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SpaceX launched the latest capsule bound for the ISS, @ 4pm a reused falcon 9 and a capsule were sent up all things good they will reonduviw with the ISS @ 4am on Wednesday.
Also in space news, the Chinese space station fell to earth over the Pacific over the evening.
China’s first space station, the Tiangong-1 experimental space laboratory, reentered Earth’s atmosphere and burned up over the southern Pacific Ocean at 8:16 p.m. EDT on Sunday, April 1 (00:16 UTC on Monday, April 2), according to the U.S. Joint Force Space Component Command.
It will burn up in the atmosphere on Thursday. Mar 28th.
Watch it live 28 Mar. 2018, starting at 12:00 UTC (8pm EDT)
As Tiangong-1 makes its last few orbits of Earth before burning up in the atmosphere in a few days, you can watch the Chinese space station live online through a robotically controlled telescope at The Virtual Telescope Project.
Live coverage of the event will start Wednesday (March 28) at 8 a.m. EDT (1200 GMT), but the organizers said the timing could change closer to the event. You can visit this page on The Virtual Telescope Project’s website to see updates.
“The Tiangong-1 Chinese space station is re-entering our atmosphere soon,” representatives for The Virtual Telescope Project wrote in a statement. “The Virtual Telescope Project and Tenagra Observatories offer you the unique chance to see it during one of its very last passages across the skies. You can join us online, via the internet, from the comfort of your home.” [China’s Space Station Crash: Everything You Need to Know]
Tiangong-1 is the first Chinese space station; it launched in 2011 and hosted two crews of Chinese astronauts, in 2012 and 2013. It remained operational until 2016, when contact with the space station was lost. The station is now falling toward Earth and is expected to burn up in the atmosphere over Easter weekend (March 30 to April 2).
Got into work and totally forgot about the test launch today. Fernando reminded me and I got NASAtv on the computer at about 7:25am. They were holding @ T-4:00 and had aborted the launch once already for wind. They restarted @ about 7:52am and again aborted due to winds over 21 knots. A third time @ 8:26am that aborted @ -3:09 due to several Fill/Drain Vales on first stage booster rockets not closing. The left and center rockets didn’t show closed when commanded to close. The cycled the valves several times the O2 valves checked out fine, but the H2 valves on the left and center booster didn’t check. They aborted launch attempt for today @ 9:39am and are going to recycle for 24 hours.
Orion begins its first flight test with a launch on a Delta IV Heavy rocket, everything remains on track for liftoff at 7:05 a.m. EST.
United Launch Alliance Delta IV
When Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed in late October, the company attributed the loss to an unidentified "serious anomaly." Now, thanks to the ongoing investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board, we finally have a clearer picture of what happened 9 miles up in the air that day. According to surviving pilot Peter Siebold, the spacecraft disintegrated around his seat while it was flying at 50,000 feet, almost twice the height of Mt. Everest. The temperature at that altitude is usually below freezing point, around minus 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and any human without an oxygen mask would pass out due to loss of pressure. Since Siebold wasn’t wearing a spacesuit at the time, that’s exactly what happened to him, though he managed to unbuckle his seatbelt at some point before his parachute automatically opened.
A previous NTSB investigation points to the premature unlocking of SpaceShipTwo’s feather re-entry system as one of the possible causes of the crash. Siebold told authorities he wasn’t aware that co-pilot Michael Alsbury, who sadly didn’t survive, unlocked SpaceShipTwo’s feather braking system earlier than intended. This braking/re-entry method turns the spacecraft’s tail upward in order to slow and stabilize its descent. According to the investigation, Alsbury only unlocked the first lever and left the second one untouched, but the winds tore the spacecraft apart anyway.
As for Siebold, an aerospace physiologist called his survival "extremely remarkable." People don’t usually survive such harsh temperature and pressure conditions, and they usually come out of the ordeal permanently damaged when they do.
[Image credit: Getty Images]
via Virgin Galactic pilot recounts how he survived being ejected at 50,000 feet.
Virigin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo rocket plane exploded and crashed during a test flight on Friday, killing one crew member and seriously injuring another, authorities said.
via Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes: 1 Dead, 1 Injured – NBC News.com.
An Orbital Sciences Corporation Antares rocket fell back to the launch pad shortly after liftoff Tuesday night, exploding in a fireball that destroyed the vehicle and damaged its launch pad. The private spaceflight company confirmed all personnel were accounted for, and no one was injured in the mishap.
via [UPDATED] Antares Rocket Explodes Seconds after Liftoff | The Planetary Society.
Rocket: Falcon 9 v1.1
Payload: SES 8
Launch date:November 28, 2013
Launch time: 5:39 p.m. EST (2239 GMT)
Launch window: 65 minutes
Site: SLC-40, Cape Canaveral, Florida
via Spaceflight Now | Falcon Launch Report | Mission Status Center.
On July 19, 2013, in an event celebrated the world over, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft slipped into Saturn’s shadow and turned to image the planet, seven of its moons, its inner rings — and, in the background, our home planet, Earth.
via Space Images: The Day the Earth Smiled – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
SpaceShipTwo fires her rocket motor in flight for the first time in a flight over the Mojave Desert on April 29, 2013.
MarsScientific.com and Clay Center Observatory
Virgin Galactic Press Release
Supersonic flight for SpaceShipTwo | The Planetary Society.
Artist’s impression of the first planet discovered orbiting the star Alpha Centauri B, a member of the triple star system that is the closest to Earth. The planet was found in 2012 with the HARPS spectrograph on the 3.6-m telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile.
ESO/L. Calçada/N. Risinger (skysurvey.org)
This image is posted under a Creative Commons Attribution license. You may reuse it for any purpose as long as you include the above credit.
First Planet Discovered in Alpha Centauri System
Launch to space station @ 8:35PM ET Oct 7, 2012
SpaceX | Launch Central.
Since I really love LEGO and have a bunch of small kits assembled on my office shelf, this really sounds good to me.
I think I’ve received a dozen emails from people pointing me to a LEGO model of the Curiosity rover at the CUUSOO website. CUUSOO is a website where LEGO modelers can share concepts for kits. The CUUSOO community can vote to support concepts, and if the concept receives 10,000 votes, it goes to a LEGO committee. Each quarter, the committee reviews the supported concepts, and may choose one to actually bring to market as an official LEGO kit.
An amazing LEGO model of Curiosity | The Planetary Society.
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Do you want to attend this free class?
Date: Tuesday, December 22
Time: 15:00 GMT
Level: Pre-Intermediate to Intermediate
Summary - We will discuss food marketing trends in the United States
- Describe some food related television commercials that are for children in your country
Vocabulary and Definitions (difficult words in video or article):
- word: to curb / to limit
- word: obesity
- word: saturated fat
- word: to influence
- word: binding
Officials from many federal agencies recommend curbing advertising of foods and beverages that have a lot of sugar, sodium and saturated fat. The recommendation is related to the growth in childhood obesity.
The proposal says that food companies should only market healthy foods to children. Congress created the group of agencies to change current marketing standards that influence children's eating habits. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Chairman Jon Leibowitz says that the food industry isn't doing enough to limit the marketing of unhealthy foods to children.
David C. Vladeck, director of the FTC's consumer protection bureau, said that the proposals aren't regulations and aren't binding. He said companies should pay attention because if they don't change food marketing standards, "Congress may decide for all of us."
Discussion Questions (used to keep the conversation going):
- What do the federal agencies want to change?
- Why do they want to change it?
- How will they change it?
- Do the agencies want the food companies to regulate themselves?
- If the food companies can\'t make changes, what will Congress do?
- Do regulations exist in your country for this type of marketing?
- Should similar changes be made in your country?
Role Play or Activity:
You are a food company executive. Your best selling product has too much sugar relative to the proposed regulations. Will you change your product, marketing, both, or do nothing? Why?
- There are no comments yet
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How to Build a More Respectful Workplace Environment
Lack of respect and trust in the workplace can have a detrimental effect on productivity and on your ability to attract and retain good employees. According to Colette Hill, an executive with communications consultant CHA, quoted in an article in "Personnel Today," lack of respect and rude behavior leads to poor engagement and motivation, high stress and high levels of absenteeism. Managers and employees can take steps to build a more respectful workplace by thinking about how their behavior affects those around them and through leading by example.
Create an inclusive work environment. Hire employees from a range of backgrounds. This can help to create a diverse and respectful workplace. Increase inclusion by using flexible work schedules. This can help you retain employees with young families and demonstrates your respect for employees' personal lives.
Use active listening when talking with employees. This demonstrates to employees that you care about their concerns and ideas, and see them as individuals.
Show courtesy to others in meetings by showing up on time, listening to what others say and giving everyone time to contribute. Avoid interrupting others during meetings.
Compensate your employees according to industry norms. Employees may feel disrespected if they know they are being paid less than others in the industry. Consider paying bonuses based on performance or on economic changes. For example, the Houston school district gave all low-paid workers a $250 gas stipend in 2010, to help them pay the increased costs of commuting, and found this helped staff feel more respected and valued.
Maintain transparent rules regarding workplace bullying, and punish workplace bullying fairly and consistently. Management can increase respect by having a policy that allows employees to report incidents of bullying without fear of reprisal.
Provide opportunities for employees to increase their skills and training, and promote from within where possible. Empower employees to succeed by giving them opportunities for advancement. This will help employees feel more valued and respected.
- Comstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images
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What does it mean to be a Rights Respecting School?
A Rights Respecting School, is a school that embeds the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC or CRC) in their practices to improve well-being and help all children to realise their potential.
What is the UNCRC?
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, or UNCRC, is the basis of all of Unicef’s work. It is the most complete statement of children’s rights ever produced and is the most widely-ratified international human rights treaty in history.
The Convention has 54 articles that cover all aspects of a child’s life and set out the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that all children everywhere are entitled to. It also explains how adults and governments must work together to make sure all children can enjoy all their rights. See here for a list of all the articles.
In 1989, governments worldwide promised all children the same rights by adopting the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, also known as the CRC or UNCRC. The Convention changed the way children are viewed and treated – in other words, as human beings with a distinct set of rights instead of as passive objects of care and charity.
These rights describe what a child needs to survive, grow, and live up to their potential in the world. They apply equally to every child, no matter who they are or where they come from.
What do we need to do to become a Rights Respecting School?
To become a Rights Respecting School The Bay CE Primary School have worked incredibly hard and are delighted to have been awarded the silver award in summer 2018. See here for the award journey.
The Rights Respecting School Award (RRSA) is an initiative run by UNICEF UK, which encourages schools to place the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) at the heart of its ethos and curriculum. A Rights Respecting School not only teaches about children’s rights; it also models rights and respect in all its relationships, whether between children or between children and adults.
Some recent work from the primary pupils….
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- Dodge Versus Ford Motor Company 1780 N.W. 668
- Joel Bakan, The Corporation:The pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power
In the early 1700's in Britain, many confidence men created fraudulent corporations, the most notorious of them being the South Sea Company Bubble.
Thus, in 1720, Parliament outlawed the corporation.
- In 1776, Adam Smith warned in Wealth of Nations, corporations inevitably would be victims of insider fraud. Managers could not be trusted to "steward 'other people's' Money."
- England repealed what was known as the Bubble Act in 1825, bringing back the corporate form.
- In 1853, Edinburgh Journal called for workmen to have a share of the ownership of the firm so they understand the concerns that now only a manager/owner understands.
- Gilbert and Sullivan satirized the corporation in Utopia Limited Though a Rothchild you may be, in your own capacity, As a Company you've come to utter sorrow, But the liquidators say "Never mind--you needn't pay" So you start another company tommorrow
- England limited Corporate liability in 1856
- In the 1890's states competed to have corporations incorporate in their state and made their corporate laws most friendly. As we know, Delaware was very successful in this regard, which effort to this day brings in money to the state.
Corporation PurposeI am sure everyone here has heard that corporations goal is to make profit, improve the bottom line and increase shareholder wealth, generally by increasing the stock price. John and Horace Dodge invested $10,500 in Ford at 1906. Ford, famously, paid his workers more than the going rate. He also halved the price for his Model T. Bakan quoted him as saying 'I do not believe that we should make such awful profits on our cars. A reasonable profit is right but not too much.' And in this case, the Dodges sued Ford and this established the legal principle that managers and directors have a legal duty to increase profit. Robert F. Kennedy Junior recently gave a talk at our University to a packed Western Hall, our largest venue. He said that a corporation must maximize its value. He used the example of Walmart donating supplies after Katrina. It could do to that to make people feel good about the company. But it could not donate because there were people who really needed help. That would be spoliation of assets and it should be illegal. Thus, we must regulate corporations. Bakan cited Hutton versus West Cork Railway Company allowed this saying 'a company which always treated its employees with Draconian severity' would have bad employee relations but that 'charity has no business to sit at boards of directors qua charity.'
