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Poaching is one of the most illegal ways to take an animal. Poaching is illegal because there are rules on how to get an animal. There are at least one hundred million animals killed each year. Quote from the humane society: Wildlife officials say that legal hunters kill tens of millions of animals every year. For each of those animals, another is killed illegally, perhaps on closed land or out of season, leaving orphaned young to starve.
There are about one hundred million animals that are poached each year. If we want to be able to keep these animals population high, so that sportsman can continue to hunt and insure that the species continue to thrive, we need people to take a stand and try to stop poaching worldwide. The wildlife management needs more people willing to devote their time to finding people who are illegally taking wild game.
The reason that I bring this problem up is because poaching an animal isn’t just killing that one animal, its killing 2 to 3 animals including their offspring. Poaching is very cruel; For example, certain poachers target animals like rhino and elephants for their ivory tusks and horns. When you take a rhino’s horn, you have to cut it off or kill the animal. If the poacher cuts the horn off the animal most likely will get a disease and die anyway. If the rhino has offspring, they will also most likely die, simply because they can’t get food from their mother. Elephants that are poached also experience similar fates. Poaching is one of the leading causes of death in animals worldwide.
Animal deaths aren’t the only consequences to poaching. If you get caught poaching an animal, the fish and game authorities will give you a ticket, they will take the animal that you poached, and they can take everything in your possession at the time of the crime. For example, they can take your truck, gun, dog, if you have one, and you will have to go to court. The judge can suspend your license and you could also get prison time. Poaching is now considered a felony and you could face up to a $15,000 fine and up to 3 years in jail. Even a one-time poacher will most likely have to pay up to $1,000 in fines and serve up to 90 days in jail. They could also face revocation of hunting privileges for up to 3 years or longer.
Thousands of people are caught poaching all around the world and only about 1 to 5 percent of them are caught and convicted. When you get caught the consequences will usually depend on how many animals you have killed and how long they can prove you have been poaching.
At this time, to keep people from poaching, there are fish and game officers that are hired to look for and catch poachers. To do this, it is costing the states alone about 100 million dollars or more. The U.S. does not have enough money to manage all the places where people are poaching. My solution to this problem is simple. Sportsman and hunters must come together and stand up for what is right. If sportsman and hunters volunteer their time, even a couple of times a year, to look for and report poaching, this would make a huge impact on the number of successful poaches. It will also increase the money that fish and game brings in yearly with the fines that will be paid by those that are convicted. More money will increase the amount of programs for hunters and sportsman. It will also increase conservation efforts and increase animal and fish populations. In return for the volunteer’s services, fish and game could offer the volunteers a lower fee for licenses or even not fees at all.
As a sportsman and hunter myself, I would be willing to volunteer to catch and report poachers. Together we can stop poaching.
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Analyze Solution For Code Clones
A Microsoft Research project that started a few years ago is now integrated into Visual Studio 2012 as a menu item: Analyzer Solution for Code Clones.
A Microsoft Research project that started a few years ago is now integrated into Visual Studio 2012 as a menu item: Analyzer Solution for Code Clones, as shown below.
Reusing code fragments by copying and pasting is a common activity in the development and bug fixing phases. In general, the number of code clones is likely to increase as the scale of code bases increase. The types of clones based on both the textual and functional similarities can be as follows:
- Type-1: Identical code fragments except for variations in whitespace, layout and comments.
- Type-2: Syntactically identical fragments except for variations in identifiers, literals, types, whitespace, layout and comments.
- Type-3: Copied fragments with further modifications such as changed, added or removed statements, in addition to variations in identifiers, literals, types, whitespace, layout and comments.
- Type-4: Two or more code fragments that perform the same computation but are implemented by various syntactic variants.
Clone Detection Process
This is a parser based search to detect the types of code duplication deribed above. It is a four step analysis process as shown below:
At the beginning of any clone detection approach, the source code is partitioned and the domain of the comparison is determined. There are three main objectives in this phase:
- Remove uninteresting parts: All the source code uninteresting to the comparison phase is filtered out in this phase. For example, partitioning is applied to embedded code to separate out different languages.
- Determine source units: After removing the uninteresting code, the remaining source code is partitioned into a set of disjoint fragments called source units.
- Determine comparison units / granularity: Source units may need to be further partitioned into smaller units depending on the comparison technique used by the tool.
Once the units of comparison are determined, if the comparison technique is other than textual, the source code of the comparison units is transformed to an appropriate intermediate representation for comparison.
This step is intended to eliminate superficial differences such as differences in whitespace, commenting, formatting or identifier names.
The transformed code is then fed into a comparison algorithm where transformed comparison units are compared to each other to find matches. Clones are ranked or filtered using textual analysis or automated heuristics. Often heuristics can be defined based on length, diversity, frequency, or other characteristics of clones in order to rank or filter out clone candidates automatically.
The Visual Studio output gives Exact Match, Strong Match, Medium Match and Weak Match to the developers. The developers can then perform a manual comparison to analyze and take appropriate actions.
Code Clone Settings and Exclusions
A settings file is available to configure this feature at the project level. The file is XML with a .CODECLONESETTINGS extension and should exists in the top level directory of the project.
This tool is highly scalable. It is easily parallelizable based on source code partition.
Duplicates Not Found
- Type declarations are not compared.
- Only statements in methods and property definitions are compared.
- Analyze Solution for Code Clones will not find clones that are less than 10 statements long. For these, you can apply Find matching clones in solution to shorter fragments.
- Fragments with more than 40% changed tokens.
- If a project contains a .codeclonesettings file, code elements that are defined in that project will not be searched if they are named in the Exclusions section of the .codeclonesettings file.
- Some kinds of generated code are *.designer.cs, *.designer.vb and InitializeComponent methods. However, this does not automatically apply to all generated code. For example, if you use text templates, you might want to exclude the generated files by naming them in a .codeclonesettings file.
We can achieve the following code quality benefits by running this tool during development and testing, quality milestones and post-release maintenance:
- Checking for similar issues before check-in
- Reference information for code review
- Architecture refactoring
- Code clean up
- Bug fixing
- Bug investigation
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Summary of the 2014-2015 Influenza Season
- What was the 2014-2015 flu season like?
- When did the 2014-2015 flu season peak?
- How is influenza disease severity characterized?
- How many people died from flu during the 2014-2015 season?
- Why is it difficult to know how many people die from flu?
- What flu viruses circulated during the 2014-2015 season?
- Who was most severely impacted during the 2014-2015 season?
- How many children died from the flu during the 2014-2015 season?
- Were infections with novel (non-human) influenza viruses detected during 2014-2015?
- What kind of vaccines were available in the United States during the 2014-2015 season?
- Were there new recommendations for the 2014-2015 influenza season?
- How much flu vaccine was produced and distributed during the 2014-2015 season?
- What flu viruses did the 2014-2015 flu vaccines protect against?
- How effective was the 2014-2015 flu vaccine?
- Was this season's vaccine a good match for circulating viruses?
- Why didn’t the 2014-2015 season vaccine contain the right H3N2 virus?
- What did CDC do to monitor vaccine effectiveness during the 2014-2015 season?
- What did CDC do to monitor antiviral resistance in the United States during the 2014-2015 season?
Season Summary Reports
- Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness, 2014-2015
- Vaccine Benefits from the 2014 – 2015 Flu Season
- Vaccine Coverage in the U.S. 2014-2015 Flu Season
Compared with the previous five influenza seasons, the 2014-2015 season was moderately severe, with overall high levels of outpatient illness, high levels of hospitalization and a relatively high percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza. The season was a severe one for people 65 years and older. The season was a relatively early in terms of timing, with influenza activity increasing through November and December, and peaking in late December.
The frequency of outpatient visits to doctors for influenza like illness (ILI) went above the national baseline the week ending November 22, 2014 and remained elevated for 20 consecutive weeks, making the season longer than average and the longest in more than a decade. Over the previous 13 seasons, ILI was at or above baseline for 13 weeks on average, with a range of one week to 19 weeks. See 2014-2015 Flu Season Drawing to a Close for more information.
While flu activity levels varied across the country, influenza activity began increasing nationally in November and peaked in late December, when 33% of respiratory specimens tested positive for influenza and 6.0% of outpatient visits to healthcare providers were for ILI. The timing of flu is unpredictable and can vary in different parts of the country and from season to season. However, flu activity most often peaks in February and can last into May.
More information about flu activity during the 2014-2015 season can be found in 2014-2015 Flu Season Drawing to a Close, FluView, and the MMWR report Update: Influenza Activity – United States, 2014-15 Season and Composition of the 2015-16 Influenza Vaccine.
FluView interactive provides visualizations of influenza information collected by CDC’s monitoring systems.
The overall health impact (e.g., outpatient illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths) of a flu season varies from year to year. Based on available data from U.S. influenza surveillance systems that are monitored and reported on by CDC, the severity of a flu season is judged according to a variety of criteria, including:
- The number and proportion of respiratory specimens that are influenza-positive;
- The proportion of visits to healthcare providers that are due for ILI;
- The proportion of all deaths that are caused by pneumonia and influenza ;
- The number of flu-associated deaths among children; and
- Flu-associated hospitalization rates.
CDC assesses the severity of a season by comparing the data from these measures with data from previous seasons.
CDC does not count how many people die from flu each year. Unlike flu deaths in children, flu deaths in adults are not nationally reportable. However, CDC has two flu surveillance systems that are used to monitor relative levels of flu-associated deaths. One is the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System and the other is mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. Both of these systems track the proportion of death certificates processed that list pneumonia or influenza as the underlying or contributing cause of death of the total deaths reported. These systems provide an overall indication of whether flu-associated deaths are elevated, but do not provide an exact number of how many people died from flu. For more information, see Overview of Influenza Surveillance in the United States.
CDC also uses modeling studies to estimate numbers of flu-related deaths, but these studies apply only to past seasons and are not done each year. For more information, see Estimating Seasonal Influenza-Associated Deaths in the United States: CDC Study Confirms Variability of Flu.
There are several factors that make it difficult to determine accurate numbers of flu-associated deaths. Some of the challenges in counting influenza-associated deaths include the following: the sheer volume of deaths to be counted; the fact that not everyone that dies with an influenza-like illness is tested for influenza; and the fact that influenza-associated deaths are often a result of complications secondary to influenza and underlying medical problems, and this may be difficult to sort out. For more information, see Estimating Seasonal Influenza-Associated Deaths in the United States: CDC Study Confirms Variability of Flu.
Overall, influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominated nationally, followed by influenza B viruses; influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 viruses were identified less frequently.
Influenza A viruses were more commonly detected until late February 2015, after which there was substantial influenza B activity. Influenza B viruses predominated from the week ending February 28, 2015 (week 8) through the week ending May 23, 2015 (week 20).
The relative proportion of each type and subtype varied by geographic region and by week.
While influenza virus infection can be serious for anyone, hospitalization data indicate people 65 years and older were more severely impacted by the 2014-2015 flu season, relative to other age groups and relative to previous seasons.
Among people 65 years and older, there were an estimated 8.3 million illnesses, 4.7 million medical visits and 758,000 flu hospitalizations during the 2014-2015 season. CDC estimates that the overall burden of influenza disease estimated across all age groups was 40 million flu illnesses, 19 million flu-associated medical visits, and 970,000 flu-associated hospitalizations. See Estimated Influenza Illnesses and Hospitalizations Averted by Vaccination – United States, 2014-15 Influenza Season for more information.
These data are consistent with observations of the burden of flu illness in the elderly from previous years: data from statistical modeling studies looking at flu seasons from 1979 to 2001 estimate that as many as 60% of flu-related hospitalizations occurred among people 65 years and older.
As of February 1, 2016, a total of 148 laboratory-confirmed, influenza-associated pediatric deaths occurring during the 2014-2015 flu season were reported to CDC from 41 states and New York City.
Since influenza-associated pediatric mortality became a nationally-notifiable condition during the 2004-2005 season, the total number of influenza-associated pediatric deaths has ranged from 34 to 171. (This excludes the 2009 pandemic, when 358 pediatric deaths were reported to CDC during April 15, 2009, through October 2, 2010.)
More information about reported pediatric deaths is available at FluView: Influenza-Associated Pediatric Mortality.
Yes, three cases of human infection with novel influenza A viruses were reported during the 2014-2015 influenza reporting period. One infection with an influenza A (H3N2) variant virus (H3N2v) occurred during the week ending October 18, 2014 (week 42) in Wisconsin, and one infection with an influenza A (H1N1) variant (H1N1v) virus was reported to CDC during the week ending January 24, 2015 (week 3), from Minnesota. Both patients had illness onset in October 2014 and reported contact with swine in the week preceding illness. Both patients fully recovered, and no further cases were identified in contacts of either patient. The third case, a fatal infection with an influenza A (H1N1)v virus was reported from Ohio during the week ending May 2, 2015 (week 17). The patient worked at a livestock facility that housed swine, but no direct contact with swine in the week before illness onset was reported. The patient died from complications of the infection, and no ongoing human-to-human transmission was identified.
Swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with swine influenza viruses have occurred. When this happens, these viruses are called “variant viruses.” They also can be denoted by adding the letter “v” to the end of the virus subtype designation. Human infections with H1N1v, H3N2v and H1N2v viruses have been detected in the United States. See Information on Swine Influenza/Variant Influenza Viruses and Reported Infections with Variant Influenza Viruses in the United States since 2005 for more information.
A number of different manufacturers produced trivalent (three component) influenza vaccines for the U.S. market, including intramuscular (IM), intradermal, and nasal spray vaccines. Some seasonal flu vaccines were formulated to protect against four flu viruses (quadrivalent flu vaccines).
See Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) – United States, 2014-15 Influenza Season, Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine and How Flu Vaccines Are Made for more information.
Recommendations on the control and prevention of influenza are published annually, in late summer or early fall. Recommendations for the 2014-2015 season are available in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) – United States, 2014-15 Influenza Season. During the 2014-2015 flu season, CDC recommended use of the nasal spray vaccine (LAIV) for healthy* children 2 through 8 years of age, when it was immediately available and if the child had no contraindications or precautions to that vaccine. For more information, see Nasal Spray Flu Vaccine in Children 2 through 8 Years Old or the 2014-2015 MMWR Influenza Vaccine Recommendations. However, on February 26, 2015, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) did not renew the preferential recommendation for LAIV for the 2015-2016 season. The ACIP recommendations must be approved by the CDC Director at which point they are published in the MMWR and become CDC policy. More information on this vote is available at the CDC Newsroom.
(*“Healthy” in this instance refers to children 2 years through 8 years old who do not have an underlying medical condition that predisposes them to influenza complications.)
Visit What’s New on this Site to sign up and receive updates from the CDC Influenza site.
Flu vaccine is produced by private manufacturers. Information about the number of seasonal flu vaccine doses distributed this season is available at Seasonal Flu Vaccine & Total Doses Distributed. In September, seven influenza vaccine manufacturers projected about 151 million to 156 million doses of influenza vaccines would be available for the U.S. market during the 2014-2015 season. Of those projected doses, manufacturers estimated that 76 million doses would be quadrivalent flu vaccine. As of February 2015, approximately 147.8 million doses of flu vaccine were distributed.
Information about vaccine supply is available at 2014-15 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine – Total Doses Distributed.
Flu vaccines are designed to protect against the main flu viruses that research suggests will be the most common during the upcoming season. Three kinds of flu viruses commonly circulate among people today: influenza A (H1N1) viruses, influenza A (H3N2) viruses, and influenza B viruses. Each year, reference viruses are used to produce seasonal influenza vaccine.
All of the 2014-2015 influenza vaccine was made to protect against:
- an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus
- an A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus
- a B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus.
Some of the 2014-2015 flu vaccine was quadrivalent vaccine. In addition to the above three, quadrivalent vaccines were made to protect against an B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.
Vaccines that give protection against three viruses are called trivalent vaccines. Vaccines that give protection against four viruses are called quadrivalent vaccines.
More information about influenza vaccines is available at Preventing Seasonal Flu With Vaccination.
CDC’s end-of-season influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates for the 2014-2015 season were presented to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on June 24, 2015. CDC’s adjusted overall VE estimate against influenza A and B viruses for all ages was 23%. The adjusted VE estimate against influenza A (H3N2) viruses for all ages was 13%.
Reduced protection against influenza A (H3N2) viruses for the 2014-2015 season was attributed to the fact that more than 80% of circulating influenza A (H3N2) viruses analyzed at CDC were different or “drifted” from the recommended influenza A (H3N2) vaccine virus.
These vaccine effectiveness estimates were derived from data collected from the U.S. Flu VE Network from November 10, 2014, through April 10, 2015.
See Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness, 2005-2015 for more information.
Laboratory analysis of circulating flu viruses indicated that most of the influenza A (H3N2) viruses were antigenically or genetically different than the influenza A (H3N2) vaccine virus. This is probably why there was reduced vaccine effectiveness against those drifted influenza A (H3N2) viruses. However, the vaccine worked well against about one-third of circulating influenza A (H3N2) viruses that were similar to the recommended vaccine virus and against influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B viruses.
Experts must pick which viruses to include in the vaccine many months in advance of the flu season in order for vaccine to be produced and delivered on time. And flu viruses change constantly; they can change from one season to the next or they can even change within the course of one flu season. Because of these factors, there is always the possibility of a less than optimal match between circulating viruses and the viruses in the vaccine.
When the vaccine viruses for 2014-2015 were selected, A/Texas/50/2012 was the most common circulating influenza A (H3N2) virus, so it was chosen to be included in the vaccine. The drifted influenza A (H3N2) viruses that circulated during the 2014-2015 season were first detected during routine surveillance testing in late March 2014, after World Health Organization (WHO) recommendationsexternal icon for the vaccine composition for the Northern Hemisphere formulation of the 2014-2015 vaccine were made (in mid-February). At that time, only a very small number of these viruses had been found among the thousands of specimens that had been collected and tested and there was no way to predict that they would circulate widely.
CDC collaborates with other partners each season to assess how well the seasonal vaccines are working. During the 2014-2015 season, CDC completed multiple studies on the effectiveness of both the flu shot and the nasal-spray flu vaccine. These studies measured vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza among persons 6 months of age and older. See Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness, 2005-2015 for CDC’s vaccine effectiveness estimates for the 2014-15 season.
CDC routinely collects and monitors flu viruses for changes through an established network of domestic and global surveillance systems. One of the things that CDC looks for are changes in viruses that would make antiviral drugs less effective in treating or preventing infection. Additionally, CDC works with the state public health departments and the World Health Organization to collect additional information on antiviral resistance in the United States and worldwide. The information collected will assist in making informed recommendations regarding use of antiviral drugs to treat influenza.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR)
- Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) — United States, 2014–15 Influenza Season, MMWR 2014, August 15, 2014 / 63(32);691-697
- Influenza Activity — United States, 2014–15 Season and Composition of the 2015–16 Influenza Vaccine. MMWR June 5, 2015 / 64(21);583-590
- Update: Influenza Activity — United States, September 28, 2014–February 21, 2015. MMWR March 6, 2015 / 64(08);206-212
- Early Estimates of Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States, January 2015. MMWR January 16, 2015 / 64(01);10-15
- Update: Influenza Activity — United States, September 28–December 6, 2014. MMWR December 19, 2014 / 63(50);1189-1194
- 2014-15 Season Vaccination Coverage Reports: FluVaxView
- Estimated Influenza Illnesses and Hospitalizations Averted by Vaccination — United States,
- Update: Influenza Activity — United States and Worldwide, May 18–September 20, 2014, MMWR 2014 / 63(39);861-864
- 2013–14 Influenza Season. MMWR December 12, 2014 / 63(49);1151-1154
CDC Flu Reports & Spotlights
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U.S. scientists took a key step toward controlled nuclear fusion
U.S. scientists have crossed a key step toward controlled nuclear fusion,
atomic process that could result in an inexhaustible source of clean energy and solve problems around fossil fuels and emission of greenhouse gases.
The researchers managed to produce an unprecedented level of energy and break the barrier of megajoule, said the National Nuclear Security Administration of the United States.
“Breaking the barrier of megajoule us closer to the fusion ignition,” said agency administrator, Thomas Dagostino, in a statement.
U.S. scientists managed to produce one megajoule with concentration of 192 laser beams simultaneously at a temperature of 111 million degrees Celsius on a tube the size of a pencil sharpener filled with deuterium and tritium, two isotopes of hydrogen.
“This milestone is an example of the benefits achieved with our nation’s investment in nuclear security and other areas, from advances in energy technology to better understanding of the universe, “he added.
Nuclear fusion is the engine of the sun and the stars and their artificial production would provide an unlimited choice of clean generation to replace the reliance on dwindling fossil fuel reserves. However, until now controlled fusion technology is an unresolved challenge for researchers because of the very high pressures and temperatures involved.
In the experiment the laser energy was converted into X rays, which compressed fuel to levels of temperature and pressure billions of times greater than Earth’s atmosphere, the statement said.
The process leads to the fusion of hydrogen nuclei, releasing energy from nuclear fusion precursor.
The temperature produced by the device during the few billionths of a second experiment, was equivalent to 500 times the energy consumed by U.S. in that same time.
It is also thirty times greater than that obtained so far by any other process with a group of lasers in the world.
Nuclear energy can be released in two forms: nuclear fission, which already occurs in a controlled and arises from the division of nuclei of radioactive elements and heavy as uranium-and nuclear fusion, which in turn binds (hence the name of fusion) of hydrogen nuclei into helium, the two lighter elements.
Twenty years ago, chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann caused a sensation by announcing that they had succeeded in producing a cold fusion, a very coveted by scientists in its search for energy sources, clean and economical.
But the dramatic announcement that lost strength after several scientific research teams failed to seek to replicate the experience.
2. Sandia’s Z machine exceeds two billion degrees Kelvin, Sandia National Laboratories news release (8 March 2006) [Back]
Iter website (www.iter.org)
JET website (www.jet.efda.org)
National Ignition Facility website (https://lasers.llnl.gov)
PETAL website (www.petal.aquitaine.fr)
HiPER website (www.hiper-laser.org)
The Fusion Power website of the EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association (www.fusion.org.uk)
European Fusion Network Information website (www.fusion-eur.org)
Website of the Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) program of the US Department of Energy’s Office of Science (www.er.doe.gov/Program_Offices/fes.htm)
Large Helical Device website (www.lhd.nifs.ac.jp)
HiPER activity, Nuclear Engineering International (November 2008)
Fast track to fusion energy, Michael H. Key, Nature 412, 775-776 (23 August 2001)
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Soon, physicians, certified medical assistants, pharmacy technicians and other health professionals may no longer have to worry about the dangers artificial trans fats pose to their patients. A measure recently proposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will almost entirely eliminate the artery clogging substance, which is one of the largest contributors to heart disease in the U.S., from the nation’s food supply.1
The dangers of trans fats
The FDA declared that partially hydrogenated oils, which are the source of trans fats, are no longer recognized as safe, which clears the way for the administration to outlaw their use.
In order to continue including trans fats in food products, companies would have to scientifically prove that the substance is safe to eat. And that should be a difficult obstacle to overcome considering that most scientific literature, including work done by the Institute of Medicine, has concluded that artificial trans fats are not safe for consumption at any level.2
According to FDA Commissioner Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg, the new rules could help prevent up to 20,000 heart attacks and 7,000 deaths from heart disease per year in the U.S.3
Impact of reduction of trans fats
The battle against trans fats has been going on for several years, with the FDA previously requiring that all products containing the substance be labeled as such, and places like New York City banning their use.
Those regulations led to a significant decline in trans fat intake among Americans, going from an average of 4.6 grams a day in 2006 to 1 gram a day in 2012. Still, the inclusion of trans fats in certain foods has persisted, and their outright elimination should be a boon to overall health in the U.S.
“This is about preventing people from being exposed to a harmful chemical that most of the time they didn’t even know was there,” Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, told The New York Times. “It’s quite important. It’s going to save a huge amount in health care costs and will mean fewer heart attacks.”
The FDA’s proposal is also good news for college students, since they are one of the populations that is most often exposed to trans fats. Pretty soon, they will no longer have to worry about unwittingly ingesting the harmful substance in fast food, microwave popcorn and many of the other traditional college treats.
1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Targets Trans Fats in Processed Foods,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Nov. 7, 2013. http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm372915.htm
2 Taverinise, Sabrina, “F.D.A. Ruling Would All But Eliminate Trans Fats,” The New York Times, Nov. 7, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/08/health/fda-trans-fats.html
3 Carroll, Linda, “FDA Moves to Ban Trans Fats From Food, Citing Health Concerns,” NBCNews.com, Nov. 7, 2013. http://www.nbcnews.com/health/fda-wants-ban-trans-fats-food-8C11551559
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An intricate relationship exists between gene activity and social experience. Looking at mice being challenged by other mice in staged interaction experiments, researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign illustrate changes occurring in the brain when an animal’s experiences influence its behavior.
Study leader Lisa Stubbs and her research team designed a series of experiments where one mouse intruded upon the habitat of a second mouse, looking at gene activity across interacting brain regions in response to the challenge. They calculated the activity of genes from different parts of the brain, including the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala. This wide range of quantification is based on gene interactions changing over time, interactions differing among tissue types, and genes being defined, in part, by how they interact with other genes.
While analyzing gene interactions, researchers looked for the involvement of specific transcription factors, as well as any links between gene responses to social experience and their “epigenetic state,” or their gene expression. Epigenetic modification to the chromatin structure - the way DNA is packaged in a cell - affects the way a particular gene is expressed.
From their controlled gene network study, they found a significant amount of gene activity related to metabolism and neurochemical signaling, indicating that social stress may change the way brain cells “consume energy and communicate with one another.”
"We found that the chromatin landscape is profoundly remodeled over a very short time in the brain regions responding to social challenge," said Stubbs. "This is surprising because chromatin profiles are thought to be relatively stable in adult tissues over time."
The findings from the mouse experiments also resembled findings from a similar study in honey bees. "As we examined the regulatory networks active in the mouse brain over time, we could see that some of the same pathways already explicated in honey bees... were also dysregulated similarly by social challenge in mice," Stubbs explained. "That cross-species concordance is extremely exciting and opens new doors to experimentation that is not being pursued actively by other research groups."
The recent study is a strong example of the kind of findings that can be gleaned from genetic models in animals like mice, providing scientists with dependable data that can be applied to studies of more complex animal models and - eventually - human studies. Mice are not by far the only animals who experience social stress and social behavior disorders, and researchers have a lot left to uncover about how genetic activity in the brain changes in response to these social challenges.
The present study was published in the journal Genome Research.
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Software testing multiple choice Questions
1. Select from which of the following the regression testing should be performed.
a) Every week
b) After the software has changed
c) As often as possible
d) When the environment has changed
e) Both option (b,d)
2. When would the testing have been stopped?
a) When all the tests run
b) When the faults have been fixed
c) When the time completed
d) when all the risk are resolved
3. non-functional test does not belong to which of the following categories?
b) Usability and Security
c) State level Transition
d) all of the above
4. Which of the following is a form of functional testing?
a) Security level testing
b) Boundary value analysis
c) Performance testing
d) Usability testing
5. When reporting faults found to developers, testers should be:
a) polite and helpful
c) sensitive and insisting that a bug is not a “feature” if it should be fixed
d) All of the above
6.Impact Analysis help to decide which of the following testing describe below.
a) How much regression testing should be done
b) How many more test cases need to written
c) Exit Criteria
d) Different Tools to perform Regression Testing
7. Select which of the below is not a Fundamental Test Process?
a) Test Planning
b) Requirement Analysis
c) implementation and Execution
d) Evaluating test criteria and reporting
8. Which of the following techniques is NOT a black box technique?
a) Syntax testing
b) Linear Code Sequence and Jump
c)State transition testing
d) Boundary value analysis
9. What should be done in the kick off phase of a formal review
a) Explaining all objective
b) Follow up meetings
c) Fixing defects found
d) Individual Meeting
10. Select Impact Analysis is used in which of the following?
a)User acceptance testing
b) Component testing
c) Non-functional system testing
d) Maintenance testing
11.Which of the following is not checked by Statement Coverage
a) Missing Statements
b) Unused Branches
c) Dead Code
d) Unused Statement
12.What is used as a measure of code coverage?
b) Trends analysis
d) Time Spent Testing
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Adult Nonfiction NC1883.B7 B67 2010
Summary: Starting from first principles, this book covers all of the foundational material needed to develop a clear understanding of the Mathematica language, with a practical emphasis on solving problems. Concrete examples throughout the text demonstrate how Mathematica can be used to solve problems in science, engineering, economics/finance, computational linguistics, geoscience, bioinformatics, and a range of other fields. The book will appeal to students, researchers and programmers wishing to further their understanding of Mathematica. Designed to suit users of any ability, it assumes no formal knowledge of programming so it is ideal for self-study. Over 290 exercises are provided to challenge the reader's understanding of the material covered and these provide ample opportunity to practice using the language. Mathematica notebooks containing examples, programs and solutions to exercises are available from www.cambridge.org/wellin.
Be the first to add a comment! Share your thoughts about this title. Would you recommend it? Why or why not?
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Add a Comment
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| 0.883844 | 232 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Advocates call for immediate action following U.N.’s warning on climate
Representatives of Catholic organizations called upon parishioners to address climate change through actions in their lives and advocacy with political leaders following a United Nations report that warned that the Earth’s temperatures continue to rise, putting human lives in danger.
Solutions can be as simple as planting trees, reducing electricity usage in the home and on parish property, and driving less and walking more, the representatives of groups working on climate-related issues said.
In addition, they said that it is becoming increasingly urgent for Catholics to boost engagement with members of Congress to urge them to enact policies that will reduce the country’s dependence on fossil fuels.
Reducing the use of oil and natural gas, the burning of which scientists have determined produces greenhouses gases that lead to global warming, is crucial to mitigate the effects of a changing climate, said Dan Misleh, founder of the Catholic Climate Covenant.
“There’s lots of easy solutions. It’s a matter of just getting people aware and encouraging action,” Misleh said.
Thousands of pages long, the report released April 4 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change paints a dire picture of the consequences facing the world if carbon emissions are not reduced immediately.
It warned that global temperatures will rise this century beyond the 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) warmer targeted under the 2015 Paris climate agreement if the current pace of fossil fuel usage continues.
Scientists have measured temperatures that already have risen by more than 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer since pre-industrial times, leading to more devastating natural disasters such as flooding, long-term drought, forest fires and stronger hurricanes, and the displacement of millions of people from their homelands.
U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres told journalists April 4 the report demonstrates that governments and corporations have delivered “a litany of broken climate promises” as they continue to prioritize fossil fuels for energy and ignore the goals of the Paris accord.
Recognizing the concern raised by Guterres, Misleh said everyone needs “to cut emissions dramatically so the future, especially for our children and grandchildren, is not going to be as awful as we are heading for.”
There is no better time to begin to end dependence on fossil fuels than the season of Lent, said Susan Gunn, director of the Maryknoll Office for Global Concerns.
“We can look to the themes of Lent to give us courage that we need in this moment. Lent is a time of examining our temptations, confessing our sins and being open to change,” Gunn told Catholic News Service.
“As a community, all of us, producers of oil and gas and consumers of oil and gas, we have to accept change,” she said.
A representative of the Laudato Si’ Movement charged that world leaders “are failing to hear the cry of the poor” and called people of faith to seek strength from the Holy Spirit to act to protect the earth.
“The IPCC report doesn’t say what we do not already know,” Lindlyn Moma, advocacy director for the organization, told CNS from South Africa April 5. “It is very clear that the human race is destroying our common home. It is very clear that powerful world leaders are not taking action to stop the current climate crisis that we are in.”
The report said greenhouse gas emissions continued to grow from 2010 to 2019, but at a slower pace than in the first decade of the 21st century. The rate of growth slowed from 2.1 percent annually to 1.3 percent annually, the report said.
However, the report’s authors said that unless countries rapidly quicken the pace to cut emissions, the Earth on average could see temperatures 4.3 to 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit (2.4 to 3.5 Celsius) warmer by the end of the century, a level that will cause severe effects worldwide.
To kickstart outreach to congressional leaders, a coalition of Catholic organizations has unveiled the Encounter for Our Common Home campaign.
The effort calls for widespread training and advocacy to prepare people to “encounter and urge” senators during the week of May 2-6 to support climate solutions that especially benefit poor and vulnerable communities most susceptible to climate change.
“Our effort is trying to help our Catholic community urge moral responses to climate change on the part of our federal elected members of Congress,” Misleh said.
The focus on the Senate comes at a time when it is considering climate provisions in budget legislation. Messages will be centered on Catholic teaching and will involve a cross section of people of faith to encourage bipartisan support for climate legislation, the campaign website said.
“Our approach — of both faith and reason — rests ultimately on our shared beliefs, seeking to go to the heart of our concern for living out the Gospel through love of all creation, with the hope of manifesting change of heart for our leaders and the wider Catholic Church,” the website said.
Those registering at godsplanet.us/advocacy will be able to participate in two webinars in advance of the online or in-person meetings with senators or their staff members.
Elsewhere, CIDSE, a network of 17 Catholic development agencies from Europe and North America, called for immediate “deep and urgent emissions reductions.”
In an April 4 statement, the organization said it was inspired by Pope Francis and his actions to address climate change. CIDSE’s secretary-general, Josianne Gauthier, echoed Guterres, saying that “corporate power is hindering climate justice.”
“This means to really tackle climate change, we need to address our economic system,” Gauthier said. “As Pope Francis has said, we cannot live within an economy based on insatiable and irresponsible growth. We are motivated to challenge the system based on the direct experiences of people at the forefront of climate change, who need mitigation urgently.”
— Dennis Sadowski
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The light of the body is the eye: if therefore your eye be single, your whole body shall be full of light. --Matthew 6:22
"Throughout the span of recorded human history, Pinecones have served as a symbolic representation of Human Enlightenment, the Third Eye and the Pineal Gland. Our “Pine”al Gland, shaped like (and named after) the Pinecone, is at the geometric center of our brain and is intimately linked to our body's perception of light. The Pineal modulates our wake-sleep patterns and circadian rhythms, remains uniquely isolated from the blood-brain barrier system, and receives a higher percentage of blood flow than any other area of the body save the kidneys.
It is considered by many to be our biological Third Eye, the "Seat of the Soul," the “Epicenter of Enlightenment” -- and its sacred symbol throughout history, in cultures around the world, has been the Pinecone." From Cones and Stones
I was reading about Pinecones before I started this blog and there are several biblical references to the Pinecone through the green pine tree in the bible. This particular site also mentioned the placement of the Pinecone in Egyptian history as well as with the Masonic Lodges and the Masons.
The site is worth visiting just for the information and as an artist I absolutely was drawn to a better understanding of the history of the pinecone in art.
This final verse from Hosea, seems to more directly address the connection between spirituality and the Pinecone/Pine Tree:
O Ephraim, what more have I to do with idols?
I will answer him and care for him.
I am like a green pine tree;
your fruitfulness comes from me.
Thoughts shared from my heart, Laurie
A Texas Artist, Laurie Pace
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It is clearly said in the Quran that the basic purpose of life is to worship ALMIGHTY “ALLAH”. There are different ways to worship Allah, but Salah is the most important. Prayer is the connection between ALMIGHTY “ALLAH” and his servant. Muslims perform five daily prayers as it is an obligation. They are in a direct contact with ALMIGHTY “ALLAH” without the need of any intermediary at Muslim prayer times. 5 Time Prayers Will Make You More Blessed by the Allah Almighty. Salah is an Arabic word, its basic meaning is praying or worship. Every Muslim has an obligation to perform five times prayers in a day. Through Salah, one can communicate directly with ALMIGHTY “ALLAH”. Additionally, it restrains the person from the bad habits and evil deeds of our beloved “HOLY PROPHET “HAZRAT MUHAMMAD” S.A.W.W (PBUH)” also emphasize the importance of prayers for the Muslims. In HIS Hadith, HE mentions that the key to heaven is Salah.
Ustadh Mahmud Kurkcu
Young Muslim Australia
2009 07 10 1935 01 Fri 576p
Originally posted 2018-06-11 10:21:09.
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Good educators know that in addition to learning set standards, students succeed when they think outside of their parameters to find solutions to current or future problems. When you blend these two components, you get a much more engaged learner who is ready to take on any challenge.
My students were incredibly inventive. I didn’t know that some of them had that ability. So much out-of-the-box thinking that it even surprised me of the ideas that they came up with!2nd grade Teacher, North Carolina
ImaginGO is the perfect complement to your standard curriculum. Based in Imaginative Thinking, ImaginGO gives students the confidence to develop possibilities for the challenges of today and tomorrow.
The GOGOs are designed for students to think of new ways to solve novel problems. Through repetition of Imaginative Thinking, students will improve the way they think about approaching, designing, and communicating possible solutions to problems.
By incorporating ImaginGO into a standard curriculum you give students a new insight into approaching the subjects. Students will begin to ask, “why not?” and think of the possibilities of solving a problem within Science, for instance.
Students will become more engaged in the subjects while having more fun exploring them from a different perspective.
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SCRs in AC Circuits
- After studying this section, you should be able to:
- Describe methods for AC power control using SCRs
- • Half wave and full wave control
- • Basic resistive control.
- • Phase control.
- • Level control.
- • Pulse triggering.
- • Synchronous or zero crossing switching.
- Understand circuit operation for different methods of SCR triggering.
- Describe safety isolation methods for medium and high voltage devices.
Basic Resistive Control
Thyristors are generally used in AC power control circuits such as lighting dimmers, AC motor speed controls, heaters etc. where mains (line) voltages are used for loads of many watts, or often kilowatts. The aim of AC Control is to trigger the SCR part way through each AC cycle so that the load current through the SCR is switched off for part of the AC cycle, so restricting the average current flowing through the SCR, and hence the average power delivered to the load.
Fig. 6.2.1 Basic Resistive Control Circuit
The simplest way of achieving this is illustrated in Fig.6.2.1, where the thyristor is switched on by applying a low voltage sine wave (derived from the AC input by a simple resistor network containing a variable potentiometer) to the gate terminal of the SCR. Note that because the gate input wave is derived from the AC flowing through the SCR, it will consist only of rectified half wave pulses. The effect of this input wave is that the SCR will switch on only as the gate waveform reaches the SCR firing potential, which happens part way through each positive half cycle of the AC wave. Once the thyristor is switched on it continues to conduct until the AC wave reduces to just above zero volts, when the current flowing between anode and cathode falls to a value less than the 'holding current' threshold (shown in Thyristor Module 6.0 Fig. 6.0.3). The thyristor then remains in a non conducting state during the negative half cycle of the AC wave as it is now reverse biased (in reverse blocking mode) during the remainder of the AC cycle. When the next positive half cycle starts the thyristor remains in a non-conducting state until the trigger waveform at the gate terminal reaches its firing potential once more.
Fig. 6.2.2 SCR Resistive Triggering
The time or phase angle at which the SCR will be triggered can be varied by changing the amplitude of the gate waveform. As can be seen from the animation in Fig. 6.2.2. the smaller the gate signal amplitude, the later the SCR switches on. Changing the amplitude of the trigger waveform therefore controls the switch-on time of the SCR. Note however that as a thyristor is basically a rectifier diode it only conducts during half of the AC cycle, a single SCR can therefore only deliver 50% of the available AC power. Also, in using this very basic form of control, the current flow through the SCR is only controllable over half of the positive half cycle, that is a quarter of the full AC cycle. It can be seen that once the switch-on time reaches the peak amplitude of the AC wave it cannot be adjusted further, as the peak amplitude of the trigger waveform will no longer reach the SCR gate firing potential and so will not trigger the SCR after this point.
Fig. 6.2.3 AC Control Using Resistors
Fig. 6.2.3 Video not available in print format
It can also be seen from both the animation, and the video in Fig 6.2.3, that when using the simple resistive method, control is not very linear; initially the current through the SCR changes only by a relatively small amount, but there is a more rapid change just before conduction ceases. Look carefully at the inset showing the lamp in the video; it only begins to visibly dim just as the switching time is close to the peak value of the AC wave.
Fig. 6.2.4 Full Wave SCR Control Methods
Full Wave SCR Control
The basic SCR operation described above can be considerably improved with some simple modifications. Perhaps the greatest drawback of the simple resistive control is that the range of adjustment could only cover 25% of the whole AC wave. This is due to the diode action of the SCR only conducting during the positive going half of the AC wave. To allow conduction during the negative going half of the AC wave, the AC can be rectified using a full wave rectifier, as shown in Fig. 6.2.4(a). As both halves of the AC wave will now be positive going, the range of adjustment is now improved to nearly 50%. An alternative is to use a second SCR connected in anti-parallel as shown in Fig. 6.2.4(b) so that one SCR conducts during positive half cycles, and the other SCR during negative half cycles. However this parallel arrangement of SCRs can also be obtained simply by using a single Triac instead of two SCRs.
Fig. 6.2.5 SCR Phase Control Demo Circuit
SCR Phase Control
To achieve control over virtually 100% of the AC wave, phase control simply replaces one of the resistors in the resistive control circuit with a capacitor. This now converts the resistor network into a variable low pass filter that will shift the phase of the AC wave applied to the gate. Details of how a low pass filter works can be found here but basically, the values of C and R are chosen so that adjustment of R1 will provide a phase shift from 0° to nearly 90°. To be effective, the variation of R1 needs to give sufficient change in the behaviour of the load device (in this case a 12volt 100mA lamp). As well as shifting the phase of the gate waveform however, the RC filter will also be altering the amplitude of the gate waveform, so the amplitude of the gate waveform also needs to be kept above the firing potential of the SCR type chosen, for switching to take place. From these conditions it can be seen that calculation of suitable values for R and C to provide appropriate control, depend on both phase and amplitude so can get quite complex. Therefore some practical experimentation with R and C values is also most likely to be necessary.
