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WHAT IS “VISITATION” IN SCRIPTURE?
by Shawn Brasseaux
The word appears 15 times in the Authorized Version King James Bible. In Hebrew, it is “pequddah.” The Greek equivalent is “episcope” (“look over, inspect”). Depending on the context, it can be good or bad. For example, the first instance is Numbers 16:29: “If these men die the common death of all men, or if they be visited after the visitation of all men; then the LORD hath not sent me.” This, of course, is bad. It is in connection with physical death! In the case of Job 10:12, however, the word is employed in the sense of God’s caring or loving oversight: “Thou hast granted me life and favour, and thy visitation hath preserved my spirit.”
Most of the time in Scripture (especially Jeremiah), the idea concerns Divine judgment or God’s punishment of sinners:
- Isaiah 10:3: “And what will ye do in the day of visitation, and in the desolation which shall come from far? to whom will ye flee for help? and where will ye leave your glory?”
- Jeremiah 8:12: “Were they ashamed when they had committed abomination? nay, they were not at all ashamed, neither could they blush: therefore shall they fall among them that fall: in the time of their visitation they shall be cast down, saith the LORD.”
- Jeremiah 10:15: “They are vanity, and the work of errors: in the time of their visitation they shall perish.”
- Jeremiah 11:23: “And there shall be no remnant of them: for I will bring evil upon the men of Anathoth, even the year of their visitation.”
- Jeremiah 23:12: “Wherefore their way shall be unto them as slippery ways in the darkness: they shall be driven on, and fall therein: for I will bring evil upon them, even the year of their visitation, saith the LORD.”
- Jeremiah 46:21: “Also her hired men are in the midst of her like fatted bullocks; for they also are turned back, and are fled away together: they did not stand, because the day of their calamity was come upon them, and the time of their visitation.”
- Jeremiah 48:44: “He that fleeth from the fear shall fall into the pit; and he that getteth up out of the pit shall be taken in the snare: for I will bring upon it, even upon Moab, the year of their visitation, saith the LORD.”
- Jeremiah 50:27: “Slay all her bullocks; let them go down to the slaughter: woe unto them! for their day is come, the time of their visitation.”
- Jeremiah 51:18: “They are vanity, the work of errors: in the time of their visitation they shall perish.”
- Hosea 9:7: “The days of visitation are come, the days of recompence are come; Israel shall know it: the prophet is a fool, the spiritual man is mad, for the multitude of thine iniquity, and the great hatred.”
- Micah 7:4: “The best of them is as a brier: the most upright is sharper than a thorn hedge: the day of thy watchmen and thy visitation cometh; now shall be their perplexity.”
The word twice appears in the Greek New Testament (Luke 19:44; 1 Peter 2:12): “episcope” means “look over, inspect.” It is translated “bishoprick” in Acts 1:20 (referring to Judas Iscariot’s apostolic office that Matthias later fills) and “office of a bishop” with respect to the local church leader (1 Timothy 3:1). Remember, the idea is “oversight,” as in a superintendent watching over operations. Acts 20:28, the Apostle Paul’s words to the elders of the church at Ephesus, captures this tenor: “Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers [episkopos], to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood.”
In the case of Luke 19:44, Christ Jesus, having been rejected, spoke of Jerusalem’s future destruction: “And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation.” Israel did not have spiritual eyes to recognize the Lord Jesus Christ had fulfilled prophecy when He entered Jerusalem rising on the donkey. God was considering their response to His Son here, and they refused to have Him. Now, He would “pay them back” in righteous anger (yet future even now).
The final instance of “visitation” is 1 Peter 2:12: “Having your conversation honest among the Gentiles: that, whereas they speak against you as evildoers, they may by your good works, which they shall behold, glorify God in the day of visitation.” Israel’s believing remnant is exhorted or urged to conduct themselves separate and distinct from the evil world system. Gentiles (non-Jews) are observing them, so they need to have testimonies that lead the Gentiles to glorify the God of Israel. Daniel’s 70th Week will be another time of God considering or inspecting Israel’s behavior, their response to Him and His Son Jesus Christ.
Studying all these instances of “visitation” in Scripture, we understand the LORD God is looking over creation with considerate but righteous eyes. He is gracious and compassionate, watching over and blessing, like a loving parent monitoring the wellbeing of a child. However, He is also holy and separate from sinners, and His justice demands He enforce His righteousness. He must address and punish sin at some point. Thayer’s Greek Lexicon summarizes the concept succinctly: “In biblical Greek, after the Hebrew, that act by which God looks into and searches out the ways, deeds, character, of men, in order to adjudge them their lot accordingly, whether joyous or sad; inspection, investigation, visitation.”
Saints, please remember us in your monthly giving—these websites do cost money to run! 🙂 You can donate securely here: https://www.paypal.me/ShawnBrasseaux, or email me at [email protected]. Do not forget about Bible Q&A booklets for sale at https://arcgraceministries.org/in-print/booklets-bible-q-a/. Thanks to all who give to and pray for us! By the way, ministry emails have really been backed up this year. I am handling them as much as humanly possible. Thanks for your patience. 🙂
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FSMA is the most sweeping reform of food safety laws in over 70 years. Signed January 4, 2011, by President Obama, FSMA aims to create an integrated food safety system and improve the quality of food products to the public by reducing foodborne illness. It aims to ensure the U.S. food supply is safe by shifting the focus from responding to contamination to preventing it.
On November 27, 2015, the FDA published the final rule for Produce Safety.
The seven major FSMA regulations are the:
- Produce Safety Rule
- Preventive Controls for Human Food
- Preventive Controls for Animal Food
- Foreign Supplier Verification Programs
- Third Party Accreditation
- Mitigation of Intentional Adulteration
- Sanitary Transportation
Produce Safety Rule Main Components
The key elements to the Produce Safety Rule and additional resources are listed below. Please note that the Rule covers both open air farms and insulated greenhouses. For more information, attend a PSA Grower Training Course. If you are a covered farm you are REQUIRED BY FEDERAL LAW to have at least one person on the farm who has taken a PSA Grower Training Course.
- Employee qualifications and training.
Farm workers who handle produce and/or food contact surfaces must have certain training, including the importance of health and hygiene.
– Produce Safety Alliance Grower Trainings
- Worker health and hygiene.
Workers can carry, introduce and spread contamination to fresh produce so it’s critical to have training in place for employees and visitors. Farms must also implement worker practices such as, washing hands after using the restroom and notifying their supervisor when they are ill.
- Agricultural water used during growing, harvesting, packing and holding.
Water is a potential source of contamination if it’s not monitored or used appropriately. The Produce Safety Rule addresses production water (e.g. irrigation) and post-harvest water (e.g. rinsing) standards. We expect more guidance to be released soon from the FDA.
– Tips for sampling irrigation canal water – Western Center for Food Safety
– Tips for sampling piped water – Western Center for Food Safety
– Making Sense of Rules Governing Chlorine Contact in Postharvest Handling of Organic Produce – UC Davis
- Biological soil amendments.
Appropriate use of raw manure and compost minimizes the risk of contamination.
– Food Safety on the Farm: Good Agricultural Practices and Good Handling Practices—Manure and Municipal Biosolids – University of Florida Extension
- Domesticated and wild animals.
Produce growing areas must be visually monitored for signs of animal intrusion and workers must not harvest produce that is likely contaminated (e.g. don’t harvest melons with bird poop on them). Farms are not required to exclude animals from their fields or destroy animal habitat.
- Equipment, Tools and Buildings.
The Produce Safety Rule establishes standards related to the use and sanitation of equipment, tools and buildings to prevent contaminating produce.
- Record Keeping.
Certain records are required by the Produce Safety Rule. In general, records should be accurate, legible, and indelible; dated and signed by the person who performed the activity; and should be created at the time of the activity. Records should be keep for at least two years.
– Templates for record keeping – Produce Safety Alliance
Sprouts have specific requirements because of their susceptibility to contamination. Contact the Sprout Safety Alliance if you are a sprout grower.
– Sprout Safety Alliance
Microorganisms of Public Health Concern
All the categories of the Produce Safety Rule listed above (Worker Health and Hygiene, Agricultural Water, Biological Soil Amendments, Domesticated and Wild Animals, Equipment, Tools and Buildings) have been found to be potential sources of contamination of covered produce from previous outbreaks. Outbreaks of what? There are 3 main Microorganisms of Public Health Concern, E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella. All are bacterial in nature, smaller than what can be seen with the naked eye, and can make you sick
Escherichia (E) coli – Naturally is found in your intestine, in those of animals, and in surrounding water and soil. While most live and go about their daily lives without much harm to you, some strains are pathogenic and can cause, diarrhea, UTI, respiratory illness, pneumonia, and kidney failure. The greatest concern for food outbreaks is O157:H7, a shiga toxin-producing E.coli that can lead to the more severe symptoms.
Listeria monocytogenes – Naturally is found in soil, water, and animal digestive tracts. This bacteria can survive and multiply even when refrigerated, making it a real threat in air conditioning drips, standing water, and sprout production. Infection with the bacteria (a disease called listeriosis) can result in fever, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea and potentially death.
Salmonella – Naturally is found in the intestines of animals or infected humans and, while often associated with eggs and other meat based outbreaks, contamination on produce can also occur. Infection with Salmonella can result in diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and bloody stool.
Produce Safety Rule Compliance Dates
For those farms not exempt from the Produce Safety Rule, there are different regulatory compliance dates depending on the provision and the size of the farm’s business.
|Business Size||Compliance Dates for Sprouts||Compliance Dates for Most Produce||Water Related Compliance Dates1||Compliance Date for Qualified Exemption Labeling Requirement||Compliance Date for Retention of Records Supporting Qualified Exemption|
|All other businesses (>$500K)||1/26/17||1/26/18||1/26/23||1/1/2020||1/26/16|
|Very small businesses
1 According to the Proposed Rule issued on 9/13/17, Compliance dates for Subpart E, Agricultural Water, allow an additional four years. This subpart is still being debated at the congressional level and thus no pre-harvest water requirements are being imposed currently.
Compliance dates for covered activities, except for those involving sprouts are:
- Exempt from the regulation—Less than $25,000 in annual average produce sales for the preceding three years, adjusted for inflation*.
- Very small businesses—Greater than $25,000 but less than $250,000 in annual average produce sales in the preceding three years; “Very Small” farm, produce regulation compliance start date January 27, 2020.
- Small businesses—Greater than $250,000 but less than $500,000 in annual average produce sales in the preceding three years; “Small farm”, produce regulation compliance start date January 28, 2019.
- Large businesses—Greater than $500,000 in annual average produce sales in the preceding three years; “All Others”, produce regulation compliance start date January 26, 2018.
- Qualified Exemption— Average annual monetary value of all food sold during the preceding 3-years was less than $500,000, adjusted for inflation*, and sales to qualified end-users during such period exceeded the average annual monetary value of the food sold by such farm to all other buyers.
Compliance dates for the water quality standards, have been extended. The FDA is exploring alternative standards for the pre-harvest agricultural water requirements established by FSMA after receiving feedback from stakeholders.
* Click here to see inflation adjusted values.
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Mar. 22, 2019- More law enforcement officers die by suicide than from being killed in the line of duty. For those who dedicate every single day to keeping communities safe, there can be a toll, and this toll isn’t always visible.
The work of a police officer can cause stress, anxiety and depression. It can disrupt sleep, cause friction with family members, create financial worry, and contribute to alcohol abuse and the abuse of prescription pills. It can also lead to a decline in physical health. For some officers, these elements can create a feeling of isolation, hopelessness and helplessness – all risk factors for suicide.
So what can police officers and first responders – as well as their family and friends – do to support each other’s mental health and stop suicide in law enforcement?
Normalizing That “It’s Okay To Not Be Okay”
Law enforcement officers do the work of real-life superheroes, but they are also human, with feelings and emotions. It is normal for them to be impacted by what they see and experience every day. Ignoring one’s emotions doesn’t work. In reality, it makes things worse.
Read more [HERE].
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As a child one of the humorous stories I remember is of a lady rushing out to shovel up a pile of horse droppings as the dray horses passed and deposited their breakfast on the road. “It is for the Rhubarb” as way of explanation. The Milkman replying “I prefer custard on mine”. Now, with the garden waste collection in Edinburgh and other Council areas halted and Civic Amenity sites shut, you too have the opportunity to put something other than custard on your Rhubarb. A clump of Rhubarb is a gross feeder, a lover of moisture through the summer and growing best in an organic soil. To maximise stalk production adding grass mowing’s to the base of the crown will help retain moisture. By gradually decomposing and being pulled into the soil through worm and insect activity, the organic matter then forms the next part of the chain, humus. This binds to soil particles, holding moisture and nutrients that benefit healthy plant growth. Soil fertility and thus plant health relies on the return of organic matter to the soil. Either as mulch or through incorporation by cultivation. Organic matter is a soil conditioner that helps water retention yet aids drainage. The raw ingredients for this organic matter are already in your garden. All the green waste that normally goes into the garden waste bin can be composted down to return goodness to your soil a year hence. Composting is an investment for the future. In essence, the security of next springs bowl of stewed Rhubarb (with custard!)
The Why, What, Where and How of Composting:
Compost is the product of decomposed organic material. It is essential for the well-being of our soil and thus the quality of crops and plants we grow.Humus is the organic constituent of soil; it is the end product of the decomposition and subsequent re-composition of organic matter by micro-organisms. Composting is easy, a natural process. It is the nearest thing to magic, in that from waste, which has a negative value, a crumbly, friable material results, which has a positive value.
Why compost at home?
To reduce the bulk produced by tree and shrub pruning, hedge cutting, grass clippings and other garden and household organic waste by about 50%. This occurs through the loss of water as moisture, and carbon as Co2. A net return of material to the garden will improve soil fertility and equally as important, the soil structure. The “feel good factor.” You know in your own mind that what you are doing is right. To save money on proprietary soil improvers. By becoming more self-sufficient you also save on transport costs.
Where to site the heap:
Obviously not the most visually attractive feature of the garden. However, the compost heap needs to be accessible from all areas of the garden and the home. You will have to be seriously motivated to carry kitchen scraps to the furthest point in the garden on a wet January evening. Choose a secluded, level or slightly sloping, free draining patch of ground. Remember to allow space to work around the heap. To be avoided at all cost is a colony of pernicious perennial weed. Never underestimate the magnetic pull that a compost heap has on a colony of Ground Elder, Bindweed, Marestail and the like. Once an infestation has occurred the only remedy is to empty the contents, carefully sieving out all fragments of the weed. The heap now has to be re-sited, in a clear area.
Size of the heap and temperature:
You should aim for a minimum size of 1 metre x 1 metre x 1 metre for the heap. As the material decomposes heat is generated. Small heaps will not reach a high enough temperature for thermophilic decomposition which is 45C – 80C. The temperature in small compost heaps is usually only several degrees higher than the surrounding air temperature. Mesophilic microbes will commence the digestion process in the temperature range 20 – 45C. Thermophilic microbes work on the heap from 45–80C. The mean daily air temperature in Edinburgh is around 8.9C. It was only during the months of June through to October that the mean air temperature rises above 10C. From this it can be appreciated that in small compost heaps it is virtually impossible to reach the thermophilic stage, i.e. above 45C. In a garden heap there is simply not enough volume in the heap to generate and retain heat.
What does this mean?
The compost produced in your back garden will not be sterile. Weed seeds and other pathogens will be present. You will have to use your judgement as to its suitability as a top dressing for a visible border in the garden. However, what you have produced is a valuable organic matter that can be dug into the soil to increase the humus content.
What to compost:
Ask the question: What would nature do? Composting is a natural process. The breakdown of organic matter over time has occurred on the forest floor since time began. By making compost we are managing this natural process. Broadly, any organic matter will compost. However, be aware of chemicals and other noxious substances that may have been added, sprayed or drenched into the potential feedstock of your heap. Perennial weeds should be dried out beyond resuscitation before adding to the heap. The best way to achieve this is to leave them on a path in the sun to dry out. The carbon / nitrogen ratio (C:N) is important for a healthy heap. Keep in mind if the material is soft and green (it can be crushed in the hand) it provides the nitrogen. If it cannot be crushed in the hand, woody material, it provides the carbon. An ideal ratio, by volume, (wheelbarrow or bucket) is 1:3, C:N. This mix will allow air circulation and also retain heat and moisture.
Is the effort worth it? Yes. Productive soil is our way to feed the nation.
Leave a Reply
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Petter’s Chameleon, scientifically known as Furcifer Petteri is a medium sized chameleon that can grow between 16 to 18 centimeters (Wikipedia). Its primary color is a dark shade of green with lateral white stripes on the sides of its body. It also has rostral appendages and white lips as part of its distinguishing features. It was previously classified as the subspecies Chameleo Willsii Peterri in 1966 but has earned a status as a separate species in 1994.
This species is found at the northern tip of Madagascar at the Ankarana Reserve and in fragmented populations in Montague des Francais, Antsolipa Forest and Shahfary Forest. Some have also been found at the Lokobe Reserve in the Western island of Nosy Be (Herpetology Notes Volume 7). This arboreal species has a range of only 11,000 square kilometers or 4,200 square miles. It can be found in dry humid forests from 120 meters to 850 meters above sea level (IUCN Redlist).
Its limited range, fragmented population and gradually declining habitat has earned it a vulnerable status in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN Redlist). Its vulnerability is due to its intolerance of its limited range, fragmented populations and continued human encroachment to its habitat. Exports f this species is banned due to its status.
1) Wikipedia – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter%27s_chameleon
2) IUCN Redlist – http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/172950/0
3) Herpetology Notes Volume 7 – http://www.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org/Volume7_PDFs/Roberts_HerpetologyNotes_volume7_pp149-151.pdf
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1. Characteristic of a mob.
4. A cruel wicked and inhuman person.
8. A federal agency established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products.
11. Any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all.
12. A member of the Siouan people formerly living in the Missouri river valley in NE Nebraska.
13. A human limb.
14. Having leadership guidance.
15. Cry plaintively.
16. The sense organ for hearing and equilibrium.
17. Any of a number of fishes of the family Carangidae.
20. Date used in reckoning dates before the supposed year Christ was born.
22. A white linen liturgical vestment with sleeves.
25. (informal) Of the highest quality.
27. A river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine.
31. An esoteric or occult matter that is traditionally secret.
34. Resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects.
35. Having undesirable or negative qualities.
36. A compartment in front of a motor vehicle where driver sits.
43. A flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism.
44. A loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth.
46. Type genus of the Alcidae comprising solely the razorbill.
48. Being or befitting or characteristic of an infant.
50. Title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey).
52. Being one more than two.
53. Taken or to be taken at random.
54. A river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine.
55. An agency of the United Nations affiliated with the World Bank.
1. A master's degree in library science.
2. An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the sale of petroleum.
3. English monk and scholar (672-735).
4. The executive agency that advises the President on the federal budget.
5. United States liquid unit equal to 4 quarts or 3.785 liters.
6. A ridge that forms a seam between two parts.
7. Take in solid food.
8. Any wingless blood-sucking parasitic insect noted for ability to leap.
9. Lacking or deprive of the sense of hearing wholly or in part.
10. A city in northern India.
18. A logarithmic unit of sound intensity.
19. A master's degree in fine arts.
21. West Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers and yielding a durable timber and resinous juice.
23. A white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily.
24. A small pellet fired from an air rifle or BB gun.
26. Someone who is morally reprehensible.
28. American prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship three times (born in 1942).
29. An intensely radioactive metallic element that occurs in minute amounts in uranium ores.
30. An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
32. The blood group whose red cells carry both the A and B antigens.
33. A Mid-Atlantic state.
37. (botany) Of or relating to the axil.
38. A small cake leavened with yeast.
39. Mentally or physically infirm with age.
40. A white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light.
41. Harsh or corrosive in tone.
42. (Greek mythology) Goddess of the earth and mother of Cronus and the Titans in ancient mythology.
45. The cry made by sheep.
47. Being two more than fifty.
49. A soft silvery metallic element.
51. A colorless and odorless inert gas.
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Where does energy come from? Primary energy sources can be generally grouped into two categories: fuels and flows. Fuels are dense stores of energy that are consumed with use (such as fossil fuels and nuclear fuels). Flows are natural processes that have energy in their motion (such wind and solar energy). All of the energy for fuels and flows on earth initially came from the sun.
In contrast to fossil fuels, formed and stored over millions of years, renewable fuels are ones that humans can make or harvest from current solar energy cycles.
Coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels, which means that they are hydrocarbon compounds formed from dead plants and animals over millions of years compressed in the earth.
It takes a lot of energy to hold protons and neutrons together in a nucleus, so nuclear fuels are much more energy dense than a chemical fuel like coal or oil.
Page last updated: November 20, 2022
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Mud pools form when steam and gas rise underneath rainwater ponds. If deep geothermal waters are prevented from reaching the surface quickly, they may boil at depth, and a mixture of steam and volcanic gases, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), will rise towards the surface. This is known as an acid sulphate geothermal system, because the hydrogen sulphide oxidizes to sulphuric acid. The acidic gases attack surface rocks, forming clay and the clay-rich soil mixes with the pond water to produce a muddy, steam-heated slurry, or mud pool. Steam and gases rising through the pool create bubbles of mud that form and burst. Rainfall affects the appearance of mud pools. In dry conditions, the mud is thick and sticky, and small mud volcanoes may form. When rainfall is high, the mud is much more fluid and the pool may look more like dark boiling water.
There are two distinctive geothermal features at each end of Wai-O-Tapu mud pool. One is pools and vents fed by deep primary geothermal fluids which basically ascend directly to the surface. The other are pools fed from steam and gas that result from boiling deep under the earth at 10-100m. These interact with geothermal fluid and ground water to form discoloured pools and mudpots.
Wai-O-Tapu geothermal system is significant not only for being one of the very few systems not to be exploited and damaged, but also for it's interesting water chemistry. It is dominated by CO2 which encourages the precipitation of precious metals such as arsenic, antimony, gold and silver, but not of 'ore'grade. This is in the springs not the mud pots themselves.
In order to claim a find on this Earthcache, you'll need to email or send a message (through geocaching.com) answers to the following questions. Feel free to log your find in anticipation- we'll let you know if there are any issues. Logs without the emailed answers may be deleted. In addition, it is also preferable that you upload a picture of you or your group and your GPS with the mud pool in the background.
1) Estimate the width of the geothermal features here in metres (hint: the info board will help)
2) Describe the smell of the area in your own words, and what do you think is the cause?
3) Describe the appearance of the mud pool on your visit, e.g. thick & sticky with small mud volcanoes (dry conditions) or dark boiling water (wet conditions)
4) Estimate the temperature of the water and mud (hint: the info board will help)
5) Optional: Upload a photo of you or your group and your GPS with the mud pool in the background
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Developments to Watch
THESE IMPLANTS `GROW' IN A LAMB'S HEART
EACH YEAR, ROUGHLY 60,000 Americans have an artificial heart valve implanted to replace one that fails to regulate blood flow properly. Constructed from plastic or extracted from the heart of a pig, such implants cannot make use of the body's mechanisms for growth and repair. They wear down over time and can cause blood clots. So scientists want to "grow" new heart valves from living cells.
This month, a collaboration of Advanced Tissue Sciences in La Jolla, Calif., and Boston Children's Hospital announced promising results with cells grown on a biodegradable scaffolding made of polyglycolic acid--the material used in dissolvable surgical sutures. Cells extracted from lamb blood vessels took about 10 weeks to grow around the scaffolding and form valves. Placed in the hearts of seven lambs, the valves have functioned normally for two weeks. Over time, the scaffolding dissolves and is absorbed by the lambs' bodies, leaving just the cells. Researchers, however, caution that a wide gulf separates sheep trials and human applications. Human tests are still years away.EDITED BY NEIL GROSS
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The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Ram \Ram\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rammed (r[a^]md); p. pr. & vb.
1. To butt or strike against; to drive a ram against or
through; to thrust or drive with violence; to force in; to
drive together; to cram; as, to ram an enemy's vessel; to
ram piles, cartridges, etc.
[They] rammed me in with foul shirts, and smocks,
socks, foul stockings, greasy napkins. --Shak.
2. To fill or compact by pounding or driving.
A ditch . . . was filled with some sound materials,
and rammed to make the foundation solid.
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February 19, 1843, Ms. Charlotte Haven visited the Nauvoo, Illinois home of Lucy Mack Smith, mother of Mormon prophet Joseph Smith. For a small fee, Mrs. Smith invited Charlotte to follow her up a staircase to a dark attic room where several Egyptian mummies waited to welcome them.
According to the accounts of many visitors, the mummies were somewhat unpleasant to look at, with little of their original wrappings remaining. They couldn’t have been in great shape, either because, according to Charlotte, Mrs. Smith held up a detached appendage of one of them and said, “This is the leg of Pharaoh’s daughter—the one who saved Moses.”
The back story Charlotte and other visitors received was that the four mummies in Mrs. Smith’s possession included “King Onitus,” two of his daughters, and one poor unknown Egyptian who was spending his afterlife a long way from home.
The four mummies, as well as can be traced, arrived in the US from somewhere near Thebes, in the spring of 1833 along with seven others and at least a couple of scrolls covered in hieroglyphs no one in the US could yet read.
A man named Michael Chandler, armed with an unsubstantiated story about being the nephew and heir of Egyptologist Antonio Lebolo, claimed the shipment and spent the next two years exhibiting what was the largest collection of mummies to have yet toured the United States. He lost a few here or there along the way and eventually sold the final four to the early Mormon church in Ohio.
But Chandler wasn’t the nephew of Antonio Lebolo, at least not as far as any scholar has been able to find, and if Pharaoh’s daughter—the one who saved Moses—lost her leg in the afterlife, it didn’t happen in Nauvoo, Illinois.
Mummies have a strange history in the US, where they’ve found themselves displayed in parlors, ground into medicine, and used by painters to get that just right shade of mummy brown. They were unrolled before curious audiences, occasionally stripped so their linen could be recycled into paper, and yes, sometimes they were the unwitting mouthpieces of showmen and religious leaders.
The “lives” of mummies in 19th century America, thousands of miles from where, in life, they had planned to rest for eternity, was strange indeed. Strange enough even, that when I first began to learn about the Lebolo mummies and Michael Chandler, I thought there’s a great book in that.
I often have that thought as I’m researching. And once in a while I act on it.
My new novel Gentleman of Misfortune follows the story of the Lebolo mummies and the imposter who stole them. In my story, his real name is Lyman Moreau, a clever gentlemanly criminal, who hatches a plan, assumes an identity, and finds himself caught up in a dangerous journey that will bring him face to face with love and loss, and will force him to consider his own mortality. His adventure takes him through several states, along the Erie Canal, across the paths of several historical figures, and to the doorstep of a prophet. He doesn’t quite get all the way to Mrs. Smith’s attic. But there’s probably a great book in that, too.
You can check out a brief excerpt of Gentleman of Misfortune here. If it sounds like your kind of book, please consider one (or more) of the following:
1. Buy yourself the book. Reading is good for you, and you deserve it.
2. Buy a friend the book. Reading is good for your friend, and s/he deserves it.
3. Request that your library order the book. Reading is good for everyone, and libraries are wonderful places.
4. Help spread the word so others can discover the book. Because reading is good. For example, you could:
- Share/re-blog this post. Less work for you.
- Post about the book on Facebook. Watch the “likes” roll in.
- Put a picture of yourself holding the book on Instagram. #GreatReads
- Recommend the book on Bookbub. Be an influencer.
- Snapchat yourself with the book. Give yourself some kitty ears. It’s fun!
- Tell your neighbor about the book. You can borrow a cup of sugar while you’re at it.
- Tweet about the book. You can even just click one (or more) of the ready-made tweets below.
Gentleman of misfortune is a dark tale of mummies, mischief, and murder. Perfect for fall! #tbrlist #historicalfiction #newbook https://amzn.to/2Q47em1
19th century gentleman swindler Lyman Moreau finds his next big scheme and loses his heart among a collection of mummies bound for the most successful prophet in US history. #historicalfiction #tbrlist #newbook https://amzn.to/2Q47em1
From author Sarah Angleton comes a new historical novel—a dark tale of eleven mummies, a scoundrel, a seductress, and a prophet. #historicalfiction #tbrlist #fallreads https://amzn.to/
And if you do read and enjoy the book, please consider leaving a review. It helps a lot. Thank you!
15 thoughts on “Because Reading is Good: Gentleman of Misfortune”
Have done my duty and tweeted, and, as it’s my birthday today, have just treated myself to a copy. All best wishes and good luck 😀
Thank you so much! And a very happy birthday to you!
and thank you in return 🙂
I just got it! I can’t wait! Congratulations, it sounds so good I’m sure I will enjoy it. I’m very curious as to how one loses a mummy.
I also tweeted it! Good luck!
Thank you! I’m excited for you to read it!
Congratulations on the launch of your novel, Sarah! I’m sure readers will love it as much as I did!
That’s very kind. Thank you, Pat.
And the strangeness of real history inspires real authors to employ real creativity to interpret stories of real imagination! It’s fascinating. Mummies and Mormons — who knew? The past comes to vivid life under the pen of Sarah Angleton — although the mummies stay dormant, I hope. Can’t wait to see what you come up with next.
Thank you, Marcia!
Sarah, I just finished reading the Author’s Notes in the back of your book. The history behind your story is so intriguing. I can’t wait to read it! It’s at the top of my to-be-read pile.
Thank you so much!
Such an interesting premise, Sarah! I am intrigued. I need to read this book now ❤
You’re welcome 🙂
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The latest innovation in antibacterial drugs have moved past killing harmful cells. Instead, they just deactivate the parts of the cell that cause problems in the human body. It's kinda like taking a gun away from someone instead of shooting them first.
Developed by researchers at UCLA and the Geffen School of Medicine, the LpxC-1 antibiotic was developed to fight the drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (pictured above), which commonly attacks hospital patients with open wounds or incisions. By turning off the toxins responsible for inflammation, the drug effectively neutralizes the cells without having to kill them off completely.
Of course, this has only been tested in mice so far, but if successful in humans, this could be huge in countries where public health standards are low and bacteria run rampant. [ScienceBlog]
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Infection: Mastitis usually occurs when bacteria enter the breast through a break in the skin of the nipple or through the opening to the milk ducts in the nipple. Once inside the tissue, the bacteria multiply and cause an infection.
Mastitis often occurs during breastfeeding. This is partly because it is easy for bacteria from the baby's mouth and mother's skin to enter the breast through the nipple. An infection may also occur if a woman's breast becomes too full of milk. This may happen if a mother misses a feeding or has not completely emptied the breast. When the breast is overfull, milk may leak into the breast tissue. As a result, the surrounding breast tissue is vulnerable to infection.
Bacteria may also enter the breast tissue through cracks, open sores, or cuts in the nipples of women who are not breastfeeding or men. In addition, mastitis may occur in people who have pierced nipples. This is because the holes in the skin allow bacteria to enter the nipples and cause infections.
Postmenopausal women may develop chronic mastitis as a result of their bodies' hormonal changes. The hormonal changes may cause the ducts below the nipple to become blocked with debris and dead skin cells. This causes swelling and makes the person vulnerable to bacterial infections.
Inflammatory breast cancer: Although uncommon, mastitis may also be caused by a rare form of cancer called inflammatory breast cancer. Inflammatory breast cancer occurs when cancer cells multiply inside the lymphatic vessels above the breast. These cells eventually clog the vessels, causing the breast to become red, swollen, and dimpled.
Infection: Testing is usually not generally needed to diagnose mastitis. Instead, a doctor typically diagnoses mastitis based on a physical examination. The doctor looks for characteristic signs of the condition, including a fever, chills, and a painful area in the breast.
During the examination, a doctor will also check to see if the patient has developed a collection of pus, called an abscess, in the breast tissue. This is a common complication that develops when mastitis is left untreated.
Inflammatory breast cancer: If inflammatory breast cancer is suspected, a biopsy is performed to determine if the patient has cancer. A small sample of the patient's breast tissue is analyzed in a laboratory for cancerous cells.
signs and symptoms
Infection: The breast is typically swollen and may feel warm and tender to the touch. Other symptoms may include pain or a burning sensation during breastfeeding, a general feeling of discomfort, reddening of the skin on the breast, and fever.
Inflammatory breast cancer: Patients with inflammatory breast cancer experience swelling in their breasts. Additional symptoms may include itching on the breast, pink or red-colored skin on the breast, ridges and thickened areas of skin on the breast, a bruise-like appearance on the breast, nipple retraction, nipple discharge (which may or may not be bloody), breast pain, change in color and texture of the areola, or the breast may be warm to the touch.
Abscess: If mastitis is not properly treated or it is related to a plugged milk duct (called milk stasis), a collection of pus (called an abscess) may develop in the breast tissue. An abscess usually feels like a small, hard lump in the breast. Patients with breast abscesses usually need to have the fluid surgically drained. Some research suggest that as many as 10% of women with mastitis develop abscesses. However, many experts consider this estimate to be very high.
Recurrence: Women who have had mastitis in the past are more likely to experience the condition again in the future.
Breastfeeding: Most cases of mastitis are caused by infections that happen during breastfeeding. This is partly because bacteria from the mother's skin or the baby's mouth can easily enter the breast through the nipple during feeding and cause an infection.
Breastfeeding mothers who wear nipple shields or shells, breast pads, or other breast-feeding aids have an even greater risk of developing mastitis. Although these aids help infants feed efficiently, they may block milk flow and increase germs on the nipple, increasing the chance of infection.
Wearing a tight-fitting bra during lactation also increases the risk because the bra may restrict milk flow.
Breastfeeding women who have sore or cracked nipples have an increased risk of developing mastitis.
History of mastitis: People who have had mastitis in the past are more likely to experience the condition again in the future.
Hormonal changes: Post-menopausal women have an increased risk of developing mastitis. This is because hormonal changes may cause the ducts below the nipple to become blocked with debris and dead skin cells. This causes swelling and makes the breast tissue vulnerable to bacterial infections.
Nipple piercings: Nipple piercings (in women or men) also increase the risk of developing mastitis.
Nipple sores: Men or women who have cracks, open sores, or cuts in their nipples have an increased risk of developing mastitis.
Inflammatory breast cancer
Age: The risk for inflammatory breast cancer increases with age.
Alcohol consumption: Drinking two or more alcoholic beverages a day appears to increase the risk of many types of cancer, including inflammatory breast cancer.
Hormonal therapy/birth control pills: People who take estrogen and progesterone, including birth control pills, appear to have an increased risk of developing inflammatory breast cancer.
Medical history: People who have had breast cancer or non-cancerous breast disease in the past have an increased risk of developing inflammatory breast cancer. In addition, people who have family histories of breast cancer have an increased risk of developing inflammatory breast cancer. This is because some cases have been linked to inherited genetic mutations.
Race: Caucasians are more likely to develop inflammatory breast cancer than the general population. This is because some cases have been linked to inherited genetic mutations.
Radiation therapy: People who have undergone radiation therapy on the breast or chest area have an increased risk of developing inflammatory breast cancer.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that children who are abused or neglected often suffer both temporary and long-term physical and emotional harm; childhood maltreatment is associated with depression, suicide, alcoholism, criminal behavior and future abuse as an adult. According to the Indiana Department of Child Services, the child abuse and neglect rate has nearly doubled in the past 10 years. In 2017, the Indiana Child Abuse and Neglect Hotline handled more than 244,000 calls and there were just under 34,000 substantiated assessments of child abuse or neglect in the state.
Individuals who have contact with children as part of their jobs (teachers, police officers, lawyers and social services staff) are the most likely to report alleged child abuse or neglect, followed by friends, relatives and neighbors who submit reports. During this presentation by Prevent Child Abuse Indiana, you will learn:
- the four types of child maltreatment;
- to better understand both behavioral and physical indicators of child maltreatment;
- Indiana’s mandatory reporting responsibilities; and
- abuse and neglect prevention strategies.
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Practice is the commitment to become established in the state of freedom.
(Patanjali's Yoga Sutras 1-13)
Be diligent is your efforts to attain liberation.
(the Buddha's last words)
Practice is what Sati Yoga is about. All classic yoga texts emphasize that it is only through regular practice that one progresses in yoga.
Going to classes and workshops is useful to learn yoga, but practice is a solitary activity.
Once you know enough to do a 15 minutes practice on your own, start your own practice.
Once a daily practice is established, the wisdom gained while on the mat (or cushion) supports the practionner as they move through their daily lives. One of the main priorities of any yoga teacher should be to help students establish their own home practices.
Once you have decided how much time you are going to devote daily to your practice you need to design a practice schedule.
A balanced practice will include Surya Namaskar, some Asanas,
some sitting practice (Pranayama / Meditation) and some time in Savasana
All these elements should be kept in balance. Beginners will probably want to emphasize Asana practice, while more advanced practitioners may choose to emphasize other aspects.
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Science fiction is rapidly morphing into science fact. We can edit genes, we’ve created chip implants to monitor our bodies’ health and one day in the future, we may be able to upload our consciousness onto computers.
Brock Professor of Philosophy Christine Daigle explores the social and political implications of these and other rapidly-developing technologies, including questions such as: Who has access to these innovations? Who calls the shots? And, just because we can, should we?
Meanwhile, Daigle’s Faculty of Humanities colleague Maureen Lux examines the past, specifically a shocking chapter of Canadian history that saw the creation of underfunded and understaffed ‘Indian hospitals.’
The Professor of History investigates how these institutions, which operated from the 1920s to the 1980s, provided substandard health care to Indigenous patients suffering from tuberculosis and other conditions, often subjecting them to invasive, disfiguring surgeries and medical experiments.
To take Lux and Daigle’s research a step further, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) has awarded them each a Partnership Engage Grant. The funding will allow them to form research partnerships with outside organizations.
The play is a sequel to an earlier performance, Post Humains, which was about people seeking various biotechnologies to enhance their bodies and ultimately lead to immortality.
“I heard about the first play and I got in touch with the author, actress and co-producer to suggest that we develop a partnership and a joint project to share expertise,” Daigle says.
The research and discussions arising out of the partnership will generate material that TRS 80 co-founder Dominique Leclerc can use to write the script for the second play.
At the same time, the work enables Daigle and her graduate students to gain insight into how the general public views, and grapples with, biotechnologies, artificial intelligence and other innovations.
“We think within academic circles and talk to academics; I don’t know what is a genuine concern out there,” says Daigle. “For example, is gene editing of concern to me because I have those philosophical leanings? Or is it a concern for everyone? And if it is, is it the same kind of concern for everyone?”
Lux, author of the critically-acclaimed book Separate Beds: A History of Indian Hospitals in Canada, 1920s-1980s, will be working with Esri on an historical GIS project that maps out and analyzes the location of ‘Indian hospitals.’
“Operated by the federal government, racially segregated hospitals were intended to segregate Indigenous people — First Nations and Inuit — from their own communities, but also from modernizing settler hospitals,” says Lux.
Over the summer, Rebecca Nickerson, who plans to graduate from Brock this fall with a Bachelor of Arts, will be using Esri software to pinpoint where these institutions were situated and where they were in relation to residential schools, treaty areas, treaty maps and Indigenous communities.
The “Mapping Segregation: “Indian Hospitals” in Canada” project will include maps, interactive images and explanations so that communities “can develop their own histories” and is a response to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s call to raise awareness of Indigenous-settler relations in Canada, says Lux.
“By mapping the hospitals, we hope to enrich public discourse on the historical roots of colonialism and health disparities,” says Lux. “This partnership will not only enhance our historical understanding of the processes of colonialism, but will also help develop Esri Canada’s educational materials and GIS database.”