But according to Wikipedia that is not the case. The real problems was that the Dodges wanted a big dividend to start a competing car manufacturing company! Ford did not want this. And the court awarded a special dividend to the Dodges with which they started the famous Dodge company. And the case was much concerned with minority rights in a corporation as henry Ford owned fifty-eight percent of the shares. And it was about the argument of gaining market share versus profit. 'My amibition' declared Mr. Ford, 'is to employ still more men; to spread the benefits of this industrial system to the greatest possible number, to help them build up their lives and their homes. To do this, we are putting the greatest share of our profits back into the business." And in fact the complaint said asked that Ford restrained from taking money that would be given out as dividend and from building "fixed capital assets" including possibly an iron smelting plant versus distributing a cash surplus of sixty million dollars. At the time the shareholders were receiving a return from their original investment of sixty per cent per year!
In the share economy, we have similar problems with an individual, A loaning to another individual, B. B as a sovereign indivdual would have the right to vary his income, e. g., stopping work, going to medical school, etc. or vice versa. B might work for share of future income, from building a house where they would both receive money as it was rented out. Or B might work for a startup biotech firm--in exchange for the revenue if their drug succeeds. A is at the mercy of B's decisions, except where they represented waste. Thus A might take action if B decided to sit on the meadow and watch the grass grow, particularly, if A was living in B's house and agreed to pay a 20% of their income in exchange. In a share economy, people would not rent an apartment for a fixed amount of money; they exchange a share of their income for the right to live there. If there was no corporate form, we boil down to that in Ford vs. Dodge, because Ford still retained majority ownership even though Dodges contributed to Ford's business.
In reading the decision, I find, "The difference between incidental humanitarian expenditure of corporate funds for the benefit of the empoyees, like the building of a hospital for their use and the employment of agencies for the betterment of their condition, and a general purpose and plan to benefit mankind at the expense of others, is obvious...A business corporation is organized and carried on primarily for the profit of the stockholders. The powers of the directors are to be employed for that end. The discretion of directors is to be exercised in the choice of means to attain that end, and does not extend to a change in the end itself..."
Fiduciary DutyMany of the problems with corporate decisions are a director or manager self-dealing. Voting to approve the big purchase to the company they or their relative own. The manager reveals his conflict of interest. A group of disinterested directors or a majority of the shareholders approves the decision. I see no reason that a sortition jury could not do this. Thus a firm can hire the managers' wife when she really is qualified.
GovernanceBy contrast to my proposal, the shareholders have no power. In 1913, A Congressional Committee found that that not only had the shareholders never overthrown the existing management in any large corporation, they had not even started an investigation. The management is "virtually self-perpetuating."
I contrast a sistuation where randomly selected groups of shareholders, and shareholders would include the employees who receive a share in lieu of salary, make the decisions. As I outlined in that proposal, a certain percentage of each group could escalate a decision to a larger group or even force a vote of all members.
In the 1930's, AT&T advertised a picture of an older women looping at her AT&T Share Certificates with her children in the background and pronounced in another advertisement 'a new democracy of public service ownership' that is 'owned directly by the people--conrolled nto by one, but controled by all.' Now, we would have that same mother, sitting at her computer participating in the decisions, big and little, teaching her children, looking over her shoulder, about the company that they would one day inherit--I don't believe in stocks being sold.
Limited LiabilityNow the corporate form by limited liability did allow middle class to contribute capital to large enterprises. And the idea was this middle class investor who may have invested a few thousand dollars should not lose their house and all their other savings should the aiport or railway go bankrupt with more liabilities than assets. Let's look at Ms. Jones from my earlier post. Should she lose all her assets if the doctor she financed commits malpractice during a delivery and a child is born with severe cerebral palsy. What if the plumber that the apartment complex hired causes a gas explosion killing dozens?
I distinguish contract and tort liability. In our current system, an enterprise can promise more than 100% of its incomes. This usually does not happen deliberately--I hope. It promises fixed payments totalling a million dollars a month at a time that its revenue may be several million a month. However, if the economy sours.... This is what happened to General Motors whose revenue halved and Pittsburgh whose population halved (reference, IssuesPA.net, 7811 which disappeared from the net in a few days), but which still has large pension and debt service obligations. But in a share economy, no enterprise can promise more than 100 percent of its revenues. Thus, unless it commits a tort offense, there is no problem with the business going bankrupt. As I mentioned in that post, the owners might liquidate if the revenue cannot cover the current variable costs.
But what about a BP spilling oil, Massey Coal having a mine accident, or an Arthur Anderson not auditing Enron properly resulting in many investors losing money. Or a small businesses delivery driver crashing into someone.
I propose the sortition juries in dealing with a tort case would have to decide how to allocate the costs. one seventh of Britain's total dividend income came from BP. These individuals certainly had no control over the decisions that led to the blowout and spill! Is it fair they lose their retirement?
In a sortition system, ordinary stockholders would have the authority to contribute to the day to day decisions of the enterprise. In the rig control room, the partners and employers could call in a sortition jury to make an important decision. What if there is another big spill like Macondo? The share holders would be individually judged as to what share if any they should bear. Computers keep good records. The sortition jury in the tort case could look at each juror: What did you know and when did you know it? What did you say? Did you try to bring the problem to other shareowner's attention. What did you vote? The Corporate Bylaws would have a mechanism where any shareholder or employee or even an outsider could bring the matter to the attention to a randomly chosen set of the shareowners. They could vote, don't worry about it--it's just a gadfly. Or they could say this is a real concern and escalate it further.
And, sortition jury would look at the general climate in a corporation. Bakan described (page 81) how BP was negligent in handling its Prudhoe Bay facilties. Massey's Upper Big Branch coal mine had five times violations than the national origin. In 2005, BP's big rig Thunder Horse had many problems, bad underwater welding and a valve installed backwards. JoulesBurn documented many other near misses in the Gulf of Mexico. The Texas City refinery disaster in 2005 was similar with 300 safety violations 21 million in fines. Workers were working twelve hours per day--reminds me of the concern about medical residents working twenty-four hour shifts. Occupational Safety and Health Administration revisited them in 2009 and found 700 safety violations and $87.4 million in fines--most because BP did not live up to its agreement after the 2005 disaster.
In the United States and Australia uses a mind and will test in corporate criminal liability. If it is run by a series of decisons sortition jury, it could look at the decisions as a whole. Do they give a wink and nod at safety violations? Or do we see 987 of the 1032 situations where sortition juries had the opportunity to act on safety situations being decided on the safety/conservative side.
Revocation of Corporate ChartersState governments can revoke corporate charters. And Elliot Spitzer and Robert Benson proposed that corporations that repeatedly release toxic waste or otherwise endanger the public can have their charter revoked. But, there are many small investors in any of these large corporation, and should they suffer for offenses they did not do, had no knowledge of, and had no way of stopping. I propose that a corporation would lose its governance to a sortition jury, forever if it is convicted of murder, a capital offense. It would be under the control of a sortition jury. The sortition jury would run the corporation as the board of directors, considering whatever stakeholders it wished to including investors. The sortition juror would command every move of the corporation just as a jailor controls the minute-by-minute activities of a prisoner.
Similarly, a corporation convicted of a lesser charge, that would be punishable by a few years in jail if done by a natural person, would find their affairs controlled by a sortition jury for the same length of time. They would have to avoid not wasting assets in the same manner that a conventional jail could not work a person to death, even thought the thirteenth ammendment specifically allows involuntary servitude as due punishment for a crime.
The Corporate PurposeA corporation, by law's, sole duty is to increase shareholder wealth. in the opinion of Milton Friedman of Peter Drucker, that is as it should be. This creates a psychopath. It has no empathy for anyone else and have superficial relationships crafted by Public Relations types.
A true shareholder democracy, would allow the Walmart share holders to genuinely feel for the Katrina victims and put the full power of Walmart's distribution to get them things they need. One may argue that the role of a corporation is simply to make money for the share holders. The share holders could then give to whatever charitable enterprise they wish. If they all donated to the Red Cross, the Red Cross should simply contract with Walmart to buy at the market value whatever Katrina victims needed. To some extent, that is the Coase's work on the nature of the firm--is it more efficient to have several entities interacting or do everything within one organization. It depends upon the relative transaction costs. There are empirical sociological issues of group identity as well, would people get a better feeling, be more likely to contribute, as part of the identity: Walmart shareholder.
And it is a broader issue of Rule-Based utilitarianism vs. Original utilitarianism, which is of course beyond the scope of this blog. But we hear stories of top executives, top lawyers or partners in big accounting firms, deciding to leave those organizations and help a non-profit or become teachers in inner school districts. Utilitarianism would tell a public spirited individual with the talent and luck to be a partner in an accounting firm: stay in that job that brings to you hundreds of thousands of dollars. Spend only what you need to be socially acceptable there--I know that a partner at Big Four accounting firm must dress a certain way, and probably could not get away with living in a slum. Give the remainder to that cause. Would an individual who was fortunate to be a big tobacco lawyer do more for the anti-smoking cause by staying in that job--after all someone would take it anyway who probably would be at least almost as an effective litigator for the tobacco company for you. Secretly contribute money to the anti-smoking cause!
For Future Thoughtful ThursdaysCorporate Criminal Liability -- a good bibliography is in the Wikipedia article on this subject.
Rights of Minority ShareHolders and the fiduciary duty of one share holder to another.
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A substantial proportion of stroke survivors develop seizures in the years following their strokes, according to research presented at the American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference 2016.
Researchers studied information on hospitalizations and emergency department visits in California, Florida and New York from 2005 and 2013, identifying patients at the time of a first documented ischemic (clot-caused) or hemorrhagic (bleeding) stroke. For comparison, they also identified patients at the time of a first documented traumatic brain injury, since doctors have known for a long time that traumatic brain injury places patients at risk of seizures. Among the patients studied, 620,739 were diagnosed with stroke and 1,911,995 with traumatic brain injury.
- During an average follow-up of 3.4 years, 15.3 percent of patients with stroke had a seizure and 5.7 percent of patients with traumatic brain injury had a seizure.
- Even taking into account other factors like age, the risk of seizure after stroke was significantly higher than the risk of seizure following traumatic brain injury.
- Among the stroke subgroups studied, the long-term seizure risk was highest in patients who suffered intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage, which occurs when a weakened vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain.
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Then the Internet came along, wiping out the need to research using a book. Everything you ever wanted to know could be found by simply typing a question into a search box.
But it wasn't enough to search for the information we needed. In 1993, someone came up with the idea for an online version of the encyclopedia. After that idea fizzled and another project, the Free Software Foundation's (FSF) GNUPedia, failed to gain traction, Wikipedia came along in 2001 and stole the market.
The problem is that much of Wikipedia's content is crowdsourced. It's written and edited by people like you and me.
The site does require citations, but you could technically post an article with few citations and get it past the system.
But what many people don't realize is that Wikipedia pages do go through a filtering process. I've written Wikipedia pages for clients and I can tell you, it's a pain in the you-know-what. Mostly because the number (and required quality) of citations requires a great deal of work that has nothing to do with the actual writing.
For published authors, it can be tempting to create a Wikipedia page for yourself. It boosts your Google rankings and provides a level of credibility. But should you create one yourself?
The answer to that question is probably "No." Even Wikipedia strongly recommends against it. There are two major problems with creating your own Wikipedia entry. The first is that unless the powers-that-be deem you to be a public figure, it's going to be deleted. And guess what?
Say you are more famous than the rest of us. Say your page squeaks past the person who controls the delete button. Then comes the second problem...and it's one Wikipedia even points out. Once a page is out there, anyone can add to it. So if someone adds something negative about you, you'll have little recourse.
Would you ever set up a Wikipedia page about yourself?