Fig. 6.2.6 SCR Phase Control
Fig. 6.2.6 Video not available in print format
The video in Fig. 6.2.6 shows a working circuit using the component values shown in Fig. 6.2.5. Watching the brightness of the lamp together with the changing waveform shown in the inset image, it can be seen that using phase control does give much improved control over almost the whole 180° of every half cycle, compared to the simple resistive control.
SCR Level Control
Fig. 6.2.7 SCR Level Control
Another way of switching on the SCR at the appropriate part of the AC cycle is to apply a DC voltage to the gate during the time the SCR is required to conduct. The DC applied to the gate will therefore be a variable width pulse having a voltage level sufficient to cause the SCR to conduct. These pulses must be synchronised with the rectified AC wave so that they always start and end at the correct time relative to the AC waveform.
The animation in Fig. 6.2.7 illustrates the basic method of triggering an SCR using level control. The SCR is triggered (switched on) for a period during each rectified AC half cycle by a voltage Vg applied to the SCR gate. The SCR turns off at the end of each half cycle as the voltage across the SCR falls to near zero, which also coincides with the end of the trigger pulse Vg. The DC pulses may be generated digitally, using a computer output or by using a discrete component circuit such as that shown below in Fig 6.2.8, which uses a 555 timer based monostable. This circuit offers a simple and inexpensive method of demonstrating SCR operation using only low voltages. Two power supplies are used, the shaded area of Fig. 6.2.8 is the AC demonstration power supply described in SCR Module 6.0, which isolates the demonstration circuit from the mains (line) supply. The control section of the circuit must be supplied with a DC voltage of between 5V and 12V. This can be from either a separate DC power supply (e.g. a 'Wall Wart'), a dedicated IC regulated supply, or a battery. The control section of the circuit (black) is also isolated from the AC section (red) by two optocouplers, IC1 and IC3. Because this circuit is already isolated from mains voltage by T1, it would seem unnecessary to use a second method of isolation in IC1, However the main function of IC1 is not isolation in this case, but to act as a zero crossing detector.
Fig. 6.2.8 SCR Level Triggering Circuit
Fig. 6.2.9 SCR Level Triggering Waveforms
Level Triggering Demonstration Circuit
The circuit in Fig. 6.2.8 switches on the SCR at a time chosen by the setting of VR1 during each positive AC half cycle from the low voltage power supply (waveform A). The SCR switches off again as the rectified AC voltage reduces to near zero at the end of each half cycle. The control circuit is based around a 555 timer IC operating in monostable mode, and two 4N25 opto couplers.
As well as isolating the 555 circuitry from the incoming AC, IC1 (4N25) provides a synchronising pulse (waveform B in Fig. 6.2.9). This is achieved by biasing IC1 in common collector mode so that its output transistor conducts for most of the full wave AC input, producing a high (5V) voltage at pin 4, but turns off as the AC wave approaches 0V, producing a 0V output at pin 4 of IC1. These pulses are used to trigger the 555 monostable (IC2) at the start of each half cycle.
Each time IC2 is triggered its output on pin 3 goes high for a time set by the time constant created by variable resistor VR1 and the timing capacitor C1. Notice that VR1 is also connected in parallel with a 27K resistor R4. The purpose of this is to achieve a more accurate time constant than is possible using only the preferred values of VR1 and C1. It would also be possible to fit a preset resistor in place of R4 to obtain the exact duration for the high level trigger pulse produced by IC2.
Fig. 6.2.10 SCR Level Triggering
Fig. 6.2.10 Video not available in print format
Notice that the trigger pulse produced by IC2 (waveform C in Fig. 6.2.9) goes high immediately a synchronising pulse is received, which would turn the SCR on at the start of the half cycle. Also when the trigger pulse returns low this would not switch off the SCR, it would continue to conduct until the end of the half cycle; this is not what is needed. However, waveform C is inverted by the action of the optocoupler IC3, because its output transistor is connected in common emitter mode. Therefore the SCR is triggered during the latter period of the rectified AC half cycle, (waveform D in Fig. 6.2.9). Notice that waveform D does not look like the inverse of waveform C because, as soon as the SCR is triggered the gate input (together with the anode and cathode) follows the shape of the rectified AC wave from the moment of triggering to the time it reaches 0V.
Note that the level triggering circuit described here and shown in operation in the video in Fig. 6.2.10 is not particularly meant to represent a practical circuit for high voltage control, but as a demonstration piece allowing the control of an SCR to be studied. This module therefore provides the opportunity to study SCR triggering modes in more depth, using the low voltage AC power supply described in SCR Module 6.0 and constructing the trigger circuits on breadboard. In practice however, there are some drawbacks to level triggering, which can be overcome by using Pulse Triggering.
SCR Pulse Triggering
Using level triggering as described above has the drawback of creating gate current throughout the 'on' period of the SCR. This creates unnecessary gate current and in high power application can add to heat generated at junction 2 of the SCR, which in turn may reduce long term reliability.
A modification to the circuit shown in Fig. 6.2.8 is illustrated in Fig. 6.2.11. This circuit generates a single narrow pulse (about 4µs in duration) to trigger the SCR at the chosen firing angle, the SCR then continues to conduct until the forward current falls to less than the holding current value at around 0V so greatly reducing the average gate current.
Fig. 6.2.11 SCR Pulse Triggering Circuit
How the Pulse Triggering Circuit Works
The portion of Fig. 6.2.11 shown in pale grey works in the same way as already described for Fig 6.2.8; the output of IC2 (the monostable) consists of variable width positive pulses (waveform A shown in Fig. 6.2.12) where the falling edge of each pulse defines the firing angle of the SCR. (Note that in the level triggering circuit this waveform is inverted before being applied to the gate, so that the falling edge becomes a rising edge to trigger the SCR). In Fig 6.2.11 before the output of IC2 is inverted, it is differentiated by C3 and R5 to produce a series of narrow 4µs positive and negative going pulses corresponding to the rising and falling edges of waveform A. These narrow pulses are fed to the common collector (emitter follower) driver transistor Tr1 via R6. Diode D2 at Tr1 emitter removes the positive going pulses (apart from a small residue due to the forward junction potential of the diode).
Fig. 6.2.12 SCR Pulse Triggering Waveforms
The negative going pulses (waveform B) at Tr1 emitter are inverted by the 1:1 pulse transformer T2 by connecting T2 secondary in anti-phase to the T2 primary (notice the phase indicator dots next to the primary and secondary windings) so producing positive going trigger pulses for the SCR. T2 also acts as the isolator between the low voltage DC control circuit and the higher voltage AC SCR. Fig. 6.2.12 waveform C shows the SCR cathode waveform, the fast rising edge corresponding to the timing of the trigger pulse delivered to the gate via R8 current limiting resistor; this reduces the current delivered by each trigger pulse to around 100µA.
Both the level triggering and pulse triggering circuits provide reliable triggering and adjustment over nearly the whole 360° of the 50Hz AC wave. Some adjustment of the monostable time constant may be necessary for 60Hz operation. The DC supply voltage level is not critical, between about 5V and 12V.
Fig. 6.2.13 SCR Zero Crossing Waveforms
Synchronous (Zero Crossing) Switching
A problem exists however with all the control methods described above. The AC output waveform when the SCR is switched on during each positive half cycle of the AC wave, has a very fast rise time, as the current through the SCR suddenly switches from zero to the instantaneous value of the AC wave. When used with a 230V AC supply this sudden change can be around 325V (the peak value of the AC wave). The waveform may also be a sharp triangular spike if the SCR switches on after the peak value of the wave has occurred. In any case the AC voltage waveform produced by the SCR action will be rich in harmonics, that can generate a serious level of electromagnetic interference (e.m.i.) causing problems not only to other connected circuitry; the interference can also radiate to other nearby electronics as radio frequency interference (r.f.i.) as the harmonics produced can extend well into the radio frequency bands. To avoid these problems alternative control methods may be used. One such method, called 'Synchronous or Zero Crossing Switching' is to only allow thyristors to switch when the mains waveform is at, or very close to zero volts. The thyristor is then switched on for a number of cycles and then switched off again (as the AC voltage passes through 0V) for another number of cycles. The ratio of on to off cycles can then be altered to provide a variation of average power supplied to the load. Fig. 6.2.13 illustrates a theoretical method for achieving zero crossover switching. A practical demonstration circuit is shown in Fig. 6.2.14 and the actual waveforms obtained from the circuit are shown in Fig. 6.2.15.
Waveform A in Fig. 6.2.15 shows the 18Vpp 100Hz waveform applied to the zero crossing circuit from the full wave rectified AC power supply and bridge rectifier (shaded grey in Fig. 6.2.14).
Waveform B is a series of 5V pulses, derived from IC1 optocoupler. As the optocoupler transistor is turned on for most of the positive half cycle of the AC input, this makes the emitter high apart from a narrow pulse as the emitter falls from 5V to 0V each time the AC input falls to 0V. These pulses are therefore synchronised to the zero voltage point of waveform A.
However, as positive going trigger pulses are needed to trigger the SCR, the pulses at B are inverted by Tr1 to create waveform C.
Waveform D is the output of a free running 555 astable oscillator IC2, which produces square pulses at a pulse repetition frequency of about 7Hz and a variable duty cycle adjustable by VR1. This waveform is used to control the ratio of the on and off times of the SCR. As the SCR will be high (on) for a number of 100Hz half cycles, then low (off) for a number of half cycles. The mark to space ratio of the square wave produced by IC2 is adjustable by VR1 to produce an on time of between about 20% and 90% of the periodic time of the astable output. The operation of IC2 is described in more detail in Oscillators Module 4.4.
The outputs of Tr1 (waveform C) and IC2 (waveform D) are applied to the two inputs of the AND gate (IC3). The output of IC3 goes to logic 1 only when both inputs are at logic 1. This produces a series of narrow positive going trigger pulses (waveform E) to trigger the SCR only at the start of those half cycles whilst waveform D is high. The trigger pulses produced are applied to T2, a 1:1 isolating pulse transformer via the emitter follower driver transistor Tr2. The secondary winding of T2 applies the trigger pulses to the gate of the SCR via a current limiter resistor R11 and diode D3. The gate waveform (waveform F) is practically identical to the output waveform at the SCR cathode as there is only a small voltage difference between the gate and cathode of the SCR.
Fig. 6.2.14 SCR Zero Crossing Control Circuit
*Safety Note: Generally 0.25watt resistors are OK for this design, but if the circuit is operated for a prolonged time with no AC supply but with the DC supply still on, there is a possibility that R11 (47R 0.25W) can overheat, as under these conditions it will be passing increased current due to waveform E being a higher current version of the astable output (waveform D). To avoid overheating, R5 could be replaced by a higher wattage version, or preferably both AC and DC supplies should always be turned off when the circuit is not operating!
Fig. 6.2.15 Waveforms Fig. 6.2.14 Circuit
Fig. 6.2.16 SCR Zero Crossing
SCR Zero Crossing Circuit Operation
This demonstration circuit again uses the low voltage (12VRMS) full wave rectified AC supply described earlier and shaded grey in Fig. 6.2.14.
Fig. 6.2.14. uses two different methods of isolation and demonstrates how the zero crossing control method may be achieved using standard components. It is not meant to represent any particular commercially available solution, nor is it meant to represent the best available method. The purpose of the SCR gate drive circuits discussed in this module is to provide useful demonstrations of commonly used drive techniques and a low voltage environment for relevant experimentation. They can be inexpensively built on standard breadboard or strip board as shown in Fig. 6.2.16 to serve as useful demonstrations, or as student projects. Low voltages are used in these projects to maintain a safer environment, but learnabout-electronics.org does not claim or suggest that any electronic circuit is totally safe, choosing to build and/or use the circuits and methods described on this site is done entirely at your own risk.
The video in Fig 6.2.17 shows the effect of zero crossing control when used to dim a lamp. Notice the pronounced flicker produced as the SCR switches on and off at low frequencies, showing that this solution, whilst removing one problem of SCR control (interference) produces another - the low switching speed and associated flicker. However while this may be a problem for lighting applications, it is not a problem for applications with slowly changing values such as heating control. Zero crossing can therefore be effective in controlling temperature by varying the average power supplied to a heating element. Also, because of the absence of fast changing voltage spikes in zero crossing control, it is more suited to use with inductive loads than drive circuits that switch during the AC cycle.
Fig. 6.2.17 SCR Zero Crossing Control
Fig. 6.2.17 Video not available
in print format
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Search articles from 1992 to the present.
Salvaging the 1993 Gardening Season
This article was published originally on 8/11/1993The 1993 gardeningseason has been frustrating for many home gardeners. Manygardeners have simply been unable to do much yard work because ofthe nearly constant rain. However, the 1993 gardening season isfar from over. Much can still be accomplished over the nextseveral weeks. Late summer and early fall is an excellent time toseed lawns and plant trees, shrubs, spring-flowering bulbs, andperennials.
Seeding of new lawns may be done from mid-August to mid-September.Late summer or early fall planting has severaladvantages over spring seeding. Cool-season grasses germinatequickly in the warm soil of late summer. The warm fall days andcool nights promote rapid turf growth. There will also be less competition from weeds as few weed seeds germinate in the fall.
Trees and Shrubs
Late summer and fall is an excellent time to plant balled andburlapped and container-grown trees and shrubs. Evergreens shouldbe planted from mid-August through September. Planting evergreensduring this period allows their root systems to become wellestablished before the onset of winter. Evergreens planted in latefall (October and November) may not survive the winter. Deciduoustrees and shrubs have a longer planting season. Deciduous treesand shrubs can be planted from mid-August through October.
While many trees and shrubs do well when planted in latesummer and fall, oaks, birches, magnolias, and firs establish newroots slowly and should only be planted in the spring.
The best time to plant spring-flowering bulbs, such as tulips,daffodils, hyacinths, and crocuses, is September and October.However, if weather permits and the soil remains unfrozen mostspring-flowering bulbs can be planted as late as December.
Many perennials may also be planted in late summer and earlyfall. This period is also a good time to move or divideperennials, such as peony, yarrow, columbine, daylily, purpleloosestrife, garden phlox, and others. Apply a 2 to 3 inch layerof straw mulch to newly planted perennials in late fall. Mulchinghelps conserve soil moisture and prevent alternate freezing andthawing of the soil that could damage the plants.
For many Iowans, the 1993 gardening season has been a majordisappointment. Yet much can still be accomplished with hard work,a little luck, and good late summer/early fall weather.
Year of Publication:
IC-465(21) -- August 11, 1993
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In vocational education and training, what is assessment?
In the VET sector, assessment refers to the process of collecting evidence for making judgments about an individual’s competence or ability to perform a task or role against a standard expected in the workplace.
Competency-based assessments (CBA) and competency-based training (CBT): purpose and benefits
After the Australian tripartite mission in 1987 (ACTU/TDC 1987) and the publication of Industry training in Australia: The need for change (Dawkins 1989a) and Improving Australia’s training system, many people believe that this is
There is a great deal of debate surrounding the validity of assessment methods in vocational education and training (VET). Some believe that traditional methods, such as open book and closed book examinations and long
Message from the CEO A training sector magazine and newsletter, The VET Sector, features articles, resources, and information for all stakeholders of Registered Training Organisations (RTOs). We cover relevant and important topics to RTOs,
10 Principles – What it takes to run a compliant vocational education and training (VET) organisation
There are a number of key principles that must be adhered to if you wish to operate a compliant training organisation. In accordance with these principles, your organisation must deliver quality training in a
Contextualisation and customisation in the vocational education and training industry
Customisation and contextualisation are two important approaches to vocational education and training (VET). Both involve tailoring VET programs to the specific needs of individual learners or groups of learners. However, there are some important
Summary of Contextualising teaching and learning – A guide for VET teachers
In this article, our team has prepared a summary of Contextualising teaching and learning – A guide for VET teachers. In this handbook, you will find practical, ready-to-use ways to contextualize learning in a
Training and assessment in vocational education and training by unqualified trainers and assessors
It has been a huge concern in vocational education and training (VET) in Australia that training products are being delivered by unqualified trainers and assessors. This means that the quality of VET delivery can
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| 0.943355 | 454 | 2.609375 | 3 |
On August 10, Taliban fighters attacked the Afghan city of Ghazni from four sides. Ghazni is a key corridor between the capital Kabul, which lies 90 miles to the north, and southern Afghanistan. The siege lasted five days and resulted in numerous civilian and military casualties.
The Afghan army has retaken control of the city, but conditions in Ghazni remain “particularly grim,” according to the United Nations. The battle shut down water supply, electricity, and telecommunications in the city of 270,000. Hospitals are struggling to treat victims amid the unfavorable conditions. In addition, security concerns are slowing the delivery of aid.
“When the fighting started the whole city lost power and there wasn’t enough food and water. We didn’t stock food because we didn’t know the Taliban would attack the city.” –Safiullah, a Ghazni shopkeeper, on the lack of basic amenities. Several civilians report difficulty finding water in the city.
By The Numbers
200 to 250 Estimated civilian casualties in Ghazni, according to the United Nations. The death toll has not been officially verified.
20 percent Proportion of Ghazni residents who rely on the city water system, which was cut off when fighting began.
500 kilograms Amount of chlorine that UNICEF will use to flush the city water system.
30,000 Civilian casualties across Afghanistan since 2009, when the United Nations began tracking the civilian death toll. An additional 55,000 people have been wounded.
23 Aid workers killed this year in Afghanistan. Thirty-seven have been seriously injured, and 74 have been abducted. A spike in violence has hampered humanitarian efforts in recent months.
On The Radar
The United Nations reports that Ghazni’s water infrastructure sustained no major damage, and that parts of the system are running again. Aid organizations are reportedly prioritizing chlorination of the city’s water supply.
Other utilities in Ghazni, though, remain severely disrupted. Telecommunications and electricity are still down in much of the city. Power shortages mean that residents who rely on boreholes have difficulty pumping water from their wells. The United Nations and other aid organizations are attempting to help, but there is no safe way for humanitarian workers to enter the city at this time.
Afghanistan: Battle-torn Ghazni residents ‘can’t find food’ (BBC)
Afghanistan: fuel, medicine and fresh water reach hospital in Ghazni (Relief Web)
Afghanistan: Ghazni Conflict Update No. 3 (as of 16 August 2018) (Relief Web)
After Taliban Siege of Ghazni, Afghans Tell of Fear and Deprivation (The New York Times)
As Fighting Escalates, U.N. Urges Protection for Aid Workers in Afghanistan (The New York Times)
Kayla Ritter is a recent graduate of Michigan State University, where she studied International Relations and Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. She is currently based in Manton, Michigan. Kayla enjoys running, writing, and traveling. Contact Kayla Ritter
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In the quest to slow down and ultimately understand chemistry at the level of atoms and electrons, University of Colorado at Boulder and Canadian scientists have found a new way to peer into a molecule that allows them to see how its electrons rearrange as the molecule changes shape.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory has teamed with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Illinois at Chicago and Northwestern University to form the Illinois Center for Advanced Tribology, which will develop solutions to technical issues related to transportation, health and systems that operate in extreme environments.
It has been a success for the past six years, and it's back again. The 7th Annual Charlotte Biotechnology Conference (CBC) will be held in the Student Activities Center (SAC) on October 28, 2008 and will feature an array of different speakers elaborating on the different aspects of biotechnology.
The U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring the inaugural Science + Energy Research Challenge (SERCh), Nov. 9-10, 2008, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is partnering with Oak Ridge Associated Universities to host the event.
To increase Europe's microelectronics competitiveness, the Belgian nanoelectronics research center IMEC asks Europe and its governing public authorities to stimulate true cross-border collaborations, not only by setting up networks but also by creating financial means.
Clemson University researchers developing imaging agents to allow a new method of detecting breast cancers have received $180,000 from the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American women.
University of Utah scientists successfully created a sensitive prototype device that could test for dozens or even hundreds of diseases simultaneously by acting like a credit card-swipe machine to scan a card loaded with microscopic blood, saliva or urine samples.
Sun Qingfeng with the Lab for Condensed Matter Theory and Materials Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Institute of Physics made an intensive study on the electron transport through graphene p-n junctions.
This technique will be useful for the large scale, accelerated assembly of SWNTs at room temperature, which is more suitable for nanoscale electronic applications, such as flat panel displays and electronic memory devices.
As developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology reshape our world on a daily basis, the California NanoSystems Institute ( CNSI ) at UCLA is helping Los Angeles-area high school science teachers incorporate these subjects into their standard core curriculum.
Leading European energy research institutes have joined together to found the European Energy Research Alliance (EERA), with the aim of speeding up the development of the new energy technologies that Europe needs if it is to address the triple challenge of climate change, energy security and competitiveness.
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Lesson 1/Learning Event 5
Drainage is of prime importance in constructing the facility. You should construct adequate drainage channels
during the initial earthworking stage of construction and constantly improve them as the plant is built. This is
most significant in that most of the rock crushing plants have electrical components inherent to their operation.
You should orient equipment in such a manner that prevailing winds carry the rock dust generated by the
processing machines away from the facility. You should take care to locate supporting equipment such as
generators and water pumps and permanent facilities, such as latrine, office, and maintenance shops out of the
path of winds carrying the rock dust.
ORGANIZATION OF SPACE
Your plant design should include adequate space around the equipment. This is needed to provide access areas
for maintenance personnel to perform repairs on the equipment, space to move cranes in to lift out and replace
worn jaw plates and roll shells, space for fuel trucks to move in and fuel the equipment, and space to remove and
replace complete processing units.
MATERIALS HANDLING AND STORAGE
Your plans for the plant should include adequate materials handling devices to expedite the flow of material
through the plant and eliminate double handling of the material.
You should use gravity flow through chutes where possible to eliminate the need for haul units. A headwall-ramp
should be constructed to allow haul units to back up to the apron feeder of the primary unit and discharge their
loads. If a problem with oversize rock is anticipated you should have a prescreening grizzly built in the quarry or
over the apron feeder to remove the oversize rock.
When possible, you should store quality product size aggregate in bins rather than in open stockpiles. This is
most important when the aggregate is crushed to specification sizes or has been washed. Open stockpiling of
aggregate can cause contamination of the product by windblown sand, fines, and trash. Also the use of bins
allows the complete use of all the product that is produced. Trucks drive under the bins and load the vehicles
through trap doors in the bottoms of the bins.
If the bins are not available for aggregate storage, headwalls should be built for stockpiles to ensure separation of
the different sizes of aggregate being processed. The area separating headwalls should be large enough to
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stool: /sto͞ol/ – a piece of feces.
Stool is the common term in medicine/science for feces (poop). This is the solid waste matter left after food is digested. The stool will form in the intestines, it’s then passed out of the body through the anus. Fun stuff, right? Well, as gross as chatting about stool is, it’s an important indication of our internal health and can warn us quickly if something is wrong.
To make it even better, many terms for a-typical stool correlate to food. Some of these terms are current jelly stool, milk stool, pea soup stool, and rabbit stool.
In health care, stool samples are requested for testing. The samples can help doctors diagnose the presence of a medical condition. After being tested, the stool sample can also eliminate certain medical conditions from the diagnosis of the patient.
Check the chart below to see what your stool tells you:
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§43. Three similes to illustrate the Words relation to the Universe.
And for so great a matter to be understood by an example, let what we are describing be compared to a great chorus. As then the chorus is composed of different people, children, women again, and old men, and those who are still young, and, when one, namely the conductor, gives the sign, each utters sound according to his nature and power, the man as a man, the child as a child, the old man as an old man, and the young man as a young man, while all make up a single harmony; 2. or as our soul at one time moves our several senses according to the proper function of each, so that when some one object is present all alike are put in motion, and the eye sees, the ear hears, the hand touches, the smell takes in odour, and the palate tastes,—and often the other parts of the body act too, as for instance if the feet walk; 3. or, to make our meaning plain by yet a third example, it is as though a very great city were built, and administered under the presence of the ruler and king who has built it; for when he is present and gives orders, and has his eye upon everything, all obey; some busy themselves with agriculture, others hasten for water to the aqueducts, another goes forth to procure provisions,—one goes to senate, another enters the assembly, the judge goes to the bench, and the magistrate to his court. The workman likewise settles to his craft, the sailor goes down to the sea, the carpenter to his workshop, the physician to his treatment, the architect to his building; and while one is going to the country, another is returning from the country, and while some walk about the town others are going out of the town and returning to it again: but all this is going on and is organised by the presence of the one Ruler, and by his management: 4. in like manner then we must conceive of the whole of Creation, even though the example be inadequate, yet with an enlarged idea. For with the single impulse of a nod as it were of the Word of God, all things simultaneously fall into order, and each discharge their proper functions, and a single order is made up by them all together.
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Bimanual Interference: An Overview
Humans are capable of performing complex motor tasks through the use of their hands. This ability is especially evident in bimanual tasks, where two hands work together to complete a single task. While both hands can work independently and simultaneously, they can also work in opposition to one another, creating an interference phenomenon known as bimanual interference. This review will provide an overview of the underlying causes and effects of bimanual interference.
Bimanual interference is a phenomenon where the performance of one hand impairs the performance of the other. This interference can occur when the hands are performing the same task, when the hands are performing different tasks, or even when the hands are just touching one another. In the first case, interference occurs when two hands are performing the same task with similar parameters, such as speed or force. In the second case, interference occurs when two hands are performing different tasks, such as when one hand is gripping an object while the other is manipulating it. In the third case, interference occurs when the hands are just touching one another, such as when two people are holding hands.
The complexity of bimanual interference can be attributed to several factors. First, bimanual interference is affected by the degree of task compatibility. If two tasks are too similar, the hands may interfere with one another. If the tasks are too dissimilar, the hands may not interfere with one another. Second, the amount of interference is affected by the degree of task difficulty. Tasks that are more difficult require more coordination between the hands and are more likely to produce interference. Finally, bimanual interference is affected by the level of attentional control. If the participant is paying close attention to both tasks, interference is more likely to occur.
The effects of bimanual interference on performance can be both positive and negative. In some cases, interference can actually improve performance, as it forces the participant to focus on both tasks simultaneously. In other cases, interference can lead to a decrease in performance, as the participant is unable to keep track of both tasks simultaneously. In either case, bimanual interference can have a significant impact on the overall performance of a task.
In conclusion, bimanual interference is a complex phenomenon that can have both positive and negative effects on performance. The degree of interference is affected by the degree of task compatibility, the degree of task difficulty, and the level of attentional control. Understanding the underlying causes and effects of bimanual interference can help to optimize task performance in various contexts.
Gobel, D. W., & Frey, S. H. (2005). Bimanual interference: The effects of task compatibility and practice. Human Movement Science, 24(4), 607–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2005.04.006
Karni, A., Meyer, G., Jezzard, P., Adams, M. M., Turner, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995). Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning. Nature, 377(6545), 155–158. https://doi.org/10.1038/377155a0
Kornysheva, K., & Schack, T. (2013). Bimanual coordination: The interplay of attention and interference. Experimental Brain Research, 229(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3489-y
Wenderoth, N., & van der Kamp, J. (2008). Bimanual interference: Effects of task complexity, task compatibility, and attentional control. Human Movement Science, 27(5), 678–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2007.12.003
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Studies in Revelation—Lesson 17
by Reta Halteman Finger
As we look at Revelation 9:1-21. we’re again reminded that reading Revelation is a bit like wandering through a magic forest. So we need to keep checking our compass for direction. In chapters 6-8, the seven seals have opened up into seven trumpets, and we have discussed the effects of the first four trumpets in the last lesson. These natural disasters echo the ten plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-12), as well as reflecting events from the first century.
But now an angel cries, “Woe, woe, woe!” (Rev. 8:13) to introduce the fifth and sixth trumpets. They sound even more deadly because they hail from the abyss of evil, the bottomless pit of the underworld (9:1-2). Locusts and horses are described as frightful chimeras with human faces and tails like scorpions or snakes (9:7, 19). Forbidden to harm the natural environment, these creatures wipe out humans who don’t wear God’s seal on their foreheads (9:4). You’ve got to hand it to John—he’s got a terrific imagination!
Falling stars as fallen angels
But John’s imagination is not without biblical content, as Eugene Boring’s Revelation commentary details. In Revelation 9:1, John refers to “a star that had fallen from heaven to earth” and who opens the abyss to release the locusts. Stars were often personified as deities in paganism, or as angels in the Old Testament and in noncanonical Jewish writings (cf. Job 38:7). A fallen star/deity/angel implied loss of status. For example, in Isaiah 14:12-15, this mythology was mockingly applied to a Babylonian king who wanted divine honors but instead died and went down to Sheol, place of the dead (Boring, 136-37).
Only later was the Day Star of Isaiah 14:12 identified as Satan in Jewish and Christian tradition. It is translated as “Lucifer” in the KJV. This fallen star of Revelation 9:1 now unlocks the bottomless pit and reigns as their king (Rev. 9:11). His Hebrew name is “Abaddon”; in Greek, he is “Apollyon,” the Destroyer. In this way, Lucifer, the fallen angel, is used for God’s purposes near the end of time, namely, to increase suffering as a way to bring people to repentance. John’s use of locusts to incite terror reflects African and Middle Eastern fears of actual locusts who could destroy crops in a wide area in a single day. See also how Joel 1:4-12 uses locust imagery to lament what has happened to his land.
The sixth trumpet plays on Roman fears
When the sixth angel blows her trumpet, John hears a voice from the horns of the golden altar that is before the throne of God (see Rev. 8:2-5; 9:13). The instructions from the voice would have sounded ominous for any inhabitant of the Roman Empire: “Release the four [fallen] angels who are bound at the great river Euphrates” (9:14). This river was the eastern boundary of the empire, beyond which lay Rome’s fiercest enemies, the Parthians. Releasing these angels would unleash the Parthians against Rome. (See Rev. 6:2 for a description of a Parthian soldier with his bow.)
John certainly knows how to scare his listeners! But Ted Grimsrud does not think John is threatening pagans (p. 76). Rather, John implies to his church members, some of whom are complacent (as in Laodicea, Rev. 3:15-20), that God is holding back the forces of evil and destruction until a particular time when they are released to drive people to repentance. The coming of 200 million cavalry with heads like lions and tails like snakes (9:16-19) is beyond imagination.
The purpose of scary warnings
Many commentaries emphasize that the goal of this gruesome imagery is repentance. In spite of the terror unleashed, destruction is never total. Over and over we hear that only one-third of the natural world is destroyed (8:7,9,10,12). The fearful locusts of the fifth plague (9:10) last only five months (the natural life cycle of actual locusts). The massive army of the sixth trumpet kills only one-third of humanity (9:15, 18). However, although this should be enough to scare the living to repenting of their “murders, sorceries, fornications, or thefts” (9:21), it doesn’t work. Like the Pharaoh of Egypt, they do not admit their misplaced allegiance. Yet God keeps the door of repentance open; most people survive and have another chance.
What’s so bad about Rome?
J. Nelson Kraybill’s book, Apocalypse and Allegiance, describes the way Rome had merged politics with religion as a way to strengthen Rome’s dominion over much of the known world at that time. Sculptures at an ancient temple at Aphrodisias near Laodicea “portray people and nations of the world subjected to Rome, each represented by a woman in ethnic attire. Just as John sees ‘all tribes and peoples and languages’ worshiping God and the Lamb (7:9), these images depict the same for the emperor” (p. 116).
If an emperor like Augustus Caesar is deified, all people must worship him and his value system, as well as all subsequent emperors. Whatever they do is the rule of the land. By John’s use of comparable imagery to portray allegiance to God and the slaughtered Lamb, he sets before his churches a choice. Whom do you worship? An emperor who controls by the sword, or the slaughtered Lamb standing before the throne of God?
Questions for discussion and reflection
- What does repentance mean to you? Why is it so hard to admit when we do wrong?
- Is warning people of doom the best way to get them to repent and change their allegiance? Or is there a better way?
- Is John’s theology too black and white? Could one be a good citizen of the Roman empire and a Christian?
- At what point does national pride shade into idolatry?
Sources referred to:
Boring, Eugene. Revelation. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. John Knox Press, 1989. Pp. 136-138.
Grimsrud, Ted. Triumph of the Lamb. Herald Press, 1987. Pp. 76-77.
Kraybill, J. Nelson. Apocalypse and Allegiance: Worship, Politics, and Devotion in the Book of Revelation. Brazos Press, 2010. Pp. 116-118.
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Cats have been the companion of choice by many for hundreds of years. Even plays and movies are written about them. This has created a sense of superiority in cats, knowing that they are the stars of the show in many households. By reading this article you can learn a few things that can help you to care for your cat.
Cats need a certain amount of grooming to stay healthy and presentable. Cats require frequent brushing or combing. If you do this often, their coat will stay clean. Also, this can eliminate the constant shedding that you will deal with. Grooming a cat properly will improve the appearance of your home and cat.
Regular vet visits are very important for your cat’s health. They need a routine check-up every year, maybe more of important shots are necessary. If you notice that your cat appears to be experiencing some sort of illness or injury, do not delay a trip to the vet.
You should not use products designed for other animals. If you try to use products meant for dogs, it can make your cat sick, or even kill him. Flea products should not be used on cats in any circumstance. Your cat may die if you use dog flea products on it. After your dog receives a flea treatment, keep your cat away for at least a few hours.
Location is key when placing a litter box. The litter box should not be kept in an area with a lot of traffic. In addition, it does not need to be near the cat’s food. To help control odors place the litter box in a well ventilated area. This will make you and your cat happy.
Be attentive to your cat and give them your love and company, often. Cats are by nature companion animals, but that companionship goes two ways. Cats need a social life with people just like you do with other people. A cat can feel that he is a valuable, cherished part of their household.
Are you the owner of both a dog and cat? That dog will really love stalking (and eating) that cat food. This is why it is necessary to have two separate feeding areas. This will help you to be sure that the animals won’t fight over the water either after they’ve eaten all their food.
A cat usually believes it is in charge of your house. However, if you use the tips provided, they will soon learn who is really in charge. People love cats because they can be amazing pets, and this advice will help you enjoy yours more.
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It’s more important than ever for us to have accurate information to help marine conservation efforts. Jordan Goetze and his colleagues have provided the first comprehensive guide for researchers using diver operated stereo-video methods (or stereo-DOVs) to survey fish assemblages and their associated habitat.
But what is Stereo DOV? What makes it a better method than the traditional UVC (Underwater Visual Census) method? And when should you use it? Find out in this video:
Quantifying animal movement is central to research spanning a variety of topics. It’s an important area of study for behavioural ecologists, evolutionary biologists, ecotoxicologists and many more. There are a lot of ways to track animals, but they’re often difficult, especially for people who don’t have a strong background in programming.
Vivek Hari Sridhar, Dominique G. Roche and Simon Gingins have developed a new, simple software to help with this though: Tracktor. This package provides researchers with a free, efficient, markerless video-based tracking solution to analyse animal movement of single individuals and groups.
Vivek and Simon explain the features and strengths of Tracktor in this new video:
Many animals rely on movement to find prey and avoid predators. Movement is also an essential component of the territorial displays of lizards, comprising tail, limb, head and whole-body movements.
For the first time, digital animation has been used as a research tool to examine how the effectiveness of a lizard’s territorial display varies across ecological environments and conditions. The new research was published today in the journal Methods in Ecology and Evolution.
“I am broadly interested in developing and applying statistical tools to infer behavioural and population processes from empirical data. My work tends to focus on marine and polar mammals, but the methods I develop are often applicable to a wide range of species and ecosystems. My recent work has centred on modelling animal behaviour using movement data and I generally analyse data with spatial and/or temporal structure.”
At the last ISEC, in Montpellier in 2014, an informal survey suggested that Methods in Ecology and Evolution was the most cited journal in talks. This reflects the importance of statistical methods in ecology and it is one reason for the success of the journal. For this year’s International Statistcal Ecology Conference in Seattle we have produced a virtual issue that presents some of our best recent papers which cross the divide between statistics and ecology. They range over most of the topics covered at ISEC, from statistical theory to abundance estimation and distance sampling.
We hope that Methods in Ecology and Evolution will be equally well represented in talks in Seattle, and also – just as in Montpellier – some of the work presented will find its way into the pages of the journal in the future.
This month’s issue contains two Applications articles and two Open Access articles, all of which are freely available.
– piecewiseSEM: A practical implementation of confirmatory path analysis for the R programming language. This package extends the method to all current (generalized) linear, (phylogenetic) least-square, and mixed effects models, relying on familiar R syntax. The article also includes two worked examples.
–RPANDA: An R package that implements model-free and model-based phylogenetic comparative methods for macroevolutionary analyses. It can be used to:
Characterize phylogenetic trees by plotting their spectral density profiles
Compare trees and cluster them according to their similarities
Identify and plot distinct branching patterns within trees
Compare the fit of alternative diversification models to phylogenetic trees
Estimate rates of speciation and extinction
Estimate and plot how these rates have varied with time and environmental variables
Animal movement is a driving factor underlying many ecological processes including disease transmission, extinction risk and range shifts. Understanding why, when and how animals traverse a landscape can provide much needed information for landscape-level conservation and management practices.
However, location-based data sets are often time consuming and costly to collect. For many species, especially those that are rare and elusive, pre-existing data sets may be the only viable data source to inform management decisions. Continue reading →
The February issue of Methods is now online! As you may have seen already, it includes the BES cross-journal Special Feature: “Demography Beyond the Population“. There are also eight other wonderful articles to read.
This month’s issue contains one Applications article and two Open Access articles, all of which are freely available.
– POPART: An integrated software package that provides a comprehensive implementation of haplotype network methods, phylogeographic visualisation tools and standard statistical tests, together with publication-ready figure production. The package also provides a platform for the implementation and distribution of new network-based methods.
Michalis Vardakis et al. provide this month’s first Open Access article. In ‘Discrete choice modelling of natal dispersal: ‘Choosing’ where to breed from a finite set of available areas‘ the authors show how the dispersal discrete choice model can be used for analysing natal dispersal data in patchy environments given that the natal and the breeding area of the disperser are observed. This model can be used for any species or system that uses some form of discrete breeding location or a certain degree of discretization can be applied.
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The Green Comet: Seen by Michigan for the 1st Time in 50,000 Years
The Green Comet is coming...
Sounds like another super-hero movie, but no – it's an actual green comet, and it hasn't passed this way in fifty thousand years...so say the scientists.
This comet was just discovered in March 2022 and they've already surmised the span of time it took for it to get back here for a visit. According to TheRealPax, the comet “has traveled billions of miles from its believed origins at the edge of our solar system and will be visible in just a few weeks during what will likely be its only recorded appearance.”
NASA spokespeople continue by saying the comet comes from something called the 'Oort Cloud' our solar system's furthest region that's described as being "like a big, thick-walled bubble made of icy pieces of space debris" that is larger than a mountain.
The name they have given this comet is “C/2022 E3 (ZTF)” but thanks to its hue, we'll just call it the “Green Comet”. The green comes from cosmic dust, frozen gases, ice, and rocks...but mostly chemical compounds and molecules that glow green when hit by sunlight.
If it's not cloudy, Michigan and others in the northern hemisphere will be able to see it throughout January...but use binoculars or at telescope, It'll appear as a fuzzy green smudge in the sky, but it should be as easy to determine, just as Hale-Bopp was an easy sight to see back in 1997.
The Green Comet (& Others)
Released UFO Photos
The Disappearing Lake in Mystery Valley, Presque Isle County
Jackson's Secret Underground Room
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by Sheila Macintyre, Practice Owner, Kilbarchan Dental Practice
Sugar is not all Sweet
Last month we highlighted the surprising levels of sugar in a selection of popular drinks but there is lots more you really need to know about every dentist’s “enemy number one”!
Most adults and children in the UK consume too much sugar and tooth decay is now the number one reason for hospital admissions among young children. The kind of sugar we eat too much of is known as “free sugars”. Free sugars are any sugars added to food or drinks. They are also naturally occurring in honey, syrups and unsweetened fruit juices.
Everyone knows that sugar causes tooth decay and other oral health problems. Bacteria loves to feed on sugar and the consequences can be far more wide reaching than you might think. Sugary drinks can contain up to 50g of sugar which is 3 or 4 times the amount a child should consume in a day with type 2 diabetes, obesity and mental disorders all linked to high sugar intake.
We only really recommend drinking water as many fruit juices can be just as harmful as fizzy pop with high acid content and/or added sugars. Try cutting down on some of those sugary drinks and sweets and remember even dried fruit has a high sugar content and coats the teeth. Milk is a much safer alternative to drinking yoghurt, milkshakes and smoothies - some of which have really high sugar levels. Home-popped popcorn and fibrous foods such as celery act as natural toothbrushes and fresh veg and fruit is much better for you than processed food and drink that tend to have lots of additional ingredients (and much lower nutritional values). Always check the ingredients and nutritional information on packaging and, when you do consume food or drink with sugar, restrict it to meal times. Most importantly remember to always remember to brush your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste.
If you would like any more advice on how to care for your teeth visit us at Kilbarchan Dental Practice, call 01505 704969 or click www.kilbarchandental.co.uk
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A recent survey near the eastern margin of the Perrier Plateau (Puy-de-Dôme, France) has led to the rediscovery of the latest Villafranchian fauna of Peyrolles. This locality was discovered in the 19th century and is recognized as the international biochronological reference for this interval of the Villafranchian (MNQ 19). So it is younger than Senèze (Haute-Loire, France) and probably coeval with the Upper Valdarno locality (Tuscany, Italy). The fossils occur at the top of a fluviatile sequence including reworked trachytic pyroclastites from the Mont-Dore strato-volcano (Puy-de-Dôme, France). The fauna contains four mammals, including three ruminants: Leptobos cf. etruscus, Eucladoceros sp. and “Cervus” perolensis. The last species is the most common. An unidentified mammal comparable in size to a rhinoceros has also been recovered. The flora contains deciduous trees, such as oak, and conifers, such as cedar; this association is also known from the middle Villafranchian site of Saint-Vallier (Drôme, France).