Tim Kenyon, Vice-President, Research, says the two research projects “raise awareness of importance to all Canadians.”
“This SSHRC funding enables the formation of powerful connections with communities beyond the University’s walls,” he says. “These connections are essential for research to make the kind of differences we hope to achieve in the world around us.”
SSHRC’s Partnership Engage Grants provide short-term and timely support for partnered research activities that will inform decision-making at a single partner organization from the public, private or not-for-profit sector.
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Are you tired of spending hours brainstorming content ideas and struggling to put them into words? Do you wish there was a way to streamline the content creation process and produce high-quality articles with minimal effort? Well, what if we told you that the solution might be closer than you think? In recent years, advances in artificial intelligence have led to the development of tools that can write articles with little to no human input. But what does this mean for the future of content creation? Join us as we explore the world of AI-generated content and its potential impact on the industry.
Introduction: How AI is Disrupting the Content Creation Industry
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the content creation industry by automating the process of writing articles. With the advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning, AI-powered article writing has become more sophisticated and accurate. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data, learn from it, and generate high-quality content that mimics human writing style. This disruptive technology has already been adopted by many businesses to create articles for their websites, blogs, and social media platforms. AI-generated articles can save time and resources while improving the overall quality of content. However, there are also concerns about the ethical implications of using AI for content creation and its impact on human writers. As this technology continues to evolve, it is essential to understand its benefits and limitations to make informed decisions about integrating it into your content strategy.
Understanding NLP and Machine Learning in AI-Powered Article Writing
Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning are the two key technologies that power AI-generated article writing. NLP enables machines to understand human language, while machine learning algorithms help them learn from data and improve their performance over time. NLP is essential for machines to analyze and interpret text, identify patterns, and extract relevant information. Machine learning algorithms enable machines to learn from large datasets, identify trends, and generate new content based on the patterns they observe.
NLP and machine learning work together to enable AI-powered platforms to generate high-quality articles that are both informative and engaging. These platforms can analyze vast amounts of data, identify key topics, and generate articles that are optimized for search engines. They can also adapt their writing style to match the tone and voice of a particular brand or publication. As AI technology continues to evolve, we can expect these platforms to become even more sophisticated in their ability to create compelling written content.
Case Studies: Real-world Examples of Successful Implementation of AI in Article Writing
Case Studies: Real-world Examples of Successful Implementation of AI in Article Writing
AI-generated content has already been successfully implemented by various companies across different industries. One such example is The Washington Post, which uses its proprietary AI technology, Heliograf, to write news articles. Heliograf has been used to cover high school football games, the 2016 Rio Olympics, and even the US presidential election. The AI system is able to generate articles in real-time by analyzing data and writing short reports that are then compiled into longer articles.
Another example is Grammarly, an AI-powered writing assistant that helps users improve their grammar and writing style. The platform uses natural language processing (NLP) algorithms to analyze text and provide suggestions for improvement.
While these examples showcase the potential of AI in content creation, it’s important to note that these systems still require human oversight to ensure accuracy and quality. As AI continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how it transforms the way we create written content.
Benefits and Limitations of Using AI for Content Creation
One of the biggest advantages of using AI for content creation is its ability to produce articles at a much faster rate than human writers. This means that businesses can produce more content, and as a result, increase their online visibility and engagement. Another key benefit is that AI-generated articles can be optimized for SEO more effectively because they are created based on analyzing vast amounts of data related to search engine algorithms. However, there are also some limitations associated with using AI in article writing. One major issue is ensuring accuracy and quality control since these systems tend to lack creativity and may not have the same level of understanding that humans possess about nuanced topics or sensitive issues such as cultural sensitivities when dealing with global audiences.
Another potential limitation could be dependency on third-party services which use these automated systems. Over-reliance on them might lead us into an ethical dilemma where humans would lose control over what gets published online leading to fake news generation or bot-led propaganda campaigns influencing people’s decisions drastically without any real logic behind it all.
Therefore, while leveraging AI technology can certainly revolutionize the way we create written content, it’s crucial for businesses or individuals who use it to adopt responsible practices by exercising caution when producing material via these platforms cautiously yet efficiently- avoiding wholesale dependence upon machines so still maintaining human touchpoints across every aspect possible!
Ethics and Responsibility: Ensuring Quality and Accuracy with AI-Generated Articles
The Role of Editors in AI-Generated Articles: Balancing Efficiency with Quality
As AI becomes more prevalent in content creation, it’s important to consider the role of human editors in ensuring the quality and accuracy of AI-generated articles. While AI can produce articles quickly and efficiently, it’s not always able to catch errors or ensure that the content is appropriate for the intended audience. Editors can help to balance efficiency with quality by reviewing and editing AI-generated articles for grammar, tone, and accuracy. It’s important for editors to have a deep understanding of the subject matter and target audience in order to make informed decisions about what content should be included or excluded. By working together, AI and human editors can create high-quality content that meets the needs of both businesses and readers.
Fact-Checking and Reviewing AI-Written Content: Ensuring Accuracy and Credibility
Fact-checking and reviewing AI-written content is crucial in ensuring the accuracy and credibility of the final output. While AI can generate high-quality content quickly, it is still prone to errors or bias that could compromise its reliability. Thus, human oversight is important in verifying the information, checking sources, and correcting any mistakes or inconsistencies. Additionally, implementing clear guidelines for using an AI platform and regularly evaluating its performance can help ensure ethical standards are met. With proper monitoring and review processes in place, AI-generated articles have the potential to enhance rather than replace human writing efforts.
Ethical Considerations for AI-Generated Content: Addressing Concerns Over Plagiarism and Bias
One of the biggest ethical concerns with AI-generated content is the potential for plagiarism. As machine learning algorithms scour the internet for relevant information to include in articles, there’s a risk that they could inadvertently copy passages from other sources without proper attribution. Additionally, there’s also a danger of bias creeping into AI writing if not monitored carefully. To address these concerns, it’s important to use reliable and reputable software that generates unique and original content while having human editors review and fact-check any articles before publishing them. Ongoing monitoring can also ensure that the AI system isn’t unintentionally promoting harmful or biased messages.
Transparency in AI-Assisted Content Creation: Disclosing the Use of Automation to Readers
In the age of AI-assisted content creation, it is crucial to maintain transparency with readers about the use of automation. Disclosing the use of AI in article writing not only ensures ethical practices but also builds trust with readers. Transparency in AI-assisted content creation means clearly stating when an article has been generated or assisted by AI. It also means being upfront about any limitations or biases that may exist within the technology. By doing so, publishers can ensure accuracy and maintain credibility with their audience while still benefiting from the efficiency and speed of AI-powered article writing.
Future Implications: What Does the Rise of AI Mean for Human Writers?
With the increasing sophistication of AI capabilities, many have raised concerns about how it will impact human writers. While some fear that artificial intelligence may eventually replace human creativity and skill, others argue that AI is simply a tool that can be used to augment and enhance our abilities as writers.
- It’s important for content creators to keep in mind that AI-generated articles should never completely replace human-written pieces – after all, there are certain aspects of writing such as personal voice and creativity which cannot be replicated by machines.
- However, augmenting your writing process with an AI platform can help you to produce more high-quality content in less time, freeing up your schedule for other creative pursuits or allowing you to undertake larger projects than would otherwise be possible.
Ultimately, the rise of AI in article writing is not something to be feared; rather, it represents an exciting opportunity for businesses and individuals alike to streamline their workflow, increase productivity and take their written content creation efforts into new territory.
Tips for Integrating an AI Platform into your Existing Content Strategy
Integrating AI Platform into your existing content strategy can be a game-changer for your business. Before implementing an AI-powered article writing platform, it’s important to assess your current content strategy and identify areas where AI can add value.
Start by identifying the types of content that can be automated using AI, such as product descriptions or news articles. Then, consider the tone and style of your brand and ensure that the AI-generated content aligns with your brand voice.
It’s also important to train the AI platform with high-quality data to ensure accuracy and relevance in the generated content. Additionally, consider using human editors to review and edit the AI-generated content before publishing to ensure quality and avoid any potential ethical concerns.
Finally, track and analyze the performance of your AI-generated content to continually improve its effectiveness. With careful planning and implementation, integrating an AI platform into your content strategy can save time, increase efficiency, and improve overall content quality.
Conclusion: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Revolutionizing the Way We Create Written Content
The emergence of AI technology has upended the traditional method of content creation. While some may argue that it will replace human writers altogether, others believe that the two can work together to create better content. Integrating an AI platform into your existing content strategy is one way to stay competitive in today’s fast-paced digital landscape.
Firstly, keep in mind that machines are not capable of mimicking humans accurately all of the time. Therefore, it is important to establish a clear set of guidelines and quality metrics when implementing an AI writing system. Additionally, always have a human editor review the output and make necessary adjustments for style and tone.
It’s also vital to be creative with how you use this new technology – think beyond just generating articles from scratch! Consider using AI tools for research purposes or as a supplement for fact-checking.
Ultimately, by embracing rather than resisting the role of artificial intelligence in revolutionizing the way we create written content, brands can produce higher volumes of quality content faster than ever before while freeing their editorial teams from repetitive tasks.
In conclusion, the rise of AI-powered article writing is transforming the content creation industry. With natural language processing and machine learning, AI platforms are capable of producing high-quality content that is both accurate and engaging. While there are benefits to using AI for content creation, there are also limitations and ethical considerations that must be taken into account.
As we move forward, it’s important to consider the implications of this technology on human writers and the future of the industry. However, with proper integration and responsible use, AI can be a valuable tool for enhancing your existing content strategy.
If you’re interested in learning more about how AI is changing the way we create written content, be sure to check out our other articles on the topic. With our expert insights and guidance, you can stay ahead of the curve and take advantage of this exciting new technology.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who uses AI that writes articles?
Many businesses and individuals use AI writing tools to create content.
What is AI that writes articles?
AI writing tools use algorithms to generate written content automatically.
How does AI that writes articles work?
AI writing tools use natural language processing and machine learning to create written content.
What about the quality of AI-written content?
AI writing tools can produce high-quality content with proper training and editing.
How does AI that writes articles benefit businesses?
AI writing tools can save time and money while producing high-quality content for businesses.
What about the fear of AI replacing human writers?
AI writing tools are meant to assist human writers, not replace them, and can actually enhance their work.
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The historical roots of the ancient coating method known as Tadelakt, date back to Morocco of the 11th century A.D. Craftsmen began to use limestone extracted from the plateau of Marrakesh, in order to waterproof the cisterns in which rain-water was collected. In time, this method was widely applied in royal palaces and soon after in mosques, hammams and baths. Ancient secrets of the craft passed on from generation to generation to specialized craftsmen and it is still in use by a few specialists. It nowadays comprises the most traditional coating method used throughout Marrakesh and it deservingly holds the title of the most aesthetically beautiful and unique in its application method.
Hard as a rock, soft like silk!
Tadelakt (arab. تدلاكت - Tadla: kt) in Berber means ‘to rub/to massage’. It is one of the few methods which employ only natural raw materials; it is ideal for humid areas and it can be applied onto walls, floors, washing basins, baths and bath tabs. This traditional method was almost lost until it was revived and became particularly popular in Europe and beyond. What makes tadelakt method unique is its ability to form a glazed and impermeable surface, created by the coating of an olive oil-made soap and the rubbing of the surface with stones. This technique demands high stamina, accuracy and synchronized labour combined with a focused and dynamic way of work on behalf of the technician.
The plasticity of tadelakt allows for the shaping of soft curves and angles. The final result is impressive since it creates the atmosphere a room carved into and glazed from a piece of rock. In the internal, the glaze forms natural cracks which are visible only through a close examination. These cracks emerge when the surface comes in contact with water and they gradually fade out when it dries again. This special characteristic adds to the overall impressive result of the final product.
Limestone from Marrakesh is unique in its kind due to its high hydraulic abilities. By examining and applying the use of local, raw materials of the Minoan Civilization and based on archaeologists’ research who report their use in antiquity, we managed to create an equally strong and effective coating such as that of Morocco. It is a coating which not only lasts throughout time but it actually constitutes a part of it: today, the same materials are used for the conservation and restoration of ancient buildings.
The high in alkalised particles of tadelakt, prevent from mould and it is easy to clean with olive-oil diluted in water.
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The golden triangle of ideal healthcare consists of accessibility, affordability and quality. The sustainability of healthcare depends on the latter two, hence, it is important that we look at the ways in which it can be made accessible for the communities we serve.
The healthcare sector is one of the most important domains that impacts the entire global population and is closely linked to the development of any country. It also plays a crucial role in how a country is perceived in maintaining economic stability. As such, healthcare systems form a key part of government strategies across the world, and the level of industry expenditure is projected to increase at an annual rate of 4.1 per cent globally between 2017-2021.
However, as healthcare spending increases and the industry continues to evolve, accessibility remains a key challenge. At least half of the world’s population does not have access to the health services they need, which is an alarmingly high rate, particularly as this is a sector that impacts most people at some point in their life. In addition to this, it is estimated that 100 million people are driven into poverty each year through out-of-pocket health spending, given the lack of access to quality, affordable healthcare.
Countries with a robust healthcare framework often have long waiting lists to access the relevant specialist or have a simple surgery carried out. Some countries have systems in place that do not provide the best quality care due to lack of resources or budget constraints. And less-developed countries have a limited number of facilities that are understaffed and under-resourced, with those living in rural or remote areas having to travel long distances to obtain the healthcare assistance they require.
This leads to patients spending beyond their means on healthcare – in fact, globally, 800 million people spend at least 10 per cent of their household budgets to get the required treatment for themselves or someone in their family. Unfortunately, more often than not, these expenses are forcing more households into poverty each year.
The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Universal Health Coverage (UHC) initiative aims to tackle this and is supported by the UN, setting UHC as one of the targets when adopting the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. So, what can be done by the private sector to support these goals and increase access to quality healthcare in local markets?
Working hand-in-hand with the public sector
With increasing spend on healthcare comes increased pressure on governments to provide health services to the community. Working closely through public-private partnerships (PPPs), as well as maintaining a dialogue between the two sectors, creates a healthy ecosystem to ensure that as many people as possible have access to healthcare.
The private sector should also provide affordable healthcare options for all members of the community, including those in the lower-income bracket. This relieves some of the pressure of the public sector and provides patients with quality healthcare options and affordable prices.
Educate and empower the health workforce
The WHO estimates a projected shortfall of 18 million health workers by 2030, and states that countries at all levels of socioeconomic development face some degree of difficulties in the education, employment, deployment, retention and performance of their workforce. It is important that we invest in the education and training of our local workforce, placing patient-centred care at the core to ensure that we are contributing not only to battle the shortfall, but to work towards increasing accessibility.
As we are passing through a digital revolution, markets with more developed healthcare systems, such as the UAE, have an opportunity to leverage this. Through implementing digital solutions and upskilling teams on how to use them, we can empower the health workforce to utilise the latest technologies in healthcare solutions.
Investment in research and development (R&D)
Developments in technology over the past decade have had a huge impact on the healthcare industry, and we have only just scratched the surface. As we are progressing through the fourth industrial revolution, there is still a long way to go before we utilise the full potential of technology to improve access to healthcare, globally. Currently, there are fitness trackers and mobile apps that allow individuals to monitor their own health conditions remotely in more developed markets. Through investing in R&D, key players in the private sector will be able to develop solutions that can further enhance remote patient care and cater to specific patient groups, particularly those in remote areas with limited access to healthcare facilities.
The UAE Vision 2021 strives to achieve a world-class healthcare system and through its efforts, it aims to be among the best countries in the world in terms of quality of healthcare. The private sector has a key role to play, and while it is often related to profit, I strongly believe that profit should be a by-product and not our purpose in healthcare. Through working together with the public sector, as well as giving back to the communities that we serve, we can work towards improving access to healthcare in our local markets with the intention of battling a larger, global issue, one country at a time.
Dr. Azad Moopen
References available on request.
This article appears in the March/April edition of Omnia Health Magazine. Other topics include AI in healthcare, patient safety, mobile healthcare and further updates around on COVID-19 from the healthcare industry.
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ja'-bin (yabhin, "one who is intelligent," "discerning." The word may have been a hereditary royal title among the northern Canaanites. Compare the familiar usage of par`oh melekh mitsrayim):
(1) "The king of Hazor," the leading city in Northern Palestine, who led an alliance against Joshua. He was defeated at the waters of Merom, his city was taken and he was slain (Joshua 11:1-9).
(2) "The king of Canaan, that reigned (or had reigned) in Hazor." It is not clear whether he dwelt in Hazor or Harosheth, the home of Sisera, the captain of his host at the time of the story narrated in Jgs. He oppressed Israel in the days preceding the victory of Deborah and Barak. To the Israelites he must have been but a shadowy figure as compared with his powerful captain, Sisera, for the song makes no mention of him and there is nothing to indicate that he even took part in the battle that freed Israel (Judges 4:2,7,17,23,24 bis; Psalms 83:9,10).
Ella Davis Isaacs
These files are public domain.
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Though it may feel like your child is too young for the dentist, experts agree that the earlier children begin a healthy relationship with oral hygiene and the dentist, the better. To celebrate National Children’s Dental Health Month, Northborough, MA Dentists Dr. Robert J. Gauthier,Jr, and Dr. Olga Krikunenko remind parents and caregivers that your child’s oral health is an important part to their overall health and well-being.
One of the most common chronic childhood disease is tooth decay. It affects approximately 50% of first graders and 80% of 17 year olds. Children should begin seeing a dentist by the age of 3 or when the all primary teeth have erupted- earlier if there are other concerns. Not only will this first visit help children get acclimated to the idea of the dentist, it will also help them and their parents learn how to maintain good oral health for the long run. At our Northborough, MA family dentist office, Drs. Gauthier and Krikunenko and their staff take the time to teach children learn how to properly brush and floss- and have fun taking care of their smile.
Dentists can help parents learn:
- • How to care for an infant’s teeth
- • If their child is getting enough fluoride
- • If and when to wean children off thumb sucking
- • Safety measures to prevent face and teeth damage
- • What to expect when a child starts teething and losing baby teeth
- • The relationship between a baby’s diet and oral health
- • What to do and what to not to do surrounding sippy cups
- • How babies can “catch” bacteria from utensils, fingers, and caregivers
Many people are under the impression that baby teeth don’t need to be cared for like adult teeth, but early preventive dental care serves several important purposes, including laying the foundation for a lifetime of good dental health. Children with cavities in their baby teeth are at a much higher risk for cavities later in life. Additionally, baby teeth form a path that permanent teeth will follow when they erupt. Untreated tooth decay can cause speech impediments, pain, and oral infections. Early detection of oral problems allows for conservative and inexpensive treatments.
Habits are formed when children are young. A healthy oral routine, including brushing and flossing, and twice a year visits to the dentist are extremely important to instill in a child. Professional cleanings are just as important in a 2 year old as they are in a 22 year old.
Schedule Your Child’s First Dental Visit
Call our Northborough, MA dentist office today to schedule an appointment for your child!
Posted in: national childrens dental health month
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Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid is one of thirteen essential vitamins our bodies require to function and perform everyday tasks. It is mainly found in citrus fruits like oranges, lemons etc. While most animals produce Vitamin C in their bodies, our bodies are not equipped to produce vitamin C so, we need to regularly take in vitamin C for our bodies to perform bodily functions.
The Importance of Vitamin C
Vitamin C helps in the biosynthesis of collagen, L-carnitine, and various neurotransmitters. Collagen plays a prominent role in wounding healing. It is also a vital physiological antioxidant that regenerates more antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol or Vitamin-E. Vitamin C negates the harmful effects of free radicals, which can cause cancer, heart ailments and Arthritis. Vitamin C improves the human body’s immune function and helps absorb the iron found in plant-based foods, such as nonheme iron. It helps the human body to fight viruses and infections, like pneumonia and lung infections. Vitamin C also helps in reducing wrinkles and helps your skin look younger which is a reason why dermatologists always recommend you to incorporate vitamin C in your regular diet.
Harmful Effects of Vitamin C Deficiency
As our bodies do not produce vitamin C on their own, we need to include it in our daily diet and failing to do so may result in various health complications like-
- Skin ageing
- Rough skin
- Abnormalities in the growth of body hair
- Easy bruising and excessive bleeding
- Swollen joints, which can lead to Arthritis
- Weak bones
- Gum and teeth problems
Vitamin C Deficiency – Treatment and Diet
The best treatment for vitamin C deficiency is dietary supplements and a vitamin C rich diet.
If you want to increase the Vitamin C level in your body through food, you should consume fruits and vegetables like orange, kiwi, broccoli, tomato, cantaloupe, cabbage, cauliflower, potato, spinach and green peas.
You can also increase the Vitamin C level in your body through dietary supplements. Most dietary supplements contain ascorbic acid, which is considered the equivalent of fruits like oranges and vegetables like broccoli. Sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are other types of Vitamin C.
There are different recommendations for different age groups. Your dietician or your kid’s paediatrician can recommend optimal dosage for you and your child.
Vitamin C – Effects on Skin
Almost all of the skincare products we use contain vitamin c in some form or the other. As mentioned earlier, dermatologists often recommend following a diet rich in vitamin C because it is hugely beneficial to our skin. It is an antioxidant that helps in neutralising free radicals. Vitamin C also protects the skin from ultraviolet rays emitted from the sun. Vitamin C also decreases melanin production, which is responsible for skin discolouration and causes hyperpigmentation and dark spots.
While it is true that Vitamin C is one of the most important vitamins a human being needs, over intake of Vitamin C may reduce its importance.
Since Vitamin C is known to have low toxicity, overuse of this vitamin can result in diseases like diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, nausea, gastrointestinal problems. It may also increase the risks of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. Moreover, since Vitamin C increases nonheme iron absorption, it can cause tissue damage.
Hence, before deciding what amount of Vitamin C is appropriate for you, you should conduct a few tests and consult a dermatologist.
Read about more deficiencies and their solutions
Regency Health is an all-in-one healthcare facility that contains state-of-the-art laboratories and dermatologists who can chart out the best diet for improving your health. The specialists can guide you on the right dosage of Vitamin C. Contact Regency now for a healthier lifestyle.
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On 26 January, 1950, the new Constitution of India — ‘the most elaborate declaration of human rights yet framed by any state’ according to The Times of India – was inaugurated. For a poor, newly independent country, it was an audacious leap of faith. The world’s leading constitutional theorist, Oxford don Sir Kenneth Wheare, pronounced it ‘the biggest liberal experiment in democratic government’.
In the Constituent Assembly, B R Ambedkar had openly expressed his anxieties about the future of the Constitution in an India given to political hero-worship and wracked by socio-economic inequality. Seventy years on, with the Constitution right back at the centre of political discourse, many have come to share Ambedkar’s fears.
The idea of an existential threat to the constitutional order from the BJP and the RSS is a recurring theme in the current protests. As striking images of protesters holding the Constitution aloft and en masse readings of the Preamble have come to symbolise resistance to the Narendra Modi-led government, otherwise disparate voices from the Opposition are finding common ground as guardians of the Constitution. Coming after several years of alleged muzzling of dissent and misuse of legal tools such as the law of sedition, the battle cry of ‘defend the Constitution’ has electrified public opinion like little else.
The easiest parallel to draw has been with the Emergency — the most obvious assault on the Constitution and on Fundamental Rights that brought a disparate Opposition together with the rallying cry ‘Constitution in danger’. However, 1975 was not the first time that ‘Constitution in danger’ had become a potent rallying cry in Indian politics. That dubious honour belonged to 1951 when, barely 14 months after the Constitution had first come into existence and a full six months before the first ever general election, India’s first government led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru decided to prune Fundamental Rights via the First Amendment.
In 1951, the political balance of power was the exact opposite of what it is now. The Congress was the hegemonic political force and enjoyed an overwhelming majority in the provisional Parliament. The Hindu Mahasabha and the RSS inhabited the political margins. While stalwarts like Shyama Prasad Mookerji, Acharya Kripalani and Hriday Nath Kunzru graced the Opposition benches, Nehru continued to tower over the popular imagination as a larger than life figure.
The tussle began in March 1950 when, in response to severe criticism in the press about its response to the refugee influx in West Bengal and extra-judicial killings of communist activists in Madras, the government attempted to censor the Organiser, an RSS weekly. In response, K R Malkani — its long-serving editor — wrote:
“To threaten the liberty of the press for the sole offence of nonconformity to official view… may be a handy tool for tyrants but (is) only a crippling curtailment of civil liberties in a free democracy… A government can always learn more from bona fide criticism of independent-thinking citizens than the fulsome flattery of charlatans.”
Malkani and the RSS challenged the censorship order in the Supreme Court and invoked Freedom of Speech and Expression enshrined in Article 19 of the Constitution. Their case was argued by the famous jurist N C Chatterjee — former president of the Hindu Mahasabha and father of future Communist stalwart Somnath Chatterjee. The SC struck down the censorship order and declared the relevant legislation to be unconstitutional.
Following this judgment, the Nehru government faced a series of judicial defeats in its attempts to proscribe free speech, and acquire zamindari property without paying fair compensation. The Congress party’s social agenda came to a grinding halt. This led directly to the First Amendment which placed new curbs on the freedom of speech and revalidated the law of sedition, effectively driving a coach and horses through the chapter on Fundamental Rights.
The prospect of a serious assault on civil liberties united a disparate set of voices in opposition to the Nehru government: Hindu nationalists like S P Mookerji and M R Jayakar, Gandhians like Acharya Kripalani, liberals like Hriday Nath Kunzru, socialists like Shibbanlal Saksena and Jayaprakash Narayan and Congress rebels like H V Kamath and Shyamnandan Sahay.
In Parliament, leading the charge for the Opposition, Shyama Prasad Mookerji — future founder of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh — had implored his colleagues: “Let me exhort and conjure you never to suffer an invasion of your political constitution, however minute the instance may appear, to pass by without a determined persevering resistance.”
His determined persevering resistance may not have prevented the First Amendment, but Mookerji’s prophetic warning to Nehru, delivered during the parliamentary debate remains relevant as ever: “Maybe you will continue for eternity, in the next generation, for generations unborn; that is quite possible. But supposing some other party comes into authority? What is the precedent you are laying down?”
Tripurdaman Singh is the author of Sixteen Stormy Days: The Story of the First Amendment to the Constitution of India.
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Find more Ernist relatives and grow your tree by exploring billions of historical records. Taken every decade since 1790, the U.S. Federal Census can tell you a lot about your family. For example, from 1930 to 1940 there were 7 less people named Ernist in the United States — and some of them are likely related to you.
What if you had a window into the history of your family? With historical records, you do. From home life to career, records help bring your relatives' experiences into focus. There were 14 people named Ernist in the 1930 U.S. Census. In 1940, there were 50% less people named Ernist in the United States. What was life like for them?
In 1940, 7 people named Ernist were living in the United States. In a snapshot:
As Ernist families continued to grow, they left more tracks on the map:
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Fruits and vegetables not only provide an abundant combination of vitamins, minerals, fiber and protective plant compounds, they also offer texture, flavor and color to meals and snacks. For example, could you imagine your taco without crunchy lettuce and juicy tomatoes? Or chicken noodle soup without carrots, celery and onions?
While the amount of fresh produce we’re enjoying seems to be on the rise, this year’s State of the Plate study results from Produce for Better Health Foundation shows overall fruit and vegetable consumption has declined by 7% over the past five years. Even though a substantial percentage of that comes from the drop in 100% juice consumption, it still sends a very clear message. We’re not eating enough when it comes to vegetables and fruits.
What Can You Do?
Stock Up and Commit to Eating More!
The upside to this? September is Fruits & Veggie–More Matters Month and the perfect time to focus on including more produce into your meal plan, regardless of how much you’re currently eating. It’s also a great opportunity to fill up your grocery cart with more variety, since fresh, frozen, canned, dried and 100% juice all count towards daily produce goals. Stocking your kitchen with all forms of produce is particularly important in terms of eating more, since 82% of vegetables and 90% of fruits we eat come from or are prepared at home.
Don’t Cut the Veggies from Your One-Dish Meals!
When shopping for produce, look for options that make them easy to enjoy. Historically, according to the State of the Plate report, half the vegetables we eat are in the form of a side dish at meals, but the quantity of side dishes being prepared has declined over the years. Parents may have traditionally made a meatloaf dinner with potatoes, green beans and tossed salad, but now one-dish meals are taking center stage. Oftentimes, vegetables are the food that gets cut from these types of meals.
5 Ways to Add Vegetables to Your Day
Instead of stressing about adding sides of vegetables to meals, try this …
- Incorporate them into dishes you’re already preparing.
- Keep frozen spinach in your freezer and add to jarred sauce.
- If making beef stew, add no-salt-added canned peas, green beans, stewed tomatoes and corn.
- For pizza night, make homemade cauliflower crust then add peppers, onions and mushrooms to up veggie intake even more.
- When in the mood for chicken parmesan, enjoy eggplant parm instead.
4 Ways to Add Fruit to Your Day
For fruit intake, the same rules apply …
- Keep convenient, portable options stocked in your pantry so you’re continuously set up for success.
- When running out the door, natural applesauce cups, fresh nectarines or trail mix made with a mixture of dried fruits can’t be beat.
- For breakfast, smoothies made with frozen no sugar added tropical fruit and low-fat yogurt is a satisfying choice.
- Need a beverage to quench your mid-day thirst? Drinking up to 12-ounces 100% juice count toward daily goals and don’t contain added sugar.
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How To Take Oral Temperature
Whenever a person has a fever, a thermometer is inserted in his mouth to note his body temperature. If you are taking temperature of a child less than 5 years old, then you will have to take temperature from his armpit or groin. For adults, the most accurate way is to take oral temperature. Normal oral temperature is 98.6° F, but it may change on the basis of your physical activity level, and also day and night. Temperature more than 100° F is fever, and may be considered as a sign of an infection, illness or other condition. If you are not sure of how to take oral temperature, OneHowTo.com is giving a step-by-step instruction guide here.
The first step you need to do in order to take oral temperature is to use soap and water to wash your hands.
Next, take the thermometer out of its box, and wash it in water, or clean it with rubbing it with a gauze or cotton ball soaked in alcohol.
Do not drink or eat anything around 5 minutes before taking your temperature, and try to keep your mouth closed during these 5 minutes too.
Place the tip of the thermometer under your tongue.
Hold it at the same place for around 60 seconds to calculate your oral temperature.
If you are using a digital thermometer, then you will hear a beep sound. If you are using a glass or mercury thermometer, let the reading rise until it stops to one fixed place.
Read the numbers on your digital thermometer, which is your temperature.
If you are using a mercury or glass thermometer, you will need to hold it in your hand, and move to and fro until you see the red, blue or silver line on it. Read the number till which the line has reached. This is your body temperature.
Once you have recorded the temperature, rinse the thermometer with rubbing alcohol or water, and put it back in its box. If you are using a mercury thermometer make sure to keep it in a dry and cool place as mercury is highly flammable.
If you have any doubts about your temperature OneHowto would like to help you know if these readings are normal:
This article is merely informative, oneHOWTO does not have the authority to prescribe any medical treatments or create a diagnosis. We invite you to visit your doctor if you have any type of condition or pain.
If you want to read similar articles to How To Take Oral Temperature, we recommend you visit our Family health category.
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| 0.948151 | 525 | 3.265625 | 3 |
I am a nutritionist involved daily in the identification and treatment of malnourished children. I read with interest the Lancet
Series on maternal and child undernutrition, especially the paper on interventions (Feb 2, p 417).1
It is curious to me that the major problem that I deal with everyday was not mentioned at all: kwashiorkor.
20 000—32 000 children with kwashiorkor are treated in Malawi every year. The prevalence of kwashiorkor in Malawi is about 2·5% in children aged 1—3 years.2
Across the maize-consuming countries of southern and eastern Africa, kwashiorkor is arguably the predominant form of severe childhood malnutrition.
Children with kwashiorkor are more likely to develop metabolic complications, heart failure, and die than those with simple wasting. Case fatality in Malawi is 5—15%.4
A population study from rural Zaire attributes 8% of child deaths to kwashiorkor.5
Kwashiorkor is devastating when it progresses to the point that requires hospital admission, although if identified early can be treated on an outpatient basis with ready-to-use therapeutic food.
Although I am not in a position to assess the worldwide significance of kwashiorkor, it cannot be negligible, given my experience. UNICEF reports that eastern and southern Africa accounts for roughly 20% of child deaths worldwide, and half of these deaths are a result of poor nutrition. Perhaps the public-health consequences of kwashiorkor are difficult to quantify because it occurs most often in rural areas, where monotonous diets are common. Also, it is an acute condition with most cases remaining undetected in nutritional cross-sectional surveys.
I declare that I have no conflict of interest.
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http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)60752-7/fulltext
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| 0.92127 | 373 | 2.640625 | 3 |
“True compassion means not only feeling another's pain but also being moved to help relieve it.”
Tim is walking in the street with his 5 year old daughter. His daughter is holding a large helium balloon that she was given earlier in the day. The balloon is so big and it makes her so happy.
Suddenly, the young girl loses her grip on the balloon. It flies away towards the clouds.
Tears freely flow down this young girl’s face. Cries emanate out of her mouth.
Her balloon is gone and she feels loss.
Loss is not something that she has really felt yet in her young life.
Her crying continues getting louder and louder.
When one wants to help there are two steps one needs to take before assisting.
1. Identify the problem
2. Offer a solution
Most people in this situation would identify the problem as the lost balloon and the solution would be to purchase another balloon (and in a case where a new balloon cannot be purchased, they’d either make a promise or try to fight the feelings of loss).
But the problem isn’t the lost balloon. The problem is the feeling of loss.
Rather than trying to “fix” the problem with a new purchase, fix the problem by showing your child compassion. Allow them to cry. Be there with them. Enable them to share their feelings (yes, even at this age).
Life will present many teaching opportunities, many opportunities to bond with your child. Don’t run away from these opportunities, embrace them.
Not every problem is what it appears.
You can’t properly solve the problem if you’ve misidentified it.
It is more important that we give our children our time, our attention, our listening ear and our compassion than it is to give our children money.
Giving a new balloon would only have pushed the problem to the side, it would not have solved it.
Pushing problems to the side (if it works at all) only works in the short term.
Never forget, kids are a long term investment.
Stop using short term interventions on long term investments.
Yisroel Picker is a Social Worker who lives in Jerusalem. He has a private practice which specializes in working with people of all ages helping them understand their own thought processes, enabling them to improve their level of functioning, awareness, social skills and more.
To speak with Yisroel about speaking at a child safety event or to discuss a personal case, email him at [email protected]
Follow Yisroel on LinkedIn Here
Follow Yisroel on Facebook Here
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| 0.968154 | 557 | 2.734375 | 3 |
|Institution:||Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute|
|Keywords:||Nuclear engineering; Nuclear physics and radiation|
|Full text PDF:||http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10608366|
Nuclear fuels with similar aggregate material composition, but with different millimeter and micrometer spatial configurations of the component materials can have very different safety and performance characteristics. This research focuses on modeling and attempting to engineer heterogeneous combinations of nuclear fuels to improve negative prompt temperature feedback in response to reactivity insertion accidents. Improvements in negative prompt temperature feedback are proposed by developing a tailored thermal resistance in the nuclear fuel. In the event of a large reactivity insertion, the thermal resistance allows for a faster negative Doppler feedback by temporarily trapping heat in material zones with strong absorption resonances. A multi-physics simulation framework was created that could model large reactivity insertions. The framework was then used to model a comparison of a heterogeneous fuel with a tailored thermal resistance and a homogeneous fuel without the tailored thermal resistance. The results from the analysis confirmed the fundamental premise of prompt temperature feedback and provide insights into the neutron spectrum dynamics throughout the transient process. A trade study was conducted on infinite lattice fuels to help map a design space to study and improve prompt temperature feedback with many results. A multi-scale fuel pin analysis was also completed to study more realistic geometries. The results of this research could someday allow for novel nuclear fuels that would behave differently than current fuels. The idea of having a thermal barrier coating in the fuel is contrary to most current thinking. Inherent resistance to reactivity insertion accidents could enable certain reactor types once considered vulnerable to reactivity insertion accidents to be reevaluated in light of improved negative prompt temperature feedback.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.dissertation.com/abstracts/2157514
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| 0.888949 | 368 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Your Diet and The Link to Your Stomach Cancer Risks
Your risk of stomach cancer can be based on gender, age, ethnicity, and geography. Though these risk factors are uncontrollable, there are a few risks, such as diet and tobacco use, that you can control. By adopting a healthy lifestyle and changing your diet, you can reduce your chances of not only stomach cancer but all cancers. Here’s how:
Fill Your Plates With Fruits and Vegetables
The American Cancer Society recommends eating at least 2 ½ cups of vegetables and fruits every day. Broccoli, cabbage, and cruciferous vegetables contain sulforaphane, which has been shown to reduce tumor size in mice. Tomatoes and carrots have been linked to a decrease in not only stomach cancer but lung and prostate, too.
Fruits are loaded with antioxidants, especially certain citrus fruits, and have been shown to reduce your chance of stomach cancer. Salty and smoked foods have also been known to increase your chance of stomach cancer, so limit your intake if possible.
Keep a Healthy Weight
Being overweight or obese may be a risk factor for several types of cancers and may even be a common cause of cancer in the upper part of the stomach. In general, leading a healthy and active lifestyle can improve your overall health and wellness, limiting your chance for illness.
Consult Your Doctor About Symptoms
Stomach cancer symptoms can often mimic other illnesses, so it’s essential to be open and honest with your doctor about any new or long-lasting symptoms. Some of the most common include:
- Feeling full or bloated after eating
- Severe or persistent heartburn
- Unexplained and persistent nausea
- Stomach pains
- Persistent vomiting
- Unintentional weight loss
By keeping the dialogue open with your doctor, they can rule out the more common causes of your symptoms and spot anything worrisome early on.
Avoid Tobacco Use
It’s no secret that tobacco has been linked to cancer. Regular tobacco use puts you at risk for several illnesses, including an increased chance of stomach cancer; in fact, the rate of stomach cancer is about double for those who smoke.
It is important, and often comforting, to know everything you can about cancer when fighting it. At Kirby Medical Center, we use state-of-the-art equipment along with National Cancer Institute research programs to provide excellent oncology services. We are dedicated to helping patients fight cancer so they can live more comfortably. Call (217) 876-6600 for more on our oncology services.
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| 0.939443 | 530 | 2.890625 | 3 |
October 16, 2009
|Dr. Miranda Shehu-Xhilaga|
|Dr. David Margolis|
As paradoxical as it might seem, dialing up the growth of the virus may be a valid strategy in HIV-infected individuals who have been successfully treated with antiretroviral drugs. While they have little to no virus in their blood that can be detected using standard tests, they have a relatively small number of T cells infected with latent virus -- approximately a million. This latent HIV has entered a state of dormancy, beyond the reach of the immune system or standard anti-HIV drugs. Because these cells will remain infected for the life of the patient, with the potential to touch off multiple new rounds of virus replication at any moment, scientists are investigating approaches to destroy this perpetual source of new virus growth.
One means by which HIV maintains its latent state is by carrying high levels of cellular proteins known as histone deacetylases (HDACs), whose normal role in a cell is to act as a switch that turns off the ability to make other proteins. In the context of HIV, HDACs attached to stretches of the virus turn off its ability to make copies of itself, rendering the virus latent. Several years ago Dr. Margolis, working with amfAR funding, showed in the test tube that certain cancer drugs that inhibit the HDACs undo the latency of HIV and thus render the virus susceptible to attack by standard anti-HIV drugs. But pilot trials of one such drug in patients revealed the need to fine tune this approach.
