inert, is not accepted them in the presence of substances causing allergies and thrombogenesis. In other words, for the alloy implant should be capable of efficient engraftment in the human body, and it is a long process and requires the attention of experts and a thorough analysis of the current situation. Carrying out field experiments in this field delays the appearance of decent samples for decades. Today in our laboratory same biocompatible titanium specimens with nanocrystalline structure investigated by introducing the corresponding data (for possible changes in the human body, and transformations in the metal structure) in the «brain» of a high-performance computer. Here all scenarios are handled with the help of numerical simulation, so scientists are able to conduct the most sophisticated experiments with alloys in the shortest possible time «- commented on the work of the Higher Belgorod scientists. | <urn:uuid:fefe586b-f722-4f9c-a79c-4c5af8e7ac80> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://auremo.biz/news/2013/05/uchenye-ispytyvajut-nanostrukturirovannyj-titan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510671.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930082033-20230930112033-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.85364 | 356 | 2.609375 | 3 |
by Patrick Cox
October 8, 2015
Life extension technologies have been so successful that we are only just beginning to understand their impact. Longer life expectancies are the most obvious consequence, but reduced birthrates are also a consequence of living longer. Though the linkage between these two phenomenon is not well understood, it is statistically unassailable and therefore the subject of considerable academic research. There is another consequence of life extension that’s been pondered far less. I’m talking about the increase in the average age of populations as people live longer and have fewer babies. Just like each of us individually, society is getting older.
In 1950, just before I was born, the average age of an American was about 28 years. Today, it’s about 40. This alone ought to make us think. At 28, I was quite different from my 40-year-old self. Similar changes in median ages are going on across the globe, as this chart from the UN Population Division shows.
Though we can only guess at the cultural impacts of societal aging, I’m quite sure they will be manifold and enormous. Mostly, I’ve written about easily measurable policy problems such as the increases in health care costs associated with older populations. There will, however, be many changes beyond the obvious budgetary issues. I find these impacts more interesting, in part because we’ve never seen such a change take place before. Society is truly moving into new territory.
We’ve seen before, however, that demographics can color the character of entire societies. The most obvious example is the Baby Boom, the explosion in birth rates that took place after a time of abstinence imposed by the rigors of World War II. Though birthrates were already falling rapidly before the war, they experienced a temporary, but dramatic increase at the end of the conflict. The following chart of the Baby Boom from the Wikipedia entry shows this clearly.
Though this chart represents births per 1000 population in the US, the same demographic event happened more or less the same way in many parts of the world. In the United States, the Baby Boom produced a population cohort of nearly 80 million people bracketed by far fewer younger and older people who would normally moderate the age groups’ influence on markets, politics, fashion, and other aspects of society. As a result, the Boomer experience has had an outsized influence on culture for over half a century. In many ways, it still does.
I suspect that the increasing average age of the population will eventually result in even greater impacts than those that came about due to the Baby Boom. While I don’t pretend to know exactly what a much older population’s culture will be like, I do have questions.
I wonder, for example, how a much older population—that is more occupied with its own health and mortality—will deal with children. One possibility is that increasingly rare births will increase society’s concern and appreciation for the very young. Another possibility is that older people will be preoccupied with their own waning lives.
Of course, there will be a range of behaviors rather than a single personality profile. Some older people will adopt the role of doting surrogate grandparents, protecting and caring for the interests of the young. Others will be yelling “get off my lawn” and shaking their fists. I’ve already seen signs of this kind of attitude in large retirement communities that happily restrict the intrusive presence of children. My question, however, is about the aggregate impact; and I really don’t know what it will be.
I also wonder if society’s attitude about the future, specifically risk taking, will be significantly altered as we all get older. On the one hand, we all know older people whose moods and attitudes about the future have turned dark and pessimistic. Some of us tend to project our own looming extinction onto the world at large. Throughout history, in fact, there have always been those who have undergone old-age transformations and decided that the long rise of civilization has finally halted, just as they are personally nearing the end of life.
On a less dramatic level, we see this trend manifested in the certainty that all the great music has already been made. My father’s father believed that Scott Joplin and his cohorts were the last great musicians. He rejected the music of Duke Ellington and Glenn Miller that my father loved. My father seemingly learned nothing from this experience and never accepted that the Beatles made any music worth hearing. Now, I hear echoes of this attitude in Boomers complaining that there is no great music being made today. In thirty or forty years, I’m quite certain that music that is popular today will be playing in hotel lobbies while parents complain about the junk their kids listen to. With smaller populations of young people, I wonder what impact we’ll see on music.
Youth tend to be more creative, optimistic, and hopeful. On the other hand, young people also tend to believe they are smarter than their parents’ generation, despite a youthful deficit of real life experience and perspective. This can breed attitudes that are essentially reactionary, seemingly tailored just to differ from the prior generation’s norms. Over time, however, people tend to grow more conservative with age.
Ironically, there is a lot of evidence that older people are actually getting smarter. The fact that the last few generations have increasing IQs is generally described as the Flynn effect. This recent study shows the Flynn effect in Germany and England, but it has been observed globally. At the same time, SAT scores among young adults have been falling for ten years, though I’m not convinced that SAT scores actually reflect intelligence or the ability to succeed. Regardless, the intergenerational balance of power has only just begun to shift. How this all works out is far from clear, but the driving force behind our biggest changes, life extending technologies, is intensifying.
— This article originally appeared at Transformational Technologies. | <urn:uuid:2adb7c60-f9ec-4e4e-9671-eba57fb458b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://rodmartin.org/life-extension-culture-and-politics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824675.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021081004-20171021101004-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.968092 | 1,232 | 3 | 3 |
For all Jews, the 10th of Tevet, is a day of fasting, mourning and repentance. Tevet 10 or Asarah BeTevet is also the day selected as a "general Kaddish day" for the victims of the Holocaust whose date of death remains unknown. Although work is permitted we do not eat food or drink any liquid from just before daybreak until nightfall. We also add Selichot and supplements to our regular daily prayers.
On the tenth of Tevet, the armies of the Babylonian emperor Nebuchadnezzar laid siege to Jerusalem, leading to the fall of the city. Thirty months later the walls were breached and on the 9th of Av (Tisha B'Av), Solomon's Holy Temple was destroyed and the Jews were exiled to Babylonia for seventy years.
For Orthodox Jews the destruction of the First Temple was the beginning of the end for the Jewish people. The Second Temple may have exceeded the First Temple in magnificence, but it did not have the holiness of the First Temple. Nebuchadnezzar had looted the Holy Vessels, and the miracles of the First Temple were absent.
May you have a meaningful fast. | <urn:uuid:5e918ecb-f536-4bb0-be68-988952309c46> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://frumlife.blogspot.com/2010/12/fast-of-10-tevet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104565.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818043915-20170818063915-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.97023 | 246 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Have you ever had images come out to bright or too dark? You might need to pay more attention to your metering and the mode that you are using. So what does metering do for you? It will measure the amount of bright and dark tones in your image and help you get the best exposure for your subject.
The first step to understanding any of your metering modes is remembering how your camera thinks about exposure. Everything your camera sees within the frame is averaged out to an 18% (middle) grey get the best exposure. A lot of the time this works well, however you still need to be smarter than your camera!
For example, if your subject is mostly white/bright, your camera will try to make it middle grey. By shooting at that metered reading, this will result in an underexposed image. The same goes for a subject that is overall dark tones. Your camera will try to overexpose the subject to bring it up to middle grey. By understanding how your camera meters, you’ll have more creative control over your results. So how do you determine what metering mode is best? Here are the three main modes explained.
Matrix Metering (Nikon)/Evaluative Metering (Canon)-
This is the main default metering mode for most DSLRs and evaluates the whole scene. The frame is divided up into zones. Each of these zones is analyzed depending on how bright or dark the tones within that section are. Then it looks to where you focused in the frame and marks that spot as most important, but still takes the rest of the frame into account.
Center-weighted Metering- In this mode, the camera evaluates the light from the subject in the middle of the frame and ignores the corners of the frame. This can work well if you have a back lit subject or they are front lit with a dark background that is composed in the middle of the frame. However, your subject must be composed within the middle of the frame.
Spot Metering- Spot metering is a personal favorite of mine. It only measures the light that is around your focus point and ignores everything else in the frame. This way during a portrait session, you can move your focus point onto your subjects face or eye and it will meter based off that exact point.
You may have noticed a fourth meter mode option in the photo above. This is the Partial Metering option that’s available with Canon DSLRs. It’s similar to Spot Metering, but with a slightly larger area.
For reference, here’s what the symbols will look like on your camera menu:
Bonus tip: If you are someone who “focuses and recomposes” in your frame AND prefers spot metering- you’ll want to make sure that you pay extra attention to your metering. When you recompose, it will meter based off the new spot that your focus point is over. So if you were metering/focusing on someone’s face, lock your focus, and recompose where your focus point is over a backlit sky you’ll end up with an underexposed image. You can solve this by assigning one of your buttons to be a Metering lock, similar to how you assign Back Button Focus.
Do you have a favorite metering mode you use? How has it helped improve your photography?
Are you ready to bring balance back to your business? And make time for more photography in your life? Give Iris Works a try! Sign up for FREE TRIAL today! | <urn:uuid:1b418444-0b19-452f-af09-5036f3aeb807> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://iris-works.com/metering-modes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402105054-20230402135054-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.93443 | 743 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Mobile devices make it easier for parents and teachers to collaborate and communicate
Educators know that students’ home lives play an integral role in their academic success. Communication between teachers and parents makes it easier for educators to understand the outside challenges students may deal with, and it helps parents understand how they can better support their children in school.
In August, we brought you five tools that parents and teachers could use to start the school year off connected.
As winter break looms in the not-too-distant future, and as report cards might prompt some parents to touch base with teachers more often, here are six more tools to help facilitate communication.
(Next page: Six apps for parent-teacher communication and collaboration) | <urn:uuid:c3422c1f-7948-46b6-aa0a-c6469644173c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.eschoolnews.com/2014/11/13/parent-teacher-collaboration-389/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510846.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403092656-20200403122656-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.962974 | 147 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Genetically modified food raises lots of questions, from whether it’s safe to the environmental benefits. Science writer Stevie Shephard delves behind the headlines with a beginner’s guide.
You’ve probably heard about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) – also known as genetically engineered foods or just ‘GM’ – and you might be wondering what all the fuss is about. Here, we explain the basics.
What are GMOs?
‘GMO’ refers to any living thing that’s had its DNA altered using genetic engineering. This could be a plant, animal (including humans) or bacterium and it’s usually done to introduce a desirable trait into the organism, such as larger fruit or drought resistance.
You'll often see discussion of GM foods accompanied by images of fruit and veg with scary-looking syringes stuck in them (presumably by evil scientists), but these bear little resemblance to reality.
Humans have actually been performing a low-tech version of the GM process for thousands of years through selective breeding. Ancient farmers did it with maize (that’s sweetcorn to us), and transformed a tough, indigestible grain into the juicy yellow kernels we know today.
Genetic engineering allows us to directly alter the DNA of organisms without having to go through the process of breeding them over many generations. The gene for a desirable trait is isolated from a separate organism and inserted into the target, either manually or by attaching it to a (harmless) virus. GMOs can be used to treat disease, protect the environment and, of course, produce food.
Are GM foods bad?
Well, it’s complicated. Despite what many people might claim, there is no evidence that GMOs are bad for you to eat, use, touch, rub into your skin or feed to your children.
In short, there is little difference between altering DNA through selective breeding and altering it through genetic engineering, and your body can’t tell the difference between GM and non-GM foods.
Genetic engineering can actually be used to increase the nutrient density in food. The now famous “Golden Rice Project” is a good example. Food scientists modified ordinary rice to be rich in vitamin A and this is now grown in areas where vitamin A deficiency is a major cause of child mortality and blindness.
Crops can also be modified to produce higher yields and grow in drought-stricken areas. As well as being generally good for business, these modifications could also go a long way to alleviating famine and hunger around the world.
But that’s not the whole story – and one of the reasons is pesticide. Some GM crops are altered to be resistant to certain pesticides, which could increase pesticide use on them. Alternatively, some are made to produce their own bug-repelling properties, actually reducing the need for additional pesticides.
Both approaches end up killing “pests” – some of which are actually vital pollinators – however this also happens with conventional, non-GMO crops and is one of the realities of intensive farming.
On balance, it could be argued the global benefits of GM crops currently outweigh the risks, at least according to a peer-reviewed 2014 analysis into the impact of GM crops, published in the science journal PLOS One.
So what’s the problem?
While the health issues may have been over-emphasised by the media, there are still plenty of reasons why GMOs are controversial.
One major problem is the fact that a crop can become the intellectual property of a private company. Traditionally, farmers save some of the seeds from their current crop to plant for next year’s harvest.
But when a company owns the rights to a GM crop, they can (and do) forbid farmers from doing this, forcing them to purchase new seed from the patent owners every year. Even if a farmer doesn’t grow GM crops, they can blow in from neighbouring fields, making it necessary to purchase a licence for them – or face heavy fines. GM critics say that this gives large corporations too much control over agriculture and the power to exploit farmers.
There also remain a handful of scientists who still have concerns about ‘unknown’ long-term implications. Anti-GM cellular biologist Dr David Williams says that a genome is not a static environment and claims “inserted genes can be transformed by several different means [which] can happen generations later”. Talking to the journal Scientific American, he argues that potentially toxic plants could therefore slip through testing in future.
Even if most experts support GM technology, some critics argue that scientists could be afraid to challenge the majority and publish anti-GM studies, because they would face attacks on their reputations and receive less funding for their research.
Whether or not that’s true, it doesn’t change the fact that almost all anti-GM studies to date have been discredited or retracted – debunked by the scientific community for using misleading, unscientific methods.
What’s in a name?
The term 'GMO' doesn’t mean a lot in itself. It’s basically a blanket term for any organism that has had its genes altered. As such, the upsides and downsides of GMOs are not as simple as healthy or unhealthy, good or bad.
There’s much more to say about the potential of GM technology. But as a consumer, it’s worth noting that currently approved GM foods are likely to be indistinguishable from non-GM produce; they may even be cheaper, tastier or more nutritious. The politics of GMOs, however, are still in their infancy.
Ultimately, it’s down to personal, informed choice. Get the facts and be wary of anyone trying to scare you about what’s in your food – they may just be trying to sell you an alternative. A good way to avoid being swayed by the pro- or anti-GMO lobbies is to get the facts from independent projects such as the Genetic Literacy Project. | <urn:uuid:fec8b9c3-bed9-4ba0-acbd-cd2a66f491f2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=british+food+scientists+who+studied+gmo+potatoes+list+in+india+history&d=4904852813318549&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=5s1shy0JFZi2eFYLiG7FYqvoxxfDYfUu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348504341.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605205507-20200605235507-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.954645 | 1,252 | 3.359375 | 3 |
How can we use less water? A local middle school student has an idea that could save gallons of water every day.
400 billion... That's how many gallons of water we use every day in the U.S. That's a lot of water and lot of water that could one day be conserved by the Water Watcher.
Inventor Elizabeth Rintels says, "My invention is called the Water Watcher and it's a device that hooks up to any faucet or shower head and it beeps every time half a gallon has come through." Elizabeth is a middle school student from Keswick who recently won the $10,000 top prize in the national By Kids For Kids Going Green Challenge.
Her invention, the Water Watcher, reminds you of how much water your really using and encourages you to finish up a bit sooner. Elizabeth says, "The actual amount you will save if you shorten your shower by 1 minute you'll save 5 gallons." That's about 1000 gallons a year and 300 billion gallons nationwide. Elizabeth says she wasn't trying to come up with an invention but the idea just came to her. "While I was in the shower, I just thought of this idea brainstorming about ways that I could conserve water."
The earth's population is increasing every year but the water supply is not. Conserving water is the best and cheapest way to maintain water supplies and the Water Watcher could be the key. Elizabeth says, "I really hope that it gets produced and maybe someday it will be on my shower head."
Do you have an idea for an invention? Visit www.BKFK.com.
Do you want more information about how to conserve water or to calculate how much water you use everyday? Visit the USGS at http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/sq3.html
If you have a going green idea you would like to share just send Myles an email at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:dcabc8cd-6ddc-4507-a75b-ad1a61cc17bf> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.newsplex.com/green/home/headlines/30261319.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500828050.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021348-00190-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965568 | 407 | 3.21875 | 3 |
1. Read Aloud
While some might think of a teaching reading aloud as something that only happens in elementary classrooms, there is evidence that reading aloud also benefits middle and high school students as well.
2. Stop and Ask Questions to Yourself as You Read
A good strategy to teach struggling readers is that instead of just rushing through a passage or chapter, they should stop and ask themselves questions. Doing this can help them focus on the main ideas and increase the student's engagement with the material.
3. Talk with Someone Else About What Is Being Read
Having students stop periodically and discuss what has just been read can reveal any issues with understanding and can reinforce what is being taught.
4. Look at the Headings and Other Information before You Begin
An excellent strategy that soon becomes second nature is to have struggling students read through all the headings and subheadings in any chapter that they have been assigned. This information can help them gain an overview of what they will be learning as they read the chapter.
5. Keep Paper Handy for Notes and Questions
Students should read a chapter with paper and pen in hand. They can then take notes, write down questions they think of, and create a vocabulary list of all the highlighted words in the chapter along with any unfamiliar terms that they need to define.
6. Learn to Cluster Words
Clustering is a skill that increases reading comprehension by having students learn to read groups of words that form phrases or fit together semantically into one cluster.
7. Use Graphic Organizers as You Read
Some students find that graphic organizers like webs and concept maps can greatly enhance reading comprehension. These allow students to identify areas of focus and main ideas in a reading.
8. Practice PQ4R
This consists of six steps: Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, and Review. Preview has students scan the material to get an overview. Question means that students should ask themselves questions as they read. The four R's have students read the material, reflect on what has just been read, recite the major points to yourself, and then finally go back over the material and see if you can answer the questions you previously asked.
9. Stop and Summarize
As students read, have them periodically stop their reading and summarize what they have just read. This will aid in their understanding of the material being covered.
10. Write Questions about the Material
After students have read a passage, have them go back and write questions that could be included in a quiz or test on the material. This will require them to look at the information in a different manner. | <urn:uuid:e1d7b31a-d13a-40b2-8d1a-b4a60c2c7744> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.baigon.com.cn/new/p1005825/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497309.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330212722-20200331002722-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.711464 | 534 | 3.953125 | 4 |
“We found that shorter and lower quality sleep tended to lead to more stressors on the following day,” said Soomi Lee, lead author and Penn State postdoctoral scholar from two separate studies published in 2017.
Aside from the above study, here are 10 reasons why good quality sleep is important. (Below is a condensed version of a Healthline article.)
1. Poor Sleep Can Make You Fat
Poor sleep is strongly linked to weight gain. If you are trying to lose weight, getting quality sleep is absolutely crucial.
2. Good Sleepers Tend to Eat Fewer Calories
Studies show that sleep deprived individuals have a bigger appetite and tend to eat more calories.
3. Good Sleep Can Improve Concentration and Productivity
Sleep is important for various aspects of brain function which includes cognition, concentration, productivity and performance.
A study on medical interns provides a good example. Interns on a "traditional schedule" made 36% more serious medical errors than interns on a schedule that allowed more sleep.
4. Good Sleep Can Maximize Athletic Performance
Sleep has been shown to enhance athletic performance. A study of over 2,800 women found that poor sleep was linked to slower walking, lower grip strength, and greater difficulty performing independent activities.
5. Poor Sleepers Have a Greater Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke
A review of 15 studies found that short sleepers are at far greater risk of heart disease or stroke than those who sleep 7 to 8 hours per night.
6. Sleep Affects Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes Risk
In a study of healthy young men, restricting sleep to 4 hours per night for 6 nights in a row caused symptoms of pre-diabetes. This was then resolved after 1 week of increased sleep duration.
Poor sleep habits are also strongly linked to adverse effects on blood sugar in the general population. Those sleeping less than 6 hours per night have repeatedly been shown to be at increased risk for type 2 diabetes.
7. Poor Sleep Is Linked to Depression
It has been estimated that 90% of patients with depression complain about sleep quality. Poor sleep is even associated with increased risk of death by suicide.
8. Sleep Improves Your Immune Function
One large 2-week study monitored the development of the common cold after giving people nasal drops with the virus that causes colds. They found that those who slept less than 7 hours were almost three times more likely to develop a cold than those who slept 8 hours.
9. Poor Sleep Is Linked to Increased Inflammation
Poor sleep has been strongly linked to long-term inflammation of the digestive tract, in disorders known as inflammatory bowel diseases.
10. Sleep Affects Emotions and Social Interactions
One study found that people who had not slept had a reduced ability to recognize expressions of anger and happiness.
What does all this talk of sleep have to do with the Art of Ascension? When a person uses The Art of Ascension in a 20 minute close-eyed practice, similar to meditation, you receive twice as much rest as you do in 8 hours of sleep. This is measured by your heart rate, respiration rate, and other factors such as fatigue toxins being released. And if you fall asleep using the techniques, you will enter a much deeper rest immediately.
Would you like to share your story of how The Art of Ascension has given you rest? | <urn:uuid:e3e7b54a-ca8b-4f71-9567-f4464443b294> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theishayafoundation.org/our-blog/10-reasons-to-give-your-brain-a-rest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.955094 | 692 | 3.203125 | 3 |
About This Item
Figure d'une Comete admirable veuë en l'air
Title taken from caption of woodcut.
Image of a comet seen on October 9th, 1528. As it went over Southern France, it was said that the comet contained a hand holding a large sword and surrounded by celestial monsters.
Paré, Ambroise, 1510?-1590
Digitized by the Historical Medical Library of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia
1 print : woodcut
11 x 9 cm
Paré, Ambroise, 1510?-1590, “Figure d'une Comete admirable veuë en l'air,” The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library, accessed September 24, 2023, https://cppdigitallibrary.org/items/show/3143. | <urn:uuid:b90035b8-66be-40b9-94a4-2368173d68a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://cppdigitallibrary.org/items/show/3143?tags=Astronomical+Objects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506658.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924155422-20230924185422-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.758915 | 243 | 3.109375 | 3 |
It’s been a long running staple of science fiction movies. A biochemical giant finds an amazing new business opportunity. Some compound or plant in an exotic location is able to alter or remove the limits on cell division in the human body. The “scientists” in the R&D department declare that turning whatever this infinite cell divider is into a pill would create a multi-billion dollar market and help extend human lifespan to extremes we could only dream of. But those are movies. In real life what those “scientists” would be doing is creating something like cancer in a can. There’s a good reason to let our cells stop dividing.