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Special Sub-Topic: Famous Anthropologists and Evolutionists
|Who came up with the four fields of anthropology?|
Franz Boas. The four fields of anthropology are Cultural Anthropology, Biological Anthropology, Archaeology Anthropology, and Linguistics.
|He was a cultural anthropologist who practiced enculturation in 1914 on the Trobriand Islands.|
Bronislaw Malinowski. Enculturation is when you pretend to be a member of a culture that you are studying. One danger of enculturation is in becoming what one pretends to be. Malinowski proved this by keeping two notebooks. One was about the Trobian Islanders and the other was about himself. After a while the two notebooks started to look alike.
|Who came up with the method of classification of life that we still use today?|
Carolous Linnaeus. He devised this method of classification in 1758, and he classified all living organisms together based on structure.
|Who came up with the idea of stratigraphy, deeper layers being the older layers?|
Charles Lyell. Charles Lyell also came up with The Principle of Uniformitarianism, which states that earth has been formed by a fixed set of natural forces operating throughout time, and that the forces changing the earth today were the same that changed it in the past.
|Who came up with the idea of "natural selection"?|
Charles Darwin. Darwin is probably the best known evolutionist ever. He is very well known for his idea of natural selection, which states that the organism with the most characteristics that contribute to surviving, lives longer and leaves a greater number of offspring.
|He wrote an essay on population stating that food supply increases at an arithmetic rate, and population increases at a geometric rate.|
Thomas Malthus. Malthus said that population will always exceed the growth of food. He then stated that "perfectibility" of human society will always be out of reach.
|Who demonstrated the structure of DNA?|
James Watson and Francis Crick. DNA is the molecule of heredity. The discovery of DNA was a big breakthrough for the argument of evolution.
|Who came up with population genetics, which is the scientific study of gene changes in animal populations?|
Theobosius Dobzhansky. Dobzhansky also came up with the Four Forces of Evolution, which are Mutation, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, and Natural Selection.
|He found a hominid skull at the Taung site in South Africa. The skull was an Australopithecus Africanus, which is thought to be on the direct line of human descent.|
Raymond Dart. The way Raymond Dart knew it was a hominid skull was because the Foramen Magnum, the large opening in the skull where the spine connects to the brain, was at the bottom of the skull. This proves that this was a bi-pedal animal, which are hominids.
|This man found a skull at the Krom Draai site in South Africa. It was heavier than the skull found at Taung. This species was called Australopithecus Robustus.|
Robert Broom. Robert Broom also found an Australopithecus Robustus skull at Swart Krans. Then he went to Sterk Fon Teian and found an Australopithecus Africanus.
|Who went to the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, and after 20 years, finally found a hominid skull? The species for this was Australopithecus Boisei.|
Mary Leakey. Mary and her husband were searching the Olduvai Gorge for 20 years without finding anything. One day, when Mary's husband, LSB Leakey, was sick, she went out on her own. She then found the Australopithecus Boisei skull.
|Who found another hominid skull, along with tools, at the Olduvai Gorge? The species for this skull is Homo Habilis.|
LSB Leakey. When Mary returned after finding the Boisei skull, LSB went with her, and he discovered another skull with tools around it. Because it used tools when it was alive, it got a new genus, Homo. So any hominid that didn't use tools got the genius Australopithecus, and hominids that used tools got the genus Homo.
|This person found another Homo Habilis skull along with a femur bone, the longest bone in the body, at East Lake Turkana in Kenya.|
Richard Leakey. Richard Leakey is the son of LSB and Mary Leakey. When they got too old, he took over the family business, and went out to find hominid bones.
|Who found a hominid skeleton in Hadar, Ethiopia? It was an Australopithecus Afarensis and was 40% complete.|
Donald Johanson. The skull that Johanson found was the best known specimen of Australopithecus Afarensis. It was labeled AL 288-1 and got the name "Lucy". Australopithecus Afarensis probably lived 3.5 to 3.9 million years ago.
|This person found a hominid skull in Central Chad during the 1990's. It was a Sahelanthropus Tchadensis and the oldest found so far.|
Michelle Brumete. It is one of the oldest that we have found so far, but it looks more human like than the other finds. Since it is such a new fossil, little is known about the Sahelanthropus Tchadensis.
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“Watermelon contains dietary fiber for digestive health as well as potassium, a mineral that helps keep blood pressure capped,” says Cynthia Sass, MPH, RD, Health‘s contributing nutrition editor.
No wonder there's a whole month dedicated to this fruit next month - July is National Watermelon Month.
Did you know
It has more lycopene than raw tomatoes
In just one cup, watermelon has 1.5 times more than a large fresh tomato, 6 milligrams compared to 4 milligrams, according to the USDA. That matters because lycopene is thought to act as a super antioxidant, stopping free radicals from damaging your cells and messing with your immune system. Some research even suggests that lycopene, typically found in red fruits and vegetables, may help fight heart disease and several types of cancer. Pro tip: “To retain the most antioxidants in this delicious superfood, store your watermelon at room temperature before slicing,” Sass says.
The juice can relieve muscle soreness
A Spanish study in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry found that drinking watermelon juice can actually be quite soothing after a grueling workout. Athletes who consumed a little more than 16 ounces an hour before exercise had less muscle soreness and a lower heart rate within a day.
That may be because watermelon contains a natural substance called citrulline that’s been tied to improved artery function and lower blood pressure. In fact, its ability to relax the blood vessels led Texas A&M University researchers to say watermelon has Viagra-like effects. But you’ll need to look beyond the pink flesh if you really want to load up on citrulline—it’s concentrated most in the rind. If that’s not your thing, you can always save it for pickling or preserving later, Sass says.
It’s a fruit AND a vegetable
Like most fruits, watermelon is the product of a seed-producing plant and has a signature sweet taste. But it can be traced back to the squash, pumpkin, and cucumber family known as Cucurbitacea. You can also eat the rind. The dual nature of watermelon makes it all edible, so there’s no excuse to leave any part behind.
It’s packed with water
This food has some serious hydration power. Watermelon is 91.5% water, according to the USDA. That’s a big deal seeing as how being dehydrated is bad for your health. A study published in The Journal of Nutrition found that women with even mild dehydration experienced headaches, poor concentration, fatigue, and worse moods. Dehydration also promotes muscle pain in patients experiencing fibromyalgia.
Improves Insulin Resistance
Insulin is a hormone in the blood that regulates blood sugar by helping it enter cells. PubMed Health explains that when the body does not respond properly to insulin blood sugar stays in the bloodstream. To counteract that occurrence, the body produces more insulin, and the excess insulin and sugar in the bloodstream have a negative effect on the kidneys and triglyceride levels. Watermelon's L-citrulline content raises L-arginine levels which helps reduce circulating blood sugar levels, excess fat and cholesterol levels in animal and human subjects, according to a study in the December 2007 issue of the "Journal of Nutrition."
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MauricioOfficially known as the Republic of Mauritius, it is a famous world tourist destination. The island is located in the Indian Ocean, southeast Africa, about 560 kilometers east of the island of Madagascar. There are many curious and interesting facts about Mauritius that you should know if you want to travel there. Groups ethnic like Africans, French, Asians and Chinese reside in this country.
Although the country occupies slightly less than 1300 kilometers square meters, it is very attractive worldwide making it one of the most visited destinations today. Formed as a result of rashes Underwater volcanic, this island has a lot to offer you, take note:
- The security, the army and the police function on the island of Mauritius are carried out by service personnel, who are commanded by the Commissioner of Police. The island does not have its own army.
- The national animal of Mauritius is Dodo, which has already become extinct. The bird was brutally hunted by the first settlers, as it provides good meat and was easy to hunt.
- The flower Mauritian national is Trochetia Boutoniana, which is commonly seen during the months of June to October.
- The first people to set foot on the island were the Portuguese in 1505. The dutch They followed soon after.
- This leaf-shaped island is the most populous in Africa. It also ranks seventeenth among the most populous countries in the world.
- The life expectancy of people residing in Mauritius is 73 years.
- About 40% of the island's population is in Port Louis, Which is the capital. It was created by the French in 1736.
Most MYSTERIOUS Ocean Facts! (March 2023)
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A clean, healthy and safe environment to support learning
We believe that schools, colleges and universities should provide an environment that supports learning – a clean, hygienic and healthy environment will provide the ideal setting. Not only does environment impact on the student’s emotional wellbeing, but a clean environment will have a direct impact on health with less sickness meaning fewer days missed from school. We also believe in instilling good hygiene practices in children from an early age, to support and reinforce positive hygiene behaviour into adulthood.
Controlling Waste and Costs
The washroom dispensing systems that we recommend are tried and tested in a school setting – robust dispensers built to last; economical systems meaning less wastage and lower consumption; high capacity dispensers which need refilling less frequently, freeing up time for other, added value tasks.
Site Survey and Hygiene Audit
At our initial meeting, we carry out a free Site Survey and Hygiene Audit and typically consider:
- Suitability of existing washroom dispensers
- Does dispenser capacity match the traffic through the washroom?
- Are dispensers needing to be refilled too frequently?
- Ratio of soap dispensers to sinks
- Are the dispensers themselves likely sources of contamination?
- Are the systems wasteful or could we recommend more economical options?
- Do untidy washrooms result from trailing paper, toilet roll cores or soap on sink surrounds?
- Student and staff sickness levels and resulting absenteeism
- Effectiveness of chemicals used on site
- Safety of chemicals used and COSHH considerations
- Hand Hygiene practices
Competitive Pricing and Unrivalled Support
By choosing Avanti as your school’s hygiene partner, you will benefit from the most competitive prices in the market, together with an unrivalled level of support. We are experts in the field of cleaning and hygiene and will guide you on the best products to use for your site. We operate our own dedicated fleet of delivery vehicles for reliable, timely delivery all year round and you will benefit from having an Account Manager to support your school in its hygiene requirements.
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Computer animation in teaching science: Effectiveness in teaching retrograde motion to 9th graders
The purpose of this study is to determine whether an instructional approach which includes computer animations is more effective than a traditional textbook-only approach in helping ninth grade students learn an abstract concept, in this case planetary retrograde motion. This investigation uses a quasi-experimental design with convenient sampling. The independent variable is the type of instruction provided to students; traditional text-based instruction (control group) compared to traditional instruction which also includes the viewing of 4 computer animations (treatment). Two conditions of the treatment examine the relative advantage of the order of the presentation of the animations and text-based instruction, as well as the quality of understanding and the retention of the learning over time. The dependent variable is student achievement which is measured using an instrument designed specifically for this study. Comparison of the independent variable to the dependent variable based upon the results from a Repeated Measure Factorial Design in ANOVA indicates that the treatment is an effective instructional technique. The posttest1 mean score of the treatment groups was significantly greater than the posttest1 mean score of the control group. Further posthoc tests indicate that there was no significant difference between the two treatments (1 and 2); read/animation versus animation/read. However, there was a significant difference in the mean score depending on the pathway, students enrolled in the A pathway achieved a significantly higher mean score after the treatment than students in the B pathway. The A pathway (n = 185) represent the larger heterogeneous population of students as compared to the B pathway (n=16) which includes students with lower cognitive abilities and special needs. When all of the students are included in the analysis the results indicate that students do not retain their understanding of the concept. However, when the students in the B pathway are removed from the data set the analysis changes, the posttest1 and posttest2 means are not significantly different. Students in the A pathway did retain their understanding of the concept and were able to demonstrate it on the assessment. A detailed item analysis of the multiple choice question suggest that students in the B pathway were much more likely to guess on the multiple choice questions than students in the A pathway who show no evidence of guessing. The outcome of this study suggests that an instructional approach with includes viewing computer animations is an effective strategy for teaching and learning an abstract concept in a ninth grade Earth Science classroom. ^
Education, Secondary|Education, Technology of|Education, Sciences
Kristin Elmstrom Klenk,
"Computer animation in teaching science: Effectiveness in teaching retrograde motion to 9th graders"
Dissertations and Master's Theses (Campus Access).
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Pagenstecher (1878) found that ocular massage reduced intraocular pressure.1 Since then this knowledge has been used for the clinical study of glaucoma (tonography) and for "exercising" filtering blebs after external fistulizing operations. The following case report is one of rupture of a filtering bleb from ocular massage.
Report of a Case
A 35-year-old Negro man was first seen in April 1964. At that time the patient gave a history of glaucoma known since 1962. The right eye had been blind since 1960. Visual acuity in the left eye was 20/70 with marked field loss. Applanation tensions ranged between 40 and 56. The patient was started on a regimen of medication for glaucoma with good control for a short time. Gradually, the intraocular pressure rose to the mid-30's on echothiophate iodide 0.25% twice a day, l-epinephrine 1% twice a day, and acetazolamide (1,000 mg/day). By May 1965, there was marked
MILLER GR, KURSTIN J. Ruptured Filtering Bleb After Ocular Massage. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;76(3):363. doi:10.1001/archopht.1966.03850010365011
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New study on brain size and cultural behaviour in whales and dolphins
Authors of a new scientific paper published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution have put forward the theory that there is a link between brain size and social and cultural behaviour in whales and dolphins. The researchers looked at 90 different species of whales and dolphins and suggest the bigger their brains, the more complex their lives can be.
Commenting on the new paper, WDC Research Fellow Philippa Brakes said: “It is an interesting study, that will no doubt provoke some response from the neuroscience and behavioural ecology community. I agree with others that we have to be careful not to fall into the trap of seeing humans as the pinnacle of evolution, which other species may be transiting towards, when in fact all species are beautifully and constantly shaped by the forces of evolution associated with the niche which they inhabit. Just because dolphins don’t have thumbs and will never be capable of the development of material technologies like ours (as noted here), doesn’t mean they are less well adapted for their environment, any more than the fact that I can’t echolocate or hold my breath for half an hour.