In separate studies, Drs. Margolis and Shehu-Xhilaga now report on some novel HDAC inhibitors with more potent HIV-activating capability. Dr. Margolis utilized a new technology called high-throughput screening to evaluate a series of potential drugs that act against one or both of two major classes of HDAC. He found that the drugs active against class I were "strikingly efficient" promoters of HIV growth in test tube models of latent HIV infection, as well as in T cells obtained directly from patients with undetectable viral loads. These class I HDAC inhibitors had these effects without disturbing the ability of the cells themselves to grow.
Dr. Shehu-Xhilaga also found that class I HDAC inhibitors were effective HIV inducers, and with her team synthesized two novel drug candidates, MCT-1 and MCT-3, based on a known anti-cancer drug, oxamflatin. Like Dr. Margolis's compounds, these three agents were strikingly powerful in promoting virus outgrowth. Dr. Shehu-Xhilaga cautioned, however, that the toxicity of her compounds "may limit their use in patients." Details remain to be resolved, but these two studies continue to point the way to the development of potential agents that may be clinically useful in novel strategies for HIV treatment.
No comments have been made.
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http://www.thebodypro.com/content/art54167.html
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| 0.962886 | 605 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Sane's Monthly Algorithms Challenge: October 2008
Cow Daycare (Advanced Level)
Farmer John has just opened up a new daycare for cows of all sizes. The daycare consists of
n (1 ≤
n ≤ 100, 000) cow pens. Each cow pen is built differently to accommodate cows of a unique size from 1 to
There is a mother cow inside every pen whose job is to take care of all the cows inside it. When there are no cows inside her pen, she does not need to do any work. For every new cow added to her pen, the amount of work she has to do to take care of each individual cow is increased by 1.
For example, if she has 1 cow she does 1 piece of work. If she has 2 cows she does 4 pieces of work. 3 cows is 9 pieces of work. So on and so forth.
The daycare had become so popular that Farmer John is taking in more cows than the mother cows can handle. To fix this, he realizes that he can lessen the number of cows in some pens (and thus the amount of work done by some mothers) by moving smaller cows to the pens built for larger cows.
Only smaller cows can be moved to larger pens (larger cows can not be moved to smaller pens). The size of each cow in a pen does not affect the amount of work done by a mother cow (only the quantity does). Moreover, there is no limit to the number of cows that can be moved inside a pen.
Given the number of cow pens and the number of cows of each size, move the cows around so that the total amount of work done by all of the mother cows is minimal.
The first line of the input consists of a single integer,
n (1 ≤
n ≤ 100,000), representing the number of uniquely sized cow pens.
n lines that follow will each contain a non-negative integer ≤ 100 on the
i'th line, representing the number of cows that are size
i. There will be one test case where cows rule the planet and each integer may be as large as 100,000.
OutputOutput the sum of all work done by each mother such that it's minimal.
Note that it may be necessary to use a 64-bit integer (
long longin C/C++,
int64in PAS) to compute your answer.
4 4 1 2 0
Explanation of Sample Data
Two of the size 1 cows are moved to pen 2 and another is moved to pen 3. The size 2 cow and one of the size 3 cows move to pen 4. The mothers in 2, 3, and 4 each do four pieces of work while the mother in pen 1 does 1 piece of work. 1 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 13. While there are other equally optimal placements, there exist none better than 13.
Before (Total Work = 21)
After (Total Work = 13)
Mother cows have not been included in these diagrams.
Point Value: 30 (partial)
Time Limit: 1.00s
Memory Limit: 64M
Added: Oct 20, 2008
C++03, PAS, C, HASK, ASM, RUBY, PYTH2, JAVA, PHP, SCM, CAML, PERL, C#, C++11, PYTH3
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http://wcipeg.com/problem/smac081p4
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| 0.952775 | 706 | 3.34375 | 3 |
* This is the Veterinary Version. *
Breeding and Reproduction of Potbellied Pigs
Although some basic information on breeding and reproduction is included here, breeding of potbellied pigs is not encouraged for the amateur owner. In addition, it is strongly recommended that male potbellied pigs be neutered early (at 2 to 3 months of age) to minimize the development of aggressive behavior. Males that have not been neutered do not make suitable pets.
Female potbellied pigs are normally able to reproduce as early as 3 months of age. Lack of estrus in a female pig 3 months or older should be considered a possible sign of pregnancy, especially if the pig has been kept with male potbellied pigs. It is recommended that female potbellied pigs kept as pets be completely spayed (the removal of both the uterus and ovaries, not just removal of the ovaries as is sometimes done) at 3 to 6 months of age. This will eliminate irritable behavior during estrus. Spaying also avoids the birth of unwanted pigs—a common problem—and reduces the chance that the pig may suffer from ovarian cysts, uterine tumors, or other problems.
The gestation period for potbellied pigs is 113 to 115 days. As the mother approaches delivery, she will develop a milk line along the teats. She may become restless or show nesting behavior. You will need to have a farrowing box ready. This is a box lightly padded with small blankets or similar soft bedding and large enough that your pig and her offspring can both move around and nestle together comfortably. The farrowing box should be placed out of drafts and away from any other pets. The number of piglets in a litter can range from 1 to 12. Ask your veterinarian for a list of items to have on hand for the delivery. A heat lamp or pad is often recommended because the piglets cannot maintain their own body temperature immediately after birth and require a temperature of 80 to 90°F (26 to 32°C) for 10 to 12 days following birth. However, extreme caution is required when using heat lamps or pads. A heat lamp can easily overheat the mother, and it can burn the skin of the mother or piglets if it is too close. Also, exposed electrical cords of lamps or pads present a danger of electrocution if they are chewed by the piglets. At least a portion of the farrowing box should be kept cooler, as the mother can become overheated.
During birth, it is wise to keep an eye on the new piglets because they may be injured or killed if the mother pig lays on them. However, the new mother can be very protective of her offspring, and any disturbances or handling should be kept to a minimum. A small board placed between you and the mother may help your pig feel more secure during birthing. Once the afterbirth has arrived, be sure she has access to all her piglets.
Note that passage of the placenta (afterbirth) is the last event of farrowing. It almost always signifies that all pigs have been delivered. Retained afterbirth is rare in swine except when unborn pigs remain in the uterus, which quickly becomes a medical problem requiring professional assistance. Veterinarians use x-rays or ultrasonography to detect unborn pigs, and they may use medical or surgical treatment to attempt to remedy the problem.
Potbellied pig boars (males) should be neutered (castrated) at 2 to 3 months of age. Males that are not neutered do not make suitable pets due to unpredictable behaviors around other animals and people and odor from their scent gland. Breeding boars should be kept in secure pens and not in homes. Neutered males can make good pets.
Newborn piglets need a warm farrowing box (between 80 to 90°F [26 to 32°C]) and easy access to their mother for nursing. Consumption of the first milk from the mother, known as colostrum, is very important for their health. Colostrum contains antibodies that provide protection against disease. Piglets need this protection during their first months of life.
Newborn piglets will instinctively find one teat and fight to use it. Mother pigs will grunt as they feed their offspring. When the milk is gone, it will take an hour or more for additional milk to be available. Small piglets, usually known as runts, need to nurse at least 4 minutes at a time. They may not fight for a teat and often do not get sufficient milk for growth and development. In such cases, you may have to either supplement their feed or hand feed the piglet entirely. Check with your veterinarian regarding appropriate milk for these piglets.
* This is the Veterinary Version. *
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http://www.merckvetmanual.com/en-ca/all-other-pets/potbellied-pigs/breeding-and-reproduction-of-potbellied-pigs
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| 0.96221 | 979 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Hong Kong has an impressive reputation for economic freedom and classical-liberal virtues. In a series of articles, Milton Friedman used Hong Kong to show how the power of free markets combined with little else can create wealth, pointing out that its per-capita income rose from 28 percent of Britain’s in 1960 to 137 percent of Britain’s in 1996. As Friedman wrote in 1998, “Compare Britain—the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, the nineteenth-century economic superpower on whose empire the sun never set—with Hong Kong, a spit of land, overcrowded, with no resources except for a great harbor. Yet within four decades the residents of this spit of overcrowded land had achieved a level of income one-third higher than the residents of its former mother country.”
Friedman’s evaluation corresponds to Hong Kong’s consistent ranking at the top of both the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom and the Fraser Institute’s Economic Freedom of the World reports. In the 2008 Index, for example, Hong Kong scored 90 percent or better on seven of the ten measures of economic freedom. Impressively, Hong Kong’s weakest score (freedom from corruption, where it ranks 13th of the 180 countries rated in 2006 by Transparency International) put it well ahead of the United States (fifth most free overall, 20th on freedom from corruption).
Why has Hong Kong been so free?
Hong Kong never would have become the economic powerhouse it is today if either British or Chinese senior politicians had had any say in the matter. Britain acquired Hong Kong island in 1842 (additional territory came later) through a deal between the British representative, Captain Charles Elliot, and the Chinese negotiator, the Marquis Ch’i-ying, to settle a small war that had broken out over trade issues. (Compensation for a Chinese seizure of British opium was one issue, but the dispute was broader than the issue of opium, and recent scholarship tends to cast doubt on the conventional labeling of the dispute an “opium war.”)
The resulting deal was unpopular both with the Chinese Imperial Court and the British government. The Chinese authorities disliked any cession of territory to the British and worried about the impact on tariff revenues of creating a British-controlled port. Moreover, the Chinese disdained the British obsession with trade. The British government thought Hong Kong a poor location compared to the possible alternatives, such as Formosa. Nonetheless, the limits to communication in the nineteenth century had forced the two governments to delegate the authority to resolve the dispute to their representatives on the scene, so they were left with what Frank Welsh’s excellent one-volume history, A History of Hong Kong, terms “a source of embarrassment and annoyance to its progenitors since it first appeared on the international scene.” (Unless otherwise indicated, quotations are from Welsh’s book.)
Early assessments of Hong Kong’s potential were pessimistic. Lord Palmerston, in possibly the worst prediction ever made by a British diplomat, concluded that it was “a barren island, which will never be a mart of trade.” The colonial treasurer, Robert Montgomery Martin, a prolific writer on Britain’s overseas possessions (including a five-volume History of the British Colonies published in 1840), echoed Lord Palmerston’s assessment in 1844, finding that “there is no trade of any noticeable extent in Hong Kong. . . . There is scarcely a firm in the island but would . . . be glad to get back half the money they have expended in the colony and retire from the place. . . . There does not appear the slightest probability that, under any circumstances, Hong Kong will ever become a place of trade.”
Some trade did begin, however, as a result of the establishment of British merchants’ warehouses. But early British policies concerning their new territory did little to promote economic growth. An 1847 Parliamentary investigation of the economic situation in Hong Kong found that British rule had initially brought with it a government bent on raising “as large a revenue as possible” and that this had damaged trade, concluding that the restrictions on trade instituted by the early British administration to raise revenue meant that “[f]rom this time may be dated the reverses of Hong Kong.”
Hong Kong physically expanded twice during the nineteenth century. Territory on the mainland opposite Hong Kong island, Kowloon, was acquired in a “casual way” for 500 taels during a Sino–British conflict in 1859 in a deal between a British Consul and a Ch’ing official. And in 1898 Britain leased for 99 years the New Territories, additional mainland territory plus some islands. In both cases, the rationale for expansion was to protect the harbor from the range of guns located on the mainland. Although the British hoped to eventually make the New Territories lease a more permanent arrangement, their agreement to the lease rather than a permanent cession of control played an important role in the eventual return of the entire territory to the People’s Republic of China in 1997.
Britain did relatively little with its new colony, beyond establishing public order and extending the rule of law. The result was essentially a treaty port, much like those that European powers established on the mainland under the Treaty of Nanking in 1842–43. One reason for Britain’s relatively hands-off policy was the persistence of the view formed by early colonial officials that the Chinese residents did not want or appreciate British lawmaking. This attitude is clear in the testimony to a mid-nineteenth-century Parliamentary committee looking into administration of the colony by Col. John Malcolm, an aide to the governor, who told the British M.P.s that “the Chinese are a peculiar people, and they do not like being interfered with. They do not understand us; they cannot understand our ways; and when they are told that they are to do first one thing and then another, they get frightened and will not come to us.” Whether it was a characteristic “peculiar” to the Chinese to dislike arbitrary government or not, the avoidance of conflicting mandates and general tendency to leave people alone—policies adopted in pursuit of trade—gave the colony the benefit of the rule of law from the start.
A Natural Trading Center
What did Britain create in Hong Kong? The combination of the excellent harbor and the rule of law meant Hong Kong was a natural trading center. But it was not the best place to trade in China, and by the early twentieth century Shanghai was successfully winning trade away from Hong Kong. Shanghai offered a more educated population, a more convenient location, access to European protection under treaty concessions by the Chinese government, and relatively little Chinese-government interference due to the decline of imperial power. By the 1910s Shanghai had become a significantly more important center of trade than Hong Kong. With the British choosing the more defensible Singapore as the center of British naval power in the region, Hong Kong also lost importance for the British government. As a result, the colony languished as a backwater, becoming known as a center for prostitution and gambling rather than the economic powerhouse it is today.
One thing Britain did not create in Hong Kong was a democratic government. No local democratic institutions were permitted to develop, as were allowed in most other British colonies, because the British were unwilling to give the Chinese majority a real voice in administration. As a result, as Welsh concludes, “Hong Kong was to continue as authoritarian an administration as any Chinese government, but the final authority was to be the law, rather than individual whim.”
China’s imperial central government rarely favored economic freedom, and the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were no exceptions. As the central government’s power ebbed away, regional warlords began to establish rival, but equally predatory centers of power. European, American, and Japanese power in China also expanded, focusing on access to the Chinese market for their nationals, but not creating economic freedom for the Chinese within their spheres of influence. Hong Kong’s stability increasingly drew migrants from elsewhere in China. Population grew from 600,000 in 1920 to over a million in 1938. As conditions worsened in China with the Japanese invasion and fighting between regional warlords, the Kuomintang (Nationalists), and communists, 5,000 migrants a day began to pour into Hong Kong. By March 1950 the city had 2.3 million people, which brought Hong Kong both a significantly increased workforce and the human capital of Chinese entrepreneurs who escaped ahead of Mao’s armies. Moreover, the communist victory on the mainland meant that Shanghai ceased to be a serious competitor.
Finding Freedom in Hong Kong
Life on the edge of communist China was not easy. During the Korean War, embargoes on trade hurt the city’s entrepot business, forcing many Hong Kong traders to reinvent themselves as manufacturers. The continuing influx of refugees from the mainland strained the colony’s infrastructure. But the flood brought refugees like Jimmy Lai, one of the millions of penniless individuals who sought freedom in Hong Kong.
While working in the Shanghai railway station as a porter, Lai was given his first chocolate bar by a traveler. Hungry, Lai immediately ate it. Running after the man, he asked where this wonderful food came from and the answer was “Hong Kong.” Determined to get to the place where such wonders were available, Lai eventually persuaded his mother to allow him to escape and was smuggled out of China in the bottom of a fishing boat. On his arrival in Hong Kong, he went to work the same night in a garment factory. Today, Lai is a billionaire, owner of one of the most successful media companies in Asia. His drive and entrepreneurial skills played a major role in his success, of course. (Lai movingly tells his story in the Acton Institute’s documentary The Call of the Entrepreneur.) But it was the freedom available in Hong Kong that allowed him to put his talents to work. That freedom took many forms, including an absence of the currency restrictions in force at the time in the United Kingdom and much of Europe, and few laws regulating businesses. As a result, Hong Kong began to flourish.
Why? As Hong Kong’s last British governor, Christopher Patten, wrote in his memoir, East and West, the refugees from communism who flooded into Hong Kong arrived in China’s only free city; it was indeed (in the words of Chinese journalist Tsang Ki-fan) “the only Chinese society that, for a brief span of 100 years, lived through an ideal never realized at any time in the history of Chinese society—a time when no man had to live in fear of the midnight knock on the door.” Hong Kong had a competent government, pursuing market economics under the rule of law. It was a government that fully met the Confucian goal—“Make the local people happy and attract migrants from afar.”
The laissez-faire attitude of the Hong Kong government on economic matters was cemented by Sir John Cowperthwaite, the colony’s financial secretary from 1961 to 1971, whom Welsh called a “political economist in the tradition of Gladstone or John Stuart Mill” and the personification of “unreconstructed Manchester-school free traders.” Cowperthwaite had almost complete control of Hong Kong government finances and used it to implement his policy of “positive nonintervention.” Friedman gave Cowperthwaite a great deal of the credit for Hong Kong’s success, citing approvingly Cowperthwaite’s refusal to collect most economic statistics on the grounds that “[i]f I let them compute those statistics, they’ll want to use them for planning.” Jimmy Lai has a bronze bust of Cowperthwaite at his company’s entrance (as well as ones of Friedman and F. A. Hayek).
Cowperthwaite deserves the accolades he has received. During his decade as financial secretary, real wages rose by 50 percent and the portion of the population in acute poverty fell from 50 to 15 percent. What is remarkable is that Hong Kong accomplished this with no resource other than its people. The colony had no real agricultural land, no natural resources, and even the one resource it did have—people—lacked much education. Indeed, few at the time thought that the masses of refugees who reached Hong Kong during the 1950s would amount to anything other than a burden for the state.
Most remarkably, Hong Kong’s transformation occurred when social democrats ruled Europe and Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society dominated American politics, both reflecting the consensus among the political elites in Europe and North America that the welfare state and interventionist economic policies were the only sensible direction for advanced societies. Even in the developing world, interventionist economic policies like industrialization through import substitution, which relied on high tariff walls to protect domestic industries, were widely accepted. Tiny Hong Kong thus managed to adopt and hold to free-market and free-trade policies that ran counter to the policies of the British government and the consensus of policy analysts and development economists everywhere, and did it while perched precariously on the edge of a massive communist dictatorship in the midst of self-destructive policies like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
No Libertarian Paradise
While consistently freer than most places, Hong Kong has never been a libertarian paradise. Government-subsidized housing has long dominated Hong Kong’s residential market, with 60 percent of residents living in it at one time. And the government manipulated (and continues to do so) the land market to maximize sales revenues for public coffers, which plays an important role in causing the housing shortages that required the public housing “solution.” Medical care has also long been socialized. Moreover, Hong Kong had serious corruption problems even during the height of the Cowperthwaite era, with the police in the 1960s and early 1970s “riddled with corruption,” according to former Governor Patten.
Then there is Hong Kong’s persistent “democratic deficit.” Hong Kong managed to escape the post-World War II wave of democratization in the rapidly dwindling British Empire because, as one British official put it in a radio interview in 1968, “the electorate of Britain didn’t care a brass farthing about Hong Kong.” Indeed, Britain showed almost no interest in expanding representative government in the colony until it became clear that Hong Kong would “return” to China in 1997 when the lease on the New Territories expired.
In some sense this democratic deficit served Hong Kong well, for men like Cowperthwaite and Patten held classical-liberal ideas on economic freedom and so largely refrained from actions that might have won popular approval (and certainly would have in Britain). But the lack of representative government also allowed Britain to treat Hong Kong’s residents shamefully when Britain rejected allowing Hong Kong passport holders the right of residence in Britain, fearing a flood of refugees in advance of the return to China. (The rest of Europe behaved no better.)
“One Country, Two Systems”
Hong Kong returned to China in 1997 under an agreement negotiated between Britain and the People’s Republic which provided a guarantee that for at least 50 years Hong Kong and China would be “one country, two systems.” (Formally, Hong Kong and the former Portuguese colony of Macau are both “Special Administrative Regions” of China.) The return itself was inevitable, as was China’s willingness to preserve capitalism in its midst. Not only were Hong Kong island and Kowloon unsustainable without the leased New Territories, where much of the water supply was located, but British voters still didn’t care a farthing for Hong Kong in the 1990s. China’s interest in the preservation of the goose that laid the golden eggs was also clear. The People’s Republic had long made use of Hong Kong—which it could have seized by force at any time—as a means of accessing foreign markets and sources of capital. At times 80 percent of China’s foreign income came through Hong Kong. China also wanted to demonstrate to Taiwan that peaceful reunification was possible.
The danger was that China’s leadership would not understand what Patten, in his book, termed “the relationship between Hong Kong’s hardware—a capitalist economy—and its software—a pluralist society—and yet it was the latter that enabled the former to function so well.” Thus far Hong Kong’s new rulers have shown themselves remarkably adept at continuing the smooth functioning of both the hardware and the software. Whether that will remain true in the long run is still an open question, of course.
Chinese Emperor Tao-kuang’s initial reaction to the British had been that “these barbarians are wanting in any high purposes of striving for territorial acquisition; they always look on trade as their first occupation.” Frank Welsh concluded his history by noting that Hong Kong “proved the Emperor’s point.” It is not just the British who made Hong Kong a success. It is the people of Hong Kong, from factory workers to entrepreneurs, who turned Hong Kong from a barren island to an economic powerhouse. They were able to do so because the Hong Kong government generally left them sufficiently alone. Hong Kong is far from perfect, and far from a libertarian dream world. But it remains a dramatic example of how far human ingenuity and entrepreneurial talent can take a society.
Why has Hong Kong been so free? Partly, Hong Kong has been fortunate to be ruled by men who understood their role as quite limited. Not quite the classical-liberal ideal, even under Cowperthwaite, but nonetheless significantly closer than any other twentieth-century society. And the combination of Britain’s failure to provide any real democratic institutions and its lack of interest in Hong Kong allowed those men to hold to those policies, even as Britain herself experienced economic disaster under the socialism of the 1950s–70s. Hong Kong also benefited from the example of China’s disastrous 1960s economic policies. With so many residents having come as refugees from communism, demand for freedom in Hong Kong was high. Freedom made possible the success of Jimmy Lai, and that of the millions who did not become billionaires but who had a higher standard of living than most of the world through their own efforts.
Hong Kong was lucky that freedom was tried. But Hong Kong’s people proved that freedom worked.
Author: Andrew P. Morriss (FEE)
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|This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information|
Publication Number: FHWA-RD-99-089
Date: December 1999
Research, Development, and Implementation of Pedestrian Safety Facilities in the United Kingdom
7.1 Footway standards
Footways — sidewalks in the United States — are defined as a path for pedestrians adjacent to the carriageway. They are commonly referred to by the public in the United Kingdom as pavements. They are provided on nearly all roads in urban areas. However, the standard of provision varies considerably with the age of the town, the function of the street, the townscape, and the local highway practice. Roads running through rural villages often have no footways for historic reasons.
There is no dedicated manual of UK footway design. Footway standards tend to be included in highway design standards and guidance. Transport in the Urban Environment (IHT, 1997, Chapter 22) recommends that all pedestrian footways should have a minimum width of 1.8 m (6 ft) but should be wider wherever possible. Dropped crossings (i.e., dropped curbs) should be provided where pedestrians with push-chairs (buggies) or wheelchairs are likely to need to cross. There should be no vertical face on the upstand. The gradients of ramps should be not greater than 8 percent (1:12) but a gradient of 5 percent (1:20) is preferred. Additional references on technical standards for footway design are also given.
May and Hopkinson (1991) undertook systematic studies to assess pedestrians' perception of their environment. Leake et al (1991) assessed ergonomic issues affecting disabled pedestrians.
7.2 Pedestrian route networks
York is a UK city with a particularly high level of walking (24% of journeys to work), and it has sought to consolidate and increase use of this mode. Part of its strategy has been the identification of a 120 km (76 mi) Pedestrian Route Network where higher standards for pedestrian facilities will apply. These include:
The cost of implementing these measures is estimated at £1million ($1.6 million) spread over 10 years (White, 1994).
The issue of footway maintenance has received considerable attention recently, because of budget cuts, concerns that footway standards are declining, and increases in injury claims. Parking on the footway, overruns by vehicles, and work taking place in the footway are all increasing problems for various reasons, including pedestrian safety and amenity. Reinstatement of highway works on utilities (water, electricity, etc.) must now be carried out in accordance with a national specification (DOT, 1992b).
National footway maintenance standards are regularly monitored (DOT, 1996d). A major study (Burtwell (Ed), 1995) reviewed management methods, design and construction, the causes of footway problems, repair and monitoring techniques, whole life costing, the needs of the mobility handicapped, and current research. A follow-up study into pedestrian attitudes has also been undertaken.
7.4 Tactile paving surfaces
Tactile paving is now widely used to help alert and guide visually-impaired pedestrians on the footway. The DETR (1997d) has recently completed a comprehensive guidance note on the use of tactile paving surfaces. It covers surfaces to guide visually-impaired people at crossings, (blister paving), hazard warning surfaces, (corduroy paving), tactile lines to segregate cyclists and pedestrians on shared-use routes, and other forms of warning and information surfaces. It confirms (section 1.1) earlier guidance that, at dropped curbs, there should be no vertical upstand as even a minimal vertical upstand can be a hazard to wheelchair users. Tactile paving should be used to assist visually-impaired pedestrians, as a curb upstand of less than 25 mm is insufficient for them or their guide dogs to detect. Revised guidelines on providing for pedestrians with mobility impairment are provided by the IHT (1991). (See figure 10.)
7.5 Pedestrians and cyclists
Although there are few reported accidents between cyclists and pedestrians, there is growing concern amongst pedestrians, particularly visually-impaired people, about cyclists riding (illegally) on footways and shared-use schemes where part of the footway is converted to a cycle track. Pedestrian and cyclist organizations agreed that cycle routes should normally be provided by redistributing space from cars, not pedestrians (CTC & PA, 1995). There are calls for a moratorium on further shared-use schemes (Bendixson, 1997), and the DETR is reviewing its previous guidance (DOT, 1986). Tests have been undertaken to try to establish the best form of tactile white line delineator to separate the cycle track from the footway. It was concluded (Savill et al, 1997) that the currently authorized profile line (to Dia 1049.1) (DOT, 1990) was the design most easily detected by visually-impaired pedestrians using canes, without causing a hazard to other users. This has a height of 12 to 20 mm with sloping shoulders; the 20 mm height is recommended.
7.6 Other footway issues
Cullen (1997) provides an comprehensive overview of shared-use issues, not just cyclists, from the pedestrian's perspective. A significant and growing problem is parking on the footway (Pickett, 1995). Binns (1991) reviews the experience of the London footway parking ban.
7.7 Pedestrian guard rail
Pedestrian guard rail is sometimes used to prevent pedestrians from crossing at locations deemed particularly hazardous, such as at junctions or roads with high-speed traffic. It is also used to channel pedestrians towards designated crossing points. Safety auditors will often insist on its installation in new schemes. However, guard rails are generally unpopular with pedestrians as it restricts their freedom to cross and narrows the usable width of the footway. (See figure 11.) It is also disliked because most designs are unattractive and obtrusive in the street scene. Rather oddly (considering how widely it is used), there is very little research into its effectiveness. Stewart (1988) found that the traditional guard rail reduced adult pedestrian casualties but increased child pedestrian casualties because children were masked from drivers by the railings. He developed Visirail which permits drivers to see through the railings.
Figure 10. Tactile warning in a curb ramp.
Keywords: pedestrians, pelican crossing, zebra crossing, puffin crossing, traffic calming, tactile pavement surfaces
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What Does OCT Look Like?
In contrast, highly reflective structures, such as the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or calcifications, reflect back a significant amount of light and appear as white/bright areas on the OCT image. The different layers of the retina, including the inner limiting membrane, nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, and outer plexiform layer, can all be clearly visualized using OCT.
OCT provides a cross-sectional view of the retina, allowing for precise measurements of retinal thickness and identification of abnormalities or diseases. The technology utilizes a low-coherence interferometer to split light into two beams. One beam is directed towards the retina, while the other is directed towards a reference mirror. The interference between the beams provides information about the distance the light traveled in the eye and the reflectance properties of the ocular tissues.
OCT images are typically displayed as two-dimensional, high-resolution grayscale images, with the retina appearing as a layered structure. This is especially valuable in diagnosing and monitoring various retinal conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
In addition to the standard OCT imaging technique, there are also advanced OCT modalities available. These include enhanced depth imaging (EDI-OCT), which provides a more detailed view of the choroid, and OCT angiography (OCTA), which allows for visualization of blood vessels within the retina and choroid without the need for contrast agents.
It’s ability to provide detailed information about retinal architecture and blood flow has revolutionized the diagnosis, management, and monitoring of various retinal diseases. With ongoing advancements in technology, OCT continues to evolve, offering new insights and improving patient care.
Interpretation of OCT Images and Common Findings in Retinal Diseases
- Macular edema
- Epiretinal membrane
- Vitreomacular traction
- Central serous chorioretinopathy
- Choroidal neovascularization
- Retinal pigment epithelial detachment
- Macular hole
- Retinal detachment
- Optic disc edema
In addition to providing detailed images of the retina, OCT also allows for the assessment and monitoring of retinal conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. This advanced imaging technology has greatly enhanced the diagnostic capabilities of eye care professionals, leading to earlier detection and more effective management of these conditions. With it’s ability to visualize retinal layers and measure their thickness, OCT has become an invaluable tool in the field of ophthalmology.
Is OCT a Retinal Imaging?
OCT is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various retinal diseases, including macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
During an OCT exam, a patient places their chin and forehead on a support and focuses on a target. The OCT machine scans the retina with a beam of light, capturing high-resolution images. These images are then processed to create a 3D representation of the retina, allowing for precise measurements of retinal layers and abnormalities.
By comparing OCT scans over time, eye care professionals can track disease progression and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments.
It’s non-invasive nature, quick scanning time, and high patient comfort make it an invaluable tool in diagnosing and managing retinal diseases.
In conclusion, the appearance of a normal Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) can vary depending on the area of the body being examined. However, some general characteristics can be described. A normal OCT provides a detailed cross-sectional image of tissues, organs, or structures, revealing their internal structures and layers with high resolution. It allows for the visualization of various parameters such as thickness, density, and reflectivity, which aid in diagnosing and monitoring conditions. The interpretation of a normal OCT image requires the expertise and knowledge of healthcare professionals, who can assess the visualized structures in conjunction with the specific clinical context. By accurately capturing and analyzing data, OCT technology enables precise evaluations that assist in delivering effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.
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David M. Battles is a scholar of American history and culture who holds a BA and an MA in American Studies, with focuses in music (with a minor in music as well), race, American history, and the South, as well as an MLIS in Library and Information Science, all from the University of Alabama. Mr. Battles draws upon his expertise in all these fields, as well as his intimate knowledge of the University of Alabama, to inform many of his books, including
Miss Crimson Explains"Yea, Alabama!" to Children (Yea Alabama for Children, Vol. 1) $30 8.5 x 11 inch Hardback.
In the first of Mr. Battles' children's books, a new UA character created by Mr. Battles to narrate his children's books, Miss Crimson, guides children around the UA campus, and in this volume, explains to them the lyrics to "Yea, Alabama!" Beautiful color illustrations. Two texts: one for 1st and 2nd graders to read (at the bottom of each page), and one for older children and teens to read, at the top of the narration. Adults may choose to read the various stories to children too young to yet read the book themselves. In addition, there is a 5 Finger Piano arrangement of "Yea, Alabama" for young pianists to play included in the book. For students who need vocabulary help, there is a terrific glossary/vocabulary listing in the book. There are several pages for children to color, thus making each and every book unique. Finally, there are autograph pages for children to collect signatures of all UA people they meet! All in all, a most unique book. This is a great book for your child and a great book for you to give as a gift to your friends's children and to donate to your child's library!!
Fascinating Facts About the University of Alabama.....That You Probably Don't Know! Volume 1: 1812-1926.
A $15 book that you can buy for all your friends and relatives.....and still have a copy left over for yourself!
YEA, ALABAMA! THE UNCENSORED JOURNAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, VOLUME 3 (1901 THROUGH 1926), Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Among other great stories, Volume 3 answers the following questions (in various colored ink and with hundreds of illustrations):
When is the first substantiated use of the now nationally famous phrase identifying UA sports, the Crimson Tide?
Beginning with the 1914-15 season through the 1925-26 season, how many Crimson Tide sports win at southern or national championships, or both? And which men's sports are officially sanctioned, which are club or intramural-sports?
Does the Tide really not play Auburn at all in sports from fall 1908 through spring 1947? And what is the story behind the cessation of the rivalry?
How many baseball players does UA place into the major leagues by 1926?
During what year does UA attain an enrollment of 1000 students, and what does this encourage the administration to do?
After the military system of student governance, to what system did the University turn?
How does the administration deal with student smoking, cursing, and hazing? And is it successful?
What is some of the evidence that during the years of volume 3, UA becomes noted as a nationally competitive university?
How is the University affected by The Great War (WWI), successful passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. constitution, and other national events?
Women are still not fully accepted as permanent students by the administration in 1901. Does this change? When does it change? How do male students regard women students? How are women students treated differently from the male students?
Which women's sports are more or less sanctioned by the University in the 1920s? Are they successes?
Fraternities multiply and sororities are contemplated. This created great tension between Greeks and non-Greeks!
What year sees the University Band coalesce into what is essentially a permanent organization? How does the band acquire the famous nickname, The Million Dollar Band? And what other arts clubs are created during this period in drama, voice, and music?
NEW Accompaniment Tracks CD that features instrumental songs and printed lyrics as warranted for the Yea, Alabama series, volumes 1-3:
Yea, Alabama CD 1:
1. Alabama University March
2. Corolla March in C
3. The Crimson and the White
4. Alma Mater
5. Glory Alabama
6. Alabama Swing
7. Song of the Crimson Tide
8. Fight Alabama
9. Yea, Alabama!
Some of Mr. Battles' books:
Yea, Alabama! A Peek into the Past of One of the Most Storied Universities in the Nation, Volume I: 1819–1871 (Cambridge Scholars Publishing);
Yea, Alabama! A Rare Glimpse into the Personal Diary of the University of Alabama, Volume II: 1871-1901, (Cambridge Scholars Publishing);
Yea, Alabama! The Uncensored Journal of the University of Alabama (Volume 3—1901 through 1926) .
and Miss Crimson Explains “Yea, Alabama!” to Children: Yea Alabama for Children, Volume I. (Not yet published.)
Other volumes of the adult series and children's series are noted inside the website, and new works are always being researched, written, and published by Mr. Battles.
Related to the Yea, Alabama series, Mr. Battles researched and designed the 2007–2008 primary online exhibit for the Bear Bryant Museum in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The title of the project was “The Story Behind the Song.” The exhibit traced the origins of all the songs associated with the University of Alabama through 1926, when “Yea, Alabama!” was created and released.
Mr. Battles’ book on the Civil Rights era, The History of Public Library Access for African Americans in the South, Or, Leaving Behind the Plow, utilizes his expertise in the fields of southern studies, African American studies, and library history. It was published in 2009 by Scarecrow Press to stellar reviews from library, African American, and southern historical journals.
In addition to his work in the above fields, Mr. Battles is also well known as a lifelong musician and music educator. He teaches and writes music as a freelance artist, clinician, and educator. He has written several children's music methods for piano, children's musicals/cantatas, and music arrangement anthologies.
He is well known for his various arrangements of the University of Alabama fight song, “Yea, Alabama!” thus the reason for the title of these University of Alabama series.
Mr. Battles currently owns and manages the websites YeaAlabama.net and DavidMBattles.com.
Mr. Battles enjoys hearing from his readers. He also encourages anyone with unusual or unpublished historical information (especially photos and anecdotes from students or professors or fans) concerning the University of Alabama for the period 1926 through 1963 to contact him.
Be sure to visit all the tabs/pages of this website in order to acquaint yourself with Mr. Battles' works. There is a SHOP page for purchases.
Sign up to hear from us about specials, sales, and events.
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Pediatric premature adrenarche (PA) is the early appearance of pubic hair before puberty.
Puberty typically occurs between the ages of 10 and 14 for girls. If a child has premature adrenarche, changes occurs prior to age 8. It is more common in African-American and Hispanic girls as well as girls with obesity and insulin resistance.
*Age of puberty is middle childhood to teenage years as defined by the Center for Disease Control (CDC).
Your daughter’s doctor will first ask questions about when the hair growth started and where else hair growth is noted (such as in the arm pits). The doctor will then perform a physical exam, which may include checking for any breast growth and other signs of possible early puberty. Your doctor will order blood hormone levels and check and x-ray of the hand and wrist (a Bone Age) to determine if this is a normal variant or if treatment for precocious puberty is warranted.
The exact cause of premature adrenarche is often unknown. In the absence of any other signs of puberty, it can be considered an extreme variant of normal development. It is also often associated with obesity and insulin resistance. It can be a symptom of a condition that causes a hormonal imbalance, such as:
If your daughter is diagnosed with premature adrenarche, there is usually no specific treatment as this is a benign condition in children. Your doctor may reassure you that your daughter’s condition is a variation of normal, and that puberty may follow normally as you child gets older. Your doctor may also choose to re-examine your daughter in 6 months to monitor for any progression of her symptoms and make sure that she is growing at a normal rate. Counseling about a diet and exercise will also be done as girls with this condition may be at a higher risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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B. F. Skinner
Episode #1 of the course “Influential Psychologists Throughout History”
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (B.F. Skinner) was an extremely well-known behavioral psychologist. His most famous work is based on the idea of positive and negative reinforcement. He believed that studying behavior rather than attempting to guess at internal mental processes was a much more productive way to study individuals. Understanding behavior, for Skinner, meant that we should study the causes of an action and its consequences. He termed his approach “operant conditioning.”
He determined that behavior that is reinforced will likely be repeated, while behavior that is not reinforced will eventually stop. Skinner used animals to test his theories, which hypothesized that he could change behavior based on positive or negative reinforcement and punishment. For his tests, he put the animals in what would come to be known as a “Skinner box.” Skinner would reward the animals with a treat if they performed a task correctly, and he would punish the animals if they did not do the task correctly.
Skinner developed three responses (or operants) that are a consequence of behavior. First, there were neutral operants. These neither decrease nor increase the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. Reinforcers would increase the probability that a behavior recurs, while punishers would decrease the likelihood that a behavior happens again Reinforcers can be either positive or negative, but punishers are always negative. A positive reinforcer is like receiving a treat. A negative reinforcer takes something away if the behavior is correctly performed. For example, the animal in the Skinner box was forced to walk over an electric grid. The electricity was constantly on until the animal pushed a lever, after which the painful shocks vanished. Taking away this negative aspect was a reinforcer. Negative reinforcement and punishment are sometimes difficult to distinguish.
Skinner’s research was groundbreaking and is still used today to control and modify behavior, particularly in children. In fact, teachers often study various forms of Skinner’s ideas to help children learn and to keep control in their classrooms.
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Can Free Trade be Fair? Lessons from the Peru-U.S. Free Trade AgreementBy: COHA Research Associate Mary Tharin
• The U.S.-Peru Free Trade Agreement has provided President Alan García with an excuse to dismantle the nation’s environmental and labor standards
• The President’s approval ratings have sunk as popular support for his policies continues to vanish
• The United States has been complicit in Peru’s legal and economic deterioration, a fact which must be taken into account before further FTAs are signed
The Peruvian government is beginning to unravel as corruption charges and scandals threaten to completely discredit the already unpopular leadership of President Alan García. The minister of Mines and Energy as well as other top energy and state oil officials have been fired in response to allegations of favoring a foreign energy company, Discover Petroleum, in exchange for bribes. In fact, the García administration has a history of manipulating Peruvian law in an attempt to draw foreign investment, meanwhile failing to alleviate domestic poverty and thus sacrificing the government’s legitimacy in the eyes of the Peruvian public. However, the United States, instead of taking a stand against this mishandling of the economy, has contributed to the problem by signing trade agreements with the unpopular government.