Cell division in humans, and all other animals, is regulated by telomeres; regions of redundant hereditary material on the ends of a chromosome. Without them, chromosome ends for a new cell would come unraveled and all the codons it contains would be lost. But as cells divide, their telomeres shorten until they start unraveling. When they do, their home cell stops dividing and might even commit suicide when there’s too much damage to the chromosomes. And that’s a key component in suppressing cancerous tumors. Cancerous cells can regenerate their telomeres and as they grow out of control, they form tumors which invade nearby tissues and metastasize to spread throughout the body.
This isn’t so cut and dry though. We don’t know how humans would respond to a treatment of compounds that lengthen their telomeres. We only know that nematodes with longer telomeres would have longer lifespans and their offspring would inherit the extended telomeres, also with the longer lifespan seen in their parents. But would the same apply to humans? Human aging is rather complex and just having longer telomeres might not do all that much for us. And there would always be a concern that some of our cells would overdose on the treatment to become cancerous and create tumors. Either way, having us take pills to dramatically change how many times our cells could divide or giving these cells immortality is not a good idea. In fact, it may be an effective way of causing cancers on demand. | <urn:uuid:19b80fa7-bb1d-46ee-b7ea-b038b141a764> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://worldofweirdthings.com/2009/03/28/making-cancer-in-a-can/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163040712/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131720-00049-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956322 | 452 | 2.828125 | 3 |
You can probably guess that something called “Mountain Dew mouth” can’t be a good thing. Unfortunately, dentists see varying degrees of it (also called “soda mouth”) all too often. Health experts familiar with the Appalachian region of the Eastern U.S. refer to the area’s drink of choice, Mountain Dew, as a major reason for such high rates of advanced tooth decay and other dental problems. (That coupled with poor dental habits.)
Of course, drinking Mountain Dew and other soft drinks is hardly unique to Appalachia. People around the country consume soda and, more recently, energy drinks on a regular basis. Despite reports indicating overall soda consumption going down in the U.S., soda-related dental problems won’t be disappearing any time soon. The staff at Associated Dentists believe it’s important that you and your family take proactive measures to minimize or eliminate the potentially serious dental complications that can come from drinking soda regularly.
Why is soda so hard on your teeth?
First, and this will probably come as no surprise to you, sodas can be extremely high in sugar (corn syrup is also a sugar). Naturally occurring bacteria in your mouth flourish in the presence of all that sugar. In the process, they create harmful acids that wreak havoc on your teeth, particularly the protective outer layer known as enamel. When the bacteria break through the weakened enamel, a tiny hole results and you have the beginning of cavity. Left untreated, cavities can eventually lead to severe pain and even tooth loss.
So, if you eliminate that sugar and instead drink only diet soda, you’ll get around the problem, right? Wrong.
When you drink any form of soda (or energy drink) you’re also consuming acids found in the drink itself. Citric, carbonic, and phosphoric acids are common ingredients in both sugared and sugar-free soda. Though sugar may be the most notorious culprit in terms of tooth decay, acids like those mentioned can be just as – or more – damaging, especially in their ability to erode enamel and the layer beneath, dentin, which comprises the bulk of a tooth.
What can you do to prevent soda-related tooth damage?
Eliminating soda would certainly remove a major foe to your dental health (and your overall health for that matter). But if that’s not practical for you, there are lots of ways to combat the negative effects that soda can have on your teeth.
Have a post-soda strategy
If you’re taking the harmful effects of soda to heart, you’ll want to develop some smart soda follow-up. For example, drink water after you have a soda. Better yet, rinse your mouth with water to eliminate – or at least greatly reduce – the soda residue left on your teeth. You can even go a step further and use a baking soda/water rinse or a store-bought mouthwash (just ask your dentist for a recommendation).
As for brushing your teeth after having a soda, yes, that’s a good idea. But wait. Literally, wait at least 30 minutes. It may seem counter-intuitive, but it makes a lot of sense. When you sip a soda, its acids almost immediately begin reacting with the surface of your teeth, which makes them especially vulnerable. Studies have conclusively shown that brushing right after having a soda can actually worsen the effects of acid. Think of it like this: when brushing 20 minutes or so within drinking a soda, the bristles of your toothbrush are helping the acids do more damage. (Note: this rule of thumb about waiting a short period before brushing also applies to consuming any acidic food or drink.)
If you really want to take immediate – and effective – action, rinse your mouth (see above).
Don’t sip all day
People who drink soda throughout the day are continually creating opportunities for sugar and acids to attack their teeth. If you must have a soda, drink it within a short period of time; don’t make it a liquid companion you turn to all day long. And if you do seem to be habitually wetting your whistle, there are much better alternatives, like water.
Replace soda with a better beverage
Speaking of water, let’s just point out the obvious: water does not have the harmful sugar and acids that soda does. It’s also free (if we’re talking about municipal tap water). Of course, today you can choose from a wide array of soda alternatives beyond water, but just be careful that you’re not replacing one bad habit with another. Juices, coffees, and teas, for example, all come with their own risk/reward factors. Also, remember that when it comes to the most virtuous beverage, water wins hands-down.
See your dentist regularly
Along with good oral hygiene, seeing your dentist on a regular basis can go a long way toward keeping your teeth healthy. If your dentist identifies a soda-related problem, he or she can take measures to prevent it from getting worse. Your dentist can also point you in the right direction by offering helpful tips and insights (like those above) that can greatly reduce the harmful effects of soda. And don’t forget: if you have dental insurance, most plans cover two cleanings per year. Professionally cleaned teeth feel great, look better, and leave you with the satisfaction that you’ve done a good deed not only for your teeth’s health but for your overall health as well.
Additional soda notes:
- Using a straw to drink a soda can reduce your teeth’s exposure to its sugar and acids.
- If you have a soda and then go to bed, you’re creating a perfect environment for soda’s harmful ingredients to sit on your teeth all night.
- One study actually revealed the striking resemblance of soda mouth to “meth mouth”.
- For more on Mountain Dew mouth, check out this article. | <urn:uuid:cf7b2dd2-e0e2-4c02-ac9b-64fb82b20268> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.associateddentists.com/blog/soda-and-your-teeth-how-to-prevent-the-dreaded-mountain-dew-mouth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.930439 | 1,255 | 3.03125 | 3 |
General flowering and fruiting in Kemena and Tatau River areas
Hiromitsu Samejima (CSEAS, Kyoto University)
Most lowland and hill areas of Borneo are covered by Mixed Dipterocarp Forest (MDF), in which large Dipterocarpaceae trees (ex. Shorea, Dipterocarpus and Dryobalanops spp.) dominate the canopy layer. In these forests, trees don’t flower and fruit every year. Once every one to five years, various taxa of trees synchronously blossom and fructify. These phenomena are called “general flowering” and “general fruiting” (Sakai et al., 1999). During the period of general flowering, a swarm of giant honey bees (Apis dorsta) appears, followed by a pack of wild boars in the time of general fruiting. Both species come and go enjoying nature’s blessings and during this period of time, local people collect honey, catch wild boars and gather Illipe nuts (fruit of “Engkabang”: Shorea stenoptera and several other species for food oil). During this period, collecting honey or gathering Illipe nuts are no longer common activities of locals, while wild boars are still their important source of protein. Many villagers well remember a recent time when wild boar was extremely abundant.
A wild boar captured on Camera trap
This general flowering and fruiting is considered to be triggered by dry conditions (Sakai et al., 2006). When precipitation was low for a certain amount of time (more or less one month?), most trees in the area began to bloom and produce fruit synchronically. The special extent of this phenomenon is sometimes limited only to valley areas but when it occurs on a grand scale, it occurs from the Malay Peninsula to the whole of Borneo.
During this joint-research, in each village we visited we intensively investigated when the last time they witnessed many wild boars was. Because massive general flowering and fruiting occurred twice in 2009 that covered western Kalimantan, the whole area of Sarawak, and the west coast of Sabah, I had presumed that in this confined geographical area¹, the answers would coincide with this period of general flowering and fruiting. However, the answers were different among each area (Fig.-1). This unevenness is explained by the following two presumptions:
1) The start of the dry period varied from region to region, as did the period of general flowering.
2 )The difference of location situations such as plantations of both acacia or oil palm and swampy forests created different landscape compositions.
Details of this issue will be revealed in my future research.
The fruit of “Engkabang” is a well-known non-timber forest product (NTFP) in Borneo which is exported even today. Along the Baram River areas, where I had been working, many Engkabang trees, planted in the past can still be seen. The business, however, is already obsolete. But in one village on the Anap River, I was informed people still collect Engkabang fruit and a Chinese trader in Sangan town buys it, although many villagers complain about its low trading price. During my visit, I was also informed about an Iban man who still collects wild honey from the giant bees. I expect these persons possess a certain amount of information on the history of general flowering and fruiting in the area and the geographical pattern of the event. I am planning to make contact with them in the future.
¹this confined geographical area: the total of Sebauh subdistrict, Tatau District（≒Kemena, Tatau river areas）is no more than 10,000Km square meters. | <urn:uuid:0a54716c-8710-4a95-9add-207f5c9d2d9a> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://biomasssociety.org/en/2012/03/general-flowering-and-fruiting-in-kemena-and-tatau-river-areas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.947762 | 800 | 3.125 | 3 |
A brawling river, chirping crickets, and a crackling fire – many people experience natural noises as soothing. Now a scientific study proves what some of us have always known to be true: Nature sounds have a direct therapeutic effect on living creatures.
Mother Earth’s ability to heal
Mother Nature is currently very much in vogue. Books about the native flora and fauna, the Japanese tradition of forest bathing and stress management seminars far from congested urban areas are experiencing a veritable boom. This does not seem surprising since many stress-ridden city-dwellers feel that nature is the ideal place to relax. To move freely, to breathe fresh air, to feed your eyes on the vibrant shades of green – being outside affects the body, mind, and soul in many positive ways.
The powerful sound of nature
It is not just the stunning views, refreshing scents and the physical exercise beyond the city limits, though, which are beneficial for us. In recent years, it has been found that one specific component of nature has a particularly profound effect on humans: her sound. Just think about how disturbing the noise from the construction site around the corner or your colleague’s loud phone calls can be. Now, remember what you heard during your last trip to the countryside: you probably perceived those sounds as very pleasant. Whether it’s the humming of the bees or the murmur of a stream, nature’s sounds have been proven to affect the processes in the human brain.
A study proves that nature sounds affect the brain
The positive effect of natural sounds is evidenced by a survey by the Brighton and Sussex Medical School published in “Scientific Reports” in 2017. Dr. Cassandra Gould and her team subjected a test group to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). While the participants were exposed to artificial and natural sounds, created by the audiovisual artist Mark Ware, an MRI-machine measured their brain activity. Additionally, the activity of the autonomic nervous system was measured based on changing heart rates. The results were precise yet astonishing. Depending on the sounds the participants heard, the activity changed in their Default Mode Network, i. e. the brain region that is active while a person is resting.
Nature sounds increase attention and reduce stress
When the participants were exposed to artificial sounds, their brain activity indicated that their attention was shifting inward. What may sound good is quite concerning: an inward focus is also observed in people with clinical depression, anxiety disorder, or even post-traumatic stress disorder. The study participants, on the contrary, turned their attention outward while listening to the sounds of nature, which means they were wide awake and focused. At the same time, however, they relaxed. The sympathetic nervous system responsible for the fight-and-flight reaction in dangerous and stressful situations was at rest, while the parasympathetic system, responsible for the metabolism, recovery, and development of the body’s resources, became active.
Enjoy the sounds of nature in everyday life
The conclusion of the study and the resulting therapeutic options are of utmost interest not only to medicine or urban planning. Everybody can benefit from the comforting qualities of natural sounds! It is not necessary to spend your vacations in secluded corners of the world. Nor do you have to go hiking every weekend. Even if you have only a little time, spend it in the open air – just a few minutes of nature’s music make a difference! On the way to the office, for example, you could take a traffic-calmed side street, where you might hear a squirrel cracking a nut. Instead of spending your lunch break in a stuffy room, step outside, and enjoy your meal in the park. Pay attention, and you will be rewarded: even in the concrete jungle, the wind is dancing through the treetops and birds are singing their songs.
The music of nature: CDs, streams, and apps
If you have little opportunity to spend time outdoors, you still do not have miss out on nature's soothing sounds. They are available on CD, various streaming services and apps. In case you are wondering: the human brain makes no difference. Nature sounds have a beneficial effect, even if it's your smartphone that delivers them. The app Sea Sounds, for example, allows you to mix different ocean noises according to your taste. Nature Sounds offers you even more choices and lets you listen to water, fields, and forests. In addition to wind, rain, and fire, white noise is at your disposal at A Soft Murmur. Although white noise does not originate in nature, it may provide relief for people with tinnitus.
Natural sounds for people with hearing loss
People with other types of hearing loss can also benefit from natural sounds. However, not every sound is pleasant to every individual. What helps one to relax can cause stress for the other. Therefore try different apps and explore which natural noise you experience as calming and relaxing. MED-EL users often report how much they enjoy the sound of nature with hearing solutions like ADHEAR. Amongst them is Robert from Austria, who explained in an interview: “When I tried the device for the first time, it brought tears to my eyes. I suddenly realized all the things I hadn’t been able to hear: birdsong, dogs barking—all these sounds had been missing. The feeling was simply amazing!” | <urn:uuid:feab41f9-60d9-4d6b-a777-cd7a37c50b29> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.explore-life.com/en/articles/the-sound-of-nature?utm_source=landingpage-nature-19&utm_medium=lang-us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706160424-20200706190424-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.962756 | 1,102 | 3.140625 | 3 |
There are several differences between natural and artificial ecosystems, including sustainability, diversity and purpose. A natural ecosystem has a diverse amount of species and plants, whereas artificial ecosystems are limited. Natural ecosystems are self-sustaining and result from spontaneous natural reaction, while artificial ecosystems require the assistance of humans.Continue Reading
A natural ecosystem is the result of interactions between organisms and the environment. For example, an ocean is classified as a marine ecosystem, which consists of algae, consumers and decomposers. A cycle occurs in this type of ecosystem that begins with algae converting energy via photosynthesis. After consumers feed on the algae, energy is transferred between the organisms. Once consumers die in this system, decomposers turn them into organic matter. This process occurs naturally over a period of time, whereas in an artificial ecosystem, human intervention is required.
An artificial ecosystem is not self-sustaining, and the ecosystem would perish without human assistance. For example, a farm is an artificial ecosystem that consists of plants and species outside their natural habitat. Without humans, this ecosystem could not sustain itself. The plants and animals need the help of humans to eat and survive. The purpose of artificial ecosystems are recreational, educational or profit. The purpose of natural ecosystems is simply natural circumstances.
Another major difference between a natural ecosystem and artificial ecosystems is diversity. Natural ecosystems contain more natural factors and organisms. The relationships between organisms, each other and the environment in this ecosystem are more complex than that of artificial ecosystems.Learn more about Environmental Science | <urn:uuid:b27e6c64-08c1-4c7b-a5dd-9e9c9960b29b> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.reference.com/science/difference-between-natural-artificial-ecosystem-93b9cbb62676a25d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106367.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820092918-20170820112918-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.923552 | 305 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Understanding Gastritis and its Symptoms
Gastritis is a medical condition that occurs when the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed or swollen. This can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections, excessive alcohol consumption, prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), stress, and autoimmune disorders.
Some of the common symptoms of gastritis include:
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Bloating and belching
- Indigestion and heartburn
- Feeling full even after eating small meals
- Black, tarry stools or vomit (indicating internal bleeding)
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. Gastritis can be a chronic condition if left untreated, and can lead to more serious complications such as ulcers, bleeding, and even stomach cancer.
Lifestyle Changes for Gastritis Relief
If you are experiencing gastritis symptoms, making some lifestyle changes can help alleviate the pain and discomfort associated with the condition. Here are some changes that you can make:
Avoid triggers: Certain foods, beverages, and habits can trigger or worsen gastritis symptoms. These include alcohol, spicy and fatty foods, caffeine, smoking, and stress. Try to avoid these triggers as much as possible.
Eat smaller, more frequent meals: Eating large meals can put more pressure on the stomach, leading to more symptoms. Try eating smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day instead.
Stay hydrated: Drinking enough water can help reduce stomach acid and ease symptoms. Aim for at least 8 cups of water per day.
Manage stress: Stress can worsen gastritis symptoms, so it’s important to find ways to manage stress. This could include meditation, deep breathing exercises, or counseling.
Get enough sleep: Getting enough sleep is important for overall health, but it can also help reduce stress and improve digestion.
By making these lifestyle changes, you can help alleviate gastritis symptoms and improve your overall quality of life. However, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Diet Modifications to Ease Gastritis Pain
Modifying your diet can also help relieve the pain and discomfort associated with gastritis. Here are some dietary changes that you can make:
Avoid trigger foods: As mentioned earlier, certain foods can trigger or worsen gastritis symptoms. These include spicy and fatty foods, caffeine, alcohol, acidic foods (such as citrus fruits and tomatoes), and carbonated beverages. Avoiding these foods can help alleviate symptoms.
Eat a low-fat diet: High-fat foods can irritate the stomach lining and worsen symptoms. Eating a low-fat diet can help alleviate symptoms and promote healing. Focus on lean proteins, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.
Eat foods that soothe the stomach: Some foods can help soothe the stomach and alleviate symptoms. These include bananas, oatmeal, ginger, and chamomile tea.
Chew food thoroughly: Chewing food thoroughly can help reduce the workload on the stomach and ease digestion.
Avoid eating before bedtime: Eating a large meal before bedtime can worsen symptoms. Try to eat your last meal of the day at least 2-3 hours before bedtime.
By making these dietary changes, you can help alleviate gastritis symptoms and promote healing. However, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Over-the-Counter and Prescription Medications for Gastritis
There are several over-the-counter and prescription medications that can help relieve the pain and discomfort associated with gastritis. These include:
Antacids: Antacids are over-the-counter medications that can help neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion.
H2 blockers: H2 blockers are medications that can help reduce the production of stomach acid, which can help relieve symptoms.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): PPIs are prescription medications that can help reduce the production of stomach acid, and are often used to treat more severe cases of gastritis.
Antibiotics: If your gastritis is caused by a bacterial infection (such as H. pylori), your healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotics to help eliminate the infection.
Prokinetics: Prokinetics are medications that can help improve stomach emptying and reduce symptoms such as bloating and nausea.
It is important to consult a healthcare provider before taking any medications for gastritis, as some medications can interact with other medications or have side effects. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended dosage and duration of treatment.
Home Remedies for Quick Gastritis Pain Relief
In addition to lifestyle changes, diet modifications, and medications, there are also several home remedies that can help alleviate gastritis pain and discomfort. Here are some examples:
Chamomile tea: Chamomile tea has anti-inflammatory properties and can help soothe the stomach. Drinking chamomile tea can help relieve gastritis symptoms.
Ginger: Ginger has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-nausea properties. Eating ginger or drinking ginger tea can help relieve gastritis symptoms.
Aloe vera juice: Aloe vera juice can help reduce inflammation and promote healing of the stomach lining. Drinking a small amount of aloe vera juice (about 1/4 cup) before meals can help relieve symptoms.
Apple cider vinegar: Although vinegar is acidic, some people find that drinking a small amount of apple cider vinegar mixed with water before meals can help alleviate gastritis symptoms.
Probiotics: Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can help improve digestion and reduce inflammation. Eating foods that are rich in probiotics (such as yogurt or kefir) or taking probiotic supplements can help relieve gastritis symptoms.
It is important to note that while these home remedies can help alleviate gastritis symptoms, they should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment. It is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. | <urn:uuid:437bf49e-9195-4794-a389-63029d7cd980> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://designsof.com/how-to-relieve-gastritis-pain-fast/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100523.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204020432-20231204050432-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.92262 | 1,252 | 3.03125 | 3 |
When do you use a semicolon vs a colon?
You can use either a semicolon or a colon to join two main clauses. Example: "I have a big test tomorrow; I can't go out tonight." A colon instead of a semicolon may be used between independent clauses when the second sentence explains, illustrates, paraphrases, or expands on the first sentence. Example: He got what he worked for: he really earned that promotion. You can only use a colon to join a main clause with a noun. Example: He got what he worked for: a promotion.
Briefly describe the main functions of proteins within the body.
Proteins are made up of individual amino acids that have been joined together. The shape of a protein is determined by the arrangement of covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. When a protein becomes denatured (or, destroyed) the hydrogen bonds are the most affected. Proteins are used to make structures of the body (ie: collagen). Proteins are used for movement (ie: actin and myosin in contractile muscle). Proteins are catalysts for chemical processes (ie: enzymes). Proteins are used for transport of substances within the body (ie: hemoglobin transports oxygen). Proteins are used in pH regulation (ie: plasma proteins act as acid or base). Proteins regulate metabolism (ie: insulin and growth hormone) Proteins act as the body's defense mechanism (ie: antibodies of immune system).
Please list and briefly describe four accessory structures of the eye and their functions.
1. Eyebrows: to provide shade and catch sweat 2. Eyelids: to moisten and protect the eye 3. Conjunctiva: to moisten and protect eye 4. Lacrimal Apparatus: to moisten, lubricate and protect against bacteria entering the body through the eyes | <urn:uuid:bff12e39-8b2e-4758-9a7f-53539c648018> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://tutorme.com/tutors/38358/interview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926160416-20170926180416-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.897018 | 392 | 3.984375 | 4 |
A floating point unit (FPU) is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. In Computing, floating point describes a system for numerical representation in which a string of digits (or Bits represents a Real number. Typical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root. Some systems (particularly older, microcode-based architectures) can also perform various transcendental functions such as exponential or trigonometric calculations, though in most modern processors these are done with software library routines. A transcendental function is a function that does not satisfy a Polynomial equation whose Coefficients are themselves polynomials in contrast to an
In most modern general purpose computer architectures, one or more FPUs are integrated with the CPU; however many embedded processors, especially older designs, do not have hardware support for floating point operations. In Computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a Computer system An embedded system is a special-purpose Computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with Real-time computing constraints
In the past, some systems have implemented floating point via a coprocessor rather than as an integrated unit; in the microcomputer era, this was generally a single microchip, while in older systems it could be an entire circuit board or a cabinet. A coprocessor is a Computer processor used to supplement the functions of the primary processor (the CPU microcomputer is a Computer with a Microprocessor as its Central processing unit. Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect Electronic components using conductive pathways or traces
Not all computer architectures have a hardware FPU. In the absence of an FPU, many FPU functions can be emulated, which saves the added hardware cost of an FPU but is significantly slower. Emulation can be implemented on any of several levels - in the CPU as microcode, as an operating system function, or in user space code. Microprogramming (ie writing microcode) is a method that can be employed to implement Machine instructions in a CPU relatively easily often using less An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination "kernel space" redirects here For mathematical definition see Null space.