“There’s also some acknowledged risk in using brain size as a direct correlate for intelligence. Ask any parrot. Structure can be as important as size. What is interesting here though is this idea that there appears to be a relationship between the degree and type of sociality within whales and dolphins and brain size. Importantly, this research indicates that it isn’t the absolute numbers in a social group that matters, but the types of social relationships between individuals that may influence brain evolution.
“Although the research uses records of social behaviour from both a wild and captive setting, which can be problematic, particularly when assessing the veracity of social behaviour in artificial groups in captivity, the authors argue that their study provides some first evidence that ‘the richness of cooperative social behaviours increases with brain size and group stability in whales and dolphins’. The research also challenges some of the existing ideas about cetacean brain structure and the evolution of sophisticated, socially complex behaviour and provides further evidence against the theory of ‘thermogenesis’ i.e. that whales’ and dolphins’ large brains merely have a heat-producing function.”
The social and cultural roots of whale and dolphin brains
Kieran C. R. Fox, Michael Muthukrishna & Susanne Shultz
Nature Ecology & Evolution (2017)
Find out some amazing facts about intelligence in whales and dolphins.
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Feather Files: Bird-Brained Criminals
The smarter birds are, the meaner they are
The Findings: Brains, not brawn, determine which birds turn to theft to feed themselves and their young.
The Back Story: Snatching food foraged by others, known as kleptoparasitism, is a well-documented behavior among birds. But some bird families--including falcons and eagles--are far more inclined to steal than others, according to a new analysis published in Animal Behaviour. Researchers in Canada and Spain analyzed 856 reports of avian food theft from the scientific literature and found that, while a large body does not correlate with thieving behavior, a big brain does. Only 197 out of the 9,672 known bird species have been observed swiping food, and those species tend to be criminal masterminds--with big brains for their body size--rather than thugs.
The Big Picture: The association between kleptoparasitism and larger brains indicates that the ability to snag food from rivals may stem from greater cognition, not aggressiveness. In other words, for birds, stealing is the smart thing to do.
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At 2pm today, in a field not far from downtown Chicago, a final proton will smash into an antiproton. And then the Tevatron, the most powerful particle accelerator for almost three decades, will be shut off after producing over 500 trillion proton-antiproton collisions (over 10 inverse femtobarns). The Tevatron discovered the top quark, the Bc meson, and the tau neutrino. It measured direct CP violation, constrained the possible mass of the Higgs, precisely measured a range of masses and lifetimes, as well as a host of other important scientific contributions. It was a remarkable machine, but it has now been superseded by the Large Hadron Collider.
Science marches on, and after a glorious career, it is time for the Tevatron to go dark. Fermilab is throwing a goodbye party. You don't just throw a switch and turn off a particle accelerator. The process is slow and deliberate. The superconducting magnets will take roughly a week to warm back up. And the data will take many months to analyze. But at some point tomorrow afternoon North America will witness its last controlled TeV particle collision.
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« ПредыдущаяПродолжить »
The National Debt and Taxation. 135
outlying frontiers of remote dependencies,—to shroud from the country the fact of the expenditure incurred, by adding to debt in the place of increasing taxation. The inquiry how far the cost of a political movement is properly to be shared by posterity, on the ground of the permanent advantages supposed to be reaped by it, is not a very profitable one, inasmuch as any movement on behalf of national defence, national duty, or national enrichment, must be presumably beneficial to the State as an immortal organisation, if it can be justified at all. The better doctrine now recognised, in spite of temporary governmental divergencies and eccentricities, is that each generation knows its own capacity for meeting an emergency, but does not know whether a discontinuance of national prosperity, or the appearance of fresh phenomena wholly unimagined at present, may not place future generations in a very different position with respect to bearing the burden of debt. Thus it seems to be getting admitted as a constitutional maxim, that the presumptive duty of a Government is to meet all current necessities by an increase of taxation, or by short loans the repayment of which is to be distributed over a very limited number of years. Any exception to this can only be justified by reasons of the most special and convincing sort.
With respect to the principles now recognised as applicable to the raising of revenue, the discussion is in most of its aspects an economical rather than a constitutional one. The chief mark, however, of the present era is that purely economical considerations have been allowed a weight, and have been extended over an area, wholly unknown in former times. The passing of the Act for the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846,—the Budget of 1860, which included the provisions for the Commercial Treaty with France, and thereby inaugurated a policy, since largely developed, of international commercial freedom,—and the gradual abolition of innumerable minute taxes, at once vexatious, expensive, and as often as not economically vicious,—are all signs that Parliament has learnt to regard taxation as a purely economical and not as an indirectly political instrument, and that it no longer aims at achieving sinister ends for the advantage of special classes instead of diffusing the loss and the gain as impartially as possible among all. The main controversy which is still an outstanding one relates to the superior merit of direct or of indirect taxation, or of a system compounded of both; and, in the case of indirect taxation, to the special vices and virtues of the income-tax. But in the discussion of these great questions no fixed antipathy or prejudice is allowed to block the way. Parliament has vindicated its constitutional ability to collect money for the service of the State from any quarters, by any methods, and in accordance with any principles, it may from time to time approve.
In this review of the novel constitutional attitude of Parliament in respect to industry and social economy, the selection of topics has been perforce somewhat arbitrary, and much legislation of the highest degree of importance as bearing on the social and economical development of the people has not been adverted to. To such legislation belong the topics of national education, the reform of the judicature, the introduction of county courts, the abolition of imprisonment for debt, the reform of the bankruptcy and insolvency system, the regulations affecting merchant shipping in the interests Local Government. 137
of traders, sailors, and the public, and, last of all, the attempts, more or less successful and systematic, to codify the Common and the Statute Law. An allusion to such topics as these is sufficient here, in view of the expansive treatment given to the subjects which have been selected as characteristic instances. So far as the Constitution is concerned, the principles which have determined Parliamentary action have been practically uniform. The obligation of recognising established economical theories, of reconciling the claims of the poor and dependent with the interests of the influential capitalist, and of abstaining from such interference as is prompted only by a regard for the advantage of special classes of society, seems to have been fully recognised in the course of this legislation. Where it has not been recognised at the time, later amending statutes have admitted the defect, and shown the true intention of Parliament to be in conformity with the principles of the Constitution as now apprehended.
4. There are some persons who, with an historical taste, and not without a romantic sensibility to the picturesque and antique, are disposed to find the centre of gravity of the British Constitution rather in the Parish, the County, and the Borough,1 than in Parliament. These persons not only cleave affectionately to all that is still alive in institutions which at one time were the main agencies of Government, so far as it directly affected the life and happiness of the people, but are not without regret at the passing away of the most fossilised portions of those institutions, and at the gradual absorption of all local machinery for government in the common and
1 See Mr. Toulmin Smith's The Parish, and Gneist's SelfQorernment in England.
uniform organ of Parliament. In spite, however, of the fears, regrets, or hopes of this or that section of the community, there is no doubt that the last fifty years have been witnessing an almost startling transmutation of what are often regarded, especially on the Continent, as the most characteristic features of English political existence. The change is not denoted in any sweeping attempt to substitute a centralised for a localised system of government; and any description of the process which has been at work based on the familiar theoretical opposition of central to local government would be misleading and superficial. It is true that there is scarcely a single instrument of local government which has not been of late touched and recast by Parliament; and no doubt a casual observer, mentally preoccupied with analogies and theories to be found anywhere, would at once descry in most of the changes effected a determined and hazardous passage towards centralisation of the most pronounced type.1 But there are two sorts of
1 Mr. John Austin's article on Centralisation, in the Edinburgh Review for January 1847, may be consulted for the purpose of clearing the mind from the obscurities and confusion with which current popular treatises and newspaper articles are replete on this subject Mr. Austin, more tuo, analyses with surpassing acuteness the rival views and theories prevalent in this country and on the Continent, and weighs in golden scales the exact amount of use and abuse to which centralised institutions are open. He exposes the fallacy which underlies the very term Self-Government, evaluates the worth of paid and unpaid functionaries generally, and adverts to the consequences of a multiplication of functionaries. His suggestions as to improved machinery for relieving the House of Commons from some of its self-imposed burdens, especially in respect of the preparation for private bills and the detailed task of criticising the language of all bills in Committee after the second reading, are worthy of all attention. Mr. Austin is especially at pains to distinguish between centralisation and over-government, on which Two Sorts of Centralisation. 139
centralisation,—one, that of structure or mechanism,— the other that of spirit and intention. The centralisation of mechanism implies in itself nothing more than (1) the possession in the hands of a central authority of all the skeins, perhaps tangled and intricate, of the work which is being conducted by innumerable subordinate authorities throughout the country, (2) an incessant contact with all these authorities through the medium of reports and reciprocal communications, and (3) a faculty, whether exercised or not, of controlling or flexibly modifying, to the minutest point of refinement, the action of the authorities dependent upon it. A spirit of centralisation is manifested in the actual exercise of such a faculty for the purpose either of producing absolute uniformity, or of over-riding local opinion and choice in a measure which, in the view of those who dislike centralisation, exceeds what is imperatively required by the common interests of the country. The latter sort of centralisation may or may not be good, according to the matters with which it is concerned, or the times and places of its existence. The other sort of centralisation, that of easy and orderly mechanism, is always good everywhere, and implies nothing more than the utmost economy of expense, labour, and practical knowledge, with enlarged opportunities of homogeneous improvement. Probably the utmost perfection of political efficiency would be attained where mechanical centralisation was developed to the utmost possible extent, and where the centralisation which relates to the spirit and essence of government
last-mentioned topic his remarks are of considerable weight, and may be compared with the well-known views of Mr. Herbert Spencer is his Social Statics and scattered political essays.
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SANTA FE >> The New Mexico Department of Health released a report describing early findings about Bernalillo County residents with Clostridium difficile infections. Clostridium difficile infections have been declared an "urgent threat" by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with 250,000 infections per year across the country requiring hospitalization or affecting already hospitalized patients. It is the cause of 14,000 deaths per year nationwide. Between 2000 and 2007, deaths related to C. difficile quadrupled nationally, in part because of a stronger bacteria strain that emerged.
Clostridium difficile (also known as C. diff) are bacteria responsible for a gastrointestinal illness that includes symptoms of watery diarrhea, fever, nausea, abdominal pain or tenderness, and/or loss of appetite. People who have illnesses or conditions requiring prolonged use of antibiotics and the elderly are at greater risk of getting C. diff. The bacteria in the sick person's stool can be spread when they contaminate surfaces (for example, a door knob or hand rail that they touch after using the bathroom but not washing their hands) that are then touched by others who then touch their own mouths or mucous membranes. Healthcare personnel can also spread the bacteria between patients through direct hand contact or through contaminated surfaces such as medical equipment that has not been properly cleaned.
In Bernalillo County during 2011-2012, C. diff caused more than 2,400 new infections. Nearly two thirds of infections were seen in individuals who had a positive laboratory test more than three days after admission to a healthcare facility, or who had had an overnight stay in a healthcare facility the past three months. More than one third of infections were classified as community-associated and were not related to recent overnight stays in healthcare facilities.
The findings among all infections also included:
• Majority of infections were seen in adults over the age of 65, however infections were also seen among children and younger adults
• Nearly half of individuals had been taking antibiotics
• One out of four individuals had been taking acid-reducing medications
• Nearly one out of five individuals had been taking medications that could weaken their immune systems
• Repeat illness occurred after the original infections were diagnosed in more than one quarter of individuals
The New Mexico Department of Health recommends:
• Take antibiotics only as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Antibiotics can save lives; however, good germs that protect against infection can be destroyed for several months after taking antibiotics.
• Tell your healthcare provider if you get diarrhea within a few months of taking antibiotics or staying in the hospital.
• If you have diarrhea, try to use a separate bathroom from others. Be sure that bathrooms are cleaned well, preferably with solution or product containing 10% bleach, if someone with diarrhea has used them.
• Always wash your hands well after using the bathroom.
For the New Mexico Epidemiology report, go to the Department of Health website at: http://nmhealth.org/ERD/HealthData/documents/NMDOH-ER-CD-Infection-20131101-EN.pdf
For more information about how to stop Clostridium difficile infections, in English and in Spanish, go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at: http://cdc.gov/Features/VitalSigns/HAI/ and to know how to get smart about when antibiotics work, in English and Spanish, go to: http://cdc.gov/getsmart/index.html.
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JOPLIN, MO.--- An area university will soon have more shade for the students. Biology students at Missouri Southern State University in Joplin celebrated Earth Day by planting dozens of trees. They planted 80 seedlings around the biology pond and in empty fields around the buildings. Six different species of trees were planted. Organizers say it teaches students a valuable lesson about the environment.
"Just the importance of trees did every single year. We need to repopulate those as well. When we have trees that are landscaped, adding to that landscape with trees," said Teresa Boman, MSSU Biology.
Students spent two hours planting trees all throughout the campus.
Copyright 2014 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
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Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.