Mammalia, Cervidae, early Pleistocene, latest Villafranchian, Peyrolles, France, pollens
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Pronounced as ‘maw-nnnn-gah Manga is the Japanese word, comprising of just three syllables, with the middle ‘n’ spoken very quickly.
With a huge following and as an integral component of the Japanese ancient culture, Manga refers to Japanese comic books published as a series. The origins of Manga, a phenomenal culture can be traced as early as 12th century, produced by several artists.
On numerous occasions, Manga series is published into Japanese cartoons or anime and can also be loosely translated as ‘humorous pictures’. This style of publication really took off in the 20th century when various laws forbidding its publication were lifted. Since then, it has contributed and become a massive part of the Japanese culture, emerging as one of the most read comics, not only in Japan but globally.
In reference to several, if not all kinds of Japanese cartoons, comics and anime ‘Manga’ is comprised of two entities;
“Man” means a playful, fanciful and spontaneous
“ga” meaning drawing, sketch, artwork or an artist’s impression.
Using historical references, there could be numerous examples illustrating a unique style used in the publication of Japanese Manga, since its inception. However, outside Japan, Manga can refer to comics only, while ‘anime’ refers and covers several kinds of cartoons and animated comics. Therefore, and not always anime is the animated version of Manga.
During the Second World War, The United states invaded and occupied Japan, bringing with them a couple of foreign ideas and culture. However, this did not sit well with the Japanese way of life and culture and marked an important milestone in the development of Manga.
Americans brought their own comics and cartoons like the Mickey Mouse to the country, but the Japanese artists strictly followed their own deep rooted Manga culture. In an effort to dominate and seek an audience for their artwork, the Japanese actually evolved and morphed into publicizing their content in magazines or newspapers carrying a collection of several series which would be available weekly or monthly.
Among the most successful artists who kept the Manga phenomenon alive were Osamo Tezuka, who created the famous ‘Astro Boy’ and Machiko Hagesawa, also known as the ‘god’ of Manga and a godfather of anime.
As one discovers this outstanding deep Japanese culture, there are many features that make Manga clear-cut. Noticeably, Manga characters have large eyes, relatively small mouths, abnormal or a freakish hair style. The characters also exhibit weird and over emphasize their emotions. For example, a Manga character may cry while pouring huge abnormal tears or when a character laughs, the expression conveyed is as if the face is covered by the size of the mouth.
Manga vs. Anime and the Format
Strictly following the Japanese tradition, Manga is read from the right side to the left. Texts and descriptions are also set to be read in the same way. This is quite opposite from the format one would find in the Native American comic books.
During publication, Manga is normally assembled in small Manga volumes or a larger volume if popular that boasts of rich diversity in the various genre. For example;
- Action Adventure
- Mystery and suspense among others.
As opposed to American comics which target a young audience, Manga is a comic for everyone regardless of the age bracket, gender and preference.
It is worth noting that there have been many efforts to have Manga have an American look and ‘feel’ just like the American Comic books but this is something that Manga artists have opposed, as they seek to preserve their rich, unique culture both at home and abroad.
In this regard, the Manga audience and the fans have been to ensure that Manga produced elsewhere, like in the United States is in the traditional Japanese style.
Categories and Types of Manga
Due to the large audience and a huge readers’ base, Manga has an established a marketing strategy, to cater for everyone, whether as the ardent fan or whether you are ‘new’ to the world of Manga. The brief classification below could help you choose exactly what you need.
1. Shonen (Pronounced show-nen)
This is Manga aimed for the boys. In this classification the comics are packed with action, adventure fights, sports, technology, romance and at times sexuality.
2. Shojo (Pronounced as show-joe)
This is Manga aimed for the girls. Topics covered in these comics include some content from shonen but with a different taste like romance, super heroines and relationships. Further classification include Josei(pronounced joe-say) a Manga for Women
1. Yoji, For children aged 1-4 years,
2. Kodomo, for kids learning to how to read.
A list of 25 Working Manga Websites – Free Of Charge
|1. BookWalker||Probably the best site for your Manga needs. Also available on IOS and Android.|
|2. Honto||Published in native Japanese language, this site also has an online store for both e-books and paper books.|
|3. Comico||A very popular online comic site, but based purely in the Japanese language which may prove difficult to read their Mangas if you are not proficient in the language.|
|4. Mangakakalot||Quite a well-organized Manga website with thousands of comics. It is also free.|
|5. Mangago||Offers free Yaoi Manga Online|
|6. AnimeNova||This site has a provision for both Manga and Anime and is also available on Android.|
|7. Viz||This is another popular site that offers Manga and Anime.|
|8. Mangainn||A well-organized online comic store, with regular updates.|
|9. Comic-Walker||This is probably one of the largest Manga publishers in Japan. In this site, Manga enthusiasts will have popular titles listed here for free access.|
|10. Crunchyroll||This is a subscription service for your online popular Manga comics, with an option of 15 days trial.|
|11. Otaku Smash||Another popular Manga online service with services such as various Manga on demand. However, the site needs to improve on connection security.|
|An online platform for selling Manga content and comics but also provides free chapters for its users.|
|13. Comixology||Probably one of the largest digital comics platform. Being an Amazon subsidiary, it offers a 30 day trial period and an opportunity to purchase Manga books thereafter or utilize their subscription service.|
|14. Manga Panda||A superb online store for the earliest Manga to present but may not be safe for minors.|
|15. Weekly Shonen Jump||If you want to quickly find new titles and what is really new in Manga, then you probably need to check out this online site. It’s the oldest source of Manga but not exactly free.|
|16. Manga Club||Operated by Torico, this is a site for English speaking users offering your favourite Manga absolutely free|
|17. Manga-Anime Here||Easily get some of your favourite, must-read Manga series here|
|18. Mangareader.net||It’s a free online site that provides Manga readers with content ranging from action, adventure, fantasy among other things without registration.|
|19. Mangastream||Popular online website Manga readers. It offers many genres, regular updates and a huge collection of series.|
|20. Manga Here||A great online website for Manga with a wide variety of genre for free|
|21. ZingBox||One of the best online sites for Manga lovers. It offers a way to share and interact with fellow manga readers, by enabling users to post their Mangas and comics via Android or IOS apps, in addition to the native Pc.|
|22. MyreadingManga||This is an adult only Manga site that was launched in December 2012. Users cannot download content from the site but can buy physical or digital content from other sites such as Comiket, Renta, and DLsite.|
|23. Manga Fox||The site which was launched in 2010 hosts over 8000 manga scans and scanlations. The site also provides its users with the most read manga every week.|
|24. Manga Freak||The site includes popular manga including Bleach, One Piece, Naruto, and Boruto among others. You can access any manga without any payment or registration.|
|25. BATO.TO||The website which has quite a clean interface and easy navigability has all the latest manga comics along with new releases.|
You may be like,
- Gogoanime Alternative: 10 Free anime streaming sites
- 10 Best Sites to Watch and Download Dubbed Anime Series for Free
- 10+ Sites like KissAnime to watch anime online
We’ve tested out each of the above sites to check on their workability. Feel free to visit any other them.
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What is Crane:
Crane is a powerful and heavy machine which is used for lifting, lowering of heavy objects, machinery etc with the help of cables and pulleys. They are mostly used in heavy constructions and manufacturing of heavy equipment industries.
There are several types of cranes used in constructions depending on the type of work.
Cranes are the most important part of mega project constructions and heavy industries. Actually, they made our work too easy, due to them we don’t need to lift any heavy objects or lower it. They did our all hard works in less or no time.
Now we can work anywhere with the help of cranes, we can work in the middle of seas, in sky rising building with very ease.
Benefits of Cranes:
Cranes have several benefits. They can offer enhanced safety in the construction and heavy equipment industry.
In most cases, manually lifting or lowering heavy objects around the construction site may expose workers to the risk of accidents. But with the help of cranes on the site, workers can safely lift and lower objects, thereby reducing the likelihood of injuries.
However, it’s important to know that cranes have lifting accessories and components that need to be checked to ensure they’re working properly.
An Australian lifting company, Stenhouse Lifting, suggests that your crane should use high-quality lifting and safety equipment and accessories to keep your site and workers safe.
They also suggest that on-site inspections be conducted to keep your equipment well-maintained and compliant with safety standards.
Furthermore, cranes are cost-effective. Instead of hiring more workers who will have to stay at the job site longer to finish the project, construction companies can use cranes to streamline their work.
Given their lifting and lowering capabilities, jobs will be completed right away without paying workers for extra time, thereby making a construction business more cost-effective.
Different Types of Cranes:
Cranes are useful in construction sites or workplaces that use heavy equipment.
However, it’s essential to know that there are several crane types used for different works in different places.
Getting familiar with these crane types can help you determine which one will work best for your industry.
This way, you can get the most out of the crane’s specific capabilities or functionalities while ensuring efficiency and safety.
Here we will discuss the following crane types in details. So Let’s move on.
- Floating crane.
- Telescopic crane.
- Harbor crane.
- Crawler crane.
- Rough terrain crane.
- All terrain crane.
- Truck mounted crane.
- Level Luffing crane.
- Rail road crane.
- Telescopic handler crane.
- Aerial crane.
- Tower crane.
It is also called crane ship, crane vessel or floating crane. It is mostly used in offshore construction and they are specialized in the lifting of heavy loads. They can also be used to load or unload ships or lift sunken ships from the water. They are fixed and therefore can not be rotated. They have a large capacity of about 9000 tons.
Telescopic crane consists of a large boom in which some numbers of tubes are fitted inside with each other. It increases their height with the help of tubes through the hydraulic mechanism.
They are especially used to transport goods from one place to another. When it comes to transferring the object to a high place, Telescopic cranes are the best. Because they can adjust their heights according to the place. They can also be used in rescue operations.
Read More: What is Bearing Capacity of Soil? & How to improve it?
It is also called mobile harbour or port harbor crane. It is mostly used in sea ports to unload or load the ships. The flexibility of the machine makes it easy to use it at any place. Its main advantage is, that it is among the powerful material handling cranes. Which means that materials will be transported from one place to another safely and with ease.
Crawler crane moves it self with the help of tracks which is also called crawlers. It has many advantages and disadvantages depending on their use.
Their main advantage is that it can move mostly on any surface of the earth it can even move on soft soils due to its crawlers. Because it transfers its load to a great area. That’s why it can be used at unprepared sites without worrying about anything.
And their main disadvantages is that it is very heavy and move on tracks. That’s why it can not be moved easily from one site to another and will cost more money.
But it can be moved by trucks easily and without costing much money.
Read More: Water Cement Ratio – Definition, Calculation, Complete Guide.
Rough Terrain Crane:
Rough Terrain Cranes are mounted on the four rubber tires. They are mostly used in off road applications. Outriggers are used for stabilizing the crane while working. They contain only one engine which means that same engine is used for undercarriage and crane.
A normal vehicle mounted crane can not be used in off road constructions. That’s why rough terrain cranes are used.
All Terrain Crane:
It is in that types of cranes which can travel at the same speed on the public roads as well as on the off roads. They also consist of more tires than rough terrain cranes.
The main difference between rough and all terrain crane is that. Rough terrain usually travels on off roads not on public roads, while the All terrain can be used in of both applications.
Truck Mounted Crane:
It is in that types of cranes which have one engine. It means that same engine is used for undercarriage and as well as for crane. They are mounted on a rubber tires truck, which provides great mobility. Outriggers are used to stabilize the truck by extending it horizontally or vertically.
Its main advantage is that it can travel on highways itself, which makes it easy and less expensive. It does not need any other vehicles to transport it.
They can be rotated up to 180 degrees. But some of them rotate up to 360 degrees but these are more expensive.
Level Luffing Cranes:
They contain a hinged jib. In level luffing crane, the hook remains at the same level. While they move the jib up and down. It is usually used for unloading and loading the ships with containers.
Careful movements are required while moving the jibs near the ground level.
Read More: Concrete Slump Test – Definition, Types, Procedure.
Rail Road Cranes:
These types of cranes move on the railway track. Rail Road Cranes are used for the construction of railway lines, maintenance and for their repairing. They can not travel on roads or any other place except railway tracks due to its flanged wheels.
Telescopic Handler Cranes:
They contain a telescoping extend-able boom like crane. Their main purpose is to handle Bricks pallet and install frame trusses in buildings. They are designed too simple to improve workability. They can rotate up to 360 degrees and also have outriggers to maintain its stability. They look like forklift trucks.
Read More: What is Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals, Their Definition List and Properties.
These types of cranes are also called Sky Cranes. They look like helicopters and used to carry large loads. They are used mostly in that places where reaching by land is difficult. And as all of you know that Helicopters fly which means they are capable of reaching any place.
They usually lift loads to high rise buildings. They can lift anything in their capacity from boats, cars to pre-made swimming pools. They can also be used for rescue purposes in disaster.
These types of cranes are the mostly used cranes in today’s world. Usually, they are fixed to the ground in concrete or attached to the side of structures. They are used mostly in the construction of tall buildings.
They can left load up to 20 tons approximately and work up to 256 feet height approximately. The operators of the crane mostly use radio and hand signals as a medium for communication to hook or unhook the load.
Thanks! for reading. (12 Different Types of Cranes.)
Please, Don’t forget to share it with your friends.
16 thoughts on “Top 12 Different Types of Cranes used in Construction Works.”
Wow, I had no idea that there were so many different types of cranes out there! My nephew always asks me about the construction machines he sees out his window as I take him to school each morning. He got confused when I told him that two different machines were both cranes, so I decided I’d learn some more. It turns out that one was a telescopic crane and the other was a tower crane.
Wow, I did not realize there were so many different types of cranes. I thought there were only the big stational ones they use for tall buildings and mobile cranes for anything smaller. I’ll have to do some more research on each and see which one fits my needs best. Thank you for the information.
Over head travelling crane and gantry cranes are also come under type of cranes
WOW i am HSE supervisor and i have good knowledge about mobile cranes but i learn too much about all types of cranes.
Thank you for the information.
this is fantastic av even seen an aerial crane
I had no idea of different types of cranes l have very good knowledge of cranes. I am working in construction company so thanking for the information.
Thank for provide details of types of crane.have good knowledge about mobile cranes but i learn too much about all types of cranes. Thank you
Am happy to know more about different types of cranes and their uses as I am still studying civil engineering .I know that that knowledge will help me in my carrier . thank you very much.
wonder to read
I am genuinely thankful to the owner of this web page who has shared this impressive piece of writing at here.
Great for an insightful knowledge of different types of cranes.
Workshop cranes or overhead or suspended cranes:
gantry crane. The bridge crane is further into 2:
process crane and
modular or kit crane.
There is Kangaroo crane and
Also Ship to shoe crane.
Thank you for your knowledge sharing.
2019 10 17
I am presently taking a course on crane rigging and operations. I am so happy to have come across this. God bless you so much. It helped a lot.
OMG, There are multiple types of crane, based on there requirement in different locations, can be used. Thanks for sharing valuable information, to get / gain more knowledge.
It’s good to know that a normal vehicle-mounted crane will not work properly on off-road constructions, which is why a rough terrain crane should be used for such projects. My wife and I are planning to construct an off-grid house in the countryside. The land we bought is a couple of kilometers away from the main road, so it would be wise to hire a rough terrain crane for the construction project. I’ll start looking for a construction crane operator to hire. Thanks for this!
I found this blog post very informative. I have never heard of all of these types of cranes before. Thank you for writing this!
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Polystyrene or cardboard packaging? In the industrial environment, efficient product protection is very important, but it also needs to be cost effective. Therefore, the packaging must be shock absorbent, preserve the product, facilitate handling, be cost-effective and eco?responsible. These are a lot of aspects to consider; this is why you have to make the right choice to suit your needs. Let’s see how!
Packaging fulfills multiple needs, but its three main purposes are protection, thermal insulation and ease of handling. Indeed, the merchandise is subjected to mechanical and thermal stresses as well as moisture during transport and storage. Packaging can also contribute to reduce costs associated to breakage, storage or deterioration. By opting for diverse and versatile packaging materials at a reasonable cost, you could get commercial benefits.
Since expanded polystyrene (EPS) or cardboard can be used for some purposes, it is essential to define the issue related to your packaging. It will be thereby possible to explore the solutions offered by these two materials, without neglecting their environmental impact. Learn more on this topic!
Defining the Packaging Problem
Regardless of the packaging’s nature, EPS moulded elements are used in many diverse fields and different ways. For some applications, these elements may already be considered as critical. For example, we can think about insulating boxes for organs or medication storage requiring to be held to a certain temperature. Polystyrene also protects objects such as furniture or other fragile equipment such as TVs. This type of packaging is found in most of your purchases!
On the other hand polystyrene can face competition in some cases: cardboard. A study analyzed different packaging materials and allowed us to draw conclusions, helping solve the packaging type selection issue and optimize the chosen solution. Therefore, we will be able to bring out the ecological characteristics in order to support decision-making when faced with this dilemma: cardboard or EPS?
Which material is more harmful to environment? A comparative study has been conducted by BASF to demystify this issue. Five main conclusions emerged:
1. EPS requires six times less energy than to produce cardboard.
2. Critical air volume shows lower total air pollution for EPS.
3. 20 times more EPS than cardboard would have to be manufactured to reach the same water pollution level.
4. Lower EPS’s global warming potential (GWP) than cardboard.
5. Waste volume of EPS is higher than cardboard; however recycling technologies are quickly bringing these numbers down.
To describe the environmental impact of packaging materials as accurately as possible, the study used the life cycle balance model. The effects on environment have been assessed using the following five parameters:
Critical air volume
Critical water volume
Potential for atmosphere global warming (GWP value)
The Conclusion: Cardboard or EPS?
In the light of this information, expanded polystyrene can be a good choice for its positive environmental impact as much as its thermal insulation and simple handling properties. However, there is no reason to ban cardboard: it actually has a lot of advantages. Have you ever thought about combining cardboard and EPS? Indeed, the combination of both can increase stacking capacity and offer a better protection while reducing the packaging! Would you like to reduce your over packaging costs? Contact us to find out how!
Source : Kunststoff « PSE et carton ondulé. Bilan du cycle de vie » par BASF, 10836 Berlin, 1992, 9 pages.
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Lesson Plans and Worksheets
Browse by Subject
Angular Momentum Teacher Resources
Find teacher approved Angular Momentum educational resource ideas and activities
Students discover the angular solution of hydrogen activity. Depending on the undergraduate course, this activity can illustrate eigenvalue problems, to introduce Shrodinger's equation and particle wave duality, or to introduce numerical solutions for Schrodinger's equation.
Students work together to discover the concept of angular momentum. They participate in experiments in which they test rotation and relate it to an object's mass. They participate in a literacy activity in which they compare mythology to discover why spinning and weaving are common motifs.
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Light is composed of electromagnetic waves come in a spectrum of different wavelengths, from radio waves to visible light to X-rays. Our eyes can only see some of these wavelengths: we call the electromagnetic waves we see visible light, and the different wavelengths we see different colours. Light comes in packets called photons: the wavelength of the light determines how much energy a single packet of light has. In visible light, blue has the shortest wavelength and highest energy, while red has the longest wavelength and lowest energy.
Often, when a telescope takes a picture of an astronomical object, a filter is used to only allow certain wavelengths of light through. If you imagine a red stained glass window, it acts as a filter only letting red light through: sunlight composed of many different wavelengths hits the window from outside, but only the red wavelengths of light make it through the window to be seen inside. But why would astronomers only want to look at specific wavelengths of light?
The answer has to do with the structure of atoms. Atoms are composed of a nucleus surrounded by electrons, and the electrons are only allowed in certain energy levels. To move to a higher energy level, the atom must absorb a photon; similarly, to move to a lower energy level, the atom must release a photon. Moving between any specific two energy levels requires absorbing or releasing a photon of a specific energy, and thus involves light of a specific wavelength (or equivalently, specific colour). Atoms can also have one of their electrons removed by a photon in a process called photoionization. An atom can only be photoionized by a photon with an energy higher than some threshold, and thus light that has a shorter wavelength than some threshold (or equivalently, light bluer than some threshold). Thus, we can learn what the atoms in the Eagle Nebula are doing by looking at the specific wavelengths of light that they emit.
Take a first look at the “Pillars of Creation” to learn about the specific wavelengths of light that were observed to make “The Pillars of Creation” and what they tell us about the nebula.
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The Importance of a Hebrew Name
Naming may have heavenly significance.
Excerpted with permission from The Jewish Child: Halakhic Perspectives (Ktav).
The importance of giving the Jewish child a Hebrew name is also based on the concept that the language of the "celestial court" is Hebrew. This [gave rise to] a custom originating with the kabbalists [Jewish mystics] of the 17th century, in which every Jewish child chooses a biblical verse beginning with the first letter of his name and ending with the last letter of his Hebrew name. [One can find standard lists of such names and verses in some traditional prayerbooks.] This verse is recited after the Shemoneh Esreh prayer [also known as the Amidah, the core prayer of every Jewish worship service], and it is believed that the soul reports to the celestial angels with this verse in order to advance the processing of its earthly record after death. It is also believed that the Messiah will use the Hebrew names when he calls the dead to arise.
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History of Attalla, Alabama
circa 1955 from an article by George P. Walker, III
Click here to read about Attalla as it was in 1915 in the book titled Attalla, Alabama - Gateway to the Sunny South The book was given to Mayor O’Rear by Mr. Bob McElroy and was originally published between 1915 & 1920. Author & Publisher are unknown.
Attalla’s history actually predates its incorporation as a town. La Fayette visited what is now Attalla in 1825, as a guest of the U. S. government. A French writer, Courter B. Chateaubriand, was also a visitor and wrote a novel on “Atala, an Indian maiden". (1)
The town occupies the site of an Indian village which was of considerable importance during the Creek War. It was the home of Captain John Brown, a famous Indian, whose daughters, Catharine and Anna, established the Creek Path Mission school in 1820, six miles south of Guntersville. It was in Attalla that David Brown, an Indian, assisted by the Rev. D. S. Butterick, prepared the “Cherokee Spelling Book”.
Early settlers to this area were W. C. Hammond, Henry W. Pickens, Dr. Thomas Edwards, Rev. James Scales, John Latham, E. I. Holcomb, John S. Moragne, and Allen Gray, who became the first postmaster.
Indian relics of the vicinity are “Tsu-sanya-sah --- Ruins-of-a-Great-City”, and the site of the home of Captain John Brown. (2)
Attalla was incorporated as a city government on February 5, 1872, after being founded in 1870 on land donated for the site of the town by W. C. Hammond, a plantation owner. An early business enterprise was a bowling alley in a pine thicket. (3)
Attalla’s population has remained diminutive in number, but with that small quantity, it has shown dramatic growth throughout the town’s incorporated life. This is illustrated by the following years, population numbers: 1872 - 300; 1888 - 400; 1916 - 4,000; 1940 - 4,585; 1952 - 7,537. (4)
In 1832, a Methodist preacher was sent from the Cedar Bluff Circuit to New Town, located eight miles from the east bank of Big Wills Creek, according to records from the Tennessee Conference of the Methodist Church. This location coincides with the present Attalla. In 1840, another Methodist preacher was sent from the Tennessee Conference to Newton.
The name “New Town” was likely changed to “Newton” between 1832 and 1840. Newton was the name Attalla used until February 21, 1870, when “Attalla” was selected as the name for the post office location.
The town was officially named “Attalla” in 1893. (5)
E. I. Holcomb served as the first mayor of Attalla.
There are several opinions as to how the town got the name “Attalla” and what this name actually means. In a rare book on place-names in Alabama, the author states: ”Attalla -- a city in Etowah County. The first settlement here was called Atale, which is a corruption of the Cherokee word ‘otali’, or ‘mountain’.” (6)
“My Home” is the most generally accepted meaning for the name Attalla. Ed Hamner was one of the most erudite men of Attalla in Indian affairs and lore. He served as chairman of the local board of education in Attalla. Regarded as an authority on both ancient and modern history, he was known throughout the area as the leading authority on the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek Indians. He also had a small library of rare and expensive books. His claim that Attalla means “ My Home” is accepted by most authorities today. (7)
In 1870, Stanton, Cravath, and Stanton, promoters of West Newton, Massachusetts, had completed their Wills Valley Railroad from Chattanooga, TN, along the base of historic Lookout Mountain to its southern extremity, where Attalla is now located. Then they halted operations long enough to build a large hotel and to lay out a town, which they called Newton, in honor of their old home town in Massachusetts. It was there also that the newly chartered road, the Selma, Rome, and Dalton Railroad, came into existence, through the enterprise of the citizens of Gadsden and Guntersville. Thus the railroad crossing became a reality, and a part of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad system. Later still, the Alabama Mineral Railroad was merged into the Louisville & Nashville system, and this made Attalla the converging center of these great railroads. The Wills Valley Railroad had become the Alabama Great Southern, and part and parcel of the Southern Railway System.
When “Newton,” the town promoted by Stanton, Cravath, and Stanton, grew to sufficient proportions, a post office was requested. There being already a “Newton” post office in the state, they were forced to select another name, and “Attalla” was selected. The name is supposed to have been selected by early French settlers from the name of the heroine, “Atala”, in a popular novel at the time. It should not be over looked, however, that many Cherokee Indians had lived in this section, and that the Cherokees were divided into two classes. Those at home or near their head town were called, Atali,” and those away from home, sometimes classed as hunters, were called “Erati” Cherokees. Thus it will be seen that the word from which the present name, “Attalla”, was derived, is a Cherokee word applied to Indians at home, and is generally accepted as meaning “home” and “my home”.
Miss Ida Hamner believes that the Indian village that used to be where Attalla is now, was called “Otali”, meaning “mountain”, after which Attalla may have been named. Otali was one of the chief Indian villages of the Cherokee nation. Her brother, Ed Hamner, has made note of certain places in the present corporate limits of the town where Indian families definitely lived.
George Guest (Se-Quo-Yah), son of Colonel Nathaniel Guest and his Indian wife, who was a sister of the celebrated “Peace Chief” Ke-a-hat-a-he, as a boy migrated with his mother (the father being listed as one of the casualties of the battle of King’s Mountain in the American Revolution), and settled in Big Wills Valley. But he was no doubt a familiar figure in all of the Cherokee towns in the Valley, as he was a blacksmith, silversmith, and an all-round mechanic before he invented his Cherokee alphabet; and made tomahawks and such other things as his people of the Valley used or needed. He was recognized as the greatest of his race in this part of the country. Congress voted him a largess of $500, and had his picture painted and placed in the government archives at Washington, DC; voted $1,000 to his people with which to buy a printing press, and “Cherokee alphabet” type; and $20,000 for the establishment and maintenance of Indian schools; while the Cherokees themselves, through their council, voted Sequoyah a medal. This occurred shortly after Sequoyah voluntarily migrated to the West, in about 1823. (8)
One of the most distinguished men in Attalla’s history was Commodore Ebenezar Farrand. He served in both the United States Navy and the Confederate States Navy. When the Civil War began, Farrand, a staunch believer and supporter of the Confederate cause, left his home, friends, and family and joined the Confederate Navy. When the war ended, he became an insurance representative in Montgomery, Alabama. In 1879, when the Alabama Great Southern Railroad was built through Attalla, and a hotel was built on the railroad property there to serve as a depot and as an eating place, he went to Attalla and became the first one to operate it. This hotel, a replica of the famous Stanton House in Chattanooga, was one of the town’s most outstanding landmarks until it was either burned or dismantled in the 1950’s. When he died in 1873, Farrand was buried in the old Attalla cemetery, which was later abandoned. Mrs. M. E. McKenzie, a friend who knew him as a great gentleman, placed a stone marker at his grave. Later her adopted daughter, the late Mrs. Lalla Rock Foreman, organized the Farrand Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy and selected as one of its first projects the placing of an appropriate marker in downtown Attalla (placed at the “Y” where 3rd and 4th Streets merge). It was later removed as a traffic hazard and was placed on the Attalla City School grounds in June of 1947.
Judge Henry W. Pickens made the first move to establish a school and a church here in 1872, when he purchased the sites and donated them to the town with the condition that the property be used for no other purpose. He was an early postmaster of Attalla, and an officer in the Confederate army. His grave in the old Attalla cemetery remains as one of the few marked graves. (9)
In 1889, C. D. Henley, who later became the first mayor of Birmingham, built a brick building. Henley’s building became the bank of Attallla on July 12, 1889, the first bank recognized as such in Attalla, and the second in Etowah County. In 1906, its name was changed to the First National Bank. (10)
The first church in Attalla, a Presbyterian church, was built in 1851, when the surrounding area was farmland and woodlands. The second church, Northern Methodist (Methodist Epsicopal), was built in 1860, before Attalla was surveyed. The first school was held in that church, and the people sat on half logs with pegs for legs. A Southern Methodist Episcopal church was erected in 1865. In 1887, a Baptist church was organized in the Clements school house by Hamilton Ralls of Gadsden, Mrs. L. E. Harrison, and Mrs. W. S. White. After Attalla incorporated, there were two schools; the Hudson School and the Clements School. The Hudson school was the first and was taught by the Reverend T. E. Hudson. The Clements school, called the Attalla High School, was taught by the Reverend M. K. Clements. Besides teaching at his school, Reverend Clements preached at the Methodist church. The two schools had a keen rivalry between them, and “school butter” was the forsaken word, such as “bell hop” is for certain military schools today to arouse a fighting school spirit. In 1891, the two schools were consolidated across town in the first brick building constructed for a school. This school was taught by E. O. McCord. (11)
During reconstruction, P. J. Smith was sent south by a northern concern to set up Republican newspapers in towns and cities of the South. He called his newspaper the “Republican Union” and began publication in Attalla on Friday, May 20, 1870. This was the first newspaper ever published in Attalla. It was radical in politics and thus did not survive long. Smith also operated the Attalla Hotel for a short period after the death of Commodore Farrand. (12)
“In 1885, the ‘Pick and Shovel’ newspaper was established -- the name being the embodiment of industry -- probably due to the fact that Attalla had become the largest iron ore shipping point in Alabama. When the ‘Pick and Shovel’ gave up the struggle, the ‘Crescent’ became its successor.” (13) Next came the “New Age,” then the Attalla “Herald,” published by G. Thomas Moore, and later J. W. Mills. Attalla’s only newspaper in 1955 was “The Etowah News Journal”.
Attalla was prosperous until the railroads, upon which it depended, went into bankruptcy. After that, the town had a precarious existence for almost a decade. The subsequent resuscitation of the railroads did not benefit Attalla, at least for some time, because trade went to other places and through other channels; also some of its most prominent businessmen relocated elsewhere, thus depriving it of a very important auxiliary to progress. The town remained in a stagnant, listless condition until the opening of the iron mines in the surrounding mountains. The development of this new industry, with all its various accompaniments, put life and vigor into the area and started it on a safe and solid road to prosperity.
John S. Moragne bought mineral lands at Attalla in 1859, and sank what was probably the first iron ore shaft in Northeast Alabama. In 1871, he shipped the first carload of iron ore by rail out of the state, to Wheeling, West Virginia. (14) He was perhaps the first person to call attention to the rich coal and iron deposits in North Alabama. “In the 1880’s his collection of minerals, gathered during his wanderings over this part of the state, won the first prize at the state fair. He and John W. Duncan, his son-in-law, hauled the ore from the first Attalla mine to the railroad in wagons. Their mining methods were rather primitive as compared to modern methods. The Moragne estate owned much more land near Attalla. One large section was sold in the 1890’s to a Chattanooga concern for $45,000, but it did not include the operating mines later owned by the Sloss-Sheffield Mining Company.
“In the late 1880’s, Attalla was noted as being the largest iron ore shipping point in the state. At first, the ore was hauled from the mines by horse drawn wagon and piled at the corner of Fifth Avenue and the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. It was probably loaded on the train by men wielding shovels, then shipped to furnaces in Chattanooga and Birmingham, and finally taken to Gadsden furnaces.” (15)
After the wagons became impractical, small dummy trains were used to haul the ore from the mines. Ben Stewart was a conductor on one of these small trains for years. He and Obal Christopher made up the first of Christopher & Stewart which ran the commissary to their mine and cotton gin. Stewart was mayor of Attalla at one time. The Christopher and Stewart store was the first of its kind in Attalla, and was one of the main stores in town. (16)
Before Attalla was incorporated, it was called the “Junction.” In 1893, an article appeared in the Attalla “Herald” which said, “Attalla is a city made by the railroads. It grew because it had to grow, and the railroads came because they had to, and will have to come, to get away from the mountains. Its destiny is fixed by its location, and its people are alive to this fact, and the active bustling town is a living example of present prosperity.” (17)
The East Alabama & Cincinnati Railroad was constructed through Attalla and went on as far as Gadsden. This was Attalla’s first railroad to Gadsden. Later the T. & C. Railroad went through, and in 1890, the Gadsden-Attalla Dummy Line did also. The first railroad to Birmingham, the L. & N. Railroad, was first built to Attalla and then stopped for awhile. Its first run through to Birmingham was made on May 23, 1905. That first train had its last run on January 30, 1951.
The first electric generator operated by water was built in September 1882, at Appleton, Wisconsin. The first hydro electric plant for lighting a whole town was invented on a stream in Etowah County near Attalla by W. P. Lay in 1887. This invention in Attalla led to the creation of the Southern Company and Alabama Power.
In that same year, Attalla had its first big fire. It was on the northeast side of Fifth Avenue, between Third and Fourth Streets. All the buildings were made of wood, but luckily the fire only burned in one direction. The second big fire, the most disastrous in the history of Attalla, occurred in 1891. Between the times of these fires, brick buildings were being erected throughout the area, affected by the first fire. These were the first brick buildings to be constructed in Attalla. The second fire burned in both directions, and swept through all buildings between Third and Fourth Streets, demolishing all except three small wooden shanties. It was difficult to bring the blaze under control, because the town had no waterworks and had to depend upon a bucket brigade. (18)
First Baptist Church of Attalla was organized in 1887 under the pastorate of Rev. Henry Edward Harris. He was actually successor to Rev. Hamilton Blount Ralls who was a Baptist Missionary sent to Attalla in 1885, but Rev. Ralls only held meetings in the old Clements School. Rev. Harris was responsible for organizing the church. The stone-constructed sanctuary and buildings shown were the second major facility occupied by the First Baptist Church. The property was obtained on March 17, 1925 and the cornerstone laid on June 7, 1925 as construction began. The first service was held in it on Wednesday, November 11, 1925. The building was demolished in 1980 to make room for a more modern addition to the present main sanctuary which had been built behind this structure in 1960.
In June, 1891, Attalla awarded a contract to Hartford, Herbert and Company of Chattanooga to build a water works within its limits, and ordered work to begin within 30 days. With this step, Attalla began its career of municipal ownership, and in due time, the city built its own electric and telephone systems. Except for the financial panic that soon started, the venture would have been a success. The telephone and electric systems were sold first, and then the water plant was disposed of to a private concern. One of the conditions of the sale of the water plant was that the new owners would not raise water rates. Within 30 days after the transaction, the company asked the state public utilities commission for permission to advance rates higher. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the water company. Years later, the City of Attalla purchased the water distribution system, which was all that was left of the original system. It continued the policy of the private concern to purchase water from the Gadsden water plant. (19)
In 1890, the question arose whether to put the county courthouse in Attalla or in Gadsden. A committee of five people convened to discuss and vote on the matter. Commissioners J. B. Washburn and E. A. Gilliland voted to move the county courthouse site to Attalla. Commissioners John W. Miller and Dan G. McCuley voted to retain it in Gadsden. Probate Judge James A. Tallman, the official chairman, broke the tie by voting for Gadsden. It has been said that if Attalla had gotten the courthouse in that vote, the situation of Gadsden’s much greater population growth and Attalla’s growth would have been reversed.
In 1914, a serious effort to consolidate Alabama City and Attalla failed, because the mayor and aldermen of Alabama City balked at the idea at the last moment. J. W. Mills, the clever editor and publisher of the Attalla “Herald” said the plan misfired because of interference by certain Gadsden citizens. The Gadsden papers, however claimed that the city, as a whole, was not interested. “One alderman was the cause of all the trouble,” Mills wrote, “because of misrepresentation by Gadsden people who are telling the Alabama City people that Attalla wants to gobble them up for selfish gain.” He said that Captain J. M. Elliot, Jr. was reported to have told the people of Alabama City that he had no objections to Alabama City “swallowing” Attalla, but he did object to Attalla swallowing” Alabama City. It seems strange, said the “Herald,” “That he (Captain Elliott) should be so all-fired interested when he doesn’t live in either town.” The “Herald” said the officials of the Dwight Manufacturing Company, a large cotton mill which largely made up Alabama City, had favored the merger.
The truth was that Captain Elliott founded Alabama City in 1891, and he always wanted the three towns to unite under that name. He wanted to create an industrial center in the area, and did a great deal toward realizing that ambition. Alabama City was his “child” and he never deviated from his campaign for it to absorb both Attalla and Gadsden. In 1931, Alabama City voted by a large majority to merge with Gadsden. (21)
Camp Siebert, primarily in Attalla, was situated in Etowah and St. Clair Counties, Alabama, as a replacement training center for the Chemical Warfare Service by the Department of Defense between 1942 and 1944. The 37,034 acre site was used as a chemical warfare service training center until April 1945. Training included such tasks as smoke screening, chemical decontamination, chemical depot maintenance and chemical impregnation work. During training exercises, fuming sulfuric acid, or FS was dropped on troops from airplanes to simulate an aerial mustard attack. After decontamination, the land was transferred back to private ownership in 1948. The airfield, however, was transferred to the City of Gadsden.
Will I. Martin once said: “Today there is not a more progressive town in Alabama than Attalla. It is a community of fine homes, wonderful people, and a very great promise for the future. It has good government, excellent schools, and enterprising business men. Many of its boosters in the early days lived to prove that they were not far wrong in 1870.” (22)
Some of you will remember these nostalgia shots from Attalla’s past. We would love to share your stories and add to the picture collections in the library archives. Call or visit the library to add your content to the living history of Attalla. (23)
In the image at left, is John D. Hulgan, driving fire truck.
Also person 2nd from left in image is John Ramey
Did you know that Attalla was the first US city to have electric street lights and was also the birthplace of Alabama Power Company? Attalla has been a leader many times during its history. The first web site was installed in Attalla prior to the Internet reaching its present prominence and before being recognized as a basic requirement in the operation of American cities.
* * * * *
FIRST WEB SITE FOR CITY OF ATTALLA
Mayor Charles O’Rear established the first official web site for the City of Attalla in 2001. Under his leadership, the most efficient and effective public communication tool and information distribution medium in history was employed and utilized by the city for over 8 years. Attalla became one of the first small cities in Alabama to go on-line. His vision put Attalla far ahead of most Alabama cities.
Cost for the web site was donated to the city by the “Bud” O’Rear and Joanna O’Rear family, formerly of Hughes Avenue. www.CityofAttalla.com
Thousands of dollars of taxpayers money was saved monthly by allowing citizens to print out their own event fliers, tax documents, departmental information, city news articles, and to find services directly rather than rely on costly city personnel time, taking them away from providing primary duties in serving their city. Emergency procedures, emergency access notification and real-time weather information saved on police and fire protection expenses.
Major benefit from the web site was achieved by the Recreation Department in support of regional sports teams and large events held in Attalla. The library also distributed free history, research, and photographs to enrich the lives of local citizens. Web site promotion for Trade Days, Heritage Festivals promoted those events to increase local business. Free local business advertising and links to Attalla merchants supported both downtown business and the overall local economy to a global audience.
Charles O’Rear served as the Mayor of Attalla from 2001-2008.
Many Attalla citizens are now asking Charles O’Rear to return to a city leadership role.
These voters are actively supporting honest quality in a mayor's office and for their city.
* * * * *
This history was edited and somewhat updated for the Internet Portal of the City of Attalla, Alabama, on 02/16/2002 and most content herein was taken from an undated article, “History of Attalla”, by George P. Walker III, likely written between 1955-1958.
1. Jack House, Excerpts from “The Birmingham News, Jan. 8, 1947.
2. Thomas M. Owen, History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. , 1921, 1952..
3. Will I. Martin, Gadsden Times, April 29, 1952.
4. Owen, op. cit., 72
5. Miss Ida Hamner, interview at Attalla, March 21, 1954
6. William A. Reed, Indian Place-Names in Alabama, 6.
7. Martin, Gadsden Times, August 27, 1948
8. Hamner, Gadsden Times, 1929
9. Miss Ida Hamner, interview at Attalla, March 23, 1954, and Martin, Gadsden Times.
10. Miss Ida Hamner, interview March 23, 1954.
11. Miss Hamner, interview, March 23, 1954.
12. Mrs. R. P. Gant, interview, March 19, 1954.
13. Martin, Gadsden Times, April 29, 1952
15. Martin, Gadsden Times, January 23, 1953.
16. Miss Hamner, interview, March 14, 1954.
17. June 9, 1893. The Hill Country of Alabama, U.S.A., or the Land of Rest, London and New York.
18. Miss Hamner, interview, March 23, 1954,
and Martin, “If Memory Serves,” compiled by Frances L. Underwood from articles in the Gadsden Times.
19. Martin, Gadsden Times, “If Memory Serves”
20. Partially from Martin, Gadsden Times, August 11, 1947.
21. Martin, Gadsden Times, “If Memory Serves”
22. Martin, Gadsden Times, January 3, 1950.
23. Historic Pictures from Attalla Libary, Scanned by Linda Bowen, Librarian
From A History of Attalla, Alabama circa 1955
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We have a “Living History Project”; a way for business and citizen’s families to add to the history of Attalla on the Internet. Help us gather stories.