An Agreement is Born
In December of 2007, following considerable debate and significant compromise, the United States Senate approved a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Peru designed to drastically reduce import and export tariffs, hypothetically putting an end to protectionism on both sides and bringing the economies of the two countries closer together. Approval of the FTA had been delayed in both the Senate and the House due to concerns, mostly on the part of Democrats, about how Peru’s environmental and labor protections would be affected by the agreement. In order to break the impasse a number of key House Democrats, including House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, negotiated a congressional-executive branch agreement to address these concerns. The agreement, labeled “A New Trade Policy for America,” prohibited Peru from lowering environmental and labor standards, and also addressed other concerns that had been voiced against the proposed FTA, including access to generic medicines and intellectual property issues.
The agreement was immediately lauded as a “fundamental shift in U.S. trade policy” which would “spread the benefits of globalization [in the U.S.] and abroad by raising standards.” While some Democrats remained skeptical, questioning the likelihood that the provisions would actually be enforced, enough were swayed to allow the U.S.-Peru Free Trade Agreement to pass. Today, the repercussions of this decision are being felt in Peru as the country’s leaders adjust national law to accommodate the conditions spelled out in the pact. As this process is carried out, some of the FTA’s most virulent critics in the Senate and the House are seeing their worst fears become a reality.
Peru’s existing environmental and labor protection standards have, in fact, been weakened in the process of opening its market to bilateral free trade. In the first six months of this year, President Alan García enacted a total of 102 Legislative Decrees designed to harmonize national laws with the conditions laid down by the FTA. In response, much of the Peruvian press as well as many politicians and activists have showered the government with accusations that these decrees are actually detrimental to labor, the environment, and indigenous rights. In addition, the Peruvian Congress’ Constitutional Commission recently declared about forty percent of the decrees to be unconstitutional.
The most controversial of these decrees to date was Declaración Legislativa 1015, passed by the Peruvian executive branch in May. The decree was designed to facilitate the privatization and stripping away of communal lands held by indigenous and subsistence farming communities. Communal land, essential to indigenous Peruvians’ traditional way of life, had previously been protected by a law requiring a two-thirds majority in Congress to authorize any land sales. However, DL 1015 lowered this requirement to a simple majority in a blatant attempt to encourage the sale and subsequent exploitation of the land by foreign and domestic entrepreneurs.
In early August, indigenous communities and human rights groups responded by taking to the streets, blocking major roads and bridges and occupying key energy plants in Peru’s southeastern and northern regions. The protests were led by the indigenous rights organization AIDESEP (Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana), which began talks with the government soon after the protests began. Following two weeks of demonstrations, the Peruvian Congress was prompted to repeal DL 1015 and thus restore the two-thirds majority rule. While the repeal was certainly a substantial victory for Peru’s indigenous cause, it was unfortunately one small step forward among many leaps backward.
García, who provocatively called the decision to revoke DL 1015 “a grave historical mistake,” has passed a number of other decrees that threaten to encroach upon Peru’s rich biodiversity and the livelihood of the people who depend on it. Most of the new laws are designed to facilitate exploitation of the country’s land and resources by international corporations. Declaración Legislativa 1064, for example, eliminates the ability of landowners to negotiate with oil and mining companies over the use of their land. Pre-existing law required that companies attempt to reach an agreement with property owners in order to buy or rent their land for commercial use. Only if negotiations failed could companies turn to the government, specifically the Ministry of Mines and Energy, to force owners to sell their land. DL 1064 cuts out land owners completely, leaving the entire negotiation process in the hands of the government.
With another decree, known as the “Forest and Wildlife Law,” García removed barriers that previously protected the country’s national forests. The decree (DL 1090) redefines the “national forest patrimony,” lifting protections against logging and other forms of exploitation. The Peruvian Congress has already met to discuss amending or repealing this decree, which dozens of national and local community groups and environmental organizations oppose. At a recent hearing, Congresswoman Hilaria Supa stated: “This decree does not only affect the forest and the indigenous people, but rather the entire country. [It] speaks about sustainable economics, but I see nothing in the decree about social or cultural sustainability.” Critics also point out that the decree reduces transparency and eliminates input from civil society regarding the use of national forest lands.
The results of these detrimental changes to national law are already being felt by Peru’s rural population. Over a year ago, residents of three northwestern highland districts – Ayabaca, Pacaipampa and El Carmen de la Frontera – voiced a resounding “no” vote against allowing a mining project to go forth in their area. This decision, which involved about 60% of the electorate (95% of whom voted “no”), is likely to be overturned by the newly-empowered central government. In May, President García assured members of a Chinese mining consortium that “there is no reason that this project shouldn’t go through.”
The Status of Labor
Despite the FTA’s condition that labor standards in Peru must not be lowered, a number of President García’s recent decrees have put the country’s Public Service workers in jeopardy. In May, the Inter-sectional Confederation of State Workers (CITE) organized a strike in protest of legislative decrees 1025, 1026, and 1057, which, according to the union, compromise the labor rights of public employees. The new laws are designed to “modernize” the public sector through “punitive evaluations” of current employees’ work performance, as well as through a reorganization of positions and salaries. The power to implement these changes is granted to the National Civil Service Authority, omitting any possibility of collective bargaining. This leaves labor organizations with little leverage to protect the jobs of their members.
While these concerns raised by organized labor in Peru are significant, much larger problems plague a majority of the country’s population. Because unionized sectors in fact make up only a small portion of the nation’s labor force, few have the ability to collectively protest when labor laws are changed. Worse still, even the limited labor standards presently on the books are largely unable to extend their reach to a majority of working Peruvians. According to a 2007 Human Rights Report, only 9 percent of Peru’s labor force is represented by unions, and more than 70 percent of it works in the informal sector. Thus, regulations affecting minimum wage and working conditions do not protect most Peruvians, making concern over labor laws almost a moot point. While the national minimum wage was raised to $176 per month in October of 2007, many workers in the informal sector earned between $20 and $30 per month, according to the U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. The Bureau also reported that the Peruvian government “often lacked the resources, capacity, or authority to enforce compliance with labor laws.” Hence, most Peruvian workers are not protected against the potentially damaging effects of the U.S. Free Trade Agreement, which could leave them even more vulnerable to the self-serving demands of foreign multinationals.
Reactions and Conclusions
The Peruvian government has indicated that it will pursue further free trade deals with the EU and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC). However, while the global food crisis continues to drive up prices of staples like eggs and bread, more consumers are questioning the rationale behind opening up fragile domestic markets to subsidized U.S. produce instead of producing food domestically. Further, the impending global economic slowdown could cause foreign investment in the country to dry up, destroying jobs and crippling Peru’s economic growth. Although these are legitimate concerns, the government has yet to address them in a constructive manner.
Despite Peru’s impressive recent economic development – 83 months of consecutive growth as of May 2008 – its civil society is becoming increasingly discontent with the leadership of Alan García. Reuters news service reported that while the country’s GDP growth rate hit 9.37 percent this year, the president’s personal approval ratings sunk to 19 percent. These ratings reflected a 16 point drop in the last four months alone, as protests and strikes over the FTA’s provisions have attracted a significant following. On October 7th labor groups across Peru organized a nationwide strike protesting the government’s economic policies, specifically accusing them of failing to alleviate poverty. According to the BBC, thousands of protesters marched in the nation’s capital and called for García’s entire cabinet to resign. As the President continues to lose legitimacy and popular unrest surges, fewer and fewer Peruvians are accepting the notion that the global free market will increase their odds of gaining prosperity.
It is essential that U.S. lawmakers study the actual effects of this Peruvian agreement before pursuing further Free Trade Agreements, including those currently pending with Colombia and Panama. In his 2008 State of the Union address, President George W. Bush assured Americans that “all…pending free trade agreements include the same labor and environment provisions as the Peru free trade agreement.” However, it is clear to many that this assurance is meaningless since these provisions have not been implemented in Peru, but rather left open to manipulation by García’s administration. In fact, the regulations established in “A New Trade Policy for America” appear to be mere band-aids covering real concerns brought up by critics of global free trade expansion. Achieving a truly responsible trade agreement would require a fundamental change in the United States’ outlook on global economics – one that takes into account the rights of all social groups, not only the privileged and powerful.
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Found in extreme environments, from anoxic conditions (slack water zones bordered by dense vegetation) (Ref. 35381) to slightly turbid but free flowing streams (Ref. 11225). When its biotope becomes dry, it can move pout of the water, due to its ability to breathe intestinally, in order to find another aquatic environment (Ref. 35381). Feeds at night on fish, insects and plant matter (Ref. 7020). Juveniles feed on rotifers, in addition to the micro-crustaceans and aquatic insect larvae they find when digging into the substrate (Ref. 35381). During reproduction, the male's belly turns orange and its pectoral spines become longer and thicker. The male builds a bubble nest with some floating plants, strongly guarding it after the female lays down her eggs (up to 120) (Ref. 35381). Aquarium keeping: in groups of 5 or more individuals; minimum aquarium size 120 cm (Ref. 51539).
- Burgess, W.E. 1989 An atlas of freshwater and marine catfishes. A preliminary survey of the Siluriformes. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey (USA). 784 p. (Ref. 6868) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6868&speccode=50990
No one has provided updates yet.
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LBJ: The Great Society And The 89th Congress – 1967 -Past Daily Reference Room
LBJ and The 89th Congress – CBS Radio: Capitol Cloakroom – January 1967 – Gordon Skene Sound Collection –
The crazy-quilt of Politics. In 1967 it was the end of the 89th Congress and the beginning of the 90th Congress. It was the Johnson Era – of groundbreaking legislation that improved lives and shaped futures. It was also a war in Vietnam; one that was losing support on a daily basis, but which clung on to the archaic notion that Vietnam was but one element in a series of potential dominoes, collapsing into the lap of Chinese Communism. It was a period of infinite and possibilities and a myopic vision of history. Where social programs improved and enhanced the quality of American life, while the possibilities of a protracted war limited and destroyed so many of those lives.
So as the 89th Congress was to pass into history and the 90th Congress was poised to carry on, a discussion took place between William B. Prendergast, Republican sergeant-at-arms for the House Of Representatives and William G. Phillips, former Staff director of The Democratic Study Group of the House of Representatives and, at the time of the broadcast, a consultant to it. They are asked what they felt was the best and what was the worst of the 89th Congress. Philips makes the case that the 89th Congress was probably responsible for some of the more significant output of Progressive legislation that benefitted the people of America in all history. In 1964, LBJ was given a mandate, as well as a 2-1 Democratic Majority to pass legislation that benefitted the People in terms of both quantity and quality. The 89th Congress was referred by many as The Education Congress, while others called it A Conservation Congress. It was Philips contention that the accomplishments of the 89th Congress would be remembered for a long time in history. Prendergast, for the most part agreed and added that he felt the most significant piece of Legislation to come was the Medicare Bill. Prendergast reminds the moderator, Roger Mudd, that the Medicare Bill was truly a bi-partisan effort and that many of the provisions in that bill were crafted by Republicans. As for the worst, Prendergast cites what he felt was the failure of the 89th Congress to act as a deliberative body – to carefully consider legislative proposals. To investigate fully what it was doing before it took action. To engage in reasoned debate on legislation that had passed. Prendergast went on to say that the 89th had often been referred to as a “rubber stamp” Congress, too eager to approve whatever legislation the White House was proposing.
For the better part of a half-hour, the debate goes back and forth and you get an idea that politics in 1967 bears virtually no resemblance to politics in 2019.
And as a reminder of how far we’ve slipped, in that respect, here is that episode of CBS Radio’s Capitol Cloakroom from approximately January 1, 1967.
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Sunday, December 25, 2016
How SEL prepares students for academics, life - Excellent article - well worth the read! Courtesy of ASCD SmartBrief.
An increasing number of schools are making social-emotional learning a priority, and the trend is expected to grow, asserts David Adams, director of social and emotional learning at the Urban Assembly in New York City. In this blog post, he highlights the benefits of SEL and his school's approach.SmartBrief/Education (12/21)
Sunday, December 18, 2016
A powerful, practical article on teaching thankfulness...a key to happiness. Courtesy of ASCD SmartBrief.
Teaching gratitude with Thank You Thursday
Research has long pointed to gratitude as being a major indicator of health and happiness. Thank You Thursday gives students the chance to explore the benefits of gratitude in any academic setting without hitting the typical roadblocks of extensive time, preparation, and funding. Because of Thank You Thursday, there are now over 1,600 messages out there, still rippling. Read now.
Saturday, December 10, 2016
Here is an article on how some schools are using mindfulness to atune students to their emotions and build self control. Courtesy of ASCD SmartBrief.
Schools decrease detentions with mindfulness
Officials in some US schools are introducing mindfulness practices in the classroom as an alternative to traditional discipline. At one Baltimore elementary school that has adopted this approach, officials report fewer trips to the principal's office and no suspensions over the past two years.U.S. News & World Report (12/8)
Monday, December 5, 2016
Restorative justice helps keep students in school - Here is a great articl on conflict resulution Courtes of Mind/Shift
Some school officials in New Orleans are using restorative justice circles for conflict resolution. The method is keeping more students in school, saving about 1,800 instructional hours that otherwise would have been lost to suspensions since January 2015, according to the Center for Restorative Approaches.
Full Story:The Hechinger Report
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Video Streaming Projects
Streaming video is one way to deliver video over the Internet. Though far from a perfect solution, streaming video technology is becoming more powerful all the time. Streaming video allows the user to view video over the Internet as it downloads, instead of waiting until the entire file is downloaded to the computer.
Factors affecting Video Streaming Projects:
- Development in streaming servers.
- Advances in compression algorithm for audio and video.
- Improvements in broadband networks and in cable modems.
Video streaming projects features:
- It can benefit from using broadcast and multicast approaches.
- It can deliver live content such as a football match, a concert or a political speech.
- Allows for streaming tracks to be included in otherwise non-streaming content.
- Provides random access to long movies.
- It only uses the exact network bandwidth it really needs.
- It occupies no space on the user’s hard disk.
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| 0.847302 | 195 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) > Hexanchiformes
(Frill and cow sharks) > Hexanchidae
Etymology: Hexanchus: hex (Gr.), six; anchus, etymology unclear, perhaps anchos (Gr.), choke or throttle, referring to how six gill openings of H. griseus extend down onto the throat. (See ETYFish); griseus: Medieval Latin for gray, reflecting the French vernacular “Le Griset,” referring to its dark-gray coloration. (See ETYFish).
More on author: Bonnaterre.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Marine; bathydemersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 1 - 2500 m (Ref. 58302), usually 180 - 1100 m (Ref. 45445). Subtropical; 65°N - 48°S, 180°W - 180°E
Circumglobal: In tropical and temperate waters; (Ref. 13573). Western Atlantic: North Carolina to Florida (USA) and northern Gulf of Mexico to northern Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: Iceland and Norway to Namibia, including the Mediterranean. Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, and Arabian Sea (Ref.85183). Western Pacific: eastern Japan to New Zealand and Hawaii. Eastern Pacific: Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Baja California, Mexico; also Chile . Highly migratory species, Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (Ref. 26139, Ref. 41819).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 441.0, range 400 - 482 cm
Max length : 482 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 247); common length : 300 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217); max. published weight: 590.0 kg (Ref. 27436)
soft rays: 0. A heavily-bodied, broad-headed sixgill shark, mouth ventral with 6 rows of lower, bladelike, comb-shaped teeth on each side (Ref. 247). Snout broadly rounded, body fusiform (Ref. 6871). Anal fin smaller than dorsal fin (Ref. 6871). Brown or grey above, paler below, with a light stripe along side (Ref. 26346). Fins with white edges (Ref. 6574). Live specimens with fluorescent green eyes (Ref. 6871). Six gill slits are very long (Ref. 35388).
Depth range reported at 0m-2000m. A deepwater species of the outer continental and insular shelves and upper slopes (Ref. 6871). Near bottom, occasionally pelagic, adults usually below 91 m (Ref. 58302). Juveniles may be found close inshore (Ref. 6871). Found on the bottom by day, moving to the surface at night to feed, and where it may take longlines set for other species (Ref. 45445). Depth distribution related to growth and temperature, with juveniles having most shallow records and from colder, poleward regions (Ref. 58302). Feeds on a wide range of marine organisms, including other sharks, rays, chimaeras, bony fish, squids, crabs, shrimps, carrion, and even seals. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 205), with 22 to 108 pups in a litter (Ref. 247). Marketed fresh, frozen, or dried salted; also utilized as a source of oil and fishmeal. Not known to have attacked people without provocation (Ref. 247). Give birth to almost 100 young (Ref. 35388).
Ovoviviparous, litters very large, 22 to 108 (Ref. 247). Size at birth 60-75 cm (Ref. 26346). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 126983)
Threat to humans
Poisonous to eat (Ref. 4690)
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201
): 3.6 - 15.7, mean 8.1 °C (based on 3800 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804
= 0.8281 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00117 (0.00066 - 0.00208), b=3.17 (3.01 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245
Trophic level (Ref. 69278
): 4.5 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref. 120179
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Fec= 22-108).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649
): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref. 124155
): Calcium = 8.75 [2.27, 47.99] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.664 [0.163, 2.072] mg/100g ; Protein = 19.5 [17.5, 21.5] % ; Omega3 = 0.24 [0.10, 0.59] g/100g ; Selenium = 79.6 [24.5, 261.1] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 3.68 [0.99, 13.90] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.324 [0.155, 0.615] mg/100g (wet weight);
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| 0.797529 | 1,407 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The past few weeks saw a white T-shirt vigil protesting the death of army corporal Hung Chung-chiu (洪仲丘) followed by another demonstration in which protesters vowed to “tear down the government.” These two social movements were very different in their nature, but both served to demonstrate that the legitimacy of the government of President Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) and Premier Jiang Yi-huah (江宜樺) has been weakened. These events have also precipitated a debate on civil disobedience.
The general assumption is that civil disobedience movements are founded on five basic principles. That is, that they are concerned with the public interest; that they give rise to public debate and scrutiny, seeking a change in the law or in public policy; that they happen only after all alternatives have been exhausted; that they proceed in a peaceful manner; and that the proponents are willing to accept the legal repercussions of their actions.
It may not always be that straightforward: All of these five principles entail various qualifications, and not everyone is in agreement regarding the details. Moreover, they all need to be understood and modified according to the actual political, social and historic context in which they occur.
In terms of Taiwan’s recent experience, the white T-shirt vigil organized in Hung’s memory was not strictly about civil disobedience, although it did carry a strong message that things could not continue in the way that they had. More specifically, the protesters said a collective “no” to the way the authorities are governing the country, and to the parts of the system relevant to their grievances, such as the existence of military courts.
To these things, they expressed their dissatisfaction, and their refusal to continue to accept the system. However, the way they carried out the demonstration was conspicuously one of “obedience.” That is, they broke no laws, and they carried out their protest in an orderly manner. Insisting on saying no, and yet refusing to resort to disobedience, they still managed to secure their goal of seeing military trials abolished in the nation.
There is no way the “tear down the government” movement could have adopted this model, as government officials at the very highest level had blatantly reneged on promises made in black and white, and people found themselves in a direct confrontation with police and the earth-movers brought in to demolish their homes. That they did not take up arms themselves was already adequately temperate and civilized, and naturally the subsequent protests had little alternative but to adopt this “civil disobedience,” supposedly in violation of the law.
How can actions taken in violation of the law have moral legitimacy? Good intentions were never an adequate defense, so what makes people involved in civil disobedience an exception? The experience in Taiwan is informative. By “tearing down the government” the protesters were seeking to symbolically dismantle a “corrupt government” to defend the fundamental principles of a “legitimate” government. They were attempting to openly explain what type of government qualifies as a government deserving of respect, and what kind of principles of governance need to be upheld for a government to assert that it governs by common authority, as opposed to by force. This is civil disobedience at its most profound.
Further, Taiwan is facing the kind of tribulation often faced by countries in their transformation into democracies: that of a democratically elected government itself threatening the democratic system. It might therefore be worth considering, in addition to the five requirements of civil disobedience, whether there is a need to develop a kind of “democratic resistance.”
This democratic resistance would be different in that its goal would be the protection of the principles of democratic constitutional government — human rights, the rule of law and social justice — and does not necessarily need to wait until all alternatives are exhausted; neither do the proponents need to accept prosecution for their actions. Democratic resistance is an advanced form of civil disobedience, seeking to cure the democracy of its malady, just as civil disobedience is the perfect context for democratic resistance.
What kinds of democratic maladies are sufficient to legitimize this type of comparatively radical democratic resistance? First, when the state authorities violate the principles of constitutional government on a relatively frequent basis. Second, when the various branches of government have found themselves impotent in mitigating this situation in an effective manner. Third, when the opposition parties are either too weak to do anything, or even complicit. Fourth, when the government is seriously devoid of any degree of sincerity, or seeks to govern through falsehoods and lies. And fifth, when the government chooses to crack down on dissent, and even uses criminal elements to deal with the public. Using these to look at the state of Taiwan’s democracy of late, we can see that these maladies are, indeed, becoming increasingly serious.
Some might say that these maladies, as indicators, have been tailor-made to represent the situation in which Taiwan now finds itself. However, the more pertinent point is how it is that Taiwan is becoming increasingly like 1930s Germany.
From civil disobedience to democratic resistance, the public has finally realized that from its inception in 2008, when it started using the police force to protect itself, the government has not stopped at tearing down and destroying all of the basic principles of democratic, constitutional government, and so tearing down the government through democratic resistance is the way to protect justice of the people, by the people and for the people.
The great Roman historian Tacitus once mocked the Britons for thinking themselves civilized by imitating the ways and lifestyles of Romans, whereas in doing so they were actually demonstrating their servility. Resistance in the face of unfairness and injustice is the noblest expression of civilization. All the various paraphernalia and artistic legacy of the resistance process, such as the posters, the paintings, the plays, the songs, and the works of poetry and prose, shall become the historic artifacts of Taiwan’s democratic civilization, for all to see in posterity.
Yen Chueh-an is a professor at National Taiwan University’s College of Law and a supervisor of Taiwan Democracy Watch.
Translated by Paul Cooper
Over the past few years, migrant workers’ rights have improved in Taiwan, but there has not been a comparable improvement in protections for employers, who are faced with a range of challenges, such as family nurses mistreating patients or workers threatening to change brokers or demanding that employers change their jobs. Then there is the decrease in work standards. Migrant workers too often find the lure of the underground jobs market irresistible, are unaware of employment laws and regulations, or have found that National Immigration Agency (NIA) checks are lax, and as a result abscond. If this happens, what protections or
The Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) has been giving daily COVID-19 updates for almost four months, and on several occasions when major developments have arisen, the news conferences have attracted large numbers of viewers. The entire nation is anxious about the pandemic, and interest in the latest news has become a part of daily life. Watching the center’s daily news conferences has become something of a national ritual. The pandemic has stabilized within Taiwan due to the admirable efforts of each person living in the nation conducting themselves with the utmost responsibility, and in certain cases making considerable sacrifices within their
This year marks the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II. In that war’s aftermath, novelist George Orwell produced two prophetic works. The first, Animal Farm, was published in August 1945; the second, Nineteen Eighty-Four, came out in June 1949. Both still ring true and cover a wide range of messages, including even how the mid-sized nation of Taiwan achieved its democracy and why it still maintains an outlier status in a COVID-19 world. With its full planetary scope, WWII left untold millions dead and injured, cities were destroyed and the future path of most nations was altered. New
United States Senator “Kit” Bond (R-MO) was a real leader on Asia policy during his time in Congress. Like most senators, he had a ready one-liner for every occasion. The one I never tired of hearing is “Well, looks like everything has been said. The problem is not everyone has said it.” It’s sort of like with US-China great power competition. There is not much new to say. This is especially true because it’s largely a story of what’s already happened: BRI, Made in China 2025, aggression in the South China Sea, provocations on the Indian border, cyber-hacks, erosion of “one country,
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| 0.968008 | 1,802 | 2.578125 | 3 |
We all know Wolfram|Alpha is great for solving calculations and math problems, but not everyone knows about the full breadth of useful data it provides. I entered college as a biology major and was quickly overwhelmed with the amount of information I had to memorize. Class lectures moved at a fast pace, and often my notes had gaps in them where I hadn’t finished writing down what the professor was saying before she moved on. I was up late at night making flashcards for tests and searching desperately through Yahoo! Answers, trying to find information like what exactly the alimentary system does (hint: it “functions in food ingestion and digestion; absorption of water and nutrients; secretion of water, acids, enzymes, buffers and salts; waste excretion; and energy storage”—thanks, Wolfram|Alpha!).
Thinking back on those late-night study sessions, I would have saved a lot of time if I had properly used Wolfram|Alpha as a study tool. Because I was a biology major, many of the areas in which I most frequently sought information were related to scientific fields such as chemistry, but Wolfram|Alpha can be a valuable resource in so many more areas. Here are 15 applications of Wolfram|Alpha in topics beyond mathematics. I hope you will find these to be useful both inside and outside the classroom!
Read more here.
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This exercise introduces the ARM Cortex and FP coprocessor assembly languages, instruction sets
and their addressing modes. The ARM calling convention will need to be respected, such that the
assembly code can be used with C programming language. The lab and a prior tutorial will
introduce you to the STM32CubeIDE, including the compiler and associated tools. In the second
part of the exercise, the code developed here will be used in a larger program written in C and the
Cortex Microprocessor Software Interface Standard (CMSIS-DSP) application programming
interface (API) that incorporates a large set of routines optimized for different ARM Cortex
Hence, this lab consists of two components, each requiring a week to compete:
Part 1: Assembly language exercise – Kalman filter in one dimension
Part 2: Combining assembly/embedded C and optimizing performance; CMSIS-DSP
Background – ARM Calling Convention
In assembly and C, parameters for a subroutine are passed via stack or internal registers. In ARM
processors, the registers R0:R3 are used for passing integer or pointer variables. Up to four
parameters are placed in these registers, and the result is placed in R0 and R1. If any parameter
requires more than 32 bits, then multiple registers are used. If there are no free scratch registers, or
the parameter requires more registers than remain, then the parameter is pushed onto the stack.
Since we will be also dealing with the floating-point parameters on hardware that performs
floating-point arithmetic, be aware of having the option of using either software or hardware
floating-point linkage, depending on whether the parameters are passed via general purpose or
floating-point registers. The objective here is to use the hardware linkage, hence the floating-point
registers will be used for parameter and result passing.
In addition to the class notes, please refer to the document “Procedure Call Standard for the ARM
Architecture”, especially its sections describing The Base Procedure Call Standard. Other
documents that will be of importance include the Cortex M4 programming manual, quick reference
cards for ARM ISA and the (vector) floating point instructions, all available within the course
online documentation. This particular order of passing parameters is applied by major compilers.
Using the STM32CubeIDE Integrated Development Environment Tool
To prepare for Lab 1, you will need to go through Tutorial 1, where you will learn how to create and
define projects, including assembly code projects. The tutorial shows you how to let the tool insert
the proper startup code for the given processor, write and compile the code, as well as provide the
basics of the program debugging.
Lab 1: Definition
You will develop the working assembly language code for single-variable Kalman filter that can be
used in later exercises. The single-variable version avoids the use of matrix operations required for
larger Kalman filters, and makes it amenable to an assembly code implementation, while it still
allows experimenting with and appreciating the features of this filter.
Kalman filter is a state-based adaptive estimator of a physical process. Its estimation error is
provably minimal for linear systems with Gaussian noise. It is the type of an adaptive filter, which
is generally preferred to the fixed linear filters. The state space adaptation is performed by a
sequence of discrete steps, during which the parameters of the filter change depending on the
observed physical value, as well as the current state.
Kalman filter performs the adaptation by maintaining the internal state, consisting of the estimated
value x, the adaptive tuning factor k and the estimation error, represented by its covariance p. To
obtain these values, it requires the knowledge of the noise parameters of the input measurements
and the state estimation, represented by their respective covariances q and r.
The high-level description of the Kalman filter code is given in the working python program in
Figure 1. While the code is fully functional, and it can be directly run within a larger (Python)
program, it is used here as a compact high-level specification. Please note that only the update
function is required in the assembly part of Lab 1. In the second part, when you include your
assembly code with the C code, the initialization function will be needed. That part will be written
in C. Note also that there will be differences in the code caused by different syntax and semantics of
C, compared to Python. For instance, you will need to carefully specify the data types and include
the function prototypes in the code to be able to correctly link the assembly and C code.
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| 0.863002 | 1,011 | 2.90625 | 3 |
“The caterpillar does all the work, but the butterfly gets all the publicity.”
― George Carlin
A skipper or skipper butterfly is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. They are named after their quick, darting flight habits. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
Skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet hook, while the typical butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae, and moth-butterflies have feathered or pectinate (comb-shaped) antennae similar to “moths”. Skippers also have generally stockier bodies and larger compound eyes than the other two groups, with stronger wing muscles in the plump thorax, in this resembling many “moths” more than the other two butterfly lineages do. But unlike, for example, the Arctiidae, their wings are usually small in proportion to their bodies. Some have larger wings, but only rarely as large in proportion to the body as in other butterflies. When at rest, skippers keep their wings usually angled upwards or spread out, and only rarely fold them up completely.
enjoy the beauty in the little things!…†…monos en theos…jim
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A national park is a beautiful place which has been created or is used for the purpose of conservation. National parks are composed of natural, semi-natural or a developed piece of land. They are a symbol of pride for a nation.
Yellowstone National park in the U.S. was the first national park anywhere in the world and was opened in 1872. There are a total of 6555 recognized national parks in the earth and some of these are really very large considering the land and water area. Here is a list of the 5 largest national parks in the world:
1. Northeast Greenland National Park, Denmark
Northeast Greenland National Park in Greenland, Denmark is the largest national park in the world. It is sprawled out over an area of 927,000 sq km (375,000 sq mi). This makes the park larger than most countries.
It would actually place 31st if it were a country, just behind Egypt. The only national park in Greenland, it is the most northerly national park in the world.
Around 5,000 to 15,000 musk oxen, as well as polar bears and walrus live near the coastal regions of the park. This is stated to be 405 of the world population of musk ox. Other mammals include arctic hare, arctic fox, and stoat.
There are also other marine mammals like ringed seal, harp seal, bearded seal and hooded seal, as well as narwhal and Beluga whale. Some of the birds which live and breed in the park are king eider, gyrfalcon, snowy owl, ptarmigan and raven.
2. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is the second largest national park in the world and is situated in Australia. It protects a large part of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef from being damaged in any way. This includes by fishing and also the removal of artifacts or wildlife (fish, coral, sea shells, etc.).
All of this is strictly regulated, along with commercial shipping traffic which must stay on certain specific defined shipping routes that avoid the most sensitive areas of the park. The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest cluster of corals and other exotic marine life.
3. Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, Mozambique
This national park is located in Mozambique and is yet another very large park which covers an area of 99,800 sq km. Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park straddles the borders of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe and joins some of the most established wildlife areas in southern Africa into a huge conservation area the size of the Netherlands.
In 2006 the Giriyondo tourist access facility between the Limpopo and Kruger national parks was opened. There were 5,000 animals translocated from Kruger to Limpopo National Park. This, combined with 50 km of fencing being dropped, has encouraged more animals, including over 1,000 elephants and over 1,000 buffalo, to cross the border of their own accord.
Worlds Most Beautiful Islands You Need to Travel
4. Namib Naukluft Park, Namibia
Namib Naukluft Park is a national park of Namibia encompassing part of the Namib Desert (considered the world’s oldest desert) and the Naukluft mountain range. It covers an area of 49,768 km (19,216 sq mi). It is the largest game park in Africa and the fourth largest in the world. The area of the park which is best-known as Sossusvlei and also the main visitor attraction in Namibia.
The park plays host to a surprising collection of creatures which manage to survive in the extremely arid region, including snakes, geckos, unusual insects, hyenas, gemsboks and jackals. Interestingly enough, more moisture comes in as fog off the Atlantic Ocean than falls as rain, with the average 106 millimeters of rainfall per year mostly occurring in February and April.
5. Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada
Wood Buffalo National Park was created in 1922 to protect the habitat of a small herd of wood bison whose declining population had dropped from 40 million in 1830 to less than 1000 by 1900.
The park consists of 44,807 square kilometers of northern boreal interior plains landscape, located in the extreme north of Alberta and overlapping into the Northwest Territories, encompasses not only the largest free-roaming and self-regulated bison herd in the world but the world’s only natural nesting site of the whooping crane.
Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as well as Canada’s largest park, it is also the world’s fifth largest national park.
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| 0.953168 | 982 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In the world of biblical interpretation, there are countless mysteries and symbols to explore. One intriguing topic that has captured the curiosity of many is the meaning of 911 in the Bible. While the number 911 is commonly associated with emergencies and rescue services, its significance in a biblical context takes on a whole new dimension. Some scholars and believers argue that 911 holds a profound spiritual message, serving as a divine call for repentance and awakening. Others interpret it as a symbol of God’s deliverance and protection in times of trouble. This fascinating exploration delves deep into the biblical references and symbolism surrounding the number 911, shedding light on its potential meanings and implications. Join us as we embark on a journey to unravel the spiritual significance behind 911 and discover the hidden messages it may hold within the pages of the Bible.
Overview of biblical numerology
Biblical numerology is the study of numbers in the Bible and their symbolic meanings. Throughout the Scriptures, numbers are often used to convey deeper spiritual truths and messages. Each number carries its own significance and symbolism, and understanding these symbols can provide valuable insights into the biblical text. Numerology in the Bible is not about fortune-telling or divination but rather about seeking spiritual understanding and uncovering the hidden layers of meaning within the text.
The study of biblical numerology dates back to ancient times, with Jewish and Christian scholars exploring the symbolic meanings of numbers in the Scriptures. The belief in the divine significance of numbers is rooted in the belief that God is the creator of all things, including numbers, and that He uses them to communicate with His people. As we delve further into the meaning of 911 in the Bible, it is important to have a foundational understanding of biblical numerology and its role in interpreting the Scriptures.
The symbolism of numbers in biblical interpretation
Numbers hold great significance in biblical interpretation, with each number carrying its own symbolism and meaning. From the number 1 symbolizing unity and divine power to the number 7 representing perfection and completion, numbers in the Bible are rich in symbolism. They are often used to amplify the message being conveyed or to provide additional layers of understanding.
In the Bible, numbers are used in various ways, including as counts, measurements, and symbols. They can represent historical events, spiritual truths, or prophetic messages. For example, the number 40 is often associated with a period of testing or preparation, as seen in the 40 days and nights of rain during Noah’s flood or the 40 years the Israelites wandered in the wilderness. Similarly, the number 12 is frequently used to symbolize completeness or divine order, as seen in the 12 tribes of Israel or the 12 apostles of Jesus.
By understanding the symbolism of numbers in biblical interpretation, we can begin to unravel the deeper meanings behind the number 911 in the Bible. Let us now turn our attention to the specific numbers 9 and 1 and explore their significance in a biblical context.
Exploring the meaning of number 9 in the Bible
The number 9 holds significant meaning in biblical numerology. It is often associated with finality, judgment, and divine completeness. In the Bible, the number 9 is frequently connected to the fulfillment of God’s promises and the completion of His work. For instance, there were 9 fruits of the Holy Spirit listed in Galatians 5:22-23, representing the completeness of the Spirit’s work in a believer’s life.
Additionally, the number 9 is associated with repentance and spiritual awakening. In the Old Testament, we see instances where people fasted for 9 days or 9 hours as a sign of their repentance and seeking God’s forgiveness. The prophet Daniel, for example, fasted for 21 days, which is 3 sets of 9, in order to seek understanding from the Lord.
By understanding the symbolism of the number 9, we can begin to uncover the potential meanings behind the combination of numbers 9 and 1 in the Bible. Let us now explore the symbolism of the number 1 in a biblical context to further deepen our understanding.
Understanding the symbolism of number 1 in biblical context
The number 1 holds immense significance in biblical interpretation. It symbolizes unity, singularity, and divine power. In the Bible, the number 1 is often associated with God Himself, representing His sovereignty and uniqueness. It signifies the oneness of God and His absolute authority over all creation.
The book of Genesis begins with the statement, “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.” Here, the number 1 represents the divine power and authority of God as the sole Creator of the universe. Throughout the Scriptures, we see the number 1 being used to emphasize the uniqueness and supremacy of God.
Furthermore, the number 1 is associated with new beginnings and fresh starts. It signifies a clean slate and the opportunity for transformation. In the New Testament, Jesus is often referred to as the “firstborn” or the “firstfruits,” highlighting His role as the beginning of a new creation and the source of redemption for humanity.
As we delve deeper into the meaning of 911 in the Bible, it is crucial to grasp the symbolism of the number 1 and its connection to God’s power and new beginnings. Let us now combine the symbolism of numbers 9 and 1 to unravel the hidden messages behind the number 911.
Unveiling the hidden messages behind the combination of numbers 9 and 1
The combination of numbers 9 and 1 in the Bible holds profound spiritual significance and potential hidden messages. As discussed earlier, the number 9 symbolizes finality, judgment, and divine completeness, while the number 1 represents unity, singularity, and divine power. When these numbers are combined, they can convey powerful messages of repentance, awakening, and divine intervention.
One possible interpretation of the number 911 in the Bible is that it serves as a divine call for repentance and awakening. It may symbolize God’s final warning or call to His people to turn away from sin and return to Him. Just as the number 9 represents judgment and finality, the number 1 represents the divine power and authority to bring about transformation and new beginnings. Therefore, the combination of numbers 9 and 1 in 911 could signify a call for repentance and a fresh start in one’s spiritual journey.
Another interpretation of the number 911 is that it represents God’s deliverance and protection in times of trouble. In the Bible, we see multiple instances where God intervened and rescued His people from various forms of danger and oppression. The number 911 could serve as a reminder that God is our ultimate rescuer and protector, ready to deliver us from any emergency or crisis we may face.
While these interpretations provide a glimpse into the potential meanings behind the number 911 in the Bible, it is essential to approach this topic with an open mind and a heart for spiritual discernment. Let us now explore some biblical references that may shed further light on the significance of number 911.
Examples of biblical references to number 911
While the specific number 911 may not appear in the Bible, there are instances where biblical passages contain elements that align with the potential meanings associated with this number. One such example is found in Psalm 91:1, which states, “He who dwells in the secret place of the Most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty.”
In this verse, we can see elements of both repentance and divine protection. The call to “dwell in the secret place” implies a close, intimate relationship with God, which is often fostered through repentance and seeking His presence. The promise of abiding under the shadow of the Almighty speaks of God’s protective care and deliverance.
Another biblical reference that aligns with the potential meanings of number 911 is found in Jeremiah 9:1, where the prophet Jeremiah laments over the destruction and judgment that befell Jerusalem. While the number itself is not explicitly mentioned, the themes of judgment, repentance, and divine intervention are present in this passage.
These examples highlight the potential connections between biblical passages and the meaning of 911. However, it is important to approach these interpretations with caution and seek a balanced understanding of the broader biblical context. Let us now delve into the alternative interpretations and controversies surrounding the meaning of 911 in the Bible.
Alternative interpretations and controversies surrounding the meaning of 911 in the Bible
As with any topic in biblical interpretation, there are alternative interpretations and controversies surrounding the meaning of 911 in the Bible. While some scholars and believers find spiritual significance in the number 911, others may view it as mere coincidence or dismiss it as a modern-day fascination with numbers.