Camels don’t store water, but fat, which is used as an energy reserve. Water is stored throughout their bodies, particularly in the bloodstream, which makes them very good at avoiding dehydration. Camels can lose 40 per cent of their body-weight before they are affected by it. When they do drink, they really go for it – up to 225 litres at a time. Here are a few quite interesting facts about camels, which have nothing to do with their humps. Before elephants acquired their reputation for long memories, the ancient Greeks believed it was camels that didn’t forget.
Camel-racing in the United Arab Emirates has started to use robot riders in place of the traditional child jockeys. The remotely operated riders were developed following a ban on the use of jockeys under sixteen years of age. The only qualifications needed to become a jockey are not to weigh much and be able to scream in terror.
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от преподавателя, поднявшего результат более 2000 учеников разного уровня знаний до 80-100 баллов
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What is Unconscious Bias in the Workplace? The Everyone Guide
This is the first in a series of blogs that tackle the big topics around diversity and inclusion, head on. We start with unconscious bias in the workplace; what it is, where it comes from and what you can do about it.
If you know you need help tackling unconscious bias in the workplace jump straight to our unconscious bias training section or see how to avoid bias in recruitment and selection.
What do we mean by unconscious bias?
In layperson’s terms, unconscious bias might also be described as ‘going on gut instinct’, ‘having a kneejerk reaction’ or ‘making assumptions’.
Where does unconscious bias come from?
People are naturally biased and even when you intend to be completely fair, your brain has a hard time remaining impartial. Cognitive or unconscious biases are the mind’s way of making associations between two concepts automatically and can be helpful mental shortcuts, allowing us to process information rapidly.
We instinctively place people into categories using criteria like skin colour, weight, age, gender, accent, level of education, sexuality or social status. This categorising saves our brain the time and effort of absorbing and processing information, allowing us to use our mental resources for other tasks.
Unfortunately, the same process can also affect our behaviour in undesirable ways and prevents us acting in our own best interests. When we experience unconscious bias in the workplace it also means that we are also prevented from acting in the best interests of the business.
Categorising people can lead us to make assumptions about them that may well not be true and treat them differently based on those biases. Even if we don’t consciously believe in stereotypes, our brain has a natural tendency to rely on them.
Is unconscious bias scientifically proven?
We are asking our brains to process millions of different bits of information in any given day, but we can only consciously process about 40 pieces of information every few minutes. So the brain has to create short cuts, which we use subconsciously.
The part of the brain responsible for creating these mental shortcuts is called the Amygdala. The Amygdala is an almond-shaped set of neurons located deep in the brain’s medial temporal lobe. Shown to play a key role in the processing of emotions, the amygdala forms part of the limbic system. This is also the part of our brain that detects and responds to fear and danger.
How does my brain know which shortcuts to take?
Our mental shortcuts are guided by the patterns we see in the world around us. We’re influenced by our upbringing, our friends, our education, our past experiences, the media and so on. These are our sources of influence and they affect how we feel about and react to different people. Our unconscious shortcuts are therefore shaped by the world around us and don’t always align with our conscious beliefs.
I bet you’re thinking ‘I’m sure I’m not biased’
There has been lots of research into bias in the workplace that has shown time and again that none of us is immune to it. It’s been shown to affect how we recruit people, how we give people feedback and how salary negotiations play out.
In one study of a recruitment process, a CV was considered by different recruiting managers. The CV was identical except for the fact that one had the name John at the top and the other had the name Jennifer.
The managers overwhelming decided to offer the job to John. They would pay him a higher starting salary on average and be more likely to mentor him. Despite having an identical CV to Jennifer.
What’s more, it didn’t make any difference whether the hiring manager was a man or a woman: they still displayed the same bias towards John.
The same study has been repeated using ethnically diverse sounding names alongside white Western names. Those with the Anglo-sounding names were shown to be more likely to get a call back for a second interview.
Research in London has shown that you’re more likely to get offered a job as a man if you are wearing black shoes over brown ones to an interview.
Black shoes have a historical association with professional roles and a higher social class. Most of us would never hold this as a conscious belief but somehow it still impacts our decision-making.
Getting very specific, research published in the European Journal of Finance in 2016 showed that professional financial advisors with millionaire clients gave biased advice because – unconsciously – they considered female investors to be less knowledgeable about investments than men and to have less control over their investment portfolios. This was true regardless of the gender of the advisor. Check out our post on Why high status is no protection against unconscious bias at work.
This astonishing bias against high wealth individuals by members of their own gender demonstrates one of the great truths about unconscious bias; we all have it whether we acknowledge it or not, because it’s a natural human trait that is created by the world around us.
How does implicit bias affect me at work?
You are most susceptible to making a biased decision when you are interacting with other people. In any conversation with your direct reports or colleagues, you are at risk of making assumptions, jumping to conclusions or reverting to your gut instincts.
One of the interesting things about unconscious bias at work is that if you’re interacting with other people and you’re also under pressure, then the likelihood of being governed by your biases increases. If you’re having to fill in the blanks due to lack of information, or at the other extreme, you have information overload then again, the impact of bias is more pronounced.
How can we combat unconscious bias in the workplace?
Fortunately, there is a lot we can do to combat unconscious bias. When EW Group trains individuals on how to challenge unconscious bias at work, the first step is to acknowledge that unconscious bias exists and that we all have preconceptions about people which we cannot control.
When you ask most people to justify a decision or choice they made, they will have an explanation, but it’s often not the whole truth. We are trained to rationalise decisions that have actually been made by our subconscious without any logical input. In order to overcome the bias that’s built-in to our brain, we need to question our beliefs and decisions, even when they ‘feel’ right.
Bias is different for all of us but is often completely at odds with our conscious beliefs. I doubt many of you get out of bed in the morning planning to treat people unfairly or unequally, but the results of numerous scientific studies prove that we do.
Of course, over the years there have been sceptics such as clinical psychologist, Jordan Peterson, who questioned the concept of unconscious bias. You can read more about this debate and our response to it in our CEO, Jane Farrell’s blog ‘Jordan Peterson and the unconscious bias debate.’
The only effective way to override unconscious bias in the workplace is by continually questioning the assumptions you are making about others based on how they look, who they are and how they present themselves. Check out our recruitment and selection training for proven strategies to address unconscious bias at work.
The benefits of an inclusive workplace are many; enhanced creativity and innovation, higher levels of productivity from a culturally diverse workforce, all of whom bring something different and enriching to the table.
Unconscious bias in the workplace resources
– For an audio guide on Unconscious Bias listen to our Podcast Series 2, Episode 4
– Check out our bespoke and customisable unconscious bias training programmes and our unconscious bias in recruitment and selection training
– In our 5 Steps to Inclusive Recruitment, Teresa Norman shares her thoughts on how to attract diverse talent from the job description to interview.
– Read how we helped these clients tackle unconscious bias in the workplace, Dounray, BBC and The Metropolitan Police Service
– See our award-winning partnership with Harvey Nash, developing a bespoke e-learning programme to mitigate unconscious bias at work and develop inclusive teams
– Watch this Tedx talk to find out more about unconscious bias from Inclusion Consultant Helen Turnbull.
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Scott: You talked a little bit about nutrition. When it comes to cancer, what role does sugar play?
Ty Bollinger: Sugar... sugar plays a huge part because sugar is the primary food of cancer. Cancer loves to eat sugar. It doesn't really... necessarily eat it, that's just my non-doctor perspective. But the cancer ferments glucose, in order to produce energy. And cells have to produce energy to live. So cancer cells are anaerobic, they ferment glucose in order to live. So sugar plays a huge role. If you deprive them of their primary fuel requirement, you have a good chance of killing them.
And so cancer is... because cancer loves sugar, sugar is the first thing that should go in an anti-cancer diet. If you're really serious about combating cancer or preventing cancer, don't eat sugar. I don't eat sugar. Now sometimes I'll ingest and I won't know it. If somebody serves me some baked chicken with a sauce over the top of it, it's probably got sugar. I'm gonna eat it, ok? I'm going to eat it. But I don't add sugar to my foods. I don't eat white, processed sugar. I don't eat desserts. So sugar's a good thing to eliminate.
Now the next question would be, what about fruits? Because fruits are high in natural sugar. Your body metabolizes fruits much different than table sugar. Now if you're a cancer patient and you feel led, you can eliminate all fruits, that can't be a bad decision. But maybe you don't want to. I know many people that have done, that are... they call themselves fruitarians. I know a lady from Panama that had developed a very serious breast cancer. She took on a fruitarian diet. All she ate was fruit. Totally cured her cancer! OK? But it's up to you. The main thing is I would recommend avoiding processed sugars. The natural sugars in fruits and vegetables are much more utilizable by your body and less harmful than anything processed like white sugar.
Scott: So if sugar's bad, then artificial sweeteners must take care of that problem, right?
Ty: Yeah! Well, yeah, you don't get the calories with the artificial sweeteners, but the calories are not the problem, necessarily. For instance with aspartame. Aspartame's a huge problem, because it's a neurotoxin. Dr. Blaylock talked a little bit about that last week when we talked. He's heavy into aspartame and MSG, as a matter of fact. Both which are excitotoxins, they excite your brain cells to death. Aspartame's a problem because it causes brain lesions, brain cancers, stroke, nervousness, jittering, I mean, there's a list of five hundred symptoms that aspartame causes. Now how did it ever get approved in our food supply? That's a story in and of itself with G.D. Searle and Donald Rumsfeld back in the early 80's. And you can read about it in many places online about how that actually got approved. It was actually on a Pentagon list of bio warfare agents in the mid 70's. It was stumbled upon by a scientist at GD Searle that was working on insecticides, and he found one that was sweet. That's, that is the inception of aspartame. Stay away from it! Because not only does it cause brain lesions and cause brain cancers and cause a host of other problems. And this has been documented by the adverse, what's it called? Not the vaccine adverse reaction but by the... there's a list that the FDA compiles of adverse reactions to different chemicals. This has been accounted for. And if you extrapolate... based on the fact that only I think 10 percent of people that actually have a bad reaction, report them. And based on the actual numbers, I think it's extrapolated something like ten million cases, or problems with aspartame, has been, have been... would've been reported over the last twenty years if everything had been reported, instead of just a fraction. I don't know if that makes sense? It means that aspartame... the problems with aspartame are universal. Everybody has problems. The main... the most common one is headache. How many people do you know that say 'after I drink a diet Coke, I get a headache?' It's because of the aspartame.
But not only that, it's the fact that aspartame... if you're looking to lose weight, and you're replacing sugar with aspartame to avoid the calories, it's been shown that aspartame triggers receptors in your brain that make you hungrier later. So while you drink the coke, diet coke or diet pepsi or whatever, you may not be getting the calories. And hour from now you're going to go eat food you wouldn't have eaten before, because it just created this hunger sensation in your body because it stimulated these different neurotransmitters in your brain that make you hungry later. So... and that's why, how often do you see a huge fat guy drinking a diet coke? Something ain't working right there, Scott. And it's because, well, he may have been fat before. I'm not saying that. But it definitely creates hunger in a person later.
What role does sugar play in cancer and cancer prevention? Medical researcher Ty Bollinger discusses the role sugar plays in cancer and prevention. He also discusses the difference between processed sugars and natural sugars found in fruits and vegetables. Also find out what artificial sweeteners do and if they are a good substitute.
Follow iHealthTube on Twitter at https://twitter.com/ihealthtube
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I’m a big fan of radical ecological artwork. Pittsburgh’s artist collective Justseeds has a great variety for those interested. One of my favorite works is Roger Peet’s intricate web showing some of the dynamics at play causing the Sixth Mass Extinction, which is rapidly unfolding before our very eyes. Some causes are obvious and well-known, like deforestation and industrialization, and others exist in a more shadowy underworld, like the pet trade and “superstitious” medicine. Some of the victims of the Sixth Mass Extinction are depicted as well, like pangolins and menhadens*.
From Peet’s description of the piece:
This is a time of great and sustained dying; the web of life facing assaults previously impossible in its 3.8 billion year history. Many mass extinctions have winnowed the species of the earth, but this one is different: it’s not an asteroid, or a series of enormous volcanoes, or a drastic shift in ocean chemistry that’s causing it. This time it’s a species. It’s us.
This print is a diagram that visually illustrates the ways that this 6th mass extinction works. Inside the circles are the various mechanisms at the heart of Earth’s biodiversity crisis, coupled with some of the lesser-known creatures affected.
The mechanisms illustrated include deforestation, hunting and trapping, the pet trade, industrial fishing, global trade mechanisms and invading species, traditional medicines and superstition, and at the heart of everything, the human appetite.
Species depicted are: Mountain Gorilla, Spix’s Macaw, Whooping Crane, Pangolin, Horned Frog, Menhaden, Ganges Shark, Silky Sifaka. The three circles depicting trade mechanisms are accompanied by images of the Green Crab, the Brown Tree Snake, and the Redback Spider. There’s also a Mobula Manta in that fishing net at bottom right.