In most modern computer architectures, there is some division of floating point operations from integer operations. The integers (from the Latin integer, literally "untouched" hence "whole" the word entire comes from the same origin but via French This division varies significantly by architecture; some, like the Intel x86 have dedicated floating point registers, while some take it as far as independent clocking schemes. See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal In Computer architecture, a processor register is a small amount of storage available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed more quickly than storage In Electronics and especially synchronous Digital circuits a clock signal is a signal used to coordinate the actions of two or more circuits
Floating point operations are often pipelined. Pipelining redirects here For HTTP pipelining see HTTP pipelining. In earlier superscalar architectures without general out-of-order execution, floating point operations were sometimes pipelined separately from integer operations. A superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallelism called Instruction-level parallelism within a single processor In Computer engineering, out-of-order execution, OoOE, is a paradigm used in most high-performance Microprocessors to make use of cycles that Today, many CPUs/architectures have more than one FPU, such as the PowerPC 970, and processors based on the Netburst and AMD64 architectures (such as the Pentium 4 and Athlon 64, respectively. The PowerPC 970, PowerPC 970FX, PowerPC 970GX, and PowerPC 970MP, are 64-bit Power Architecture processors from IBM The Intel NetBurst Microarchitecture, called P68 inside Intel was the successor to the P6 microarchitecture in the X86 family of CPUs x86-64 is a Superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. The Pentium 4 brand refers to Intel 's line of single- core mainstream desktop and Laptop Central processing units (CPUs introduced The Athlon 64 is an eighth-generation AMD64 architecture Microprocessor produced by AMD, released on )
When a CPU is executing a program that calls for a floating-point operation, there are three ways to carry it out:
Most modern computers have integrated FPU hardware.
Some floating-point hardware only supports the simplest operations -- addition, subtraction, and multiplication. But even the most complex floating-point hardware has a finite number of operations it can support -- for example, none of them directly support arbitrary-precision arithmetic. On a Computer, arbitrary-precision arithmetic, also called bignum arithmetic is a technique whereby Computer programs perform Calculations on
When a CPU is executing a program that calls for a floating-point operation not directly supported by the hardware, the CPU uses a series of simpler floating-point operations. In systems without any floating-point hardware, the CPU emulates it using a series of simpler fixed-point arithmetic operations that run on the integer arithmetic logic unit. In Computing, a fixed-point number representation is a Real data type for a number that has a fixed number of digits after (and sometimes also before the In Computing, an arithmetic logic unit ( ALU) is a Digital circuit that performs Arithmetic and Logical operations
The software that lists the necessary series of operations to emulate floating point operations is often packaged in a floating-point library. In Computer science, a library is a collection of Subroutines used to develop Software.
In some cases, FPUs may be specialized, and divided between simpler floating point operations (mainly addition and multiplication) and more complicated operations, like division. In some cases, only the simple operations may be implemented in hardware, while the more complex operations could be emulated.
In some current architectures, the FPU functionality is combined with units to perform SIMD computation; an example of this is the replacement of the x87 instructions set with SSE instruction set in the x86-64 architecture used in newer Intel and AMD processors. In Computing, SIMD ( S ingle I nstruction M ultiple D ata is a technique employed to achieve data level parallelism as in a Vector x87 is a math-related instruction subset of the X86 architecture of processors. S treaming '''S'''IMD E xtensions ( SSE) is a SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data Instruction set extension to the X86 x86-64 is a Superset of the x86 instruction set architecture.
In the 1980s, it was common in IBM PC/compatible microcomputers for the FPU to be entirely separate from the CPU, and typically sold as an optional add-on. A coprocessor is a Computer processor used to supplement the functions of the primary processor (the CPU The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. microcomputer is a Computer with a Microprocessor as its Central processing unit. It would only be purchased if needed to speed up or enable math-intensive programs.
The IBM PC, XT, and most compatibles based on the 8088 or 8086 had a socket for the optional 8087 coprocessor. The IBM Personal Computer XT, often shortened to the IBM XT or simply XT, was IBM's successor to the original IBM PC. The Intel 8088 is an Intel X86 Microprocessor based on the 8086, with 16- Bit registers and an 8-bit external Data bus The 8086 is a 16-bit Microprocessor chip designed by Intel and introduced on the market in 1978 which gave rise to the X86 architecture The 8087 was the first math Coprocessor for 16 bit processors designed by Intel (the I8231 was older but designed for the 8 bit Intel 8080) The AT and 80286-based systems were generally socketed for the 80287, and 80386/80386SX based machines for the 80387 and 80387SX respectively, although early ones were socketed for the 80287, since the 80387 did not exist yet. The IBM Personal Computer/AT, more commonly known as the IBM AT and also sometimes called the PC AT or PC/AT, was IBM 's second-generation The Intel 286, introduced on February 1, 1982, (originally named 80286, and also called iAPX 286 in the programmer's manual The Intel 80287 ( i287) was the math Coprocessor for the Intel 80286 series of Microprocessors It was used to perform Floating The Intel 80387 ( 387 or i387) was the math Coprocessor for the 80386 series of Microprocessors and the first Intel The Intel 80387SX ( 387SX or i387SX) is the math Coprocessor for the Intel 80386SX Microprocessor. The Intel 80287 ( i287) was the math Coprocessor for the Intel 80286 series of Microprocessors It was used to perform Floating The Intel 80387 ( 387 or i387) was the math Coprocessor for the 80386 series of Microprocessors and the first Intel
Starting with the 80486, in x86 chips the floating point unit was integrated with the CPU, something true for almost all later x86-architecture processors. The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design One notable exception is the 80486SX; it was also unusual in that no actual coprocessor was available -- the 80487 was a full CPU with an integrated FPU; when installed, the original 80486SX would be disabled. The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design The Intel 's i487 is a Floating point unit Coprocessor for Intel i486SX machines
In addition to the Intel x87 series, several other companies manufactured co-processors for the x86 series. These included Cyrix which marketed its FasMath series as higher performance but fully x87 compatible, and Weitek which offered a high-performance but not fully x87 compatible series of coprocessors. Cyrix was a CPU manufacturer that began in 1978 in Richardson Texas as a specialist supplier of high-performance math co-processors for 286 and Weitek Corporation was a former Chip -design company that originally concentrated on Floating point units for a number of commercial CPU designs
In addition to the Intel architectures, FPUs as coprocessors were available for the Motorola 680x0 line. Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. The Motorola 680x0 / m68k / 68k / 68K is a family of 32-bit CISC Microprocessor CPU chips and was the primary These FPUS, the 68881 and 68882, were common in 68020/68030-based workstations like the Sun 3 series. Motorola 68881 was a Floating-point Coprocessor chip that was utilized in some computer systems that used the 68020 or 68030 Motorola 68881 was a Floating-point Coprocessor chip that was utilized in some computer systems that used the 68020 or 68030 The Motorola 68020 is a 32-bit Microprocessor from Motorola, released in 1984. The Motorola 68030 is a 32-bit Microprocessor in Motorola 's 68000 family. A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or Engineering workstation, is a high-end Microcomputer Sun-3 was the name given to a series of UNIX Computer workstations and servers produced by Sun Microsystems, launched on September 9th 1985 They were also commonly added to higher-end models of Apple Macintosh and Commodore Amiga series, but unlike IBM PC-compatible systems, sockets for adding the coprocessor were not as common in lower end systems. Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc The Amiga is a family of Personal computers originally developed by Amiga Corporation. With the 68040, Motorola integrated the FPU and CPU, but like the x86 series, a lower cost 68LC040 without an integrated FPU was also available.
Also, there are add-on FPUs Coprocessor units for Microcontroller units (MCUs/µCs)/Single Board Computers (SBCs) which serve to provide Floating Point Arithmetic capability in systems that might not otherwise possess said functionality. A microcontroller (also MCU or µC is a functional Computer system-on-a- chip. Single-board computers ( SBCs) are complete Computers built on a single Circuit board. The difference in these types of FPU Coprocessors, when compared to more traditional Floating Point Coprocessors such as the 80x87 series, is that these add-on FPUs are host-processor independent, possess their own programming requirements, and are often provided with their own IDEs. In Computing, an integrated development environment ( IDE) is a Software application that provides comprehensive facilities to Computer programmers A non-exhaustive listing of these type of FPUs: | <urn:uuid:f77ed218-0160-43f2-b12b-99c38d7016d0> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.citizendia.org/Floating_point_unit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699776315/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102256-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943347 | 2,857 | 4.03125 | 4 |
May is Jewish American Heritage Month (JAHM), which recognizes the more than 350-year history of Jewish contributions to history and culture. It was officially established by President George W. Bush in 2006.
This guide will provide you with a variety of resources that will allow you to learn more about the different aspects of the lives of Jewish Americans over the centuries.
Although The COVID-19 pandemic forces us to live in isolation, there are still ways you can celebrate Jewish American Heritage Month during this period. Scroll down and look at
SEVEN WAYS TO CELEBRATE JEWISH AMERICAN HERITAGE MONTH IN QUARANTINE
Excerpts from Irene Katz Connelly’s article in Forward, May 2020.
Seven Ways to Celebrate Jewish American Heritage Month in Quarantine. Click the article title to access the full article.
Maybe you’re bored out of your mind and need another holiday to celebrate. Here are the best ways to celebrate Jewish American Heritage Month from home… (Without a mask…) | <urn:uuid:46cd09a7-5703-440c-ad1e-77e586c8f1c8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://libguides.framingham.edu/jewish-american-heritage-guide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652569.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606114156-20230606144156-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.905679 | 215 | 2.71875 | 3 |
FLORAL INDUSTRY BREAKING NEWS!
Priceless water lily theft from London’s Kew Gardens
Citation: originally reported in a January 14th, 2014 article on CNN.com.
Excerpts from the article are posted below:
A thief has stolen a rare species of African waterlily, the ‘thermal’ lily (Nymphaea thermarum), one of the rarest plants in the world, from the world famous Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London, England.
Police said, the plant, of which only a handful of specimens still exist in the wild, was stolen from a lily pond. The thief is thought to have dug or pulled it from the damp, temperature-controlled mud it needs to survive.Kew Gardens is one of only two places in the world to cultivate this plant, and there were only 30 plants on display, London’s Metropolitan Police said. They cite its value as “priceless” because of its rarity.
The stolen plant may have been easier to sneak out of the botanic garden, which has its own security, because of its small size. The plant’s bright green lily pads can measure as little as 1 centimeter (less than half an inch) across, and its white flower with yellow stamen is barely bigger than a fingernail.
Photo credit: Andrew McRobb, RBG Kew
The Nymphaea thermarum was discovered in 1987 by German botanist Eberhard Fischer at a thermal freshwater spring in Mashyuza, Rwanda – the only known location in the wild. However, over-exploitation of this hot spring meant the fragile habitat dried up, and the water lily died out there in about 2008.
It was brought back from the brink of extinction only by the efforts of experts at Bonn Botanic Garden in Germany, where a number of living examples had been taken, and the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, which succeeded in propagating the delicate plant in 2009. After a number of failed attempts, horticulturist Carlos Magdalena at Kew discovered the secret of growing the rare species of African waterlily – bringing it back from the brink of extinction. He realized that unlike all other water lilies, the Nymphaea thermarum grows in warm mud rather than water, and so found a way to replicate its native habitat using pots of damp loam surrounded by water kept at precisely 25 degrees Celsius (77 F) – just as had occurred by the thermal spring. Only then did the seedlings flourish and develop into adult plants, according to Kew.
For a couple of years, the only living examples of the water lily were found in Bonn and London. Now, a few plants are again found in the wild in Rwanda, according to Kew Gardens, but the Nymphaea thermarum remains critically endangered.
Richard Barley, director of horticulture at Kew Gardens, said the police had been called in after the theft was discovered Thursday. The staff is “dedicated to the conservation of plants, and when incidents of this nature occur it is a blow to morale,” he said. “We take theft of our invaluable scientific collection of plants very seriously.” According to the Kew Gardens’ website, the plant has no common name because of its scarcity but has become known unofficially by its staff as the “pygmy Rwandan water lily.” It “has always been so rare that no uses have ever been known,” it adds. | <urn:uuid:881e08a7-4e3c-48cc-9291-3c32466240c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.teleflora.com/blog/priceless-african-water-lily-theft-from-londons-kew-gardens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423681.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721022216-20170721042216-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.969253 | 752 | 2.75 | 3 |
Punctuation prior to the development of printing was light and haphazard. William Caxton (1474), the
first printer of books in English, used three punctuation marks: the stroke (/) for marking word groups, the colon (:) for
marking distinct syntactic pauses, and the period (.) for marking the ends of sentences and brief pauses. For example,
The thyrde temptation that the deuyl maketh to theym that deye. is by Impacyence: that is ayenste charyte/ For by charyte ben
holden to loue god abouve alle thynges.
The third temptation that the Devil makes to them that die is by Impatience; that is against charity. For by charity be holden to love God above all things.
Clearly the use of a period for brief pauses as well as full stops at the ends of sentences was inconvenient and writers soon stopped so using it. Tyndale's Gospels (1535) eliminated that practice and other ambiguities of Caxton's system of punctuation. Soon after Tyndale the comma replaced the stroke. The semicolon was introduced at that time.
Early seventeenth century writers appeared to use colons, semicolons, and commas interchangably. Their use depended upon pauses for breath rather than the syntactic structure of the sentence.
Writers of the late seventeenth century tried to establish precise rules for the use of the comma, semicolon and colon, on the principles that a semicolon indicated a pause twice as long as that for a comma, and a colon indicated a pause twice as long as for a semicolon. Some grammarians rebelled at such artificial rules. One grammarian of later times, Justin Brenan, wrote,
What a quantity of useless controversial stuff has been written upon the proper use of the semicolon and the colon -- but I am wrong in saying that it was useless for, at last, common sense prevailed and the public threw these stops overboard.
Brenan himself wanted to substitute the dash (−) for the colon. As he expressed it, "No one of good taste could use any other stop." Brenan was one of the first grammarians to argue that punctuation marks should not be primarily indicators of pauses for breath but an integral part of the sentence pattern.
The question mark was originally called a note of interrogation. There was some uncertainty in the seventeenth century as to whether a question mark should be used when a question is only described (an indirect question) or only used in the case a question is actually being asked (a direct question). By the eighteenth century the question mark was only being used for direct questions.
The exclamation mark comes from the term note of admiration, in which admiration referred to its Latin sense of wonderment. One theory of its origin is that it was originally the Latin word for joy, Io, written with the I written above the o.
Quotation marks are the most recently added form of punctuation, having been created in the late seventeenth century. However the use of bullets for items in a list verges on being the introduction of a new punctuation mark.
In recent times some writers tried to introduce a new punctuation mark which is a combination of the question and exclamation marks (!? or ?!) to indicate a tone of shocked disbelief but nothing much came of it. English could benefit from the Spanish system of punctuation marks preceding a sentence as well as ending the sentence. Thus a question is Spanish is preceded by an inverted question mark and an exclamation by an inverted exclamation mark.
HOME PAGE OF Thayer Watkins | <urn:uuid:7ce98e64-c4c7-4188-9180-82d0ed127dff> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/punctuation.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206118.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00378-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953238 | 761 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs Parent Guide
More than 50 years have passed since Walt Disney created Snow White, yet the production's abundance of charm and artistic uniqueness still make it one of "the fairest in all the land."
Parent Movie Review
Walt Disney’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has left a giant impression on film history. This first full-length, color animation ever to grace the silver screen, has captured the heart and imagination of generation after generation of movie watchers— even though critics warned Walt that making an 84 minute “cartoon” was pure folly.
In his adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairytale, the princess Snow White (voice of Adriana Caselotti) is forced to work as a servant in her own castle, because her wicked stepmother (voice of Lucille La Verne) does not want to lose her place as the Queen (or as “the fairest in the land”). When warned of the vain usurper’s desire to kill her, the pale-skinned girl runs away to the forest and takes refuge in the home of seven dwarfs. Unfortunately, the Queen’s magic mirror (voice of Moroni Olsen) reveals her hiding place, and the murderous monarch brews up a plan to be rid of Snow White forever.
Although the animators thought it might be too shocking for the audience to see the naïve royal take a bitter bite of the poisonous apple that casts her into endless sleep, parents should be reminded that some young viewers may still be frightened by a few of the portrayals in this perilous plot.
Yet when a movie manages to last through the toils of time like Snow White has, it is interesting to ask, “What has made it work so well, for so long?”
Besides the amazing technical achievements, perhaps it is because the film is imbued with a gentleness that flows from the hand painted cells through to the simple musical numbers. Snow White also offers a glimpse of the beauty of human kindness. Despite the oppression she has endured, the young woman expresses her caring by the acts of service she performs for her tiny hosts. The dwarfs, who melt under her warm affection, return her goodness with a desire to protect her.
The patterns established here work so well that they can be seen in the many Disney movies that followed. Look for a similar wicked witch in Sleeping Beauty and an evil stepmother in Cinderella. The fair maiden and handsome-though-characterless prince are also stereotypical in several of Walt’s animated tales.
While today’s consumers may point out that the needy protagonist presented here hardly represents an independent woman, or that the humorous depictions of the little men might be viewed as politically incorrect, it is hard to criticize the intentions of this good-overcomes-evil story. More than half of a century has passed since its conception and still the production’s abundance of charm and artistic uniqueness make it one of “the fairest in all the land.”Directed by William Cottrell, David Hand, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, Ben Sharpsteen. Starring Adriana Caselotti, Lucille La Verne, Roy Atwell, Eddie Collins. Running time: 84 minutes. Theatrical release February 4, 1938. Updated July 17, 2017
Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs Parents' Guide
Snow White offers an interesting time-capsule-like portrait of the ideal 1930s woman. How does she compare to some of Disney’s later female characters, such as Ariel in The Little Mermaid, or Jasmine in Aladdin. (Note in particular costumes and body sizes.)
Click here to learn more about the historical significance of Walt Disney’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
The most recent home video release of Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs movie is February 2, 2016. Here are some details…Home Video Notes: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Signature Edition
Release Date: 2 February 2016 (Blu-ray/DVD/Digital Copy)
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs releases in a Signature Edition with the following extras:
- In Walt’s Words: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs – For the first time ever, hear Walt himself talk about Snow White.
- Iconography – Explore how this film influences pop culture, art, and fashion.
- @DisneyAnimation: Designing Disney’s First Princess – Modern day Disney artists discuss the design of Snow White and how it influenced the look of some of your favorite Disney characters.
- The Fairest Facts of Them All: 7 Facts You May Now Know About Snow White – Disney Channel star Sofia Carson reveals seven intriguing facts about Snow White.
- Snow White in Seventy Seconds – Rap along with this hip reimagining of the story.
- Alternate Sequence: The Prince Meets Snow White – A never–before-seen story board sequence where the Prince meets Snow White.
- And Much More!
Home Video Notes: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: Diamond Edition
Release Date: 6 October 2009 (Blu-ray and DVD Combo Pack), 24 November 2009 (Standard Definition DVD)
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is being released in two different formats (Blu-ray and DVD) at two different times. (The Blu-ray and DVD Combo Pack is releasing first, perhaps as an incentive to any fence sitters considering switching to the new format.) Both versions will be on sale for a limited time only.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: Diamond Edition Blu-ray and DVD Combo Pack (releasing October 6, 2009) provides a copy of Walt Disney’s first full-length animation masterpiece in both presentations. Bonus materials include:
- Full-length feature film on DVD disc with restored picture and soundtrack
- Audio commentary by John Canemaker.
- Music Video Some Day My Prince Will Come, by Tiffany Thornton.
- Sneak Peak at Disney’s The Princess and the Frog.
- Full-length feature film on Blu-ray Disc with audio tracks in DTS-HD Master Audio 7.1 (English).
- DisneyView turns Snow White’s original aspect ratio into widescreen.
- Music Video
- Sneak Peak at Disney’s The Princess and the Frog
Other bonus materials include:
Backstage Disney Featurettes:
- Hyperion Studios (take a digital tour of the original Walt Disney studio where Snow White was conceived).
- Snow White Returns (newly discovered storyboards).
- The One that Started It All (learn more about how the production impacted film history).
- About Toby Bluth and his artistic work to create the widescreen version of the movie.
- Disney Through the Decades.
Interactive Features: Let the Magic Mirror act as your host for navigating the Blu-ray disc, and become one of the seven dwarfs in Scene Stealer.
-Heigh-Ho Karaoke sing-along.
Games: Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, Jewel Jumble, Dopey’s Wild Mine Ride and What Do You See? | <urn:uuid:6d12bf37-cae1-4fca-824b-cacb1d2fe94c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://parentpreviews.com/movie-reviews/snow-white-and-the-seven-dwarfs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657169226.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716122414-20200716152414-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.905301 | 1,485 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management — A Cooperative Project
Maryland Sea Grant, in coordination with state and federal agency partners and research institutions, has developed and coordinated the Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) Project for Chesapeake Bay since January, 2008. This project implements a new technical and scientific foundation for EBFM and moves beyond traditional single species management to consider the interconnections between species, their physical and living environments, and human influences. The major ecosystem interconnections between the five key species are pictured below.
Maryland Sea Grant launched the EBFM Project with a pilot
study of striped bass and has since facilitated the development of technical
briefs pinpointing the critical ecosystem stressors for four of the five key
species identified in the Fisheries Ecosystem Plan (FEP) for Chesapeake Bay: striped
bass, menhaden, blue crab, and Alosines spp. (oysters are forthcoming).
These critical ecosystem stressors are being
evaluated by a team of scientific advisors called the Fisheries Ecosystem
Workgroup, the Chairs of Species and Quantitative Teams operating within the
Members of the Quantitative
Ecosystem Teams develop ecosystem based reference points based on the critical ecosystem
stressors, which may then be used by fishery managers to develop control rules
for ecosystem based fishery management issues.
Integral to the success of this program is a bottom-up approach to
management focusing on scientist and stakeholder input and ownership over the
Therefore, this new
approach concentrates on fully engaging Bay managers, scientists, watermen, and
non-fishery stakeholders connected to the Bay.