Click here to submit your entries to the living history of Attalla.
Old pictures are welcomed by email scan.
Your story can be added to the history section on this site.
This card is special because it shows the old neon and strobe Holiday Inn sign before the company went to a more streamlined look. I loved watching the starburst at the top. My Aunt Sue and her children lived behind the Holiday Inn in the trailer park when my Uncle Jack was in Vietnam. My cousin Mike was born nearly blind and after several corrective surgeries at Maxwell AFB, could only see shapes and lights (with very thick glasses) for several months until his eyes settled down from the surgery. The story goes that Aunt Sue would put Mike in his high chair in the kitchen and open the curtains at night so he could see the flashing star on top of the Holiday Inn sign. He would remain very calm and quiet except for an occasional wave of his hand while he would say "Hello purp-purp!" ... He later told Aunt Sue that the star reminded him of the glass dome in the lid of the "purpalator" (coffee percalator). photo card scan and comments from Mark du Pont
This place above is also still standing and is in quite remarkable shape considering the age of the buildings. The brick house looks much the same now as it did then. The postmark on the card was from 1955 and was actually mailed from Daytona Beach, Florida to Pennsylvania. photo card scan and comments from Mark du Pont
This place is still standing in Attalla and is known as the Sunset Inn now. Postmark on the back is from 1953 and was mailed from Attalla to Piscataway, New Jersey. photo card scan and comments from Mark du Pont
Browns Lake near the Attalla AG&S Depot. I'm not really sure where this lake was unless it's where the viaduct is now. That would make sense as there is a natural spring just under the lowest point of the viaduct. photo card scan and comments from Mark du Pont
Old Union Station - Attalla, photo card scans and comments from Mark du Pont
click here to get your own real business web site
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This course is a high school treatment of World History, also written by Dr. Phil Stringer. This course covers ancient civilizations, development of modern nations, and recent world events. It presents Biblical philosophies for understanding such issues as origins, nationalism, the rise of unscriptural religions, communism, and the purposes of government. H150 is one full year worth one full credit. Each complete subject set includes everything you need for one student for one year. Because the set is complete, you are assured that Study Guides, Study Guide Answers, Test and Quizzes, and Test and Quiz Answers are included and are the latest edition available.
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V is for Virtuoso
Erik Satie composed Trois Gymnopédies in 1888 at the age of 22. He was trained in piano but never excelled within that training. His work defied classical compositions, they were short, ambient, dissonances against harmony.
With the compositions were instructions for how each piece was to be played: Gymnopedie No. 1 - Lent et douloureux (slow and mournfully), Gymnopedie No. 2 - Lent et triste (slow and sad), Gymnopedie No. 3 - Lent et grave (slowly and solemnly).
But they are not all tears a slouched shoulders. The sound is calm, unpretentious, and compatible with bath time, bed time, and suppertime.
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CAVITY PREPARATION IN PRIMARY TEETHDr. Masar Mohammed
INTRODUCTION BASIC PRINCIPLES IN THE PREPARATION OF CAVITIES IN PRIMARY TEETH CLASS I CAVITIES CLASS II CAVITIES CLASS III CAVITIES CLASS IV CAVITIES CLASS V CAVITIES RECENT CONCEPTS IN RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY
Operative dentistry: Is the art and science of the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of defects of teeth that do not require full coverage restorations for correction.The aim of pediatric operative dentistry is to maintain the tooth in the dental arch in a healthy state, so as to prevent its loss and the subsequent problems that will result.
Main reasons to control caries in primaryDentition Prevent pain and discomfort. Prevent local infections. Prevent general infections Prevent negative attitudes and promote keeping good oral health Maintenance good mastication, aesthetic and overall well-being Prevent caries in permanent teeth Prevent malocclusion.
ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OFPRIMARY TEETH1. Shorter crown.2. Thinner enamel and dentin.3. Larger pulp and higherpulp horns.4. Enamel rods in cervicalarea directed occlusally.5. Greater cervical constriction.6. Broad, flat proximal contacts.7. Narrow occlusal table.8. Lighter in color.
Prevention is the cornerstone of good management of dental caries in children History taking is fundamental to the execution of restorative care in the primary and mixed dentition. Communication skills are essential in obtaining a child’s co-operation in completing treatment.
In the restoration of primary teeth, we should consider the following factors: The child: age, physical condition, and cooperation among others. Caries degree. Degree of radicular reabsorption of the tooth. Condition of the bone support. Dental material
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN THE PREPARATION OF CAVITIES IN PRIMARY TEETH.The steps in the preparation of a cavity in a primary tooth are not difficult but do require precise operator control
Many authorities advocate the use ofsmall, rounded-end carbide burs in thehigh-speed handpiece for establishing thecavity outline and performing the grosspreparation.they are designed to cut efficiently and yetallow conservative cavity preparationswith rounded line angles and point angles.
The Black’s principles with some modification are basic principles in the preparation of the cavities in the primary teeth. There are three operative steps with the use of the high-speed handpiece:
Opening and conformation of the cavity with the use of the high-speed handpiece. Eliminating the caries of the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal walls with the use of the high-speed handpiece. Eliminate the caries of the pulpal wall with the use of the lower- speed handpiece. The third step will include dentine sterilization and the cement base.
CLASS I CAVITIES Incipient carious lesion in child under 2 years old should be eliminated. Small cavity preparation may be made with a No.329 or No. 330 pear-shaped bur. We should open the decayed area and extend the cavosurface margin only to the extent of the carious lesion. The preparation can be completed in a few seconds.
The outline form should include all pits, fissures and grooves into which a sharp explorer can penetrate.
The pulpal floor should be flat or slightly concave throughout to allow for greater depth of the filling material, for better distribution of stress in the restoration and to avoid endangering the high pulpal horns. The depth of pulpal floor should be established just beneath the dentinoenamel junction (0.5 mm) to avoid pulp exposure.
All the internal line angles should be rounded. The side walls should slightly converge towards occlusal so that the preparation will follow the outer form of the crown. Beside the regular class I cavity preparations done in primary molars, occlusal spot preparations have been recommended.
In such preparations only the carious pits or groove is prepared and the tooth is restored in the usual manner. These preparations are applicable in any of the primary molars with exception of the lower second primary molars in which extension for prevention including all deep pits and fissures is recommended above all, if the child has high caries index
cavity should be covered with calcium hydroxide . A base of polycarboxlate, glass ionomer or rapid-setting zinc-oxide-eugenol cement may then be placed over the calcium hydroxide material to provide adequate thermal pulp protection.
Do not cross the oblique ridge in the upper second primary or first permanent molars and the transverse ridge of the lower first primary molar unless they are undermined with caries. These heavy ridges add support to the tooth.
CLASS II CAVITIES. These preparations include an occlusal, an isthmus and proximal portion. The outline form of the occlusal step should be dovetail-shaped including all carious pits, fissures, and developmental grooves.
The side walls of the occlusal step should converge from the pulpal wall to the occlusal surface. The pulpal floor should be established just beneath the dentinoenamel junction.
Angles between the side walls and the pulpal floor should be gently rounded. The width of the isthmus should be approximately one-third of the intercuspal dimension of the tooth.
The axio-pulpal line angle should be beveled to reduce the concentration of stresses and provide grater bulk of material in the isthmus area, which is liable to fracture
The greater constriction of primary teeth increases the danger of damaging the interproximal soft tissues during cavity preparation. Extreme care must be taken when breaking through the marginal ridge to prevent damage to the adjacent proximal surface, especially when the bur is revolving at high speed.
The proximal box line angles and walls should converge towards the occlusal. When viewed from the occlusal aspect the resulting axial wall should follow the outline of the original proximal surface.
An axiobuccal and axiolingual retentive groove may be included in the preparation.
The bur is used in a pendulum-swinging fashion to undermine the marginal ridge and at the same time to establish the gingival depth. The gingival seat should be of sufficient depth to break contact with the adjacent tooth. A liner or intermediate base should be placed before the insertion of the silver amalgam.
The amalgam restoration in the Class II cavity needs the use of a matrix retainer. The matrix should be rigid enough to allow adequate packing pressure, ensuring a well-condensed restoration free from an excess of residual mercury.
If the primary molars have an extensive carious lesions, especially first primary molars, should be used a stainless steel crowns, above all, in the first primary molar of a 3 years old child
Indications for use Stainless Steel Crown Restoration of primary molars requiring large multisurface restoration. Restorations in disabled persons or others in whom oral hygienic is extremely poor and failure of other materials is likely.
Restorations of teeth in children with rampant caries.
Restoration of teeth after pulp therapy
Restoration of teeth with developmental defects
Restoration of fructured primary molar
As abutment for space maintainer
In children with bruxism
Restoration of hypoplastic young permanent molars
Steps of preparation and placement of Stainless Steel Crown. Evaluate the preoperative occlusion. Administer appropriate anesthesia. Establish access. Reduction of the occlusal surface.
Round all line angles
Selection of the crown
Contour the crown. Place the crown and check the occlusion.
Smooth and polish the crown margin.
Rinse and dry the crown. Dry the tooth and seat the crown completely.
Remove cement excess and rinse oral cavity. Check occlusion
CLASS III CAVITIES Carious lesions on the proximal surfaces of anterior primary teeth sometimes occur in children whose teeth are in contact and in those children who have evidence of arch inadequacy or crowding. If caries is not extensive, disking by sand paper disc is performed to remove the decay, and then fluoride is applied topically
If the carious lesion not involves the incisal angle, a small conventional Class III cavity may be prepared and the tooth may be restored with glass ionomer or composite resin.
The same basic principles for permanent anterior teeth should be considered in a primary teeth, modified, of course, by the size of the pulp and the relative thinness of the enamel. If it is necessary we modify the Class III cavities with the use of dovetail on the lingual or occasionally on the labial surface of the tooth.
Because of the narrow labiolingual width of the primary incisor teeth, the Class III preparation is very difficult to perform and often needs a labial or lingual dovetail to gain access and aid in retention of the restoration.
The distal surface of the primary canine is a frequent site of caries attack
CLASS IV CAVITIES In these cavities caries involves the incisal proximal angle of the anterior teeth. The principles in the cavity preparation are the same of the cavity preparation in permanent teeth
In regular class IV cavity preparations, composite resin material can be used for restoration.
CLASS V CAVITIES The Class V cavities are realized more frequently in buccal surface of the primary canines. The principles in the cavity preparation are the same of the cavity preparation in permanent teeth, although the depth is not carried more than 1.5 mm.
Walls of preparation converge toward buccal surface of tooth for retention of restoration. When a necessary, retentive groove can be placed along the gingivoaxial and occlusoaxial line angles. Use a No. 1/2 round bur at slow speed. Glass ionomer cement could be used effectively for restoring these cavities.
Pit and fissure sealant is a thin, plastic coating painted on the chewing surfaces of teeth -- usually the back teeth (the premolars and molars) -- to prevent tooth decay. The sealant quickly bonds into the depressions and grooves of the teeth forming a protective shield over the enamel of each tooth.
Indicaations of sealant placement:1. Deep retintive pits and fissures.2. Stained pits and fissures with minmum decalcification.3. No radiographic evidence of proximal caries.4. Factores associated with increased caries incidence.
5. Caries free.6. Possibility of adequate isolation. How Are Sealants Applied?
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The more common term is deflationary theory of truth, where "assertions of predicate truth of a statement do not attribute a property called "truth" to such a statement".
I did not find reference to conditionals and disjunctives specifically in Baldwin's essay in Frege: Sense and Reference One Hundred Years Later, but Frege's own example of a conditional is:
"In the formula '(2 > 3) ⊃ (7^2 = 0)' a sense of strangeness is at first felt, due to the unusual usage of the signs '>' and '='. For usually such a sign serves two distinct purposes: on the one hand it is meant to designate a relation, while on the other hand it is meant to assert the holding of this relation between certain objects. Accordingly it looks as though something false (2 > 3, 7^2 = 0) is being asserted in that formula - which is not the case at all. That is to say, we must deprive the relational sign of the assertive force with which it has been unintentionally invested". [quoted from Greimann]
So if phrased as "if it is true that 2 > 3 then it is true that 7^2 = 0" the 'true' has no assertoric force. The same happens with disjunctives phrased as "it is true that the Riemann hypothesis holds or it is true that it does not" since the truth can not possibly be asserted of both disjuncts.
Frege goes on to distinguish two distinct functions that the copula ("is") and relation symbols serve in natural languages, predication and assertion. Only the first function is retained in conditionals and disjunctives. Under the redundancy/deflation conception of truth the 'true' adds nothing to the thought, but it can not add the assertoric force in conditionals and disjunctives either. So the surface grammar of declarative sentences in natural languages conflates expressing the content to be judged true or false with asserting that it is true. Hence, in the "scientific language" the functions of predication and assertion must be separated, according to Frege. Greimann gives a good discussion in The Judgement-Stroke as a Truth-Operator.
As for the assertoric force, Frege himself acknowledges that it is lacking even in purely assertive sentences, when uttered, e.g., by actors on a stage, but still believes that it is somehow intended:
"The truth claim arises in each case from the form of the declarative sentence, and when the latter lacks its usual force, e.g. in the mouth of an actor upon the stage, even the sentence 'The thought that 5 is a prime number is true' contains only a thought, and indeed the same thought as the simple '5 is a prime number'. [...] So the word 'true' seems to make the impossible possible: it allows what corresponds to the assertoric force to assume the form of a contribution to the thought. And although this attempt miscarries, or rather through the fact that it miscarries, it indicates what is characteristic of logic... 'True' makes only an abortive attempt to indicate the essence of logic, since what logic is really concerned with is not contained in the word 'true' at all but in the assertoric force with which a sentence is uttered." [quoted from Baldwin]
Baldwin characterizes this explanation as a "mess". Dummett proposes a modal reading of it:"the root notion of truth is then that a sentence is true just in case, if uttered assertorically, it would have served to make a correct assertion". This is better, but the trouble is that an assertoric utterance depends on the sense of the asserted sentence, and, on Frege's account, this sense is given by... the sentence's truth-conditions. So "the root notion of truth" derives... from the truth itself. In short, Frege's attempt to add something extra to the bare deflationary function of 'true' itself miscarries.
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Imagine if the United States was run entirely on clean, renewable energy. This could someday soon be a reality. A study by a Stanford University professor Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford, and his colleagues, has outlined how each of the 50 states can make the transition to renewable energy by 2050.
According to the plan there would be significant upfront costs, but over time the costs would be roughly equal to the existing price of the fossil fuel infrastructure, maintenance and production.
Making the switch to renewable energy would significantly reduce air pollution, which has been linked to the deaths of approximately 63,000 Americans each year. Renewable energy would also eliminate greenhouse gases produced by fossil fuel.
Three cities have already paved the way by showing that the transition to renewable energy can be a reality.
Burlington, Vermont is the first large U.S. city to run entirely on renewable energy. With the switch to renewables, Burlington residents are only using renewable resources when they power up their electronics.
Their electricity now comes from solar, wind, hydroelectric and biomass sources. Vermont has a statewide goal of getting 90 percent of its energy from renewable sources by 2050, including electricity, heating, and transportation.
Greensburg, Kansas is a city that truly lives by the motto “If you take care of the land it will take care of you”. In 2007, Greensburg, Kansas was hit by a monstrous tornado that killed 13 people and injured more than 60 others. Over 95 percent of the structures in the town were demolished. As the citizens began to rebuild they were determined to build a better infrastructure and developed a long-term recovery plan which included 100% renewable electricity. They have achieved that goal and more, making Greensburg, Kansas “America’s greenest little town.”
Aspen, Colorado is the third US city to receive all of its power from renewable sources. The city is gathering much of its energy from wind and hydroelectric, with a smaller portion coming from solar and geothermal. Aspen had been using about 75 to 80 percent renewable energy and finally committed to 100% renewables in August, 2015. The city receives its wind energy from wind farms in Nebraska and South Dakota.
As Scientists continue to warn us to stop using fossil fuels and start using 100% renewable energy, these three cities are leading to charge. Other global cities and towns are also positioned to become leaders in the clean energy field in the near future. There’s no question that the shift towards renewable energy has begun and it’s exciting to see where it will ultimately go as many more join the movement.
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There are a lot of factors that can influence someone’s stroke risk; obesity, tobacco use, high blood pressure, heart disease, and so on. But when it comes to when you’re most likely to suffer a stroke, most people don’t think about daylight savings time.
Long story short, for the two days after daylight savings time transitions, stroke rates increase by approximately 8 percent.
While researchers can’t put their fingers on one, specific reason why this happens, they know it all comes down to our circadian rhythm (that internal clock we all have).
Bad things tend to happen when our circadian rhythm gets interrupted. Let’s face it; we are creatures of habit, and our biological systems are no exception. Disrupting our internal clocks sets off chain reactions in the body, reactions that can influence stroke risk.
And it’s not just daylight savings time. Research shows stroke rates (regardless of underlying risk factors like smoking, obesity, etc) are highest first thing in the morning and peak again in the evening.
Tick tock tick tock. We’re all on an internal clock.
What does that mean for you, right now? It doesn’t mean you should panic about daylight savings time, but it does mean you should be aware if you have any current stroke risk factors.
Experts don’t think daylight savings time causes strokes, but they do think interrupted circadian rhythm can cause imminent strokes to happen sooner rather than later.
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June 06th, 2016
An article appeared in PsyPost (a psychology and neuroscience news website) this week about how children confuse simple words like ‘and’ with ‘or’ which had The Parent Practice team excitedly sending emails back and forth (don’t laugh it’s to your benefit!)
Apparently young children (under the age of 6 at least) confuse the word ‘or’ with ‘and’ so that when parents offer cake or ice cream children hear ‘cake and ice cream’. Doesn’t that explain a lot?
Researchers in linguistics at MIT and a team at Carleton University have conducted studies with children between the ages of 3 and 6 and found that there are subtle differences between how adults and children clarify the meaning of sentences. Both adults and children test out the meaning of statements. Take the sentence “Max ate some of the biscuits.” Now suppose you find out that Max actually ate all of the biscuits. So the sentence “Max ate some of the biscuits” is still technically correct, but it would be more accurate to say, “Max ate all of the biscuits.”
Adults can make this distinction – we can compare the two sentences and consider the implications of using ‘all’ or ‘some’ and recognise that each alternative spells out a specific new meaning. But guess what? The researchers discovered that children can’t make the same distinctions as adults. When they hear ‘cake or ice-cream’ they are very much focussed on two of the three words! And the subtle and important implications of ‘or’ is missed.
What can parents do? Should we not offer children choices? Offering choices is generally thought to be a good idea as children at this age have so few opportunities to make decisions for themselves and can feel very frustrated and powerless.
But choices have downsides. If you have a child in this age bracket you may have watched them choose cake, only to be terribly disappointed with their choice later and wished they’d chosen ice cream… and have a meltdown. When a child realises that making a choice means giving up on something or losing something it takes maturity they may not have yet to handle the responsibility of that choice. Their pre-frontal cortex which governs perspective and the ability to weigh the consequences of decisions will not be fully mature until their 20s. Under the age of 6 the brain is still in its infancy and is largely governed by emotions.
So what do we do? Not give them any choices at all?
No. We think there is still merit in giving choices for under 6s (perhaps less for under 3s) but with this knowledge we can be very clear about the potential for confusion and support our children to handle the implications of their choices.
“William would you like some dessert? You can have yoghurt or fruit. You know that means just one. I’m going to put the one you choose on the table and the other one in the fridge. That will be for tomorrow. Which one for today and which one for tomorrow?”
William chooses fruit but later wants yoghurt. “Oh you want both the fruit and the yoghurt. That’s hard for you to remember that Mummy said just one. I guess you didn’t understand that and now you feel so disappointed. Maybe you wish you’d chosen the yoghurt.” This may seem like a big fuss, especially when it’s between two fairly healthy options but the parent is supporting the child to deal with disappointment by naming the feeling.
“Hannah, you’re going to have to think carefully about how you want to spend your birthday money. There’s enough there for you to buy one thing. You liked both the bubble factory and the butterfly mosaics but you can only choose one. I’m sure you wish you could have both. And when you choose one you might feel sad later that you didn’t choose the other one. If that happens come and tell me and I’ll give you a hug. That’s the tough bit about making choices. The good bit is you get to choose something that you really like yourself. You get to be in charge of this decision.”
Giving those pesky feelings a label helps strengthen the neural pathways between the emotional part of the brain and the logical part and at is the core of developing emotional intelligence.
Does your child get to choose sometimes? Does he sometimes change his mind? Does she want both? Next time there’s a meltdown tell them you know what it’s like to really, really want something when a few minutes ago you really, really wanted something else. It’s so confusing! Let us know how you get on.
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Most small businesses use Microsoft Windows as their main operating system, but Ubuntu is sometimes used as an alternative due to its user-friendly interface and -- more importantly -- lack of licensing or subscription fees. A significant number of hardware devices are compatible with Ubuntu and will work without requiring additional configuration. Some high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) cards, however, while outputting a video feed, will fail to produce audio due to a missing or outdated module, or invalid settings.
Before the advent of HDMI, digital video interface (DVI) and video graphics array (VGA) were used to output video on a monitor. Both DVI and VGA are still in common use, but only DVI produces a digital signal -- VGA, on the other hand, is an analog interface. HDMI can be considered an extension, or superset, of DVI; it uses the same technology to produce digital video. Unlike DVI, however, it can also carry an audio signal. As a result, video cards with integrated HDMI can also transmit audio to an external device.
Drivers enable the operating system to interact with the hardware devices installed to the PC. Advanced Linux sound architecture (ALSA) is an application programming interface with integrated sound drivers that improves device support on Linux operating systems. If ALSA is missing or outdated, Ubuntu might not be able to utilize the audio features of the HDMI video card. Install or update the ALSA modules via Synaptic Package Manager or through Terminal to improve sound support on the OS.
AlsaMixer enables users to configure the sound levels on a particular audio device. Users can turn on, mute and increase or decrease sound levels for pulse-code modulation (PCM), a method of encoding developed to transmit digital audio over an analog format. PCM is used to output sound on modern HDMI cards. If PCM is muted in AlsaMixer, HDMI cards won't produce audio. Executing the command "sudo alsamixer" (without quotes) from the Terminal will launch the application. You can use the directional pad to select "PCM." Press "M" to unmute sound; press the up arrow to increase volume.
Ubuntu uses profiles to configure the behavior of sound devices. If the incorrect profile is selected for an HDMI device, Ubuntu will fail to utilize the high-definition audio capabilities of the card. You can configure profiles in Sound Preferences, accessible via the System and Preferences menus. Click the Hardware tab to see the different audio devices installed to the computer and then click the HDMI card. If the profile "Digital Stereo (HDMI) Output" is not selected from the associated drop-down menu, the card won't be able to produce digital sound.
- Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images
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Having a healthy body cannot be overly emphasized as it is always a fact that people should be healthy always in order to do well in his daily activities and to function well as a good community resource. A person who is not healthy will always feel tired. He will not have enough energy to accomplish whatever he is supposed to accomplish and he will simply feel lazy most of the time.
In school, experts state that children should have the proper bodily health as it has great effect on their performance in their classes. It is a given fact that one Jodi Smith or other child must be physically able to attend class. When children are full of energy and enthusiasm to attend each of their classes, attendance will never become a great issue on them. They will actively attend their classes as compared with children who always feel tired and lazy where poor attendance cannot be denied. Law example reveals that focusing on the daily lessons is difficult. No matter how a teacher would explain each lesson to the rest of the class, for those unhealthy ones, absorbing everything will not be that easy. This will result to poor class performance which also goes down to having poor grades as well.
One could learn more that mental rigors of math, language and other subjects including reading, listening, creative thinking and understanding entails physical support that the body derives from food and other sources. If the body has the needed support and nutrients and can be considered healthy, concentrating on all the lessons a teacher would discuss will be easier. Children who are healthy can concentrate more on the lesson. They can pro-actively listen to everything that is being presented to them. Because of that, achieving good or high grades will not be that difficult anymore.
In situations when children are being presented with questions which would require them to make some analysis and critical thinking, it is easy to spot unhealthy ones because sometimes they cannot think critically. Or if they do, it would take them some time to process the knowledge being given to them. It is like doing cash advance with a slow process. Absorbing of lessons would be difficult for children who feel tired and inactive most of the time. So, during examination, most likely those who show signs of being unhealthy will find it hard to understand lessons being discussed by teachers.
If one would do further research, one site reveals expert opinions that test scores of those children which have good health condition will be most likely high. As they feel active in class, their retention on the everyday lessons will be of great help to them during daily examinations and periodic examinations. It is even said by some experts that there is a great possibility that once a child is healthy, his grade would be high compared to those who are unhealthy as their scores are also high during examinations. Health surely affects children’s grades in class.
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These are the people that insists that unless Bach is played on instruments of Bach's time (either original or faithful copies), we are not getting the true Bach experience. And there is certainly a gutsy vitality of music played in this style. The Brandenburgs were never meant to be played by a modern 72 piece orchestra.
On the other hand, there are those that claim that had the composers had access to modern instruments with all their advantages, they certainly would have composed for them.
There is no better proof of this than the Haydn and Hummel trumpet concertos.
The trumpet, in the late 1700's, was a very limited instrument. It had no valves or fingerholes, so the notes it could produce were limited to just its base pitch and the harmonic series of that base note. It was no more than a glorified bugle.
In the 1790's, a trumpeter in the Vienna Court Orchestra by the name of Anton Weidinger, frustrated at the limitations of his instrument, invented a new trumpet. His idea parallelled the woodwinds in that he drilled holes along the top tube of the trumpet, each of which could be opened or closed by valves.
With this new trumpet, for the first time, the player had literally at his fingertips the entire chromatic scale, no longer limited to one key and with the ability to play every half-note within its range.
Johann Nepomuk Hummel
Weidinger set out to popularize his invention. He commissioned trumpet concertos from Joseph Haydn in 1796 and from Johann Nepomuk Hummel in 1803. Both composers quickly realised the advantages of the new instrument and took the task seriously.
As it happens, the two first concertos written for the new trumpet have become the greatest ever written in the genre. Never before and rarely since has the trumpet been so eloquent and (gasp!) beautiful. Remember that prior to this, the trumpet was relegated to marches and fanfares.
What both composers concentrated on was to write music that accentuated the new instruments special abilities. Listen to Haydn's opening movement, with frequent modulations impossible on the older instrument, and to the new-found lyricism in the second movement. The final movement concentrates on technical skills, trills and triads, features possible only on Weidinger's trumpet.
Hummel, too, exploits the new possibilities. Unexpected modulations, and virtuoso style writing are prominent again. Weidinger liked both concertos immensely and made a career out of performing them throughout Europe.
As a contrast, listen to Leopold Mozart's Trumpet Concerto, written much earlier in 1762, well before Weidinger's creation. It counts amongst Mozart senior's greatest works and while full of charming melodies and variations, the simplicity of its harmonies and keys are obvious.
Long respected as a jazz musician, Wynton Marsalis won praise and fame as a classical performer with this debut classical recording, which went on the win a Grammy Award. These are not stodgy, academic works - they scream for showmanship and flair. Marsalis delivers.
Trumpets are not standard classical fare. In fact some brass arrangements of the classics have probably done more damage than good to its reputation. This is a CD that shows what a really great performer is capable of with music especially written for this unique instrument.
And at a bargain price, this is a CD that should be in every classical music collector's music cabinet.
Please support Good-Music-Guide.com
by purchasing this CD using this link.
Johann Nepomuk Hummel
National Philharmonic Orchestra
Wynton Marsalis, trumpet
Joseph Haydn: Concerto in E-Flat Major for Trumpet and Orchestra
- I. Allegro
- II. Andante
- III. Allegro
Leopold Mozart: Concerto in D Major for Trumpet and Orchestra
- I. Adagio
- II. Allegro Moderato
Johann Nepomuk Hummel: Concerto in E-Flat Major for Trumpet and Orchestra
- I. Allegro con Spirito
- II. Andante
- III. Rondo: Allegro
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A low-fat diet is the usual way to help protect against heart disease-but a whole food diet, including more fruits, vegetables, nuts and fruits, is a better way to reduce your risk, new research has found.
Although a low-fat diet can lower cholesterol, it doesn't reduce the chances of a heart attack or death from heart disease, say researchers from the University of Arizona's college of medicine.
Looking back on studies dating back to 1957 when diet and heart disease became mainstream, the researchers found that a 'whole diet', and especially a Mediterranean diet, reduced the risk far more effectively, even though it didn't necessarily reduce cholesterol levels.
The researchers think that combining healthy foods has a synergistic effect, and is more protective than a blanket low-fat approach.
(Source: American Journal of Medicine, 2013; doi: 10.1016/amjmed.2013.12.014)
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On Aug. 21, 2017, the moon rode its elliptical orbit precisely between Earth and sun, plunging the land below into the crepuscule of a total solar eclipse. Beginning about 11 a.m. Pacific Time, the dark path of totality began its sweep northwest to southeast across the United States, casting its eerie gloom upon Western towns such as Madras, Oregon; Rexburg, Idaho; and Casper, Wyoming. The sky turned violet; shadows sharpened; pigeons took roost and owls took wing. Millions of umbraphiles — eclipse chasers — craned their necks to witness more than two minutes of lunar ecstasy, transfixed by an occluded sun that science writer David Baron describes as “an ebony pupil surrounded by a pearly iris … the eye of the cosmos.”
Although partial solar eclipses and lunar eclipses are relatively common, total solar eclipses are rarer beasts: When totality last traversed the entire width of the continental U.S., Woodrow Wilson was struggling to negotiate an end to World War I. Baron, himself a devoted umbraphile — you might call him a lunatic — has pursued the phenomenon to Germany, Australia and the Faroe Islands. His new book, American Eclipse, chronicles an instance much closer to home: the shadow that sped from Montana to Texas in 1878, perhaps the most significant total solar eclipse in the country’s history.
For much of the 19th century, the young United States was a second-rate nation, scientifically speaking, shrouded by what one astronomer deemed a “period of apparent intellectual darkness.” The 1878 eclipse promised to lift that metaphorical blackness by supplying literal dusk: Under the moon-dimmed Rocky Mountain sky, American scientists would have the opportunity to seek new planets, study the sun’s outer atmosphere, and even deduce its chemical composition. Researchers leapt at the chance to help America “fulfill its responsibility as an enlightened member of the global scientific community” — and, in the process, gain personal glory.
Westerners know Baron from his first book, “The Beast in the Garden,” which documented — some would say sensationalized — a series of cougar attacks in Colorado. In “American Eclipse,” the fiercest beasts are the scientists competing to document the astronomical anomaly. Baron introduces us to James Craig Watson, an astronomer with a Jupiter-sized ego who’s convinced that the eclipse will help him discover an unseen hypothetical planet called Vulcan. We meet Cleveland Abbe, a meteorologist, known charmingly as “Old Probabilities,” who persists in eclipse-watching at Pikes Peak despite a near-fatal case of high-altitude cerebral edema. And then there’s a young inventor named Thomas Edison, eager “to demonstrate that he was a scientist and no mere tinkerer” by measuring the heat of the sun’s corona with a zany (and ultimately failed) invention called the tasimeter.
Amid all this scientific machismo, the book’s most sympathetic character is Maria Mitchell, an astronomer and suffragette intent on demonstrating the equal abilities of women. At the time, certain pseudo-academics posited that “higher education caused a girl’s body — especially her reproductive organs — to atrophy.” To debunk this repugnant theory, Mitchell dispatched a cohort of “lady astronomers” to Colorado to study the eclipse and provide “a kind of political theater, promoting social change.” Mitchell’s mission succeeded — one newspaper called her squad “a conspicuous example of the power and grasp of the feminine intellect” — though the sexual harassment scandals that roil modern astronomy prove that true equality still eludes the field.
American Eclipse’s most vivid character, though, is the fledgling West itself. In 1878, the region lingered in a kind of limbo: civilized enough that you could journey to Wyoming in a railcar hung with chandeliers, wild enough that your train stood a considerable risk of being boarded and cleaned out by bandits. The citizens of burgeoning Denver — a town that “aspired to elegance, even enlightenment” — were particularly desperate to prove their city’s worth to snooty East Coast scientists. As one local boasted to a visiting Englishman, “Sir, Colorado can beat the world in eclipses as in everything else.”
While modern astronomers no longer require eclipses to study the heavens, this year’s event still inspires epic Westward pilgrimage. An eclipse festival in Oregon expected 30,000 visitors, and some Jackson hotels have been booked for three years. We live with our eyes cast downward, fixed upon hand-sized screens; this year’s American eclipse offers a chance to lift our gaze to a universe far grander and stranger than the circumscribed worlds we cradle in our palms. “These rare and unearthly events … suspend human affairs and draw people out of their quotidian existence,” Baron writes. We may comprehend our solar system vastly better than we did in 1878, but our capacity for awe remains, fortunately, undiminished.
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It does seem a bit strange to have the word “drone” used to not only cover a $30 hobby aircraft that a child can fly, but to also describe a high-tech $10 million weapon used on a battlefield. Those devices don't exactly serve the same purpose. So why don't they have differe
What's the Difference Between a Drone, UAV, and UAS?
Andrew Soucek | Botlink
Reprinted with permission from the Botlink blog:
Everyone has heard the term “drone.” It’s becoming an increasingly popular way to refer to the small (usually) helicopter-like devices that are being flown by millions of people around the globe. However, there’s a host of other terms used to describe them, which can make things a bit confusing.
It does seem a bit strange to have the word “drone” used to not only cover a $30 hobby aircraft that a child can fly, but to also describe a high-tech $10 million weapon used on a battlefield. Those devices don't exactly serve the same purpose. So why don't they have different names?
Okay, so for starters, basically every UAV is a drone...but not every drone is a UAV. Still confused? Completely understandable!
Before we dig in further, it’s worth noting that with drones becoming increasingly popular, it’s likely some of these definitions will change in the future when the FAA eventually settles on more specific terms. This isn't a bad thing, as drone is so all-encompassing at the moment that it's hard for people in various industries to agree on anything. But for now, here’s a brief explanation of the different phrases you’ve likely heard to help you understand what each one means and what the difference (if any) there is between them:
photo via Jason Blackeye at Unsplash
Drone - While “Drones” make most people think of “an unmanned aircraft that can fly autonomously—that is, without a human in control.” (Scientific American) It can actually be used to describe a wide variety of vehicles. For example, there are seafaring (such as a submarine) or land based autonomously vehicles that also count under the given definition of drone.
Of course, the most common usage of the term refers to an aircraft that can be remotely or autonomously guided. Unfortunately, the only thing most experts can agree on with this term is that a drone doesn’t have a pilot inside.
(But hey, fun fact! the term drone comes from the Havilland DH82B “Queen Bee” remotely controlled aircraft. This dates back over 80 years!)
UAV - A UAV is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. They are able to fly remotely (such as with a controller or tablet) or autonomously. So, a drone...right? Well, basically yes. The two terms are often used interchangeably. Drone seems to have won out at the moment due to its use in the media, movies, and TV. So if you do use the same terms in public, it's likely no one is going to scold you.
However, many professionals in the industry believe UAVs need to have autonomous flight capabilities, whereas drones do not. Therefore, all drones are UAVs but not vice versa. But for now, go ahead and use the phrase you're most comfortable with. We won't judge!
UAS - All right. Thankfully this one is a little bit clearer. A UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) includes not only the UAV (or drone), but also the person on the ground controlling the flight and the system in place that connects both of them. Basically, the UAV is a component of the UAS, since it refers to only the vehicle/aircraft itself.
RPA - Many pilots prefer the term “Remotely Piloted Aircraft.” This is because flying certain types of UAVs require a lot more skill (think years of training) than anything you could buy in a store. Taking control of an RPA requires more than simple handheld controls. You can't eat a sandwich and control one of these at the same time! The cockpit for an aircraft like a Global Hawk is closer to that of a commercial airliner. In time, this phrase could catch on to describe more complex flights. Besides that, though, RPA is essentially interchangeable with UAV since there is no consensus at the moment.
Of course, industry lingo is likely to change in the coming years and we’ll keep you updated along the way. And if you are looking to buy a drone (or UAV!) for your business, let us know. You can even sign up for a free trial, or visit Botlink.com to learn more about our drone mapping & flight planning software.
The content & opinions in this article are the author’s and do not necessarily represent the views of AgriTechTomorrow
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Covert operations, a fundamental part of intelligence and espionage practices, rely heavily on the ability to manipulate and control information. Two key techniques often employed in this field are misdirection and distraction. While they may seem similar on the surface, they are distinct in their application and effect.
This intel aims to explore these techniques in detail individually, highlighting their differences and the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Misdirection, in the context of covert operations, involves subtly guiding attention away from something of importance. It’s a form of psychological manipulation that capitalizes on an opponent’s expectations and biases to lead them astray. The goal is not to draw attention to the misdirecting action itself, but rather to allow the actual operation to proceed unnoticed.
A strategy of misdirection might involve an operative intentionally leaving “clues” that suggest a specific operation is imminent in one location, while the actual operation is happening elsewhere. The opponent’s attention and resources are thus focused on the incorrect area, allowing the real operation to proceed with less or no resistance.
Advantages of Misdirection
Subtlety: Misdirection is often less obvious than a blatant diversion, making it less likely to arouse suspicion (detection of a rouse).
Efficiency: By exploiting an opponent’s preconceived notions or biases, misdirection can achieve its goals with less resources.
Disadvantages of Misdirection
Complexity: Misdirection often requires a deep understanding of the opponent’s mindset and careful planning, making it more complex to implement.
Uncertainty: The success of misdirection heavily depends on the ability to read the opponent and thus their reactions, which can be unpredictable.
Diversion, on the other hand, is a tactic designed to attract attention towards a specific action or event to draw focus away from the true operation. In contrast to misdirection, diversion is more about creating a significant event that pulls resources away from where the actual operation is occurring.
A strategy of diversion in covert operations might be orchestrating a high-profile event — like a fake terrorist threat or a staged public incident — in a location distant from the actual operation. As the opponent’s attention and resources rush to respond to this event, the real operation proceeds unnoticed elsewhere.
Advantages of Diversion
Impact: A well-planned diversion can quickly and effectively pull resources away from the true operation area, instantly and irrevocably.
Simplicity: Diversions can be easier to plan and execute compared to misdirection, as they often rely on creating a single, attention-grabbing event.
Disadvantages of Diversion
Risk: If a diversion is detected as such, it can alert the opponent to the fact that a covert operation is in progress.
Resource Intensive: Creating a convincing diversion often requires significant resources, which might not always be available.
Misdirection VERSUS Diversion
While both misdirection and diversion serve to distract an opponent, the way they achieve this is fundamentally different. Misdirection uses subtlety and psychological manipulation to lead the opponent astray, making it a more complex but potentially less detectable strategy.
Diversion, on the other hand, relies on the creation of a distracting event to draw the opponent’s attention and resources away from the true operation, making it simpler but potentially more resource-intensive and risky.
In practice, the choice between misdirection and diversion will depend on several factors including the nature of the operation, the resources available, the characteristics and capabilities of the opponent, and the degree of subtlety required.
Misdirection / Distraction in Everyday Life
While misdirection and distraction are in this intel’s context associated with intelligence covert operations and strategic deception, their principles can be applied to many aspects of everyday “normal” life:
Misdirection is a powerful tool in many social and professional contexts. In its simplest form, it’s a way of controlling attention to something else.
Pick Pocketing: Misdirection is the cornerstone of this form of crime. Pick pockets control the target’s attention while their wallet is stolen. For example, a pick pocket will suddenly bump into a target on a busy street to draw attention away from what the unseen hand is doing.
Distraction, like misdirection, can be used to control attention, but it tends to be more about diverting focus rather than actively misleading.
Time Management: In the context of time management, distractions can be used positively to manage stress and prevent burnout. Taking short breaks to engage in a different activity can distract from work-related stress and improve overall productivity.
Misdirection VERSUS Distraction in Everyday Life
In everyday life, the difference between misdirection and distraction again comes down to intention. Misdirection is more about deceiving or misleading for a strategic purpose, while distraction is about diverting attention, often to alleviation. Both can be used constructively or manipulatively, depending on the context and intent.
Understanding the difference between misdirection and diversion, as well as the pros and cons of each, is crucial in the realm of covert operations. Both techniques can be powerful tools when used appropriately, but each comes with its own challenges and considerations. The art of covert operations lies not only in understanding these tools but in knowing when and how to apply them effectively.
A successful operation often involves a mix of both misdirection and diversion, applied strategically and tailored to the unique context of each mission.
[OPTICS : Undisclosed]
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Nutrition for Development and Learning: Guide and Workbook – Includes Bonus Book (ebook)
Nutrition for Development and Learning is an interactive eBook. Nutritional education and the paramount importance of feeding the brain “daily essentials” is the theme of the book – for all stages of life – from seed to prosperous. Exercises and discovery forms are included for educators, health professionals, special education therapists, moms and dads-to-be, parents, and all caregivers. These forms are designed to identify and help remediate nutrient deficiencies or triggers impeding learning and optimal mental and physical health. Breakfast, lunch, and snack ideas, including meal composition and timing, are included to provide nutritional adequacy throughout the day. This cutting edge eBook contains state of the art navigation to access all chapters, exercises, and hand-outs with ease. Bonus Booklet: Brainy Breakfasts for Kid’s Manifesto.
Click Here to see a sample of the contents of this eBook.
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Royal Hampi is almost synonymous with Krishna Deva Raya, Vijayanagara Empire‘s best known king, who ruled from 1509–1529. Though there were many kings before him and a few after, most people associate everything with the Empire to Krishna Deva Raya. Lokesh, our local tour guide, was no exception—after a general introduction to Hampi and the Vijayanagara Empire, all his stories began and ended with Krishna Deva Raya!