* – Editor’s Note: I prefer to pluralize all animal species (like Pangolins and Menhadens) so as to reinforce the fact that each animal is a unique, thinking, feeling individual.
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Cash, Charge or Credit card?
Card money is now available in various types, but fundamentally, they are of 3 types — cash, charge and credit. A cash card is an ATM card used to draw money from an ATM. If this card were to be used at a merchant location then the user’s PIN would be required, unlike the debit card. In both cases, the money is debited from a bank account. A charge card is not associated with an account. Instead, a bill of expenses is sent to the customer at the end of each month to be settled that same month. The card gives more leeway to customers in that it allows a certain amount of credit to be accumulated over a period of time. However, as we have seen in the recent past, this comfort may come with a heavy price.
Brief history of the Card
Granting and accepting credit has been prevalent in society since the time of the barter economy of ancient Egypt. However, the concept of using a card to keep track of this started being used in the United States in the early 1900s. Each merchant offered a card to keep a line of credit with his store or business. This was becoming very cumbersome and in 1950, Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara decided to take steps to consolidate these cards into The Diners Club. In 1958, BankAmericard was launched, which today has become Visa. It was met with close competition in 1966 from Master Charge, which later became Master card. Barclaycard was launched in 1966 in UK, the first such card outside the states.
The pentacle of card system
There are 5 entities in the card system – Customer, issuing bank, merchant, acquiring bank and the card network. Firstly, there is the customer who holds the card. The bank that issues this card is called the issuing bank. A purchase can only be made when the merchant accepts the card for payment. For this, he should have a card account with his bank. The bank that handles the merchant side of the transaction is called the acquiring bank. Last and arguably the most vital part of the system is an international card network like the Visa or MasterCard.
Card — behind the scenes
Here is what happens when your merchant swipes your card and enters the amount of the transaction. The swipe machine is connected to a credit card network, such as Visa. The machine contacts the networks’ servers that in turn identify the issuing bank from the data read off from the magnetic strip or chip. On contacting the issuing bank, the bank checks the account information to make sure the account is valid, card is not reported stolen or missing and that the account’s credit limit is not exceeded with this transaction. If the transaction is cleared, it places a pending transaction flag against this account for the amount specified. The card network also takes care of the actual transfer of funds from the issuing bank to the acquiring bank, which takes place in one or two days after the transaction.
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What Is Parging in Construction?
Parging is a common term used in the construction industry to describe the process of applying a thin coat of mortar or cement to the exterior walls of a building. This technique is primarily used to improve the visual appearance of the walls, provide protection against water penetration, and enhance the overall durability of the structure.
The parging process involves cleaning the wall surface thoroughly to remove any dirt, debris, or loose material. Once the surface is clean, a mixture of mortar or cement is prepared and applied to the wall using a trowel or a sprayer. The layer of mortar is then smoothed and leveled to create a seamless and uniform finish.
Parging serves several important purposes in construction. Firstly, it acts as a protective barrier against water penetration. By creating a waterproof layer, it helps prevent moisture from seeping into the walls and causing damage such as mold growth or structural deterioration. Additionally, parging can also improve the insulation properties of the walls, reducing energy consumption and enhancing the comfort level inside the building.
Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Why is parging necessary for construction projects?
Parging is necessary to protect the exterior walls from water damage and improve the overall aesthetics and durability of the building.
2. Can parging be applied to any type of wall surface?
Parging can be applied to a variety of wall surfaces, including concrete, brick, and stone.
3. How long does parging last?
With proper maintenance, parging can last for many years. However, factors such as weather conditions and the quality of the application can affect its longevity.
4. Can parging be done as a DIY project?
While it is possible to attempt parging as a DIY project, it is recommended to hire a professional for optimal results, as it requires skill and experience.
5. How much does parging cost?
The cost of parging varies depending on factors such as the size of the wall, the type of material used, and the labor involved. It is best to obtain quotes from multiple contractors for an accurate estimate.
6. Is parging only used for exterior walls?
Parging is primarily used for exterior walls, but it can also be applied to interior walls in some cases, especially in basements or areas prone to moisture.
7. Can parging be done on already painted walls?
Parging can be applied to painted walls, but it is essential to prepare the surface properly by removing any loose or chipped paint before applying the mortar.
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In every business entity, there are certain expenses/losses which are related to the current accounting period but amount of which is not known with certainty because they are not yet incurred. It is necessary to make provision for such items for ascertaining true net profit.
For example, a trader who sells on credit basis knows that some of the debtors of the current period would default and would not pay or would pay only partially. It is necessary to take into account such an expected loss while calculating true and fair profit/loss according to the principle of Prudence or Conservatism. Therefore, the trader creates a Provision for Doubtful Debts to take care of expected loss at the time of realisation from debtors. In the same manner, Provision for repairs and renewals may also be created to provide for expected repair and renewal of the fixed assets.
Examples of provisions are:
- Provision for depreciation;
- Provision for bad and doubtful debts;
- Provision for taxation;
- Provision for discount on debtors; and
- Provision for repairs and renewals.
In the balance sheet, the amount of provision may be shown either:
By deducting it from the concerned asset on the assets side.
By showing it on the liabilities side of the balance sheet along with current liabilities, for example provision for taxes and provision for repairs and renewals.
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The Full Moon Day of Thadingyut or Lighting Festival of Burma
by Ashin Mettacara, OpEdNews, October 14, 2008
Rangoon, Burma -- Today is the Full Moon Day of Thagingyut, the seventh month in the Burmese calendar and the end of Lent (waso) for Buddhist monks. The Full Moon Day of Thadingyut is the Lighting Festival of Burma. The Lighting Festival falls over a period of three days; the day before full moon, full moon day itself and the day after.
The celebration of this festival is to illuminate the anniversary of Buddha's return from heaven (Savatimsa) where He had spent lent. Lent covers a period of three months when Buddhist monks retreat. During Lent monks may not travel anywhere.
Why did the Buddha spend Lent in heaven?
Queen Mayadevi died after giving birth to Buddha. She was reborn in heaven. Seven years later, the Buddha went to heaven in order to express gratitude to His mother. He spent Lent (three months) there, preaching the Abhidhamma (the profound teaching of Buddha) to His mother goddess and the other gods.
After end of the Lent (Full Moon Day), the Buddha returned from heaven to the human world, people from all over the country lit candles to welcome Him back. As years passed by, it became a tradition and a festival. When this festival takes place in a small town and villages it is more enjoyable than it is in cities.
On the festival day itself, groups of young people and children can be seen walking with candles and gifts in their hands, paying respect to elders. In Burmese we call this Kadaw, actually it is more than paying respects or doing obeisance. For Buddhists, the Buddha, His teachings (Dhamma), Monks (Sangha), Parents and Teachers are the first to receive this honour, next are those who are older and then those to whom we owe gratitude.
Weddings are taboo during the Buddhist lent, therefore weddings during this period are rare. Though is more fun to begin one's married life amidst festivities. Thadingyut, therefore, is not only replete with festivities, but is also an auspicious time for Burmese to practice the custom of remembering gratitude.
Younger people pay homage to elders during this season. They ask for forgiveness if they have committed any harm and in return, the elders return love and forgiveness.
October 13th, 14th, 15th of 2008 is Lighting festival, practiced country-wide in Burma.
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You wouldn’t think that dark and cold could yield a rainbow of deep color, but some of nature’s most colorful vegetables thrive in the harsh winter months that are typically void of flourishing plant life.
From dark magenta beets to hot pink radishes and lavender turnips ‑‑ winter root vegetables aren’t considered favorites to many, but offer a rich flavor that is perfectly comforting on cold nights and a unique balance of sweet, bitter, nutty and filling.
While some root vegetables – such as potatoes, carrots or onions -- are available in spring and summer, winter root vegetables are at their peak of flavor in the late fall and winter because it takes exposure to near-freezing temperatures for two to four weeks to develop the roots and convert the vegetables’ starch into sugar, a process that is necessary to develop their sweet, nutty flavor.
This is especially true in parsnips, rutabagas and turnips. While turnips do grow in the south, they’re typically used for their greens more than their roots.
Most of the root vegetables have edible greens that are full of nutrients, with the exception of potatoes whose stems and greens are highly poisonous.
All root vegetables contain healthful fiber and slow-digesting carbohydrates but they also offer an array of vitamins, minerals and nutrients that our bodies crave during months when days are shorter, sunlight is sparse and immunities are low due to seasonal illnesses or cold temperatures.
Parsnips: It may look like a white carrot, but it’s actually sweeter than a carrot and has a much firmer texture. They are high in vitamin C, potassium, folic acid and fiber. They are best enjoyed roasted as this cooking technique caramelizes the natural sugars in the vegetable.
Rutabagas: Similar to a turnip, a rutabaga is actually a cross between a turnip and a cabbage. They are very high in potassium and also contain a good amount of magnesium, B-6, fiber, vitamin C and protein. Rutabagas are best grown in northern areas or as a fall crop. When they develop and mature in hot weather, they do not develop typical sweetness and flavor. They are often used in European cuisine as a substitute for mashed potatoes. The large round root is more dense than a potato and simply needs to be peeled, cubed and boiled before mashing the same way as a potato.
Turnips: A rich source of vitamin C, turnips also give you a boost of vitamins B-2, B-3, B-9, E and K. It also contains the magnesium and potassium, phosphorus and zinc.
Carrots: Commonly known for their beta-carotene content, which is converted to vitamin A and protects against macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness.
Beets: These red and golden vegetables are packed with unique phytonutrients called betalains, which provide support for the body’s antioxidants and detoxifcation process.
Unlike most other red vegetables, which have anthocyanins to thank for their distinctive color (think red cabbage), beets derive their hue from pigments called betalains, which range in color from red-violet to yellow. Betalains, in addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, trigger a family of enzymes that binds toxic substances in cells, neutralizing and allowing them to be excreted from the body.
Radishes: High in vitamin C, radishes are helpful in lowering cholesterol, curing urinary tract disorders, and increasing the supply of fresh oxygen in the bloodstream.
Some other root vegetables to look for include daikon, horseradish, salsify, celery root and parsley root.
Roasted Carrots & Parsnips with Shallots
1 pound medium carrots, scrubbed well (peeled if desired)
1 pound parsnips, scrubbed well (peeled if desired)
8 shallots, peeled and halved
2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar
1 tablespoon honey
1 tablespoon coarse mustard
3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
Coarse salt and freshly ground pepper
Preheat oven to 450 degrees. Toss carrots, parsnips, and shallots with balsamic vinegar, honey, mustard and oil, and season with salt and pepper. Spread mixture onto a large rimmed baking sheet, and roast, turning sheets once, until vegetables are golden brown and tender, about 35 minutes.
Rutabaga & Cauliflower Mash
1 head cauliflower
2 cloves whole garlic
1/2 cup milk
3 tablespoons butter
Peel the rutabaga and cut into 1 inch pieces. Fill a large pot with water and bring to a boil. Let the rutabaga boil for 30 minutes then add the cauliflower and garlic and boil until it is very tender, about 10 minutes. Remove the pot from the heat and drain. Place the pot back on the stove and while stirring over very low heat allow any additional moisture to steam out of the vegetables. Add the milk and butter and mash. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
Sautéed Kale and Beets
1 bunch of kale
1/4 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon honey
2 tablespoons olive oil
To prepare beets bring a pot of water to a simmer. Cut off the root stem of the beets and remove the green leafy tops. Place the beets in the simmering water and let cook for about five minutes or until slightly fork tender. Remove the beets from the water and cut into thin wedges. To prepare the kale, fold the leaves in half lengthwise with the backside of the leaf facing out. Cut down the back vein of the leaf to remove the center and stem. Discard stems. Roll leaves and slice into thin strips. Place in a large bowl and toss with the honey, 1 tablespoon of oil and salt. Heat a large sauté pan with the remaining tablespoon of oil. Add the beets and sauté until lightly crisp on the outside. Add the kale and sauté until wilted.
Roasted Turnips with Parmesan
2 pounds turnips, peeled and cut into 1/2-inch wedges
1/8 teaspoon cayenne pepper
1/4 teaspoon ground nutmeg
2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
Coarse salt and ground pepper
1/4 cup grated Parmesan
Preheat oven to 475 degrees. On a rimmed baking sheet, combine turnips, cayenne, nutmeg, and oil. Season with salt and pepper and toss well to coat. Sprinkle with Parmesan and toss gently to combine. Arrange turnips in a single layer and roast until golden on both sides, 25 to 30 minutes, flipping halfway through.
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In literal terms, continuous exposure to Hypoxia would only be that in which you spent 24 hours a day breathing hypoxic air. This would be a classic regimen of Live High – Train High LHTH – Live Up and Train Up as it could be done in a High Performance Center at Altitude like the CAR of Sierra Nevada which is located at 2320m, for example.