To date over 85 scientists, managers, and NGOs from within and beyond the Chesapeake Bay region have volunteered to contribute their expertise to this effort. The final products of this effort will be a set of background and critical ecosystem issue briefs for each of the key species and a management tool linking ecosystem based reference points for each of the critical ecosystem stressors as identified by the Fisheries Ecosystem Workgroup. Maryland Sea Grant's role in this process is to recruit and unite scientific and technical expertise to the project, provide an unbiased platform which facilitates interactions among the project’s participants, synthesize scientific outcomes, and communicate these outcomes to stakeholders and fishery managers including the Chesapeake Bay Program’s Goal Implementation Team for Sustainable Fisheries. The diagram below illustrates this new operational structure for ecosystem-based fishery management in the Chesapeake Bay. | <urn:uuid:116b3e55-997c-4f31-bec2-d342bac3f364> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.mdsg.umd.edu/programs/policy/ebfm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702452567/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110732-00088-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891346 | 506 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How Many Dentists Are Needed in 2040?
Co-Founder and Clinical Instructor, Dr. Craig Herre, shares with us this industry article on the projected number of dentists needed in 2040.
This 2017 article examines some of the factors likely to impact the number of dentists needed in 2040 – the oral health of the population, changes in the utilization of dental services, new technologies, the growth of large capital dental group practices, and the demand for dental care.
Based on ADA estimates, there will be about 240,000 dentists in 2040 if current trends continue, with an estimated surplus of dentists varying from 32% to 110%.
At The Stewart Center we teach dentists how to set themselves apart.
We teach the importance of, and how to achieve, stable condylar position, and how to restore the chewing system for optimal function and maximum esthetics utilizing minimally invasive techniques that preserve the maximum amount of precious tooth structure. We also brought on airway expert, Dr. Mary Burns, to teach an airway component as obstructive sleep apnea has been deemed by the Centers for Disease Control as an epidemic in the U.S. | <urn:uuid:8b595d15-fdaf-4c13-8b03-f1fc9f1cffa0> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://thestewartcenter.com/how-many-dentists-2040/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390442.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526015239-20200526045239-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.901078 | 242 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Balloon noun game - softschools., Fun arcade noun game to identify nouns. grammar games. more topics. handwriting; spanish; facts; examples; formulas. Sheppard software' noun explorer grammar game, Learn about the parts of speach in this fun flash game. English teaching resources ks1 ks2 ks3 ks4 gcse 9-1, English teaching resources ks1, ks2, ks3 & ks4/gcse english 9-1 powerpoints, worksheets, plans, schemes of work, starters and spag activities.
484 free noun worksheets - busyteacher: free printable, Welcome noun worksheets section. types worksheets section nouns. teachers approach topic variety ways . http://busyteacher.org/classroom_activities-grammar/nouns-worksheets/ Bbc - ks1 bitesize - literacy, Fun activities children ks1 learn literacy.. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks1/literacy/ Common noun worksheets - free--kids., Our free printable common nouns worksheet clear explanatory text provide basic noun exercises suitable ks1 ks2, junior school . http://www.free-for-kids.com/common-noun-worksheets.shtml | <urn:uuid:bc511713-2b19-4963-8864-4c8cfe52b0db> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://calendariu.com/n/noun-activities-ks1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105297.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819031734-20170819051734-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.767688 | 287 | 3.171875 | 3 |
More than a century ago, scientists discovered something usual about how people with schizophrenia move their eyes. The men, psychologist and inventor Raymond Dodge and psychiatrist Allen Diefendorf, were trying out one of Dodge’s inventions: an early incarnation of the modern eye tracker. When they used it on psychiatric patients, they found that most of their subjects with schizophrenia had a funny way of following a moving object with their eyes.
When a healthy person watches a smoothly moving object (say, an airplane crossing the sky), she tracks the plane with a smooth, continuous eye movement to match its displacement. This action is called smooth pursuit. But smooth pursuit isn’t smooth for most patients with schizophrenia. Their eyes often fall behind and they make a series of quick, tiny jerks to catch up or even dart ahead of their target. For the better part of a century, this movement pattern would remain a mystery. But in recent decades, scientific discoveries have led to a better understanding of smooth pursuit eye movements – both in health and in disease.
Scientists now know that smooth pursuit involves a lot more than simply moving your eyes. To illustrate, let’s say a sexy jogger catches your eye on the street. When you first see the runner, your eyes are stationary and his or her image is moving across your retinas at some relatively constant rate. Your visual system (in particular, your visual motion-processing area MT) must first determine this rate. Then your eyes can move to catch up with the target and match its speed. If you do this well, the jogger’s image will no longer be moving relative to your retinas. From your visual system’s perspective, the jogger is running in place and his or her surroundings are moving instead. From both visual cues and signals about your eye movements, your brain can predict where the jogger is headed and keep moving your eyes at just the right speed to keep pace.
Although the smooth pursuit abnormalities in schizophrenia may sound like a movement problem, they appear to reflect a problem with perception. Sensitive visual tests show that motion perception is disrupted in many patients. They can’t tell the difference between the speeds of two objects or integrate complex motion information as well as healthy controls. A functional MRI study helped explain why. The study found that people with schizophrenia activated their motion-processing area MT less than controls while doing motion-processing tasks. The next logical question – why MT doesn’t work as well for patients – remains unanswered for now.
In my last two posts I wrote about how delusions can develop in healthy people who don’t suffer from psychosis. The same is true of not-so-smooth pursuit. In particular, healthy relatives of patients with schizophrenia tend to have jerkier pursuit movements than subjects without a family history of the illness. They are also impaired at some of the same motion-processing tests that stymie patients. This pattern, along with the results of twin studies, suggests that smooth pursuit dysfunction is inherited. Following up on this idea, two studies have compared subjects’ genotypes with the inheritance patterns of smooth pursuit problems within families. While they couldn’t identify exactly which gene was involved (a limitation of the technique), they both tracked the culprit gene to the same genetic neighborhood on the sixth chromosome.
Despite this progress, the tale of smooth pursuit in schizophrenia is more complex than it appears. For one, there’s evidence that smooth pursuit problems differ for patients with different forms of the disorder. Patients with negative symptoms (like social withdrawal or no outward signs of emotion) may have problems with the first step of smooth pursuit: judging the target’s speed and moving their eyes to catch up. Meanwhile, those with more positive symptoms (like delusions or hallucinations) may have more trouble with the second step: predicting the future movement of the target and keeping pace with their eyes.
It’s also unclear exactly how common these problems are among patients; depending on the study, as many as 95% or as few as 12% of patients may have disrupted smooth pursuit. The studies that found the highest rates of smooth pursuit dysfunction in patients also found rates as high as 19% for the problems among healthy controls. These differences may boil down to the details of how the eye movements were measured in the different experiments. Still, the studies all agreed that people with schizophrenia are far more likely to have smooth pursuit problems than healthy controls. What the studies don’t agree on is how specific these problems are to schizophrenia compared with other psychiatric illnesses. Some studies have found smooth pursuit abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder and major depression as well as in their close relatives; other studies have not.
Despite these messy issues, a group of scientists at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland recently tried to tell whether subjects had schizophrenia based on their eye movements alone. In addition to smooth pursuit, they used two other measures: the subject’s ability to fix her gaze on a stable target and how she looked at pictures of complex scenes. Most patients have trouble holding their eyes still in the presence of distractors and, when shown a meaningful picture, they tend to look at fewer objects or features in the scene.
Taking the results from all three measures into account, the group could distinguish between a new set of patients with schizophrenia and new healthy controls with an accuracy of 87.8%. While this rate is high, keep in mind that the scientists removed real-world messiness by selecting controls without other psychiatric illnesses or close relatives with psychosis. This makes their demonstration a lot less impressive – and a lot less useful in the real world. I don’t think this method will ever become a viable alternative to diagnosing schizophrenia based on their clinical symptoms, but the approach may hold promise in a similar vein: identifying young people who are at risk for developing the illness. Finding these individuals and helping them sooner could truly mean the difference between life and death.
Benson PJ, Beedie SA, Shephard E, Giegling I, Rujescu D, & St Clair D (2012). Simple viewing tests can detect eye movement abnormalities that distinguish schizophrenia cases from controls with exceptional accuracy. Biological psychiatry, 72 (9), 716-24 PMID: 22621999 | <urn:uuid:33ded58e-4d46-4d66-bbe8-5a1d7961d705> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://gardenofthemind.com/2013/09/30/looking-schizophrenia-in-the-eye/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424876.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724122255-20170724142255-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.954681 | 1,275 | 3.40625 | 3 |
tant to assess a wide variety of groups within ethnic populations in order to obtain data that are generalizable to the population being studied (McAdoo, 1998). Since many of the problems of youth in the United States, such as school dropout, violence, and teenage pregnancy, disproportionately affect minority youth (Gibbs, Huang, & Associates, 1989), it is imperative that research be done not only to assess the precursors and implications of such behaviors, but also to better understand what supports, coping abilities, and cultural strengths are available that contribute to the positive outcomes of many minority children (McAdoo, 1998; McLoyd, 1998). Consequently, research on infants that investigates these phenomena are the logical starting point. Moreover, the practice of simply publishing results of research in scientific journals is not adequate any longer. Research must include suggestions for intervention implementation, and results must be translated in such a way as to be understood by advocacy groups, policy designers, and government workers (McAdoo, 1998). The president of the Children’s Defense Fund, Marion Wright Edelman (1987), proposes that given the increasing population of racial and ethnic minorities in this country, both the social and economic well-being of the United States in the future will rely more heavily on its capacity to strengthen competencies and positive development, and to decrease negative behaviors and outcomes in all of America’s children.
Although Asian American children constitute a smaller number of the American population than some other minority groups, it is still imperative that social science research be conducted on these infants and children in order to better understand their social, emotional, and psychological development and thus, meet the critical needs of all infants and their families in the United States. | <urn:uuid:4a792577-ab4b-49b9-8df6-a945b8921533> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.questia.com/read/103507868/infancy-and-culture-an-international-review-and-source | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00105-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938329 | 348 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The problem is, such problems take a lot of time and a lot of guidance from the teacher. Department of Commercealthough women fill close to half of all jobs in the U. Then, find some good problems to solve see resources belowand have students solve problems as a part of their routine math education.
Mix up the word problems so that not all of them are solved by the operation just studied. And the STEM gender gap starts well before students enter the job market: But children need to start solving multi-step problems as soon as they can, including in 1st and 2nd grades.
One of many museums that offer apps and online activities for kids interested in science, math, and technology. Now, these are not anything spectacular. There were 17 more figures of animals than people. He believed this was his process in formulating the theory of relativity: However, this research has also raised a number of interesting questions that Star continues to explore.
Mathematically proficient students try to communicate precisely to others.
Shows how middle school math teachers are making math fun. Lastly, a joke by Lynn Nordstrom: MP5 Use appropriate tools strategically. Strategies for Problem Solving, Melbourne, Victoria: Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42, Resnick described the discrepancies which exist between the algorithmic approaches taught in schools and the 'invented' strategies which most people use in the workforce in order to solve practical problems which do not always fit neatly into a taught algorithm.
MP7 Look for and make use of structure. How many degrees does it rotate in one second?. out of 5 stars - A Problem Solving Approach to Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers by.
Advanced High-School Mathematics David B. Surowski Shanghai American School Singapore American School January 29, i During the above school year I had two such IB math-ematics students. However, feeling that a few more students would make for a more robust learning environment, I recruited several of my.
The second in a series of four papers on computer use in mathematics education, this paper reviews some of the pedagogical rationales and research evidence related to the use of computers as a problem-solving tool in mathematics classes.
Mathematics-Uses a variety of strategies in the problem-solving process National Council of Teachers of Mathematics The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) has developed national standards to provide guidelines for teaching mathematics. Problem solving has always played an important role in learning mathematics.
An Agenda for Action (NcTM, ) said, “Problem solving [should] be the focus of school mathematics ” in the National Research council. Problem solving plays an important role in mathematics and should have a prominent role in the mathematics education of K students.
However, knowing how to incorporate problem solving meaningfully into the mathematics curriculum is not necessarily obvious to mathematics teachers.Problem solving in school mathematics | <urn:uuid:5bb7ba2d-f67e-4308-947d-36171f82ff0b> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://habapugoritemet.elleandrblog.com/problem-solving-in-school-mathematics-5485mt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655883961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704011041-20200704041041-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.961594 | 589 | 3.015625 | 3 |
High school graduation is an exciting time, but for students who have fallen behind in credits or who are failing required classes, it can be stressful instead.
Students who are significantly behind or facing major life challenges may qualify for alternative education. But what about those who don't? Are there ways teachers can help these students earn their high school diploma on time?
If you have struggling students nearing graduation, it may be time to pull out some emergency interventions. Differentiated learning may be the key to helping your students cross the finish line.
What Are the Options?
More than 1.2 million U.S. students drop out of high school every year. That's one student every 26 seconds.
To help students stay in school and reach graduation, many states have created alternative education programs. These programs are designed for at-risk students who meet certain state-specific qualifications, including pregnancy, chronic truancy, homelessness, mental health issues, expulsion, or being significantly behind in coursework.
While these programs are beneficial for many, students who don't qualify or don't want to leave their high school may need differentiated options to meet graduation requirements.
Know What's Required
Graduation requirements vary from state to state. Some states require students to pass a graduation or basic skills exam and won't waive this requirement for anyone. Other states no longer require students to pass a test, but they do have certain required standards that all students must meet.
Anna Southard, a New York City teacher, works with graduating seniors, many of whom are Title 1, ELL, or special education students.
Further reading: Teacher helps student become first high school graduate in his family.
"In New York City, we follow chancellor regulations very closely, but there is a lot of room for autonomy," Southard said. "If a student is capable of showing mastery of the content that is aligned to the Common Core standards and can complete all the work that the teacher feels fit for that requirement, then they can get the credit."
She then explained that while New York City wants its teachers to help students meet all requirements and standards, at the end of the day, students also need to pass state exams, and there is no differentiating those.
Using Differentiated Learning
Differentiated learning doesn't eliminate or excuse students from any graduation requirements, but it may offer flexibility and the chance to expedite how students achieve some requirements.
For example, most high schools require that students earn a credit in biology or life sciences. One of Minnesota's high school biology standards requires students to understand that "cells and cell structures have specific functions that allow an organism to grow, survive, and reproduce."
Teachers are required to teach this standard and ensure students demonstrate proficiency in the concept, but this is where differentiation comes in.
To demonstrate knowledge of specific cell structures and functions, teachers could offer students the opportunity to create a model, draw a picture, give an oral explanation, or write a paragraph. Some students may meet the standard by spending a week creating an elaborate project, while others might meet the same standard in one class period by giving an oral presentation.
Standards are typically quite vague, which allows for flexibility. However, individual districts and schools ultimately decide how students can demonstrate proficiency, so it is wise to consult with your administration if you're proposing alternatives that differ from your approved curriculum.
Freedom and Flexibility
Schools that don't have seat time requirements may allow students independent study options. Independent study allows students the freedom and flexibility of completing class requirements on their own.
Dr. Kathie Nunley, educational psychologist and author of Differentiating the High School Classroom, advises teachers to define their learning objectives and then offer assignment choices for each one. Offering choices allows students to complete requirements more quickly and on their own time, which is particularly helpful for students juggling additional responsibilities such as a job or family.
Further reading: 5 Tips Guaranteed to Make You a Happier Teacher
Different Doesn't Mean Easier
While some may argue differentiated learning is unfair and can lead to conflicts between students, Anna Southard has not found this to be the case.
"Particularly in the case of graduating seniors, there isn't a lot of pushback from peers," Southard said. "Different doesn't mean easier and it shouldn't be a lower standard. Some students need more time and need more scaffolds."
Motivation Is Key
There are many reasons students may fall behind in school, but catching up in time for graduation doesn't always mean transferring to an alternative school or missing out on a diploma.
When it comes to graduation crunch time, motivated students, creative teaching, and differentiated learning opportunities, can play a critical role in helping students demonstrate proficiency, meet class requirements, and ultimately receive their high school diploma. | <urn:uuid:f8ebd05f-2960-41f0-9b90-2d31126d30af> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.wgu.edu/heyteach/article/how-use-differentiated-learning-help-students-graduate1803.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.960425 | 977 | 2.8125 | 3 |
It would be easy to celebrate the first decoding of the human genome. The discovery looks like life in its essence, a sort of DNA 'R Us.
And this scientific wonder could be seen as a turning point for medicine, just as the printing press was for reading and writing or the Ten Commandments for religion. It's a breakthrough in thought that frees humans from material limitations.
Knowing which tiny gene can control which specific human condition - whether it be a disease or a peculiar behavior - at first seems to be a fundamental tool for progress. Many genetic links will be deduced from this blueprint of the human body. Knowing the links, solutions will be sought to either genetically fix a physical problem or enhance human life.
Both those prospects, of course, are as difficult to sort out ethically as the genes are to decode in the lab. Should, for instance, couples be able to design a baby from the genes up?
But beyond such ethical dilemmas lies a deeper question. Before this new Rosetta stone for deciphering the body's origins and operations becomes the basic way of thinking about ourselves, it's worth asking if life is as predestined as all that.
Predestination in genetic medicine may someday go the way it did in religion. Something in human thought fights against the idea that we are already selected to be good or to be bad, to be diseased or schizophrenic.
If genes make the man, how do we explain that man has reached the point where he can now remake the genes? Out of which petri dish can you design that trait of discovery? Which DNA computer model can create the intellectual drive or concern for humanity that drives scientists to decode DNA for the sake of healing?
Scientists should look for the genetic origins of, say, altruism, reasoning, and curiosity. Those are qualities they want more widely expressed. Then they might come to the same conclusion as a top leader of this genome project, Dr. J. Craig Venter, president of Celera Genomics. In announcing his breakthrough June 19, he said:
Thirty-three years ago, as a young man serving in the medical corps in Vietnam, I learned firsthand how tenuous our hold on life can be. That experience inspired my interest in learning how the trillions of cells in our bodies interact to create and sustain life.
When I witnessed firsthand that some men live through devastating trauma to their bodies, while others died after giving up from seemingly small wounds, I realized that the human spirit was at least as important as our physiology.
We're clearly much, much more than the sum total of our genes, just as our society is greater than the sum total of each of us.
(c) Copyright 2000. The Christian Science Publishing Society | <urn:uuid:b4ffe176-ad5b-4829-a814-4c897dbd5627> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://m.csmonitor.com/2000/0628/p10s1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535095.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00442-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956989 | 561 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Understanding how fire spreads in a microgravity environment is critical to the safety of astronauts who live and work in space. And while NASA has conducted studies aboard the space shuttle and International Space Station, risks to the crew have forced these experiments to be limited in size and scope. Fire safety will be a critical element as NASA progresses on the journey to Mars and begins to investigate deep space habitats for long duration missions.
The first Spacecraft Fire Experiment (Saffire-I) was the beginning of a three-part experiment to be conducted over the course of three flights of Orbital ATK’s Cygnus vehicle to investigate large-scale flame spread and material flammability limits in long duration microgravity.
The Saffire-I experiment enclosure was approximately half a meter wide by 1 meter deep by 1.3 meter long and consisted of a flow duct and avionics bay. Inside the flow duct, the cotton-fiberglass blend burn sample measured 0.4 m wide by 1 meter long. When commanded by Orbital ATK and Saffire ground controllers operating from Dulles, Virginia, it was ignited by a hot wire. Previous to this experiment, the largest fire experiment that had been conducted in space is about the size of an index card.
After the experiment was ignited, the Cygnus continued to orbit Earth for six days as it transmitted high-resolution imagery and data from the Saffire experiment. Following complete data transmission, the Cygnus spacecraft completed its mission with a destructive entry into the Earth’s atmosphere.
Saffire-I launched inside the Cygnus spacecraft atop the United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V launch vehicle on March 22, 2016. Space Station Crew members successfully grappled Cygnus to the space station on March 26. The Saffire experiments were developed at NASA Glenn Research Center by the Spacecraft Fire Safety Demonstration Project and sponsored by the Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Division of NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. AES pioneers new approaches for rapidly developing prototype systems, demonstrating key capabilities, and validating operational concepts for future human missions beyond low-Earth orbit. AES activities are uniquely related to crew safety and mission operations in deep space, with a strong focus on future vehicle development.
Numerous people love to do stargazing. But what if they see some cannonballs? That’s what Hubble has spotted in space recently.
Researchers believe the blobs of plasma may start the explanation about the planetary nebula formation. According to UPI, the cannonballs were ejected from V Hydrae, which is a bloated red giant 1,200 light-years from the Earth.
Hubble data shows that they are twice the size of Mars. Red giants are considered dying stars in the final stages of life, exhausting their nuclear fuel.
The plasma balls are zooming so fast through space it would take only 30 minutes for them to travel from Earth to the Moon, researchers said. According to the astronomers’ estimation, the stellar cannon has been shooting plasma balls for approximately 400 years.
The fireballs present a puzzle to astronomers because the ejected material could not have been shot out by the host star, called V Hydrae. Astronomers suspect that V Hydrae has likely discarded half of its mass into space during the star’s “death throes.” It has expanded in size and shed its layers into space.
Because scientists do not believe that V Hydrae could eject such balls of fire, the best explanation is that the materials were shot out by an unseen companion star. The theory suggests that the companion star would have to be situated in an elliptical orbit that moves it close to V Hydrae’s atmosphere every 8.5 years.
As the other star enters the red giant’s outer atmosphere, it gobbles up the material, which then settles into a disk around the companion star. The disk serves as the launch pad for plasma balls that travel at approximately half million miles per hour.
Raghvendra Sahai, the study’s lead author and an astronomer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), says the light of V Hydrae is obscured about every 17 years.
Researchers say that because of the wobble of the jet direction, the plasma balls alternate between passing in front and behind the star system, hiding the dying star from sight.
Sahai says the detection of cosmic cannonballs was the first time they witnessed the process. He said that it was quite pleasing as well because the research helped explain mysterious things observed about V Hydrae by other scientists.
“This discovery was quite surprising,” said Sahai.
Sahai hopes the findings would be helpful in seeing structures in planetary nebulae. He and his colleagues also hope to use Hubble to further observe the V Hydrae star system.
What would it look like to return home from outside our galaxy?
Although designed to answer greater questions, recent data from ESA’s robotic Gaia mission is helping to provide a uniquelymodern perspective on humanity’s place in the universe. Gaia orbits the Sun near the Earth and resolves star’s positions so precisely that it can determine a slight shift from its changing vantage point over the course of a year, a shift that is proportionately smaller for more distant stars — and so determines distance.
In the first sequence of the video, an illustration of the Milky Way is shown that soon resolves into a three-dimensional visualization of Gaia star data. A few notable stars are labelled with their common names, while others stars are labelled with numbers from Gaia’s catalog. Eventually the viewer arrives at our home star Sol (the Sun), then resolving the reflective glow of its third planet: Earth.