It is important to note that numerology in the Bible is not a universally accepted practice among theologians. Some argue that assigning specific meanings to numbers can lead to subjective interpretations and detract from the central message of the Scriptures. They emphasize the importance of focusing on the overall themes, teachings, and principles conveyed in the Bible rather than getting caught up in numerical symbolism.
Furthermore, debates may arise regarding the validity of specific interpretations or the reliance on extrabiblical sources to support numerical symbolism. It is essential to approach these discussions with humility, respect for diverse viewpoints, and a commitment to seeking truth in the Scriptures.
While the meaning of 911 in the Bible may remain a topic of debate and personal interpretation, what is undeniable is the universal call for repentance, spiritual awakening, and seeking God’s protection and deliverance. Regardless of the specific numbers involved, the Bible consistently encourages believers to turn away from sin, draw near to God, and trust in His faithfulness.
Conclusion: Reflecting on the spiritual lessons and personal application of the meaning of 911 in the Bible
As we conclude our exploration of the meaning of 911 in the Bible, it is important to reflect on the spiritual lessons and personal application that can be gleaned from this topic. While the specific interpretation of the number 911 may vary, the overarching message remains the same: a call to repentance, awakening, and trust in God’s protection and deliverance.
The symbolism of numbers in biblical interpretation serves as a reminder of the depth and richness of God’s Word. It invites us to approach the Scriptures with a sense of wonder, curiosity, and a desire to uncover the hidden layers of meaning within its pages.
As we contemplate the potential meanings of the number 911, let us not lose sight of the central message of the Bible – God’s love, grace, and desire for a restored relationship with His people. May this exploration deepen our understanding of the Scriptures, ignite a hunger for spiritual growth, and inspire us to live lives that are pleasing to God.
In conclusion, the meaning of 911 in the Bible is a fascinating topic that invites us to delve into the symbolism of numbers, seek spiritual understanding, and reflect on the personal application of biblical truths. Whether we view it as a divine call for repentance and awakening or as a symbol of God’s deliverance and protection, what matters most is our response to the message behind the numbers. May we heed the call, seek God’s presence, and live lives that honor and glorify Him.
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Uglich is a historical town in Yaroslavl oblast of Russia situated on the Volga river. The town was founded in 937 as a border fortress of Moscovy Principality.
The end of XVI century was memorized as a favorable time for Uglich when it became to be the town where major events in Russian history took place. When Prince Dmitry died, the dynasty of Ryurik was replaced by the dynasty of Romanovs whose members of the family originated from Uglich.
Uglich is one of the most precious towns of the Golden Ring as it has numerous buildings of ancient architecture. Among them are such as the Kremlin with the Duke's chamber, Dmitry on Blood church (1692) and the Transfiguration of the Savior cathedral, the ensembles of Alexeevsky, Voskresensky (the Resurrection) and Theophany monasteries (1680).
Uglich has preserved both historical and cultural traditions of Russia. Magnificent Uglich museums are the samples of cultural heritage and ancient Russian traditions.
Kremlin in Uglich
Kremlin in Uglich is called as Uglich fortress comfortably situated on the banks of the Volga river. Close to Kremlin are located magnificent Dormition Church and Church of Prince Dimitri On Blood. The churches best reflect the ancient architecture of 17 century. An example of 15th century architecture - the Duke's Chamber, the Resurrection Monastery and Uglich Museum of History and Arts can be observed within the territory of the Kremlin.
Kremlin in Uglich
The Church of Prince Dimitri On Blood (1692)
The church is the most prominent and historical buildings in Uglich. It was constructed by a special order of Peter the Great on the place where Tsarevich Dmitry died that explains why the church is called "On Blood". For the same reason the building was painted in red colour to immortalize the place where the blood was spilled. The church has an important historical significance as it symbolizes the story of life of young Tsarevich Dmitry in a chronological order. Nowadays, the church and the ground floor turned into a museum.
The Church of Prince Dimitri On Blood
The Palace of Tsarevich Dmitry
The palace represents the oldest building in the town of Uglich. Founded in 1480 it is one of a few Russian palaces preserved till today. The palace partly reflects the life of Dmitri who lived there from 1584 to 1591. In past the palace was significant as Dmitri's residence but today it turned into a magnificent museum.
Hotels in Uglich
Volgskaya Riviera is a new 4-stars hotel situated in the heart of Uglich on the Volga river bank, 220 km far from Moscow and 100 km far from Yaroslavl.
The main attractive distinctions of the hotel are panoramic view on the Volga River, open air summer café, exclusive design of marble lions, decorating the main entrance of the hotel and closeness of the ancient Kremlin.
Volgskaya Riviera ready to accommodate up to 80 guests. The hotel has a full range of services for comfortable rest far away from noise and poluuted air of big cities.
The hotel features estate interiors, grand pillars, pure white balustrade, made in tone with marble front staircase, make the surroundings very bright and celebratory.
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| 0.949031 | 704 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Government Ministers have often said that they are committed to evidence-based policy. Here we have presented evidence from the recent past, based on comprehensive and independent Reviews covering education and training ‘from cradle to grave’’. From that evidence we emphasise the following broad recommendations.
- Start with (and continue to ask): ‘What counts as an educated person in this day and age?’ This may seem an obvious question. Yet it is rarely asked in a systematic way. There may not be total consensus in the answers which are given. But the constant asking of this question reminds of the profoundly moral nature of educational policy in terms of the values of personal well-being and of public good.
- In the light of the no doubt rich answers we get from asking about the development of ‘the whole person’ (regardless of class, ethnicity or gender) and their contribution to an ever better society, we should maintain a wide vision of worthwhile learning. This should be practical and vocational as well as academic. It needs to draw on the ‘different voices in the conversation between the generations of mankind’ within the sciences, arts and humanities. It must build upon the experiences and informal learning acquired in home and community. It should provide the motivation for lifelong learning. It should be flexible enough to provide for very different personal, social and economic needs.
- Recognition must be given to the central role that teachers play in any educational and training system. No policy, howsoever well thought out, has merit unless it is thoughtfully implemented by those who teach. They alone, have the pedagogical expertise for communicating the knowledge, values and skills, which we have inherited, to the developing minds, interests and aspirations of the learners. But that expertise needs to be nurtured through rigorous initial training and then through high quality continuing professional development.
- We should make sure that the provision of educational opportunities begins with the needs of learners, not with the interests of providers. No school or other institution can alone provide continuity of learning experiences. Local collaborative partnerships need to be created and funded. These bring together schools and colleges, employers and independent training providers, higher education and youth workers, third sector organisations and members of the local community. All bring to the partnership their respective and much needed expertise, opportunities and resources for realising that wide vision of worthwhile learning.
- Finally, Government needs to be modest about what it can achieve – for two reasons. First, there are limits to how interventions can change a complex system; that requires the daily difficult and professional work of teachers. Second, governments and their ministers change, often at frequent intervals. Policies come and go. Too much power gained by one Minister may be used for the opposite purposes by the next.
In conclusion, we invite everyone (Ministers, civil servants, advisers, head teachers, college principles, teachers and many more) to review the twelve challenges which arise from the evidence of these Reviews, and to seriously consider the principles which we have proposed.
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A pair of divers have uncovered a massive underwater treasure trove, replete with bronze statues, intricate figurines, and thousands of coins, hidden inside a 1,600-year-old merchant shipwreck in the ancient harbour of Caesarea, Israel.
The artefacts, which bear the sigils of the Roman empire, represent the largest cache of such treasures found in Israel in more than 30 years, and have stunned archaeologists with their "extraordinary state of preservation".
"These are extremely exciting finds, which apart from their extraordinary beauty, are of historical significance," Jacob Sharvit, director of the Marine Archaeology Unit of the Israel Antiquities Authority, told the press.
According to Reuters, the haul includes a bronze lamp depicting the image of the Sun god Sol, a figurine of the Moon goddess Luna, and a lamp shaped like the head of an African slave.
There are fragments of life-sized bronze cast statues, figurines of animals, including a whale and a wild boar with the head of a swan, and lumps of coins weighing a total of 20 kilograms, bearing the images of Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius.
"A marine assemblage such as this has not been found in Israel in the past 30 years. Metal statues are rare archaeological finds because they were always melted down and recycled in antiquity," said Sharvit.
"In the many marine excavations that have been carried out in Caesarea, only very small number of bronze statues have been found… The sand protected the statues; consequently they are in an amazing state of preservation - as though they were cast yesterday rather than 1,600 years ago," he added.
Some of the objects have been dated to the 4th century, while others are thought to come from the 1st and 2nd centuries, the Associated Press reports.
Divers Ran Feinstein and Ofer Ra'anan from the Israeli city of Ra'anana located the merchant shipwreck a few weeks ago, and archaeologists have been carefully recovering them ever since.
"It took us a couple of seconds to understand what was going on," Ra'anan told the Associated Press, adding that when they found their first sculpture, they left it in the seabed to investigate the area further, and once they found a second, they knew they were on to something extraordinary.
"It was amazing. I dive here every other weekend and I never found anything like that ever," he said.
The treasures are now safely on land and under the care of the Israel Antiquities Authority, whose staff will prepare them for examination and conservation treatments.
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Class 10 Chemistry
Class 10 Chemistry Notes with MCQ
Class 10 Chemistry notes is part of class 10 Science. Prepared by experienced teacher of Physics Wallah and well equipped with explanation of all concepts with solved example and questions. Chemistry has been an important sub-part of science subjects. Chemistry holds considerable marks in competitive marks. Excellent marks in chemistry can help students looking forward to chemistry-related fields. For too many studentsnclass 10 chemistry can be difficult in understanding, but experts are all the way available to resolve your queries.
We ensure to provide you’re with expert support in regards to chemistry. Nomenclature in organic chemistry, properties of hydrocarbons & properties of organic compounds as well as inorganic compounds are well explained in class 10 chemistry study material provided by us.
Tips to score Good marks in Chemistry
Chemistry is one of important part of class 10 there are almost 8 chapters of class 10 science which comes under chemistry .If you are CBSE students you have only one subject in class 10 that is class 10 science but in few boards in class 10 science is divided into three parts. For ICSE class 10 board chemistry as a subject is very important for class 10 board .Students who are preparing for JEE or NEET in early class or part of foundation batch of different coaching takes chemistry as a separate subject. Let’s understand how to read chemistry in class 10 effectively
- Start with class 9 chemistry revision ,read atomic structure and atomic numbers try to memories 30 atomic number from periodic table it will help you in higher classes too.
- Chemical bonding is the most important chapter to build solid foundation for chemistry learn how bond form ,types of bond and different type of energy associated with these bonds, try to find out the electronic balance in bond.
- Read NCERT text books solve all questions given in the exercise of class 10 science take help form Physics Wallah NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science.
- Interest is the key for any subject so to develop interest in class 10 chemistry one must ask questions , think about the reason of a concept and how the reactions proceed , don’t think about why the reactions proceed.
- Reading good quality of study material is must , read the theory part of class 10 chemistry make your own notes write down all important reactions and points .
- Academic team of Physics Wallah prepared a detail notes for class 10 chemistry in each chapter of class 10 chemistry there are exercise from 1 to 5 depending upon the type of chapter and its difficulty level . try to solve these MCQ for class 10 chemistry it will be helpful to develop your concept and according to new pattern of class 10 chemistry now onwards in your class 10 board objective questions are asked of 20 marks .
Why 10th Chemistry is Important?
Class 10 chemistry study materials are planned in very systematic manner for students. We ensure that the study material we provide adheres to the national level competitive exams. Studying fundamentals in class 10 chemistry is not a tough task.
Although there are some students who face difficulty in scoring required marks in the examinations. The class 10 chemistry study material provide by Physics Wallah, helps the students to score top marks. The sole objective of preparing class 10 chemistry study material is to provide free class 10 chemistry study material to desiring students.
The complete study material has been categorized into various segments of the need for learning. The class 10 chemistry study material can be utilized for revision purposes also. Since chemistry is like a very foundation for students looking forward to making their career out of the science stream. The class 10 chemistry study material can be utilized to give an extensive revision right before the examinations. The study material is devised to bits under the guidance of experts, with a large experience of teaching chemistry subjects.
How to Study 10th chemistry effectively?
Since studying various properties of metals and non-metals could be a draining task. The team at Physics Wallah beliefs in delivering concepts rather than just study material. We have also provided concept notes along with our class 10 chemistry study material.
Our academic experts have provided solutions to every crucial problem. The students having lack of time can seamlessly go through the study material provided by experts. We have categorized complete syllabus into various sections that help the students to plan their study pattern very effectively.
We solely believe that true learning is the one that leaves students clear with their concepts.The student will leave them clear with their practical experiments. The study material has been devised after reviewing old question paper pattern.
The students can easily find the most important question in the class 10 chemistry study material. These study material has always been a top preference by toppers of the classes. We provide definitions and solutions to all complex questions and topics in order to ensure that students are benefitted the most.
Why Physics Wallah is best for Chemistry
Since our core ideology of providing accessible education to the needy, have provided class 10 chemistry study material for free. The students only need to make their account on our website and they can download it. A single click upon the download button, help the students to download it fiscally. The class 10 chemistry study material has been prepared in such a way that it could be accessed and read on mobiles, desktops, laptops & tablets.Go with the expert-created class 10 chemistry to excel in exams. Download Chemistry Formulas from Physics Wallah .NCERT solutionswill also highly helpful .
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. How class 10 chemistry is important?
Ans. Chemistry has always been an important part of science for class 10 students. It is not very difficult to get good marks in chemistry when you learn basic theory and chemical formulas. Students must familiarize themselves with the full class 10 chemistry syllabus, regardless of which school board they are affiliated with for their future studies.
Q2. Why do you need class 10 chemistry revision notes?
Ans. Class 10 revision notes are a useful revision tool and often include useful learning resources such as mind maps, formulas, definitions, diagrams and brief explanations of theories and concepts of chemistry. The revision note also contains additional details on a particular concepts or topic that students find useful in preparing their chemistry exam.
Q3. How class 10 chemistry revision notes are helpful?
Ans. Write down your notes immediately after completing a chapter. This way you can capture and keep the key points of the recently revised topic.
- Maintain and update your review notes every week. This will help you check your memory power.
- This allows you to summarise the main points to remember from a chapter, without having to invest a lot of time.
Q4. How many chapters are there in class 10 chemistry?
Ans. There are five chapters in class 10 chemistry which are below here –
- Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Acids, Bases and Salts
- Metals and Non-metals
- Carbon and its Compound
- Periodic Classification of Elements
Q5. What are the benefits of class 10 chemistry important questions?
Ans. It helps students to improve their overall performance.
- It allows you to review the entire syllabus in short time.
- It helps develop skills and achievements.
- Important questions help them get an overview of important concepts to highlight.
Q6. Which is a best website for class 10 chemistry notes?
Ans. Well, we will only say that quality speaks and here at Physics Wallah we provide chemistry notes which are prepared by our expert and experienced teachers according to the latest syllabus of NCERT class 10 chemistry. If you have any doubt then you can ask your doubt in the ‘ask doubt section and our experts solve your queries as soon as possible.
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March 20 (UPI) -- Different microbes specialize in colonizing different parts of the human body. New research by Duke scientists shows microbes diverged into new species as they adapted to new organs and body parts -- including mouths, noses, genitalia and guts.
"Over the last decade, there has been significant interest in developing probiotics and transplants of beneficial bacteria to treat a wide variety of health issues," Lawrence A. David, an assistant professor of molecular genetics and microbiology at Duke's School of Medicine, said in a news release. "Our analysis gives us a window into how different bacteria adapt and evolve so that we can more effectively predict which implanted species will survive to make an impact on disease."
A growing body of research has made it increasingly clear microbes play an important and long-unappreciated role in many facets of human health. But understanding how microbes evolved to thrive within a variety of human biological systems -- from the brain to the digestive tract -- has proven difficult.
One of the main problems is measuring how shifts in the abundance of one bacterial species affects others. Researchers at Duke developed a solution to the problem using a model typically deployed for the analysis of mineral ratios within rocks.
Researchers populated their model with microbiota sequencing data as well as information on each species' position within their family tree.
As researchers explained in their paper, the strategy "combines statistical and phylogenetic models to overcome compositional data challenges and enable evolutionary insights relevant to microbial communities."
Their statistical simulations showed how changes in bacteria abundance influenced the evolution of microbes in different parts of the body.
"This technique unlocks a tremendous toolbox of statistical methods that wouldn't have worked before, but that can now be used to analyze microbiome data," said Justin Silverman, a doctoral student in David's lab.
David and Silverman used their new statistical tools to analyze bacterial sequencing data from the Human Microbiome Project. They found one group of streptococci bacteria only recently diverged from its relatives, branching species specifically adapted to various parts of the mouth -- the palate, tongue, throat, tonsils, gums and plaque.
Researchers hope their findings, detailed in the journal eLife, will inspire new microbial therapies for human health problems.
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Why 2023 will be another key year for the future of our climate.
I am looking out onto a sparkling white landscape, glittering frosted trees, a stunning blue winter sky in a rare white December here in the mild Rhineland of western Germany. A welcome, seasonal freeze-up after a summer that was hot – and way too dry. It would be all too easy to give way to the illusion that things are as they always were – or at least as they used to be in our memories. When the seasons were set in their ways and the winter in our part of the globe was cold and frosty. And climate change had not become a topic of everyday conversation – and a crisis threatening our future.
If only. People up in the high north of our planet will be having different thoughts this winter. At the beginning of December, the temperature in Utqiagvik, Alaska’s northernmost community (formerly known as Barrow), hit 4.4 degrees Celsius (40 degrees Fahrenheit). This is the warmest that region has seen on record from late October to late April, according to Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, talking to AP News.
Yesterday, #Utqiagvik smashed its December and winter high temperature records, with a high of 40°F (+4.4°C). The normal daily high temperature for December 5 is 2.2°F (-16.6°C). The previous latest 40F high occurred on October 29, 2016. The earliest was April 23, 1931. #akwx pic.twitter.com/yEYVP5wevp
— Don Sutherland (@DonSuth89069583) December 6, 2022
The first weekend in December, the Arctic as a whole averaged 6.4 degrees Celsius (11.5 degrees F.) warmer than the 1979-2000 average temperature.
Greenland also experienced summer temperatures in December.
This “freak” warmth is actually in line with a trend:
Most of the #Arctic is experiencing warming temperatures over the last four decades in December. This is even larger over areas with a loss of sea ice cover, such as the Barents Sea region.[Data from @CopernicusECMWF ERA5. For more info: https://t.co/ncpuSNu5nz] pic.twitter.com/r5yPL4LpfI
— Zack Labe (@ZLabe) December 13, 2022
This year’s Arctic Report Card, issued annually at this time by NOAA since 2006, confirms the transformation of our icy northern regions as the new normal:
“Shifting seasons and climate-driven disturbances, such as wildfires, extreme weather, and unusual wildlife mortality events, are becoming increasingly difficult to assess within the context of what has been previously considered normal”, the experts write.
— Zack Labe (@ZLabe) December 14, 2022
The Report Card looks at the current state of different components of the Arctic environmental system relative to historical records.
The whole planet is heating up
Carbon Brief recently published its latest quarterly “state of the climate” analysis by Dr. Zeke Hausfather. He concluded that “2022 is on track to be somewhere between the fourth and sixth warmest year on record”.
This year has been one of extremes, featuring record-shattering summer heatwaves and devastating floods. Western Europe and parts of Asia have had their warmest year on record so far (from January through October), Hausfather writes. The high global average temperature for 2022 occurred despite persistent La Niña conditions in the tropical Pacific, which are having a cooling influence on global temperatures.
Although it does not set a new global temperature record, 2022 will still be one of the warmest years since records began in the late 1800s. Carbon Brief says temperatures will end up around the level expected by climate models and are consistent with the long-term warming trend over the past 50 years.
Greenhouse gas concentrations reached a new high in 2022. That means our human emissions from fossil fuels, land-use change and agriculture have increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2, methane and nitrous oxide to their highest levels in at least a few million years – if not longer, concludes Carbon Brief.
Nearly all of western Europe and large areas of China experienced their warmest January-October period ever recorded. The same is true of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal and the Antarctic Peninsula. In Pakistan, these record-warm temperatures have been accompanied by catastrophic flooding that affected more than 33 million people, destroyed 1.7 million homes, and led to nearly 1,400 deaths, writes Hausfather.
Antarctic sea ice extent set new record lows during both spring and summer. Arctic sea ice remained at the low end of the historical range.
COP27 – another conference that didn’t save the world
In contrast to the increasingly visible urgency of the need to reduce emissions, this year’s UN climate conference in Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt did little to move things on. There was one major – and long overdue – positive outcome. Developing countries finally secured a new fund for “loss and damage” resulting from climate change. Small island states and other vulnerable nations had been fighting for this for decades. Back in Copenhagen in 2009 the industrialised countries promised to mobilize 100 billion US dollars a year from 2020 on in financial support for climate protection and adaptation measures in the developing world. That promise was not kept. Against that background, the agreement can be considered a breakthrough. However, decisions on actual amounts and which countries will actually be paying into the fund were put off until COP28 – to be held in Dubai.
— Carbon Brief (@CarbonBrief) December 15, 2022
This was the first COP after the publication of the latest reports by all three IPCC working groups. These underlined once more the urgent need for the world’s decision-makers to prioritize climate action. But aside from that milestone on the path towards helping developing countries that have become victims of climate change, the Sharm el-Sheikh meeting made no progress on scaling up efforts to make the drastic cuts to emissions that we need to tackle the climate emergency.
“Together for just, ambitious implementation” was the motto. The COP was supposed to negotiate how the Paris Agreement is to be put into action. In fact the outcome did little to advance efforts to stay below 1.5C, beyond what was agreed at COP26 in Glasgow last year.
Dr. Oliver Geden, Senior Fellow of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) told journalists after the conference there had been no progress in the year since the Glasgow event. Since global emissions are still not dropping, it will be virtually impossible to avoid crossing the 1.5C line.
One of the key promises of the Paris Agreement was for a “global stocktake” every five years to close the gap between national pledges and global goals. The gap will not be closed in the foreseseeable future, says Geden. The gap is already huge and global emissions would have to drop by 25 percent by 2030 to keep under 2C, 45 percent to keep under 1.5C.
In Glasgow in 2020, the participating countries reluctantly agreed to reduce the burning of coal. The Sharm el-Sheik declaration confirmed that, but went no further. In fact, the latest figures from the IAE show that more coal was burned in 2022 than ever before.
Shamefully, the “Sharm el-Sheikh implementation plan” excluded any mention of winding down the use of fossil fuels. As Professor Niklas Höhne, head of the Cologne-based New Climate Institute puts it, the 1.5 limit is “still in intensive care with its condition deteriorating”. The last year was wasted:
“In the shadow of the energy crisis, we failed to shift into emergency mode. There was not even agreement on the most obvious: that all fossil energies would have to be phased out, not just coal.”
Höhne is a major critic of support for a new gas infrastructure, which will make it much harder to halve global emissions by 2030 to keep to the 1.5C limit.
📢Proposed @KfW draft 📑 for🛢️+ gas projects (rumoured to be up for decision today) violate #ParisAgreement. Our earlier blog explains why investments in gas abroad are generally misaligned. Blog 👉 https://t.co/WjJIG8jCMy Some more thoughts on why the 📑 are problematic:🧵👇
— NewClimate Institute (@newclimateinst) December 15, 2022
COP27 was dominated by resistance from several key players seeking to defend their own interests at the cost of global climate action. China is determined to hold onto its membership of the G77 group of developing and emerging countries, to avoid paying into international “pots”, and stay, instead amongst the recipients of any funding available. The EU and USA want China, whose per capita emissions are already higher than those of the EU, to lose its status as a developing nation.
The big oil and gas producing economies lobbied to stop a recommendation to end coal burning and a joint declaration for a shift away from oil and gas.
Meanwhile Brazil, still controlled by the Bolsonaro administration, blocked moves to agree rules on landscape and biodiversity protection.
“In spite of the increasingly visible effects of climate change, too many countries are still unwilling to accept their responsibility for a rapid reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, “Professor Manfred Fischedick, President of the renowned Wuppertal Institute told the Science Media Centre.
Yet especially with regard to the most vulnerable countries – and to slow the increase in the number and intensity of extreme weather situations here at home – every tenth of a degree less of warming counts, says Fischedick.
Any good news?
I find it difficult to be optimistic under the present circumstances. Here in Germany, with the Green Party in the coalition government, the energy crisis caused by the Russian war on Ukraine has resulted in major investment in the gas infrastructure. It is to be hoped the revival of fossil fuels we are seeing now will be short-lived. But how much damage will it do before renewables are in place to supply the world’s energy needs?
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has a more positive take on developments in its recently published annual report on renewable energy. It says the global energy crisis is “pushing the accelerator on renewable energy expansion”, particularly in the EU, US, China and India. It concludes that utility-scale solar and onshore wind power are now the cheapest options for new generation in “a significant majority of countries worldwide”.
The @IEA estimates the world will add as much renewable power in the next 5 years as it did in the past 20.
This is 30% more than what was forecast by the IEA just a year ago.
— Ember (@EmberClimate) December 13, 2022
In what it calls its “largest ever upward revision” for the sector, the Paris-based organisation raised its global forecast for renewables growth by nearly 30% compared with last year. This amounts to a 76% boost since 2020, Carbon Brief analysis finds.
The IEA now expects renewables to surpass coal as the world’s largest source of electricity generation by “early 2025”, reaching 38% of the power mix by 2027. The installed capacity of solar power alone is set to overtake that of coal in 2027.
But, despite all this, the IEA says countries are still not on track to achieve a net-zero emissions energy system by 2050.
Climate Action Tracker Ratings https://t.co/9b0BQo5tVx
— Weekly Filet (@weeklyfilet) December 15, 2022
The latest estimate from Climate Action Tracker shows that only Gambia is in line with the 1.5C limit. No major emitter fits the bill.
Here are their latest (Nov 2022) estimates compared to the five SSP scenarios in the recent IPCC report: pic.twitter.com/QBfo8bkgey
— Zeke Hausfather (@hausfath) November 12, 2022
It is not that there is no good news on the climate front.
In world first, EU strikes deal to impose carbon border taxes on imports of polluting goods
— Assaad Razzouk (@AssaadRazzouk) December 14, 2022
The EU has agreed to impose a carbon dioxide emissions tariff on imports of polluting goods such as steel and cement. This is the world’s first scheme of its kind, designed to support European industries as they decarbonise. It will also include fertilisers, aluminium and electricity.
Good climate news this week
1 EU to impose carbon border taxes
2 China to curb methane emissions
3 Tokyo in mandatory new solar for buildings
4 JB Straubel in $3.5b new green battery recycling plant
5 HSBC stops funding new oil and gas
6 Pemex to invest $12b to reduce emissions https://t.co/9o4upVGdi4
— Assaad Razzouk (@AssaadRazzouk) December 19, 2022
“No More Fairy Tales” is a collection of “Positive-Outcome, Climate-Fiction Short Stories”.
We can still avert climate catastrophe
We do have the wherewithal to abandon fossil fuels and decarbonise our societies:
Getting a lot of q’s about what today’s nuclear fusion breakthrough means for climate. My answer is: not much. We already have the technologies we need to decarbonise 80% of the electricity sector by 2030 even as demand soars due to electrification: https://t.co/ufVTBQGSBc
— Prof. Katharine Hayhoe (@KHayhoe) December 12, 2022
The global biodiversity COP15 ended in Montreal with a ground-breaking agreement to protect 30 percent of the planet. It is far from perfect and leaves many environment groups dissatisfied. What worries me too, though, is that people are talking about it as a “Paris Agreement” for biodiversity. Sure, the Paris Agreement was a major breakthrough, but the best of treaties is worthless if they are not implemented. And looking at the state of the climate today …
We have to radically change our lifestyles and economies in the interests of the climate and biodiversity – which are, of course, intrinsically linked.
In a study published in Nature on December 12th, Jason Hickel, Giorgos Kallis, Diana Urge-Vorsatz, Julia Steinberger and their fellow authors argue the case for degrowth.
Wealthy countries can create prosperity while using less materials &energy if they abandon economic growth as an objectivehttps://t.co/m17zJSUZqV
— Diana Urge-Vorsatz (@DianaUrge) December 12, 2022
“Reports this year by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) suggest that degrowth policies should be considered in the fight against climate breakdown and biodiversity loss, respectively”, they write. The measures they discuss include “scaling down destructive sectors such as fossil fuels, mass-produced meat and dairy, fast fashion, advertising, cars and aviation, including private jets. At the same time, there is a need to end the planned obsolescence of products, lengthen their lifespans and reduce the purchasing power of the rich.”
The degrowth strategy would also include improving public services, introducing a green jobs guarantee, reducing working time and enabling sustainable development.
“In our view”, the authors conclude, the question is no longer whether growth will run into limits, but rather how we can enable societies to prosper without growth, to ensure a just and ecological future.”
Zeke Hausfather, the climate scientist and energy systems analyst I quoted earlier, told Foresight in an interview:
“The future doesn’t boil down to either a 1.5 degree Celsius future or an apocalyptic hellscape. Climate change is ultimately a matter of degrees rather than thresholds […] The single most important thing we can do is to take as rapid action as possible to reduce emissions.” For that, people have to become pro-active in tackling the climate problem:
“We should take more time to discuss how people can get involved in the solutions. And I don’t just mean buying electric cars or alternative diets. I’m talking about voting, organizing politically, reaching out to decision-makers and getting out on the streets. This aspect is absent in a lot of public discussions which tend to focus on the global impacts of climate change. We need people to mobilize and become politically active.“
Here in Germany, the “Last Generation” group of climate activists has attracted widespread public attention with protests involving glueing themselves to roads and airport runways. The group aims to fight climate change and move the government to take stronger action by generating public outrage through civil disobedience. They are facing a lot of criticism – and tough legal action, including imprisonment. But ultimately, as the movement sees itself, this is the “last generation” with the ability to halt the climate crisis and “correct our past mistakes”.
“We have an obligation to act now, not only for ourselves but for all the generations to come”, says the mission statement.
Not everybody is willing to glue themselves to something or risk imprisonment for the sake of the planet and future generations. But we all have to take action in our own ways – now.
I’ll let the Last Generation have the last word:
“After all, when we come together, we are a formidable force. Don’t forget, it’s our action, our planet, and our legacy on the line.”
Related stories from around the North:
Canada: Indigenous-led conservation key to ensuring biodiversity goals says ICC, Eye on the Arctic
Finland: Finns increasingly worried about biodiversity loss, especially abroad, Eye on the Arctic
Greenland: Marine ecosystem off Southeast Greenland may have crossed tipping point, says study, Eye on the Arctic
Iceland: Climate, integration & Arctic among priorities in Iceland’s Nordic Council of Ministers program, Eye on the Arctic
Norway: Thawing permafrost melts ground under homes and around Global Seed Vault in Svalbard, The Independent Barents Observer
Russia: 30–50% of critical northern infrastructure could be at high risk by 2050 due to warming, says study, Eye on the Arctic
Sweden: Sweden not doing enough to protect biodiversity, new report shows, Radio Sweden
United States: Alaska villages facing erosion, flooding receive relocation grants, Eye on the Arctic
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Urban Best Management Practices
Green Infrastructure Education and Outreach
The goal of the green infrastructure education and outreach program at Onondaga Environmental Institute is to support and create opportunities for youth, adults, and organizations and businesses to learn about and become involved in green infrastructure projects in the City of Syracuse.
Like many cities of its era, Syracuse has been plagued by the flow of raw sewage into its waterways after heavy rainfall. This is a result of the storm sewers and sanitary sewers being connected. During heavy rainfall the capacity of the system to treat the combined stormwater and sewage is exceeded and the stormwater mixed with sewage is diverted to local streams. This is called a combined sewage overflow event. Onondaga County is working to reduce combined sewage overflows using a combination of approaches including sewer separation, increased storage and green infrastructure. In this context, green infrastructure refers to a suite of best management practices that seek to mimic the natural water cycle in order to reduce and slow down the amount of water running off impervious surfaces and increase the amount of water to infiltrating or seeping into the ground. The more water that is kept out of the storm sewer during a storm, the less likely there will be a combined sewage overflow event. Common green infrastructure practices include pervious pavement, rain gardens, rain barrels, cisterns, green roofs, trees and tree pits.
OEI has been working on a variety of projects:
- Partnered with Onondaga County Water Environment Protection to design and install a demonstration rain garden in front of the (name) building at METRO.
- Provided hands-on training in GI outreach, implementation and maintenance for the Onondaga Earth Corps.
- Assisting Home HeadQuarters with incorporating more green infrastructure and environmentally friendly landscapes on their properties
- Building the capacity of the Partnership for Onondaga Creek to educate their neighbors about GI
- Developing educational materials such brochures and Power Point presentations for the general public.
- Piloting green infrastructure curriculum materials with the Onondaga Earth Corps, the Partnership for Onondaga Creek
Onondaga Earth Corps
Onondaga County Water Environment Protection
Partnership for Onondaga Creek
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Most of us get our water from a municipal supplier – but if you live in a rural region or you have a spare patch of land, you might need to (or want to) consider installing a well.
But what’s best: well water or city water? What are the advantages and disadvantages of both water types? And which is best for you?
You’ll find all the answers to these questions in this well water vs city water guide.
📌 Key Takeaways:
- Well water is groundwater sourced from private wells.
- City water is publicly treated water that’s either sourced from surface (most common) or groundwater supplies.
- Well water is best for folks who want to control how their water is treated and prefer to drink mineral-rich, naturally filtered groundwater, but some people prefer city water because it’s treated for them and a more reliable supply of water.
Table of Contents
📊 Quick Comparison Chart
|Well Water||City/ Municipal Water|
|Treatment responsibility||Well owner||The city|
|May contain contaminants||Yes||Yes|
|Service disruptions possible||No||Yes|
|Monthly water bill||No||Yes|
|Risk of contamination during natural disaster||Low||High|
🏠 What is Well Water?
Well water is sourced from a private well and comes directly from the earth.
A well is made by drilling a hole in the ground to reach a layer of permeable rock known as the underground aquifer. A pump system is used to transport the water up to your home.
Unlike city water, well water doesn’t come from a public treatment center. It’s not disinfected with chemicals to eliminate harmful pathogens.
However, water in wells is naturally filtered to some extent by the rock and soil layers it moves through. Many well owners use a well water filter to remove the most common well contaminants and protect against microorganisms just in case.
👨🔬 Well water isn’t regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Quality Guidelines. If your property comes with a private well, you’ll take on the responsibility of testing your well for certain impurities, and treating it accordingly.
Advantages of Well Water
Here are some of the reasons to consider well water for your home:
- No monthly water bill. A private well isn’t connected to a public water supply – it’s part of your property. That means you don’t have to pay to use your water, which is a major benefit of well water.
- No disruptions to your water supply. Owning a private well gives you more control over when maintenance will be performed, so you won’t unexpectedly be left without water. Plus, underground aquifers are more protected from natural disasters than surface water bodies and the water only has to travel from your backyard.
- Healthier, tastier drinking water. Well water is free from disinfection chemicals and often contains high levels of minerals with health benefits, like calcium and magnesium. Chlorine-free, mineral-rich water typically tastes pleasant and alkaline.
- You have control. With your own private well, you can control what it tastes like and what it contains. You know exactly where your water comes from, and you can invest in filtration equipment to treat it as you like. You don’t rely on city resources, and you know for sure how water gets to your home, so you can avoid drinking lead in your water.
Continue Reading: A Deep Dive Into the Benefits of Well Water
Disadvantages of Well Water
There are a few setbacks of drinking water from a well:
- Needs electricity. While you won’t have to pay water bills for well water, you will have to foot the electricity costs for the well water pump. Plus, if you have a power cut, your access to your well’s water will be cut off unless you have a backup generator.
- Not guaranteed to be clean. Well water is untreated and may contain naturally occurring contaminants. These contaminants may leave stains across your whole house or affect your water’s taste or smell. You may need to buy filtration and water softener solutions that treat hard water minerals and filter common impurities that contaminate well water like iron, sulfur and bacteria. This comes at a cost.
- It’s your responsibility. In some ways, the freedom of owning your own well is a benefit. But in other ways, it can be a hassle. It’s your job to schedule regular well water tests for water quality, maintain your filtration systems, and arrange for maintenance or damage repair. It’s important that you understand what you’re responsible for as a private well owner.
- Water may be contaminated. A well water system is susceptible to contamination, especially if the well is located near your own septic system or septic tank, an underground storage tank, or farm. Sewage and waste leakage, rainwater, and dead animals can all contaminate a well. You’ll need to filter your well water to remove microorganisms like bacteria or pollutants such as nitrates.
🏢 What is City or Municipal Water?
If you live in a municipality, you’ll most likely receive potable water from your local authority. You pay for this water, and it’s available whenever you turn on your tap.
Municipal water is treated with chlorine before it’s sent through underground pipes into our homes. Tap water doesn’t contain harmful contaminants like coliform bacteria – although it does contain disinfectant chemicals.
City water is safe to drink according to EPA Standards, but it still contains traces of chemicals, heavy metals, and other pollutants.
Advantages of City Water
Here’s why some folks enjoy being on city water systems:
- Convenient. You should always have instant access to your city water. Public water systems tend to be very reliable (with the exception of natural disasters), which should give you peace of mind if you like to always be prepared.
- No-hassle tap water. You don’t need to pay to get your city water tested or to install a filtration system if you don’t want to. The sourcing, testing, and treatment of your city’s water supply are handled by your local authority.
- Already disinfected. On the same note, you won’t need to disinfect municipal water because it has already undergone chemical treatment at the treatment center. This saves both time and money.
- Easier to sell your home. Your property value tends to be higher if you have a reliable city water supply. Plus, you should find it easier to get a loan from a mortgage lender.
Disadvantages of Municipal Water
There are a few disadvantages of municipal water that you should also know about.
- Contains harsh chemicals. The EPA regulates chlorine use in city water, and the current accepted level is 4 parts per million (PPM). But even low levels of disinfection chemicals can have health effects, and you may not want to drink them at all.
- May contain traces of contaminants. Just because city water is treated to kill viruses and bacteria such as E. Coli, that doesn’t mean it’s free from traces of contaminants and pollutants like heavy metals, radium, pesticides, and fluoride. These come from factories, nuclear power plants, and farms.
- Out of your control. The quality of your city water is controlled by your local authority. You don’t have a say in how your water is disinfected, and you’ll need to remove the likes of chlorine and fluoride yourself if you don’t like that they’re added to your water. You also don’t have control over how your water gets to your home – it may, for instance, pass through lead pipes.
- Pay monthly water bills. To receive city water, you’ll need to be paying monthly water bills. Your bills can rack up if you have a big family and multiple bathrooms.
🤔 City Water vs Well Water: Which is Better?
So, comparing well water vs city water, which is best?
The best type of water for you depends on what level of control – and therefore responsibility – you’d like to have when it comes to your drinking water source.
Let’s take a look at the key differences between city and well water, and which water type is best in each area.
Responsibility & Maintenace
When it comes to your responsibility as a homeowner, you’ll need to do much more when you have a well.
If you’d rather have control over your water supply, and you don’t mind the extra responsibility of regularly testing and treating your water, well water is best.
If you prefer to have on-demand water with more reliability, and you don’t want the hassle of maintaining your water source, city water is best.
Contaminants & Quality
Both well water and city water supplies usually contain contaminants, but the types of contaminants differ.
City water has been treated, so you don’t necessarily need a filtration system to benefit from clean water in your whole house (unless you want to eliminate harmful chemicals and trace levels of pollutants).