This method would be of particular interest to mountaineers and other types of athletes who have to practice physical activity and / or compete at altitude.
A variation of this method is the Live High Train High & Low LHTHL, Live Up and Train Up and Down, you live and train at altitude but for some workouts you descend to a lower altitude.
This hypoxic regime has the characteristic of being natural due to the hypobaric hypoxia that occurs when ascending in altitude and the air becomes less dense, becoming rarefied and making breathing difficult as the amount of O2 in it decreases.
Continuous Artificial Hypoxia
Performing continuous hypoxia artificially is possible. There are hotels / apartments / chambers that recreate a normobaric hypoxic environment inside, in such a way that you can spend 24 hours a day in hypoxia and even undergo training in hypoxia if they have adequate installation and equipment for this purpose inside.
It is a viable option for those who cannot easily access a concentration at altitude due to the logistical and economic difficulties they require.
In practice, it is not an optimal solution for an athlete to have to be locked up in an enclosure 24 hours a day for 12-60 days, where most likely they will not be able to carry out all their training inside the enclosure. Therefore, whoever wants to perform continuous hypoxia will opt for a “real” altitude concentration, or for a semi-continuity regimen sleeping in a Hypoxia Tent and adding the maximum number of hours per day in Hypoxia at Rest (HI and / or IHE) breathing through mask and hypoxia generator.
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As a Christian theist, I am a “dualist”; I identify the brain and mind (as well as the body and soul) as two distinct entities and realities. Dualism describes mind and matter as two separate categories of being; neither can be reduced to the other in any way. If nonmaterial minds truly do exist, they are free to possess their own distinct characteristics, unshared by their physical counterparts (brains).
Materialists (those who reject non-material entities) typically reject such dualistic explanations. If dualism is true, the source for nonmaterial mind cannot come from “inside the room” of the material universe, and this, in and of itself, is objectionable to those committed to atheistic, material explanations. As a result, atheists have offered several objections to dualism. In this article, I’d like to examine just one of them to discover if it minimized the strength of the Christian explanation of reality:
Objection: Dualistic Interaction Is Difficult to Understand, Therefore Dualism Is Untrue
The “interaction problem” is perhaps the largest obstacle for dualist explanations. Dualists believe the mind is completely distinct from the brain yet interacts with it in some way. But how precisely does this occur, especially given the nonmaterial nature of the mind? The laws of physics explain the causal interactions between physical objects, but how can a nonmaterial mind interact with a material brain? In response to this objection, philosophers have historically offered a variety of explanations, including “occasionalism,” “parallelism,” and “epiphenomenalism” (read God’s Crime Scene for more on these definitions).
But even without certainty related to the specific way in which the mind relates to the brain, this objection alone fails to exclude dualism from consideration. Our lack of understanding about how the mind interacts isn’t prohibitive evidence against this interaction. If dualism is true, we must look to a source external to the physical universe to explain the existence of the mind. This opens the door to the reasonable existence of God and, as a result, extra-natural explanations for the interaction between mind and brain.
However, even without pondering the Divine, there are several examples of causal interactions here in our universe for which we have less than complete understanding. Magnetic fields act on objects, as do gravitational forces. In both cases we have no doubt about the causal interaction between entities, yet we have less than complete understanding about the precise nature of these interactions. And in both cases, the nature of the causes and the character of the effects appear to be substantively different, just as the nature of the mind and the brain are fundamentally different.
I’ve edited and excerpted this brief summary from my expansive (and referenced) investigation in God’s Crime Scene. Any effort to deny the distinct differences between mental states and brain states simply ignores the evidence, errantly redefines the nature of the mind, or suffers from a logical inconsistency (three flaws common to false arguments in most criminal trials). Dualism remains the best explanation for our common experience of consciousness in spite of the “interaction problem.” The best explanation for the existence of non-material consciousness is the existence of a non-material mind who created us in his image:
An Illustration from God’s Crime Scene
Atheism simply cannot adequately explain our experience of mind. If, however, there is an all-powerful mind who created the universe and conscious creatures in His image, consciousness is not only reasonable but inevitable. For a much more robust account of the inadequacy of naturalism in this regard, please refer to God’s Crime Scene, and be sure to request our free teaching outlines so you can share the case with others.
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Hydrocephalus that is diagnosed in young and middle-aged adults is different from hydrocephalus diagnosed in infancy and early childhood, or adult-onset normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) found in older adults (typically age 60 and older). Doctors are just beginning to identify and describe this distinct form of hydrocephalus.
As yet, there is no universally agreed-upon term to describe this form of hydrocephalus. We have chosen to use the term coined by Dr. Michael Williams: the syndrome of hydrocephalus in young and middle-aged adults (SHYMA). (Other terms used to describe this and similar forms of hydrocephalus are late-onset idiopathic aqueductal stenosis, long-standing overt ventriculomegaly of the adult, and late-onset acqueductal stenosis.)
Symptoms of SHYMA may include headache, subtle gait disturbance, urinary frequency, visual disturbances and some level of impaired cognitive skills that can noticeably affect job performance and personal relationships. Correct diagnosis is oftentimes delayed, as the signs, symptoms and risk factors may not be recognized.
The degree of symptoms and their resultant effect varies widely among patients. If symptoms have been present for years, the patient may be more seriously disabled. Early diagnosis can be a factor in successful resolution of symptoms.
The cause of the hydrocephalus may be congenital (present at birth with few or no symptoms); acquired, from such things as head injury or trauma, meningitis, or a brain tumor; or idiopathic (no known cause). Additionally, some people who were shunted for hydrocephalus as infants but are no longer under the care of a pediatric specialist may exhibit gradual signs of unrecognized shunt failure due to uncompensated hydrocephalus.
SHYMA is diagnosed using a combination of brain scans, intracranial pressure monitoring and clinical evaluation of symptoms.
Once symptoms of gait disturbance, mild dementia or bladder control have been identified, a physician who suspects hydrocephalus may recommend one or more additional tests. At this point in the diagnostic process, it is important that a neurologist and a neurosurgeon become part of your medical team, along with your primary care physician. Their involvement from the diagnostic stage onward is helpful not only in interpreting test results and selecting likely candidates for shunting but also in discussing the actual surgery and follow-up care, as well as expectations of surgery. The decision to order a given test may depend on the specific clinical situation, as well as the preference and experience of your medical team.
These tests may include computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lumbar puncture, continuous lumbar CSF drainage, intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, measurement of cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance or isotopic cisternography. Neuropsychological evaluation may also be recommended.
In many cases, prompt treatment can reverse many of the symptoms of hydrocephalus, restoring much cognitive and physical functioning. If left untreated, however, symptoms can become quite disabling, leading to severe cognitive and physical decline.
The most common treatment for SHYMA, as with all forms of hydrocephalus, is shunting.
Hydrocephalus is a chronic condition. However, with early detection, effective treatment and appropriate interventional services, the future for individuals with hydrocephalus is promising.
"Copied with permission of the Hydrocephalus Association. All rights reserved."
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Reality television is a genre of television programming that documents purportedly unscripted real-life situations, often starring unfamiliar people rather than professional actors. Reality television emerged as a distinct genre in the early 1990s with shows such as The Real World, then achieved prominence in the early 2000s with the success of the series Survivor, Idols, and Big Brother, all of which became global franchises. Reality television shows tend to be interspersed with "confessionals", short interview segments in which cast members reflect on or provide context for the events being depicted on-screen; this is most commonly seen in American reality television. Competition-based reality shows typically feature the gradual elimination of participants, either by a panel of judges, by the viewership of the show, or by the contestants themselves.
Documentaries, television news, sports television, talk shows, and traditional game shows are generally not classified as reality television. Some genres of television programming that predate the reality television boom have been retroactively classified as reality television, including hidden camera shows, talent-search shows, documentary series about ordinary people, high-concept game shows, home improvement shows, and court shows featuring real-life cases and issues.
Reality television has faced significant criticism since its rise in popularity. Critics argue that reality television shows do not accurately reflect reality, in ways both implicit (participants being placed in artificial situations), and deceptive (misleading editing, participants being coached on behavior, storylines generated ahead of time, scenes being staged). Some shows have been accused of rigging the favorite or underdog to win. Other criticisms of reality television shows include that they are intended to humiliate or exploit participants; that they make stars out of untalented people unworthy of fame, infamous figures, or both; and that they glamorize vulgarity.
Television formats portraying ordinary people in unscripted situations are almost as old as the television medium itself. Producer-host Allen Funt's Candid Camera, in which unsuspecting people were confronted with funny, unusual situations and filmed with hidden cameras, first aired in 1948. In the 21st century, the series is often considered a prototype of reality television programming.
Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s. Queen for a Day (1945–1964) was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts. Debuting in 1948, Allen Funt's hidden camera show Candid Camera (based on his previous 1947 radio show, The Candid Microphone) broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. In 1948, talent search shows, such as Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts, featured amateur competitors and audience voting. In the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Confession was a crime and police show that aired from June 1958 to January 1959, with interviewer Jack Wyatt questioning criminals from assorted backgrounds. The radio series Nightwatch (1951–1955) tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, California police officers. The series You Asked for It (1950–1959) incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers.
First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television documentary Seven Up! broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary 7-year-olds from a broad cross-section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, the filmmaker created a new film documenting the lives of the same individuals during the intervening period. Titled the Up Series, episodes included "7 Plus Seven", "21 Up", etc.; it is still ongoing. The program was structured as a series of interviews with no element of the plot. By virtue of the attention paid to the participants, it effectively turned ordinary people into a type of celebrity, especially after they became adults.
The series The American Sportsman, which ran from 1965 to 1986 on ABC in the United States, would typically feature one or more celebrities, and sometimes their family members, being accompanied by a camera crew on an outdoor adventure, such as hunting, fishing, hiking, scuba diving, rock climbing, wildlife photography, horseback riding, race car driving, and the like, with most of the resulting action and dialogue being unscripted, except for the narration.
In the 1966 Direct Cinema film Chelsea Girls, Andy Warhol filmed various acquaintances with no direction given. The Radio Times Guide to Film 2007 said that the film was "to blame for reality television".
In 1969, the British rock group the Beatles were filmed for a month during the recording sessions which would become their album Let It Be and released the homonymous film the following year. In 2021, director Peter Jackson created an eight hour three-episode television series entitled The Beatles: Get Back.
The 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family showed a nuclear family (filmed in 1971) going through a divorce; unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style. In 1974 a counterpart program, The Family, was made in the UK, following the working-class Wilkins family of Reading. Other forerunners of modern reality television were the 1970s productions of Chuck Barris: The Dating Game, The Newlywed Game, and The Gong Show, all of which featured participants who were eager to sacrifice some of their privacy and dignity in a televised competition.
The 1976–1980 BBC series The Big Time featured a different amateur in some field (cooking, comedy, football, etc.) trying to succeed professionally in that field, with help from notable experts. The 15-episode series is credited with starting the career of Sheena Easton, who was selected to appear in the episode showing an aspiring pop singer trying to enter the music business.
Producer George Schlatter capitalized on the advent of videotape to create Real People, a surprise hit for NBC, and it ran from 1979 to 1984. The success of Real People was quickly copied by ABC with That's Incredible, a stunt show produced by Alan Landsburg and co-hosted by Fran Tarkenton; CBS's entry into the genre was That's My Line, a series hosted by Bob Barker. The Canadian series Thrill of a Lifetime, a fantasies-fulfilled reality show, originally ran from 1982 to 1988. It was revived from 2001 to 2003. In 1985, underwater cinematographer Al Giddings teamed with former Miss Universe Shawn Weatherly on the NBC series Oceanquest, which chronicled Weatherly's adventures scuba diving in various exotic locales. Weatherly was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in informational programming.COPS, which first aired in the spring of 1989 on Fox and was developed due to the need for new programming during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals. It introduced the camcorder look and cinéma vérité feel of much of later reality television. The 1991 television documentary on "typical American high schoolers", Yearbook, focused on seniors attending Glenbard West High School, in Glen Ellyn, Illinois and broadcast prime-time on Fox.
The series Nummer 28, which aired on Dutch television in 1991, originated the concept of putting strangers together in a limited environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued. Nummer 28 also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including extensive use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact "confessionals" recorded by cast members, which serve as narration. One year later, the same concept was used by MTV in its new series The Real World. Nummer 28 creator Erik Latour has long claimed that The Real World was directly inspired by his show. But the producers of The Real World have said that their direct inspiration was An American Family. According to television commentator Charlie Brooker, this type of reality television was enabled by the advent of computer-based non-linear editing systems for video (such as produced by Avid Technology) in 1989. These systems made it easy to quickly edit hours of video footage into a usable form, something that had been very difficult to do before (film, which was easy to edit, was too expensive to use in shooting enough hours on a regular basis).