The featured video is based on just over 600,000 stars, but Gaia is on track to measure the parallax distances to over one billion stars over its planned five year mission.
While there’s a vast amount of space yet to be explored, it’s easy to forget how much we’ve already learned. And this video shows you how small our little planet actually is.
Note that the true sizes of most stars outside of the Sun and Betelgeuse are not known by direct observation, but rather inferred by measurements of their perceived brightness, temperature, and distance. | <urn:uuid:6fb962d5-d5f7-4823-930d-24b58f823ea9> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://myscienceacademy.org/tag/space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807344.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124085059-20171124105059-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.951336 | 1,299 | 3.84375 | 4 |
A major Bureau investigation has revealed the changing face of British farming. The number of intensive farms in the UK has risen by a quarter since 2011, with many so big they fit the definition of a US mega-farm.
Below you can find all the data we obtained, analysed per country, county and type of livestock. It contains information on the five companies controlling nearly all poultry meat production in the UK. You will also find information on which of these companies operate mega-farms, and the supermarkets they supply.
The Environment Agency - and its regional counterparts in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales - classify livestock farms as "intensive" if they have capacity for housing at least 40,000 poultry birds or 2,000 pigs grown for meat or 750 breeding pigs (sows).
These "intensive" farms each require a permit to operate that is issued by the relevant environment agency. Very large free range farms also need this licence but there are far fewer of them. This contains details of the farm operator, the number of livestock permitted to be housed and a detailed set of conditions that must be met for the farm to operate.
Existing farms can be issued with a new permit if changes to the original conditions are proposed- such as if a farm wants to increase the number of livestock it houses - or if it changes owners.
How farms have intensified over time, and where
Most intensive farms in the UK are poultry farms, our analysis has shown. They make up 86% of the total numbers of permit-holding farms.
Between 2011 and 2017 there was a 27% increase in permit-holding poultry farms across the UK.
Overall, the number of large intensive farms - pig and poultry - with an Environment Agency permit in the UK is currently 1,674 - an increase of 26% since 2011 when there were 1,332 facilities requiring a permit. The figures are as of July 2017 for Scotland, March 2017 for England, and Northern Ireland and January 2016 for Wales.
Some areas of the UK saw particularly sharp rises: in Northern Ireland the number of pig and poultry factory farms has increased by 68% from 154 in 2011 to 259 in 2017.
The Bureau also calculated which areas in England had the most permit-holding intensive farms. This was broken down by operational area – which is the part of the country each local Environment Agency department covers.
Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire have the most intensive farms with a total of 208. Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk have the second highest total 176, with Yorkshire next with 168. This was compared with Solent and the South Downs – which have 20. Kent and South London have 8 and Hertfordshire and North London 3.
Nearly 800 mega-farms
Our investigation has also shown the UK is now home to at least 789 mega-farms or what the US calls CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations).
To meet the definition of a Cafo, a facility must have at least 125,000 broilers (chickens raised for meat), or 82,000 layers (hens which produce eggs) or pullets (chickens used for breeding), or 2,500 pigs, 700 dairy cattle or 1,000 beef cattle.
The majority of the UK mega-farms - 575 - are poultry, with 190 pig, 21 dairy and 3 beef units.
Seven of the 10 largest poultry farms - producing meat or eggs or both - in the UK have the capacity to house more than one million birds. The biggest two farms are able to hold 1.7 million and 1.4 million birds respectively. The biggest pig farm is able to hold 23,000 pigs, while the largest cattle farm - in Lincolnshire - can house approximately 3,000 cattle.
The Bureau's investigation also established that many UK supermarkets and fast food chains buy from companies operating such US-style mega-farms, including Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Co-op, M&S, Morrisons, Asda, McDonalds and Nando's.
- Poultry supplier Hook 2 Sisters is a joint venture between PD Hook and 2 Sisters Food Group. It operates farms that supply birds to 2 Sisters Food Group whose customers include Tesco, Morrison’s, Sainsbury’s, M&S, and Asda. Data shows that Hook 2 Sisters operates 37 Cafo-sized facilities across the UK.
- Faccenda Foods, which supplies poultry to Asda and Nando's, among others, operates 26 Cafos in the UK. Moy Park, which supplies Asda, McDonalds and Burger King, has 19 Cafos across the country.
- JSR Farms, which rears pigs, says it is in partnership with Sainsbury’s and Morrisons, and operates 4 Cafos, according to our analysis. J C Lister, another major pig producer, operates 2 Cafos and reportedly has supplied Tesco, Co-op and Aldi.
- A large Cafo-sized farm called Pawton Dairy supplies milk to Arla. Arla butter and cheese are sold in Co-Op.
The five major poultry companies
The majority of Britain’s poultry meat is produced by a handful of large companies including Faccenda, Moy Park, Cargill, 2 Sisters and Banham Poultry - all of which are privately-owned.
Operating Profit 2016: £19.2m in financial year 2016
Headquarters: Weybridge, Surrey
Key Facilities: Two chicken processing facilities in Hereford, and a primary processing chicken plant in Newent. It also has a chicken processing plant in Wolverhampton. Currently processes 1.6 million chickens per week at the Grandstand Road, Hereford, plant. These chickens are received from Cargill’s network of more than 100 independently owned farms, slaughtered (using a state of the art controlled atmosphere stunning process), cleaned, chilled and prepared either for further processing or packaged as fresh chicken products (whole chickens and jointed chicken pieces for the food service, retail and restaurant businesses).
Cargill UK Holdings is owned by Cargill, Inc, a private US company which made $1.64 bn in adjusted operating earnings in 2016.
Faccenda Foods Limited
Operating profit 2016: £7.8m in financial year 2016
Headquarters: Brackley, Northants
Facilities: Operates or partners with 150 farms across the UK for chicken rearing. Produces 2.2m chicks per week at breeder farms. Factories in Telford and Abergavenny.
Operating profit: £50.6m to Dec 2015
Headquarters: Craigavon, Northern Ireland
Key Facilities: Four primary production sites and three further processing sites.
Owned by JBS, a Brazilian company
2 Sisters Food Group Limited
Operating loss: £2.2m in financial year 2016
Headquarters: Wakefield, West Yorkshire
The firm owns more than 700 farms across the UK and also contracts its poultry from independent farmers.
Owned by Boparan Holdings Limited.
Banham Poultry Limited
Operating Loss: £473,612 in financial year up to Oct 2015
Headquarters: Attleborough, Norfolk
Key Facilities: Sales of 650,000 chickens per week. Has its own hatchery, which supplies all farms producing poultry for the company, these may be owned, rented or leased. The company employs around 600 people. Processes 21.8 million birds a year.
Is there any way of pushing for honest food packaging so that people know the conditions these animals were raised in before they buy the product?
Nope. And the worst is that you pay 10 times more for the meat in supermarket than it comes out of the farm!
[Comment awaiting moderation]
How are DEFRA and the RSPCA addressing the disgusting animal cruelty being perpetuated within these farming companies?
[Comment awaiting moderation]
How come there hasn't been an answer to the above question?
Isn't it about time that the government made farming right in this country?
Why are there US companies monopolising farming in the UK?
Seeing as there is a global requirement for everyone to only eat meat once a week to help combat global warming, surely limitation for the production of meat products is required.
All animals should be free range and ok so that would triple their cost but that's fine because that would have the desired effect of consumption reduction. This kind of approach is long overdue so when's it going to happen? Hasn't anyone seen what the consequences will be over the coming years? I think government are blind.
[Comment awaiting moderation] | <urn:uuid:c06d9a13-a4e9-49e8-b328-45a38180c761> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2017-07-17/intensive-numbers-of-intensive-farming | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.949512 | 1,794 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Top 6 Risk Factors for Pulmonary Embolism
Allison Bush | Jan 16th 2014 Jun 1st 2017
Pulmonary embolism (PE)–a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has traveled through the blood system from elsewhere in the body–occurs equally in men and women, but risk increases with age. For every 10 years after age 60, the risk of having PE doubles. Other than age, here are health and lifestyle factors that may put you at a greater risk.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Your risk for PE is high if you have deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or a history of DVT. In DVT, blood clots form in the deep veins of the body—most often in the legs. These clots can break free, travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, and block an artery.
If you’re sitting on an airplane for an extended period of time, or are relegated to a bed after recovering from a surgery, your blood flow is at a point of stasis and could put you at risk for a PE. If you’re known to have poor circulation, always speak with your doctor about preventative measures before a long trip or surgery.
Birth control pills
The birth control pill contains different forms of the female hormones estrogen and progestin. Estrogen increases the risk of DVTs by increasing the production of certain chemicals necessary for the blood to clot. It also increases platelet numbers and the stickiness of platelets, which increases clot formation. This same increase in estrogen also occurs naturally in late pregnancy, resulting in a similar or greater increase in the risk of PE.
Basic research studies have implicated smoking in various abnormalities of blood coagulation, which is how a clot is formed. Researchers are not sure whether it’s the nicotine itself, or other effects of smoking that raise the risk of PE and DVT in smokers.
Genetic predisposition, most commonly, Factor V Leiden deficiency, MHFTHR mutation, Protein C or Protein S deficiencies or anitithrobin III deficiency are all risk factors for PE. | <urn:uuid:7b027a3a-1f3a-4765-8c9c-c588a9abe821> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.healthcentral.com/slideshow/top-6-risk-factors-pulmonary-embolism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693363.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925201601-20170925221601-00659.warc.gz | en | 0.931437 | 453 | 2.875 | 3 |
A Paleo diet or a Paleolithic diet (a Greek word where “Paleo-lithic” refers to something very “old” or something that belongs to “Stone age”).
It is commonly referred to a diet which consisted of cereal varieties of nuts , raw meat & wild berries etc,& even milk products.
This diet was primarily adopted by the Stone Age people, cave’s men, old age fishermen, hunter-gatherers & hence the name was derived.
The Paleo Diet Basics
The Paleo diet can be further sub-divided into
- Plant products derived
- Animal products derived
These divisions came into existence because the Stone Age people consumed both vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods (in modern-day terms) in equal quantities.
Plant products derived
It includes the vegetables and fresh fruits belonged to low starch content varieties. Different sources in the world, give different amounts of calories present.
But approximately, it accounts for about 35 to 60% of the daily calories, according to Indian department of agriculture. These fruits & vegetables also had higher roughages & fiber content.
Animal products derived
This variety includes raw meat, marine foods etc. The later evolved people consumed animal products (i.e. – dairy & farm products etc).
According to modern-day experts, the calorie content here varies from 9 to 40% of the daily requirements.
Unlike plant products, these are dominated by the higher fat content in it (higher saturated fats).
According to U.S department of Dairy and Agriculture dietary guidelines, both these varieties are rich in carbohydrates & protein content. Basically, paleo diet was followed by prehistoric people.
Paleo diet included all improperly processed foods or raw foods that were readily available in nature.
Paleo Diet 15 Day Meal Plan
Here I provide you a 15-day meal plan based on the paleo diet requirements. Here we go..!!
Just relax and follow your regular intake, along with some chicken and beef.
Start analysing your daily intake and cut down on high sugar, dairy contents like soft drinks, chocolate candies etc.
Also, include pastured eggs from the second day.
Just allocate a day for vegetables. I mean exclusively for vegetables, like onions, carrots, beetroots, tomatoes etc.
Also include leafy vegetables like cabbage, kale, broccoli and other hybrid cabbage varieties.
You don’t need to eat fruits all day..! But just include a fruit (viz..An apple, banana, orange, etc) on day 4 and feel the magic!
Coconut oil, olive oil, can be used as a substitute for cooking oil on this day. I guarantee you for a change definitely in terms of health and also money.
A sensible amount of wine (especially red wine) can be included. For kids, I recommend a dark chocolate, less in carbohydrate content.
Drinking plenty of water is actually a recommended tip for all diet plans. But here, it is not that strongly recommended @askmyhealth.
But have it as your “go to option” whenever you feel dehydrated.
Have your regular diet, but just include green tea and black coffee for a change. You will definitely get refreshed!
Try having burger all day.You will have a lot of fun. But just avoid buns fried in butter or cheese.
Almonds, walnuts, and hazelnuts, if all these are available , just have it as your moral for lunch. Take some nuts of all mentioned varieties, fry it at moderate heat and have it
Sandwich..!! Good, news for all youths. “Lettuce leaf sandwich” can be included on this day. It can either be bought from a local shop or home made.
Baked salmon and omega-rich eggs can be included. Have a good jog in the morning and try having a salmon or an egg. You will feel fresh the whole day.
After a hectic 11 days of food plan, just feel free and have all your favourite food items in considerable amounts. After this, just try having sweet potatoes. You may enjoy it..!!
Go for a fruit rich in vitamins, early in the morning and follow your regular food item for the day as per your plan.
“Berries”!! , that sounds yummy in fact!! Just include it in your plan for today.
The simple berries that you can include are Strawberries, blueberries and also fresh juices of any berry fruit that is readily available to you.
Just spend time analyzing the whole 15day meal plan. You will definitely notice the change.
Friends! Just don’t ignore this plan. Just because it does not give you satisfactory results at one go.
Follow it regularly for at least 5-6 fortnights by taking regular intervals of time.
Have a great time following it.!!!
A point to ponder
The modern-day narcotics and caffeine products like Coffee and alcohol were not a part of the “Paleo Diet”.
This could probably the reason, for their predominant existence on Earth for years together than the present day humans. This remains a valid point to ponder every time.
For those who need a short meal plan
If you like to follow a one week plan, then this is for you!!!
Arguments and suppositions
- As, the evolution of human beings proceeded at a gradual pace, the revolution in agriculture also simultaneously evolved.
- These revolutions periods gave rise to the discovery of new products like wheat, pulses, leguminous products, salt, sugar, oil etc .which relatively had higher calorie content & other essential nutrients.These made people shift their choice to modern-day food items.
- But various health experts like Lorain Cordain counter-argued that the modern day people should follow a diet plan that resembles Paleo diet for several benefits like weight loss, longer life span etc(abiding by the Discordance theory) .
- However, the critics had other ideas when the genetic maladaptation to modern-day foods was put forth by advocates by citing the examples of “Tolerance to various amino acids like lactose, glucose etc.)
- Critics strongly argued that, when these modern foods do not cater to the needs of the people, Then the Earth that humans live today, would not have been in existence.
- The advocates also argued with their real-life statistical data given by present-day hunter-gatherers for higher life expectancy and how Paleo diet caters to the energy balance between its intake and the physical expenditure of work.
- There was again a counter argument by various molecular sciences department regarding the “Ideal diet plan” in which the Paleo diet cannot be considered and also the development of the modern-day research, where the native breeds which contained toxic elements were removed by Artificial selection.
As a final note,
The long “SAGA” continues …as this became one of the hottest topics and also the most searched topic on Google after 2010.
But various dietary associations have debarred people who consume Paleo diet based foods for its harmful effects on bowel related problems.
In my opinion, this diet serves as a major platform for the evolution of other present day diets. | <urn:uuid:9b405a1e-7931-47d0-9e86-6b2d83f02f56> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://askmyhealth.com/15-day-paleo-diet-meal-plan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323908.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629103036-20170629123036-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.94607 | 1,509 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Historically, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are used as refrigerants and halons, used in fire extinguishers, that are now known to be ozone depleting substances (ODS), were in widespread use both in households and commercial premises for refrigeration, air conditioning, and in household, commercial and industrial fire-fighting applications. The modern Synthetic Greenhouse Gas (SGG) replacements for ODS have been found to have global warming characteristics.
The importance of proper gas destruction
The involvement of these substances in the partial destruction of the ozone layer came to the forefront of public awareness in the 1980’s. This culminated in the formation in 1987 of a treaty named The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This treaty focused on reduction and elimination of ODS. Most nations, including Australia, are signatories to this agreement and under its terms Australia has prohibited the venting of such substances to the atmosphere, along with a ban on further importation and production.
More recently the Kyoto Protocol recognised the significance of SGG as global warming gasses which are now also regulated in the same legislation as ODS under the Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Management Act 1989.
Rely on our expertise
Since 1996, our team have been safely destroying both refrigerant and halon gases using the PLASCON high temperature plasma process.
Toxfree receives the halon gases from the Australian National Halon Bank and from abroad. Used or waste refrigerant gasses are received in conjunction with the successful Refrigerant Reclaim Australia and Refrigerant Recovery New Zealand product stewardship schemes, for destruction by Toxfree. Toxfree also provides ODS and SGG destruction services to other clients.
During the period since 1996, over 1,000 tons of halon gasses and over 3,00,000 tons of used refrigerants, have been destroyed by our facility. Currently the Plascon facility destroys over 450 tons of ODS and SGG per year.
The Plascon process is world’s best practice for the destruction of CFC’s, HCFC’s, HFC’s, PFC’s and SF6 as well as halon gases. These are recognised as ODS and SGG substances which must be controlled and destroyed at end of life.
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If your request is urgent, please call us on 1300 869 373 or complete this form and we’ll get in touch soon. | <urn:uuid:0f9081bd-4189-4811-b943-b2c46ec2e8c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.toxfree.com.au/gas-destruction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825174.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022094207-20171022114207-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.935137 | 530 | 2.5625 | 3 |
May 16, 2008 A team of Penn State researchers has developed a simple artificial cell with which to investigate the organization and function of two of the most basic cell components: the cell membrane and the cytoplasm--the gelatinous fluid that surrounds the structures in living cells. The work could lead to the creation of new drugs that take advantage of properties of cell organization to prevent the development of diseases. The team's findings will be published later this month in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
"Many scientists are trying to understand cells by turning off genes, one at a time, and are observing the effects on cell function, but we're doing the opposite," said Associate Professor of Chemistry Christine D. Keating, who led the research. "We're starting from scratch, adding in components to find out what is needed to simulate the most basic cell functions. Our goal is to find out how much complexity can be observed in very simple collections of molecules."
Building on previous work that was published in the 16 January 2008 issue of Journal of the American Chemical Society, Keating and her colleagues built a model cell using as the cytoplasm a solution of two different polymers: polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and dextran. The researchers encapsulated this polymer solution inside a cell membrane and, because the two polymers do not mix, one of the phases surrounded the other like the white of an egg around a yolk. The team then exposed the cell to a concentrated solution of sugar. Through a process known as osmosis--in which water diffuses across a cell membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration--water traveled from the relatively diluted polymer solution inside the cell to the more concentrated sugar solution outside the cell. As a result, the volume of the polymer solution inside the membrane was reduced.
With a cell membrane that was now too large and also unconstrained by its spherical shape, the cell converted to a budded form. A dextran-rich mixture filled the bud while a PEG-rich mixture remained inside the body of the cell. This new structure exhibited the type of complexity that the team had been looking for; it exhibited polarity. "Polarity is critical to development," said Keating. "It is an important first step in the development of a complex multi-cellular organism, like a human being, in which different cells perform different functions."
In previous work, the team created a membrane that was entirely uniform, but in their most recent paper, they describe an asymmetric membrane containing a mixture of lipid molecules. Some of these lipid molecules contained tiny pieces of PEG, which interacted with the PEG in the cytoplasm, thus generating polarity in the model cell. "Our work demonstrated the interrelationship of the cytoplasm and the cell membrane," said Keating.
The team's next step is to create a cascade in polarity. "By creating a model cytoplasm with different compositions, we demonstrated that we can control the behavior of cell membranes," said Keating. "Now we want to find out what will happen if, for example, we add an enzyme whose activity depends on the compositions of the cytoplasm and cell membrane."
Although Keating and her colleagues plan to continue adding components to their model cell, they don't expect to make a real cell. "We aren't trying to generate life here. Rather, we want to understand the physical principles that govern biological systems," said Keating. "For me the big picture is trying to understand how the staggering complexity observed in biological systems might have arisen from seemingly simple chemical and physical principles."
The research team includes Ann-Sofie Cans, a former postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Chemistry who is now at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, and M. Scott Long and Meghan Andes, both graduate students in the Department of Chemistry. The work was primarily supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation and by the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
- Cans, Ann-Sofie, Andes-Koback, Meghan, and Keating, Christine D. Positioning Lipid Membrane Domains in Giant Vesicles by Micro-organization of Aqueous Cytoplasm Mimic. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, doi: 10.1021/ja710746d
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | <urn:uuid:87722fc1-b30a-41eb-84b6-e7bb0b992d4a> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080515171023.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704658856/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114418-00099-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947269 | 956 | 3.109375 | 3 |
December 2017 -A Valiant Pearl Harbor Survivor
Of the ships and service craft moored at Pearl Harbor on the morning of Dec. 7, 1941, one had connections to South Dakota.
The minelayer USS Oglala was the flagship of the Pacific Fleet Mine Force. A flagship is the ship that carries the commander of a fleet and flies the commander’s flag. A minelayer is a naval vessel for laying underwater mines.
The Oglala had started life as a coastal passenger vessel, carrying people between Boston and New York. The vessel was built in 1906 or 1907 by the William Cramp Shipbuilding Company of Philadelphia with the name Massachusetts. The vessel was taken over by the Navy in World War I and converted to a minelayer with the name USS Shawmut. At the end of the war, the Shawmut was converted to a seaplane tender. On Jan. 1, 1928, the ship was again converted into a minelayer and renamed the USS Oglala.
“This name was selected by President (Calvin) Coolidge in recognition of the honor paid him by the Oglala Tribe in making him a chieftain,” wrote J.V. Ogan, Captain, U.S. Navy, Commanding, in a 1950 letter to a boarding school at Pine Ridge.
Coolidge and his wife, Grace, spent the summer of 1927 in the Black Hills. While in South Dakota, the president was adopted as an honorary member of the Sioux tribe in recognition of his support for the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, granting full U.S. citizenship to American Indians and permitting them to retain tribal land and cultural rights.
On a Sunday morning 76 years ago, the Oglala was moored alongside the cruiser USS Helena at Pier Ten-Ten in the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard near Honolulu, Hawaii. Among those on board were Rear Adm. William R. Furlong, commander of the minecraft battle force, and Seaman First Class Loren Bailey.
Bailey had eaten breakfast in the mess hall and was about to complain that one of his records was being played on the record player with a scratchy needle when he heard that a fire had been spotted at nearby Ford Island. General quarters sounded, calling all on board to go to battle stations as quickly as possible. This was about 7:57 a.m.
“As I started down the starboard side (right-hand side as one faces forward) of the ship, I noticed three airplanes. I paid no attention to ’em because there was all so much activity. I thought it was just planes off an aircraft carrier. I saw the red insignia and it never dawned on me,” Bailey said in an oral history interview conducted on Dec, 3, 1986, by the National Park Service.