Well water often contains natural minerals and metals, and may become contaminated from outside sources, like nearby sewers or septic tanks. It’s your responsibility to test for these contaminants and treat your water accordingly.
Both well water and city water contain hard water minerals, so you may need to install a water softener in both instances.
Neither well water nor city water is best, here – you’ll probably receive mildly contaminated water from either source.
A natural disaster could cause your city water to become contaminated or cut off your supply of water.
If you have a well, you need to think about how your water safety might be affected by the requirement for electricity. Your well pump and other components may also be damaged by a disaster such as an earthquake.
There are risks to both well and city sources in this case. It’s best to have an emergency supply of water in your home as a precaution.
Considering cost, you may find the idea of a monthly water bill less appealing than the costs of owning a house with a well.
You’ll need to pay a monthly bill with city water, whereas a well water system will require larger, less frequent bills for maintenance, pump and pressure tank replacements, and water testing.
It’ll still likely work out cheaper in the long run to own a well, so well water is best if you want to save money.
📊 How To Improve Your Water Quality
Whether you have well water or city water, it’s likely that your water isn’t perfect.
Well water is usually very hard and often contains contaminants like iron, sulfur, manganese, sediment, and tannins. City water contains disinfectants, pollutants, and other common surface water contaminants, and may also have hardness issues.
There are a few methods of improving your water quality, depending on the issue:
- Cartridge filters, such as activated carbon filters, KDF filters, and ceramic filters. These filters remove a range of physical contaminants from water and are found in countertop units, under-sink systems, pitchers, faucet filters, whole house water filter systems, and more.
- Backwashing filters, such as air or chemical oxidation filters. These filters oxidize and remove contaminants like iron, manganese, and sulfur.
- Water softeners or water conditioners. These systems are installed at water’s point of entry into your home and remove hardness minerals or crystallize them, preventing scale formation in your home’s plumbing system.
- UV purifiers, which disinfect water using ultraviolet light. They’re most commonly sold as add-one to whole home filters.
Check out our guide on how to choose a water filter system if you want to know more about how to pick the right solution to treat your city or well water.
❔ City Vs Well Water: FAQ
Is well water or city water better?
There is no clear winner in the city vs well water comparison. City water is better for you if you prefer a consistent, reliable, hassle-free drinking water solution, but well water is better if you prefer to drink naturally filtered groundwater and control how your water is treated.
Why is city water better than well?
Some people think city water is better than well water because it has been disinfected to kill microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. However, well water has benefits, too, including a natural mineral content and a lack of contaminants that are commonly found in city surface water supplies, like pesticides and other pollutants.
What is healthier, well water or city water?
Well water is generally healthier than city water because it contains a higher concentration of healthy minerals and doesn’t contain health-harmful surface water pollutants or chemical disinfectants. However, some well water supplies contain high levels of unhealthy contaminants, like arsenic, chromium, and other heavy metals. You can use a water filtration system or combination of filters to remove these contaminants and improve water quality.
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Family: ACANTHURIDAE, Surgeonfish, Surgeonfishes, Tangs
teeth: close-set spatulas
Acanthurids are medium sized fishes (~ 20-100 cm) that have deep, compressed bodies; a steep head profile; eye high on side of head; a small protrusible mouth placed low on head; close-set teeth that are variously flattened with toothed edges, or comb-like and incurved; a single un-notched dorsal fin with IV-IX spines, 19-31 rays; anal fin II-III, 19-36 rays; pelvic fins I, 3-5; sides of tail base with a collapsible spine, or a series of cutting plates or bony knobs; scales very small, rough; lateral line complete.
Worldwide this pantropical to warm temperate family has ~80 species in 6 genera of surgeonfishes. Three W Atlantic members of 1 circumtropical genus occur in the Greater Caribbean.
PREPARED BY D ROSS ROBERTSON, AFTER RANDALL (2002)
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How did Hitler's foreign policy from 1933 to 1939 lead to war?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Hitler's foreign policy led to war by being so aggressive that eventually the French and British could no longer ignore the fact that Hitler was trying to gain a dominant position in Europe.
Hitler's foreign policy was one of expansion. He used the idea that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair to Germans as a pretext for this expansion. He used it (along with the idea of self-determination for all ethnic groups) to justify the Anschlusswith Austria. He used it to demand that the Sudetenland be given to Germany. He then used it to demand and get all of the rest of Czechoslovakia. When he finally used this rationale to invade Poland, the war started.
Hitler, then, followed a very aggressive and expansionist foreign policy. This eventually led the French and British to be alarmed enough to declare war.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes
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Solar Panels 12v
12 volts Solar panels
One of the indispensable components in the photovoltaic installation, the solar panels, the choice of the panels, a very important role, choosing the type of panel, the measurement, the voltage and making an adequate study for our energy needs, can make you save money and problems of operation in the solar installation in the future.
In our section of solar panels you can choose what will best suit your needs, depending on where it is installed, the type of inverter, the type of batteries and the amount of energy that should be chosen. We have solar panels at 12V, 60 and 72 cells.
It is not necessary to be an expert in solar panel assembly or have a broad knowledge of electricity. If we want to make our house self-sufficient with solar energy we have to make an estimate of our consumers. If our consumption is majority on weekends or weekdays, at the hours when we get higher consumption, type of household appliances, if we have LED bulbs ... etc.
Depending on these variables we will choose the number of solar panels so that we can assemble to obtain the necessary power to supply our consumption.
From Suministros del Sol we offer to help you in your project of efficient work your house using renewable energies through a photovoltaic installation. We advise you in the calculation of consumption and we propose a kit of solar panels to obtain the necessary power, as well as the compatibility with the different components and equipment.
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The Armenian temple of Surb Karapet is the heart of the village of Nesvetai in Rostov Oblast.
The settlement of the lands of the Don by Armenians has begun at the end of the 18th century. Catherine II adopted a decree on the resettlement of Armenians from Crimea to the Sea of Azov.
In 1779, thousands of Armenians arrived at their new place of residence. They began to build their villages, with the first structures in them being churches. They nostalgically named them in honor of the temples left in the Crimea, as if extending their life.
According to the project of the Taganrog architect N. Muratov, the settlers erected a church of unique beauty on the northern outskirts of the small village of Nesvetai in 1892.
This church was financed by the citizens of Nakhichevan-on-Don (has been merged with Rostov-on-Don) as a gift to the village and villagers. They named the church in honor of Surb Karapet (John the Baptist).
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- An orange for each participant (or clementine, satsuma, tangerine, etc.)
- Baby wipes or towels for each participant
Set-Up: Find a location where everyone can have access to the floor, and enough room to spread themselves out.
- Direct the participants to roll the oranges around in their hand to loosen the skin, then to peel it off.
- Have the participants sit with their hands behind them, and their feet flat. They are to select one hand to place the orange under, with their palm open and flat on top of it. Tell the participants that they are going to slowly balance themselves upon the orange. If at any time they squish the object, making orange juice, they get to watch the remainder of the group (and they get to clean themselves up). Additionally, if at any point in time, a body part that has been eliminated touches the ground, the participant is also eliminated.
- The following is a sequence of progression to eliminate participants:
- Raise your bodies so that the only part touching is your feet, 1 hand, and 1 hand with the orange under it.
- Raise the same foot as your orange hand (so if your right hand is on the orange, raise your right foot).
- Raise the palm of the hand not touching the orange.
- Put your palm down, and only raise your fingers.
- Remove the hand not on the orange.
- Balance on the heel of your foot.
- If somehow, you still have members competing, it’s a waiting game to see who loses balance first.
- In place of oranges, you can use eggs or water balloons. Or if you’re trying to have a non-wasteful approach, use those water soaked mesh balls.
- For a different positioning of the orange, have all the participants stand with a table near them. Have them place 1 hand on an orange on the table, and lift 1 leg. Then have them stand on their toes, and wait it out.
Teachable Moment: Talk about stress.
- As the orange is stressed, the result is a squishy, sticky mess.
- What are some stressors for you?
- What do you need to balance?
- The result of a stressed orange is something valuable, if it can be contained: orange juice!
- Are there any benefits of being stressed?
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Restoring Pedro Point Headlands
For decades, Pedro Point Headlands was the site of unrestricted off-highway vehicle (OHV) use, leaving bare scars and gullies. These created erosion into San Pedro Creek, impacting threatened steelhead and California red-legged frogs. It also resulted in landslides, which threatened to flow onto Highway 1 and the future California Coastal Trail area. While many scars have healed, some persist and continue to erode.
The Pacifica Land Trust is rallying the community to restore the beauty and health of the Pedro Point Headlands. Together with the community and our partners, we can restore this unique coastal ecosystem and improve the trails.
For more information
- Properly fill and eliminate existing gullies and past OHV damage
- Re-establish the natural topography and drainage in the highly eroded coastal bluff areas.
- Restore disturbed trails and gullies to Coastal Prairie and Coastal Scrub vegetation.
- With the help of volunteer stewards, propagate and salvage native plants
- Incorporate a trail design and construction plan to build safe, sustainable pedestrian trails.
Photo by Dave Rauenbuehler.
Erosion Control Planting and Trails
Invasive Species Removal
Hundreds of people over the past few years have worked very hard restoring the eroded slopes of Pedro Point, a 246-acre park that hosts a habitat now rare along the California coast. Invasive plants and trees — like French Broom, isolated Monterey pines and eucalyptus — have been removed to give way to coastal prairie and shrub land that is home to dozens of species of native plants and wildlife. Still, there's plenty more work to be done on the windswept bluffs overlooking Devil’s Slide.
from Pacifica Patch
Bay Nature Article
Pedro Point Headlands Stewardship Project
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Up next in How to Understand Personal Finance Terms (53 videos)
Learn what financial terms like "amortization," "annuity," and "short sale" mean in these Howcast videos.
A mutual fund is a financial company, and basically they take your money and my money, they put it together, and they hire a team of professionals to make the investing decisions. So that's great, because instead of you or me trying to decide what stock to buy or when to sell, this team of professionals is doing that for us and that's called professional money management. That's one of the big benefits of the mutual fund. The other benefit of a mutual fund is that the average mutual fund might buy 50 or 100 investments all inside the one fund and so what that means is your money is diversified. If one investment that they choose isn't doing well, there are other investments in there to balance that out. So again, the two big benefits of a mutual fund are the professional management and the diversification. So when you want to invest in a stock or you want to invest in a bond, there's really two different ways to do that. You can go buy individual stocks on your own where you're picking the specific companies, or you can invest in a stock mutual fund where the mutual fund company does that for you. Most people I talk to quite frankly are too busy with their jobs, their families, their life to really take the time to learn a lot about investing. It's not that you can't, but people are just so busy, they often don't get around to it. And so for most people watching, using mutual funds for your investing is a much better way to invest than to try and pick individual securities on your own. Make sure you pick mutual funds that are in different types because there are a lot of different types of mutual funds out there. There are stock mutual funds or bond mutual funds or mutual funds that invest in technology or that invest in Brazil. Any way you want to invest, there's pretty much a mutual fund out there that will do that for you, and in a lot of cases it's better to have that professional management team there making the investment decisions on your behalf instead of you or I.
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[I’m writing this on a snow day, stuck indoors, in between episodes of work and playing with my kids].
A few years ago, Ed Yong started a tongue-in-cheek blog titled Nature Wants to Eat You. Playing off that idea, I wrote a blogpost citing several examples of altruistic behavior in various animal species, adding that “sometimes, nature may even want to hug you.” The point was that nature isn’t all bad. Nature isn’t nasty or nice; it’s indifferent. Out of that indifference, life has even evolved to allow some species to engage in play. Maybe, nature wants to play with you.
I quoted the primatologist Frans deWaal, who explained why it is problematic to focus solely on the colder, cruel side of evolution:
“The error is to think that, since natural selection is a cruel, pitiless process of elimination, it can only have produced cruel and pitiless creatures. But nature’s pressure cooker does not work that way. It favors organisms that survive and reproduce, pure and simple. How they accomplish this is left open” (2009: 58).
An evolutionary perspective properly emphasizes the importance of survival and reproduction. However, not every moment is filled with life-and-death-and-mating situations. For long-living species like ourselves, there is a lot of time to spend responding to life’s challenges, before, during, and after making it to the age of reproduction. All of those moments surely count for something, and they’re probably better spent when they are pleasurable, when we can find meaning and happiness, and when our relationships with those around us are cooperative rather than antagonistic. Somewhere in that calculus, nature has allowed several species to engage in play.
Example A. Goats playing on a metal sheet (source).
University of Colorado Professor emeritus Marc Beckoff wrote that one of the reasons that play might exists among other species is that it’s exploratory, to help them prepare for future environmental challenges:
my colleagues Marek Spinka, Ruth Newberry, and I proposed that that play functions as training for the unexpected by increasing the versatility of movements and the ability to recover from sudden shocks, such as the loss of balance and falling over, and to enhance the ability of animals to cope emotionally with unexpected stressful situations. To obtain this training, we suggested that animals actively seek and create unexpected situations in play and actively put themselves into disadvantageous positions and situations.
Beckoff added that play was likely pleasurable, not just for people, but for other animals as well. It’s hard to know exactly what an animal is thinking, and it’s somewhat risky to anthropomorphize and assume that just because something looks like play to us that is exactly what is going on.
DeWaal noted that we are often torn when looking at animal behavior because of two different forms of parsimony. On the one hand, scientists shouldn’t go beyond the evidence, or suggest other species are using higher mental processes when simpler ones may suffice (e.g., conditioning). DeWaal referred to this as “cognitive parsimony.” On the other hand, we have “evolutionary parsimony.” We also know that evolution is a gradual process, so it makes sense that related species should have similar genes, anatomy, and possibly behavior.
Therefore, maybe it’s not such a big leap to expect that something like play might exist in other species. There seem to be plenty of examples. Now, to go play with my kids in the snow…
A gibbon teasing tiger cubs (source)
Monkey playing with cat (source)
A gorilla playing in leaves (source)
A crow sledding down a roof (source)
An otter playing with a kid (source)
A panda playing with a snowman (source)
A dog playing in a home-made ball pit (source)
A young gorilla playing with a kid (source)
Pandas enjoying a slide (source)
De Waal F. 2009. Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved. Princeton Books. (Link)
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In actuality, meditation is an activity that embarks on the quest of silencing the mind to embrace the power and complexities of the universe. Many religions practice meditation; Paganism, Judaism,Buddhism, & Hinduism for example. However, meditation is also used in many non-religious applications such as yoga and therapy. As we all know, mediation has a large variety of benefits and has been the center of some extensive scientific research, some proven benefits are listed below:
Improves digestion & blood pressure (Harvard Medical School) Boosts creativity (Science Daily, 2010) Increases pain tolerance & improves mental processing (Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 2010) Effectively relieves chronic pain. (Clinical Journal of Pain 2(1986): 159-173.) Decreases the risk of heart attack (The Stroke Journal, 2009) Helps overcome anxiety, depression, & anger (Psychosomatic Medicine, 2009) Improves sexual interactions (The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2009) Promotes weight loss (Journal Emotion, 2007) Increases focus & attention (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2007) Increases the size of your brain (Harvard University Gazette, 2006) Over coming stress (University of Massachusetts Medical School, 2003)
It's likely that your day-to-day life is full of unending distractions and that it's hard to get even a moment of peace. This is completely understandable in a world where everyone has such stimulated and busy lives, but when you prepare to meditate it's important to find a space where you can be removed from these distractions to ensure that you get the best experience out of your session.To begin this task, first decide whether you wish to hold your session inside or outside.
If you choose to hold it inside, make sure to find a quite room away from any disturbances. Turn off the television, cell phone, computer, iPad, and any other electronics. If you can, turn off the lights as well, or light some soothing candles/incense. Lastly, make preparations with roommates, and finish any work beforehand to minimize disturbances.
If you wish to meditate outside, plan your excursion in accordance to the weather and temperature so you can be comfortable while outside. Comfort is essential when meditating, and should be a top priority while meditating. You need to be comfortable with the sights, smells, tastes, feel, and sounds in your environment to provide the best experience possible. Once you've found a suitable place, sit comfortably, close your eyes if you wish, and begin.
In addition to being comfortable, breathing is another important aspect of meditation. Start by taking slow, deep breaths in through your nose, and out through your mouth. As you inhale through your nose, let the air completely fill your lungs before exhaling through your mouth. With each breath, imagine tranquil energies being taken into your body, and with each exhalation anxious & excitable energies being pushed out into the universe. Remind yourself that there is no need to rush or worry. If you find yourself having trouble with sitting still, shake your arms and feet a bit, and then return to meditating. After a few minutes, this should leave you feeling physically calm and relaxed.
Once you reach this state, the next step is to quiet your mind of random and spontaneous thoughts. Begin by observing the natural thoughts that enter your mind, don't try to change or alter them, just acknowledge them. After a while, try to calm your mind, and slowly remove any stray thoughts. Don't try to instantly remove all of your stray thoughts, rather remove them gradually so that it will be more manageable. Once you have completed this, you should feel calm and at peace. You now have the choice to continue on with your day or to remain in the tranquil atmosphere you have created for as long as you wish. If you desire, you can now take this opportunity to reflect on your life actions and choices, or perhaps give undisturbed thought to a situation/question in your life. At this point, you may do whatever pleases you.
I suggest meditating for at least 30 minutes today and then 15 minutes each day after for a month. In truth, 15 minutes is only a small fraction of your day and despite the busy schedule you might lead, you will have enough time to finish a short session. When you have finished your first try at Meditation I would suggest you write up a small summery of what happened, how it felt, etc. and add it to your Book Of Shadows. (Or save it for future Book of Shadows)
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| 0.934162 | 939 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In my search on ways to save energy, I found Microsoft Hohm. It is a beta application that uses the advanced analytics licensed from Lawrence Berkeley Labs as well as the home energy simulation calculator devised by the Department of Energy, and incorporates over 200 variables in its estimations. I signed up for a FREE account and with just a few clicks, I started to learn many ways on how to reduce my home energy and save on my energy bills. It provided me suggestions and energy-saving habits to improve my home’s energy efficiency based on my current home profile.
There are several ways to reduce electricity use in your home and save on energy bills. You can reduce it by aiming your attention on how you use electricity in your home appliances and electronics, lighting, electric space heating and cooling systems, and electric water heater. If you wish to learn how you can reduce your home energy usage and start saving today, sign up with Hohm and they will provide you with a home energy report and Energy saving recommendations tailored to your home for free.
Home Appliances and Electronics
Use Energy-Efficient Appliances and Home Electronics. Look for the ENERGY STAR® and EnergyGuide labels when buying appliances and home electronics. Products with ENERGY STAR meet the strict energy efficiency criteria established by the U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EnergyGuide labels provide an estimate of the product's energy consumption or energy efficiency and show the highest and lowest energy consumption or efficiency estimates of similar appliance models.
You can reduce your use of lighting energy by using energy-efficient products and taking advantage of the natural lights from the windows and skylights. If you are using incandescent bulbs, replace them with either compact fluorescent light (CFL) or LED lighting. Fluorescent and LED lamps last several times longer than ordinary incandescent bulbs, which save you the time and expense of replacing bulbs when they burn out.
Electric space heating and cooling
When looking for ways to save energy in your home, be sure to use energy-efficient electric systems and operate them efficiently. Incorporate passive solar design concepts into your home and properly insulate and air seal your home. Windows that are tightly constructed and filled with insulating gases can make a big contribution to your home's energy efficiency and reduce your heating and cooling bill. You may also use an energy-efficient heating system that does not utilize electricity.
Electric water heating
Lower the temperature setting on your water heater. Lowering the temperature setting of your water heater reduces water heating costs. You can save between 3%–5% in energy costs for every 10ºF reduction in water temperature. For even more savings, turn the thermostat down to the lowest setting or completely turn off the water heater if you plan to be out for at least 3 days. Refer to your water heater owner's manual for instructions on how to operate the thermostat before making any changes.
Thank you so much for the visits and the drops.
|Dropper||# of drops|
|My Sweet Haven||22|
|Videos 4 U||19|
|A Flightsim Blog||17|
|Soft And Easy Does It||17|
|Beyond Left Field||14|
|Life With Roxxymetal||13|
|Home Improvement Tips||13|
Don't worry if you were not among this list. March is recognition day and I will be posting my other visitors here soon.
You may also be interested with Mary's Top Ten Things To Do While on Maternity Leave.
Would you like to take me as your pet?
Everyone has a real need to nurture something or someone. For people who have few companions, animals provide family and friendship, something to care for and to be recognized by. Pets provide love and affection, as well as supply a sense of security and protection.
Aside from the emotional benefits, pets also bring physical health benefits to pet owners. Taking care of a pet encourages action. Pets need to be walked, fed, groomed and given fresh water. They also need lots of playing and petting. Walking the dog out a few times a day can benefit the cardiovascular system and keep joints flexible. Consistently doing these kind of simple exercise enable pet owners to carry out the normal activities of daily living.
Experts say, if a person suffers from heart disease or stress, a cuddle a day may keep the doctor away. However, if hugs are hard to come by, the next best thing may be a dog or a cat in the lap.
Are you thinking of having a family vacation with this car?
A family vacation should be relaxing. It should be something that rejuvenates and exhilarates a person. With a little preparation and some creativity, you can plan an affordable family trip everyone will enjoy.
Family vacation is easy with a Ford Explorer. Before hitting the road, make sure that your car is in proper working condition. It can help you avoid an unnecessary detour to an auto repair shop. If, for any reason, you meet car problems like a blown head gasket, bring your car to a reliable auto repair shop. If you happen to be in California, this list of Los Angeles auto repair shops may help you solve your problem.
Regardless of where your final destination is, remember that the most important thing on a family vacation is to have fun and get there safely.
I am now facing the greatest challenge as a mother (I think). I have to make a choice between leaving my work to personally take care of my baby or keeping my work and let other people I do not even know do my job as a mother. How I wish I could have both. If only I could have my present job at home, taking care of my baby would not be a great concern anymore.
Our last two nannies, Rose and Julita, were a nightmare. My baby got sick two weeks after Rose started to (mis)handle him. Whenever we come home from work, there were plenty of mosquito bites on my baby's skin. Luckily, he did not get the most dreaded Dengue Fever. A month later, when she collected her first salary, she did not come back after she asked to go out with her mother. She sent her boyfriend to get her clothes and personal belongings. What a face! Far worse is Julita. In just as short as five days, my baby had a fever. A neighbor told us, Julita leaves the house an hour or so, after we leave for work, comes back at noon to get her lunch and the baby's food and leaves again. She would always stay at a neighbor's house. My older children told us one day that the nanny lets the baby stay under the sun with only an umbrella for protection. They even went to a far apartment outside the subdivision!
Now, I have decided not to let others do my job as a mother. I could not allow anyone to harm my baby anymore! If I were to weigh the consequences, I would better leave work and stay home (and work online) with my baby. However, my husband tells me to think a million times about it. If I leave work, a bigger part of our financial stream will be lost. He told me to ask some advice from our boss. The problem is I do not know how to do it, or how to start! I do not want to make a wrong decision and let my family suffer the consequences but I could not also leave the care of my baby to a person I cannot trust.
Our minds often are cluttered with lists of things to do, challenges in the home or workplace, relationship issues, and many more. To keep memory loss at bay, remember to make healthy food choices, do regular exercise and stay active.
Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. These contain antioxidants called flavonoids that protect and nourish brain cells. Flavonoids can reduce damage to the brain and improve cognitive impairment. Although recent research supports that an intake of flavonoid-rich foods plays a vital role in reducing the risk of developing dementia, researchers feel more studies are required to make any sort of nutritional recommendation.
Exercise your mind. Keep the mind healthy by learning new things. If you continue to challenge yourself, your brain continues to grow. Challenging the brain with mental exercises can maintain and stimulate increased cognitive ability.
Reduce stress. Stress contributes to memory lapses. Regular moderate exercise, like walking, benefits the brain as well as the entire body.
Be socially active. Nurture family and friend connections and maintain an active social lifestyle.
Weekends are fun! It should be! This is the only chance that we spend the time together with my kids. We always see to it that we spend quality time with them however little it could be.
My kids love to sing. Maybe they got it from their father. I love music but I do not love to sing. (I will just keep the reasons for myself.) However, I really love to listen to good music. Music lifts my spirit when I am down and beats with me when I am happy.
We only have a few music selections at home. My kids would always ask to have this song or that song. I do not even know the songs exist until they would request for one! Well, that is basic generation gap. Luckily, there is the internet. The net has always been my partner at work and at home especially when they have assignments and school projects. Now, whenever they would ask for a song, I could readily download them from the Internet! MP3 Search Engine has a great number of music ready for download. Getting a copy is as easy as counting one, two three but we should always scan the files first. We do not know Mr. Bug is there. When my kids knew where I get the copies, they would request for more and never-ending song requests follow.
My husband and I were actually planning this event last September 2009 but due to financial constraints, we had postponed it many times. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all who attended and who became part of this important chapter of our child's life.
To all our family and friends who were always there to support us, morally, spiritually and financially, a million thanks to you all!
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Courtyards. Four courtyards, cleared of stones and delimited by fieldstone-built walls, were excavated (Loci 59, 60, 62, 63). The earth in the courtyards served as floor and installations were exposed in most of them. Two other courtyards could be seen within the precincts of the site but were not excavated.
Courtyard 60 (240 sq m; 12 × 20 m) was delimited in the south by a line of small clearance stones (W270) that were piled several centimeters high. A fieldstone-built wall (W267; length 8 m, width 0.4 m, height c. 0.25 m) enclosed the courtyard on the eastern side. Potsherds dating to the Early Islamic period, including a bowl (Fig. 5:2), were exposed in the courtyard. A built installation (L61; 1 × 2 m) in the northern part of the courtyard was enclosed within two walls (W288, W289; width 0.2 m, height c. 0.25 m). A non-examined heap of stones was visible within the courtyard, south of the installation. Three walls (W268, W269, W271; width 0.25 m), built a single course high, enclosed a cell (L48; 2 × 3 m) in the southeastern part of the courtyard, which was open to the north.
Courtyard 59 (72 sq m; 6 × 12 m) was surrounded by walls on four sides. The eastern and northern walls (W276, W277; width 0.75 m, preserved height 0.3 m) had been damaged in the past by mechanical equipment. On the western side of the courtyard was a short section of a wall built of fieldstones (W275) and its continuation was a wall of small clearance stones. The southern wall (W283) was built of a single course of stones. A hearth (L64) was discovered in the northeastern corner of the courtyard and several non-diagnostic potsherds and copper slag were found on the floor.
Courtyard 62 (200 sq m; 10 × 20 m) was delimited by two walls (W286, W287; width 0.25 m) that formed a corner. The walls were built of a single course of fieldstones and small clearance stones.
Courtyard 63 (c. 45 sq m; 5 × 8 m) was delimited by two walls (W278, W279). Wall 278 was built of two–three stone courses (width 0.4 m, preserved height 0.15 m). Only several stones of W279 were preserved, but its construction seems to resemble that of W278. A square installation (L49; 1 × 1 m) whose fieldstone-built walls (W280–W282; width 0.2 m) abutted W278 was exposed at the northwestern edge of the courtyard.
The second built cell (L44; Fig. 8) was exposed in the middle of the area, between Courtyards 59 and 62. Walls built of small clearance stones (W272–W274; preserved height 0.17 m) enclosed the cell on three sides, leaving it open to the north. A flint Levallois point and a copper concentrate on limestone were discovered in the cell, whose plan and dimensions were similar to Cell 48. It seems that the two were used as open prayer cells.
The building remains at the site point to a settlement of several families that existed around a source of water at Be’er Ora. The various structures and the different building materials suggest that each family determined the shape of its living quarters and decided on the materials used in its construction. Building complexes that included both courtyards and round buildings, which are characteristic of a semi-nomadic population, were exposed at the site; alongside were complexes of square buildings that are dominant in permanent settlements. The residents were probably one large tribe that consisted of several families, perhaps the same number as the cleared courtyards. These families possibly lived in tents and buildings of organic materials that did not survive and stood in the area of the cleared courtyards. It is assumed that the square building was erected during a later phase of the site. Scant ceramic finds dating to the Early Islamic period were discovered in the excavation, as well as at other sites in the vicinity of Be’er Ora. These indicate a society that produced little refuse and its domestic ware was made of wood and perishable woven plants. It is also possible that the settlement lasted for only a short period or the site was abandoned and its residents took all their possessions with them.
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|In the Spring or Summer time Cut a long piece of
Lime wood (sometimes called Basswood) about
2 - 4 inches thick at the base with as little knots and side branches as possible.
The bark will be easier to remove at this time of year when the sap has
Personally I wouldn't cut down a single lime tree (unless there were many together). This wood was taken from stool of coppiced Lime. Often there will be such shoots around where large lime trees have fallen. Cut thought the base of the wood as cleanly as possible on a slant. (cutting at a slant will stop rain water etc resting on top of the cut and will reduce the chances of the stump rotting.)
Stripping the bark
Cut thought the bark in a line down the length of the wood.
|Start to peel back the bark. It will probably
be hard to do with just your fingers because the bark is so strong.
Make a tool called a 'Spud' to help you (a chisel shaped piece of wood).
|Focus on loosening the bark from half way around the wood, then fully prise back the bark at one end and pull the bark away from the wood in one sheet.|
Retting the Bark
Once separated from the wood, put the bark it in a slow moving stream or lake. Use rocks or hooked sticks to keep it totally submerged.
the layers of bark will separate. Depending on the temperature of the
water (and probably the natural bacteria levels too) it can take between
2 and 8 weeks for the bark to go from a solid structure to a soft
fibrous sheet of many layers, this process is called retting. By the
time it's ready the bark will stink too, but that's no bother. It will
probably be covered in slime and various creatures may have made their
home on the surface. Rub the slime off, then dunk and wring out the bark
numerous times until clean.
|This is one layer of bark,
the majority of these fibres will be extremely strong! Traditionally
these fibres are often called 'Lime bast' and have been used throughout
history for many tying and binding jobs. For our ancestors this would
have been a very valuable resource.
|When the fibres dry they become nice and soft
and are ideal for cordage making. Because the fibres are long you wont
need to introduce new fibres as often when making cordage; which is rather
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| 0.948933 | 521 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In a conscious society, what we consume is under constant question. The internet has turned into a place where freedom of expression can be determined worthy or not. This determination is ultimately decided by the government; which can choose how much power they have over their citizens, and the material they choose to display. How did the freedom of internet use turn into a regulated sphere of censorship and laws?
Taking it too far? China’s control over their citizens.
Online censorship laws in China focus largely on the protection of their ruling Communist Party. They restrict any content that questions or possibly poses a threat to the government. Any examination of political, religious, or cultural information regarding the party is under constant surveillance. This is applicable to free speech, and state and foreign media. This includes print form and online. The extensive censoring of the Internet often goes unnoticed by Chinese citizens. They are unaware that the government is explicitly obstructing access to certain websites. The influence of the authorities is made invisible, one way is by identifying restrictions as technical issues. Lu Wei (commonly referred to as ‘China’s Internet Czar’), previously the head of the General Office of the Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization, confidently expressed:
“This path is the choice of history, and the choice of the people, and we walk the path ever more firmly and full of confidence”1
Is this choice of the people the same community that denies their own freedom of speech? It would be easy to have confidence in one’s own power.
Where the idea of one’s individual freedom is not compatible with a communist ideology, the opinions of the Chinese community are suppressed. The curious voices that wish to share a perspective through blogging websites are quickly removed by the government; this is when citizens become aware of the political control. Popular social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and Gmail, are all inaccessible. However, these foreign forms of social media are often replaced by China’s own heavily censored versions. These efforts are all apart of the Golden Shield Project , more specifically, the Great Firewall of China. The laws under the project mainly involve foreign websites, apps, social media, emails, instant messaging, and other online resources deemed inappropriate or offensive by authorities. These are described as ranging from depictions of violence and pornography, to more politically sensitive matters. These issues are ones that encourage democracy or portray the Communist Party in a negative or undermining manner. Even terms like: democracy, revolt, or student strike are allegedly blocked.
It is agreed among Chinese Internet communities that when there is confusion on the Internet, it can harm social stability. Although, a study conducted by Pew Internet in collaboration with American Life Project examined that 85% of Chinese citizens surveyed think that the government should be responsible for managing the Internet. It’s in a population’s interest to feel safe under cyber-security. Yet, when protection is dependant upon micromanagement, those affected start to feel suffocated by supremacy. Though it is evident that the attitudes of their communist system bleeds into Internet regulations, perhaps these conditions are just expected. It can be difficult to determine if Internet users would prefer a change in censorship laws. The ideologies of the regime are debatable; yet individual freedom for any community has long been a desirable circumstance.
Even so, when the eye of Big Brother is watching, you have their full attention.
“The Internet, is as much a tool for control, surveillance, and commercial considerations as it is for empowerment.” – Hu Xijin 2
The wonder down under.
While China is primarily focused on the protection of their own government, Australia is more concerned with the safety and well-being of their citizens. This difference between national security in regards to Internet censorship displays an emphasised comparison between two economically developed. Australia’s censorship with Internet regulation is more lenient in terms of consumer’s freedom. This is due to Australia being a democratic government. The values that constitute a democracy are described as having:
- freedom of election and being elected;
- freedom of assembly and political participation;
- freedom of speech, expression and religious belief;
- rule of law; and
- other basic human rights. “
In contrast, communism denies these ideologies.
This goes hand-in-hand with the tolerance and legal allowance of certain censorships. Australia however, is a Commonwealth, therefore, the responsibility for censorship laws are divided between each state and federal government. The Australian Broadcasting Authority (ABA) is responsible for the administration of the internet censorship regime. The Australian Communication and Media Authority (ACMA) have the power to restrict material that is on the internet. For example, if an Australian site was displaying content that would be classified as R18+ or X18+, and the site did not have an adult content verification system, the material could be refused classification.
Jillian C.York, December 24 2016, Censorship on Social Media: 2016 in Review
https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/12/censorship-social-media-2016-review Date Accessed: 8/11/17
Isabel Thottam, September 29 2016, Censorship is Killing the Spirit of Social Media
https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/09/censorship-is-killing-the-spirit-of-social-media.html Date Accessed: 8/11/17
TECH, 26 September 2016, Social media and censorship in China: how is it different to the West? http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/41398423/social-media-and-censorship-in-china-how-is-it-different-to-the-west Date Accessed: 8/11/17
Kim Jackson, Online only issued 19 October 2001, Censorship and Classification in Australia https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/censorshipebrief Date Accessed: 8/11/17
Beina Xu and Eleanor Albert, February 17 2017, Media Censorship in China https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china Date Accessed: 8/11/17
Simon Denyer, May 23 2016, China’s scary lesson to the world: Censoring the Internet works https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinas-scary-lesson-to-the-world-censoring-the-internet-works/2016/05/23/413afe78-fff3-11e5-8bb1-f124a43f84dc_story.html Date Accessed: 8/11/17
Jane Perlez and Paul Mozur, June 29 2016, Lu Wei, China’s Internet Czar, Will Step Down From Post https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/business/international/china-internet-lu-wei.html Date Accessed: 8/11/17
Samuel Wade, May 25 2016, China’s “New Normal” Internet Control: Does it Work?
https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2016/05/chinas-new-normal-internet-control-work/ Date Accessed: 8/11/17 (1)
Mihai Andrei, June 1 2016, ‘Tank Man’: The iconic image that China doesn’t want you to see
https://www.zmescience.com/other/great-pics/tank-man-tiananmen-square/ Date Accessed: 8/11/17
Randy James, March 18 2009, Chinese Internet Censorship
http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1885961,00.html Date Accessed: 8/11/17
Robert H. Jackson, 31 March 2006, Internet Censorship Laws in Australia
https://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html Date Accessed: 8/11/17
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The Black Hills (Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moʼȯhta-voʼhonáaeva in Cheyenne, awaxaawi shiibisha in Hidatsa) are a small, isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, USA. Harney Peak, which rises to 7,244 feet (2,208 m), is the range's highest summit. The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest and are home to the tallest peaks of continental North America east of the Rockies. The name "Black Hills" is a translation of the Lakota Pahá Sápa. The hills were so-called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they were covered in trees.
Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota took over the territory of the Black Hills, which became central to their culture. In 1868, the U.S. government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. However, when European Americans discovered gold there in 1874, as a result of George Armstrong Custer's Black Hills Expedition, erstwhile miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government re-assigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to other reservations in western South Dakota. Unlike most of South Dakota, the Black Hills were settled by European Americans primarily from population centers to the west and south of the region, as miners flocked there from earlier gold boom locations in Colorado and Montana.
The Rapid City Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Meade and Pennington County in South Dakota, anchored by the city of Rapid City. As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 112,818 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 124,766).
South Dakota is a state located in the north-central United States. It is usually considered to be in the Midwestern region of the country. The state can generally be divided into three geographic regions: eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills. Eastern South Dakota is lower in elevation and higher in precipitation than the western part of the state, and the Black Hills are a low, isolated mountain group in the southwestern corner of the state. Smaller sub-regions in the state include the Coteau des Prairies, Coteau du Missouri, James River Valley, the Dissected Till Plains, and the Badlands. Geologic formations in South Dakota range in age from two billion-year-old Precambrian granite in the Black Hills to glacial till deposited over the last few million years. South Dakota is the 17th-largest state in the country.
South Dakota has a humid continental climate in the east and in the Black Hills, and a semi-arid climate in the west outside of the Black Hills, featuring four very distinct seasons, and the ecology of the state features plant and animal species typical of a North American temperate grassland biome. A number of areas under the protection of the federal or state government, such as Badlands National Park, Wind Cave National Park, and Custer State Park, are located in the state.
Rapid City is the second-largest city in the State of South Dakota, and the county seat of Pennington County. Named after Rapid Creek on which the city is established, it is set against the eastern slope of the Black Hills mountain range. The town is called Fast Water Mni Luzahan by the American Indian, Lakota people who have inhabited the lands long before the Western Culture perpetrated genocide. This majority of the homeless and those living below the poverty line are American Indians, the Lakota people in Rapid City and the surrounding areas. The population was 67,956 as of the 2010 Census. Rapid City is known as the "Gateway to the Black Hills" and the "City of Presidents". The city is divided by a mountain range that splits the western and eastern parts of the city into two. Ellsworth Air Force Base located on the outskirts of the city. United States Army National Guard, Camp Rapid is located in West Rapid. In the nearby towns are Custer alongside Custer State Park, the Historic old west town of Deadwood is nearby. In the hills nearby Mount Rushmore and Crazy Horse Memorial are located.
South Dakota i/ / is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes. South Dakota is the 17th most extensive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with North Dakota. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 159,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as "East River" and "West River". Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. The Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains, are located in the southwest part of the state. The Black Hills are sacred to the Sioux. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there. Other attractions in the southwest include Badlands and Wind Cave national parks, Custer State Park, the Crazy Horse Memorial, and historic Deadwood. South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome.
The United States is a country in the Northern Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere, and the Eastern Hemisphere. It consists of forty-eight contiguous states in North America, Alaska, a peninsula which forms the northwestern most part of North America, and Hawaii, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. There are several United States territories in the Pacific and Caribbean. The term "United States", when used in the geographical sense, means the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the United States. The country shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime (water) borders with Russia, Cuba, and the Bahamas in addition to Canada and Mexico.
Hospitality is the relationship between the guest and the host, or the act or practice of being hospitable. This includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.
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Radishes are part of the mustard group. They are healthy, crunchy and their spicy peppery taste gives them an unique flavor to salads. Taking all these aspects into consideration, you may wonder ‘can guinea pigs eat radishes’?