Royal Hampi is instantly distinguishable from the other ruins at Hampi, largely due the different design elements used (for example, the Indo-Islamic architectural style of the Queen’s Bath), the delicate embellishment (for example, the Lotus Mahal), and of course, the royal size (for example, the Mahanavami Dibba).
When our group disembarked at the Royal Enclosure from our vehicles, I don’t think many of us were sure as to what we were going to see beyond a high wall in front of us and some large blocks of stones lying here and there. As our group gathered around Lokesh for his orientation talk to the Royal Enclosure, none of us paid much attention to those blocks of stones. I was too busy looking around here, there, everywhere—except at my feet, which were just inches away from the massive “block of stone” shown in the picture below.
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Treaty of Versailles
Transcript of Treaty of Versailles
Wanted Rhineland and German colonies
Wanted Germany split up into small states Georges Clemenceau Main aim- To lead France to glory
Didn't care that was the Treaty fair or not, al he cared about was France's profit
Woodrow Wilson Aims Dissapointments Thought that the Treaty could be harsher
Couldn't get Germany crippled Aims Dissapointments Wanted to strengthen democracy
Wanted no more wars
Wanted to maintain peace, to do that he introduced the idea of the League of Nations
Also wanted the idea of Self Determination Not all the 14 points which he had thought about were put in the Treaty. The Senate refused to the idea of a League of Nations and also didn't sign the Treaty of Versailles. David Lloyd George Who was Georges Clemenceau Prime Minister of France
Cruel towards Germany
But no one else had seen what Clemenceau had
So while giving his ideas during the discussion, he had a feeling of revenge for his people(France). Who was Woodrow Wilson President of the United States
Idealistic, thought that the world could attain peace
Basically, a man who not only thought of his people only but of the world as a whole Who was David Lloyd George? Prime Minister of Britain.
Liked the fact that Britain got some of the German colonies
Liked the small German navy.
Thought that the Treaty was too harsh
Feared the communists
Predicted that another Great war will happen after 25 years. Aims Dissapointments Continuation of trade between Britain and Germany
Wanted to make a Treaty which the British would approve on Some of the Deligates believed that the Treaty could be more harsh, they basically wanted to cripple Germany France after the War France, after the war, was in a severely bad condition.
It had lost almost 300,00 houses
About 8million soldiers were killed
France also feared Germany as it was the closest to it and they thought that Germany could attack anytime Were his views right or wrong?? Keeping in mind all these points,
Georges Clemenceau laid down his
thoughts during the Peace Conference. What Clemenceau wanted was to weaken Germany as much as possible. From France's point of view, Clemenceau was absolutely right. They wanted Germany to be finished as they had never faced this much destruction in the past. According to the other delegates and the rest of the world, Clemenceau's views were too harsh and they couldn't believe that he wanted it to be more harsh. He demanded a fair Treaty which wouldn't cripple Germany but surely would punish her. Not all his aims were fulfilled
Germany was crippled and his hope to stop the communists was over Clemenceau and Wilson constantly clashed
Lloyd George did not like the right given to the small countries which was self determination.
Clemenceau and Lloyd George clashed over leniency towards Germany Overall Disagreements and Compromises
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After school snack time can be the perfect opportunity to engage with your children and allow them to debrief their school day. Making connections and staying aware of what’s happening in your child’s life are key to a great school year. Below are some tips on how to talk to your child after school.
How to Get Your Child to Talk About School
- Some kids don’t like to share information about their school day.
- The way you ask kids questions can encourage them to talk more.
- Ask specific, open-ended questions instead of questions that can be answered with yes or no.
Some kids love talking about school. With others, it’s like pulling teeth to get them to share even a few details about their day—especially if there are things going on that are upsetting them, like bullying or struggling in school.
If your child is on the quieter side or is very private, there are ways to ask questions that will open up a conversation instead of shutting one down. Here are some key concepts for starting a dialogue.
1. Ask open-ended questions. If you ask a question that can be answered with one word—yes or no—that’s what you’ll get. A one-word answer.
Example: “What was the best thing you did at school today?”
2. Start with a factual observation. Kids often have a hard time answering questions that seem to come out of the blue. Making an observation gives your child something to relate to.
Example: “I know you have a lot more kids in your class this year. What’s that like?”
3. Share something about yourself. When someone tells you about themselves, it’s natural to want to do that in return. Share something with your child and see what you get back.
Example: “We always played dodgeball at recess. What do you and your friends like to do?”
4. Avoid negative questions. If you think something isn’t going well, your questions may come out in a negative way, with emotion-packed words like sad or mean. Asking in a positive way lets your child express concerns.
Example: “I heard that you sat with new people at lunch today. What did you talk about?”
Here are other examples of how to say things differently to get your child to open up.
Afterschool Conversation Starters
|Instead of this||Try this|
|Was school fun today?||What was the best thing you did at school?|
|How was lunch?||Which kids were sitting near you at lunch?|
|Was your teacher nice?||What was the most interesting thing your teacher said today?|
|Did you get your locker today?||How was it getting to your locker between classes?|
|Were the kids in your class friendly?||Who did you like talking to the most?|
|Did you get your schedule?||You got your schedule today, right? Which days look busiest?|
|Do you have friends in your classes?||Who are the kids you talk to most in your classes?|
|Did your presentation go well?||What part of the presentation do you think was best?|
Phrasing your questions this way invites your child to talk. But don’t expect for every question to result in a long, detailed answer. The goal is to have many small conversations over time. It helps to find natural moments to talk—like at dinner or riding in the car—when you’re not in a rush.
Sometimes kids, like adults, just don’t feel like talking. It’s important to know when to stop asking questions and leave it for another time. But if there’s something urgent or serious going on, you’ll have to ask direct, specific questions and push for an answer.
Full article can be found at understood.org
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May 31, 2017
If you frequently suffer from headaches or migraines, it’s time to find some relief. You may be surprised to learn that the solution could come from cutting back on some of your favorite foods, like bacon, red wine, and chocolate. Worried? Let us explain. Your dentist in Richmond, Dr. Hoa Vong, discusses the link between headaches and nitrate-filled foods in this week’s blog post.
Oral Bacteria and Chronic Headaches: Connected?
A recent study from the descriptively titled American Gut Project suggests a connection between chronic headaches and a certain strain of gut bacteria. When this specific type of bacteria, which is also present in the mouth, comes into contact with nitrates from food and beverages, they let off nitric oxide — which can lead to headaches. In the study, migraine sufferers were also more likely to have this type of oral bacteria.
What could be the link? It has to do with your blood flow. When you eat nitrates, your body converts them to nitrite. For people suffering from heart problems, nitrites are good because they increase circulation. But this same dilation and inflammation also seems to trigger headaches in people who are prone to them.
Adjust Your Diet to Reduce Headaches
As evidence surrounding the link between your oral bacteria and migraines mounts, it’s possible that someday there may be a treatment to target this strain of bacteria. But today, the best method is to try reducing the amount of nitrates in your diet.
Common foods containing nitrates include:
- Cured meats (cold cuts, sausages, salami)
- Canned beans and vegetables that contain bacon or meat
- Canned chili
- Dark chocolate
If you frequently suffer from migraine headaches, try tweaking your diet and see if your symptoms subside, too. If so, that’s a good sign it’s time to eat fewer nitrates!
How to Maintain Healthy Oral Bacteria
Your mouth is full of bacteria, which you can consider as being a balance between “good” and “bad” bacteria. When you brush and floss regularly and visit your dentist every six months, you are doing your part to keep the bacteria in harmony. Maintaining a low-sugar diet also helps to prevent the bad stuff from multiplying in your mouth. While you may not be able to prevent migraines with brushing and flossing, you can still stay away from gum disease, cavities, and other oral health hazards with the following tips:
- Brush your teeth for two minutes, after each meal or twice a day. Use a fluoride toothpaste a brush in gentle circular motions.
- Floss daily to remove leftover food particles and bacteria from between the teeth.
- Visit your dentist every six months for routine preventive care.
- Maintain a balanced, low-sugar diet.
- Add a microbial mouth rinse for added bacteria fighting — but don’t treat it as a substitute for regular brushing and flossing.
Dentist Near Me Offering Preventive Care
Staying on top of your regular checkups and cleanings at the dentist’s office is crucial for keeping your oral bacteria in balance. When was your last trip to VL Dental? We provide comprehensive care for patients of all ages. Schedule an appointment with your dentist in Richardson, TX today!
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Water Protection Bureau
The Water Protection Bureau was formed to prevent surface and ground water pollution by review of the potential sources of pollution and issuance of Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permits. The Water Protection Bureau also is responsible for determinations of nondegradation.
The department has compiled A GUIDE TO WATER QUALITY INFORMATION which is designed to provide access to organizational information, laws, rules, permitting information, standards, and bulletins related to water quality in Montana. It also describes the water quality related programs and activities of the DEQ.
Please refer to this web site for the most current information relating to water quality.
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Why do people sometimes add salt to ice in a cooler for drinks or beer? It’s a simple question. There are tons of articles and videos online but I couldn’t find a comprehensive explanation of why it works.
It’s important to first understand what melting point and freezing point mean.
Melting point is a property of solids. The melting point is simply the temperature at which the solid turns into a liquid. For example, the melting point of normal ice is 0°C at standard pressure.
Freezing point is a property of liquids. The freezing point is simply the temperature at which the liquid turns into a solid. Thus the freezing point of normal freshwater is 0°C.
The value of the melting and freezing points is the same (ie. both are 0°C for water).
So as you can see, melting point and freezing point are kind of “mirrors” of each other.
It doesn’t make sense to talk about the freezing point of a solid (since it’s already solidified).
What Does Salt Do?
When salt is added to water it lowers the freezing point. In other words the water needs to be chilled to a temperature lower than 0°C (say -2°C for example) in order to change to ice. Another way to say the same thing is that salt allows water to exist as a liquid at a temperature lower than 0°C. This is the important part that’s relevant to beer coolers. We’ll come back to this later.
For completeness let’s look at this from the perspective of melting point. When salt is added to ice it lowers the melting point. In other words the ice begins melting at a temperature lower than 0°C. This is why salt is added to ice on the roads in the winter. It causes ice, that would have otherwise remained as a solid in sub-zero temperatures, to turn to water. Note that the temperature of the water has not changed. It’s still at a sub-zero temperature but, as mentioned above, the salt allows it to remain as a liquid at the lower temperature. Don’t think that just because the salted-ice has become water the temperature has risen.
How Does this Apply to Beer Coolers?
In two ways: chilling beers fast and keeping beers cold.
Chilling Beers Fast
An important part of chilling beer fast is to maximize how much of the can/bottle’s surface area is in contact with the chilling agent, whether it’s ice, water, or cold air.
Salt-water lets you chill a warm beer really fast — much faster than a freezer . Pour cold water, ice, and salt into the cooler to create a salt-water-ice bath. Why does it work? The ice will be at a temperature way below zero, usually -18°C for a household freezer . The ice will cool the water down and the salt will allow the water temperature to drop below 0°C. The beer will then be fully submersed in sub-zero water, maximizing the surface area in contact.
Without salt the water will remain at a temperature slightly higher than 0°C even though you have -18°C ice cubes floating in it. The water will still get quite cold and will do a good job but not as cold as salt-water.
If you only put ice in the cooler then less of the beer’s surface is touching the chilling agent (ice) since ice cubes are irregularly-shaped. It won’t chill the beer as fast as salt-water.
Keeping Beers Cold
If your goal is to keep the beer cold for a long time (ie. if you go camping or on a picnic) it’s still a good idea to add some water and salt to the ice because it will make your beers colder initially which means they’ll stay cold longer. The salt will make the ice melt as well but the resulting water will still be very cold. The specific heat capacity of water is double that of ice , which means, in theory, the sub-zero water will stay colder longer than plain ice will. You could argue that the starting temperature of ice is much lower (-18°C) than sub-zero water (which might be just a few degrees below 0°C). So it’s a bit of a tradeoff. Also, adding salt to the water does lower its heat capacity but not by much .
Note: you need lots of salt (handfuls) for the above stuff to work. Table salt is fine.
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Give Your Child the Best Start in Life
Give Your Child the Best Start in Life is an easy to use advocacy leaflet aiming to inform parents and caregivers how important the role is that they play in a child's life. Building on ISSA Quality Principles this tool is aiming to help parents and caregivers understand what Early Childhood Education and Care services should provide for their children, and provides guidance in choosing quality services.
As parent, you are your child´s first educator. As your child moves from home to an early education facility, building a relationship with the educators becomes important for your child´s well being. Therefore, ISSA supports parents in identifying a quality early childhood environment that should meet the following set of principles:
- Interactive learning, with constant communication between the educator and the child
- An inclusive approach to the family and the community
- Embracing inclusion, diversity and democratic values
- A teaching process that is well planned and continuously assessed
- Effective learning strategies based on the crucial role of play
- A warm, welcoming and personalized learning environment
- An ongoing professional development of the educators
ISSA firmly believes that parents are key actors in shaping an enriching environment for their children, making a difference in the lives of children, families and communities through advocating for quality education.
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The Monastery as a steward of cultural heritage
Since the days of its founding – with a short interruption in the early nineteenth century – the Augustinian Canons’ of Novacella, the largest monastic complex in Tyrol, has not only been a significant spiritual center, but also a cultural one whose influence has reached far beyond the country’s borders.
In contrast to the large monasteries in Austria, Neustift was never completely renovated during the course of its history; instead, it was adapted to the changing times by adding buildings or making modifications. Consequently, the Abbey today is one of the most important architectural ensembles in South Tyrol that has grown organically through the ages. A tour of the vast monastic complex and grounds resembles a walk through the key eras of art history. The Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque, and Rococo periods – all of them have left their traces.
But the history and development of the abbey is not only mirrored in the diverse buildings, it also comes to life in the numerous works of art, the valuable medieval manuscripts, and the many printed works in the Monastery Library, as well as the documents and letters preserved in the Abbey Archive.
To this day, cultural activities and scientific research are among the responsibilities of the Augustinian Canons.
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BY AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION NEWS
Editor’s note: This is one in a 10-part series of the top medical research advances as determined by American Heart Association volunteer and staff leaders.
In the largest study of its kind to date, researchers reported that cardiac arrest victims fare better when first responders and paramedics pause to give rescue breaths during CPR.
The finding comes as a surprise given that other recent research has supported the increased use of continuous chest compressions for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.
The new study follows the release of updated resuscitation guidelines issued in October by the American Heart Association that recommend interrupted chest compressions, which are a sequence of 30 compressions followed by two rescue breaths.
However, the recommendations also allow an option not to interrupt chest compressions for breaths, said Clifton Callaway, M.D., Ph.D., one of the study’s investigators and chair of the committee that wrote the AHA guidelines.
“They implemented that in Arizona and other regions, and saw an increase in survival,” said Callaway, a professor of emergency medicine at the University of Pittsburgh.
The group writing the CPR guidelines took those findings into consideration and noted that although the preference is for interrupted chest compressions, it’s reasonable for bystanders and trained providers to use continuous compressions.
Perhaps that should be reconsidered, given the new study’s findings, Callaway said.
In the study of nearly 24,000 patients, about half received interrupted chest compressions and half received continuous chest compressions. The type of CPR didn’t notably impact survival or neurologic function among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients, researchers found. In the continuous chest compression group, 9 percent of patients were discharged from the hospital and able to function, compared with 9.7 percent who received interrupted chest compressions.
But the type of CPR did appear to make a difference in other important ways, including whether a patient died on the scene.
“Patients who were getting continuous chest compressions were less likely to be taken to the hospital, which means they were more likely to die on the scene,” Callaway said.
“And if you look at people who died in the hospital and people who got discharged from the hospital, the group with 30 compressions and two breaths were spending more time surviving outside the hospital than the group who got continuous compressions,” he said.
Overall, the results favor the 30-compression, two-breath approach, said Callaway.
Even so, because the new study looked only at CPR provided by EMS, it’s unlikely the findings will impact the current recommendation for bystanders who don’t want to give mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths to perform compression-only CPR, he said.
“Compressions without breaths are definitely better than nothing at all,” Callaway said.
About 356,000 Americans experience cardiac arrest outside of a hospital each year, and only about one in 10 survive.
These latest findings highlight the need for continued CPR research, even when recommendations appear to be correct, Callaway said.
“When we go out and test what we think will be better, sometimes the effects are not what we expect,” he said. “It’s important to do the actual rigorous study to see if what we’re doing is actually a good idea.”
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How France sent its greatest chronicler of the Nazi occupation to her death.
The great Jewish writer, Irene Nemirovsky.
By Alex Kershaw
“In life, as on a shipwrecked boat, you have to cut off the hands of anyone who tries to hang on. Alone, you can stay afloat. If you waste time saving other people, you’re finished.”
Irene Nemirovsky, author of Suite Francaise.
On 11 July 1942, 39-year-old Irene Nemirovsky walked alone through beautiful countryside near Issy-l’Eveque, a village in the Bourgogne around two hundred miles south of Paris. Her home was a large building near a former livestock building in the village, just a short walk from the local police station. She had a wonderful view of the Morvan hills. Her husband, Michel, grew beetroot and other vegetables in a large garden nearby and so she and her two daughters had not gone hungry.
The Russian-born writer was a striking woman with large, highly intelligent eyes, her dark hair usually pulled back from her broad forehead. That day, she felt unusually carefree, her sense of dread and doom having abated. She had been forced to write these last months in minute lettering because of a shortage of paper and was near completing what would be her masterpiece, to be titled Suite Francaise. But as a Jewish author she could no longer publish her work and she had little hope, if any, of ever seeing it in print. Nor could she ride a bicycle or take a train to her beloved Paris, which she had fled in 1940 just ahead of the German advance.
She had recently been reading the journal of the writer Katherine Mansfield and had noted certain lines that matched her own mood: “Just when one thinks: “Now I’ve touched the bottom of the sea – now I can’t go down any lower,” one sinks deeper still. And so on for ever.” But she did not feel that way today, 11 July 1942, as she walked in the woods near her home. Pine trees towered above her as she down on her blue cardigan, which she had laid on a dank blanket of rotting leaves. She had a copy of the novel Anna Karenina and an orange in her bag. She listened to a steady drone of honeybees. Later that day, she would pen her last words in a letter to her editor in Paris: “I’ve written a great deal lately. I suppose they will be posthumous books but it still makes the time go by.”
Two days later, on Monday 13 July, the weather was again superb. It was around 10am when a car stopped in the Place du Monument aux Morts in Issy-l’Eveque. There was the sound of footsteps then a knock on the door. Two French policemen had a summons with them. Irene’s two children were with her and her husband. One was called Denise. She heard her parents go into their bedroom. Irene asked her husband to do all he could to secure her release through contacts with important people in Paris, those with connections to the Germans, especially high profile collaborators. There was a “dense silence”, recalled Denise, and then the gendarmes allowed her to kiss her mother goodbye. Irene threw a few things into a suitcase. Her voice frail, she told her children she had to go away for a while. Denise looked at her father. He was clearly very upset but he did not cry. Finally, Denise heard a car door slam shut and then the “dense silence” returned.
Irene was taken to a police station at Toulon-sur-Arroux, ten miles away. The next day, Irene wrote to her husband: “If you can send me anything, I think my second pair of glasses in the other suitcase (in the wallet). Books, please, and also if possible a bit of salted butter. Goodbye, my love!” Before they could be arrested, Irene’s children, Denise and Elizabeth, were taken to a safe house. They would miraculously survive the war. Meanwhile, Michel contacted anyone who might be able to help him secure Irene’s release. He was convined that some of his contacts, such as Rene de Chambrun and other “influential friends”, would exert pressure and save his wife.
The following evening, 14 July, Paul Epstein, Irene’s brother in law, had a face-to- face meeting with a prominent collaborator, a corporate lawyer called Rene de Chambrun, in Paris. It was Bastille Day but there had been no national celebration. Two days later, Epstein was in turn arrested. Andre Sabatier, Irene’s editor, tried to contact Rene de Chambrun, calling him urgently on the phone several times. It is not known if Rene returned any of the calls.
Paul Epstein was one of thousands caught up in the mass arrests that came to be known as the Grand Rafle, which began on the night of July 16 and lasted well into the following day as 13,152 Parisian Jews, including 4000 children, were arrested and around half of them taken to the Vel d’Hiver, a large velodrome beside the Seine. The round up, carried out with great efficiency by the French police, was the only thing people all over the talked about, it seemed, in every food line, office and hospital ward. The screams of Jews committing suicide pierced the terrible quiet in some quartiers. The famous German writer, Ernst Junger, serving in Paris, noted with matter of fact precision in his diary that he had heard “wailing in the streets” as families were literally torn apart, with adults being separated from their young children.
The medical conditions at the Vel D’Hiver, it was soon learned, were utterly atrocious. There were no lavatories. There was only one water tap for over seven thousand people. According to one account: “It was a rafle conducted in keeping with the best of French conditions, for at noon the policemen returned to their posts to have lunch while higher-ranked and better paid set off to nearby restaurants. Only after the sacred dejeuner could the manhunt continue.”
Women’s cries could soon be heard throughout the Vel D’Hiver. “On a soif!”
“We’re thirsty!” they called out.
Only two doctors were allowed inside the Velodrome, equipped with little more than aspirin. After five days, those incarcerated were transferred in cattle trucks to camps at Pithiviers, Beaune-la-Rolande and Drancy, a modernist high-rise development built in the 1930s also known as La Cité de la Muette – the City of Silence.
A young Parisian called Annette Monod watched a batch of young children, who had been separated from their parents, as they were taken by French police from the City of Silence: “The gendarmes tried to have a roll call. But children and names did not correspond. Rosenthal, Biegelmann, Radetski – it all meant nothing to them. They did not understand what was wanted of them, and several even wandered away from the group. That was how a little boy approached a gendarme, to play with the whistle hanging at his belt: a little girl made off to a small bank on which a few flowers were growing, and she picked some to make a bunch. The gendarmes did not know what to do. Then the order came to escort the children to the railway station nearby, without insisting on the roll call.”
On 27 July, Irene Nemirovsky’s husband Michel wrote a letter to German ambassador in Paris, Otto Abetz: “I believe you alone can save my wife. I place in you my last hope.” To make sure the letter was delivered to Abetz, Michel sent it to his wife’s editor in Paris, asking him to pass it on to Rene de Chambrun for forwarding to Abetz. The next day, Irene’s editor duly sent the letter to Chambrun who may or may not have passed it on.
Meanwhile, along Avenue Foch and elsewhere, trucks loaded down with furniture and other Jewish possessions could be seen after deported Jews’ homes were ransacked. The looters belonged to the Einsatzstab Rosenberg, actually headquartered on Avenue Foch. Eventually, according to the Nazis, this looting saw 69,619 Jewish homes, 38,000 of which were in Paris, “emptied of everything in daily or ornamental use.”
At the end of July, after over 14,000 Parisian Jews had been rounded up, the Catholic Church in Paris made a belated appeal to Pierre Laval on the children’s behalf. But the Vichy premier was adamant: “They all must go.” And they did. Less than four percent of those sent to the east returned. Not one was a child. Those responsible for this genocide later claimed they had no idea that the deportations were in fact to death camps, not some mythical Jewish haven.
It was a shameful time for France, especially for those who had actively collaborated with the SS and Gestapo. Their new German friends were part of something monstrous – the mass murder of their fellow French citizens. It was impossible to pretend one did not know what was happening. Indeed, those with the best connections to the Nazi regime found themselves begged by relatives and others to do something given their influence. At the height of the deportations, Josee Laval, the wife of Rene de Chambrun, was fully aware of the tragedy. She received two letters asking her to help save Jewish friends of friends. Yet she remained utterly self-involved. On the first day of the round up, she had complained in her diary that her beloved father, Pierre Laval, the head of the Vichy regime, was “too busy” to have dinner with her. She did not mention why.
Her husband was as guilty of inaction as Josee. He had been begged in person to help save Irene Nemirovsky. He had the power to do so given his close connection to German ambassador Otto Abetz who had allowed the Vichy official Fernand de Brinon’s Jewish wife to avoid deportation in 1941. Indeed, with the right connections, it was possible to buy or trade anyone’s release. And he knew it. Rene also counted the smooth-talking Rene Bousquet, head of the French police, as an old friend, having belonged to the same rugby team in his youth. Yet there is not a shred of evidence to indicate that Rene took take up Nemirovsky’s case with either Abetz or Bousquet.
It was later learned that Nemirovsky, listed as “a woman of letters”, was deported from France on 16 July 1942 along with 119 other women. Her train had left promptly at 6.15am and arrived on 19 July at Auschwitz. Aged just 39, the author or the finest novel of the German occupation, Suite Francaise, breathed her last after just four weeks at the death camp. Two months later, the US government offered to provide refuge to a thousand Jewish children whose parents had, like Nemirovsky, been deported. Pierre Laval insisted that only “certified orphans” could leave for the US. Since nothing was officially known of the fate of the deported parents, the children were not allowed to go to the US. Most would die in the gas chambers. Nemirovsky’s husband, Michel Epstein, fared no better. He was arrested on 9 October 1942 and sent to Auschwitz. As with 77,000 other Jews in France, he would never return.
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<urn:uuid:86137051-90c0-4b20-a260-becbc9bfd758>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://www.alexkershaw.com/2015/04/
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en
| 0.986884 | 2,529 | 2.59375 | 3 |
These days, names such as Terrence Ballantyne, Rosie Douglas, Kennedy Fredericks, Valerie Belgrave, Lynn Murray, Hugo Ford, Rodney John, Bukka Rennie, or even Perry Anderson for that matter, do not mean anything to the average person in our community, or even the average Montrealer.
But there was a time, about 50 years ago to be exact, when these individuals were front and centre in a struggle that laid bare the ugly underbelly of institutionalized racism and police brutality in Montreal, following a standoff between a group of Black and Caribbean students and administrators of Sir George Williams University.
It all hinged on the situation that evolved after six Caribbean students went to the administration in May 1968 with complaints against their Biology professor, Perry Anderson, whom they accused of discrimination and sub-standard teaching techniques.
The students, who felt they were being failed without justification, called on the University to investigate and, if necessary, take action against Anderson.
Following a series of stalling tactics on the part of the university, the students and their supporters took a stand by occupying the computer centre on the ninth floor of the Hall Building. The administration responded by unleashing the riot squad of the Montreal police department. When on the morning of February 11, 1969, the standoff exploded into an orgy of violence and brutality, many say the true color of Montreal came to the fore.
On that day, as fire threatened to engulf the room where the students were holed up, and as police pulverized those who were able to get out of being burnt alive, the chant on the streets below was: “Let the Niggers Burn.”
By the end of the day 97 students were arrested, among them several Canadian-born whites and from other diverse groups. However, after being taken into custody, they were separated according to race and faced different treatment and outcomes.
The charges against most of them were eventually dismissed.
Two political luminaries who emerged out of the “incident” were Roosevelt “Rosie” Douglas, from Dominica and Anne Cools, from Barbados, who became the first Black person to be named to the Canadian senate. He was sentenced to two years in prison for what authorities deemed to be the riot, and she four months.
Douglas was deported after 18 months in jail and went on to serve as prime minister of his country.
Cools, who was a student at McGill University was recently featured in an award winning NFB documentary “The Ninth Floor.”
Trapped in the burning room, witnessing the wanton violence of the police and hearing the chants of the racists on the street was a life-changing experience for her.
“That hit me hard,” Cools was quoted as saying. “Knowing that there were people who actually wanted you dead shook me to the core… and I had to come to terms with the fact that human beings were capable of doing all manner of things possible.”
Several other students were deported and ostracized.
Evidence of the chaos and the brutality meted out by Montreal police officers against protesting students thrust Montreal into the headlines around the world and triggered anti-Canada protests by thousands across the Caribbean.
On February 12, the day following the incident, Professor Anderson, who had been suspended since the start of the crisis, was reinstated to his position after a university committee (a few months earlier) dismissed all charges and accusations of racism against him.
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<urn:uuid:981c5c94-9126-4e20-8edb-256bbc0380c4>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://mtlcommunitycontact.com/remembering-the-sir-george-williams-affair-50-years-later/
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en
| 0.983655 | 724 | 2.625 | 3 |
Parkinson’s disease, a progressive movement disorder, was historically considered a nongenetic disease. Now, in the largest genome-wide association study to date of Parkinson’s disease, scientists show genetics play a substantial role in the disease. They have identified five new genomic regions in people of European ancestry and confirmed six previously identified regions that may contribute to increased disease risk.
The study, funded in part by the NIH, involved leading Parkinson’s research centers in the United States and Europe working together to pool DNA data from more than 33,000 participants. The researchers first scanned the genome to locate regions containing gene variants associated with Parkinson’s. To confirm these findings, they then looked for these suspect risk variants in DNA from an independent group of people with Parkinson’s or free of the disease. Based on these 11 risk variants, they found that those individuals who were in the top 20 percent in terms of genetic risk were more than two and a half times as likely to have the disease than those who were in the bottom 20 percent of the genetic risk spectrum.
“Up until just 10 or 15 years ago, the field did not think genetics played much of a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease,” said Dr. Andrew Singleton, chief of NIA’s Laboratory of Neurogenetics and co-author of the study. “This work not only increases our understanding of how genes are involved in the disease process, but with more research, may one day result in the development of better diagnostics and therapeutic interventions for this debilitating disease.”
International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium. Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet. 2011 Feb 19;377(9766):641-9. Epub 2011 Feb 1.
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://nia.nih.gov/research/announcements/2011/02/largest-genetic-study-date-parkinsons-disease-reveals-risk-genes
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en
| 0.953093 | 384 | 3.171875 | 3 |
When designing tanks, the total volume of material to be stored must be calculated. Guides on tank design, evaluation of animal waste volumes, and calculation of water and feed losses were recently updated. This guide provides a comprehensive calculation method that takes into account volumes of bedding added as well as feed and water losses.
From 2016 to 2017
Coexisting in an agricultural environment, Environmental regulations
This guide explains to growers and engineers how to build appropriate facilities for storing the manure of the main livestock breeds raised in Québec.
Growing Forward 2 | Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec | Innov'Action Programme | Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada | Association des ingénieurs en agroalimentaire du Québec
Cow-calf farms tend to prefer outdoor breeding, poor-quality drinking water can have a direct impact on animal health, and may lead to higher pathogen levels in the environment and at slaughter time, and negative consequences for food safety.
This project aimed to evaluate the purification capacity of different configurations of swales planted with shrubs or perennial grasses to serve as vegetative filter strips.
Researcher: Marc-Olivier Gasser
This project proposes to measure relative humidity and air speed in hog houses and integrate these parameters into the control of ventilation systems.
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<urn:uuid:a4d272e1-20c4-4c28-94c5-76fb23e73c27>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.irda.qc.ca/en/research-projets/guide-storage-tank/
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en
| 0.845888 | 280 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Plastics and chemicals
False Solutions: Incineration
The plastics (and hence oil industry) has of late championed incineration of plastic as a solution to the plastics problem.
“PTF (plastics to fuel) technologies should be recognized as complementary to recycling and an important part of a community’s integrated solid waste management.”
“Laws and regulations should identify PTF companies as producers of an alternative energy source. Rather than a form of disposal, this process should qualify as utilizing raw materials for a manufacturing process under existing state and local regulations.” (source https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Product-Groups-and-Stats/Plastics-to-Fuel/Plastics-to-Fuel-Resources.html)
In effect the industry wants to legitimize plastic production and pollution by reinventing plastic waste as fuel stock for incinerators.
However incineration invariably produces a number of toxins including as hazardous ash and as air pollution. Incinerator ash management and disposal is a major environmental and human health burden for countries incinerating their waste and also for international waste trade and cross boundary shipments. There is no uniform management of hazardous incinerator fly ash globally.
Plastics in our waste stream also contributes to the generation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) released through incineration emissions to air and in the ash. Ultimately many POP’s end up in the ocean, bio-accumulating in the food-chain and re-contaminating through melting ice sheets, driven by climate change.
Even the most modern and expensive pollution control devices cannot prevent the escape of many hazardous emissions such as ultra-fine particles and nanoparticles. Ultra-fine particles are produced from burning materials (including PCBs, dioxins and furans), which are smaller in size than what is currently regulated or monitored by the U.S. EPA. These particles can be lethal, causing cancer, heart attacks, strokes, asthma, and pulmonary disease.
Incineration of plastics is not renewable energy as plastic is derived from finite natural resources. Burning plastics creates a demand for more plastic and discourages much-needed efforts to conserve resources, reduce packaging and waste and encourage recycling and composting.
False Solutions: Recycling
Recycling and the circular economy is widely seen as a solution to our (plastic) waste problem. However while both are in principle promising approaches, the reality is often more toxic.
A global survey in 2017, performed by IPEN (a global civil society network) and Arnika (an environmental organization in the Czech Republic). found that recycling plastics, which contains toxic flame retardant chemicals found in electronic waste, resulted in contamination of the world’s best-selling toy along with other children’s products. Ironically, the chemical contaminants can damage the nervous system and reduce intellectual capacity but are found in Rubik’s Cubes – a puzzle toy designed to exercise the mind.
The toxic chemicals, OctaBDE, DecaBDE, and HBCD, are used in the plastic casings of electronic products and if they are not removed, they are carried into new products when the plastic is recycled. The survey of products from 26 countries found that 90% of the samples contained OctaBDE or DecaBDE. Nearly half of them (43%) contained HBCD. These chemicals are persistent and known to harm the reproductive system and disrupt hormone systems, adversely impacting intelligence, attention, learning and memory.
Read the full report here.
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<urn:uuid:b536bffe-b870-4136-880a-8248779186c6>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://zerowasteaustralia.org/plastics-and-chemicals/false-solutions/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945287.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324144746-20230324174746-00354.warc.gz
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en
| 0.934505 | 801 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo
In and near large bodies of fresh or possibly slightly brackish water
Adults grow 28-32 inches. Carapace is low, smooth, oval and uniformly dark gray, brown or black. The pale buff colored plastron is long and narrow and the side margins may be keeled. The head is relatively large and broad. The snout with a slightly hooked upper jaw projects a bit. Large scales run in a strip between the tympanum and eye and there are granular scales on the back of the uniformly brown-black head. Forelegs also have scales on the front. Toes are webbed. Males tails are longer and thicker then females. The young have a white line extending from the corner of the mouth down the neck. With age the develop white random, spider-web-like markings on the central scutes.
Behavior: They spend much time basking in the sun near the waters edge and eat in both water and on land.
Reproduction: This turtle nests in piles of debris. Eggs are brittle and ellipsoidal, about 80 x 40 mm. Hatchlings are about 60 mm long with very rugose carapaces and sharply serrated posterior marginals.
Did You Know?
The emydidae family of turtles is the largest family of living turtles
Where in the Zoo?
I can be found in the Gharial Crocodile Exhibit at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo.
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<urn:uuid:f0fd91c7-28d5-41b1-8e2d-5f215ca60c11>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/index.asp?action=details&camefrom=alpha&animals_id=1207&strQuery=
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en
| 0.89089 | 308 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Bugs Bunny is a funny animal cartoon character, best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of theatrical short films produced by Warner Bros. during the Golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming a cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment.
Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare or rabbit who is famous for his flippant, insouciant personality, a pronounced New York accent, his portrayal as a trickster, and his catch phrase "Eh... What's up, doc?" (usually said while chewing a carrot). He was created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons): including Tex Avery, who directed Bugs' early definitive film A Wild Hare (1940); Robert McKimson, who created Bugs' definitive character design; and Mel Blanc, who originated the voice of Bugs.
The cinema of the United States, often generally referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. Its history is sometimes separated into four main periods: the silent film era, classical Hollywood cinema, New Hollywood, and the contemporary period. While the French Lumière Brothers are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema, it is indisputably American cinema that soon became the most dominant force in an emerging industry. Since the 1920s, the American film industry has grossed more money every year than that of any other country.
In 1878, Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion. In 1894, the world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City, using Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope. The United States was in the forefront of sound film development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Picture City, FL was also a planned site for a movie picture production center in the 1920s, but due to the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, the idea collapsed and Picture City returned to its original name of Hobe Sound. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar. Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the greatest film of all time.
An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration containing a commentary that usually relates to current events or personalities. An artist who draws such images is known as an editorial cartoonist.
They typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption and other social ills.
Hare Lift is a 1952-animated Looney Tunes cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam. It was released in theaters on December 20, 1952. The title is a play on the term "air lift," as expressed in the plotline.
A newspaper announces the test flight of the world's biggest airplane. The plane lands at an airport, its giant wheel covering Bugs Bunny's hole. Bugs struggles out and, impressed by the plane, decides to take a look inside. Meanwhile, in town, Yosemite Sam robs the Last National Bank ("...and keep reachin' for the ceilin'- till ya' reach it!!") and, after wiping off the assets, which read $4,562,321.08 (the amount he stole is equal to $40,106,118 today), leaving just the $0.08, or $0.7 today. He hears the police approach and drives off to the airport, with plans to hijack a plane and take refuge in another country where the cops can't find him.
Quick Draw McGraw, or just Quick Draw, is a fictional anthropomorphic horse and the main protagonist and title character of The Quick Draw McGraw Show. He is depicted as wearing a red cowboy hat and light blue bandana . He was voiced by Daws Butler. All 45 of his cartoons that originally aired between 1959 and 1962 were written by Michael Maltese, known best for his work at the Warner Bros. cartoon studio.
Hospitality is the relationship between the guest and the host, or the act or practice of being hospitable. This includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://answerparty.com/question/answer/what-can-i-draw-i-need-to-draw-an-original-editorial-cartoon-any-ideas
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en
| 0.973055 | 899 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Pandorea (Pandorea) is a perennial shrub that retains a year-round green color of leaves. The variable names of the plants are considered to be tecoma and podranea. The shrub belongs to the family Bignonieae. Pandorea lives in tropical areas of Asia, Australia and Africa. In European countries Pandora shrub is grown only in home.
According to various sources, the genus contains 6 to 8 species of flower. Cultural types is pandorea jasminoides, of Ricasoli and Variegata. The last member allocated is rich variegated coloration of the leaf blades.
Pandorea was named after the mythical creation of Pandora, whom Zeus had bestowed the divine gift. Soon, the woman drew the box. He couldn't resist and opened it, Pandora did not even know what troubles will bring down on the people on the ground. When the woman slammed the casket at the bottom remained only Hope. Since that time, Pandora means "gifted".
1 Description of plants 2 pandorea Care pandorea at home 2.1 Location and lighting 2.2 Temperature 2.3 Irrigation 2.4 air Humidity 2.5 2.6 Transplanting 3 Crop Diseases and pests pandorea 4 Reproduction 4.1 pandorea Growing from seed 4.2 Propagation by cuttings 5 the Types and varieties of pandorea photo 5.1 Pandorea Pandorana (Pandorea pandorana) 5.2 Pandorea jasminoides (Pandorea jasminoides) 5.3 Pandorea Ricasa (Pandorea ricasoliana)
Description of the plant of pandorea
Wild stands of bindweed pandorea can grow three meters long. Every year the shoots lengthened by 20 cm the leaves of the plant are oval and sharp ends. Pinnate leaf blades painted in dark green tone. The light reflected by the surface of the leaves is glossy. During flowering, spreading Corolla-funnel with petals of various colors bright and expressive mouth.
Plant lovers of pandaria attracted by the fact that shrub has long abundant flowering, which begins in February and ends in July. Some types of pandorea able to blossom again. The opened corollas emit a wonderful aroma.
Care pandorea at home
Location and lighting
Care pandorea at home is not difficult, it is necessary to observe a few rules. Pots with shrub, it is better to put in a well lit room near Windows with East or West direction. On the South side, where at noon there is an excess of hot sun flower pots brighten or placed away from the window. In winter, the plant needs additional artificial light.
The optimum temperature for growing pandorea should be maintained in the range from 20 to 25°C. In winter, the shrub is transferred to a cooler room where the temperature is maintained in the range 15-18°C. otherwise, the bloom pangorei to see will not work.
The plant needs moderate soil moisture. The excess and stagnant water close to the roots leading to rotting process. As soon as the topsoil dries, you can begin regular watering. In winter, the water demand is reduced, but the full drying earthen coma detrimental impact on the growth of the shrub.
For irrigation pandorea use only filtered or pooled water. The rain water will saturate the roots.
Air of constant humidity of 60% is considered a favorable environment for the development of vegetative parts of a flower. In the summer it is important every day to spray the leaves with a spray bottle and keep the pots above the trays containing damp moss or pebbles.
The tops of the shoots from time to time pinch, then the seedlings will begin to custimise. Withered stems pandorea cut by a third.
Every year, the bushes are transplanted pangorei with the arrival of spring. For this purpose, suitable wide and deep pot. The bottom line drainage containing expanded clay, pebbles or small stones. The pot is filled with loose breathable soil. Can be mixed in the same ratio of sand, compost and perlite.
Diseases and pests pandorea
A glut of soil moisture causes the development of putrefactive processes. If the root system starts to hurt. You should immediately transplant Andrew in the pot with new soil. Diseased parts of the shrub are cut. Аnd the wound treated with fungicide solution, also decontaminate the soil.
Often pandorea infected with chlorosis, in which impaired photosynthesis. The cause of illness is malnutrition and impoverishment of the soil.
Dangerous pest pandorea considered mite, scale insects, aphids raids. To kill pests the leaves of the plants carefully wipe dipped in alcohol swab and treated with insecticidal drug. Bad lighting leads to a reduction in budding.
The reproduction of pandorea
Growing from seed
To grow perennial using seeds quite easily. However, to rejoice in the flowering of your plant pet only a year after planting pandorea. Seeds are sown in boxes filled with peat and sand or any other compound recommended for indoor flowering perennials. Seeding depth of not more than 1 cm Seeds spread over the surface of the soil and slightly pressed. The soil is sprayed with water through a nozzle.