Bailey said he saw one of the planes in what would be the first wave of Japanese torpedo planes to reach Pearl Harbor drop a torpedo, which passed under the Oglala and slammed into the USS Helena. The pressure from the explosion ruptured the lower port (left) plating abreast of the Oglala’s fireroom, and the minelayer rapidly took on water.
By this time, the planes were starting to drop torpedoes on the battleships, Bailey recalled. He crossed the gangplank onto the Helena, where he passed ammunition for the Helena’s guns during the attack.
Smoke was everywhere around him, and Japanese planes were flying over the top of a nearby Navy yard building.
“I did not see the Arizona blow up, but I saw it burning profusely. I did see a lot of explosions near Ford Island. I observed them. And the battleship Nevada got underway,” Bailey said. “I can’t actually say I was scared. I was probably more surprised and amazed. We couldn’t comprehend the thing, it probably soaked in like two or three days later.”
Right after the attack, Bailey was put on a motor launch to pick up wounded and the dead. He was reassigned to a destroyer, the USS Tucker.
None of the crew of the Oglala were killed in the attack, although three were injured.
When it became clear that the Oglala might sink, Furlong ordered that the minelayer be moved away from the Helena so it would not pin the cruiser against the dock. About two hours after receiving the initial damage, the Oglala sank.
Initially evaluated as a total loss, the Oglala became the object of a prolonged and ultimately successful salvage effort.
The Oglala was returned to service in 1944 and sailed to the South Pacific for duty. The Oglala was decommissioned in 1946 and transferred to the Maritime Commission. It remained with the “mothball fleet” for almost two decades before being sold for scrap in 1965.
This moment in South Dakota history is provided by the South Dakota Historical Society Foundation, the nonprofit fundraising partner of the South Dakota State Historical Society at the Cultural Heritage Center in Pierre. Find us on the web at www.sdhsf.org. Contact us at [email protected] to submit a story idea. | <urn:uuid:3cd1d63e-bdcf-40ac-bb5e-25e3e7e16728> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.sdhsf.org/news_events/history_articles.html/title/december-2017-a-valiant-pearl-harbor-survivor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645595.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530095645-20230530125645-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.976363 | 1,082 | 3.265625 | 3 |
- More people accidentally die from prescription painkillers than all other drugs.
- Drug overdoses are the leading cause of death from injury in New Mexico.
- 1 in 4 people prescribed opioids may struggle with dependency.
- 75% of people dependent on opioids started with doctor prescribed pain pills.
- Nearly 3 in 4 overdose deaths statewide involved opioids of some kind, including prescription pain medication and heroin.
What are Prescription Opioids?
Prescription opioids are strong pain-reducing medications. Common prescription opioids include, hydrocodone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, codeine, morphine, methadone and fentanyl.
Potential Risks of Opioid Use
Opioids can be addictive. Addiction is a disease that results when the opioid has made changes to the brain. A person using medication properly is not likely to get addicted, but this sometimes happens. Addiction usually occurs through misuse. Some people are at higher risk of addiction because of their genes, temperament, or personal situation.
The signs of dependency or addiction are:
- Craving – The mind develops an overwhelming desire for the drug.
- Loss of control – It becomes harder to say no to using the drug.
- Use is compulsive and continues when it causes harm.
Accidental overdose can happen if you are taking prescription painkillers or heroin. Opioids can cause bad reactions that make your breathing slow or even stop. This can happen if your body can’t handle the opioids you take that day.
Who is at Risk?
- Anyone of any age who uses opioid medications to manage pain, particularly those taking higher doses.
- Anyone who takes opioids with multiple prescriptions or other sedating substances, including alcohol, anti-anxiety, sleeping aids or muscle relaxants.
- Household members of people who are in possession of opioids, including prescription opioids.
- Anyone who uses heroin or injects pain medications.
- People with reduced tolerance following detox or release from incarceration.
- Someone who has had a previous non-fatal overdose.
- Opioid doses greater than 90 mg of morphine per day or 60 mg of oxycodone per day.
- Obtaining overlapping prescriptions from multiple providers and pharmacies.
- Talk with your doctors about the risks associated with opioids
- Practice Safe Medication Use
- Take medicines ONLY as prescribed.
- Keep a current list of your medicines, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and dietary/herbal supplements. Bring your up-to-date medicine list to all of your medical and pharmacy visits. [LINK TO FORM]
- Keep opioids and all other medicines in a safe place, out of the reach of children. Keep your medicines in a secure, preferably locked place.
- Never give away or share your medicines with others.
- Never mix pain medicines with alcohol, sleeping pills, or any illicit substance.
- Review your medicines every six months and properly dispose of all expired, unused or unwanted medicines as soon as possible.
- Find the disposal location in your area
- Prevent and Overdose
- Carry Naloxone
- Know the Signs of Overdose
- Carry Naloxone. Save a Life. | <urn:uuid:f093d165-c4a4-426f-bbb7-c2dcf9101d44> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://doseofreality.mindsharedevelopment.com/prevention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655929376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711095334-20200711125334-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.880567 | 664 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Can this vitamin really help protect against a type of skin cancer?
Summer beach days are over, but your risk for sunburn is still relevant during wintertime activities. If you plan to ski, hike or enjoy the outdoors this winter, it’s critical to continue to protect your skin from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.
Exposure to the sun’s UV rays can lead to skin cancers, but there are several things you can do to protect yourself.
A recent observational study published in JAMA Dermatology found vitamin A intake may be associated to lowering the risk of skin cancer, specifically for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
SCC is the most second common skin cancer, and more than one million cases are diagnosed each year in the U.S., according to the Skin Cancer Foundation.
In two long-term studies, researchers followed 48,400 men and 75,170 women over a period of more than 26 years. A total of 3,978 SCC cases were reported.
Researchers found vitamin A in the diet was associated with lowering the risk for SCC.
Vitamin A is found in an variety of fruits and veggies including kale, broccoli and specifically those with orange or yellow pigments such as carrots and apricots.
“Research does suggest vitamin A, or retinoids, can influence DNA transcription in our cells. This influence can block malignant transformation of cells,” says Dr. Katherine Garrity, a dermatologist at Aurora Health Care. “Medications are developed with synthetic retinoids to treat certain types of skin cancers,” she explains.
With limited data points and uncontrollable variables, the study does not offer enough information to make the recommendation individuals should increase their vitamin A intake to prevent SCC, says Garrity.
“The study relied on participants’ self-reported eating habits and did not account for other sun-protective measures that participants took, which is an important confounding variable when looking for differences in rates of sun-induced skin cancers,” she states.
Garrity recommends the following tips to best protect your skin:
- Use water-resistant, broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher (broad-spectrum indicates it will block both UVA and UVB light)
- Reapply sunscreen every two hours or after you swim or sweat
- Avoid peak sun hours from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- Wear ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) clothing, which is designed to protect against the sun’s harmful rays
- Be mindful of reflective surfaces such as snow, sand and water, which can reflect more than half of the sun’s rays
- Wear sunglasses and wide-brimmed hats to protect your face, nose and ears
About the Author
Liz Fitzgerald, health enews contributor, is an integrated marketing coordinator at Advocate Aurora Health. She earned her bachelor’s degree in Corporate Communication from Marquette University. Outside of work, Liz has a goal of visiting all U.S. national parks. | <urn:uuid:1c27683b-0a0d-4eed-aeaa-cd35a42e917e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.ahchealthenews.com/2019/10/23/can-vitamin-a-really-help-protect-against-this-type-of-skin-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145966.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224163216-20200224193216-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.940424 | 640 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Epidemiology & Risk Factors
People can get infected with Babesia parasites in several ways:
- The main way is through the bite of an infected tick—during outdoor activities in areas where babesiosis is found (see below).
- A less common way is by getting a transfusion from a blood donor who has a Babesia infection but does not have any symptoms. (No tests have been licensed yet for screening blood donors for Babesia.)
- Rare cases of congenital transmission—from an infected mother to her baby (during pregnancy or delivery)—have been reported.
Babesia parasites are not transmitted from person-to-person like the flu or the common cold.
Many different species (types) of Babesia parasites have been found in animals, only a few of which have been found in people. Babesia microti—which usually infects white-footed mice and other small mammals—is the main species that has been found in people in the United States. Occasional (sporadic) cases of babesiosis caused by other Babesia species have been detected.
Babesia microti is transmitted in nature by Ixodes scapularis ticks (also called blacklegged ticks or deer ticks).
- Tickborne transmission primarily occurs in the Northeast and upper Midwest, especially in parts of New England, New York state, New Jersey, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
- The parasite typically is spread by the young nymph stage of the tick, which is most apt to be found (seeking or "questing" for a blood meal) during warm months (spring and summer), in areas with woods, brush, or grass.
- Infected people might not recall a tick bite because I. scapularis nymphs are very small (about the size of a poppy seed).
MMWR (July 13, 2012) -- Babesiosis Surveillance — 18 States, 2011
Article (Ann Intern Med -- September 5, 2011): Transfusion-Associated Babesiosis in the United States: A Description of Cases
Video (Ann Intern Med -- October 17, 2011): Author Insight: Barbara L. Herwaldt, MD, MPH, offers additional insight into her original research article.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Hours of Operation
8am-8pm EST/ Monday-Friday
- Contact CDC-INFO | <urn:uuid:c65bbc47-c3bb-41c0-8772-0ffc615a2692> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/babesiosis/epi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00540-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912919 | 506 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Plane geometry is devoted primarily to the properties and relations of plane figures, such as angles, triangles, other polygons, and circles. The terms “point,” “line,” and “plane” are familiar intuitive concepts.
A point has no size and is the simplest geometric figure. All geometric figures consist of points. A point can be named by a single capital letter. The following is a diagram of points A, B, and M:
A line is understood to be a straight line that extends in both directions without end. We can name a line by picking any two points on the line.
A plane can be thought of as a floor or a tabletop, except that a plane extends in all directions without end and has no thickness.
Given any two points on a line, a line segment is the part of the line that contains the two points and all the points between them. The two points are called endpoints.
Line segment AB consists of points A and B and all the points on the line between A and B.
Line segments that have equal lengths are called congruent line segments. The point that divides a line segment into two congruent line segments is called the midpoint of the line segment.
This video explains and demonstrates the fundamental concepts (undefined terms) of geometry: point, line, plane.
When two lines intersect at a point, they form four angles, as indicated below.
In the figure, angles s and q are called opposite angles, also known as vertical angles. Angles p and r are also opposite angles. Opposite angles have equal measures, and angles that have equal measures are called congruent angles. Hence, opposite angles are congruent. The sum of the measures of the four angles is 360 degrees.
A right angle is an angle measuring 90 degrees. Two lines or line segments that meet at a right angle are said to be perpendicular.
An acute angle is an angle measuring between 0 and 90 degrees.
An obtuse angle is an angle measuring between 90 and 180 degrees.
This video illustrates acute, right, obtuse, straight, reflex, and full angles
Two lines in the same plane that do not intersect are called parallel lines. The figure below shows two lines, and that are parallel, denoted by The two lines are intersected by a third line, forming eight angles. Note that four of the angles have the measure x°, and the remaining four angles have the measure y°, where x° + y° = 180.
The following video shows angles formed by paralle lines and transversals.
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations. | <urn:uuid:5bfe97dc-21ae-4279-9051-a1a7414b7643> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/lines-angles-gre.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823731.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020044747-20171020064747-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.950136 | 580 | 4.53125 | 5 |
ASK A QUESTION How to say I see you and I saw you in Spanish?
How to say I see you and I saw you in Spanish?
One with present tense, the other with past tense?
How to say I see my friend Melissa? - Veo a mi amiga Melissa o Veo mi amiga Melissa?
How to say I saw my friend Melissa?- Vi a mi amiga Melissa o Vi mi amiga Melissa?
Te veo! I see you Te vi I saw you And the first ones were right
Veo a mi amiga Melissa, Vi a mi amiga Melissa.
Vi a mi amiga Melissa.
The "a" is necessary. It is called "personal a." It comes in front of direct objects that are people or pets (and some other situations perhaps)...but it doesn't come in front of direct object pronouns like me, te, lo, la, etc.
Ver + a + alguien
Veo a mi amiga Melisa
Vi a mi amiga Melisa
Veía a mi amiga Melisa
Being Chinese, it is quite likely that Melissa is not your real name (all my Chinese students adopt temporary English names when they speak English), so in Spanish maybe you should adopt a more logical spelling, since we use a language where letters are pronounced, so "Melissa" would sound like "Melis...sa" in English, and that sound simply does not exist in Spanish.
I have included the imperfect version, because it is also possible (and even necessary in some sentences):
I saw my friend Melissa every day, as she was training.
Veía / vi a mi amiga Melisa todos los días mientras entrenaba.
Both are possible, but each one gives a different perspective. | <urn:uuid:a648cd1d-b7a6-41d2-9004-67a7c8c78b0d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.spanishdict.com/answers/175137/how-to-say-i-see-you-and-i-saw-you-in-spanish | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687592.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921011035-20170921031035-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.884819 | 377 | 3.015625 | 3 |
More Lessons for Grade 4
Examples, videos, stories and solutions to help Grade 4 students learn about expanded form or expanded notation. Expanded notation allows us to write a number to show the place values of the digits in the number.
We can write 82,503, using expanded notation.
82,503 = 80,000 + 2,000 + 500 + 3
= 8 × 10,000 + 2 × 1,000 + 5 × 100 + 3
How to change from Standard form to Expanded Form
1. Label the digits
2. Pull out the value of digits starting with the highest place value
3. Write the value of each digit adding up the parts
Writing Numbers in Expanded Form
Expanded Form or Expanded Notation
Use the place value chart to write numbers in expanded notation
Expanded notation is a method of writing a number that emphasizes the place value of each digit of the number. Expanded notation is also called expanded form. It consists of the sum of each digit multiplied by its corresponding place value.
Whole Numbers: Expanded Form, rounding and Inequalities
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations.
You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page. | <urn:uuid:13f5c859-65a4-43b2-8ebe-188d96a5c614> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/expanded-form-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657134758.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712082512-20200712112512-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.820228 | 341 | 3.90625 | 4 |
About This Chapter
AP Physics 2: Electromagnetic Radiation - Chapter Summary
This informative chapter outlines subjects such as the formula for Planck's Constant, the definition of a photon and the photoelectric effect. You can easily work at your own pace to review the material as many times as you need to. Each lesson is followed by a multiple-choice quiz you can use to test your comprehension. If you need to go back and review a section of a video lesson, it's easy using the video tabs feature. After you finish this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
- Understand the properties of electromagnetic waves
- Apply Planck's Constant Formula
- Use the equation associated with the photoelectric effect
- Describe the wavelength and spectrum associated with electromagnetic radiation
- Define a photon and its wavelength
- Explain electron transitions and spectral lines
- Observe the properties of electromagnetic radiation
1. What is Electromagnetic Radiation? - Wavelength, Spectrum & Energy
Light, microwaves, X-rays, and cell phone transmissions are all examples of electromagnetic radiation. Read more about this fascinating, mostly invisible phenomenon that has been harnessed by humans for so many purposes. A quiz is included.
2. Electromagnetic Waves: Definition, Sources & Properties
In this lesson, learn the basics of electromagnetic waves and how they make up the electromagnetic spectrum. We will explore the major trends and categories within the spectrum, as well as the various sources of electromagnetic waves.
3. What is a Photon? - Definition, Energy & Wavelength
In this lesson, we will learn the definition of a photon. We will also explain Planck's constant and its relationship to the photon energy and wavelength. The calculation of photon energy is also demonstrated.
4. Planck's Constant: Formula & Application
After watching this lesson, you will be able to explain what Planck's constant is and use the Planck-Einstein relation to calculate the energy in a photon of light. A short quiz will follow.
5. The Photoelectric Effect: Definition, History, Application & Equation
In this lesson, you will learn what the photoelectric effect is, how it was discovered, how it applies to everyday life, and the equation associated with it. A short quiz will follow.
6. Electron Transitions & Spectral Lines
This lesson discusses how electrons transition between energy levels, why they do this, how photons are involved, how absorption and emission spectra come into play, and what the Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series are.
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Other chapters within the AP Physics 2: Exam Prep course
- AP Physics 2: Properties & Structure of Systems
- AP Physics 2: Fluids & Fluid Flow
- AP Physics 2: Electric Charge
- AP Physics 2: Mass & Energy
- AP Physics 2: Properties of Objects, Space & Time
- AP Physics 2: Properties of Matter
- AP Physics 2: Vector & Scalar Fields
- AP Physics 2: Electric Fields
- AP Physics 2: Magnetic Fields
- AP Physics 2: Forces
- AP Physics 2: Newton's Laws of Motion
- AP Physics 2: Force Labs
- AP Physics 2: Electric & Magnetic Properties of a System
- AP Physics 2: Thermodynamics & Entropy
- AP Physics 2: Conservation Principles
- AP Physics 2: Conservation in Electrical Circuits
- AP Physics 2: Conservation of Electric Charge
- AP Physics 2: Conservation of Nucleon Number
- AP Physics 2: Conservation of Linear Momentum
- AP Physics 2: Waves
- AP Physics 2: Reflection & Refraction
- AP Physics 2: Wave Models
- AP Physics 2: Ideal Gas
- AP Physics 2 Flashcards | <urn:uuid:ad3ec7d5-a16b-4740-a0e0-86c8ad712397> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://study.com/academy/topic/ap-physics-2-electromagnetic-radiation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143646.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218085715-20200218115715-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.893918 | 906 | 3.953125 | 4 |
There’s this common issue with virtual machines – the HDD deficiency (I may have coined a new term). You see contemporary processors are so fast and allow virtualization that they can easily handle the load. The harddrives in contrast cannot handle load coming from different entities, that is, harddrives are bad in multitasking. It’s just to expensive to switch between tasks.
Most modern operating systems have a mechanism called commonly paging. It refers to the process of moving data from the limited main memory (ram) to a special (most often) file on the disk. The main memory is gazillion times faster than a harddrive, but limited, ergo the need for more virtual memory. Weirdly enough most contemporary OSes start using the page file way before they reach the limit of the physical memory (actual ram).
Contemporary machines can handle a lot of memory (2 or 4 gb for example). So why use a page file?
Switching the page file can be done like this:
then do that:
This is the memory print of my vm:
|idle:||with 3 browsers, outlook, word:
I think the handling of my machine (host os) is better now. Let’s see if the impression persists… | <urn:uuid:268ae848-f7ea-45d9-b47a-381b1f55d6d3> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://mihail.stoynov.com/2009/11/18/virtual-machines-and-the-hdd-issue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735916.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805065524-20200805095524-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.894327 | 266 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Basically the circuit designed above have a very simple way of working, where the circuit is designed so that does not happen short circuit or short circuit between the voltage supply with batteries that will be in-charge.
By the time we put an empty battery charging terminals, transistor Q1 will be activated immediately because the current flows through R1 and would trigger a transistor Q1 base. In this condition the flow that would fill the batteries mostly comes from the collector of Q1 is connected directly to the positive terminal of supply. Then during the charging process increases the battery voltage will increase the current flowing in Q2 base via 10 Kohm R5, VR1 and diode D2. VR1 is a component that is used as an initial calibration to determine the exact position in the planning process of switching circuit. For VR1 you can use a trimpot or potensio according to your taste. At the beginning of filling, arrange potensio at position D3 LED indicators on the condition of death, and the current flowing into the collector of Q1 is not too big and not too small.
If the battery is fully charged, the LED indicator will light up automatically because of an increase in voltage on the battery charge will cause the increase of current flowing at the base of transistor Q2 and will terminate the charging cycle due to transistor Q1 having a cut-off due to lack of base current. Why on condition Q1 base current will experience a shortage of this is because almost all the current flowing in R1 10 Kohm will switch to a diode D1 which is logically connected directly with ground experience due Q2 saturated.
1. Resistors: R1 (10 Kohm), R2 (680 ohms), R3 (100 Kohm), R5 (10 Kohm) and VR1 (Potensio / trimpot = 100 Kohm)
2. Diodes: D1 & D2 (IN4002) and D3 (Led)
3. Transistors: Q1 and Q2 (2N3904)
4. 9 volt power supply | <urn:uuid:cffa1d85-2889-481e-a6ac-53b6709fcfd8> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.elcircuit.com/2011/05/automatic-battery-charger-circuit.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424770.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724082331-20170724102331-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.925012 | 428 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Some forms of tracking are obvious – for example, websites know who you are if you’re logged in. But how do tracking networks build up profiles of your browsing activity across multiple websites over time?
Tracking is generally used by advertising networks to build up detailed profiles for pinpoint ad-targeting. If you’ve ever visited a business’ website and seen ads for that business on other websites later, you’ve seen it in action.
The most basic way of identifying you is by your IP address. Your IP address identifies you on the Internet. These days, it’s likely that your computer shares an IP address with the other networked devices in your house or office. From your IP address, a website can determine your rough geographical location – not down to street level, but generally your city or area. If you’ve ever seen a spammy ad that tries to look legitimate by mentioning your location, this is how the ad does it.
IP addresses can change and are often used by multiple users, so they aren’t a good way of tracking a single user over time. Still, an IP address can be combined with other techniques here to track your geographical location.
When you click a link, your browser loads the web page you clicked and tells the website where you came from. For example, if you clicked a link to an outside website on How-To Geek, the outside website would see the address of the How-To Geek article you came from. This information is contained in the HTTP referrer header.
The HTTP referrer is also sent when loading content on a web page. For example, if a web page includes an ad or tracking script, your browsers tells the advertiser or tracking network what page you’re viewing.
“Web bugs,” which are tiny, one-by-one pixel, invisible images, take advantage of the HTTP referrer to track you without appearing on a web page. They’re also used to track emails you open, assuming your email client loads images.
Cookies & Tracking Scripts
Cookies are small pieces of information websites can store in your browser. They have plenty of legitimate uses – for example, when you sign into your online-banking website, a cookie remembers your login information. When you change a setting on a website, a cookie stores that setting so it can persist across page loads and sessions.
Cookies can also identify you and track your browsing activity across a website. This isn’t necessarily a big problem – a website might want to know what pages users visit so it can tweak the user experience. What’s really pernicious are third-party cookies.
While third-party cookies also have legitimate uses, they’re often used by advertising networks to track you across multiple websites. Many websites – if not most websites – include third-party advertising or tracking scripts. If two different websites use the same advertising or tracking network, your browsing history across both sites could be tracked and linked.