One of the best-known types of radishes spread all over the world is the one that has a white flesh and a red skin. Less-known are white, yellow, purple, green or black radishes. However, different radishes have the same basic nutritional makeup. Since they are delicious and healthy for us, can our small furry friends consume them as well?
Can Guinea Pigs Eat Radishes?
We might be concerned about feeding radishes to our guinea pigs, but the truth is that there is no reason for this concern. Guinea pigs can eat radishes. However, radish is very high in acids, particularly oxalic acid so it needs to be fed sparingly. Next time when you have a radish on your plate, feel free to share it with your pet!
Nutritional Value of Radishes
Foods that contain high amounts of phosphorus, acid, fat, sugar and calcium are not recommended for guinea pigs. However, vitamins C and A are great and necessary for your guinea pig, but do radishes contain these elements in the required amounts? Let us find out!
Radishes contain riboflavin, vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid, folate, vitamin B6 and potassium. They also have some iron and calcium. Additionally, radishes are rich in vitamin C, which is exactly what your little guinea pig needs. Other minerals included in these vegetables are zinc, phosphorus, manganese, and magnesium. Radishes also have dietary fiber, some carbohydrates, and sugars and are extremely low in fat. Other healthy substances included in radishes are oxalic acid, fluoride, niacin, thiamine, and protein.
Even though radishes are high in vitamin C and contain right amounts of most vitamins and minerals, they carry oxalic acid, which means that radishes should not be given to your piggy more than two times a month.
One of the most important parts of radishes’ content is the amount of vitamin C. Since guinea pigs’ body is unable to synthesize this vitamin on its own, it is extremely important for them to be able to take it from other sources, such as their food. 1 cup of radishes contain about 29 % of vitamin C, so they are a great option to take into consideration.
How Many Radishes Should I Feed My Pet?
It is an important question to be addressed in this particular case. The radish is a very healthy veggie to be fed to your pet, but due to the high amount of oxalates, it should not be fed more than once or twice a month. Not per week, but per month! Couple slices would be enough.
Wondering why is the oxalate acid so dangerous for your pet? High amounts of it can combine with the calcium and form oxalate stones and bladder stones. This is why it is important to put a limit on the amount of radishes your pet takes in.
Even though it is not recommended to feed this delicious vegetable to your guinea pigs regularly, radish leaves may be eaten more often. You can give these to your pets a few times a week. A recommended size is 3 radish tops for one guinea pig.
Other Things to Keep in Mind
Whether you are feeding your guinea pig the radish itself or its leaves, make sure that they are thoroughly washed first. Ideally, it would also be great if they were grown organically without any pesticides or other chemicals. They should be fresh and crisp in order to be integrated into your furry pet’s diet.
All in all, we can say that guinea pigs can eat radishes. The only thing you should keep in mind at all times is that the vegetable should be served sparingly, like once a month, whereas the leaves can be fed regularly(two or three times a week). Every guinea pig reacts differently when they are introduced to a new food, so you should not be surprised if they are not so into radishes. Of course, they can end up loving this food, but this is something you will not be able to know until you are feeding it to your pet. If your cavy accepts this veggie, all you need to do is to control the amounts fed to him. This way your piggy can benefit from the new snacks and don’t get any side effects.
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Infomediaries and accountability (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 1347)
Infomediaries refers to actors who synthesize, translate, simplify and direct information on behalf of others.
A synthesis of what the existing evidence says (and where there are gaps) on: (1) What role might ‘infomediaries’, and specifically the media have in helping translate transparency into greater government accountability? In generating that accountability? In empowering citizens? (2) In what contexts or types of contexts do ‘infomediaries’ and media play such a facilitating role, and why? (3) What enabling factors contributed to success? (4) What role, if any, have donors had in supporting these sectors in this capacity? (5) What risks exist in this space?
The term “infomediaries” – or information intermediaries – is used to refer to actors who “synthesize, translate, simplify and direct information on behalf of others”. There appears to be strong evidence of the link between free media and better governance and government responsiveness on a range of issues (e.g. public spending on education and health). A DFID review on corruption (2015) reports a small body of evidence that finds the freedom of the press as an intermediate factor moderating the relationship between transparency and accountability.
There appears, however, to be a research gap for in-depth comparative or meta-analysis examining how, where and why the media – or other infomediaries – has helped translate transparency initiatives into greater government accountability. Nevertheless, the small but growing body of single case studies does indicate the kinds of accountability impacts that infomediaries are helping to generate. Examples include: improving people’s knowledge of key governance issues and sometimes their political participation, and catalysing changes to service delivery such as increasing school budget allocations.
Carter, B. Infomediaries and accountability (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 1347). Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (2016) 14 pp.
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The ability of cotton roots to grow downwards through a partially-wetted soil (Calcic Haploxeralf) profile toward a water source located beneath them was investigated. Plants were grown in 60-cm-high soil columms (diameter 10 cm), the bottom 15 cm of which was kept wet by frequent drip irrigation, while the upper 45 cm was wetted three times per week up to 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100% of pot capacity. Pot capacity was defined as the water content which gave uniform distribution within the pot and was at a soil matric potential (ψm) of −0.01 MPa. Plants were harvested 42 and 70 days after emergence (DAE). Root length density was reduced by decreased soil moisture content. At 42 DAE, density was reduced in the soil profile down to 36 cm. The density in the middle segment of the cylinder (24–36 cm) increased at the second harvest, from 0.1 to 0.35 cm · cm−3 at 40% and from 0.2 to 0.5 cm · cm−1 at 60% of pot capacity, respectively. A significant rise in root length density was found at all moisture contents above 20% in the two deepest soil segments. It was most marked at 40% where the rise was from 0.2 to 0.8 cm · cm−3, due to the development of secondary roots at the wetted bottom of the column. When only 20% of pot capacity was maintained in the top 45 cm of the profile, almost no roots reached the wetted soil volume, and root length density was very low. Hydrotropism, namely root growth through dry soil layers toward a wet soil layer was thus not apparent. Root dry weight per unit length decreased with increasing depth in the column at all moisture levels. However, the only significant decrease was, found between the top and the second soil segments and was due to thicker primary roots in the top segment. There was no clear relationship between length and dry weight of roots. Total plant dry weight and transpiration were reduced significantly only at 20% of pot capacity. Dry matter production by roots was less severely inhibited than that by shoots, under decreased moisture content in the soil profile. Leaf water potential decreased when the soil moisture content of the top 45 cm of the profile was reduced below 60% of pot capacity. It was concluded that even at soil moisture content equivalent to aΨm of 0.1 MPa, the rate of root growth was sufficient to reach a wetted soil layer at the bottom of the soil column, where the plant roots then proliferated. This implies that as long as the soil above the subsurface dripper is not very dry there is no real need for early surface irrigation.
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The two large, elongated buildings in the center of Kilkis, the "Twin Tobacco Warehouses" on Eleftheriou Venizelou Street, are a single architectural monument with a rich history. They were built around 1900 and functioned as tobacco warehouses until 1913, as after the liberation of the city they were used for different purposes. They hosted the first refugees who arrived in the city from Stromnitsa as well as the next waves of refugees, before being given, in 1922, to the Greek army.
Since then, they have functioned as barracks, and prisons, housed homeless people in times of tension, and until the 1990s as a military base. Also known as "Tobacco Warehouses Ago - Popov", since 1997 they have been characterized as preserved monuments, as "they are important samples of special architecture with remarkable morphological elements that are evidence of the economic life of the city at the end of the last century". The two buildings, two-story and three-story respectively, had open spaces for the storage and processing of tobacco in the area and today remain imposing, witnessing the historical events that shook the city throughout the 20th century.
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Ammolite is a rare and valuable opal-like organic gemstone found primarily along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of the United States and Canada. It is made of the fossilized shells of ammonites, which in turn are composed primarily of aragonite, the same mineral that makes up nacreous pearls. It is one of several biogenic gemstones; others include amber and pearl.1 In 1981, ammolite was given official gemstone status by the World Jewellery Confederation, the same year commercial mining of ammolite began. It was designated the official gemstone of the Province of Alberta in 2004 and the official gemstone of the City of Lethbridge in 2007.
Ammolite is also known as aapoak (Kainah for "small, crawling stone"), gem ammonite, calcentine, and korite. The latter is a trade name given to the gemstone by the Alberta-based mining company Korite International, the first and largest commercial producer of ammolite.
Additional recommended knowledge
The chemical composition of ammolite is variable, and aside from aragonite may include calcite, silica, pyrite, or other minerals. The shell itself may contain a number of trace elements, including: aluminium; barium; chromium; copper; iron; magnesium; manganese; strontium; titanium; and vanadium. Its crystallography is orthorhombic. Its hardness is 4.5–5.5, quite soft for a gemstone, and its specific gravity is 2.60–2.85. The refractive index of Canadian material (as measured via sodium light, 589.3 nm) is as follows: α 1.522; β 1.672–1.673; γ 1.676–1.679; biaxial negative. Under ultraviolet light, ammolite may fluoresce a mustard yellow.
An iridescent opal-like play of color is shown in fine specimens, mostly in shades of green and red; all the spectral colors are possible, however. The iridescence is due to the microstructure of the aragonite: unlike most other gems, whose colors come from light absorption, the iridescent color of ammolite comes from interference with the light that rebounds from stacked layers of thin platelets that make up the aragonite. The thicker the layers, the more reds and greens are produced; the thinner the layers, the more blues and violets predominate. Reds and greens are the most commonly seen colors, owing to the greater fragility of the finer layers responsible for the blues. When freshly quarried, these colors are not especially dramatic; the material requires polishing and possibly other treatments in order to reveal the colors' full potential.
The ammolite itself is actually a very thin sheet, ca. 0.5–0.8 millimeters (0.02–0.03 inches) in thickness. Rarely is ammolite without its matrix, which is typically a grey to brown shale, chalky clay, or limestone. So-called "frost shattering" is common; exposed to the elements and compressed by sediments, the thin ammolite tends to crack and flake; prolonged exposure to sunlight can also lead to bleaching. The cracking results in a tessellated appearance, sometimes described as a "dragon skin" or "stained glass window" pattern. Ammolite mined from deeper deposits may be entirely smooth or with a rippled surface. Occasionally a complete ammonite shell is recovered with its structure well-preserved: fine, convoluted lines delineate the shell chambers, and the overall shape is suggestive of a nautilus. While these shells may be as large as 90 centimeters (35.5 inches) in diameter, the iridescent ammonites (as opposed to the pyritized variety) are typically much smaller. Most fossilized shells have had their aragonite pseudomorphously replaced by calcite or pyrite, making the presence of ammolite particularly uncommon.
Formation, occurrence, and extraction
Ammolite comes from the fossil shells of the Upper Cretaceous disk-shaped ammonites Placenticeras meeki and Placenticeras intercalare, and (to a lesser degree) the cylindrical baculite, Baculites compressus. Ammonites were cephalopods, or squid-like creatures, that thrived in tropical seas until becoming extinct along with the dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic era.
The ammonites that form ammolite inhabited a prehistoric, inland subtropical sea that bordered the Rocky Mountains—this area is known today as the Cretaceous or Western Interior Seaway. As the seas receded, the ammonites were buried and crushed by layers of bentonite sediment. This sediment preserved the aragonite of their shelled remains, preventing it from converting to calcite. Through diagenesis, the shells were impregnated by trace elements present in these sediments, the most common of these being iron and magnesium, the former of which accounts for the predominance of the green colors. Significant deposits of gem-quality ammolite are only found in the Bearpaw formation that extends from Alberta to Saskatchewan in Canada and south to Montana in the USA. The best grade of gem quality ammolite is along high energy river systems on the eastern slopes of the Rockies in southern Alberta. Most commercial mining operations have been conducted along the banks of the St. Mary River, in an area south of and between the town of Magrath and the city of Lethbridge. Roughly half of all ammolite deposits are contained within the Kainah (Kainaiwa) reserve, and its inhabitants play a major role in ammolite mining. Since its founding in 1979, Korite International has operated primarily within the reservation. The company maintains an agreement with the Kainah (Blood) tribe, with Korite International paying the tribe royalties based on how much land the company has mined. Commercial extraction is mechanized but fairly basic: shallow open pits are dug with a backhoe and the excavated material is screened for its potential gem contents. The pits are further examined by hand, and commercial production is supplemented by independent persons who sell their surface-picked findings to Korite International and several other producers. Approximately 50% of the ammolite mined is suitable for jewelry.
The ammolite deposits are stratified into several layers: the shallowest of these layers, named the "K Zone", lies some 15 meters below the surface and extends 30 meters down. The ammolite within this layer is covered by siderite concretions and is usually cracked—this is the crush material. It is the most common and (generally speaking) the least valuable of ammolite. Beginning twenty meters below the crush material is the "Blue Zone"; ammolite from this zone, which extends 65 meters, is usually compressed with a thin layer of pyrite rather than siderite concretions. This is the sheet material; due to its depth it is rarely mined. It is also much less fractured, and therefore the more valuable type of ammolite.
As of 2003, Korite International had only mined 30 acres (120,000 m²) of the Kainah deposit. As part of their agreement with the tribe, the company must refill areas once exhausted, and ensure the environment is not adversely affected. Korite International's operations net the Kainah tribe approximately CAD $150,000–200,000 per year. The company employs over 60 people (many of them Kainah), and accounts for approximately 90% of world gem ammolite production. Prospectors who wish to mine ammolite deposits on Crown land must apply to the Alberta Department of Energy for a lease. These leases are not regularly offered; as of 2004, there was a CAD $625 application fee, with an annual rental fee of CAD $3.50 per hectare.
The quality of gem ammolite is communicated via a letter grade system, from best to least best: AA; A+; A; and A-. However, this system is not yet standardized and some vendors may use their own systems. The grade and therefore the value of an ammolite gemstone is determined by the following criteria:
The thickness of the ammolite layer is also an important factor: after polishing, the ammolite is only 0.1–0.3 millimeters thick. The rarest and most valuable are thick enough to stand alone, with only a thin portion of its original matrix (not exceeding 1.5 mm); but the vast majority require some sort of supportive backing. Other treatments are also commonly undertaken; all other factors being equal, the less treatment an ammolite gem has received, the more valuable it is. Calibrated stones—that is, stones fashioned into standard dimensions that will fit most jewelry settings—may also command a higher price.
Ammolite is considered the rarest organic gem material. It is soft and delicate, most often requiring special processing techniques known only to a few experts specializing in this commercial industry. In its rough state, ammolite is sold for USD $30 to 65 per carat (150 to 325 $/g).
Although fully mineralized and containing no water—and therefore not subject to dehydration and subsequent crazing as seen in opal—ammolite is often damaged due to environmental exposure. The thin, delicate sheets in which ammolite occurs are also problematic; for these reasons, most material is impregnated with a clear epoxy or other synthetic resin to stabilize the flake-prone ammolite prior to cutting. Although the tessellated cracking cannot be repaired, the epoxy prevents further flaking and helps protect the relatively soft surface from scratching. The impregnation process was developed over a number of years by Korite International in partnership with the Alberta Research Council. Impregnated and epoxy-coated ammolite first entered the market in 1989 and the treatment significantly increased the availability of the gem.
Because the ammolite layer is usually mere fractions of a millimeter in thickness, most ammolite gems are in fact composite stones: these usually take the form of two-part doublets, with the ammolite layer adhered to a dark backing material. This is usually the matrix or mother rock from which the ammolite was quarried; black onyx or glass could also be used as backing. In composites where the ammolite layer is exceptionally thin, a third component is used: this constitutes a triplet, with a durable and transparent convex topping piece. This cap may be either synthetic spinel, synthetic corundum, synthetic quartz, or in lower-end productions, glass. The convex cap acts as a lens and has the effect of enhancing the ammolite's iridescent display.
The detection of these treated and composite stones is relatively simple via inspection with a loupe; however, certain jewelry setting styles—such as those with closed backs—can complicate things. A triplet can be identified by inspecting the stone in profile; the top of the stone can then be seen to be domed and transparent, with no play of color. If the dome is made of glass, bubbles, swirl marks, and scratches may be present; the harder synthetic materials are optically flawless.
Although the vast majority of commercial-grade ammolite has been treated in some way, a small fraction of production requires no treatment other than cutting and polishing. Ideally, any treatments should be disclosed at the time of sale.
Ammolite is neither easily nor often imitated; however, a few materials have a passing resemblance that may deceive the unfamiliar. These include: labradorite (also known as spectrolite), an iridescent feldspar also of Canadian origin; and broad-flash black opal. Neither are convincing substitutes, and the latter is actually of greater value than ammolite. Indeed, ammolite is often used as an imitation of black opal. An even less convincing possibility is Slocum stone, a common glass-based imitation of opal. Blues and purples are much more pervasive in labradorite, and in both it and opal the play of color is seen to roll across the stone unlike the comparatively restricted play of color in ammolite. In Slocum stone, the play of color takes the form of tinsel-like patches. The visible structure is also considerably different; in the imitations, the body of the stone is transparent to translucent from certain angles, whereas ammolite is entirely opaque.
Gemologically speaking, ammolite can be grouped with the shell-based marbles. This group includes lumachella or "fire marble", a similarly iridescent marble composed of fossilized clam and snail shells. Found in Italy and Austria, lumachella is rarely if ever used in jewelry; rather, it is used as a decorative facing stone or in mosaics. The iridescence of lumachella is fragmentary and not nearly as brilliant as that of ammolite. Despite these differences, lumachella may be considered synonymous with ammolite in some circles.
The predominantly blue-green iridescent shell of abalone (or paua; genus Haliotis) is one last possible imitation. Abalone shell is inexpensive and plentiful owing to the commercial mariculture of these gastropods for their meat. The shell's structure is distinctive: sinuous bands of blue, green, and rose iridescence are delineated by dark brown lines of conchiolin, a proteinaceous material that holds the shell together. The luster of abalone shell is silky rather than the near vitreous luster of polished ammolite, and the colors of the two materials do not closely approximate. However, some abalone shell has been dyed and given a transparent cap of synthetic quartz, forming a doublet in the same fashion as ammolite. These doublets are perhaps the most deceptive, and have also been used to imitate opal. Under magnification most abalone doublets will show dye concentrated along certain areas and air bubbles trapped at the shell-quartz interface.
Use in jewelry
Compared to most other gems, ammolite has a rather scant history of use; it did not begin to garner interest in Western society until the 1970s after entering the market (to a limited degree) in 1969. The Blackfeet tribe know ammolite as iniskim, meaning "buffalo stone", and have long believed it to possess amuletic powers; specifically, the gem is believed to aid in the buffalo hunt, and to draw the buffalo within tracking distance. The Blackfeet also believe ammolite to possess healing powers and incorporate the gem into their medicine bundles for use in ceremonies.
In the late 1990s, practitioners of Feng Shui began to promote ammolite as an "influential" stone with what they believe is the power to enhance well-being and detoxify the body by improving its flow of energy or "chi". Named the "Seven Color Prosperity Stone", each color is believed by Feng Shui practitioners to influence the wearer in different and positive ways; a combination of ruby red, emerald green, and amber yellow is most sought after for this purpose, the colors being said to enhance growth, wisdom, and wealth, respectively.
Ammolite is usually fashioned into freeform cabochons and mounted in gold, with diamonds as accents. Due to its delicacy, ammolite is best reserved for use in pendants, earrings, and brooches; if used as a ring stone, ammolite should be given a hard protective cap, namely one of synthetic spinel as used in triplets. Whole polished ammonites of appropriately small size may also be mounted in jewelry. Nothing harsher than mild soap and warm water should be used to clean ammolite jewelry; ultrasonic cleaning should be avoided.
Japan is the largest market for ammolite; this may be due to its use as an imitation of increasingly scarce black opal, or its aforementioned use in Feng Shui. Secondary markets include Canada, where it is used both by artisans who sell their creations to tourists of Banff National Park and in fine jewelry production; and the Southwest United States, where it is used by Zuni and other Native American craftspeople.
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Ammolite". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.|
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Forward Hand Walks
The deltoid muscle in the shoulders is one of the primary muscles used in volleyball. Stretching this muscle elongates the connecting tendons and ligaments, improving your flexibility, range of motion and ability to perform overhead movements such as setting or spiking the volleyball. It also stretches the calves, hamstrings and lower back, which are muscles required for quick and explosive movements in volleyball. This stretch also stabilizes the shoulder and helps prevent injury. Enter the starting position by standing. While keeping your legs and knees straight, bend forward and place both hands on the floor. Contract your abdominal muscles and begin to walk your hands away from your feet. At the apex of this forward movement with the hands, begin to walk your feet back up to your hands, remembering to keep your knees and legs straight. Perform this stretch before practice or competition to increase the reflexive response of your muscles, prevent injury and increase your range of motion and explosive movements.
Arm-Up Rotator Stretch
The muscles of the forearm and upper arm, primarily the biceps and triceps, are especially important in volleyball. Stretching these muscles is essential in preventing injury and improving your overall strength and arm movements. You will need a wand or broomstick to perform this exercise. Begin by standing with both arms extended. Bend your right forearm upward so that it forms at 90 degree angle. Place the broomstick or wand in your right hand and bring it behind your elbow. Use your left hand to pull the bottom of the broomstick forward. Hold this stretch for 10 seconds and relax. Perform one set of 10 repetitions, once daily, on both arms to prevent a rotator cuff injury.
Lunging Hip Flexor Stretch
Volleyball requires flexibility and strength in the hips and pelvis. The hip flexors are responsible for bringing the thighs up to the abdomen and rotation movement in the hips. Stretching these muscles is essential for running, jumping and increasing your range of motion while covering the court and playing volleyball. Enter the starting position by standing with your legs and knees straight. Enter a lunge by stepping forward with your right leg, remembering to keep your left leg straight and the left foot pointing forward. Bend your right knee, ensuring to keep that foot planted on the ground. Lean slightly forward and keep your chest high. Hold this stretch for 5 seconds and return to the starting position. Perform one set of 10 repetitions on both legs.
The calf muscles and upper legs enable quick and explosive movements in the volleyball. These muscles are vulnerable to overuse injuries, primarily the quadriceps, due to the extensive jumping required in volleyball. Begin by standing, ensuring that your legs and knees remain straight. Grab your right foot with your right arm and bring the heel of your foot toward your buttocks. Continue this flexion until you feel a stretch in your thigh. Hold this stretch for 10 seconds and return your leg to the starting position. Perform one set of 10 repetitions on both legs, once daily.
For more fun volleyball news click here.
Check out the news from our Phisiotherapy section, every Monday a new story! Tomorrow read about Achilles Tendinopathy.
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This e-learning course introduces participants to principles, strategies, normative frameworks and policy approaches on engaging men and boys on gender equality. Examining critical concepts such as masculinity, patriarchy and intersectionality, the course discusses why a holistic approach is central to achieving gender equality and explores the relationship between gender equality, sustainable development and human rights. Through case studies, it will also look at how practitioners can use these concepts to transform gender relations and overcome gender inequalities faced by women and men. Participants will think critically about how men and boys can serve both as change agents and as target groups in realising gender equality and gender justice for all. This course will focus on the lessons learned by organisations that have carried out gender equality programmes that have engaged men and boys in fields such as gender-based violence, sexual and reproductive health and rights, domestic work and caregiving, education, income generation and economic empowerment of women.
For more information, please visit: https://trainingcentre.unwomen.org/mod/data/view.php?d=44&rid=5692
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White blood cells from a unique breed of cancer-resistant mice have cured advanced cancers in normal mice, researchers report. When injected the immune cells sought out and killed existing tumours and also protected the mice against lethal doses of new, highly aggressive cancers.
The “resistant-cell therapy” appears to work without toxic side effects, and the researchers hope that a greater understanding of the mechanism may enable the technique to be used in humans in the future.
The researchers extracted the white blood cells from a lineage of mice with a genetic mutation that enables their immune systems to fight off cancer. These cancer-resistant mice all descend from a single mouse with this mutation that the team discovered in their lab in 1999.
“To find an animal that was resistant to this aggressive cancer was unprecedented, because it’s such a nasty tumour,” says Mark Willingham, who carried out the research with colleagues at Wake Forest University School of Medicine, US.
The white blood cells were injected into normal mice with advanced tumours. The team found that the tumours quickly disappeared and the mice continued to be resistant to new cancers that arose up to 10 months later. The mice showed no ill effects from the treatment, the scientists say, and even killed a highly aggressive kind of tumour that had never been defeated before by any therapy.
The researchers believe that the mutation is caused by a single dominant gene, because of its pattern of inheritance in mice.
“That gives us hope that there’s one simple switch that you can throw somewhere in the signalling pathway to turn on this tumour-fighting behaviour,” Willingham says. He suggests that drugs could eventually be designed to target that switch.
However, the gene has not yet been identified. The researchers suspect this is because it is mobile – moving from one chromosome to another. The same mutation has not been found in unrelated mice, but Willingham suspects other cancer-resistant lineages exist.
“It’s possible that this trait in humans is even better,” says Zheng Cui, who led the study. Defences against cancer are much more robust in humans than in mice, Cui notes, because humans must live much longer before they can reproduce.
The anticancer components of the white blood cells in the mutated mice appear to be ordinary “immune moppers” – macrophages, neutrophils and natural killer cells – rather than T cells. This is significant, because while T cells must have previously been exposed to a pathogen in order to attack it, immune moppers have an innate response to engulf and kill the cancer.
Some forms of cancer therapy in humans use immune compounds such as interleukin-2 to boost the tumour-killing activity of white blood cells, but unfortunately these therapies usually have toxic side-effects. “The big message of this mouse is not so much that it’s rejecting the cancer cells but that it’s not harming the mouse,” says Willingham. “I think there are a lot of hurdles to go over, but there is a lot of exciting stuff in this [research],” says Walter Quan, director of cancer immunotherapy at East Carolina University, US, who was not involved in this study.
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Mar 14, 2012 (CIDRAP News) – The number of US gastroenteritis deaths more than doubled in 8 years, with Clostridium difficile and norovirus as the two most common culprits, researchers reported today at an infectious disease conference.
The study of gastroenteritis deaths is the first analysis of its kind in the last 20 years. Investigators from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) presented the findings at the International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases (ICEID) in Atlanta.
Among other foodborne illness topics presented at ICEID today, another group of CDC researchers reported on the growing role of imported foods in illness outbreaks.
Gastroenteritis death patterns
Gastroenteritis—inflammation of the stomach and intestines that produces vomiting and diarrhea—occurs with several foodborne illnesses as well as other infections such as C diff, a nosocomial illness that has been increasingly linked to settings outside of the hospital.
Aron Hall, DVM, MSPH, who led the study and is with the CDC's Division of Viral Diseases, said in a CDC press release that gastroenteritis is common but can be very serious. "By knowing the causes of gastroenteritis-associated deaths and who's at risk, we can develop better treatments and help health care providers prevent people from getting sick," he said.
For the gastroenteritis study, researchers analyzed data from the National Center for Health Statistics on gastroenteritis-related deaths that occurred from 1999 to 2007.
Over the study period, gastroenteritis deaths from all causes increased from nearly 7,000 to more than 17,000 per year. Adults older than 65 made up 83% of the deaths, and C diff and norovirus were the most common infectious causes of death, according to the study.
Investigators found a fivefold increase in deaths from C diff, and overall the disease was linked to two thirds of gastroenteritis deaths.
On average, norovirus was linked to 800 deaths each year, but deaths from the virus doubled in years when outbreaks were caused by new strains. The CDC said norovirus is responsible for more than 20 million infections each year and is the country's top cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks.
Hall said the study shows for the first time that norovirus is the second leading cause of gastroenteritis deaths. "Our findings highlight the need for effective measures to prevent, diagnose, and manage gastroenteritis, especially for C difficile and norovirus among the elderly."
Rising illnesses from imported food?
In the imported food study, other CDC researchers found that foodborne illness outbreaks linked to the products appeared to rise in 2009 and 2010.
Hannah Gould, PhD, lead author of the study and an epidemiologist with the CDC's Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, said in a CDC press release, "It's too early to say if the recent numbers represent a trend, but CDC officials are analyzing information from 2011 and will continue to monitor for these outbreaks in the future."
The research team based its findings on an analysis of outbreaks reported to the CDC from 2005 to 2010. During that period, 39 outbreaks and 2,348 infections were traced to imported food from 15 countries. Almost half (17) of the outbreaks occurred in 2009 and 2010. Fish was the most commonly implicated food, followed by spices, which included fresh and dried peppers.
Gould said as the US food supply becomes more global, people are potentially exposed to pathogens from a wider array of sources. Besides just a rise in imported food outbreaks, the group also found that nearly half involved foods from countries that hadn't been linked to outbreaks before.
The CDC said US Department of Agriculture (USDA) figures show that US food imports grew from $41 billion in 1998 to $78 billion in 2007, with much of the growth from fruit and vegetables, seafood, and processed food. According to USDA estimates, as much as 85% of seafood in the United States is imported.
The types of food responsible for outbreaks in the CDC analysis seemed to mirror the most commonly imported foods.
She said the group's findings probably underestimate the true number of imported food outbreaks, because the origin is sometimes not known or not reported. "We need better and more information about what foods are causing outbreaks and where these foods are coming from," Gould said. "Knowing more about what is making people sick will help focus prevention efforts on those foods that pose a higher risk of causing illness."
Over the past few years, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has launched several efforts to improve the safety of imported food. For example, it has launched a Web-based screening system for imported food and drugs and unveiled a new strategy. The 2011 FDA Food Safety Modernization Act mandates that the agency inspect at least 600 foreign food facilities by the end of the year, with plans to scale up the inspections over the next 6 years.
More studies: Campylobacter GBS connection, Salmonella subtype patterns
Among several other foodborne illness presentations at ICEID today, other research groups unveiled more evidence that foodborne illness is an important cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and that outbreaks from different Salmonella serotypes are linked to exposure to different foods.
In the GBS study, researchers from New Zealand explored the relationship between hospitalization from Campylobacter infection and GBS and whether GBS incidence followed the decline in the country's campylobacteriosis rates, according to the study abstract. The group explored hospital data for GBS, Campylobacter infections, and other conditions for 1988 through 2010.
They found that, for the period from 1989 through 2008, GBS hospitalizations were closely linked to Campylobacter illness reports. Patients hospitalized with campylobacteriosis had an increased risk of GBS hospitalization in the following month.
Interventions to curb Campylobacter in fresh poultry led to a 52% decline in Campylobacter infections and a 13% drop in GBS hospitalizations in the 3 years after the measures were introduced.
The researchers concluded that their findings provide more evidence that Campylobacter infection is an important cause of GBS and that regulatory measures can yield important health and cost-saving benefits when infections and GBS are prevented.
In the Salmonella study, CDC researchers examined patterns in food vehicles in outbreaks caused by different serotypes. They reviewed Salmonella outbreaks with a single known serotype reported to the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System from 1998 to 2008. They limited their analysis to outbreaks that involved only a single food commodity.
Of 1,193 outbreaks with a single Salmonella serotype, 34% (403) were linked to a single commodity. The researchers found that eggs accounted for 65% of Enteritidis outbreaks and that poultry was most commonly implicated in events involving Typhimurium, Newport, Heidelberg, Saintpaul, and Hadar serotypes. All outbreaks cause by Litchfield and Poona subtypes were linked to fruits and nuts.
Of serotypes that caused more than five outbreaks, Typhimurium, Newport, and Javiana had the widest range of commodity groups, and the lowest were Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Hadar.
The group concluded that there are differences in food commodities and their links to different Salmonella strains, which suggest that the serotypes have different reservoirs. Keeping the differences in mind could help guide outbreak investigations and control measures, they added.
Mar 14 CDC press release on gastroenteritis deaths
Mar 14 CDC press release on imported foodborne illnesses
Baker MG, Kvalsvig A, Zhang J, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome incidence declines following successful countrywide control of campylobacteriosis. 2012 ICEID online abstracts, page 193
Jackson BR, Griffin PM, Cole D, et al. Different Salmonella serotypes vary widely in predominant food source and in range if implicated food commodities: data from outbreaks, United States, 1998-2008. 2012 ICEID online abstracts, page 185
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FUS Affects Circular RNA Expression in Murine Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Motor Neurons
A new class of covalently closed circular RNA molecules (circRNAs) has recently become the object of intensive study. First described as rare events1,2,3, recent studies have demonstrated that circRNAs are commonly produced by thousands of genes from Archaea to mammals4,5,6. Interestingly, in higher eukaryotes they are highly expressed in neuronal tissues and enriched at synapses, suggesting a specific involvement in neuronal processes7,8. Moreover, circRNAs are more abundant than their host gene linear mRNA isoforms in the neuropil and dendrites, suggesting that they may regulate synaptic function and neuronal plasticity8.
So far, very little is known about their function: some can act as sponges for microRNAs and proteins9,10,11 or can compete with linear RNA production regulating the accumulation of full-length mRNA12. CircRNAs also regulate transcription of their parental genes by association with the RNA polymerase II machinery13. Notably, emerging data point to a potential role of circRNAs in human diseases14,15, with clear evidence of tumor-promoting properties in in vivo models16. In the nervous system, the best-studied circRNA, CDR1, was found expressed in neocortical and hippocampal neurons and downregulated in Alzheimer disease17. Through its ability to sponge miR-7 (refs 9, 10), it could play a crucial role in nervous system diseases deregulating targets with important function17,18.
CircRNAs originate from a back-splicing reaction in which a downstream 5′ splice site interacts with an upstream 3′ splice site, leading to the formation of a covalently closed circRNA19. The mechanisms underlying these events are not fully understood; however, in mammals it has been shown that complementarity between inverted sequences inside flanking introns3,20,21,22 and the activity of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)12,23 enhance the juxtaposition of the splice sites involved in the back-splicing reaction. Muscleblind, a splicing factor derived from the Mbl gene, was the first example of an RBP controlling the levels of the circRNA derived from its second exon by binding both flanking introns12. Afterwards, Quaking (QKI), a splicing factor that promotes myelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation24,25, was also described as a circRNA regulator23. Finally, many hnRNPs as well as SR proteins are involved in circRNA production in flies26.
The RBP FUS has a well-characterized role in splicing regulation27 with several splicing factors identified as FUS interactors28,29,30,31. FUS functions are particularly interesting since several mutations have been causally linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)32,33. Most ALS-linked FUS mutations cluster in the C-terminus of the protein in or near the nuclear localization signal. This leads to the mislocalization of the protein to the cytoplasm, with decrease of FUS levels in the nucleus and formation of abnormal cytoplasmic aggregates32,33,34. Aberrant RNA metabolism due to FUS mutations by gain- and/or loss-of-function has been proposed as a key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ALS and frontotemporal dementia35; moreover, deregulation of splicing has been linked to several neurological diseases32,36,37.
In this study, we identify circRNAs expressed in in vitro-derived motor neurons (MNs) and we analyse whether FUS may be involved in the control of back-splicing events leading to circRNA formation. We characterize several circRNAs that are affected by FUS depletion and by FUS mutations associated with familial forms of ALS. Notably, for selected circRNAs, we demonstrate the enrichment of FUS binding on circularizing exon–intron regions by cross-linking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) and the direct role of the protein in regulating back-splicing. Finally, most of these circRNAs are expressed in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived human MNs and two of them undergo similar FUS-dependent regulation in ALS-associated FUSP525L genetic background. Altogether, our data suggest a possible conserved function of this novel class of transcripts and provide an interesting link with the ALS pathology.
Identification of circRNAs in mESC-derived MNs.
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), derived from wild-type (FUS+/+) or knock out (FUS−/−)38 FUS mice and expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter under the control of the MN-specific Hb9 promoter (Hb9::GFP transgene)39, were differentiated into bona fide MNs according to Wichterle et al.40 (Supplementary Fig. 1a). In agreement with this procedure, Pax6 and Olig2 transcription factors, responsible for establishing MN progenitors, were found in the Hb9::GFP− cells while genes required for consolidation of MN identity (Hb9) and for development (Islet-1) and function (ChAT) of spinal MNs were highly enriched in Hb9::GFP+ cells. As expected, the markers for astrocytes (Gfap) and oligodendrocytes (Pdgfr-α) were almost undetectable in both cell populations as well as the V1, V2 (Bhlhe22) and V3 (Sim1) interneuron markers (Supplementary Fig. 1b,c). Total RNA from purified GFP+-FUS+/+ and GFP+-FUS−/− MNs was sequenced by ribo-Zero Next-Generation Sequencing from three biological replicates. A dedicated pipeline for in silico circRNA detection was then applied (find_circ)10 to identify circRNAs and to evaluate their expression levels. Briefly, reads mapping to ribosomal and other abundant non-coding RNAs were discarded (see Methods section), as were reads mapping contiguously to the reference genome, and the unmapped reads were used as input for circRNA identification (Fig. 1a). Since no reference transcriptome is used in the procedure, the back-splicing sites of the identified circRNAs do not necessarily coincide with annotated splice sites. The number of reads mapping on back-splicing and on corresponding linear-splicing junctions was computed. Three thousand nine hundred and eighty circRNAs were identified, having at least two unique reads mapping on their back-splicing junction in at least one sample (Table 1). This number is similar to that obtained from sequencing experiments previously performed on other neuronal samples7, confirming the high abundance of circRNAs in neuronal tissues, now also including in vitro mESC-derived MNs. We identified 3,894 circRNAs within the body of 2,097 known genes, many hosting more than one circRNA. As shown in Fig. 1b, the vast majority of these genes are protein-coding. Analysing the localization of circRNAs within the body of protein-coding transcripts (Supplementary Fig. 1d), we found that most of them are fully included in the coding region with a proportion spanning across the 5′ untranslated region higher than expected (22%, P value for chi-squared test=1.15e−28) (Fig. 1c and Supplementary Fig. 1e).
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Hainault silt plateau – Overview
Located in northwest Wallonia, the Hainault silt plateau covers the villages scattered across the Haine Plain.
Like other silty areas, the Hainaut silt plateau presents a gentle and uniform relief of plains and low plateaux crossed by flat-bottomed valleys. Only the hills of "Pays de Collines" northeast of Tournaisis stand out in this region.
Use of the land in the Hainault silt plateau, largely ploughing, creates an open-field landscape. That method of organizing rural areas is characterized by the almost exclusive production of crops and absence of enclosures around the fields. Outside some large isolated farms, most of the housing is grouped in village communities. An initial belt of meadows generally surrounds the village with additional pastures in valleys floors, shaped by the watercourse. Further afield, we can see large expanses dominated by a giant patchwork of fields and farmland. Areas of woodland are relegated to the steeper slopes and soils of lesser quality. This concentric structure has formed a star-shaped network. Roads and paths broaden out from the village centre to facilitate the ploughing or enable travel to other areas.
"Pays de Collines" is still an exception to the system with smaller villages and housing largely dotted across a landscape where meadows, lined with hedgerows, take the place of crops. That type of spatial organization is referred to as bocage, which is sadly being lost today.
Sources: FRW – CPDT
©Photographs: Mark Rossignol
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Posted by Jim Brase on 2012-12-11 10:50:00
The USV for the non-breaking hyphen is U+2011. However, if a document is saved in Microsoft Word as 8-bit text, a non-breaking hyphen is represented as 0x1E. This may apply to data created with MS Word in the following situations:
- Data is saved as plain text. (The default in current versions of MS Word is to save data as Unicode text.) I have verified that Word 2010 on a Windows 7 platform will convert a non-breaking hyphen to 0x1E when a document is saved as plain text.