To create conditions like greenhouse, crops covered with glass or polythene. Crops are regularly aired. Store at room temperature and under diffused light. Regularly water the drying of the upper soil layer.
As soon as the seedlings appear, remove protective cover and stand container in a room with temperatures around 20°C, then the sprouts will develop evenly and not stretch. After forming a couple of strong leaves, the seedlings are transferred to different pots.
Propagation by cuttings
Reproduction the vegetative pandorea way less successful than seed. For grafting is in spring, harvest the renal apical shoots, the length of which should be 10 cm Stalk to accelerate the growth process stimulant and deepen in the sand, smeshannyi with perlite loose and fertile land.
Containers of cuttings are placed under a jar or bottle. In the process of rooting adhere to the standard parameters of temperature and lighting used in the seed method. When the cuttings will grow green leaves, they are transplanted in new pots.
The types and varieties of pandorea with photos
Pandorea Pandorana (Pandorea pandorana)
The plant has a thick, durable leaf blades that resemble your shape of a cherry tree. Flowers elongated, like a tube. Are formed in consequence of the loose inflorescence-panicle. This perennial blooms with buds, painted in yellow or pink tone, which depends on whether the varieties.
Pandorea jasminoides (Pandorea jasminoides)
One of the most attractive types of pandorea characterized by long lush blooms. Fragrant blossoms reminiscent of Jasmine, which determined the name of. Long lanceolate leaves are arranged in opposite order.
Pandorea Ricasa (Pandorea ricasoliana)
No less decorative look of a perennial with a massive fluffy brush, like the craters of mallow. Each inflorescence is 30 to 50 crowns.
How should be dried removed onions and garlic
Dutch cabbage: planting, care, types
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<urn:uuid:cfb4ddeb-4f78-45ea-a449-be1fa0a8ae1b>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://takecareofplants.com/pandorea/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647810.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601110845-20230601140845-00276.warc.gz
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en
| 0.911158 | 1,554 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Gender Expression
At the moment someone gives birth, there is a new-born, a doctor, and a question: “Is it a girl or a boy?” The birth certificate has two boxes, and only one can be checked. This is an example of the gender binary system, where there are two, and only two, very distinct options. It is one or the other, male or female. And the way that question is answered has ramifications throughout one’s entire life. Future options, expectations, and opportunities all hinge on which box is checked. And interestingly, notice that the very question—”Is it…?” withholds person-hood until a gender is assigned.
Sex, gender identity, and gender expression can be experienced on a continuum, creating a nearly infinite combination of identities. The binary gender system says that there are only two genders. Here, we can see that gender is truly far more complex than this binary system.
GENDER IDENTITY refers to a person’s innate, deeply felt psychological identification as a man, woman, or another gender, which may or may not correspond to the sex assigned to them at birth. Gender identity is different from the term “gender,” which is typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones.
GENDER EXPRESSION refers to the external characteristics and behaviors that are socially defined as either masculine or feminine, such as dress, grooming, mannerisms, speech patterns and social interactions. These norms vary culturally.
SEX is assigned at birth based on external genitalia, reproductive organs, chromosomes, and hormones. People with ambiguous genitalia or other biological complexities (such as an unusual chromosome pattern or hormonal shifts) may identify as intersex.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION is the term used to describe what gender(s) someone is physically and/or emotionally attracted to. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, queer, and straight are all examples of sexual orientations. A person’s sexual orientation is distinct from a person’s gender identity and expression.
Thanks to ReconcilingWorks for the content and graphics found on this page
By Daniel Thomas, CGS Musician
One of the more interesting philosophical takes I’ve heard in the last few months has come from a children’s animated series (thanks, Joshua!). In this cartoon, a man is planning to the minute the actions and activities of him and everyone around him – even the impending birth of his child. When his wife goes into labor a day earlier than “scheduled,” he panics, and his frenzied journey to the hospital is met with unexpected obstacles the entire way. At one point he breaks down and, his worldview collapsing around him, utters:
“Control is just chaos going your way for a bit.”
Then, as he begins to roll with the unexpected, he makes it to the hospital, just in time to witness the birth of his daughter.
I do crisis management well; I’ve always known that I do some of my best work when I’m up against the deadline, or when the best-laid plans have been thrown into chaos.
In live theater, a stage manager sits in a booth in the back of the house, giving all the cues to the crew for when lighting cues should change, curtains should rise or fall, sound effects should go off, or scenery is to be changed. I love doing stage management because I’m helping to control the production, giving the actors a well-planned, safe, and supportive environment in which to perform – but I also love it because something, somewhere, always goes awry, and it’s the stage manager’s job to fix it. Actors skipped ten lines of dialogue? It’s your job to catch the lighting and sound cues up. Someone forgot a prop? Find a crew member or actor to sneak it onstage. Piece of furniture broke? Tell the crew to use the table from Act Two instead. I get to control the chaos, and if I’ve done my job well, the audience never knows anything was wrong.
The funny thing is, as well as I can live in the chaos, I actually dislike it intensely when the little things, the easy instructions, go wrong.
I write all of this because I sometimes view the worship service as a production: everyone has a part, from the Pastor to the lay leaders to the congregation, and there is a script (the bulletin) with lines and stage directions (stand up, sit down, come to the altar). I feel good when everyone’s said their dialogue, hit their marks, and we’ve shared the word and good news of God without any mishaps.
But that never happens. I play the wrong hymn. Someone forgets to invite the congregation to stand or sit. Prayers are skipped. The microphones are too loud or too quiet or not turned on. And when that happens, I feel like we’ve done a disservice to the worship service. How will a guest or potential new member react when it looks like we don’t know what we’re doing?
Pastor Manda is wonderful at reminding me, and all of us, to embrace the chaos. Acknowledge our failings. A perfectly smooth worship experience is not what brings us closer to God. In fact, we are closer to God when we accept our own humanity, with all of its flaws and foibles. Would I rather worship with a perfectly polished, well-oiled machine of a service, or with a community of people, each giving their best efforts to love, support, and lift each other up, succeeding much of the time, not quite getting there once in a while?
“Control is just chaos going your way for a bit.”
Perhaps if I worry less about trying to control the chaos, the chaos will go my way more often.
Greetings CGS Members,
Last week, we encountered plumbing problems at the parsonage. A break in the main line pipe became evident when the front yard of the house began to flood, and we were notified. After a number of calls to plumbers and a series of quotes, it was determined that ARC Rescue Rooter was our best move. The main line, from the street to the house had disintegrated over the last half century and the whole pipe needed immediate replacement. Thank you to Joe Shackelford, Laura Rinde and Pastor Manda for leaping in to address this issue so quickly, obtaining needed quotes, communicating with the leadership and supporting completion of the repair. The main was replaced and the city inspection successfully completed within the week.
This was not an inexpensive bout of deferred maintenance… nearly $7000 was the cost. Due to the emergent nature of the situation we were not able to obtain prior approval from the membership for this expense beyond the $5000 limit as set by our Constitution. So, please consider this the leadership’s communication that we needed to make the repair and issue the payment for this repair last week.
Then, in order to keep you abreast of what’s happening next in the CGS world of property maintenance… please know that we are not done with pipe repairs needed at the parsonage. We knew that these repairs would eventually need to be done, but hoped that we could hold off for a year. After an inspection of the pipes below the house, we learned that the entire house needs to be re-piped soon. The nearly half-century old pipes under the house are in like condition to the main line that burst in the last couple of weeks. We are in the process of obtaining quotes for this work and again, it will not be an inexpensive process… we are looking at $10-$15,000 to complete this work.
The bad news is, we need to make these repairs. The good news is, we have the reserves that allow us to make this repair and this maintenance work a reality. As we search for quotes and plumbers who can help us, we request that you share with us your referrals and contacts. When we have found a solution to the problem, we will schedule a congregational vote to approve the expenditure.
Thank you for your help and do let us know what questions you may have.
Joe Shackelford, Property Committee Chair & Laurie Gaumer, CGS Treasurer
“As talking together as Christians about tough social issues becomes a learned, ongoing practice, we begin to sense that this activity is an important aspect of what it means to be the Church and to carry on its public ministry and witness.
“At the birth of the Church at Pentecost (see Acts 2), the Holy Spirit enabled diverse people to communicate in ways that moved beyond the usual barriers. The Spirit continues to do so in ways that strengthen and deepen who we are in relation to God and one another. Those who are ‘other’ from us challenge us when we mistake our reason and experience as being the case for all people. With new eyes we begin to see how God is active in the world—in the people, the social issues, ethical challenges, the suffering, and the delights that we discover there. We find that our relationship with God grows stronger, our relationship with people in our congregation grows deeper, and our lives and the life of our congregation are transformed. As these things continue to happen, God works to transform the world around us.
“What we confess as the Church becomes embodied in how we are in relation with one another and how we witness to God’s action in the world. Through the Spirit we participate in Christ’s death and resurrection. The power of the cross emphasizes weakness and vulnerability, rather than dominating, controlling, or ‘being right.’ It is relational, incarnational, and generative of new forms of human connection and community. The conversation of the Christian community involves all the members of the community attempting to discern in every way possible what God is doing in our world, and what God is calling us to do, in congregations and other expressions of the church, as well as in our daily lives. That is why talking together as Christians about tough social issues is so pivotal in what it means to be the Church.”
From the ELCA resource “Talking Together as Christians About Tough Social Issues.”
“335,609 (I Cried to God)”
I cried to God, “Three hundred thirty thousand!
Five thousand more, six hundred more, and nine!”
In just ten years, a truth we can’t imagine:
All died from guns, one loved one at a time!
And then I heard ... “Whom shall I send to grieve them?
Go tell the world: ‘I love them! They are mine!’”
I asked the Lord, “Why is there so much violence?
If you are God, why don’t you stop the pain?
God, won’t you speak? For all around is madness!
Just say the word and make us whole again!”
And then I heard ... “Whom shall I send as prophets?
Speak out my truth! Shout till the killings end!”
I knelt and prayed, and wept for all the fallen;
So many lives, so many dreams now gone.
More than a name—each one was someone’s cousin,
Or someone’s child, or someone counted on.
And then I heard ... “Whom shall I send, who knew them,
To work for peace, to labor till the dawn?”
“Lord, here am I! And here are we, together!
No one alone can end this killing spree.
The powers of death pit one against another,
Yet you are God and you desire peace.
As mourners, prophets, laborers together,
Give us the strength to make the killings cease.”
The title “335,609 (I Cried to God)” is derived from the statistics for gun-related deaths between 2000 and 2010. Biblical references: Exodus 20:13; Isaiah 6:8; Matthew 25:40.
Tune: Jean Sibelius, 1899 (“Be Still, My Soul”) Text: Copyright 2015 by Carolyn Winfrey Gillette. All rights reserved.
Email: [email protected]; New hymns: www.carolynshymns.com/ Permission is given for free use of this hymn by churches and by ecumenical groups supporting efforts to end gun violence. Gillette serves as part-time associate pastor of First Presbyterian Union Church in Owego, N.Y
By Rey Lambatin, Choir Director
I came across an article in one of the online music groups I check often, and it’s wonderful to learn how other people’s knowledge and experiences support and help some points that I try to impart, not only to our choir singers, but to everyone I get the opportunity to share. The article is about children’s singing.
With Summer here and regular school on break, it’s a great opportunity for children to be involved in other activities or start taking lessons to hone skills. Music lessons are always an excellent choice. The article points out that aside from the fact that taking singing lessons are fun and can increase confidence, it’s much more than helping a child carry a tune more reliably or getting them ready for their school musical. Singing actually exercises regions of the brain that are used in math, spatial understanding, reading and expression of emotion. Musical training as children can also make them better listeners later in life. Studies suggest that music lessons enhance lifelong listening and learning. Playing a musical instrument and singing as a child creates new pathways in the brain to process written words and letters. Even in babies, there’s increased smiling, waving, communication, and understanding of pitch with interactive song learning. Babies can actually distinguish scales, chords, and consonant combinations. They can recognize tunes played to them for several days. Research done in University of British Columbia (UBC) shows that singing lessons causes brain plasticity or neuroplasticity – the brain’s ability to change throughout life.
One of the most amazing benefits of musical training for children is its ability to induce meta-plasticity. This is the ability that happens from training in one area which later allows efficient learning and change (or plasticity) in other areas of the brain. When children understand that learning changes the structure and function of their brain, they more easily see their progress and anticipate it. This leads to the belief that they can reach their musical goals and get better through study and practice. And that leads to increased commitment, which keeps them studying and practicing!
Parents can feel doubly good about bringing more musical and singing opportunities into your children’s lives. Not only will they enjoy the immediate benefits of music making, but you are setting them up for a life-time of better functioning brains and abilities that will last the rest of their lives.
On November 7, 2018, the Borderline Bar and Grill in Thousand Oaks, Calif.—a popular meeting place for university students, including those from nearby California Lutheran University—joined the growing national list of public spaces haunted by mass shootings. Thirteen people died, including the perpetrator and a police officer.
Desta Ronning Goehner, a member of the CLU staff, rolled over in bed late that night and saw her phone light up. “I had the feeling God or the Spirit was waking me up,” said Ronning, “and I saw a bunch of texts from students and people saying ‘I’m OK! I’m OK!’ or ‘Have you checked on this person or that person?’ I wondered what was going on, and then I started piecing it together. My phone rang, and it was a local clergy friend of mine. She said there was a shooting at Borderline and that we needed to go there. … That night changed me.
“It’s almost been six months, and there’s something I’m learning about trauma and compassion fatigue that usually happens around the six-month mark, where people in communities begin to realize that they’re not OK, when they’ve been thinking that they were probably OK.
“If somebody came to Thousand Oaks or California Lutheran now, you probably wouldn’t even know or hear about the shooting in most conversations. I’m trying to figure that whole thing out. It’s changed me, and I haven’t talked a lot about it outwardly—with other people.
“That night was really hard. I was changed, my family was changed, Cal Lutheran was changed, the community was changed. But if you come here, you probably wouldn’t know that it had happened.
“The other thing I’m learning is, we had this shooting and then we also had, within 24 hours, the wildfires. I don’t think there’s a lot of data on trauma where people have had two traumas like a natural disaster and a man-made trauma in the same time frame. I think we’re a little bit of a test case. The fires kind of stole our ability to deal with the fear and anger of the shooting—there was so much fear about the fires and people were having to evacuate.
“For about a week to a week and a half, everywhere you went, you saw people driving with the cars loaded up with all of their stuff. And people who lost loved ones at the Borderline also had to evacuate. Can you imagine losing someone you love in that way and then, within 24 hours, having to pack up your house where you have all of your memories, including packing up the room and all of the memories of the loved one you lost?
“It’s been hard for me to figure out how to use my voice publicly to share my experience.”
How do you move forward and continue to care?
“I feel like I’m going to have to use my voice, though,” Ronning said. “I’m struck by how much of our world just moved on so quickly after this. … Nobody is still checking in with us, asking, ‘How are you doing now?’ People just kind of move on, and everybody has their own stuff to deal with, but I think that I have to talk about it because I’m realizing that this is what happens to other people, not just related to gun violence, but all sorts of trauma: the rest of us move on, but it’s still affecting people, families and communities, and we start to ignore it. I think that makes trauma worse.”
Months later, Ronning is still working at and seeking ways to be attentive and present for students who continue to be affected, whose raw emotions resurface, often unexpectedly. “I’ve met with many students, and so have lots of other staff,” she said. “We’ve met with students, faculty, and staff to just sit and listen to them and give them space to talk about where they’re at and what they’re feeling and thinking.
“I try to ask questions or reflect back to them what I’ve heard them say. And I’m trying to follow up on a regular basis, so they know that I haven’t forgotten about them. I have an alarm set on my phone and in my calendar to check in with people so that I’m not forgetting. I’ve moved to this place, with some people, of saying you don’t have to respond, but if and when you want to, you can, so that they don’t feel pressured. I’ve also been saying, ‘Just give me a number between one and ten about how you are right now or whenever you feel like responding—ten is excellent and one is, today is horrible.’ They can call or text me, and that helps me know that, if they are a three today and last week they were a seven, I may need to try to get them more help or something.”
Ronning reminds us that many people, especially families and young people, will never be the same after a tragedy such as this. And the trauma and impact ripples out into the world and lingers, taking its toll along the way. What we can do is listen, be attentive to mental health issues, be present, be patient, and not forget those who are suffering in perceptible and unseen ways. And, we can learn to use our voices and every means possible to change what’s going on, to reduce and end the gun violence that is shattering our communities.
From a conversation with Desta Ronning Goehner, director of congregational relations, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, Calif. Ronning is a member of Holy Trinity Lutheran Church in Thousand Oaks, has served on the staff of the Southwest California Synod, and is a trained and certified spiritual director.
By Pastor Manda
Thirty years ago, on January 17, 1989, a 24-year-old gunman entered Cleveland Elementary School in Stockton, Calif., and killed five students and injured 30 other people. This tragic event prompted the California Assembly to respond by passing the Assault Weapons Control Act, the first legislative restriction on assault weapons in the nation. It also was a catalyst for a number of ELCA actions and responses to gun violence, its root causes, and its impact on individuals, families, and communities—including the 1994 social message “Community Violence.”
One of the many assertions in that message is:
“Violence breeds more violence. Incidents of violence stir up anger and a craving for vengeance. Fear festers an attitude of “we’re not going to take it anymore.” Increasingly, our national mood has been described as one of “getting mad and getting even.”
If that was true in 1994, it is even more true now, 25 years later.
In June, the ELCA published a resource called A 60-Day Journey Toward Justice in a Culture of Gun Violence. There is a reading for every day for 60 days. There are printed copies on a table in the Narthex if you’d like one, or you can download a copy here.
For the next 30 days, we’re going to publish some selections in our newsletters – different selections each Sunday and Wednesday. The violence in our community is affecting us; whether or not we’re aware of it or able to deal with it. This is not God’s will for us. God’s resolve for peace in our community is unshakable. We know this from the commandments (Exodus 20.13), from the epistles (Ephesians 2.13-17), and the prophets (Revelation 21.1,4). The cross and the resurrection have broken the cycle of violence, freeing us for God’s future and for one another.
Part of our mission to Proclaim, Welcome, and Serve is to let the Holy Spirit use us to break the cycle of violence, hate, greed, and fear. We can begin to do this by confronting the violent tendencies within ourselves and our community and cultivating practices of nonviolence.
I look forward to hearing your thoughts and reflections over the next month as you read these articles and reflect with the whole ELCA on how the Holy Spirit is bringing peace to the world through ourselves.
Much of the language of this article was taken from or inspired by the ELCA’s Social Message on Community Violence. You can find a copy of the entire social message here.
We crafted our own Psalm during worship. Read it below, or you can also listen to how we made it here.
We waited, and waited, and waited for God.
And God heard us.
In times when I needed to move a sofa,
God, you were there to lift.
When my toilet runneth over,
God, you were my plunger
God, when my car broke down,
You put it in neutral
And gave me strong legs to push.
God, you are like toys,
Complex and full of fun.
God, you are like exercise,
You keep my cells alive.
You are the coffee pot in my kitchen,
You wake me up every day,
And are the source of my life.
You are annoying like a kidney stone, God.
You cause me great consternation
You throw up red lights in my life,
Forcing me to be patient
And consider others.
In God, my life is filled with the warmth of
A thousand burning suns.
The sweat of my brow
Is relieved by the cool breezes of God’s breath.
I am fully rested in the Lord,
Like a full night’s sleep
With no interruptions
And no bathroom breaks
The abundance of God makes me share my good fortune
Like popcorn at a movie,
And plums on a churchyard tree,
And the proliferation of grandchildren.
Come heal the lives of your people, O God.
My body shakes
Be my stillness.
Fill me with your breath,
And put in me a new song.
God, there is great fear.
Give us the peace that passes all understanding,
Radiating from within.
Praise be to God whose kingdom is
full of video games
and endless delicious food
with no calories
like a never ending game of Fortnite, and Minecraft,
and Halo IV,
and Paw Patrol
as big as a John Deere tractor
and as sweet as never-ending sugar.
Praise be to God!
By Pastor Manda
This month, CGS will begin renting out its parsonage again. When Carden left in January it was the next step we had planned in repurposing our property usage. This vision and strategy began back in 2016 when we articulated our mission to Proclaim, Welcome, and Serve and chose to direct all our energies and resources to that mission. No longer was the primary purpose of our property to be an income generator, we were choosing to use it as a tool for mission.
So I want to take a moment to show you what it means to rent out our parsonage to a seminary intern.
As you’ll see in the video above, PLTS (Pacific Lutheran Theological School) is a seminary that is charged with the education of the future leaders of our Church. Some of the ways that they do this are obvious, through classroom education and theoretical instruction. But we all know that theory needs practice.
So seminaries partner with candidacy committees, other institutions, synods, and congregations to provide a contextual education. When future rostered leaders need practice in pastoral care, they partner with other institutions to do Clinical Pastoral Education. When students need practice in an area of specialty, often the candidacy committees and synods help to connect them with an organization that is already doing that work.
Likewise, before we send future pastors to their first call, they spend one year in a congregation learning, practicing, and discerning. This arrangement is called internship and is usually a partnership between the intern (future pastor), the seminary, and a congregation.
Unfortunately, for our LGBTQ+ seminarians, there aren’t always a plethora of congregations that are willing to have them as an intern because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. This makes preparation difficult and is one of the many roadblocks the ELCA has to raising up LGBTQ+ leaders.
Fortunately, Advent Lutheran Church in Morgan Hill is delighted to have an LGBTQ+ intern and that is why Brandon was able to find an internship site in them – close to where his fiancée David lives and works.
The only hitch is that Advent and PLTS couldn’t find housing for the internship year. That’s not surprising because a lot of people have a hard time finding affordable housing in the Bay Area. When the council learned of this, we wondered if this might not be a way that we could fulfill our mission.
By partnering with Advent Lutheran and PLTS we are making it possible for future pastors to be trained and equipped. Specifically, pastors who have been historically marginalized. It means that for the next year we’ll mostly be giving and not receiving wealth. But it’s also not a completely negative financial equation. Between Advent Lutheran and Brandon & David, we’ll be receiving about $1,400 each month. This will cover our expenses for the house and its associated needs.
More importantly, we’re fulfilling the mission that we said we were called to: to proclaim God’s love to all – and specifically that all are worthy of proclaiming! We’re welcoming all – especially those who find it difficult to answer the call to ministry in the current state of the ELCA and Bay Area. And of course, we’re serving – giving of our time, our possessions, and our resources more than we’re asking in return.
So many people have already given of themselves to welcome Brandon & David and partner with Advent & PLTS. I don’t even know everyone who has contributed but I do know that without the leadership of Joe Shackelford and Theo Olson, it would never have happened. I hope that as the guys settle in this summer and become our neighbors that you’ll do neighborly things like drop off food, send a card, or wave hello from the parking lot.
I give thanks to God that I can be a part of a faith community that answered this call when it arose. It gives me hope that in the face of division and adversity, our future can be full of generosity and the grace of God.
Christ the Good Shepherd
Various editorials, articles, and other items of interest.
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Nicolas Foucault (1664?–1702)
Nicolas Foucault was the first Christian missionary to serve among the Quapaw Indians of Arkansas.
Nicolas Foucault was born around 1664 in Paris, France. As a young adult, he joined the Seminary of Foreign Missions in Paris but soon left to pursue his ministry in Quebec via La Rochelle, France, on board the Soleil d’Afrique. On June 3, 1688, Foucault arrived in Québec and immediately began to serve as a secretary to Bishop Jean-Baptiste de Saint-Vallier while also continuing his seminary studies. He was ordained to the priesthood on December 3, 1689, and was immediately appointed to serve as curate first, in Contrecoeur, then in the hamlet of Batiscan on the banks of the St. Lawrence River.
Here, Foucault presided over dozens of weddings, baptisms, and funerals of French colonizers and soldiers who had settled in this part of the river valley. Controversy struck in 1694. François de Jordy, a local officer, was having an affair with Marguerite Dizy, wife of a fur trapper. Both were consequently banned from attending church in Batiscan, though this did not stop de Jordy from attending a funeral. According to La Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac, during the funeral, Father Foucault was celebrating at the altar when he looked up and saw de Jordy sitting in the back. He stopped the service, retired to the sacristy to remove his robes, and then returned to the nave to confront the officer. Cadillac, very supportive of his soldiers and less so of any clergy, described Foucault’s actions as most odd. Foucault’s face turned whiter than the body in the casket; dismissed everyone from the church, locked the door, and finished the service with only his assistant present. Calm eventually returned to Batiscan, and Foucault remained as curate until his departure for the Arkansas River, sometime after June 16, 1700, his last entry in the Batiscan Registry.
In 1698, some nine years after a request from Henri de Tonti, Bishop Saint Vallier granted permission to the Seminary and Foreign Missions of Quebec to set up missions along the Mississippi River. Foucault would be assigned to the Quapaw in 1700. Though Bishop Laval remarked that Foucault had all of the good qualities needed to succeed in the region, Henri Tremblay, Director of the Foreign Missions, felt that his health was too poor and feared that he would fail. However, plans continued, and supplies—including small bells, a ream of paper, signet rings, candles, two confessional boxes, a cassock, and hats for Foucault—were shipped to the mission.
The exact date Foucault arrived among the Quapaw is unclear, though two letters suggest that it was sometime between May and August 1701. On April 27, 1701, from the Chickaga, Foucault remarked that he and a fellow priest, one Brother Gilles, were slowly recovering from their illness. On April 28, 1701, he arrived among the Tamaroa, where Father Marc Bergier, the Superior of the Seminary Missionaries in the Mississippi Valley, resided. Either at the request of Bergier or Sieur d’Iberville, Foucault left the Tamaroa village to establish his mission among the Quapaw. In August 1701, Father Jean François Buisson de St. Côsme remarked that the small Arkansas mission could survive with less funding and rely on the abundant resources within the vicinity. St. Cosme suggested inviting his younger brother, Michel, to assist Foucault in Arkansas since he spoke the Illinois language and several Illinois women were married to Quapaw men.
To date, knowledge of Foucault’s work stems primarily from comments made by Father Marc Bergier, who was the leader of the Foreign Missions missionaries and Foucault’s primary confidant. Bergier remarked that the Quapaw “mistreated” Foucault and that he was discouraged by his inability to work with them. On March 13, 1702, Bergier suggested removing Foucault, since he was not well established and it was not a considerable mission to begin with. However, on July 10, 1702, Jesuit priest Gravier remarked that Foucault was working with great zeal among the Quapaw with a valet as an assistant.
Sometime in late July 1702, François Danbourné, St. Laurent, and another companion entered the Quapaw village. They had been sent out by Iberville to settle a dispute between the Illinois and the Chickasaw. Foucault decided to take his leave with them. However, the soldiers were ill, and thus Koroa Indians, visiting the village at that time, were recruited to take Foucault and the others down the Mississippi River. For whatever reason—perhaps for riches or to exact revenge for mistreatment—Father Foucault and his companions were killed not long after their departure. The Koroa murderers stopped by a Yazoo village, announced the crime, and gave the Yazoo some of the booty secured from Foucault’s possessions.
Father Antoine Davion, missionary among the Tunica, had been on his way to visit Foucault at the time of the murders. One day’s journey from arriving among the Quapaw (whom the French called the “Arkansas”), he came upon the scene of Foucault’s death. Davion’s letters state that he knew it was Father Foucault only because he recognized the hats, plates, and Foucault’s altar, which was still set up, along with papers written in Foucault’s handwriting. Thoroughly horrified, Davion left his mission among the Tunica and went to Mobile (in present-day Alabama) to recover.
Despite earlier criticism, many colleagues applauded the work of Foucault. Tremblay saw his death as a tragic loss, while Bergier referred to him as irreplaceable, claiming that he had actually done some good among the Quapaw. In 1704, the Quapaw avenged Foucault’s death, virtually destroying the Koroa and thus displaying their sense of kinship to this first missionary among them.
For additional information:
Arnold, Morris. Colonial Arkansas, 1686–1804: A Social and Cultural History. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1991.
———. Rumble of a Distant Drum: The Quapaw and Old World Newcomers, 1673–1804. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000.
Jones, Linda C. “1698–1707, Conversion of the Tamaroas and the Quapaws: An Unlikely Outcome in the Missions of the Seminary of Québec.” MA thesis, University of Arkansas, 1997.
———. “Nicolas Foucault and the Quapaws.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 75 (Spring 2016): 2–26.
Linda Carol Jones
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Last Updated: 06/23/2016
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Catholics claim Peter as the first pope because he served as Bishop of Rome. But the Bible says he was never there. Paul, writing from Rome, says, “Only Luke is with me” (2 Tim. 4:11). This by itself proves Peter wasn’t there.
Actually, the most it could prove is that Peter wasn’t there when Paul was writing. It doesn’t prove that Peter never was there. Maybe he was just out of town.
Don’t read more than is warranted into a verse. If you follow your line of reasoning, you’ll have to say no other Christians at all were in Rome, other than Paul and Luke, but we know that Rome had a large Christian community–they weren’t all out of town on the same day, were they?
In fact, the Bible does allude to Peter’s being in Rome. Peter concludes his first epistle with a cryptic greeting from “Babylon.” This was the early Church’s code word for Rome. The term didn’t mean the city of Babylon which figures so greatly in the Old Testament, though the code word was chosen precisely because of what ancient Babylon had done to the Jews–the Romans were doing likewise to Christians.
Why did the early Christians, in their letters, write “I’m in Babylon” instead of “I’m in Rome”? Because the authorities were hunting for them–the Church was being persecuted–and mail delivery was unreliable.
You never knew when a Roman official would confiscate one of your letters. So, if you didn’t want to advertise your whereabouts to the disloyal opposition, you used code words.
The scriptural evidence may not convince you of Peter’s presence in Rome. Fair enough. But you ought to look also at other early writings and at the archaeological evidence. (You owe it to yourself and to Catholics to examine all the available evidence.)
Irenaeus, in Against Heresies (A.D. 190), said Matthew wrote his Gospel “while Peter and Paul were evangelizing in Rome.” Dionysius of Corinith, about A.D. 170, referred to “the planting that was made by Peter and Paul at Rome.”
What about the archaeological evidence? In the middle decades of this century scientists conducted digs under St. Peter’s Basilica to verify or disprove the tradition that the church had been constructed over Peter’s tomb.
And what do you think they found? That’s right: the tomb. Pope Paul VI was able to announce that conclusive proof had been discovered–for instance, neighboring crypts on which were written grafitti such as, “Buried near Peter.” For a popular account of the excavations, read John Evangelist Walsh’s The Bones of St. Peter.
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The term "weather whiplash" is being invoked to describe the drought-flood cycles beginning to take over the Mississippi and Missouri rivers.
The cause of the maddening weather extremes and their huge and varied consequences is none other than climate change, according to a new report by the climate science communication organization Climate Nexus, and backed by climate researchers.
"In some parts of the world, including the 1.2 million square miles comprising the Mississippi River Basin, climate change can manifest as alternating periods of 'feast or famine' -- wide swings of extremes such as flooding and drought," the report reads.
The term "weather whiplash" was first invoked to describe this effect by science writer Andrew Freedman in 2009. But now climate scientists are using the term, and pointing to the current floods, in the Midwest as the classic case.
"I'm using it now to describe the longer term kind of flooding-drying cycles," said meteorologist Jeff Masters, co-founder and director meteorology at the Weather Underground. "It's pretty amazing. It used to be only one in three years were flood years. Now it's almost every year."
The whiplash has become especially painful in river towns where just a few months ago dredging was needed to keep goods afloat and keep communities alive. Now sandbags are the only thing holding back the rivers from flooding the very same towns.
The physical reason for the extremes is that as the atmosphere gets hotter, it holds more water and so is capable of generating more extreme rainfall events, Masters explained. On the other hand, it’s harder to separate water from warmer air, which means drier seasons get drier.
We do expect to see both drought and floods in a hotter atmosphere Masters told Discovery News. "The models say the wet areas are going to get wetter and dry areas drier."
And since climate change is global, the whiplash isn’t only happening in North America.
"In the U.S. of course, it is going from floods in 2011 (Missouri through Ohio River Valley to New England, flooding Mississippi and Missouri) to widespread drought in 2012 and back to floods in 2013," said climate researcher Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. "But it's much worse in Australia: a nine-year drought then floods mid-2010 to mid-2011 and then back to drought and record heat in Jan this year."
Nor can the pattern be expected to get any better, say climate scientists.
"Society and its infrastructure were designed for the climate of the past, not for the rapidly changing climate of the present or the future," reads the Climate Nexus report, quoting from the 2013 National Climate Assessment. "Climate change, once considered an issue for a distance future, has moved firmly into the present. Impacts related to climate change are already evident in many sectors and are expected to become increasingly challenging across the nation throughout this century and beyond."
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The aim of the project was to learn about, and from, good practices of different European schools, with teachers provided with the opportunity to benefit from in-service training sessions held abroad. In particular, the project focused on languages and the natural sciences. The project’s key topics were new pedagogies, innovative classrooms, blended learning, integrated curriculum, and foreign language instruction. Over the course of the project, participants learnt from their European colleagues; improved their didactical and pedagogical knowledge; developed their social, language, and (inter)cultural skills; as well as created new professional relationships. As a result, closer interest in teamwork was generated, with greater teacher autonomy gained.
Altogether 9 teachers participated in 4 teacher development courses and 3 structured educational visits. The 6 female and 3 male teachers comprised of Estonians between the ages of 26–60, with their teaching subjects consisting of Estonian language and literature, English, French and Spanish, History, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.
Multidisciplinary approaches: the project promoted innovative teaching strategies that engaged blended learning and an integrated curriculum; for example, teacher-generated content was produced to teach Biology with Chemistry and Physics, French with History, Society with English, and ICT with Estonian. Key competence development (knowledge, skills and attitudes): participants improved at science, technology, mathematics, ICT, learning strategies, as well as in their social and civil competences.
Linking formal, non-formal and informal learning: the project also prepared teachers for further transnational strategic partnerships, and, as a result, a new Erasmus+ project “May ICT be with You” was launched in September 2019 in order to teach language with film, content with language, and learning skills with ICT. Innovative use of tools: biology and chemistry teachers learnt about various in vitro and in vivo animal-testing practices, with a focus on biomedical analyses and research (the quality of sperm, blood testing, and cell-culture techniques). As a result, an elective Moodle course on biomedicine pharmacology is now being taught at our school. Learners’ active role in the learning process: according to researcher John Hattie, a teacher’s fundamental task is to evaluate the effects of their teaching on their students’ learning and achievement, which allows most participants to negotiate learning intentions and success criteria prior to each new study period. Furthermore, they also seek to give feedback, which is helpful and encouraging rather than shallow and undermining. This claim is supported by participants’ e-portfolios, which can be found here: https://ttgteachers.eu/portfolios/ will provide this claim with solid evidence.
Digital/blended learning: most importantly, the project was implemented to master the art and craft of teaching; however, it also addressed digital/blended learning and innovation. The evidence for participants’ outcomes exists in several elective courses that they compiled to teach about the world using an integrated curriculum. Schools as enablers of innovation: education is reputedly facing far-reaching changes, and in light of neoliberalism, traditional academic curricula are now being transformed and schools are now being seen as central building blocks in economic markets. It follows that ‘Bildung’ has been replaced with 21st-century skills and knowledge-based learning with student-centeredness. However, many teachers feel that they have been disempowered and de-skilled; moreover, increasingly they fear that popular pursuit of school happiness, instead of mental effort and perseverance, will continue to lower educational standards. The rationale for the second staff mobility project of Tartu Tamme Gymnasium was to help teachers better understand their new reality, as well as raise their self-esteem as modern time educators.
Teachers’ agency as innovators: teachers are innovators because of the new technologies they use, as well as the principled approaches they engage. For example, it is crucial to ask the Five Ws and 1H questions, such as Why? Who? What? Where? When? and How? in order to use technology for meaningful learning and teaching.
Teachers’ skills and competences: teaching is both an art and a craft. On the one hand, it is subtle, unique, and intangible; while on the other, it requires mastery in planning lessons and courses, and teaching efficient classes. Teaching also resembles transformational leadership in many respects; for example, just like a charismatic leader, a teacher is expected to model high moral and ethical standards, create enthusiasm, build confidence, and “take the road not taken” (Frost, 1916). Teachers’ cooperation and peer learning: participants worked in pairs and generated new pedagogical resources jointly; in addition, an e-book called “Top Tips for New Pedagogies” was written in close collaboration with all 9 teachers.
Quality of innovation processes: those supporting new pedagogy regard the learning process as superior to learning outcomes, discovery learning more important than guided instruction, and personal experience more valuable than expert knowledge. However, those in favour of traditional pedagogy disagree – for them, in-depth knowledge and mastery can only be acquired through hard work, intrinsic motivation, and full responsibility of one’s learning. One might say that progressive and traditional views to education are equally valid. Tom Sherrington, for example, explained it through the metaphor of a progressive-traditional pedagogy tree – in order to receive a good education, one will need the roots of learning to be well nourished (progressive), a strong framework to be built (traditional) and rich inputs to be provided (progressive and traditional together). This project provided the basis for the third staff mobility project “Innovation of cultural studies” ( https://tammegymnaasium.ee/ku/) and the second school project “May ICT be with You”( https://griterasmusplus.eu/), with both projects coordinated by Tartu Tamme Gymnasium.
- 2017-1-EE01-KA1 101-034754
- Locais do projeto
- Project category
- Secondary education
- Project year
Bell Teacher Campus
- United Kingdom
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Access to Arts and Culture
There are many ways in which arts and cultural organisations can make their events accessible to Deaf people
Signed Culture represents the interests of Deaf people who choose to communicate in British Sign Language and the most common approaches to access include:
- Events that are made accessible by a British Sign Language interpreter. This can include theatre performances and talks in museums and galleries where the actor or lecturer is speaking in English and their words need to be interpreted into BSL in order to be understood by Deaf people who sign.
- Events that are delivered by Deaf presenters. This can include talks in museums and galleries where the speaker is a native BSL user and there is no voiceover for hearing people.
- Events where the British Sign Language is integrated. This includes theatre performances where some or all of the actors sign alongside using spoken word.
- Events which are made accessible through shadow interpreters. Some theatre companies integrate the interpreter into their production. The interpreter can 'shadow' the actors, wear a costume, be part of scenes as a character, move props, or be projected using multimedia technology. It is up to the director to collaborate with the interpreter to create something innovative. It is highly recommended to have a Deaf advisor or a Deaf actor on-board.
- Events which are created and conceived by Deaf people. This can include performances by companies like Deafinitely Theatre in which British Sign Language is the main mode of communication.
- Events that are delivered by Deaf presenters with no voiceover. This can include talks in museums and galleries where the speaker is a native BSL user and there is no voiceover provided for hearing people.
- Events that are delivered by Deaf presenters with voiceover. This can include talks in museums and galleries where the speaker is a native BSL user and there is a voiceover so that hearing people can participate too
Some Deaf people who use British Sign Language are also comfortable using English and so may also choose to access events which are captioned. If you are interested in knowing more about this form of access, we recommend you visit our friends at Stagetext.
Responsibility for provision of access in the arts and cultural sector
In the main, the availability of accessible arts events is dictated by the willingness of theatres, museums and galleries to schedule them.
There is a legal imperative – starting with the Disability Discrimination Act in 1995 and then the Equality Act in 2010. Arts organisations are considered to be suppliers with a duty to make “reasonable adjustments” to their services in order to make them accessible to deaf and disabled people – but, in reality, there have been no arts-based court cases to start defining what is meant by “reasonable”. You can find out more about the Equality Act here.
There is also a moral and social imperative – arts organisations are usually extremely keen that their events be open and accessible to all, but the fact remains that assisted events cost money and that can be difficult for organisations operating within tight budgets.
In order to win over more arts and cultural organisations, Signed Culture aims to demonstrate that there is an audience out there and create more ways in which arts and cultural organisations can reach out to BSL users.
This is the accepted and nationally recognised logo used to represent an interpreted event. Please use this in all marketing material, website pages, etc.
Find out more
This month's events
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Ethan Winer put together a new set of videos explaining basic music theory. These are geared towards the musician and audiophile. This video packs a college-level course into about 2-1/2 hours using detailed explanations and familiar musical examples. However, it includes more than just music theory, such as showing playing techniques for musical instruments, plus a segment about orchestra conductors. Because of the length the video is divided into five segments. Full information is in the description for the first video in the list. Below is the first video, and a link to all 5 videos. Excellent material as usual. Check out all of Ethan's videos for interesting and educational subjects.
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European Society of Radiology: Could you please give a detailed overview of when and for which diseases you use cardiac imaging?
Julie O’Brien: In my practice, cardiac imaging includes cardiac computed tomography (CT) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Nuclear cardiac imaging is performed very rarely in our department.
Due to its excellent spatial resolution, the majority of cardiac CTs are performed to evaluate coronary arteries, including stents and bypass grafts. It is also used in structural heart disease as well as evaluation of the aorta.
CMR takes advantage of its excellent tissue characterisation and is used to evaluate the myocardium.
In addition, cine imaging is used to calculate ejection fraction and wall motion.
Phase contrast imaging is used to assess for velocity across valves, conduits such as in the setting of congenital heart disease and across vessel stenoses.
ESR: Which modalities are usually used for what?
JO’B: CT with its very high spatial resolution is widely used for the evaluation of coronary arteries. It is also used for evaluation of cardiac structures and aorta, particularly for pre-procedure and pre-device planning such as left atrial appendage closure devices and prior to pulmonary vein ablation.
There has been huge growth in TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation) and CT plays a very important role in pre-procedure planning for both the valve size as well as evaluating other important parameters such as coronary artery height. In addition, it provides details of the peripheral vasculature to provide information to guide optimal access.