Scripts from social networks can also function as tracking scripts. For example, if you’re signed into Facebook and you visit a website that contains a Facebook “Like” button, Facebook knows you visited that website. Facebook stores a cookie to save your login state, so the Like button (which is actually part of a script) knows who you are.
You can clear your browser’s cookies — in fact, we’ve got a guide to clearing your browser’s cookies. However, clearing your cookies isn’t necessarily a solution – “super cookies” are increasingly common. One such super cookie is evercookie. Super cookie solutions like evercookie store cookie data in multiple places – for example, in Flash cookies, Silverlight storage, your browsing history, and HTML5 local storage. One particularly clever tracking method is assigning a unique color value to a few pixels every time a new user visits a website. The different colors are stored in each user’s browser cache and can be loaded back – the color value of the pixels is a unique identifier that identifies the user.
When a website notices that you’ve deleted part of the super cookie, the information is repopulated from the other location. For example, you might clear your browser cookies and not your Flash cookies, so the website will copy the value of the Flash cookie to your browser cookies. Super cookies are very resilient.
Your browser also sends a user agent every time you connect to a website. This tells websites your browser and operating system, providing another piece of data that can be stored and used to target ads. For more information about user agents, check out our explanation of what a browser user agent is.
Browsers are actually pretty unique. Websites can determine your operating system, browser version, installed plug-ins and their versions, your operating system’s screen resolution, your installed fonts, your time zone, and other information. If you’ve disabled cookies entirely, that’s another piece of data that makes your browser unique.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation’s Panopticlick website is an example of how this information can be used. Only one in 1.1 million people have the same browser configuration I do.
There are surely other ways that websites can track you. There’s big money in it, and people are brainstorming new ways to track every day – just see evercookie above for evidence of that.
To surf as anonymously as possible, use the Tor Browser Bundle.
For information on tweaking your browser’s privacy settings and determining what exactly each setting does, see our guides to optimizing Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, or Opera for maximum privacy.
Image Credit: Andy Roberts on Flickr | <urn:uuid:38200cf2-a328-485e-9bce-db8e9836f456> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.howtogeek.com/115483/htg-explains-learn-how-websites-are-tracking-you-online/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689752.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923160736-20170923180736-00706.warc.gz | en | 0.897563 | 1,196 | 3.109375 | 3 |
In prehistoric times, a group of five beings who would later be known as Aphrodite, Artemis, Hestia, Athena and Demeter of the Greek Gods, went about and collected the souls of women who were either unjustly slain or having died for a noble cause, storing them in a vessel called the Cavern of Souls.
Centuries later, the Five looked down upon the world and worried that the hearts of men were falling to the whim's of Ares too easily. The Five partitioned for the other gods to join their efforts to equalize the balance and create a race of women who would teach men the values of the gods, but they were denied.
The Five went on regardless, gathering at a lake in Greece they created clay bodies for the all-female race they breathed life into, with the souls they collected long ago, the first one to rise was Hippolyta. The second was Antiope, Hippolyta's sister.
The women created their city-state of Themyscira on the banks of the lake that gave them life and lived in peace, but not for long.
Ares' influence still ran strong in the world and Themyscira's neighbors did not all appreciate the rumors they heard of the splendor of Themyscira. One such king was Eurystheus, who held sway over Heracles due to Hera's ire being upon the demigod. The son of Zeus was met in single combat by the Amazon Queen who easily defeated him as she carried the Girdle of Gaea, that made her invincible and a physical sign of the Five's favor of the Amazons. However Hippolyta wished not to kill him but instead believed Heracles found them to be worthy allies of his.
Hippolyta was deceived and poisoned by Heracles himself, who took the Girdle from her. Instantly the Amazons lost the favor of the Five as Heracle's men attacked them, capturing them and burning Themyscira to the ground.
Enslaved, the Amazons were taken away from the ruins of their home to suffer at the hands of Heracles and his men, their gods having abandoned them because of the ease of which they were undone. In the darkness of her cell after Heracles left for the battle of Troy, Hippolyta wept for her people and pleaded the gods for salvation. And Athena heard her prayers, granting her salvation if she would not seek revenge for what had happened to her and her people, and Hippolyta complied. The Amazons broke free, having regained their god given strength, breaking the shackles that bound them. But many would no longer follow Olympus, Antiope included, those like her would become the Amazons of Bana-Mighdall. Those who still followed Hippolyta and Olympus were met on the shores of the sea by the Five, who expressed their disappointment in the Amazons, who would now be associated with violence due to their actions.
As penance for their failure, the seas were parted by Poseidon and the Amazons were led away to Paradise Island, to forever guard the entrance to the Underworld known as Doom's Door and to wear the shackles that once bound them as reminders. In return they would live as immortals on their new island home, as long as they remained there and continued to uphold their duty. Also it was forbidden for men to set foot upon the island or the Amazons would loose their immortality. And so they lived and guarded the Door for thousands of years, forgotten as myths by the pages of history.
After three thousand years of living in isolation, Hippolyta grew weary for reasons unknown to her as the voices of Olympus grew dim as time passed and faith in them became scarce in the outside world. Seeking council, she learned of her people's past lives and that there still remained one soul inside the Cavern, that of Hippolyta's unborn child, as she was stuck down while pregnant with it. Hippolyta was instructed to fashion a body for her unborn child and open herself to Artemis while holding an image of her desire. In the darkness of the Cavern of Souls the Five goddesses and Hermes watched as the last soul departed and blessed it with these words;
"I, Demeter grant her the power and strength like that of the Earth itself!"
"I, Aphrodite giver her great beauty and a loving heart!"
"I, Athena grant her wisdom!"
"I, Artemis shall give her the eyes of the hunter and unity with beasts!"
"I, Hestia grant her sisterhood with great fire, that may open men's hearts to her!"
"I, Hermes giver her speed and the power of flight!"
And the sculpture Hippolyta had fashioned came to life, and she became Diana. More beautiful than Aphrodite, wiser than Athena, swifter than Hermes, and stronger than Hercules.
Young Diana would grow to adulthood on Paradise Island before the veils that had sheltered the island. Menalippe, who had foretold the coming of Diana, had a portent that told of evil, and that a champion was to be chosen to face this evil. Despite having been refused to enter the competition, Diana entered and won the mantle.
The evil Menalippe foresaw, came in the shape of Colonel Steve Trevor, who was assigned to bomb Themyscira unknowingly, believing it to be a training exercise. Diana saved Trevor from his burning aircraft and was tasked to return him to Man's World, revealing her people's existence to the modern world.
Partially due to Wonder Woman, Themyscira has since endured renewed predations of the outside world and the reunification with the Bana, who also had survived to the modern age thought by different means. The harshest blow to the nation came when the New God Darkseid sought to remove the 'lesser gods' as he called the Olympians, slaughtering half of the Amazon population. Another crucial blow came when they were invaded by an army of OMAC's commanded by Brother Eye as a failsafe if Max Lord was to die at the hands of Wonder Woman. Being prevented from killing the OMAC's, due to the innocents trapped inside and Eye's twisting of images broadcast to the world, the Amazons instead prayed to the gods and Paradise Island was taken away completely, leaving only Diana behind by her own volition. By then, Hippolyta had been slain at the hands of Imperiex and the Island was governed by Philipus and Artemis as joint rulers since then.
Later, Paradise Island and the Amazons would return with the help of Wonder Woman's longtime enemy Circe, who resurrected Hippolyta to lead her people to war against America, as Diana had been captured by the Department of Metahuman Affairs, whom Diana had otherwise been working for in her civilian alter-ego.
Granny Goodness impersonated Athena at the end of the struggle and wiped clean the memories of all Amazons participating as aggressors but Hippolyta, leaving the Queen alone with only four Amazon criminals who were not brought along for the battle, while the rest wandered the Earth without knowledge of who they were.
After the Final Crisis was concluded, the true Olympian Gods returned to Earth, finding what their followers having forgotten themselves and that Wonder Woman now fought in the name of another, returned them all to Paradise Island and returned their memories.
The Amazons' Gifts
The people of Paradise Island are by all accounts ageless, appearing as adult women in their prime, despite being over three thousand years old.
Universally they are skilled in all forms of armed and unarmed combat that was present in the Hellenistic World. Their long lives spent in training for combat having honed their skills in these styles to near supernatural levels, such as piercing the throat of a jet pilot with a bow and arrow.
As a boon from the gods, all amazons posses superhuman strength and durability, though they all vulnerable to piercing attacks. Such as Artemis once easily overpowering Batman, but was sedated with a tranquilizer.
Despite their conservative society and preferred way of living, the Amazons are a technologically advanced people having created such items as the Purple Healing Ray and its opposite the Purple Death Ray and in some incarnations been responsible for creating the Invisible Plane Wonder Woman pilots. In the latest incarnation however the plane was originally an alien device given to Diana, since then replaced with a plane from Wayne Enterprise with the same abilities.
The New 52
One of the most notable changes to Wonder Woman and her stories in the new 52 reboot has been her relation to the Amazons. She first learned from her mother that Zeus is in fact her father, whereas she believed before that she had none. Later Hephaestus explains to Diana the tale of the male Amazons. In order to replenish their numbers the Amazons habitually capture wayward seafarers and seduce them before killing them. Any daughters born are accepted into the group, but the males are traded to Hephaestus in return for weapons. These males are henceforth labourers to Hephaestus on his foundry and smiths. Once Diana discovered this she intended to free them from their slavery, but they resisted, thinking instead that it is not slavery, that the god saved them from death and this is their way to repay him.
Queen Hippolyta, ruler of Themyscira.
Antiope, Hippolyta's sister, later Queen of the Bana.
Io, blacksmith, creator of the Purple Healing Ray.
Phillipus, general and former co-ruler of Paradise Island.
Princess Diana, Wonder Woman
Artemis of Bana-Mighdall, Bana warrior, former co-ruler of Paradise Island and former Wonder Woman.
Alkyone, Amazon heretic, attempted to murder Princess Diana as a child believing her to be an abomination.
Nubia, is Wonder Woman's "black sister" Queen Hippolyta's daughter. Hippolyta Trevor-Hall
, daughter of Diana (Wonder Woman) and Steve Trevor.
Donna Troy, the first Wonder Girl and member of the Titans of Myth, Queen Hippolyta's adopted daughter.
Cassandra Sandsmark, the second Wonder Girl, daughter of Zeus.
Fury, Helena Kosmatos, Heroine who channels the power of the Greek Furies.
The Olympian, Achilles Warkiller became the King of the Amazons, later gives Queen Hippolyta back the throne.
Steve Trevor, love interest of Wonder Woman and first man on Themyscira.
Thomas Tresser, also known by Nemesis is an historian male Amazon
Princess Koriandi'r, Starfire, Tamaranian Princess
Kara Zor-El, Supergirl, trained by Artemis after arriving on Earth.
Lyla, Harbinger of the Monitor, served as a historian to the Amazons
Julia Kapatelis, one of the first women Diana met that was not an Amazon per see, later revealed to have been one of the children that had been Sent Forth.
The Amazons were featured in the animated film justice league the new frontier (2008) Wonder Woman (2009). In late 2010 they were seen in Superman/Batman: Apocalypse.
The Super Friends
1988 Superman aniamated series
Justice league and later Justice League Unlimited included the Amazons on Paradise Island in a few episodes. Most notably in the episodes Fury, the Balance and Paradise Lost.
Batman the Brave and the Bold. | <urn:uuid:b3ada14e-d0a9-4cb2-9508-ee1f40fb06f3> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.comicvine.com/amazons-of-themyscira/4060-42494/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00058-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975589 | 2,403 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A Bird Is a Bird
Holiday House 2015
By Lizzy Rockwell
Birds come in many shapes, sizes and colors. They live on every corner of the earth, and in every kind of habitat. But despite their many differences, they all have certain traits in common. There are other animals with beaks or wings, or who hatch from eggs like birds do. But there is one feature that makes only a bird a bird! Can you guess what it is?
This level D non-fiction easy-reader inspires a child's natural curiosity about some of nature's most interesting, visually stunning, and elusive animals. It also models the deductive reasoning about how to categorize all things on earth; a major cornerstone of scientific thinking. A Bird Is a Bird meets criteria for Common Core Standards and STEM education
The text is simple and poetic, and the portraits of dozens of kinds of birds are scientifically accurate, and artistically rendered in gouache and colored pencil.
Hardbound ISBN: 978-0-8234-3042-0
"What makes birds different from other animals? With elegant clarity and great charm, Lizzy Rockwell introduces the common physical characteristics of this much-varied class of critters and gets to the heart of just why A Bird Is a Bird (Holiday House; PreS-Gr 2). Simple rhythmic text and dynamic mixed-media paintings point out a particular trait (a bird has a beak) and then provide examples of how this attribute is utilized by different avian species—a beak can pick fruit (scarlet macaw or blue-headed parrot), catch fish (white ibis or other shore denizens), peck (pileated woodpecker), or get nectar (ruby-throated hummingbird). A bird also has two wings (that “flap and glide” or “swim and dive”), starts out in an egg (and a nest in a tree or on the ground), and has feathers (for standing out like a male peacock, blending in like an eastern screech owl, and other uses). Uncluttered spreads depict an array of winged wonders from across the globe, each labeled with species name, and the images consistently expand the information presented in the text. In addition to introducing bird basics, this book could be used to launch discussion of animal classification and how scientist identify species."
School Library Journal, June 2015
Bank Street Center for Children's Literature
Pick of the Month for May 2015! | <urn:uuid:495a14a2-87c3-459a-9d1a-2963e7ae0c4b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.lizzyrockwell.com/a-bird-is-a-bird | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653608.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607042751-20230607072751-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.912418 | 516 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The Commonwealth, officially titled as the Commonwealth of Nations is a political association of 54 member states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire. The association dates back to the early 1900s, with the decolonisation of the British Empire. The British government at the time founded the organisation for unity with many colonies which wanted increasing self-governance of its territories.
The head of the Commonwealth is Queen Elizabeth and even today it is an important and functioning union for all its current member states. Member states have no legal obligations to one another but are connected through historical ties, shared political will and the use of the English language, although as a secondary or third language in some member states.
Is Ireland in the Commonwealth?
No, Ireland is no part of the Commonwealth. It was not part of the commonwealth officially since becoming a republic in 1949. Unofficially it has not partaken in any commonwealth activity for many years previously, due to ongoing conflict with Ireland seeking to become an independent state.
Was Ireland ever in the commonwealth?
Yes, Ireland was part of the Commonwealth. As Ireland was considered as England’s first colony the country lived as part of the English, and then British, Empire for over 700 years. This meant that when the Commonwealth was formed, in the early 1900’s Ireland was part of the union.
Do some Irish people want to be part of the Commonwealth?
Re-joining the Commonwealth is not something often debated in Ireland. Relations between the Republic of Ireland and Great Britain are positive, however, the issue of re-joining is rarely, if ever, discussed at Government level.
Is Northern Ireland part of the Commonwealth?
Yes. As part of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is part of the Commonwealth. It participates in the Commonwealth Games and all other Commonwealth activities as other members do.
What about other sovereign nations in the Commonwealth?
As with Ireland some other nations who were previously part of the Commonwealth have decided to leave the union. Zimbabwe, South Africa, Pakistan, The Gambia, and the Maldives are examples of such nations that left the Commonwealth, however all have applied to be readmitted to the union, with only Zimbabwe awaiting full membership once more.
Other nations that have become republic sovereign nations, which have decided to remain within the Commonwealth include Guyana, Mauritius and Dominica. | <urn:uuid:00ece324-a9e0-4fdf-8f7c-120d19bf1681> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://oi.ie/en/ireland-and-the-commonwealth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506676.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925015430-20230925045430-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.971218 | 483 | 3.265625 | 3 |
It's been five years since the auto club AAA made its offices in northern California year-round drop-off sites for large batteries.
Since then, the company has collected more than 700,000 car, RV, boat, and tractor batteries. AAA's Cynthia Harris says Wednesday, is Earth Day, is as good a day as any to dispose of old batteries.
"Clean out those basements, garages, the back of your truck, get rid of those harmful batteries that you no longer need and send them to AAA," he says. "We will recycle them for free."
Harris says 98 percent of a battery can be recycled. AAA gives the batteries to recyclers to turn them into new batteries.
Since the program began in 2001, recyclers have re-used 8.4 million pounds of lead, 1.4 million pounds of plastic, and almost half-a-million gallons of sulfuric acid. | <urn:uuid:919d3235-7bdf-412a-809c-b553f919edfc> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.capradio.org/articles/2015/04/22/battery-recycling-not-just-for-earth-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110792.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822143101-20170822163101-00701.warc.gz | en | 0.970702 | 190 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Congratulations to this year’s Nobel Prize winners for their breakthrough work in basic science!
A Japan Times story about this year’s Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine awarded to Japanese microbiologist Yoshinori Ohsumi, shows how Ohsumi’s discoveries “led to a new paradigm in our understanding of how the cell recycles its content” and “opened the path to understanding the fundamental importance of autophagy in many physiological processes.”
University of Washington president Ana Marie Cauce writes that the work of Nobel Prize winners in Physics, Professor Emeritus David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane, and J. Michael Kosterlitz, “is a perfect example of why curiosity-driven basic science is so vital. Not only did [the] discoveries open up entirely new fields of research, but they also have had implications for the electronic devices that power our world today and those that may do so in the future — everything from advanced superconductors to quantum computers to other applications we can hardly imagine.”
Science reports that the Nobel prize for chemistry was awarded to Jean-Pierre Sauvage of the University of Strasbourg in France, Fraser Stoddart of Northwestern University, Evanston, in Illinois, and Bernard Feringa of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, “for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.”
Reporter Daniel Clery notes that Olof Ramström of the Nobel Committee compared the laureates with scientists of the early 19th century who made the first electrical machines and started a revolution that we are benefiting from today. “The future will show what sort of machines will come out of this,” he said.
The Financial Times reports that “The stories of all three prizes begin with scientists who have the imagination to explore new or neglected fields; they have some idea that the research might eventually lead to important scientific or technological advances but have no particular applications in mind.” | <urn:uuid:a71b364c-101d-4014-b08b-9eb400402c98> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://sciencephilanthropyalliance.org/2016-nobel-prizes-demonstrate-the-importance-of-basic-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00726.warc.gz | en | 0.927725 | 413 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Eucalyptus is a highly popular scent that has been used for centuries. Its many positive aspects and applications help make it one of our most-loved essential oils. Read on to learn more about this invigorating -- yet soothing -- multitasker!
There are many (more than 700!) types of eucalyptus, each of which has a different essential oil. The eucalyptus used by Nature’s Fusions comes from a species known as eucalyptus radiata. Most people are familiar with a closely-related species called eucalyptus globulus, which is frequently found in medicinal treatments.
Nature’s Fusions carries eucalyptus radiata because it has been found to be safer for use on children, as well as more effective in various applications.
According to EUCLID Second Edition Eucalypts of Southern Australia, the first botanical documentation of eucalyptus occurred in 1770 when two British naturalists, David Solander and Joseph Banks, collected samples from an area near the Endeavor River (in Far North Queensland, Australia) while on an expedition with Captain James Cook.
The plant was named by Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle, who combined the Greek words “eu” (well) and “calyptos” (covered) to create the word “eucalyptus”. This term referred to the protective flower bud that shields other parts of the eucalyptus flower. His name was doubly fitting, as time showed that eucalyptus oil can protect against germs, viruses, and bacteria.
How It Grows
Though the majority of eucalyptus plants are native to Australia, a few species live in other locations, such as the Mediterranean and China. Eucalyptus thrives in warmer, temperate climates and requires large amounts of water to thrive. It tends to cover extensive expanses of land because of its allelopathic effect. This means eucalyptus emits a natural chemical compound that prevents other plants from growing nearby.
How It’s Harvested
Our oil comes from towering eucalyptus trees in Australia. The oil is harvested using a steam-distillation process, where hot steam collects the volatile vapors of the leaves, which is then condensed down to the essential oil.
Just as there are many species of eucalyptus plants, there are also many ways to utilize eucalyptus oil. Eucalyptus is a powerful cleaning agent that fights germs and other forms of bacteria, making it a great household cleaner.
Due to its healing properties, eucalyptus essential oil can be used on damaged skin. Our oil contains a high concentration of eucalyptol, which is frequently found in medicinal salves and topical breathing rubs. We recommend using eucalyptus oil by mixing it into a blend or applying it to the skin in a 2-5% dilution.
Eucalyptus oil is incredibly soothing. Simply smell from the bottle and find instant feelings of relief and peace, or diffuse it to create a relaxing, calming environment. It can also soothe tired or sore muscles, encourage sinus relief, and repel insects.
Remember the allelopathic effect that we mentioned earlier? Some view this aspect of eucalyptus trees negatively, because it prevents biodiversity. Eucalyptus trees and oil is also extremely flammable, which presents a problem for dry, forest fire-prone areas like Australia. Additionally, eucalyptus plants also require a lot of water, which can quickly exhaust an already limited water supply in dry areas.
Despite the controversies, eucalyptus oil remains a bestseller throughout the world. Its ability to simultaneously relax and energize the user make it a versatile oil that belongs in all essential oil collections. Click here to purchase yours! | <urn:uuid:5fcfe61f-393f-4971-b421-6a04e85df7b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.naturesfusions.com/blogs/natures-fusions-blog/scent-spotlight-eucalyptus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.935595 | 829 | 2.84375 | 3 |
To keep up a solid heart, dynamic cerebrum and ideally working muscles, you should take care to eat an adjusted eating routine that gives appropriate supplements to your body. These supplements give you vitality and additionally more grounded bones, muscles, and ligaments. Supplements likewise help in the control of real procedures, similar to circulatory strain and assimilation. The ways to stay healthy are as follows:
An eating regimen that is loaded with organic products, vegetables, inclines proteins and entire grains can help you lose, keep up or control your weight. Supplant high-fat and unhealthy sustenance with supplement rich things. The fibre in organic products, vegetables, and entire grains will keep you more full for more while proteins will furnish you with cell bolster.
Sugary sustenance cause spikes in your glucose. On the off chance that you expend an excessive number of sugary sustenance like white bread and focused organic product juices, after some time you can create diabetes. Complex starches, similar to those in cereal, can help diminish and direct glucose.
High-fat nourishments cause elevated cholesterol and a development of plaque in your corridors. This can prompt to stroke, heart assault or coronary illness. Eat solid fats, those in nuts and avocados, to get the fat you require without the plaque development.