- A document has been created on a pre-Unicode version of MS Word, which would be very old. I believe that such was the type of document that my colleague, who brought this issue to my attention, was working with.
It is not certain how many of our mapping tables recognize 0x1E as a non-breaking hyphen. When I ran a test using the CP1252 converter, it changed a 0x1E to U+001E. This is what one would normally want. But it will not handle 8-bit data from MS Word correctly.
If you have 8-bit data that originated in MS Word which contains 0x1E, and your mapping table converts 0x1E to U+001E, you can handle it in one of the following ways:
- Customize the mapping table to convert 0x1E to U+2011, or:
- Convert that data with the existing mapping table, then use a global 'find and replace' to change U+001E to U+2011, or:
- First use a global 'find and replace' to change 0x1E to an unused ASCII character sequence, such as ^~, which represents a non-breaking hyphen. Then convert the data with an existing map.
If you have converted MS Word data, and hyphens seemed to disappear, or the data was left with seemingly extraneous U+001Es, you should check to see if this is the cause.
It is not clear that all mapping tables should be modified to include the 0x1E > U+2011 change, since this is specific to MS Word 8-bit data, and tables are often used with data from other sources.
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To indicate that someone is crying, just include the word "crying" in the conversation tags as well as the character's descriptions and actions. To replicate yours, for example: "(insert dialogue)," she wailed, "she sobbed," she murmured, tears streaming down her cheeks. (The "she" here is used to reference the character who is crying.)
You can also use description to show how someone looks when they are crying. Use the following examples to get an idea of what I mean: "her thick black hair hung in disarray around her face," "his blue eyes watered with pain," "she was clutching her chest where his bullet had hit her." Don't forget to include specific details about their faces when describing how people look while crying.
Finally, you can show how someone feels by using adjectives to describe their emotional state. For example, if your character is sad, you could say that he or she is "disconsolate" or that she is "dejected." Adjectives can also be useful for showing excitement, happiness, fear, and many other emotions.
As you can see, showing emotion in writing isn't difficult. It just takes a little practice!
But, if I were you, I'd include a few physical indicators that someone is about to cry: quivering chin/trembling lips/shaking shoulders/rapid blinking (to clear tears)/shaking their head to avoid having to speak (because their throat is tightening)/trying to make a grin with tears in their eyes/... You get the idea.
Also, there are two types of people who cry easily: those who cry at anything that makes them feel sad or afraid and those who cry only in specific situations. The first type of person could be described as "crying at the drop of a hat," while the second type of person might not have any more than three good cries in them.
People cry for many different reasons. Sometimes they cry because they're angry or hurt, but sometimes they cry because they're happy or relieved. A lot of times people don't think about why they're crying until later when they can analyze it better, so just letting yourself go is healthy for your emotional well-being.
There are also times when people cry because of circumstances beyond their control. For example, if someone loses their job or gets injured playing sports then they will likely cry when told this information. Although they may try to hide it, they are still crying because of something that has happened rather than because of something they have chosen themselves.
Finally, some people cry because they believe it's appropriate or polite to show others how they feel.
When a character is sobbing happy tears, they will commonly gasp, cover their mouth with their hands, and talk in a high-pitched tone. They are also more inclined to express themselves exaggeratedly with their bodies, such as bowing, jumping up and down, fanning their faces with their palms, or clapping. These are all signs that they are experiencing a strong emotion and are trying to convey that through their actions.
The feeling of crying is described as ache in the eyes, sore throat, and cold sweat. Eyes will water, causing pain, when anxious or excited. The throat can become sore from crying, and there may be a cold sweat during fever or illness. All these things are normal parts of the crying process that anyone who has ever cried would understand.
Crying is an important part of human behavior. It helps us release stress, feel less alone, and communicate our feelings to others. There are many different ways to cry, but most people use tears to tell others that they are sorry, sad, angry, or afraid. And like other forms of expression, crying can be used intentionally or unintentionally.
When someone cries out of anger, it is called "shouting." When someone cries because they're sad, it is called "weeping." Both shouting and weeping are types of vocalization that can be used as communication tools to let others know how you're feeling.
What to Say to a Crying Person
There are times when there are no tears, redness in the eyes and/or nose, or sniffles. As he quits "weeping," the person's countenance remains unchanged. The voice is not cracked, nor does its inflection shift. These are all signs that you are dealing with a faker.
If you have any doubts about whether or not someone is being sincere when they appear to be crying, you can always ask them if they're really upset. If they say yes, then it was probably an act; if they say no, then they were indeed feeling sad or afraid.
People sometimes cry when they aren't even that sad in order to seem like they're affected by what others say. So if you suspect that someone isn't actually feeling anything, don't worry about them too much. They may just want to put on a show for you.
Many writers use a brilliant approach to demonstrate emotions: they describe a character's physical reactions to emotions. As a result, the characters are frequently sobbing, shouting, and slamming doors. Their bellies are twisted, their hands tremble, and their cheeks are scorching. Exasperated gasps and faint moans are heard. Sometimes they even vomit or defecate! The list goes on and on.
The physical symptoms that accompany emotional states can be very useful for readers to connect with and understand the characters' inner lives. But they must not dominate the story; rather, they should serve as a vehicle by which the author expresses the characters' emotions more clearly.
For example, if a character is angry, it would be easy to just state that he or she is "angry." But what else is going on inside this person's mind and heart? Perhaps they are afraid that they will be punished for their anger? Or maybe they just don't know how to express themselves properly? By describing a character's physical reaction to his or her emotion, the writer gives the reader a clearer picture of what is happening inside this person's mind.
In addition to describing a character's physical reactions to emotions, writers may also want to reveal aspects of a character's personality through the use of language. For example, if a character is arrogant, a good way to show this trait would be by having him or her use words like "always" and "never" too often.
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Organized crime threatens peace and human security, violates human rights and undermines economic, social, cultural, political and civil development of societies around the world.
Transnational organized crime manifests in many forms, including as trafficking in drugs, firearms and even persons. At the same time, organized crime groups exploit human mobility to smuggle migrants and undermine financial systems through money laundering. The vast sums of money involved can compromise legitimate economies and directly impact public processes by ‘buying’ elections through corruption. It yields high profits for its culprits and results in high risks for individuals who fall victim to it.
Organized crime has diversified, gone global and reached macro-economic proportions: illicit goods may be sourced from one continent, trafficked across another, and marketed in a third. Transnational organized crime can permeate government agencies and institutions, fuelling corruption, infiltrating business and politics, and hindering economic and social development. And it is undermining governance and democracy by empowering those who operate outside the law.
The transnational nature of organized crime means that criminal networks forge bonds across borders as well as overcome cultural and linguistic differences in the commission of their crime. Organized crime is not stagnant, but adapts as new crimes emerge and as relationships between criminal networks become both more flexible, and more sophisticated, with ever-greater reach around the globe.
Organized Crime can be looked upon as the unlawful activities of the members of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods and services. Its’ essence is continuing illegal activities for generating illegal profits, the collective result of the commitment, knowledge and actions of three components – criminal groups, protectors (politicians, bureaucrats) and specialist supporters. It is a non-ideological enterprise only for the purpose of profit.
Organized crime mainly exploits legitimate activities for criminal purposes. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) tried to give a definition to “organized crime” in the UNODC Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The convention defines an “organized criminal group” as
- A group of three or more persons that was not randomly formed;
- Existing for a period of time;
- Acting in concert with the aim of committing at least one crime punishable by at least four years’ incarceration;
- In order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit.
The implied definition ‘transnational organized crime’ then encompasses virtually all profit-motivated serious criminal activities with international implications. This broad definition takes account of the global complexity of the issue and allows cooperation on the widest possible range of common concerns.
Organized crime is characterized by a strong and ruthless leader, a hierarchy, a strong code of conduct for its members and above all, the goal of power and profit. What makes organized crime organized is its ability to serve as a government for the underworld, providing services, allocating resources and territories and settling disputes.
Organized crimes are supported by coordination of criminal acts by individual criminals. Examples: Smuggling, organized prostitution, illegal distillation of alcoholic breweries.
Organized crimes always grow of petty crimes. Syndicated crimes are the sophisticated organized crimes. Syndication comes into existence in order to avoid inter-conflicts among different criminal gangs. Syndicate crime becomes much more efficient with mutual benefits like illegal flow of money, weapons and people also.
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Magnamytis kimberleyi, Mathews, 1923
Naturalist Frederick Maurice House discovered the black grasswren in 1901, as a part of a surveying party led by Frederick Slade Drake-Brockman through the Kimberley in northwestern Australia. He collected a single specimen. Alexander William Milligan, consulting ornithologist at the Western Australian Museum, named it after House when he described the species. The bird was not seen again until 1968, when Dan Freeman of the Natural History Museum led a party to the same area to find it.
Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation and open woodland, punctuated by large sandstone boulders and slabs. It has been classified as Near Threatened as bushfires have become more frequent, as has rainfall, which has altered the landscape. Black grasswrens are not highly mobile and have possibly become locally extinct around Manning Creek due to fire before 2007.
The black grasswren is seldom seen – even when most people visit (in the cooler months), it hides in cracks and fissures in sandstone. Its eggs and nest were only discovered in 1998, the lack of knowledge owing to the fact that the region is largely inaccessible during the summer wet season.
The nest is an oval structure of dried grass stems and leaves in tussocks of soft spinifex (Triodia pungens). It has an entrance in a small spout, with a landing in front of it. The female incubates the clutch, which generally consists of two eggs. The eggs are white with sparse dark markings and measure 21–22.2 mm long by 15.6–16.7 mm wide.
- BirdLife International (2012). "Amytornis housei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
- Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013). Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-643-10471-6.
- Freeman, Dan J. (1970). "The rediscovery of the Black Grass Wren, Amytornis housei, with additional notes on this species (Results of the Harold Hall Australian Expedition No. 27)". Emu. 70 (4): 193–95. doi:10.1071/mu970193.
- Johnstone, R.E.; Kolichis, N. (1999). "First description of the nest and eggs of the Black Grasswren Amytornis housei (Milligan) with notes on breeding". Records of the Western Australian Museum. 19: 259–65.
- Garnett, Stephen (2010). "Black Grasswren" (PDF). The Action Plan for Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
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The second video in ‘How to Build a Love of Reading’ shares how it’s no secret that activities at home are a very important part of any reading programme.
The love of reading is such an important part of the progress of overall learning that I cannot emphasize strongly enough…this must not be squashed by common mistakes such as:
- Insisting a child reads their ‘reader’ to you
- Comparing your child’s progress with other children
- Correcting while they are reading
- Interrupting with ‘important’ thoughts
- How do you support school reading programmes?
- What do you look for?
- What strategies do you expect to see developing?
- When and how do you ‘help’?
- Library books (child selected)
- Self created shopping lists
- Street maps and directions
- Rules (at play areas, movie theatres, sports events etc.)
Have them read to:
- a toy
- a pet
- a family member
- your toes!!!
Where to read:
- on the toilet
- up a tree
- under the table
- in a cubby
- read a page about.
- reading a book backwards page by page (emphasizes reading must make sense and is sequential.)
- you read – they watch for the mistake you make (silent reading and self correction)
There are a set of word attack strategies your child will now be learning and these are available on our little bookmarks. Littlies begin with these as they ‘learn the code’ and older children use the strategies as in our set of senior bookmarks.
Facts …..so relax:
- Children are tired at the end of a school day – so choose reading time carefully!
- Boys often don’t ‘take’ to reading until that frontal cortex is developed and this is usually around 7…So if they are behind the norm at 6 …chill!!!
- ‘Books’ are only one small part of reading! Maps, games, instructions etc. also need to be read. (We will look at this in the next video)
- Being read to is just as important in language development (more complex language patterns and new vocabulary and concepts) and enhances love of reading and desire to read!!
Chief Learning Officer
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The dancer crouches to be sprung,
Unseen until the lights disclose
Her arms suspended, body hung,
Held in the opening pose.
The horses come to motion
With a shudder,
When the switch is thrown;
Their eye-paint gleams for a future hour,
For the screams of the riders they leap to devour
To the calliope’s drone.
Then will infinity open and close,
The cows, uncalled, come home,
Buried Caesar step from a rose,
And Venus sink in the foam.
NOTES for Students of English
“The cows, uncalled, come home” – Echoes the saying that something will not happen “until the cows come home” meaning “never.”
“Buried Caesar step from a rose” – An allusion to a stanza from The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by Edward FitzGerald (1809-1883):
I sometimes think that never blows so red
The Rose as where some buried Caesar bled;
That every Hyacinth the Garden wears
Dropt in its Lap from some once lovely Head.
“And Venus sink in the foam” – Venus, the Roman Goddess of Love and Beauty, was said to have sprung from the foam of the sea. Her Greek name, Aphrodite, was explained as meaning “the foam-risen,” aphros meaning “foam” in Greek.
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en
| 0.901454 | 318 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney, the organ that filters waste from the blood and produces urine. There are two kidneys, right and left. Each is about 4 inches to 5 inches long. They are located at the back of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm, behind the liver on the right, and the spleen on the left. A portion of each kidney is protected by the lowest one or two ribs and by the muscles that cover the back and side of the body. Depending on the reason for a nephrectomy, all or part of one kidney or both kidneys will be removed:
• Partial nephrectomy – Part of one kidney is removed.
• Simple nephrectomy – All of one kidney is removed.
• Radical nephrectomy – All of one kidney is removed together with the neighboring adrenal gland (the adrenaline-producing gland that sits on top of the kidney) and neighboring lymph nodes.
• Bilateral nephrectomy – Both kidneys are removed.
A nephrectomy can be done by conventional open surgery. For a simple nephrectomy, laparoscopic surgery is also available at a growing number of medical centers.
In a conventional open nephrectomy, the surgeon removes the kidney through a standard incision (surgical cut) between 8 and 12 inches long. When possible, this incision is made in the side of the body to allow the surgeon access to the kidney while only minimally disturbing the abdominal organs. However, depending on the reason for the nephrectomy and the health of the patient, an incision may be made in the front of the abdomen or in the back.
Picture : Conventional Open Surgery
In the laparoscopic procedure, four small incisions are made in the wall of the abdomen. The doctor uses a laparoscope (a rod-shaped instrument with a camera for viewing inside the body) to guide the surgical instruments and to free the kidney. If the kidney is being removed for donation, one incision must be enlarged to between 6 and 9 centimeters so that the kidney can be removed in one piece. Usually, this larger incision is next to the navel or in women, along the bikini line in the lower abdomen.
Both conventional open nephrectomy and laparoscopic nephrectomy are done with the patient under general anesthesia, so that the patient is not awake during the procedure. Laparoscopic nephrectomy usually causes less pain during recovery than a conventional nephrectomy, and allows a quicker recovery and less-obvious scarring. However, laparoscopic nephrectomy takes a longer time under anesthesia than an open nephrectomy and requires a surgeon who is skilled in laparoscopy. A laparoscopic nephrectomy is not practical for people with significant scarring around the kidney or people who need a radical nephrectomy.
What It’s Used For
A nephrectomy may be used to remove a kidney for the following reasons:
• The kidney has a cancer. This usually requires a radical nephrectomy.
• The kidney has been damaged, and the damage causes recurring symptoms or problems (such as infection). Damage can be caused by infection, kidney stones or cysts. Damage can also occur if urine builds up pressure due to a blockage somewhere in the urinary tract.
• The patient has severe high blood pressure (hypertension) caused by renal artery stenosis. In this condition, a diseased artery results in damage to one kidney. Nephrectomy usually does not cure the high blood pressure in this illness, but it can make control of blood pressure more manageable.
• Severe trauma, such as an automobile accident, has damaged the kidney beyond repair.
• One person wishes to donate a kidney to another person.
• A transplanted kidney has been rejected by the recipient’s body and is not functioning. Surgery to remove this kidney is called an allograft nephrectomy and is different surgically from removing the patient’s own kidney.
About one week before surgery, you will need to stop taking aspirin and other blood-thinning medications. Beginning at midnight on the night before surgery, you must not eat or drink anything. This reduces the risk of vomiting during surgery. As part of the general preparations for surgery, your doctor will review your allergies and medical and surgical histories. If you are a woman, and there is any chance that you might be pregnant, you must tell your doctor before surgery.
How It’s Done
The medical team inserts an intravenous (IV) line into one of your veins to deliver fluids and medications. You will receive general anesthesia.
Traditional surgical simple nephrectomy
When nephrectomy is done through an incision in your side, the procedure takes place on an angled operating table. You will lie on your side with your body bent sharply at the waist. This position stretches your side and it makes the kidney more accessible to the surgical team. The surgeon makes an angled incision through the skin and muscle of your side, either along the lower border of your ribs, or near your 11th or 12th rib. This incision typically extends from your spine, around your side, to the front of your abdomen. If necessary, a portion of one or two ribs will be removed to expose your kidney. Nearby organs are moved aside gently. The kidney’s blood vessels and ureter are tied off and cut, and the kidney is lifted out of your body. The internal layers of the incision are closed with sutures; the upper layer of skin is closed with sutures or surgical staples. In some cases, a temporary drainage tube will be inserted to drain fluids from the wound. After surgery, you are moved to the recovery room, where you will be monitored for several hours until you are stable enough to return to your hospital room. After about 24 to 48 hours, the drainage tube is removed. You probably will remain in the hospital for five to seven days.
The procedure is similar to a simple nephrectomy, except that the incision often is made in the front of the abdomen, and it may even extend into the lower portion of the chest. Usually, this incision is larger than that for a simple nephrectomy, especially if the surgery is needed to remove a large tumor involving the upper portion of the kidney. In a radical nephrectomy, the neighboring lymph nodes and adrenal gland are removed together with the kidney.
A laparoscope and small surgical instruments are inserted into your abdomen through four small incisions (each incision is about 12 millimeters long). The surgeon uses a tiny camera on the laparoscope to guide the surgical instruments to detach your kidney from connecting blood vessels and your ureter. Toward the end of the procedure, one of the small incisions (usually one located just below the navel) is enlarged to allow the kidney to be lifted out of your body. Using surgical instruments, the surgeon maneuvers the edges of a soft sling underneath your kidney. By pulling on the edges of this sling, the surgeon can lift the kidney out through the incision. At the end of the procedure, the abdominal incisions are closed with sutures or surgical tape.
Picture : Laparoscopic Surgery
About one week after you return home from the hospital, you will visit your doctor for follow up. At this visit, your doctor will check the healing of your incision and will tell you when you can resume your normal activities. For most people who have had conventional open surgery, full recovery takes about six weeks. When a surgeon does a laparoscopic nephrectomy, a person typically can return to work after about four weeks.
In most healthy people who have only one kidney removed, the remaining kidney can function well enough to handle the needs of the body. Life expectancy is normal. People who have both kidneys removed will need a kidney transplant or dialysis, a mechanical procedure that does the filtering work of the missing kidneys.
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| 0.947795 | 1,667 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Making sustainable business practices is not only an environmental choice or a value proposition – it is a way of taking meaningful action to plan for the future. It is a critical consideration when developing business practices so that they not only positively impact their world and reduce negative impacts but protect the business against potential problems down the road.
Sustainability is not simply a moral quandary – it is a critical part of good business practice. Businesses that heavily factor sustainability in their value proposition, and follow up with critical action, are preparing both themselves and their organization for the future.
What is future-proofing?
Future-proofing is a term frequently used in the design and production of digital technology, but it is a concept that is intrinsically tied to sustainability. Planning and preparing your business for not only the present world – but for the world to come – is at its heart, sustainable action. And, in turn, by applying this same motivation to all areas of sustainability, businesses can ensure that not only their products and services avoid obsolescence – but that their business model is built to last as well.
It is critical when building a sustainable business, or in transitioning an existing business, to build with measurable impact. There are many different mechanisms that can be used to measure sustainability – including tracking waste production, emissions, and carbon footprints. Businesses can also track wages in conjunction to cost of living, diversity and inclusion, and many other labour statistics.
There are also different certifications that businesses can aim for in order to communicate their sustainability to customers effectively – like B Corporation certification, Rainforest Alliance certification, and Fairtrade certification, to name a few.
Setting Yourself up for Future Success
In setting up a business for present and future success through tangible and marketable resource awareness, organizations are positioning their business so that it, too, can be sustained over time. As the planet continues to change and as resources become increasingly scarce, a business that has built its practices on renewing its physical and social resources in pace with their use is a business that can continue to operate without needing to overhaul its operations. This kind of future positioning is more easily done when the organization in question has a clear value proposition outlining its reasons for sustainability and an achievable action plan for achieving that sustainability.
A Value Proposition
A value proposition is an important place to start, but it is the continuous action that follows this proposition that creates a sustainable, future-proof business. Organizations need to create a foundation that embraces the values of sustainability and, in turn, embraces the values of protecting and planning for the future.
Without sustainable action, there may be no future and, if there is, then businesses who don’t act now are simply delaying the inevitable – at some point, they will need to change the way that they conduct business in order to remain relevant and able to function. As public opinion moves more and more in favour of sustainability, organizations looking to position themselves for the future need to consider their impact when deciding upon the core build of their business.
Businesses are future-proofing themselves in addition to protecting our world when they consider their long-term impact on natural and social resources. By embracing sustainability, businesses are aiming to last past their present and into future generations.
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| 0.95332 | 664 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Browse our product offerings here
High Precision Load Cell and Weigh Module
1. What is a load cell?
Load cells are typically used in a wide range of industries where precise measurements are required. They are paramount to the success and reputation of the company. These industries include pharmaceutical, manufacturing and automotive. Precise measurements are crucial in research fields as well, especially ones that utilize laboratories for research. A load cell works by converting weight into a signal that is then dispatched to a remote computer. That information is then monitored for progress or for meeting any requirements that may be stringent.
Load-cell technology can be easily integrated into machines, vehicles, devices and instruments. Their design incorporates principles to ensure overload and lift-off protection for safe weighing and accurate results. These results are necessary in ensuring accuracy in the heavy-duty weighing of tanks, vessels, hoppers or conveyors, with our load cell technology built to withstand the demands of rugged industrial applications. The capacity of load cells vary, with some more appropriate for medical equipment and others more appropriate for high capacity batches such as in construction settings.
Strain gauges, which are special electrical resistors, are attached to a load cell’s internal elements.
3. How does a strain gauge work?
The load cell, equipped with strain-gauge technology, is placed in the weighing equipment. As a piece is weighed, a force is applied and the load cell deforms or reacts to the force placed upon it. The strain gauges then mirror this deformity, and an electrical signal is created, eventually converting to a digital format that allows workers to monitor the weight or force.
4. How do sensors work?
A weight sensor works by converting weight or a force that is applied against it into a signal. When a load is applied to a sensor, the resistance is changed, which leads to a change in output voltage.
5. High-Precision load cells in general
METTLER TOLEDO’s robust high-precision load cells meet all globally-required approvals and standards. They include single-ended beam load cells that allow you to change your structure into a scale.
Beam load cells are used in multiples in floor scales, belt weighers, weighing systems, pallet scales, checkweighing scales and conveyor scales. Most METTLER TOLEDO load cells can be globally used in legal weighing systems, and are mostly made from stainless steel to cope with harsh industrial environments. Canister/ring load-cell technology features robustness for harsh environments as well. These are typically used in tank scales, vessel weighing, silo scales and truck weighing.
High speed high accuracy weigh modules. Tailored to the needs of equipment or machine manufacturers for simple integration.
Compression weigh modules, tension weigh modules, beam load cells, ring load cells, canister load cells, S load cells.
High-Precision Weigh Modules
Pairing high precision with high speed
Weigh Modules and Load Cells
Designed to withstand industrial environments
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| 0.913704 | 630 | 3.109375 | 3 |
~ About Faeries ~
What Are Faeries?
In Western societies nature spirits have been known as fairies or elves. In Greek mythology they were the dryads, nerieds, and nymphs that inhabited nature. In some cases the fairies and elves were Pre-Christian Gods and Goddesses. The people had great respect for them and also the aspects of nature they represented. In Ireland it was seen as bad luck to disturb a fairy tree. This similar theme was also seen in Greek mythology in that trees were seen to be dryads, which were actual conscious beings. This showed an awareness of the life force that pervaded trees and all other living creatures upon the earth.
These nature spirits have appeared in legend and myth throughout the whole world. Tales from around the world all have similar major themes. Some of these themes include nature spirits having power over the elements. Other themes are that there are nature spirits specific to earth (including specific tree spirits), to air, to fire, and to water. Other themes are that these spirits can be dangerousness and mischievousness, and that there is a different movement of time in their realm.
Power over the Elements
One major theme is the power of the elements of nature and faeries are seen as having control over these elements. This theme is seen in the tales of the Russian King Frost, and the Germanic Mother Holle.
King Frost brings a colder climate and a chill with him. This aspect of nature would be of great importance to Russians because of the tremendous impact that the weather has on their lives. The Germanic Mother Holle is also similar for she controls when it snows. Mother Holle is also a pre-Christian Goddess. Her counterpart is Eastre, the bringer of Spring and rebirth to the land. She still survives in the name of the current spring holiday called Easter. This holiday is also a celebration of re-birth, being Christ's resurrection. Many older traditions have been incorporated into the newer Christian ones. Painting Easter eggs was also related to the Goddess Eastre because the egg symbolized new life and regeneration like spring does.
are many beings in the realm of faerie that are associated with water.
Some of these nature spirits are mermaids, the Rhine maidens, and the
Faeries have an association with the earth and nature. They are often described as living underground and within the earth in many tales all over the world. The Germanic tale of Rubezahl describes this kind of nature spirit known as a gnome.
In ancient Germany and Greece to kill a tree was to kill the spirit that lived within it. In the Jataka tales, which are tales of former incarnations of Buddha, the Buddha was the spirit of a tree in a former life. Trees were seen as sacred and thought to have had spirits. This was also seen in Japan. The tale of the Willow Wife or Aoyagi, is an example of this. She is really the spirit of a Willow tree. Her parents are also the spirits of the two Willow trees nearby her. When these beautiful trees are thoughtlessly cut down Aoyagi and her parents die.
Danger and Mischievousness
There are also themes of mischievous to dangerous faerie beings that people need to be aware of. This may be explained by the faeries' close association with nature and the elements. Nature nurtures humankind and yet can be vicious, as is seen in storms, earthquakes, draughts, and other natural disasters. So stories of faeries like nature, vary between the extremes of being both helpful and dangerous to human beings.
movement of time is seen in many of the tales of faery land. This may
also have something to do with nature and how the earth is much older
than individual people. It takes ages for a mountain to wear away, so
time moves differently for the elements and nature itself.
The stories I have gathered are only a partial list of what I have become familiarized with. If you know of any other tales involving the spirits of trees, rivers, mountains, and nature in general e-mail me at [email protected]
I will appreciate any stories you have to add on nature spirits. I always enjoy learning about new myths and legends. If you can refer me to books or other references for these stories. I also will be continuing to expand the page over time.
Copyright © 1999-2003 Lumalena
No portion of this page may be reproduced without the consent of the author.
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A seasonal snocover blankets much of Canada during wintertime. In such an environment, the frequency of blowing snow events is relatively high and can have important meteorological and hydrological impacts. Apart from the transport of snow, the thermodynamic impact of sublimating blowing snow in air near the surface can be investigated. Using a time or fetch-dependent blowing snow model named "PIEKTUK" that incorporates prognostic equations for a spectrum of sublimating snow particles, plus temperature and humidity distributions, it is found that the sublimation of blowing snow leads to temperature decreases of the order of 0.5oC and significant water vapour increases in the near-surface air. Typical predicted snow removal rates due to sublimation of blowing snow are several millimetres snow water equivalent per day over open Arctic tundra conditions. The model forecast sublimation rates are most sensitive to humidity, as well as wind speed, temperature and particle distributions, with a maximum value in sublimation typically found approximately 1 km downstream from blowing snow initiation. This suggests that the sublimation process is self-limiting despite ongoing transport of snow by wind, yielding significantly lower values of blowing snow sublimation rates (nearly two-thirds less) compared to situations where the thermodynamic feedbacks are neglected. The PIEKTUK model may provide the necessary thermodynamic inputs or blowing snow parameterizations for mesoscale models, allowing the assessment of the contribution of blowing snow fluxes, in more complex situations, to the moisture budgets of high- latitude regions.
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New Zealand is noted for the number of its flightless or near flightless land birds, and of these the one most often seen is the weka. There is one very variable species, Gallirallus australis, which is divided into four subspecies – one in the North Island, two in the South, and one in Stewart Island.
North Island wekas, once widespread, are now very much reduced both in range and in numbers and are common only in the East Cape district. They also occur sporadically in Northland. In the South Island the western weka of the forests and alpine grasslands of the main mountain chain from Marlborough and Nelson to Fiordland is now only locally abundant. The eastern subspecies, once common over much of the native grasslands from Marlborough to Otago, is almost certainly extinct in its original range. Luckily, some which were transferred to the Chathams in 1905 have become abundant there and an attempt has recently been made to re-establish the species in Canterbury. The result of this experiment is not yet known. A fourth subspecies occurs in fair numbers on Stewart Island and has been introduced to some of its off-shore islets and to Solander and Macquarie Islands.
In those parts where wekas are still relatively common, their furtive curiosity makes them a familiar sight around houses or camps as they patrol in search of edible scraps or, in fact, of anything unfamiliar and transportable. Wekas also feed on berries, insects, worms, lizards, crustaceans, eggs, and young of birds – even mice, rats, rabbits, and, occasionally, stoats.
Their predominant colour is rich brown mottled with black; in some areas the whole plumage is almost black. The reddish-brown bill, about 2 in. long and stout and pointed, is a formidable weapon. The tail is pointed too and is almost constantly being flicked – a sign of unease and a characteristic feature of the behaviour of the rail family, to which wekas belong. Both sexes are alike, the male being slightly larger than the female. Nests are made on the ground under cover of thick vegetation, and consist of grass or similar material made into a bowl in which about four buff eggs blotched with brown and mauve are laid. Both sexes incubate. The size of a weka is approximately equal to that of a domestic hen.
The common contact call is a loud, reedy cooeét cooet cooet, given with a rising inflection. During the breeding season a rapid drumming note seems to be connected with territorial behaviour.
by Gordon Roy Williams, B.SC.(HONS.)(SYDNEY), Lecturer in Agricultural Zoology, Lincoln Agricultural College.
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| 0.968814 | 573 | 3.421875 | 3 |
As companies embrace sustainability and environmental friendliness, they frequently look for solutions developed by their competitors and organizations outside their industry facing similar challenges.
However, sometimes an organization’s own supply chain can reveal some of the best practices and solutions. A company can often collaborate with its vendors, distributors, and customers to develop innovative environmental solutions. Switching to more sustainable packaging or eliminating environmentally harmful ingredients can result from collaboration within the supply chain.
Becoming Invulnerable to Scrutiny
Companies don’t operate in an insulated bubble. Seemingly endless information on a company or product is always only a few clicks or keystrokes away. If it exists, motivated individuals can locate just about any damaging information related to a company any link of its supply chain. Prudent supply chain managers should monitor the cogs on their supply chain to ensure they are following acceptable sustainable and corporate social responsibility practices.
Collaboration Is Essential
The supply chain represents more than quality products delivered on time at the right price. Suppliers should be transparent regarding production techniques and raw materials sources.
Consumers are placing an increased emphasis on sustainability in making their purchasing decisions. In fact, a Unilever study found that one in three consumers choose their brands based on sustainability. With this in mind, companies should work backwards through their supply chain to resolve challenges that compromise documentable sustainability.
Areas for Potential Improvement
Changing inbound packaging to fully recyclable or reusable containers can reduce the carbon footprint substantially. This often requires considerable collaboration with suppliers.
Altering delivery frequencies can result in significant fuel savings and less wear and tear on the equipment. Likewise, rescheduling deliveries to reduced traffic periods can also save on fuel and reduce delivery time.
Raw Materials and Supplies
Replacing harmful raw materials can improve the ecological profile of products. Most ingredients in cleaning and architectural materials have been replaced by eco-friendly elements that are safer for people and the environment. For example, we’ve made durable and economical striping paint from soybeans rather than petroleum to create a low-VOC (volatile organic compound) coating that eliminates dangerous emissions and is far safer for humans to use.
The United Nations defined sustainability in 1987 as meeting present needs without compromising those of future generations. Achieving this definition on a global scale involves environmental, social and legislative responsibilities.
In this light, companies must make corporate social responsibility a factor in choosing their supply chain partners. This involves ensuring that products and raw materials are purchased from vendors that maintain high-quality standards for employee care and protection.
Since more companies are sourcing globally, monitoring both the environmental and social elements of the supply chain is an increasingly significant challenge.
Progress in Sustainability
Multifaceted initiatives toward sustainability, some originating at the very base of the supply chain, have resulted in widespread progress across many industries. Entire product categories such as cleansers and soaps, paints, HVAC equipment, automotive equipment and materials and insulation have undergone substantial retooling driven by sustainability. As a result, these industries now offer safer, better products for consumers. Most of these changes only came to fruition through collaborative efforts between the end marketer and their supply chain members.
Companies and suppliers that are continuously improving their environmental practices are thriving and growing. Companies that are resistant to change are being left behind by consumers seeking sustainable alternatives.
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In order to find and destroy underwater mines attached to ship hulls, military forces have employed human divers to undertake the time-consuming and sometimes dangerous task.
However, the U.S. Navy have also trained dolphins and seal lions to search for these types of bombs -- able to cover large areas in short spaces of time, but costly to raise and unpredictable in their performance.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) reports that the Navy's research department has been engineering robots to take over the roles of minesweeping and other dangerous underwater missions in the last few years. The aim is to develop a completely autonomous machine that can navigate and map murky underwater environments -- without prior knowledge of them -- and detect mines the size of an iPod.
However, this dream has yet to be realized. In pursuit of the ideal, Franz Hover, the Finmeccanica Career Development Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and graduate student Brendan Englot have designed algorithms that improve robotic navigation and detection capabilities.
Using these new, complex algorithms, a robot is able to swim around a ship's hull and detect complex structures including propellers and shafts. With further refining, the team aim to achieve a resolution fine enough to detect 10-centimeter mines attached to ship hulls.
The research is documented in a paper to appear in the International Journal of Robotics Research.
"A mine this small may not sink the vessel or cause loss of life, but if it bends the shaft, or damages the bearing, you still have a big problem," Hover says. "The ability to ensure that the bottom of the boat doesn't have a mine attached to it is really critical to vessel security today."
The algorithms are being used to program a robot dubbed the Hovering Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (HAUV), which was originally part of MIT's Sea Grant program. However, placing the software from theory to practice has not been without its complications. Hover said:
"It's not enough to just view it from a safe distance. The vehicle has to go in and fly through the propellers and the rudders, trying to sweep everything, usually with short-range sensors that have a limited field of view."
The challenge of developing these sophisticated algorithms was approach in two stages. In the first stage, the team made a robot approach a ship's hull; using a sonar camera to ping back signals into what they describe as a "grainy point cloud".
The point cloud operates as a map for the robot. However, sonar technology would not be able to tell the machine where the ship's structure begins or ends -- so in order to translate the "mist", Hover's team added computer-graphics algorithms to their sonar data, which created a 3D mesh model of the robot's surroundings.
In the second stage, they changed the boundary that the robot was allowed to approach from meters to centimeters. The idea is that a robot should be able to cover every point in the mesh -- and so each point was altered to be ten centimeters apart, which is small enough to detect small mines.
The team has conducted field tests with the algorithms, using underwater models of two vessels; a 183-meter military support ship and an 82-meter cutter.
"The goal is to be competitive with divers in speed and efficiency, covering every square inch of a ship," Englot says. "We think we’re close."
This research is supported by the Office of Naval Research.
For more information, view the video below:
Image credit: MIT/ Franz Hover/ Brendan Englot
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
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In the beginning, investing can seem difficult and frightening because you know so little about it - you're basically starting at square one. You may not even know what you want to invest in, let alone the difference between a good deal and a bad investment. However, once you start the learning process and gain some knowledge, it is less scary. And once you've done your first deal, it's even less intimidating.
Remember that this is the information age - knowledge is available about everything, often for free. To get started learning about a certain type of investment, start with a simple keyword search on your favorite internet browser, or seek out the appropriate section at your local library (a librarian can help you if needed). As you learn you will have more questions and those questions will lead you in search of more information.
There are others doing what you want to do - find them. There may be local investment groups or networks you can tap into. You can also talk with other students like yourself and active investors in online forums, such as the Rich Woman community discussion forum
Whatever investment type you choose - real estate, commodities, business, paper assets, etc. - remember these guidelines:
1. Learn the jargon (vocabulary) and the process (how-to) for this type of investment. This will help you understand things you read and have intelligent discussions with others on the subject.
2. Learn the fundamentals: how to tell a good deal from a bad deal, when to buy and when to sell, etc. Every asset class has good deals and bad deals. Learn how to avoid getting burned. Don't be afraid of making mistakes - you can't avoid them entirely - but you can learn how to keep your mistakes small.
3. Use your own judgement to make decisions
. Ultimately, only you can make that final call to buy or sell. When you are gathering information, make sure you know how to tell fact from opinion
; this will help you make more solid decisions.
Remember, this is a learning process. Get the process started now. If you find you are bored with the type of investment you are researching, try a different one until you find one that catches your interest.
Best wishes for your learning and investing success!
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Soils and land management must go hand-in-hand if you’re looking to improve harvests and crop quality.
The latest studies in agriculture show once again that we need to pay closer attention to our soils. We can do a better job of understanding it, protecting it, and amending it. Soil is the thin layer of particles and organic matter on the surface of the Earth where plants grow. Though it may not seem it to us, it is quite a thin layer, and it’s easily lost. When we take care of soil, it can help us to grow bigger, healthier yields and feed more people on less acreage. Don Harden recently talked about Central Florida soils in Central Florida Ag News. Read what he shared—and a bit more—below.
Central Florida’s Soil
There are a number of different soil types in Florida, but most of Central Florida consists of sandhill karst terrain, and the typical soils are made up of sand, clay and organic deposits. The USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), labels it as ‘Aquods,’ which are “wet, sandy soils with an organic-stained subsoil layer.” Florida boasts the largest total acreage of Aquods in the country.
Central Florida’s soils are also classified as Myakka (pronounced My-yakah), which has surface and subsurface layers of gray fine sand and a subsoil of dark reddish-brown fine sand with organic stains. It is also the official state soil of Florida. Features of the soil include permeability and good aeration, rapid drainage and rich in organic material. In short, it’s good for agriculture but requires consistent irrigation, especially in the drier winter months.
Soils and Land Management
Knowing the details of the soil around your farm or ranch is key to getting the most out of the land when raising a crop or growing forage for livestock. Other soil features you should know include the soil’s pH, the nutrients it has and those it lacks, and the organisms in the soil. The USDA’s NRCS is a great resource for those looking to increase their knowledge and the quality of their farm or ranch’s soils.
Extension services are another resource. For instance, UF’s IFAS Extension services have released cool-season forage variety recommendations for those ranchers who grow cool-season forages for their livestock, and many of the recommendations depend upon your soil. For instance, cool-season forages need moisture in the soil. If the land is not irrigated, it is recommended that ranchers use conserved forages or supplements for livestock rather than a cool-season forage. Another point is that small grains are more drought-tolerant than rye grass, as are vetch and winter pea.
In short, knowing the features of your soil are important for all aspects of growing a crop. The soil’s features also come into play when evaluating the land and applying for farm mortgages or cattle ranch loans.
AgAmerica Lending looks to help the nation’s agriculture industry be as strong as possible, whether it’s with ag advice or our custom financial loan packages. Read more about how soil type affects land values.
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