Transcatheter mitral valve intervention is now being performed which also requires CT for procedure planning.
Given the huge advances in technology, low dose CT scanning is now feasible with good quality images, which has led the way for CT evaluation of congenital heart disease with excellent detail.
CMR has numerous indications owing to its excellent tissue characterisation. It is the gold standard for calculation of LV ejection fraction and widely used for the evaluation of heart failure and myocardial disease. It plays a very central role in the diagnosis and prognosis of conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other causes of sudden cardiac death.
The administration of contrast at CMR provides differentiation between normal and diseased myocardium with the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents and special magnetic resonance pulse sequences also called LGE. Patterns of LGE can assist with diagnosis of certain conditions, as well as provide prognostic information in some cases. In addition, LGE can provide a target for cardiac biopsy.
Phase contrast CMR techniques measure velocity in the phase of the directed signal. This plays an important role in the evaluation of valvular disease, used to calculated severity. In addition, it is used to evaluate conduits and baffles in the setting of congenital heart disease as well and vascular stenoses such as coarctation and pulmonary arterial stenoses.
Stress CMR is used for the detection of coronary artery disease (CE-MARC) as well as to assess both diffuse myocardial ischaemia and microvascular dysfunction.
Pericardial disease can be evaluated on both CT and CMR depending on the clinical setting. CMR can provide real-time, free breathing cine imaging to demonstrate septal excursion in the setting of constrictive physiology.
ESR: What is the role of the radiologist within the ‘heart team’? How would you describe the cooperation between radiologists, cardiologists, and other physicians?
JO’B: The radiologist plays a very important role in the ‘heart team’ as in all multi-disciplinary teams.
Our experience with imaging techniques and knowledge of anatomy is invaluable in the interpretation of the findings, however, this needs to be integrated with clinical information from our cardiology colleagues to provide the correct diagnosis and facilitate optimal patient outcomes.
In addition, radiologists have a lot of experience with regard to the management of extra-cardiac findings which is an important consideration in every cardiac imaging service.
The combined approach is also optimal for teaching and research opportunities.
ESR: Radiographers/radiological technologists are also part of the team. When and how do you interact with them?
JO’B: Radiographers are a vital part of the team because good quality images are the key to providing high-quality accurate reports. In our busy general department, we work very closely with our radiography colleagues daily.
I have collaborated with some of them on research projects which they have found very interesting and which has given them an opportunity to become more specialised in the technique.
We are very fortunate that there will be a specific two-day course for radiographers at the upcoming Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT) Winter meeting in Dublin 2019 which I hope some of my radiographer colleagues will get the opportunity to attend.
ESR: Please describe your regular working environment (hospital, private practice). Does cardiac imaging take up all, most, or only part of your regular work schedule? How many radiologists are dedicated to cardiac imaging in your team?
JO’B: The teaching hospital where I work is a Model 4 hospital for the Mid-Western hospital group.
The majority of my workload involves general radiology, including oncology and trauma as well as acute medicine and surgery. Cardiac imaging is currently a small part of the workload, however, with the introduction of new equipment and training, we are building the service and hope that it will continue to expand.
There are currently two level III fellowship trained radiologists running the service.
We are fortunate to have a great working relationship with our cardiology colleagues who are keen to expand the service and collaborate with research.
ESR: Do you have direct contact with patients and if yes, what is the nature of that contact?
JO’B: I have regular contact with patients in the general working environment of the radiology department. In terms of cardiac imaging, this includes supervising the rate controlling and if there is an issue raised by the pre-examination questionnaire.
If patients have a question or concern about the study, I am the one who speaks to them.
ESR: If you had the means: what would you change in education, training and daily practice in cardiac imaging?
JO’B: The Faculty of Radiologists are currently updating the Final Fellowship (FFR) curriculum which will include the development of the cardiac imaging curriculum which is an exciting opportunity. In my opinion, radiology trainees should at least be level I trained if not level II by the time they finish their general training. This is something I am very keen to develop.
We are very fortunate that the SCCT Winter meeting will be held in Dublin January 2019 which will be a great opportunity for cardiologists and radiologists in Ireland to meet and hear experts in the field of cardiac CT, which is something I am keen to promote among the cardiac imaging community in Ireland.
I am grateful that I have a great relationship with the British Society of Cardiovascular Imaging and British Society of Cardiac CT (BSCI/BSCCT) which have recently provided level 1 cardiac CT teaching in Ireland. I have been co-opted onto the committee and I hope this will be mutually beneficial for us going forward to develop the discipline.
In my own daily practice, cardiac CT is linked to the acute chest pain unit, but I would like to see the development of a formal chest pain pathway in the near future. I also hope to expand the programme, to support the growing cardiology service in our hospital including TAVI and other devices and well as pre-ablation studies.
If I had the means, I would be very keen to develop our research group. We are fortunate that our colleagues at the University of Limerick have a lot of expertise, as well as our progressive cardiology colleagues, which is a great opportunity that I feel we must support.
In terms of cardiac MRI, the biggest limitation, particularly in acute hospitals, is access to the MRI scanner. If I had the means, I would really like to provide adequate access to provide a complete and high-level service. This would be of huge benefit to patients and would provide a significant improvement in education and training.
ESR: What are the most recent advances in cardiac imaging and what significance do they have for improving healthcare?
JO’B: There have been many advances in technology over the past number of years, including CT scanner technology and post-processing software which has improved our clinical delivery of the service.
The possibility of providing functional data as well as anatomic data on the same study is something that holds the promise of reducing healthcare costs by reducing hospital stays, cutting the number of tests and speeding patient diagnosis, a type of ‘one stop shop’ study.
CT perfusion has been developed to provide this information, but it has been limited by artefact and radiation dose.
CT-FFR (fractional flow reserve) is another technique developed to provide functional information about a coronary stenosis on a static CT study without performing any extra scanning. The background to this is that FFR is a measurement currently performed by pressure wire technique during catheter angiography to measure pressure differences across a coronary artery stenosis to determine the likelihood that the stenosis results in myocardial ischaemia.
The development of CT-FFR, a non-invasive measurement utilising advanced computational analytic approaches, enables combined anatomic and haemodynamic assessment of a coronary lesion by a single non-invasive test.
ESR: In what ways has the specialty changed since you started? And where do you see the most important developments in the next ten years?
JO’B: Low dose CT scanning is a very important advancement, which has been due to multiple factors such as faster scanners, prospective imaging, and iterative reconstruction techniques which is now standard of care. This has provided safe, high-quality imaging for patients. As a result, CT scanning has become more widespread and as research has shown, in many studies cardiac CT has been proven to improve outcomes.
There has been an explosion of cardiovascular research in the last ten years, including registries and randomised control trials, which has provided us with high-level evidence for many guidelines and information on prognosis.
CT has become central to pre-procedure and pre-device planning. 3D printing is now widely used in pre-procedure preparation.
In terms of cardiac MRI, the biggest advances in the last decade have been the introduction of T1 and T2 mapping, and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) to provide further tissue characterisation particularly in the evaluation of cardiomyopathies.
The most important developments in the next ten years will be in precision medicine and artificial intelligence. ‘Precision medicine’ is a term used to potentially provide personalised and efficient diagnostics and treatment decisions due to the increasing wealth of patient-related health data. The current issue is that health data such as clinical, imaging, lab, pathology, or genomics data is stored on different systems which are poorly integrated.
Integrated decision support tools that collate this information on a unified platform could ease workflows and help choose the best investigation and treatment options for individual patients. This has shown great potential for the investigation and treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease.
Artificial intelligence (AI) involves machines that can perform tasks that are characteristic of human intelligence. This includes characteristics like planning, understanding language, recognising objects and sounds, learning, and problem-solving.
Machine learning is a method of achieving AI, by ‘training’ an algorithm so that it can learn by experience.
ESR: So how do you see artificial intelligence developing in the future?
JO’B: I am not an expert on this topic, but it is known that artificial intelligence and machine learning have the potential to influence nearly every aspect of the human condition. In the field of medicine, it promises to provide the tools to augment and extend the effectiveness of clinicians.
It is already part of healthcare delivery, particularly in oncology.
Artificial intelligence has the potential to generate more accurate and personalised diagnoses as well as risk metrics. It is likely it will affect all aspects of patient care in cardiovascular medicine, from research and development to diagnosis to selection of therapy as well as population health.
Dr. Julie O’Brien is a Consultant Radiologist in University Hospital Limerick and Adjunct Senior Clinical Lecturer at the University of Limerick, Ireland. She obtained her medical degree from University College Dublin. Following her radiology training, she completed three subspecialty fellowships in Vancouver, Canada, including cardiac imaging with Dr. Jonathon Leipsic. Dr. O’Brien is the current Chair of the cardiac imaging subcommittee of the Faculty of Radiologists in Ireland and is a co-opted member of the committee of the BSCI/BSCCT. She was recently awarded FSCCT and is on the local organising committee for the SCCT Winter meeting Dublin 2019.
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meistersinger
MEISTERSINGER (Ger. for “master-singer”), the name given to the German lyric poets of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, who carried on and developed the traditions of the medieval Minnesingers (q.v.). These singers, who, for the most part, belonged to the artisan and trading classes of the German towns, regarded as their masters and the founders of their gild twelve poets of the Middle High German period, among whom were Wolfram von Eschenbach, Konrad von Würzburg, Reinmar von Zweter and Frauenlob. The last mentioned of these, Frauenlob, is said to have established the earliest Meistersinger school at Mainz, early in the 14th century. This is only a tradition, but the institution of such schools originated undoubtedly in the upper Rhine district. In the 14th century there were schools at Mainz, Strassburg, Frankfort, Würzburg, Zürich and Prague; in the 15th at Augsburg and Nuremberg, the last becoming in the following century, under Hans Sachs, the most famous of all. By this time the Meistersinger schools had spread all over south and central Germany; and isolated gilds were to be found farther north, at Magdeburg, Breslau, Görlitz and Danzig.
Each gild numbered various classes of members, ranging from beginners, or Schüler (corresponding to trade-apprentices), and Schulfreunde (who were equivalent to Gesellen or journeymen), to Meister, a Meister being a poet who was not merely able to write new verses to existing melodies but had himself invented a new melody. The poem was technically known as a Bar or Gesetz, the melody as a Ton or Weis. The songs were all sung in the schools without accompaniment. The rules of the art were set down in the so-called Tabulatur or law-book of the gild. The meetings took place either m the Rathaus, or town hall, or, when they were held — as was usually the case — on Sunday, in the church; and three times a year, at Easter, Whitsuntide and Christmas, special festivals and singing competitions were instituted. At such competitions or Schulsingen judges were appointed, the so-called Merker, whose duty it was to criticize the competitors and note their offences against the rules of the Tabulatur.
The literary value of the Meistersinger poetry was hardly in proportion to the large part it played in the life of the German towns of the 15th and 16th centuries. As the medieval lyric decayed, more and more attention was given to the externals of poetic composition, the form, the number of syllables, the melody; and it was such externals that attracted the interest of these burgher-poets. Poetry was to them a mechanical art that could be learned by diligent application, and the prizes they had to bestow were the rewards of ingenuity, not of genius or inspiration. Consequently we find an extraordinary development of strophic forms corresponding to the many new “tones” which every Meistersinger regarded it as his duty to invent — tones which bore the most remarkable and often ridiculous names, such as Gestreiftsafranblümleinweis, Fettdachsweis, Vielfrassweis, geblümte Paradiesweis, &c. The verses were adapted, to the musical strophes by a merely mechanical counting of syllables, regardless of rhythm or sense. The meaning, the sentiment, the thought, were the last things to which the Meistersingers gave heed. At the same time there was a certain healthy aspect in the cultivation of the Meistergesang among the German middle classes of the 15th and 16th centuries; the Meistersinger poetry, if not great or even real poetry, had — especially in the hands of a poet like Hans Sachs — many germs of promise for the future. It reflected without exaggeration or literary veneer the faith of the German burgher, his blunt good sense and honesty of purpose. In this respect it was an important factor in the rise of that middle-class literature which found its most virile expression in the period of the Reformation. The Meistergesang reached its highest point in the 16th century; and it can hardly be said to have outlived that epoch, although the traditions of the Meistersinger schools lingered in south German towns even as late as the 19th century.
Specimens of Meistersinger poetry will be found in various collections, such as J. J. Görres, Altdeutsche Volks- und Meisterlieder (1817); K. Bartsch, Meisterlieder der Kolmarer Handschrift (Publ. of the Stuttgart Literarischer Verein, vol. lxviii.; 1862). Of the older sources of information about the Meistersinger the most important are Adam Puschmann, Gründlicher Bericht des deutschen Meistergesangs zusamt der Tabulatur (1571; reprinted in W. Braune's Neudrucke deutscher Literaturwerke des 16. und 17. Jahrh., 73, 1888), and J. C. Wagenseil, De civitate Noribergensi (1697). See further J. Grimm, Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811); F. Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Zur Geschichte des deutschen Meistergesangs (1872); R. von Liliencron, Über den Inhalt der allgemeinen Bildung in der Zeit der Scholastik (1876); G. Jacobsthal, “Die musikalische Bildung der Meistersinger” (Zeitschrift für deut. Altertum, xx., 1876); O. Lyon, Minne- und Meistergesang (1882); K. Mey, Der Meistergesang in Geschichte und Kunst (1892). The art of the Meistersingers has been immortalized by Richard Wagner in his music drama, Die Meistersinger (1868). (J. G. R.)
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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Meistersinger
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en
| 0.925202 | 1,351 | 3.875 | 4 |
Within the criminal justice system, a key area of research and development has been in identifying the most effective interventions to reduce re-offending and to ensure effective resettlement of offenders within the community. In looking at barriers to this, limited literacy impacting on access to employment has been a consistent theme, with Education, Training and Employment (ETE) considered as one of the nine pathways out of crime. Within this ETE pathway access to appropriate literacy training (alongside numeracy and life skills) is formally identified by the Ministry of Justice as an evidence based effective intervention to increasing levels of employment1. There is also recognition that improved literacy impacts on abilities to engage with some of the other resettlement pathways.
Alongside UK nationals, whose English literacy levels are directly linked to their level of engagement and achievement within the UK educational system, we find an increase in the numbers of offenders in custody for whom English is a second language, resultant in the doubling of the number of foreign nationals in custody between 2003 and 2013. The same is likely for those on community supervision although comparable data is not available. Barriers to resettlement for this group may be limited literacy in their national language, but even for those who have achieved good education in their country of origin, limited understanding and fluency in English can inhibit entry to the work market and access to other key support services. The need for good English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) provision for this group was recognised in the involvement of six prisons in the ESOL Pathfinder, first launched in 2002 in the context of the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) Public Services Agreement Target to improve the literacy, language and numeracy levels of 2.25 million adults. Findings of the report in relation to the ESOL prison pathway confirmed a high level of need and although it did not attempt to evaluate the potential impact on resettlement, data gathered from students identified relevant goals and outcomes in relation to improved self- confidence and help to improve their abilities to secure better-paid employment on release.
Download: The Language Barrier to rehabilitation
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<urn:uuid:0295488c-49a1-4313-980a-4ca56e73f9e3>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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http://hibiscusinitiatives.org.uk/the-language-barrier-to-rehabilitation/
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en
| 0.953257 | 415 | 2.75 | 3 |
Preserving the Army was more vital than holding ground
In December 1776 Thomas Paine reflected on the year past and wrote, "These are the times that try men's souls." No American who lived through 1776 doubted the truthfulness of Paine's lament, and no one had had his soul more tried than the commander in chief of the Continental Army, George Washington.
At the order of the Continental Congress in June 1775 Washington had taken command of an assemblage of men (not yet an army) that had gathered in the days following Lexington and Concord and were laying siege to the British force occupying Boston.
Over the next eight months Washington turned this rabble under arms into a recognizable force - the Continental Army. He and his army worked to tighten the noose on the enemy until finally in March 1776 the British commander, Gen. William Howe, ordered an evacuation.
The British retreated to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where they regrouped and planned an attack on New York City. Washington got to New York first, where he set to work immediately preparing defenses.
The decision to stand at New York was a political necessity but a tactical mistake.
New York's support for the American cause was essential. To have abandoned the city would have resulted in disastrous political consequences.
Militarily, however, it was impossible for Washington to win. Control of the city, bordered on three sides by water, rested on naval power. Washington had none, while General Howe could rely upon his brother, Adm. Lord Richard Howe, to deliver the world's mightiest fleet.
Washington's tactical disadvantages were compounded by his own errors. Splitting his force between Manhattan and Long Island nearly cost him his army, and his later decision to hold Fort Washington led to disaster.
Had General Howe been a more imaginative and aggressive commander the British might have "bagged the fox" in New York. That they did not, however, was not due to incompetence or lethargy, but rather, as David McCullough rightly points out in "1776," to the British command's adherence to 18th-century tactical doctrine. Howe did what he was expected to do and he did it well.
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://m.csmonitor.com/2005/0524/p15s02-bogn.html
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en
| 0.985985 | 448 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Industrial PC goes embedded
When industrial PCs first hit the market, they were only slightly modified from the consumer PCs used at home and in the office. In recent years, manufacturers of computer hardware have been paying closer attention to the needs of industry. One significant result of this attention is that reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processors have become the first choice of CPU for embedded applic...
When industrial PCs first hit the market, they were only slightly modified from the consumer PCs used at home and in the office. In recent years, manufacturers of computer hardware have been paying closer attention to the needs of industry.
One significant result of this attention is that reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processors have become the first choice of CPU for embedded applications. RISC processors use less power, can operate without a fan, and have a wide operating temperature range.
The current trend for industrial communication front-end management applications is to look for economical, all-in-one computers suitable for use in a range of computing applications. Typical requirements include several serial ports, at least two Ethernet ports, and an embedded Linux operating system, which is often the first choice for creating efficient communication management applications. Engineers also know that the typical hard drive is not a good data storage device for industrial communication and control applications. Better choices are to use an internal Flash card, external CompactFlash (CF) or external USB storage device. Having a sufficient number of external connection ports is also important if you need to add additional peripheral devices.
To address these issues, Moxa Technologies has designed a computer suited for industrial control applications. The company’s Universal Communicator (UC) series satisfies industry’s many requirements. Foremost among these are the no-fan requirement and an airtight, dust-proof enclosure. Moreover, Universal Communicator does not have a hard disk, uses less power than an industrial PC, and provides more stable operation, according to Moxa.
Universal Communicator’s RISC processor needs only 12 W to operate, compared to the typical industrial PC that requires at least 300 W. The computer’s eight serial ports, two 10/100M Ethernet ports, and Compact Flash and USB storage expansion slots suit it to meet automatic industrial control application requirements. Since floor space (or the lack of floor space) is an important consideration, the largest Moxa Universal Communicator product has dimensions of 197 x 125 x 44 mm, smaller than the usual PC or industrial PC. www.moxa.com
|Search the online Automation Integrator Guide|
Case Study Database
Get more exposure for your case study by uploading it to the Control Engineering case study database, where end-users can identify relevant solutions and explore what the experts are doing to effectively implement a variety of technology and productivity related projects.
These case studies provide examples of how knowledgeable solution providers have used technology, processes and people to create effective and successful implementations in real-world situations. Case studies can be completed by filling out a simple online form where you can outline the project title, abstract, and full story in 1500 words or less; upload photos, videos and a logo.
Click here to visit the Case Study Database and upload your case study.
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http://www.controleng.com/single-article/industrial-pc-goes-embedded/f917147131a242bdff30bed6a10bcb43.html
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en
| 0.918777 | 657 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This is part of an on-going series on the Minor Prophets; a bible study I wrote two years ago. For more information on this study, including permission to use it for your own group, please read the introduction.
WHO IS HABAKKUK?
We know very little about Habakkuk. There are some Jewish traditions about who he may have been, but we know almost nothing about him. Habakkuk identifies himself as a prophet at the beginning of the book, rather than saying that God had given him a message to speak, which suggests he held the official office of prophet. Therefore, many people believe he was a temple prophet – that he was a Levite who ministered in the temple at Jerusalem. It is possible that the third chapter was written at a separate time, but if it was written at the same time, by the same person, that lends more credibility to the theory that Habakkuk ministered in the temple. (There is a notation at the end “to the director of music” saying that the song is to be perfomed “on my string instruments”.)
WHEN WAS HABAKKUK WRITTEN?
Although nothing is certain, scholars have made some educated guesses based on the contents of the text. Due to the condition of Israel Habakkuk describes it was unlikely written during Josiah’s reign, which was a time of spiritual renewal in Israel. Josiah died in 609 BC and was succeeded by king Jehoiakim (609-598 BC). Habakkuk also speaks of the Chaldeans, which gives us another clue. The Chaldeans were a people group from Southern Babylon who became rulers of the Babylonian empire following the battle of Carchemish in 605. Since Habakkuk speaks of the Chaldeans, not the Babylonians, the book was probably written before this time. That gives us an approximate date of 607 BC.
If this book was written in 607 BC, it came two years after the death of Josiah. Josiah’s reign was marked by a return to God, a renewal of faith and service. The kings who followed returned Israel to evil ways.
- 609 BC – King Josiah died in battle against the Egyptians; 23 year old Jehoahaz is made king, but three months later is deposed by Pharaoh Neco, who makes 25 year old Eliakim king of Judah, changing his name to Jehoiakim. Jehoiakim pays taxes to Egypt throughout his reign (II Kings 23:29-37; II Chronicles 35:20-36:8)
- 607 BC – Approximate date of Habakkuk
- 605 BC – The Battle of Carchemish (Chaldeans rise up to rule the Neo-Babylonian empire)
- 598 BC – The Babylonians march toward Jerusalem; King Jehoiakim dies; 8 year old Jehoiachin takes the throne. Within three months Nebuchadnezzar takes the city, takes Jehoiachin captive back to Babylon, and makes Mattanaiah king (changing his name to Zedekiah). (II Kings 24:1-17; II Chronicles 36:9-14)
- 586 BC –Jerusalem and the temple are destroyed by the Babylonians. Many of the Jews are killed or taken to Babylon as captives (including king Zedekiah). Those left behind to live in the ruins intermarry with other nations; these people become the Samaritans. (II Kings 25; II Chronicles 36:15-23 – the history books end here).
Habakkuk was writing to a people who had abandoned the ways of God pretty much as soon as Josiah died. If he really was a minister in the temple, this must have been difficult to watch. He would have been in the temple when it was really the centre of worship, where God was honoured properly, as the Law prescribed. To then serve a king who had no care for the Lord, to see the people ignoring the newly re-discovered Law, must have been heartbreaking.
WHAT IS HABAKKUK ABOUT?
A unique feature of Habakkuk is the way he questions God directly – and rather than be rebuked, is answered. It’s not a message from God to his people, but a record of a candid conversation between Habakkuk and God. In essence, the book is about Habakkuk asking what God’s going to do about all the evil happening in Judah, and why he doesn’t wipe out the evil outside Judah. The book then finishes with a song of praise to the Lord.
There are five sections in Habakkuk:
- Habakkuk’s first complaint (Habakkuk 1:1-4)
- God’s response (Habakkuk 1:5-11)
- Habakkuk’s second complaint (Habakkuk 1:12-2:1)
- God’s response (the rest of chapter 2)
- Habakkuk’s song of praise (Chapter 3)
“Why do you tolerate wrong?” (verse 3)
“Therefore the law is paralysed and justice never prevails.” (verse 4)
This section is one long “why?!” from Habakkuk to God. Many scholars seem convinced that in this section Habakkuk is referring to injustices and sin happening within Israel, not sin in the nations around them. He sees injustice all around him. He wants to know why God hasn’t stepped in to fix things. Habakkuk’s point seems to be that if God tolerates wrongdoing, the law is useless. If God’s blessing remains with those who no longer follow his ways, justice will never be done. Without consequences, what’s the point in having the law at all?
- Have you ever seen negative consequences to overly lenient treatment (a lack of punishment)?
- How do you feel about an authority figure (parent, teacher, boss etc) who lets you escape fair punishment?
- Habakkuk didn’t understand God’s leniency. With the benefit of hindsight, do you have an idea why God chose not to act earlier?
Section 2 – Habakkuk 1:5-11
KEY VERSE: “I am going to do something that you would not believe even if you were told.” (verse 5)
God is going to use people of another nation, an evil people, to dispense his judgment on Israel? Unbelievable! Habakkuk may have wanted to see justice done in Israel, but I’m sure this isn’t what he had in mind. Still, God is clear. HE is doing this – it’s a part of the plan, whether Habakkuk can believe it or not. In fact, it’s an answer to Habakkuk’s prayer for justice to be done.
All the same, I can imagine Habakkuk hearing God speak the words above and doing a complete double-take. “That can’t possibly be right. Our enemies, who have no respect for you whatsoever, will be your agents to enact justice on our people. Are you crazy??”
Well, maybe that wasn’t his reaction. Mine might have been similar, though! I’ve reacted like that to some of the crazy twists God’s brought along in my life. Still, I’m glad I don’t understand God all the time. I’m glad his thoughts are higher that mine, his plans more long term than mine, his love fiercer than mine.
Any God who I could totally work out wouldn’t be worth following.
- Can you think of a time when God answered your prayers in a way you didn’t like?
- Describe a time when your life wasn’t going according to plan.
- What helps you trust God when life doesn’t look the way you think it should?
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en
| 0.967262 | 1,730 | 3.109375 | 3 |
AARHUS, Denmark, July 18 (UPI) -- Chimpanzees and orangutans can remember distant past events, showing their memory is more like that of humans than previously thought, Danish researchers say.
Scientists at Aarhus University say in laboratory tests both primate species were clearly able to recollect a tool-finding event that they had experienced just four times 3 years earlier and a singular event from two weeks before.
"Our data and other emerging evidence keep challenging the idea of non-human animals being stuck in time," researcher Gema Martin-Ordas said.
"We show not only that chimpanzees and orangutans remember events that happened two weeks or three years ago, but also that they can remember them even when they are not expecting to have to recall those events at a later time."
Reporting in the journal Current Biology, the researches said the chimpanzees and orangutans in the study could also distinguish between similar past events in which the same tasks, locations, and people were involved.
"This is a crucial finding since it implies that our subjects were able to bind the different elements of very similar events -- including task, tool, experimenter," Martin-Ordas said. "This idea of 'binding' has been considered to be a crucial component of autobiographical memories."
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<urn:uuid:6a6651e8-6702-4ff6-b215-f50cca490343>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2013/07/18/Study-shows-primates-can-remember-past-events-like-humans-do/UPI-28831374188738/?spt=hs&or=sn
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| 0.977956 | 270 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Biology | Biological Science for Elem Teacher
Q201 | 13329 | Hanratty, P
Course format: Lecture: 10:10A-11:00A, MWF, JH A100; one required lab
weekly. Exams given on Fridays during lecture period, unless otherwise
noted in syllabus.
Requirements: Requires Q201 and is restricted to elementary education
Course Description: Q201 is an introduction to the basic principles
and practice of biology designed especially for prospective elementary
teachers. All major areas of biology are considered, with a concluding
emphasis upon the relations between various organisms and their
environment. Students are expected to bring together their previous
experiences with their present lecture/text and hands-on lab exercises
to develop a sound understanding of the way that the biological world
functions. Specific mention is made or situations they will likely
encounter in their future teaching.
Required Texts: "Biology: Concepts and Connections", Fifth Edition, by
Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon, and "Biological Science for
Elementary Teachers" (Lab Manual), by Bronwyn H. Bleakley and Pamela
Weekly Assignments: Readings from the text, some website work,
pre-lab readings and written assignments, weekly lab data sheets, and
a three-hour laboratory experience.
Exams/Papers: Three hourly exams covering lecture and lab material,
one lab report, one independent project, several quizzes in lecture
and in lab, Portfolio of Experiments for Kids, and a comprehensive
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<urn:uuid:9b29c7e7-3895-46d9-b3d2-f754dc3fb5ee>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://www.indiana.edu/~deanfac/blspr06/biol/biol_q201_13329.html
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en
| 0.904503 | 331 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The second term under the integral sign is due to pressure fluctuations which may be caused by flow or structural vibrations. Dimensional analysis yields:
This dependence on the sixth power of the flow is characteristic of dipoles on a compact scale. However, even at the low Mach numbers prevailing in underwater acoustics, sources are not always compact and consequently a different speed dependence will apply.
Generally, the flow is not affected by structural vibrations since the amplitudes are much smaller than the characteristic length scales of the fluid. An exception is the well-known phenomenon of propeller “singing” where blade vibrations tend to increase the coherence of a periodically shed vortex wake which, in turn, feeds more energy into the structure.
At moderate to high speeds, the propulsor is the most important contributor to a vehicle's radiated noise. The major sources are due to the following effects:
The response of rotating blade rows to flow disturbances caused by upstream hydrofoils, such as stator vanes, control surfaces and other fixed appendages. The radiation consists of tonals at blade passage frequencies whose amplitudes are randomly modulated, as shown in Fig. (1).
The response of stationary or rotating blade rows to ingested turbulence which may be generated on the hull of the vehicle.
The response of rotating blade rows to self-generated flow distortions, as shown in Fig. (2) and of stators located downstream.
The scattering of boundary layer turbulence from trailing edges.
Radiation from structures which are coupled to the propulsor through hydrodynamic, acoustic and structural paths.
An authoritative treatise covering these topics is provided by Blake (6) in “Mechanics of Flow-Induced Sound and Vibration”.
In the mid-sixties, the fluctuating thrust of open propellers subjected to a turbulent inflow was of interest. A study of this problem was reported by Sevik(7) at the Seventh Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Experiments were performed in the Water Tunnel at the Applied Research Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State University. Its test section has a diameter of 1.22 m and a length of 4.27 m. The advantage of this facility is that relatively large propellers can be tested at high Reynolds numbers. Fig. (3) shows the installation of a ten bladed propeller in the test section. It had a diameter of 20.3 cm and its chord length was 2.54 cm. The fluctuating thrust was measured with a high impedance dynamometer which had a linear response over the frequency range of interest.
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5870&page=899
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en
| 0.948658 | 531 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Sudan: Protecting Those Living in Mine-Affected Areas
- #Mine Action
1.88 million square kilometers
42.81 million (2019 / World Bank)
Arabs, Nubians, Nuba, Fur, Beja, etc. (more than 200 ethnic groups)
Arabic and English (official), other languages
Islam, Christianity, traditional religions
Source:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
Mycetoma is an infectious disease caused by bacteria and fungi that affects muscles and bones, resulting in inflammation of the feet and hands and amputation of the limbs in severe cases. In Sudan, there are many cases where the symptoms worsen due to insufficient knowledge about mycetoma or going through treatment without medical evidence.
A man who suffered from mycetoma and had his leg amputated. He lives with a prosthetic leg that he made himself.
Few organizations and institutions sensitize the public about mycetoma. AAR Japan is conducting awareness raising activities to spread correct knowledge and the importance of early diagnosis, especially in areas where there are many infected people. We also send medical staff from Mycetoma Research Center and university hospitals in Khartoum as volunteers to perform surgeries and treat patients.
AAR staff listening to a woman who lives in a refugee settlement.
Clashes between government forces and armed groups in the Tigray region, northern Ethiopia, in November 2020 have led to mass displacement and an influx of more than 60,000 people into eastern Sudan. In cooperation with local partner organizations, we carry out hygiene awareness-raising activities, together with the establishment of hand-washing facilities and the distribution of hygiene products, which also help prevent the spread of COVID-19.
2006 - 2019
Mine risk education
In areas where landmines and unexploded ordnance remain in abundance, we have conducted mine risk education to provide people with knowledge and methods to protect themselves from landmines.
2016 - 2019
Mine victim assistance
We supported landmine victims by providing them with artificial legs. We also assisted them in starting small businesses such as grocery stores so that they could earn a living despite their disabilities.
2016 - 2019
We built water supply facilities such as boreholes, water tanks, water pipes, and water stations in Kassala Province, where the reconstruction from the 20-year long conflict was severely delayed.
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<urn:uuid:37927bc8-a6df-4441-b829-73ac7416c5e5>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://aarjapan.gr.jp/en/where-we-work/sudan/
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en
| 0.945897 | 524 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Mar. 23 --
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 12 (HealthDay News) -- Obese people find it harder to fight infections, and a weakened immune response may be to blame, suggests a new study from Boston University researchers.
In experiments with mice infected with the bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, obese mice had less ability to battle gum infection than their normal-weight counterparts, according to the report in this week's early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"For years, we have had difficulty understanding why obese people have difficulty clearing an infection," said lead researcher Dr. Salomon Amar, associate dean for research at the university's School of Dental Medicine.
"Now we understand that dysfunction in some of the mechanisms, as a result of the obesity, explain difficulty in clearing the infection and also the difficulty in wound healing," Amar said.
In the study, Amar's team tied silk threads infected with the bacteria around the molars of obese and normal-weight mice. They then compared the animals' responses to infection, by measuring both the amount of bone loss and the growth of the bacteria around their teeth.
The researchers found that the obese mice had a compromised immune response to the bacteria, which made the animals more susceptible to the infection.
Amar's group also looked at the animals' white blood cells, which are the main line of defense against infection. The white cells of obese mice had lower levels of an important signaling molecule, and some of the genes that fight inflammation were altered, the researchers found.
Why obesity has this effect isn't clear, but the researchers think it may involve a signaling pathway that controls a protein called NF-kB. Alterations in this protein may be caused by constant exposure to food, Amar explained. "At some point, the body doesn't respond properly to infection," he said.
The same mechanism is at work in humans, Amar added. In fact, studies in obese people have shown they are more likely to have gum disease than non-obese people. The disease is caused by bacteria, which causes inflammation and destruction of the bone underlying teeth.
Amar thinks that obese people need to be treated differently to help them fight infections. "We need to be more aggressive in the use of targeted antibiotics in infections among obese people," he said. "Also, we need to boost the immune response."
One expert agreed the finding sheds light on the connection between obesity and infection.
"Very interesting paper," said Dr. Sara G. Grossi, a senior research scientist at the Brody School of Medicine of East Carolina University. "This is a study that needed to be done, with very interesting results and implications for both obesity and periodontal disease -- two diseases that are easier to prevent than to treat."
For more about gum disease, visit the American Academy of Periodontology.
SOURCES: Salomon Amar, D.D.S., Ph.D., professor and associate dean, research, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University Medical Center; Sara G. Grossi, D.D.S., Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C.; Dec. 12, 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences online
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<urn:uuid:e6044793-3d49-4378-98ea-53bf6ae5cb52>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story?id=4509715&page=1
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en
| 0.960676 | 670 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Narrator: This is Science Today. University of California, San Francisco researchers have found a seldom used screening test for prostate cancer called PSA Density detects cancer in black men more efficiently than the standard bloodtest called PSA. Because of this finding, Urologist Joseph Presti says ethnicity cannot be ignored.
Presti: We need to take that into consideration and we cannot assume that the same normal standards that apply for Caucasians also applies for blacks.
Narrator: The PSA test alone detects malignancy in one out of three men. But PSA density, which uses ultrasound, found one out of two cancers in black men. Presti says although this test is more expensive than just the PSA alone, it is less invasive and much cheaper than a biopsy.
Presti: So you can really, by decreasing the number of men you have to biopsy, you could actually decrease your costs quite a bit. But I do have to caution this is early data and it will certainly have to be verified by other people.
Narrator: For Science Today, Iím Larissa Branin.
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http://www.ucop.edu/sciencetoday/article/344
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| 0.951289 | 231 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Infections That Pets Carry
Caring for pets is a great learning experience for kids, teaching them responsibility, gentleness, and respect for other living beings. Like adults, kids can benefit from the companionship, affection, and relationships they share with their pets.
But animals and pets can spread infections to humans, especially kids. So if you're thinking about buying a pet, or already have one, it's important to know how to protect your family from infections.
How Pets Spread Infections
Like people, all animals carry germs. Illnesses common among housepets — such as distemper, canine parvovirus, and heartworms — can't spread to humans.
But pets also carry certain bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that can cause illness if transmitted to humans. Humans get these animal-borne diseases when they're bitten or scratched or have contact with an animal's waste, saliva, or dander.
These diseases can affect humans in many ways. They're of greatest concern to young children, infants, pregnant women, and people whose immune systems have been compromised by illness or disease. Infants and kids younger than 5 years old are at risk because their immune systems are still developing, and some infections that might make an adult just mildly sick can be more serious for them.
Healthy Family, Healthy Pets
But you don't have to give up your family's furry friends either. Pets can enrich your family life, and taking a few precautions can protect your kids from getting sick.
Protecting your family from pet-related infections begins before bringing a pet home. For instance, reptiles and amphibians should not be allowed as pets in any household with infants and young children.
Also consider the health and age of your kids before getting a pet. A pet that would require frequent handling is not recommended for any immunocompromised child (such as a child who has HIV, has cancer and is undergoing chemotherapy, or uses prednisone frequently). Kids with eczema should probably avoid aquariums.
Dogs and Cats
Dogs and cats are popular pets but can carry infections such as:
- Campylobacter infection:
can be spread by household pets carrying Campylobacter jejuni bacteria, which
cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever in people. The bacteria may be in the intestinal
tract of infected dogs, cats, hamsters, birds, and certain farm animals. A person
can become infected through contact with contaminated water, feces, undercooked meat,
or unpasteurized milk.
More than 2 million cases of campylobacter infection happen each year in the United States, and C. jejuni is now the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. These infections are contagious, especially among members of the same family and kids in childcare or preschools. Infection is treated with antibiotics.
- Cat scratch disease: can happen when a person is bitten or scratched by a cat infected with Bartonella henselae bacteria. Symptoms include swollen and tender lymph nodes, fever, headaches, and tiredness, which usually ease without treatment. However, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics if the infection is severe. Cat scratch disease rarely causes long-term complications.
- Rabies: a serious illness caused by a virus that enters the body through a bite or wound contaminated by the saliva from an infected animal. Animals that may carry the rabies virus include dogs, cats, raccoons, bats, skunks, and foxes. Widespread immunization of dogs and cats has decreased the transmission of rabies in these animals and in people. Human rabies is rare in the United States, and a vaccine is available for treatment following a bite from a potentially rabid animal.
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF): spread by ticks infected by the Rickettsia ricketsii bacteria. These ticks are frequently carried by dogs. Symptoms include high fever, chills, muscle aches, and headaches, and a rash that may spread across the wrists, ankles, palms, soles, and trunk of the body. RMSF, which can be treated with antibiotics, is most common in the south central and the mid-south Atlantic regions of the United States.
- Ringworm: a skin infection caused by several types of fungi found in the soil and on the skin of humans and pets. Kids can get ringworm from touching infected animals such as dogs and cats. Ringworm of the skin, or tinea corporis, usually is a dry, scaly round area with a raised red bumpy border and a clear center. When the scalp is affected, the area may be flaky, red, or swollen. Often there are bald patches. Ringworm is treated with antifungal medicines including shampoo, cream, or oral medicine.
- Toxocariasis: an illness caused by the parasitic roundworm Toxocara, which lives in the intestines of dogs and cats. The eggs from the worms are passed in the feces of dogs and cats, often contaminating soil where kids play. When a child ingests the contaminated soil, the eggs hatch in the intestine and the larvae spread to other organs, an infection known as visceral larva migrans. Symptoms include fever, cough or wheezing, enlarged liver, rash, or swollen lymph nodes. Symptoms may clear up on their own or a doctor may prescribe drugs to kill the larvae. When the larvae in the intestine make their way through the bloodstream to the eye, it is known as ocular toxocariasis, or ocular larva migrans, which may lead to a permanent loss of vision.
- Toxoplasmosis: contracted after contact with a parasite found in cat feces. In most healthy people, toxoplasma infection causes no symptoms. When symptoms do happen, they may include swollen glands, tiredness, muscle pain, fever, sore throat, and a rash. In pregnant women, toxoplasmosis can cause miscarriage, premature births, and severe illness and blindness in newborns. Pregnant women should avoid contact with litter boxes. People whose immune systems have been weakened by illnesses such as HIV or cancer are at risk for severe complications from toxoplasmosis infection.
- Dog and cat bites: may become infected and cause serious problems, particularly bites to the face and hands. Cat bites tend to be worse, partly because they are deeper puncture wounds. Significant bites should be washed out thoroughly. Often these bite wounds require treatment in a doctor's office or emergency room; antibiotics are sometimes necessary.
Pet birds, even if they are kept in a cage, may transmit these diseases:
- Cryptococcosis: a fungal disease contracted when someone inhales organisms found in bird droppings, especially from pigeons, that can cause pneumonia. People with weakened immune systems from illnesses such as HIV or cancer are at increased risk of contracting this disease and developing serious complications, such as meningitis.
- Psittacosis: also known as parrot fever, a bacterial illness that can happen from contact with infected bird feces or with the dust that builds up in birdcages. Symptoms include coughing, high fever, and headache. It is treated with antibiotics.
Reptiles and Amphibians
Reptiles (including lizards, snakes, and turtles) and amphibians (including frogs, toads, and salamanders) put kids at risk for:
- Salmonellosis: Reptiles and amphibians shed Salmonella in their feces. Touching the reptile's skin, cage, and other contaminated surfaces can lead to infection. Salmonellosis causes symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. Young children are at risk for more serious illness, including dehydration, meningitis, and sepsis (blood infection).
Handling and caring for rodents — including hamsters and gerbils — as well as fish can place kids at risk for:
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV): People can get LCMV by inhaling particles that come from urine, feces, or saliva from infected rodents, such as mice and hamsters. LCMV infection can cause flu-like symptoms — fever, tiredness, headaches, muscle aches, nausea, and vomiting — and may even lead to meningitis (an inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord) and encephalitis (an inflammation of the brain). As with most viruses, there is no specific treatment, but some patients might need to be hospitalized. Like toxoplasmosis, LCM may be passed from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus.