Greatly decrease your danger of heart and coronary course sickness
You can diminish bone misfortune and decrease your general danger of creating kidney stones
Most products of the soil are normally low in fat and calories. Also, they have no cholesterol
Potassium rich eating methodologies can keep up solid blood weights
Dietary fibre has been found to help decrease blood cholesterol levels and may really bring down your hazard for coronary illness. Fibre is likewise critical to keeping up legitimate inside capacities. Fibre-rich vegetables can help you feel fuller for more and devour fewer calories in a dinner
Folic acids, or foliates, are an imperative piece of helping the body shape red platelets
Vitamin A found in nutritious sustenance keeps your eyes and skin solid while additionally shielding from diseases
Vitamin C has required for solid skin also, helping to recuperate cuts and keep teeth and gums sound. It is likewise a piece of iron ingestion in the blood.
The accompanying data is critical to an adjusted and solid eating routine:
Make certain you are eating the right number of calories every day in view of your level of action. This adjusts the vitality you expend and the vitality you utilize. All things considered, men require around 2,500 calories (10,500 kilojoules) every day and ladies require around 2,000 calories (8,400 kilojoules) every day to keep up a sound eating regimen.
A large portion of us eat a greater number of calories than we require on the regular schedule, so the admission of vitality is more prominent than the yield of it. The overabundance is put away as fat. Ensure you eat an assortment of nutritious sustenance. This guarantees you have a customary, adjusted eating routine, and your body is accepting the correct supplements. | <urn:uuid:9c0c7dbb-2d5c-4c7d-8428-5635e87e9029> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.orangemarigolds.com/fitness/the-importance-of-eating-nutritious-foods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805687.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119153219-20171119173219-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.924145 | 634 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Bangladesh: Politics of Hatred
Since its rebirth with a new identity in 1971, Bangladesh has been dogged by assassinations, political nepotism and absolute corruption. Despite all of this, the pride and nationalism expressed by its citizens is extraordinary and often appears to be abnormal. This nationalism is most commonly based on a memory of the war that led to the birth of Bangladesh. It seems that there is a concerted effort by some to continue to remind and keep alive some of the bitter and painful events surrounding the birth and history of the country.
The lands of Bengal and most of the countries surrounding it were under colonial rule and became independent nations in the last century. Some of these people suffered for centuries and struggled against being ruled by outsiders. A quick glance around the world will give one a very clear idea of how these new nations are developing and coping as independent countries. Bangladesh, however, seems to be at the bottom of the list for all the wrong reasons. There are many issues one can look at and try to find answers to why they affect the people of Bangladesh.
Those of us with Indian origins (Bangladeshis, Indians, Pakistanis and Burmese) need to understand the history of these countries and why there are continuous ethnic and religious tensions. Most of it is because of the ruthless and treacherous politics of the British Raj especially in the beginning of the twentieth century. It seems that it was planned and engineered for the people of these countries to have never-ending disputes that will hinder their growth into successful new nations.
Bangladesh geographically covers around a third of the original lands known as Bengal and is surrounded by the other parts of Bengal which is now part of India. Muslims have been in Bengal for over a thousand years and the Muslim leaders of Bengal were amongst the first people to campaign for a separate Muslim country during the British Raj. It is ironic that the dream of a Muslim majority country in post colonial India became a reality which included the divided Bengal province but ended within twenty five years. Pakistan lost its status as the largest Muslim country in the world and a new Muslim majority country of Bangladesh was established in 1971.
The movement to establish an independent country for the Bengali speaking people of East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan in 1956) started from the language movement of 1952. Although it was clear that Urdu was going to be imposed as the state administrative language for the whole of Pakistan, it was the dismissive policies towards the Bengali language and its speakers that led to initial discontent and then civil unrest. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, on his visit to Dhaka March 1948, declared that “Urdu, and only Urdu,” embodied the spirit of Muslim nations and would remain as the state language and labelled those who disagreed with his views as “Enemies of Pakistan”. Jinnah delivered a similar speech at Dhaka University and was interrupted at both meetings by large segments of the audience. It was laughable that Jinnah delivered the speeches in English and was not very competent in Urdu himself.
The continuous economic, social and intellectual neglect of East Bengal by the ruling elite of West Pakistan led to one inevitable outcome: separation of the two provinces. Bengali Muslims led the opposition to the suppression of Bangla and subsequent calls for an independent country. Mawlana Abdul Hameed Khan Bashani was one of the leaders of the independence campaign and was considered a father figure by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In all of these struggles there was never an issue of Islam and Secularism, nor was religious identity an issue. So how did the war of independence end up becoming a ‘victory for secularism’, as declared by Sheikh Mujib in his speech in Delhi on the way back to an independent Bangladesh? What ideology did secularism defeat to gain its victory and why is there such an extreme, dangerous and intolerant divide between religious and non religious people in a Muslim majority country? Although it is not explicitly declared by the leadership, it was Islam and the notion of a Muslim homeland that was defeated in 1971. The same sentiments are on display today in Bangladesh by the anti Islam brigade in their latest push to completely relegate Islam to folklore.
One of the main forces behind all this was the influence of communists in East Pakistan and Bangladesh. The same communists influenced Sheikh Mujib and imposed many of their ideas on him, but stood on the sidelines to watch his demise and subsequent assassination. Some commentators have said that it was because Sheikh Mujib had turned his back on communism and was turning towards becoming more Islamic. Some of these communist are still highly influential in the ruling Awami League Party today and are continuing their struggle against Islam in Bangladesh. What is more damaging for the people of Bangladesh is the politics of hatred. This culture of hatred started from the British Raj and the hatred of the colonial rulers and has become imbedded in everyday life and culture. The hatred towards the British Raj was subsequently passed on to rulers of West Pakistan. As there is no outsider towards whom this hatred can be directed the communists and anti-Islam brigade have successfully directed this extreme hatred towards Islam.
Rather than working towards winning the hearts and minds of the masses some of the Muslim political parties have acted as a catalyst for this hatred by adopting communist methodologies and policies in their work. The inability of Jamaati Islami to turn mass public support in their favour and in the favour of Islamic politics is because of their support of Pakistani forces in 1971. This is also partly due to their reluctant to express regret for their support, even though the Pakistanis have acknowledged wrongdoing on their part and expressed regret for what happened. The continued misrepresentation of the facts of what happened in 1971 only prolongs the hatred and passes it on to the next generation who are infected further with the same hatred.
The religious leadership and parties must not allow a political problem to become an exclusively religious one as this is exactly what the people behind the trouble want. In 1971 many of the Muslim leaders were duped into thinking the war of independence to be a religious war. Political tools and strategies used and adopted by the morally corrupt political leadership cannot be used by those who claim to be upholders of the Islamic faith. One such tool is hortal (strike) where people are forced, through violence, to observe a total strike and shutdown. The biggest losers of a hortal are the poor, who need to work to feed their families, and innocent bystanders. Islamic parties have no moral justification for taking part in such criminal activities. It is no surprise that political parties and leaders are not willing to call for an end to this as these disruptive political tools suit their agenda of exploiting and holding to ransom the people of Bangladesh. When demands are made of the government by religious parties they should include things such as social justice, an end to the use of hortal as a political tool and an end to political corruption.
Islam must stand on the moral high ground regardless of the difficulties faced in doing so. This was the way shown by the Holy Prophet (saw). Our role model is the Prophet (saw) and we can only succeed by adopting the Prophetic way. Peace and justice leads to economic prosperity that will benefit the people of Bangladesh. Those who represent Islam should start by devising a positive long term strategy on how they can win the hearts and minds of the people of Bangladesh. There are always better and peaceful alternative forms of action than the current destructive political tools used by others. One alternative to Hortal can be to take action using peaceful non cooperation sit-ins and rallies. The people of Bangladesh can never be suppressed by violence and oppression. The religious leaders of Bangladesh need to step forward and give hope of a better future for people who have suffered for too long. There is no silver bullet or quick solution to the ongoing problems. | <urn:uuid:69f13cf7-0c04-482e-83de-01547343ee1b> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://islamiquemagazine.com/bangladesh-politics-of-hatred-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.981269 | 1,583 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Humans knew the gods controlled FIRE and lived in the volcanoes. The gods used the glowing fluid lava to created jewels, silver, and golden ores. These forged as gifts for service to their brothers and sisters. Man craved FIRE and its vast offering of treasures, warmth, and power.
However, FIRE can be dangerous, because FIRE eats everything; FIRE has a ferocious appetite. | <urn:uuid:4b85c436-24e2-47a8-ac5c-f21e2c5c4668> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.thestoryrealm.com/2017/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347415315.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601071242-20200601101242-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.951167 | 79 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Baschenis’s still lifes of musical instruments became so famous throughout Italy that, in the 1640s, he founded a workshop to produce copies and variants of his picture. The instruments depicted here are among those played by chamber ensembles that performed for invited guests in private homes. Many of Baschenis’s images are rich in symbolic meanings. The lute, for example, was the instrument of love, and many amorous songs were composed for it. Here, the dusty and abandoned lute and the hourglass also seem to function as vanitas elements, alluding to the passage of time. | <urn:uuid:1342de31-2bfe-4576-ae08-96fa5b80842a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/musical-instruments-33389 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654667/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988878 | 128 | 3.125 | 3 |
History of Beeliar
In 1833, early settler R.M. Lyons spent many months talking to Indigenous people in the Cockburn area.
He learned that the name Beeliar was used to describe Midgegooroo’s country, with borders that ran along the Swan river to Canning, east to the hills, and south to Cockburn Sound. He recorded the language of Midgegooroo’s people, which he also called Beeliar, along with the languages of many other groups in the area, and published his translations and thoughts in the colony’s newspaper (here, here, here and here).
This early show of interest and respect for the traditional land owners was confused by Lyons’ patronising attempts to link the Aboriginal people with other races of the world (he decided that some of their words were ‘pure Hebrew’, and that they were related to Malay peoples) and to point out that their sorry situation was inevitable without the revelation of Christianity. After these publications, the word Beeliar dropped out of common use by white settlers.
In the 188os, the State Government opened up the Jandakot Agricultural Area in the east of the Cockburn district.
Smaller packets of land were offered for sale to encourage food production in the district. Most land south and east of Bibra Lake became known as Jandakot, and was highly sought after by market gardeners for the rich and fertile soil around the lakes. Thomsons and Kogolup Lakes had market gardens, dairy farms and sheep grazing paddocks on their banks.
In 1913 the State government dug a series of drains through the swamp chains in the area, which stabilised the land for better farming, but changed the environment irrevocably.
Many Cockburn residents have fond memories of the Beeliar lakes, and the most common phrase today is ‘how much they’ve changed!’. Children of the 1920s and 30s remember semi-dry swampland that could be walked over, abundant wildflowers and prolific native wildlife. One resident remembers a man trapping the possums and water rats at Kogolup to earn money from their fur.
In the late 1980s, the Beeliar Regional Park was proposed
In the early 1990s its boundaries were established, taking in a large portion of the current Beeliar region.
Beeliar was approved as a suburb name in 1993, but wasn’t officially created by City of Cockburn until early 1995, carved out of the southern portion of Yangebup.
Local history questions or anything to add? Please let us know by commenting below.
This article can also be seen on the Cockburn Libraries’ Local History blog. | <urn:uuid:e4e6b895-e99d-4447-b383-d603ed666696> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.azelialeymuseum.com.au/history-of-beeliar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695066.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926051558-20170926071558-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.975245 | 574 | 3 | 3 |
There’s good news and bad news about electronics recycling, or e-cycling, in a recent survey of more than 1,000 Americans published by Pike Research.
The good news is that consumer awareness of the e-waste threat is increasing, and 76 percent of respondents stated that recycling is the most appropriate way to handle unused, broken, or obsolete electronics equipment. That’s good.
And the bad news? Consumers have few incentives to reuse or recycle their used electronics equipment. It is still too easy and inexpensive to throw e-waste in the trash. An optimistic estimate of average recycle rates is only about 15 percent.
That’s not so good.
According to Pike’s report, e-waste is the fastest-growing segment of municipal solid waste; it accounts for between 3 percent and 5 percent of incoming materials. And approximately 75 percent to 85 percent of electrical and electronic equipment is sent directly to landfill burial or incineration.
Projections for e-waste are increasing, on average, by 3 percent to 5 percent per year. Pike Research estimates there will be over 60 million tons of e-waste at the decision point for reuse/recycle or landfill in 2013.
Even many “recycled” electronics are merely shipped overseas and dissembled by third-world country workers dangerously exposing themselves to the toxins contained within our electronics. Many of the plastics are burned in pits, emitting noxious and harmful fumes. Several states have adopted electronic recycling laws, but no regulations exist for responsibly dissembling and disposing of e-waste, though many electronics recyclers take the Basel Action Network (BAN) pledge to only use responsible vendors and not to ship the products they collect overseas.
The silver lining?
The recycle rate could go as high as 50 percent or more by 2013, the Pike report says, depending on government intervention and economic incentives provided to consumers. “Assuming a recovery rate of valuable materials at 45 percent of the gross quantity of e-waste available, approximately 14 million tons of raw materials could be available for new product manufacturing during 2013,” the report states.
“Consumer behavior needs to be modified via a combination of awareness, incentives, and constraints to begin to change ingrained habits. Surveys by OEMs and advocacy groups indicate a majority of consumers do not know what their options are when a piece of equipment reaches the end of its useful life.”
Despite the widespread ignorance that exists about electronics recycling, consumers have several options, including free manufacturer and retailer take-back programs, electronics recycling sites, low-cost professional e-cycling companies, buy-back programs and occasional collection programs by municipalities.
Other findings by Pike Research:
- 37 percent of consumers felt that electronics recycling should be free, and an additional 35 percent stated that electronics should be collected and processed as part of a curbside recycling program.
- Only 14 percent felt that the cost of electronics recycling should be borne by consumers at the points of purchase or recycling. Some 10 percent supported the concept of “producer responsibility” where the manufacturer pays, an approach increasingly being adopted by many OEMs.
- The average consumer has 2.8 pieces of unused, broken, or obsolete electronics equipment in their home or storage area.
- The average consumer surveyed estimated that the cost of collecting, hauling, demanufacturing, and recycling a single piece of used electronics equipment is $12, however Pike Research’s analysis indicates that the true cost is more than $20.
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Steven Castle is Electronic House's managing editor. he has been writing about consumer electronics, homes and energy efficiency topics for two decades. He is also the co-founder of GreenTech Advocates | <urn:uuid:e18df14e-6f25-4f28-9380-8b5669a7942d> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.electronichouse.com/article/good_news_bad_news_for_electronics_recycling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00220-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939059 | 776 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Terrie Williams: "The Odyssey of KP2: An Orphan Seal, a Marine Biologist, and the Fight to Save a Species"
Courtesy of The Penguin Press. All rights reserved.
Pandas, tigers and African elephants have captured worldwide attention from conservationists. But an even more endangered species struggles on American shores – the Hawaiian monk seal. Fewer than 1,100 survive today. Scientists predict that without intervention the species could become extinct within 50 years. When the chance to house and study an abandoned pup arose, a California marine biologist took the seal in. In a new book, she tells the story of KP2 - how the boisterous young seal became a celebrity, charmed everyone around him and gave scientists clues to saving his species.
director of the Marine Mammal Physiology Program at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and co-creator of the Center of Ocean Health
Read An Excerpt
Excerpt from "The Odyssey of KP2: An Orphan Seal, a Marine Biologist, and the Fight to Save a Species" by Terrie Williams. Copyright 2012 by Terrie Williams. Reprinted here by permission of The Penguin Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:2c76ff29-a271-4603-a541-09e2f0bb28dd> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows/2012-07-11/terrie-williams-odyssey-kp2-orphan-seal-marine-biologist-and-fight-save-species | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266597.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00272-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925486 | 244 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Series: SCOPE - Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment Volume: 66
Silicon is among the most abundant elements on earth. It plays a key but largely unappreciated role in many biogeochemical processes, including those that regulate climate and undergird marine food webs. "The Silicon Cycle" is the first book in more than 20 years to present a comprehensive overview of the silicon cycle and issues associated with it.
The book summarizes the major outcomes of the project Land-Ocean Interactions: Silica Cycle, initiated by the Scientific Community on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). It tracks the pathway of silicon from land to sea and discusses its biotic and abiotic modifications in transit as well as its cycling in the coastal seas. Natural geological processes in combination with atmospheric and hydrological processes are discussed, as well as human perturbations of the natural controls of the silicon cycle.
There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product! | <urn:uuid:0f13e893-d0b8-45d8-883c-ef5a03abe0c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.nhbs.com/title/149127?title=the-silicon-cycle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320077.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623170148-20170623190148-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.941109 | 213 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Florida's legislature has cut $1.35 billion dollars from classroom spending. Across America, other state legislatures also make cuts. In Washington, Congress prepares to vote on a nearly $700 billion defense budget, and our forces extend operations into yet another country.
The Florida House of Representatives spent twelve minutes debating the cuts. The amount is 8% of classroom instruction spending, $545 per child. Teachers will be laid off, supplies will not be purchased, classrooms will become more crowded, and the children's education will suffer.
Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve, in explaining how difficult it was to trace bank bailout funds, said "money is fungible." Is there a connection between foreign wars and reduced education spending? One way to find an answer is to ask just how much military spending changes over a long period, factoring out inflation.
With two annual tables, and a little arithmetic, it's easy to calculate military spending in constant dollars. The Government Printing Office lists defense outlays between 1940 through 2010. The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes the annual Consumer Price Index.
It's best to describe with a graph and a few bullet points:
- Spending starts very, very low and rises very, very quickly to its peak because of World War II spending.
- The highest spending, ironically, occurred in 1945, after the end of the war. The costs of standing down were high. Looking at just the full years of the war, 1942 through 1944, spending averaged $744 billion dollars, adjusted to 2010 dollars.
- Spending between World War II and the Korean War was only around $100 billion 2010 dollars annually.
- Thereafter, Cold War annual budgets averaged between $300 and $400 billion 2010 dollars, with a bump for the Vietnam War, up until the 1980's.
- In the Reagan/Bush I years, spending climbed to $550 billion 2010 dollars.
- The Clinton years saw a return to the $300 to $400 billion level.
- In the ten years since 2000, spending skyrocketed. The 2010 outlay was $694 billion. That is 93% of the average spending for the WW II years, 1942 to 1944. It is an 83% real increase, 2010 vs. 2000.
One can argue that the spending since September 11, 2001 was to answer a threat to the security of our soil. But analysts have shown much of the increase (other than the Iraq and Afghanistan wars) was for programs such as Navy shipbuilding, anti-missile systems, and base installations that appear designed to fence in Russia and China, our old cold war enemies. Al Qaida has no aircraft carriers or missiles that can reach the U.S.
Money is fungible, as Mr. Bernanke told us. With such a huge increase in the government's biggest discretionary program, decreases in revenue from the recession and lowered taxes -- is it any wonder we're laying off teachers?
Here in South Florida, in Broward and Palm Beach counties, some of us have formed a group called War vs. Human Needs to educate ourselves and petition our legislators. We believe that education, essential services such as police and fire-fighting, infrastructure rebuilding and other domestic needs should have a higher priority than foreign wars.
War vs. Human Needs is currently presenting a series of seminars entitled "Your Tax Dollars: Where Do They Go and Do They Serve You?" This forty minute presentation explores the question of how our tax dollars are being allocated and who reaps the benefits. Through videos, hands-on demonstrations, and interactive dialogue, we examine where our taxes are being spent, who gets to decide, and what we could be buying instead if we weren't spending for war. For more information on schedules, contact War vs. Human Needs via Facebook.
We hope that community pressure on our politicians will at least lead to a debate that lasts more than twelve minutes about the country we leave to our children.
Copyright (c) 2011 John Iacovelli. Website: www.scribillare.com | <urn:uuid:2e343a53-a2d0-47d5-87cf-065db2de43fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.opednews.com/articles/State-Education-Cuts-Nati-by-John-Iacovelli-110514-527.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00743.warc.gz | en | 0.953459 | 820 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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history of South Africa
...Act (1950) defined communism and its aims broadly to include any opposition to the government and empowered the government to detain anyone it thought might further “communist” aims. The Indemnity Act (1961) made it legal for police officers to commit acts of violence, to torture, or to kill in the pursuit of official duties. Later laws gave the police the right to arrest and detain...
What made you want to look up "Indemnity Act"? Please share what surprised you most... | <urn:uuid:59761a39-1c9a-4306-979d-d1b4bde266f2> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/893842/Indemnity-Act | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698693943/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100453-00069-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938504 | 145 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Sharks are some of the most fascinating creatures on the planet. There are hundreds of amazing things to learn about their habits, their history and shark attacks -- many things that you might not even know. Here are some interesting animal facts for kids who love to learn about the world's greatest predators:
1. Most sharks don't even have teeth! The basking shark and the whale shark don't have teeth, and typically eat small floating animals called plankton. Sharks that do have teeth eat small marine mammals such as sea lions, penguins and fish.
2. Most shark attacks occur off the coast of South Africa and Australia. Nobody knows why, but more sharks attack men than women.
3. Shark cartilage is being tested for use as an anticancer drug. Researchers and scientists are currently conducting a variety of tests and trials to find out what health benefits shark cartilage may have for generations to come.
4. Contrary to what you might have seen in the movies or on television, more than 90 percent of people who are attacked by sharks survive.
5. Sharks can hold a meal in their stomachs for months without it being digested. This is an important survival mechanism for sharks that swim in waters with little prey.
6. The whale shark is the largest shark species and is almost as big as a school bus; the dwarf shark is the smallest shark species and is as small as your hand.
7. Unlike the cartoon sharks you see on television, not all sharks are gray in color. Whale sharks are actually a dark reddish brown in color with a crisscross pattern.
8. Almost all sharks sink if they don't keep swimming. Their bodies are heavier than water and they don't have a swim bladder to keep them buoyant, so they have to keep swimming to stay afloat -- just like humans. Only the Zambezi shark has the ability to float; it lives in fresh water.
9. Sharks have been around since the days of the dinosaurs; experts say they've been swimming the oceans for more than 409 million years. Sharks have evolved in many ways, but their hunting instincts have become even sharper over the centuries.
10. Mother sharks don't provide food for their young. Young sharks have to fend for themselves, using their instincts to hunt down prey.
Stuck indoors over summer break? Learning some fun facts about science, nature and the world's great animals is a great way to spend a rainy day indoors, or to enjoy some quality time together. Plan to share some of these fun animal facts for kids who are intrigued by sharks and other sea creatures. | <urn:uuid:5620d6ac-5392-48a2-a7c0-396a386ef517> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.womansday.com/life/pet-care/a3710/animal-facts-for-kids-sharks-76788/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.968538 | 531 | 3.21875 | 3 |
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