- Mycobacterium marinum: This infection may happen in people exposed to contaminated water in aquariums or pools. Although mycobacterium marinum infections are generally mild and limited to the skin, they can be more severe in people with HIV or weakened immune systems.
Precautions When Adopting or Buying a Pet
If you're adopting or buying a pet, make sure the breeder, shelter, or store has a good reputation and vaccinates all of its animals. A reputable breeder should belong to a national or local breeding club, such as the American Kennel Club. Contact the Humane Society of the United States or your veterinarian for information about animal shelters in your area.
As soon as you choose a family pet, take it to a local veterinarian for vaccinations and a physical exam. Don't forget to routinely vaccinate your pet on a schedule recommended by your vet — this will keep your pet healthy and reduce the risk that infections will spread to your kids.
You'll also want to regularly feed your pet nutritious animal food (ask your vet for suggestions) and provide plenty of fresh water. Avoid feeding your pet raw meat because this can be a source of infection, and do not allow your pet to drink toilet water because infections can be spread through saliva, urine, and feces.
Limit young kids' contact with outdoor pets that hunt and kill for food because a pet that ingests infected meat may get an infection that can be passed to people.
Safely Caring for Your Pet
Here are some tips to help your family safely care for pets:
- Always wash your hands, especially after touching your pet, handling your pet's food, or cleaning your pet's cage, tank, or litter box. Wear gloves when cleaning up after an animal's waste, and if you have a bird, wear a dust mask over your nose and mouth when cleaning the cage to prevent inhaling urine or fecal particles. Don't have kids clean cages or litter boxes unless there is supervision or until they know how to do this safely and responsibly (and again, hands should be washed afterward).
- Avoid kissing or touching your pet with your mouth because infections can spread through saliva. Also, don't share food with your pet.
- Keep your pet's living area clean and free of waste. If your pet eliminates waste outdoors, pick up waste regularly and don't allow kids to play in that area.
- Don't allow pets in areas where food is prepared or handled, and don't bathe your pet or clean aquariums in the kitchen sink or bathtub. Wash your pet outdoors or talk to your veterinarian about professional pet grooming.
- Avoid strange animals or those that appear sick. Never adopt a wild animal as a pet.
Watch kids carefully around pets. Small children are more likely to catch infections from pets because they crawl around on the floor with the animals, kiss them or share food with them, or put their fingers in the pets' mouths and then put their dirty fingers in their own mouths. Also, if kids visit a petting zoo, farm, or a friend's house where there are animals, make sure they know the importance of hand washing.
For your pet's comfort and for your family's safety, control flea and tick problems in your pet. Fleas and ticks can carry diseases that may be easily passed to kids. Oral and topical medicines are available for flea and tick control; avoid using flea collars because kids can handle them and become sick from the chemicals they contain. Check your pet regularly for fleas and ticks, as well as bites and scratches that may make them more open to infection. Keep your pet leashed when outdoors and keep it away from animals that look sick or may be unvaccinated.
And, finally, spay or neuter your pet. Spaying and neutering may reduce your pet's contact with other animals that may be infected, especially if your pet goes outdoors.
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Let’s remove plaque and plastic from our mouths by moving to a more sustainable toothbrush made from bamboo.
Bamboo has anti-fungal, antibacterial, antimicrobial properties making it good for the mouth and it is 100% compostable.
Then we get environmental benefits of bamboo due to it being one of the fastest-growing least water-consumptive plants that once harvested for toothbrushes, will continue growing because the core plant isn’t killed.
A winner in every sense!
So they don’t give you splinters and getting an eco-friendly toothbrush is another step towards lowering your carbon footprint.
Dentists say “Brush twice a day and floss every night” which results in the average person using around 300 toothbrushes in their lifetime and billions being thrown away worldwide every year.
This message on plastic by Sir David Attenborough shows there is a growing number of people taking action on plastic and removing it from their lives.
Plastic causes havoc with the environment and is made from unsustainable fossil fuels and is not a choice for the future.
If you wish to persuade others in your family, including children, on the reason for the change, here is a great video about the journey of a toothbrush.
A biodegradable toothbrush handle made of bamboo is a great step forward as it is 99% of the brush however many still use Nylon bristles as they are the most effective.
So don’t forget to pull out your bristles with plyers before putting them into your recycling compost bin.
There are alternative biodegradable bristles out there however finding dentist approval for them is hard.
The bamboo will take a couple of years to decompose compared to up to 500 years or more for a plastic toothbrush.
Even after all this time plastic never fully decomposes and turn into microplastics.
A National Geographic study revealed 90% of table salts in Europe contained microplastics and a recent WWF study revealed people around the world are consuming a credit card’s-worth of microplastic every week.
We know the majority of microplastics do not come from toothbrushes but every little change is another step in the right direction.
Dr Eddie Coyle, dentist and clinical director at Bupa Dental Care, supports the rise in bamboo toothbrushes but advises taking extra care to keep yours clean:
Dr Coyle says “Once you finish brushing, rinse the bristles for 30 seconds to wash away remaining toothpaste or food debris, and avoid leaving your toothbrush in a warm, damp case or holder as this encourages the growth of microorganisms.”
“When the bristles start to curve, bend or fold over, it’s time to get a new one”.
Compared to conventional brushes electric toothbrushes use more plastic, have a battery that is hard to recycle and require energy from the grid so are not eco friendly at present.
Just as Tesla and consumer demand changed the automotive industry, we envisage there will be its equivalent in the electric toothbrush industry out very soon.
If you want to make an eco-friendly switch and try a bamboo toothbrush there are countless versions online coming in all shapes and sizes.
To ensure this change is simple and affordable we have teamed up with Anything but Plastic to provide members with a 10% discount.
Simply put discount code PLAYITGREEN10 when buying from Anything but Plastic and you will receive a 10% off your entire purchase. Be quick the offer lasts until 13/9/21.
Do you love this weekly tips and enjoy the journey you are on with Play it Green? If so, share this article and together we will make a bigger difference.
If you have yet to sign up, in return for £5 a month we will plant 13 trees a month to repair the planet, provide you with a weekly sustainability tip and discount to relating product, pass 10% of all revenues to a good cause of your choice and give you your very own Forest Garden.
You, the family or even your business can sign up today and make a difference.
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Situational awareness is a social and emotional intelligence skill that assists individuals assess social and political currents within various contexts and adjust their behavior accordingly to fit in. In doing so the individual may need to wear a mask as their genuine self/behavior may not be appropriate for the setting.
An individual with situational awareness is able to:
Wearing masks appears to be a social construct but why?
I am afraid to tell you who I am because you may not like who I am and who I am is all I have. John Powell SJ
Fear of judgment and rejection impacts our behaviors we want to be liked and accepted by others. Our desire to be liked by our peers is even more powerful during our pre and teen years. This desire can conflict with our beliefs, values and goals. Being able to identify individual needs and discover strategies to meet these needs, with a harm reduction mindset, is an empowering strategy to overcome challenges.
Unfortunately, I hear too often that emotions/feelings are good or bad. Emotions and feelings are your bodies way of communicating with you, it is essential to take the time to listen to your body, identify what it is your feeling and what has caused the emotion/feeling. All emotions/feelings have value none are bad despite the fact they may make us feel uncomfortable.
You may discover that you experience specific feelings when you are engaging in behaviors that go against your beliefs and values. Knowing you may experience emotions or feelings when not genuine to self may assist you to choose roles within your personal and professional life that are in alignment with your genuine self. These choices may allow you to retire a few masks and be your genuine self more often than not.
“Imperfect Perspectives" will consist of written and video format. The writing and videos will be imperfect as I am the composer and director and I am perfectly imperfect! Be genuine, have the hard conversations and be compassionate to self and other. Be empowered!
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Includes: Vega Gull and American Herring Gull
[ edit] Identification
Grey back and upperwings
Black wing tips with white spots
Bare yellow eye ring
Yellow bill with red spot
Non Breeding Adult
Brown streaks on head and neck
Brown with dark streaks
Whiter head and underparts
[ edit] Distribution
[ edit] European Herring Gull
Breeds widely across Northern
Europe from Iceland and the Faroes to northern Scandinavia and Arctic Russia, reaching south to the British Isles and France east to Germany, Poland, Belarus and the Baltic States. Has recently been recorded breeding in a Yellow-legged Gull colony in northern Spain.
Mainly resident or dispersive, except in north Norway, the Baltic, Finland and northern Russia where migratory.
Widespread in winter in Western and Central Europe.
Has bred on Svalbard and Bear Island.
[ edit] Vega Gull
Siberia; winters south to China
[ edit] American Herring Gull
Alaska east across northern Canada to Maritime Provinces, south to British Columbia, north-central Canada, and Great Lakes, and along Atlantic Coast to North Carolina.
[ edit] Taxonomy
Occasionally hybridises with other species, eg
Lesser Black-back, and particularly Glaucous Gull in Iceland.
This species also formerly included
Yellow-legged Gull, Caspian Gull and Armenian Gull which are now considered full species by most authorities.
[ edit] Subspecies
and Dickinson actually accept four subspecies in three groups:
European Herring Gull:
L. a. argentatus in Scandinavia and extreme northwest Russia, winters in northern and western Europe
L. a. argenteus in northwest Europe, winters to northern Spain
Vega Gull or East Siberian Gull
American Herring Gull
L. a. smithsonianus in northern North America, winters south to Central America
All three groups are accepted as full species by Gill and Donsker.
[ edit] Habitat
Breeds mainly along rocky coastlines on cliffs, stacks and islands, in some areas on buildings or on flatter areas of shore and in others at inland lakes. Mainly coastal when not breeding but increasingly in urban areas and on farmland. Abundant at refuse-tips and around fishing harbours.
[ edit] Behaviour
They are scavengers; they will also take eggs and young birds.
[ edit] Breeding
They are colony nesters. 2-4 olive eggs are laid on the ground or cliff ledges and are incubated for 28-30 days.
[ edit] Vocalisation
Listen in an external program
[ edit] References
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2015. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2015, with updates to August 2015. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
[ edit] External Links
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The BEST Moon Craft ideas from the web! Sooo many creative projects for kids of all ages to learn about the moon or Celebrate National Moon Day July 20th.
Moon for Kids
Neil Armstrong took that momentous ‘first step’ as part of the Apollo Space program under President John F. Kennedy. The shuttle, Apollo 11, launched into space on July 16, 1969, and landed on the moon on July 20th, when Armstrong took his first step, proclaiming “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”
National Moon Day
Did you know there’s a holiday to celebrate the moon? Really!
National Moon Day is celebrated every year on July 20th. The holiday commemorates the day the first man walked on the moon – July 20, 1969. Celebrate this significant period in American history with some of these fun Moon Crafts and Activities for Kids.
Have fun learning about the moon with these Moon Activities or make a few moon treats! Have fun celebrating!
- Moon Unit Study from 123 Homeschool 4 Me – This free printable, hands on educational unit has everything you need to teach kids about the moon. These engaging activities are sure to make the information stick for Prek-6th graders. To give you an idea of all the resources in this moon unit, you will find: printable moon phases mini book, printable to make oreo moon phases, solar system workheets with labeling pages, audio clips and video clips from the Neil Armstrongs historic landing on the moon, and a DIY working telscope project for kids to make.
- Smashing ABC Moon Rocks from Stir the Wonder – This fun activity allows kids to practice alphabet letters while smashing “moon rocks”
- Button Moon Collage from Adventure in a Box – Make a beautiful moon art project with buttons.
- Moon Phases Game from Nerdy Mamma – Kids will have fun learning the moon phases with this science game.
- Design a Moon Rover from Adventures in Mommydom – This science project will excite early learners! Use lego to make your own moon rover.
- Moon Coloring Page from 123 Homeschol 4 Me – Grab these free printable coloring pages for kids to learn about and create their own moon!
- Moon with Craters Kid’s Craft from JDaniel4’s Mom – help kids remmber that there are craters on the moon with this fun moon craft
- Oreo Moon Phase Match from Simple Learning – Don’t toss those moon phases oreos yet…. use them with this free printabele as a fun matching game for younger siblings.
- Gross Motor Moon Phases Activity from Learn Play Imagine – active children will have fun practicnig names of moon phases with this engaging activity
- Moon Math Game from Stir the Wonder – Kids will have fun practicing math with this hands on, math themed math activity for prek
- Aluminum Foil Moon from Mommy’s Bundle – simple sensory art project for toddlers and preschoolers
- Moon Science from Preschool Powol Packets – teach kids what it means that there is no wind on the moon and how that changes things from our own planet Earth with this simple, hands on science project
- FREE Moon Phases Worksheets from Kindergarten Worksheets and Games – kids will have fun practicing variety of math and literacy skills including alphabet letters, counting, addition, patterns, and more with a fun moon theme
- Sun, Earth, Moon Model from Easy Preschool Craft – this super cool solar system model help skids visualize how planet rotation works!
- Erupting Moon Rocks from Learn Play Imagine – this science acitvity lets youngsters watch science at work as they explore “moon rocks”
- Space Binoculars with Curious George from Red Ted Art – time to roll play with these binoculars kids can make themselves
- Moon Dust Writing Tray from Stir the Wonder – Students will get a kick out of practicing writing alphabet letters in moon dust with the hands on educational activity for your moon unit.
- Moon Craft Mobile for Kids from Fantastic Fun & Learning – Hang this beautiful project in your classroom or homeschool space to get kids excited about your moon study.
- Cardboard Spaceship Climbing Toy from Pink Stripey Socks – this moon project is fun to create and make launch again and again. I love crafts that do cool, unexpected things!
- Moon Journal from Buggy and Buddy – This free printable is a great one to go download before you study the moon. Kids can make their own observations about how the moon likes for an entire month.
- Moon Phases Mini Book from 123 Homeschool 4 Me – Kids will have fun learning what the different phases of the moon are called and what it means for the location of the moon in relation to our planet with this informative, free printable moon book for kids.
- Puffy Paint Moon & Stars from Clare’s Little Tots – Make some twinkling stars and glowing moon with this puffy paint craft for young learners.
- Letter M is for Moon Craft from Crayons and Cravings – This simple letter M craft is perfect for those exploring the moon as part of a letter of the week study for preschool, prek, or kindergarten age kids.
- Rocket to the Moon Sight Word Activity from Growing Book by Book – this is such a fun active way to practice dolch words or spelling words with a fun rocket theme
- Traditional Moon Craft from Super Simple – kids will love making this cheerful yellow moon craft that helps kids visualize the dark side of the moon too
- M is for Moon from 123 Homeschool 4 Me – Preschooler and Kindergartners will love this playful exploraiton of the moon! Make a life size space shuttle, moon roover, grab a free printable to introduce kids to kep faces and facts, dig into a fun sensory bin, make constellations for star stickers, and more!
- Foil Printed Moon from A Dab of Glue will Do – kids will go nuts over this clever method of painting their moon craft
- Moon Craft from Fantastic Fun & Learning – What a fun, clever, tactile moon craft for kids to make
- Lite Up Moon Craft from Simply Today Craft – Amaze your friends with this paper mache meets tea light moon craft
- Phases of the Moon Mobile from Creative Family Fun – this fun to create mobile is the perfect start to your moon theme. All you need is paper plates, paint, and yarn.
- Moon Phases Glue Resist Painting from Chalk Academy – I love the combination of various mediums and methods to achieve these truly stunning cards that help kids learn and remeber the phases of the moon.
- I Love You to the Moon & Back Ornament from Emma Owl -This ornament is the sweetest and the perfect keepsake for mom, Dad, Grandma, or Grandpa.
- Glow in the Dark Moon Phases Mobile from Left Brain Craft Brain – Brighten up your little astronauts room with this fun-to-make project that teaches too
- Moon with Craters Craft from – Upscycle leftover bubble wrap to make this truly fun and unique moon craft
- DIY Puffy Paint Moon from Rainy Day Mum -this is such a simple yet beautiful moon craft for kids to make along with your moon unit
- Washi Tape Moon from 3 Dinosaurs – Kids will have fun with this simple, but beautiful moon project for kids
- Homemade Moon Sand from Powerful Mothering – don’t worry about ordering moon sand for your sensory bin, make your own with this simple, taste safe recipe!
- Tin Foil Moon Craft from Make Film Play – This moon art project is sure to leave an “impression”
- Day and Night Moon Craft from NonToy Gifts – cute paper plate and printable craft to help kids learn how day turns into night and day again
- Mosaic Moon Craft from In the Playroom – this beautiful mosaic craft is sure to be a favorite craft for years with its interesting colors and patterns for kids to create and admire.
- Moon Phases Wreath from 3 Dinosaurs – How clever is this beautiful and educational moon phases craft?!
- Giant Paper Mache Moon from Jake and Kate – WOW! This colossal moon craft is sure to delight and impress
Moon Snacks & Treats
What’s a celebration without a fun treat! Try one of these snacks or treats when planning your moon celebration:
- Eat the Moon Space Snack from Things to Share & Remember – A healthy treat to add to your families moon theme
- Caramel Mocha Moon Cookies from The Monday Box – bake up some yummy cookies together for a snack as you learn
- Astronaut Snack from Parenting Chaos – young learners will love exploring texture with this astronaut snack idea
- Moon Balls from Meaningful Mama – pop one of these healthy moon balls for a no fuss snack during your study of the moon
Moon Books for Kids
If you want to learn more about the moon or Neil Armstrong, check out a few of these books:
- On the Moon – One of our favorite books for helpink kids learn about what life is like on the moon and the first space walk with beautiful illustrations and characters they will enjoy reading over and over again.
- Eight Days Gone – Catchy rhyming vereses and retro art will bring you back to Apollo 11’s historic mission to the moon in 1969
- One Giant Leap – Stunning, realistic illustrations draw readers into the first landing on the moon
- The Moon Book – Gail Gibbons draws readers in as they learn about moon phases, eclipses, and other fascinating facts about the moon
- Team Moon – Don’t miss this book that reminds kids the trip to the moon was not just about the astronauts, but about the seamsetress who sewed the space suits, engineers why made the heat shield, aerospace technicians, and so many more untold crew essential to the success of the mission. You will love this rare perspective!
Don’t miss our Solar System Unit filled with fun, hands-on projects and activities to help K6 kids learn about our amazing universe! Plus tons of free solar system worksheets too!
Have another idea for learning about the moon? Leave me a comment and tell me about it!
Plus don’t miss these 24 Epic Solar System Projects to exand on your unit!
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CEPH Tracing Report
A Cephalometric tracing is an overlay drawing produced from a cephalometric radiograph by digital means and a computer program. Tracings are used to facilitate cephalometric analysis, as well as in superimpositions, to evaluate treatment and growth changes.
Correctly identifying cephalometric measurements can make or break an analysis, which is why many medical professionals have turned to electronic help to ensure that measurements are drawn accurately. Additionally, by locating measurements digitally, doctors can easily compare a patient’s ceph to normative values across gender, sex, and other demographic averages. Digitally tracing cephalometric radiographs ensures measurements have no mistakes and is a great tool for medical professionals today.
Tracing a cephalometric radiograph has traditionally been one of the most tedious and time consuming parts of any cephalometric exam. While the initial x-ray can be completed within minutes, the post X-ray analysis can take much longer. A cephalometric tracing can be produced either by digital means or by the more traditional hand-drawing method, and it results in a superimposed drawing over the original cephalometric radiograph. Cephalometric tracings outline the particular measurements, landmarks, and angles that medical professionals need to use a ceph in treatment.
As many know, hand tracing is not only time consuming but runs an enormous risk of inaccuracies due to inevitable human errors. Many doctors have now turned to electronic tracing as a way to save time and reduce errors.
Call Us Today +44 (0) 207 4875 717
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By Thomas Etherington, Senior Research Leader, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Institute Fellow.
Species distribution models are a computational technique commonly used to map the likely geographic occurrence of organisms. For example, here at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, we use species distribution models to help conserve plants. This conservation occurs in situ by protecting areas that models show are more likely to contain plants of interest, and also conserving plants ex situ by targeting expeditions to areas more likely to have plants from which seeds can be collected for storage in Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank.
Due to their importance in conservation, species distribution models should, like any scientific computational method, be done in an open manner so that the findings can be replicated and confirmed. Unfortunately, my experience in reading and reviewing scientific papers suggests that many scientists are still using GUI software rather than using a coding approach that enables such replication. I suspect this is probably due to a lack of computational training amongst species distribution modellers, and hence this could be something I could aim to rectify this year as part of my Software Sustainability Institute Fellowship. However, before embarking on a campaign to promote this use of sustainable software by species distribution modellers, I was curious to know if this was simply my perception, or if there was any evidence to support my own experience.
I discovered that a paper by Joppa et al. (2013) had conducted a survey of software use by species distribution modellers. The main thrust of the paper was to do with concerns about people trusting software implicitly, rather than assessing the software, with the authors recommending that software receives a greater deal of peer-review. However, the paper made the data from their survey available, and there were also some interesting data about software preferences and desires relevant to my thoughts about the prevalence of coding by species distribution modellers – see figure below.
Encouragingly the majority of respondents to the survey stated a preference for using code based software, primarily R, for developing species distribution models – many of whom even identified the key coding benefits of analytical tractability and methodological transparency as main reasons for their choice! Also, although there were a large number of respondents that stated a preference for GUI software, only a small minority stated that their GUI software did all that they needed, and nearly half of these respondents identified coding as an approach that they would like to learn.
So while it would appear my perception that GUI based software is still widely used by species distribution modellers is true, the results from this survey would suggest that many of these scientists are keen to learn to code to develop future models. There is a good reason for encouraging the use of R specifically, as there are numerous R packages such as dismo, sdm, and zoon that all attempt to enable a programmatic approach to species distribution modelling. The problem here of course is that it can be a daunting process to learn computer programming, so before species distribution modellers currently using GUI software can make use of these dedicated packages some foundational R programming training is required. While organisations such as Data Carpentry provide freely available R workshop materials, including those specifically for ecology, my own experiences of learning to program have shown that trying to learn something on my own by self-teaching is much harder than learning as part of a group with the help of an instructor. Therefore, as part of my Fellowship I’ll certainly be having a think about running workshops either within an institution or as part of a conference to try and encourage species distribution modellers to adopt more open and sustainable software practices.
Photo credit: "Species Distribution Model" by Thomas Etherington is licensed under CC BY 2.0.
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Plain, the, in French history, term designating the independent members of the National Convention during the French Revolution . The name was applied to them because, in contrast to the radical Mountain , they occupied the lower benches of the chamber. The Plain was a leaderless mass and a pliable instrument, but it was numerically in the majority and consequently determined many votes. It played an important role in bringing about the overthrow (9 Thermidor; July 27, 1794) of Maximilien Robespierre , but after this effort it again lost its cohesion.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: French History
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Women and Marxism - Lenin
Source: The Emancipation of Women: From the Writings of V.I. Lenin.
Publisher: International Publishers.
Transcribed and HTML Markup: Sally Ryan.
Large-scale machine industry, which concentrates masses of workers who often come from various parts of the country, absolutely refuses to tolerate survivals of patriarchalism and personal dependence, and is marked by a truly "contemptuous attitude to the past".
It is this break with obsolete tradition that is one of the substantial conditions which have created the possibility and evoked the necessity of regulating production and of public control over it. In particular, speaking of the transformation brought about by the factory in the conditions of life of the population, it must be stated that the drawing of women and juveniles into production is, at bottom, progressive. It is indisputable that the capitalist factory places these categories of the working population in particularly hard conditions, and that for them it is particularly necessary to regulate and shorten the working day, to guarantee hygienic conditions of labour, etc.; but endeavours completely to ban the work of women and juveniles in industry, or to maintain the patriarchal manner of life that ruled out such work, would be reactionary and utopian.
By destroying the patriarchal isolation of these categories of the population who formerly never emerged from the narrow circle of domestic, family relationships, by drawing them into direct participation in social production, large-scale machine industry stimulates their development and increases their independence, in other words, creates conditions of life that are incomparably superior to the patriarchal immobility of pre-capitalist relations.
"The poor woman-weaver follows her father and husband to the factory and works alongside of them and independently of them. She is as much a breadwinner as the man is." "In the factory... the woman is quite an independent producer, apart from her husband." Literacy spreads among the women factory workers with remarkable rapidity.
(Industries of Vladimir Gubernia, III, 113, 118, 112 and elsewhere.)
Mr. Kharizomenov is perfectly right in drawing the following conclusion: industry has destroyed
"the economic dependence of the woman on the family... and on the husband.... At the factory, the woman is the equal of the man; this is the equality of the proletarian.... The capitalisation of industry is an important factor in the woman's struggle for her independence in the family." "Industry creates a new position for the woman in which she is completely independent of her family and husband."
(Yuridichesky Vestnik, 1883, No. 12, pp. 5fi2, 596.)
In the Statistical Returns for Moscow Gubernia (Vol. VII, Pt. II, Moscow 1882, pp. 152, 138-39), the investigators compare the position of women engaged in making stockings by hand and by machine. The daily earnings of hand workers is about 8 kopeks, and of machine workers, 14 to 30 kopeks. The working woman's conditions under machine production are described as follows:
"...Before us is a free young woman, hampered by no obstacles, emancipated from the family and from all that constitutes the peasant woman's conditions of life, a young woman who at any moment may leave one place for another, one employer for another, and may at any moment find herself without a job ... without a crust of bread.... Under hand production, the knitter's earnings are very meagre, insufficient to cover the cost of her food, earnings only acceptable if she, as a member of an allotment-holding and farming family, enjoys in part the product of that land; under machine production the working woman, in addition to food and tea, gets earnings which enable ... her to live away from the family and to do without the family's income from the land.... Moreover, the woman worker's earnings in machine industry, under present conditions, are more secure."
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In the frame of the FUI AAP8 founded program NATHEB initiated in 2009 and led by Edelris, with its partners Inserm and Poxel, FXR has been identified as a therapeutic target for HBV and new compounds have been discovered, leading to a strong inhibition of viral HBV DNA and viral antigen
South Ostrobothnia Hospital District to ask for an offer of respiratory viral antigen
detection reagents and samples used in the testing of consumer goods, as well as reading the result required from the instrument procurement for the period 4.
No evidence for viral antigen
was found in the other 42/44 small mammals tested.
In fact, using this technique, some investigators detected viral antigen
also in cells with cytopathic effects, but without CVI (13).
By using the viral antigen
already present in the blood of the patient suffering from a chronic illness, this strategy redefines therapeutic vaccines by cutting down on time and resources as there is no need to specially isolate the viral proteins from patients, purify it, and then inactivate it to create a vaccine.
Think of one pair of microscopic Velcro hooks where one hook is the viral antigen
and the other is the antibody and it is a weak interaction.
18) Immunohistochemical studies for influenza A viral antigen
were performed following antigen retrieval.
There are several methods such as detection of virus specific IgM antibodies, virus isolation and viral antigen
detection available for the diagnosis of the clinical specimens.
This study describes the macroscopic and microscopic lesions and the viral antigen
distribution in 82 owls (Family: Strigidae) of 11 North American and one Eurasian species that died following natural West Nile virus infection.
This preliminary study was able to demonstrate that the SIV viral antigen
delipidated by Lipid Sciences' proprietary delipidation process was efficiently recognized by the animals' immune system and has resulted in a measurable improvement in the conventional indicators of overall health in these study animals.
Direct immunofluorescence is performed with nasopharyngeal aspirates to detect viral antigen
on pharyngeal columnar epithelial cells by staining them directly with fluorescent antibody.
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil) has patented a method and kit for detecting antibodies in clinical samples of animals infected with equine infectious anemia virus using the immunodiagnosis with the recombinant viral antigen
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A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal traffic of the target’s server, service, or network by flooding the target’s or surrounding infrastructure with high-volume Internet traffic.
DDoS attacks are effective because they use a large number of compromised computer systems as the source of attack traffic. Other network resources, such as computers and IoT devices, can also be exploited.
A DDoS attack is roughly analogous to an unexpected traffic jam that clogs a highway and prevents normal traffic from reaching its destination.
DDoS attacks are carried out by exploiting a network of machines linked to the Internet.
These networks are made up of malware-infected computers and other devices (such as IoT devices) that can be remotely controlled by an attacker. These individual devices are called bots (or zombies), and groups of bots are called botnets. Once the botnet is established, an attacker can launch an attack by sending a remote instruction to each bot.
When a victim’s server or network is attacked by a botnet, each bot can send a request to the target IP address, overloading the server or network and causing a denial of service to normal traffic.
All bots are legitimate internet devices, so it can be difficult to separate attack traffic from regular traffic.
DDoS attacks vary greatly in length and sophistication. DDoS attacks can occur over a long period of time or only in a short period of time.
Long-term attacks: Attacks that last for hours or days are considered long-term attacks. For example, a DDoS attack on AWS caused three days of confusion before it was finally mitigated.
Burst Attacks: These DDoS attacks are very short-lived and last only a minute or a few seconds.
Don’t be fooled. Although very fast, burst attacks can actually be very damaging. With the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and more powerful computing devices than ever before, it has become possible to generate more traffic than ever before. This allows an attacker to generate a large amount of traffic in a very short time. Burst DDoS attacks are often beneficial to attackers because they are difficult to track down.
The most obvious symptom of a DDoS attack is when a website or service suddenly slows down or becomes unavailable. However, similar performance issues can occur due to a variety of causes, such as legitimate traffic spikes, and should usually be investigated further. Traffic analysis tools can help you find some of these obvious signs of a DDoS attack. Some of the tell tale signs of a DDos attacks are suspicious amount of traffic originating from a single IP address or IP range or Abnormal traffic patterns such as odd-hour spikes in the day. There are other specific signs of DDoS attacks, depending on the type of attack.
One of the most massive DDoS attacks in history was launched against GitHub, which is widely regarded as the most prominent developer platform. This was the largest DDoS attack in history at the time. However, the platform was only taken offline for a few minutes due to precautionary measures.
Attackers spoofed GitHub’s IP address, gaining access to Memcache instances and increasing the volume of traffic directed at the platform. To limit the damage, the organisation quickly alerted support, and traffic was routed through scrubbing centres. Within 10 minutes, GitHub was back up and running.
AWS is widely recognised as a leading provider of cloud computing services. The company, a subsidiary of Amazon, was subjected to a massive DDoS attack that kept their response teams busy for several days.
The DDoS attack on AWS in is said to be the largest of its kind to date, with an impressive onslaught of 2.3 Tbps, surpassing the previous leader of 1.7 Tbps. After a three-day incursion, the AWS teams were able to mitigate the threat.
In an unusual turn of events, Google reported a DDoS attack that outperformed Amazon’s, claiming that it had mitigated a 2.5 Tbps incident years earlier. The attack was launched by a state-sponsored group of Chinese cybercriminals and lasted six months.
In late 2020, Google disclosed the flood attack in an effort to raise awareness about an increase in state-sponsored attacks. The organisation did not specify any data loss as a result of the incident, but it intends to strengthen preventative measures in order to thwart the rise in attacks.
BugBase is India’s largest cybersecurity marketplace! We provide bug bounty programs that can be reached out to by ethical hackers and develop a security enthusiasts community all over the country. We are expanding our services to provide security audits and VAPT.
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Is a gluten-free diet really good for you?
If you don't have celiac disease, should you really be going gluten-free?
Going gluten-free has been all the rage lately. Enthusiasts claim benefits ranging anywhere from weight loss to treatment of ailments such as anxiety, chronic pain and general bowel distress. But if you don't have celiac disease and you are not gluten intolerant, is a gluten-free diet really helping you? Consider these points:
- Gluten-free products are often higher in calories than their gluten-containing counterparts. Although it's true that many naturally gluten-free foods – lean meats and fresh fruits and vegetables, for example – are nutritious and generally low in calories, many of the processed gluten-free foods (cookies, crackers and breads, to name a few) contain more calories than gluten-containing ones. If you elect a gluten-free diet for the purpose of weight loss, it could potentially be counterproductive.
- A gluten-free diet can be deficient in certain nutrients. Whether you have celiac disease or not, going entirely gluten-free can put you at risk for certain nutrient deficiencies. B vitamins are an example of this: because fortified wheat products are the most common source of B vitamins for most Americans, it can be difficult to maintain an adequate intake of them on a gluten-free diet.
- Gluten-containing foods can be healthfully included in a balanced diet. Of course, any food eaten in excess can contribute negatively to your health. But when consumed in moderation, gluten-containing foods contribute a lot of benefits to an otherwise balanced diet. They are a source of a lot of important nutrients that are difficult to find in other sources.
- If you truly have celiac disease, your doctor won't be able to test for it. The tests we currently use to diagnose celiac disease are only able to detect the disease before a gluten-free diet is started. If you go gluten-free before you consult your doctor, there might be no way to determine if you are actually requiring of a gluten-free diet or not.
New research is emerging all the time on the effect of gluten on the human body, but thus far there is very little evidence supporting the benefit of a gluten-free diet in non-celiac individuals. You are better off eating a balanced diet containing whole grains such as wheat, rye and barley. If you choose to give a gluten-free diet a try, consult a registered dietitian prior to doing so. They can help you build a plan to include all the necessary nutrients and do so in a healthful way!
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Where was that global warming deal when we needed it most? Alaska just shivered through one of the chilliest winters in years, largely driven by La Niña conditions in the tropical Pacific, according to the spring issue of the Alaska Climate Dispatch, released this week by the Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
"Most of Alaska experienced temperatures noticeably colder (i.e. negative deviation) than the normal 30-year average this winter," the quarterly newsletter explains in an article analyzing December through January conditions. "This winter was more typical of the winter weather conditions experienced in the 1960s and early 1970s. This is in contrast to autumn 2010, when the temperatures were generally above normal."
At the same time, sea ice in the Bering Sea peaked earlier and covered much less territory than it did in 2010. As of late February, the Bering ice pack extended over about 232,000 square miles -- about 30 percent below the 328,000 square miles covered at the same period last year.
As many Alaska residents might shudder to remember, the frigid season bore down hardest in December, when Interior communities averaged 10 degrees Fahrenheit below normal, and Anchorage was a whopping 7 degrees F under the line.
"There were only two stations with above normal temperatures, Barrow (+1.4°F), the most northerly station in Alaska, and Annette (+0.6°F), the most southerly station in the southeast panhandle."
Precipitation was down most of the winter in most places -- right up until the moment they got hammered by blizzards.
"February was a remarkable month as far as the precipitation is concerned. Strong winter storms brought lots of moisture to Alaska, impacting mainly Northern, Western and Interior Alaska. Barrow reported 417 percent, Fairbanks 356 percent, Gulkana 215 percent and Kotzebue 290 percent above the expected amount. Fairbanks had the second highest snowfall amount (30.3 inches) ever reported for February; the records, which go back to 1904, show that only February 1966 recorded a larger snowfall. Especially remarkable was the snowstorm of February 20-21 with a total of 18.6 inches. Wind gusted up to 49 mph, and blowing snow and snow drifting could be observed, a fairly rare occurrence for Alaskas Interior. Due to the heavy snowfall and drifts the roads to the north, the Dalton and Steese Highways were closed."
Overall, Anchorage was about 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit below normal for the season, and 11 percent down on snowfall and rain.
The March-May outlook isn't much better.
"Historically during the spring season, the below-normal temperatures associated with La Niña have been strongest in the southern portion of the state," is the glum prognosis. Further out, conditions are expected to improve, with this climate prediction map for April-June giving southern Alaska good odds for normal temperatures as summer approaches. And Arctic Alaska might be much warmer.
The newsletter -- produced by the center with help from the Alaska Climate Research Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Weather Service, and the SEARCH Sea Ice Outlook -- also included a detailed primer on spring river flooding, plus gobs of charts and weather data and links.
Contact Doug O'Harra at doug(at)alaskadispatch.com
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Now that we’ve learned about cell communication, let’s the process of a single message as the cell passes it along:
We just watched how epinephrine is used as a sample messenger to trigger the release of glucose from cells in the liver. This is an example of phosphorylation, one of the two methods of intracellular signaling. The other method—second messengers—can be seen in Ca2+ signaling in muscle cells, which leads to muscle contractions.
These are just two examples of the many, many body functions that rely on cell communication. As we discussed in opening this module, imagine again what would happen if we could not communicate in society. Now, with your new appreciation of cell communication, imagine what would happen if even a single aspect of that process broke down.
Contributors and Attributions
- Putting It Together: Cell Communication. Authored by: Shelli Carter and Lumen Learning. Provided by: Lumen Learning. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Signal Transduction Pathways. Authored by: Bozeman Science. Located at: https://youtu.be/qOVkedxDqQo. License: All Rights Reserved. License Terms: Standard YouTube License
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Many people love sitting down with a good brewski while watching a football game or hanging out with friends.
But just like almost every other food or beverage, not all beers are created equal.
So what exactly is in your favorite beer?
You may be surprised to learn a few things about the beer industry that may have you switching to a new favorite.
While it is no secret that beer isn’t exactly the first drink you would reach for if you were wanting a healthy drink, it is still a favorite that even health nuts drink on occasion.
When consumed in very moderate amounts, it may provide some health benefits including minute amounts of B vitamins and potassium.
As a general rule, however, beer could be more damaging than beneficial since most people do not have “just one beer”.
It is often found that beer is thought of as relatively “light” when it comes to the amount of alcohol in one beer.
But this can lull someone into a false belief that they can drink a lot more than they should.
Consuming large amounts of alcohol is known to cause health issues including liver cancer, obesity, cirrhosis, increased risk of high blood pressure, stroke and other cancers.
Why aren’t there ingredient lists on beer labels?
Before breaking down the ingredients, understand something about the alcohol industry
— it’s not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
It is regulated by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), a department under the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
This means that the alcohol industry does not have to follow the same laws laid out by the FDA for food and other beverages.
This is why you do not see an ingredient list on beer bottles or containers.
When referencing “beer”, the FDA uses the more general term “malt beverage”.
The definition for “malt beverage” is “a beverage made by the alcoholic fermentation of an infusion or decoctation, or combination of both, in potable brewing water, of malted barley with hops, or their parts, or their products, and with or without other malted cereals, and with or without the addition of unmalted or prepared cereals, other carbohydrate or products prepared therefrom, and with or without the addition of carbon dioxide, and with or without other wholesome products suitable for human food consumption.”
Whew. It’s not exactly the clearest on what can or cannot specifically be put into beer.
To clarify a little, a “malt beverage” like beer falls under the TTB’s jurisdiction while non-malt alcohols are under the FDA which do require ingredient labeling.
Once you realize this, it makes you wonder what really is in your beer bottle or can.
One journalist spent a lot of time contacting popular beer companies in an effort to find out the truth.
She found that many brands, including Corona, Budweiser, Michelob, Guinness, Coors, Pabst and others contain ingredients like GMO corn, caramel coloring, other food colors including Red 40 and Yellow 5, high fructose corn syrup, GMO rice, propylene glycol (found in anti-freeze), monosodium glutamate (MSG), natural flavors (which really aren’t that “natural”) and even an ingredient that comes from a fish’s air bladder.
Doesn’t that sound delicious?
The other problem with not requiring the ingredients to be listed is that there is then no way to know if an allergen is present in the drink.
Many people are allergic to ingredients that may be in beer, but because the ingredients are different from brand to brand, you may not know unless you call the company or have a reaction.
Some allergens include gluten, food coloring, peanut ingredients and lactose.
Interestingly enough, some people who choose higher quality beers have claimed to have minimal or no hangover.
What are the best beers?
Now that you have a list of some of the worst offenders when it comes to beer ingredients, what are some better brands to drink?
According to some research and contacts made by the Food Babe, Sierra Nevada, Heineken and Amstel Light are mainstream beers that do not use GMO grains, artificial ingredients, preservatives or stabilizers in their beverages.
German beers are ones that may have higher quality standards.
The Germans have a beer purity law called “Reinheitsgebot”.
This law means that all German beers may only be produced with a core ingredient list of water, hops, malted barley or wheat and yeast.
Be aware, however, that German beers made in the United States may not necessarily follow this purity standard.
Clearly, finding certified organic beers will greatly reduce the list of unnecessary and possibly harmful ingredients in a beer.
Organic beers will be made with non-GMO ingredients and will not contain chemical additives.
Buying from local, organic farmers is also a plus because you are able to support environmentally friendly farming practices.
Typically, craft and microbrew beers will be better to buy because they tend to be honest about their ingredients.
Many local companies take great pride in their beers and want to utilize the highest quality ingredients for the best taste.
Unfortunately, some large beer companies are buying out craft beer companies and changing the ingredients.
Be aware that this may happen and double-check that your favorite is independently owned.
If I call my favorite beer company, what questions do I ask?
Here are some questions that will help you to determine whether or not you should stick with your current favorite beer company:
- Could you please list all of the ingredients in your beer?
- (If they use “natural flavors”) Could you clarify what your “natural flavors” are?
- Are any ingredients genetically modified?
- Do you use any artificial flavors or colors or caramel coloring?
- What preservatives, clarifying agents or stabilizers are added to your beer during processing?
It is pretty obvious that, just like all other foods and drinks, not all beers are made at the same standards.
Before you choose which beer to sit down with for that football game, make sure you find out as best as you can what the ingredients are so that you can minimize any damaging side-effects that your body may experience.
To protect yourself from these GMO and toxic ingredients (which lead to higher risk of cancer), go to the next page and discover how to boost your immune system –
About the Author:
Emma Deangela is the best selling author of The Alkaline Diet Program and 80/20 Fat Loss. She has helped over tens of thousands of men and women to lose weight and transform their health with sound nutrition advice. Learn how you can lose weight fast – How to lose weight by adding these alkaline foods.
Do you drink beer? What’s your favorite brand?
Please share with your friends this article on Beer – Use any of the social media and email buttons on the left of our website.
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