Sylvania Waters (1992) was an Australian show that depicted a family, similar in concept to An American Family.
The 1994–95 O. J. Simpson murder case, during which live network television followed suspect Simpson for 90 minutes being chased by police, has been described as a seminal moment in reality television. Networks interrupted their regular television programming for months for coverage of the trial and related events. Because of Simpson's status as a top athlete and celebrity, the brutal nature of the murders, and issues of race and class in Los Angeles celebrity culture, the sensational case dominated ratings and the public conversation.
Many reality television stars of the 2000s and 2010s have direct or indirect connections to people involved in the case, most notably Kim Kardashian, daughter of defense attorney Robert Kardashian, and several of her relatives and associates.
The series Expedition Robinson, created by television producer Charlie Parsons, which first aired in 1997 in Sweden (and was later produced in a large number of other countries as Survivor), added to the Nummer 28/Real World template the idea of competition and elimination. Cast members or contestants battled against each other and were removed from the show until only one winner remained (these shows are now sometimes called elimination shows). Changing Rooms, a program that began in the UK in 1996, showed couples redecorating each other's houses, and was the first reality show with a self-improvement or makeover theme. The dating reality show Streetmate premiered in the UK in 1998. Originally created by Gabe Sachs as Street Match, it was a flop in the United States. But the show was revamped in the UK by Tiger Aspect Productions and became a cult hit. The production team from the original series later created the popular reality shows Strictly Come Dancing, Location, Location, Location, and the revamped MasterChef, among others. The 1980s and 1990s were also a time when tabloid talk shows became more popular. Many of these featured the same types of unusual or dysfunctional guests who would later become popular as cast members of reality shows.
Reality television became globally popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, with the successes of the Big Brother and Survivor/Expedition Robinson franchises. In the United States, reality television programs suffered a temporary decline in viewership in 2001, leading some entertainment industry columnists[who?] to speculate that the genre was a temporary fad that had run its course. Reality shows that suffered from low ratings included The Amazing Race (although the show has since recovered and is in its 32nd edition), Lost (unrelated to the better-known serial drama of the same name) and The Mole (which was successful in other countries). But stronghold shows Survivor and American Idol continued to thrive: both topped the U.S. season-average television ratings in the 2000s. Survivor led the ratings in 2001–02, and Idol has the longest hold on the No. 1 rank in the American television ratings, dominating over all other primetime programs and other television series in the overall viewership tallies for eight consecutive years, from the 2003–2004 to the 2010–2011 television seasons.
Internationally, a number of shows created in the late 1990s and 2000s have had massive global success. Reality-television franchises created during that time that have had more than 30 international adaptations each include the singing competition franchises Idols, Star Academy and The X Factor, other competition franchises Survivor/Expedition Robinson, Big Brother, The Biggest Loser, Come Dine with Me, Got Talent, Top Model, MasterChef, Project Runway and Dancing with the Stars, and the investment franchise Dragons' Den. Several "reality game shows" from the same period have had even greater success, including Deal or No Deal, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, and Weakest Link, with over 50 international adaptions each. (All but four of these franchises, Top Model, Project Runway, The Biggest Loser and Dragons' Den, were created by either British producers or the Dutch production company Endemol. Although Dragons' Den originated in Japan, most of its adaptations are based on the British version.) In India, the competition show Indian Idol was the most popular television program for its first six seasons.
During the 2000s, several cable networks, including Bravo, A&E, E!, TLC, History, VH1, and MTV, changed their programming to feature mostly reality television series. In addition, three cable channels were started around that time that were devoted exclusively to reality television: Fox Reality in the United States, which operated from 2005 to 2010; Global Reality Channel in Canada, which lasted two years from 2010 to 2012; and CBS Reality (formerly known as Reality TV and then Zone Reality) in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, which has run from 1999 to the present.
During the early part of the 2000s, network executives expressed concern that reality-television programming was limited in its appeal for DVD reissue and syndication. But DVDs for reality shows sold briskly; Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, The Amazing Race, Project Runway, and America's Next Top Model all ranked in the top DVDs sold on Amazon.com. In the mid-2000s, DVDs of The Simple Life outranked scripted shows such as The O.C. and Desperate Housewives. Syndication, however, has been problematic; shows such as Fear Factor, COPS, and Wife Swap, in which each episode is self-contained, can be rerun fairly easily, but usually only on cable television or during the daytime (COPS and America's Funniest Home Videos being exceptions). Season-long competitions, such as The Amazing Race, Survivor, and America's Next Top Model generally perform more poorly and usually must be rerun in marathons to draw the necessary viewers to make it worthwhile. (Even in these cases, it is not always successful: the first ten seasons of Dancing with the Stars were picked up by GSN in 2012 and was run in marathon format, but attracted low viewership and had very poor ratings). Another option is to create documentaries around series, including extended interviews with the participants and outtakes not seen in the original airings; the syndicated series American Idol Rewind is an example of this strategy.
COPS has had huge success in syndication, direct response sales, and DVD. A Fox staple since 1989, COPS has, as of 2013 (when it moved to cable channel Spike), outlasted all competing scripted police shows. Another series that had wide success is Cheaters, which has been running since 2000 in the U.S. and is syndicated in over 100 countries worldwide. In 2001, the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences added the reality genre to the Emmy Awards in the category of Outstanding Reality Program. In 2003, to better differentiate between competition and informational reality programs, a second category, Outstanding Reality-Competition Program, was added. In 2008, a third category, Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program, was added. In 2007, the web series The Next Internet Millionaire appeared; it was a competition show based in part on The Apprentice, and was billed as the world's first Internet reality show.
In 2010 the Dutch singing competition show The Voice of Holland, created by John de Mol Jr., premiered; it added to the singing competition template the twist that judges could not see contestants during the initial audition round, and could judge them only by their voice. The show was an instant success, and spawned an entire franchise, The Voice, which has been highly successful, with almost 50 international adaptations.
By 2012, many of the long-running reality television show franchises in the United States, such as American Idol, Dancing with the Stars and The Bachelor, had begun to see declining ratings. However, reality television as a whole remained durable in the U.S., with hundreds of shows across many channels. In 2012, New York Magazine's Vulture blog published a humorous Venn diagram showing popular themes across American reality shows then running, including shows set in the U.S. states of Alaska, Louisiana and Texas, shows about cakes, weddings and pawnbrokers, and shows, usually competition-based, whose title includes the word "Wars".
Duck Dynasty (2012-2017), which focused on the Robertson family that founded Duck Commander, in 2013 became the most popular reality series in U.S. cable television history. Its fourth-season premiere was viewed by nearly 12 million viewers in the United States, most of which were in rural markets. Its rural audience share ranked in the 30s, an extremely high number for any series, broadcast or cable.
In 2014, Entertainment Weekly and Variety again noted a stagnation in reality television programs' ratings in the U.S., which they attributed to "The diminishing returns of cable TV's sea of reality sameness". They noted that a number of networks that featured reality programming, including Bravo and E!, were launching their first scripted shows, and others, including AMC, were abandoning plans to launch further reality programs; though they clarified that the genre as a whole "isn't going anywhere." Ratings and profits from reality TV continued to decline in the late 2010s.
The South Korean competition show I Can See Your Voice, which premiered in 2015, showed guest judges attempting to guess which of a group of contestants could sing, and which could not, without hearing them sing. The show was successful, and spawned several imitators, most notably King of Mask Singer several months later. King of Mask Singer was a more traditional singing competition show, but with the wrinkle that the contestants were celebrities who remained masked until they were removed from the show, adding an element of guesswork to the competition. The two shows both spawned successful international franchises, I Can See Your Voice and Masked Singer, respectively. Masked Singer has been especially popular, with over 50 local adaptations; its American adaptation was the third highest-rated series overall of both the 2018–19 and 2019–20 television seasons. The success of the two franchises has led to other globally-syndicated franchises of reality competitions based around guesswork, such as Game of Talents (which began in Spain in 2019) and The Masked Dancer (which began in the United States in 2020).
Television development across all genres was impacted in 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic, which forced many reality competition series to suspend production (and in some cases curtail a competition already in progress, such as Canadian and Malayalam versions of Big Brother), until such time that production could recommence with appropriate health and safety protocols approved by local authorities. Due to their quicker turnaround times, the U.S. networks used reality series and other unscripted content (including those delayed from their summer lineups) to fill gaps in their schedules while the production of scripted programming resumed.
There have been various attempts to classify reality television shows into different subgenres:
- A 2006 study proposed six subgenres: romance, crime, informational, reality-drama, competition or game, and talent.
- A 2007 study proposed five subgenres: infotainment, docusoap, lifestyle, reality game shows, and lifestyle experiment programs.
- A 2009 study proposed eight subgenres: "gamedocs", dating programs, makeover programs, docusoaps, talent contests, court programs, reality sitcoms, and celebrity variations of other programs.
Another categorization divides reality television into two types: shows that purport to document real life, and shows that place participants in new circumstances. In a 2003 paper, theorists Elisabeth Klaus and Stephanie Lücke referred to the former category as "docusoaps", which consist of "narrative reality", and the latter category as "reality soaps", which consist of "performative reality". Since 2014, the Primetime Emmy Awards have used a similar classification, with separate awards for "unstructured reality" and "structured reality" programs, as well as a third award for "reality-competition" programs.
In many reality television programs, camera shooting and footage editing give the viewer the impression that they are passive observers following people going about their daily personal and professional activities; this style of filming is sometimes referred to as fly on the wall, observational documentary or factual television. Story "plots" are often constructed via editing or planned situations, with the results resembling soap operas – hence the terms docusoap and docudrama. Documentary-style programs give viewers a private look into the lives of the subjects.
Within documentary-style reality television are several subcategories or variants:
Soap-opera style Edit
Although the term "docusoap" has been used for many documentary-style reality television shows, there have been shows that have deliberately tried to mimic the appearance and structure of soap operas. Such shows often focus on a close-knit group of people and their shifting friendships and romantic relationships. One highly influential such series was the American 2004–2006 series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, which attempted to specifically mimic the primetime soap opera The O.C., which had begun airing in 2003. Laguna Beach had a more cinematic feel than any previous reality television show, through the use of higher-quality lighting and cameras, voice-over narration instead of on-screen "confessionals", and slower pacing. Laguna Beach led to several spinoff series, most notably the 2006–2010 series The Hills. It also inspired various other series, including the highly successful British series The Only Way Is Essex and Made in Chelsea, and the Australian series Freshwater Blue.
Due to their cinematic feel, many of these shows have been accused of being pre-scripted, more so than other reality television shows have. The producers of The Only Way Is Essex and Made in Chelsea have admitted to coaching cast members on what to say in order to draw more emotion from each scene, although they insist that the underlying stories are real.
Another highly successful group of soap-opera-style shows is the Real Housewives franchise, which began with The Real Housewives of Orange County in 2006 and has since spawned nearly twenty other series, in the U.S. and internationally. The franchise has an older cast and different personal dynamics than that of Laguna Beach and its imitators, as well as lower production values, but similarly is meant to resemble scripted soap operas – in this case, the television series Desperate Housewives and Peyton Place.
A notable subset of such series focus on a group of women who are romantically connected to male celebrities; these include Basketball Wives (2010), Love & Hip Hop (2011), Hollywood Exes (2012), Ex-Wives of Rock (2012) and WAGS (2015). Most of these shows have had spin-offs in multiple locations.
There are also fly-on-the-wall-style shows directly involving celebrities. Often these show a celebrity going about their everyday life: notable examples include The Anna Nicole Show, The Osbournes, Gene Simmons Family Jewels, Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica, Keeping Up with the Kardashians and Hogan Knows Best. VH1 in the mid-2000s had an entire block of such shows, known as "Celebreality". Shows such as these are often created with the idea of promoting a celebrity product or upcoming project.
Some documentary-style shows shed light on rarely seen cultures and lifestyles. One example is shows about people with disabilities or people who have unusual physical circumstances, such as the American series Push Girls and Little People, Big World, and the British programmes Beyond Boundaries, Britain's Missing Top Model, The Undateables and Seven Dwarves.
Another example is shows that portray the lives of ethnic or religious minorities. Examples include All-American Muslim (Lebanese-American Muslims), Shahs of Sunset (affluent Persian-Americans), Sister Wives (polygamists from a Mormon splinter group), Breaking Amish and Amish Mafia (the Amish), and Big Fat Gypsy Weddings and its spinoffs (Romani people).
The Real Housewives franchise offers a window into the lives of social-striving urban and suburban housewives. Many shows focus on wealth and conspicuous consumption, including Platinum Weddings, and My Super Sweet 16, which documented huge coming of age celebrations thrown by wealthy parents. Conversely, the highly successful Here Comes Honey Boo Boo and Duck Dynasty are set in poorer rural areas of the Southern United States.
Professional activities Edit
Some documentary-style shows portray professionals either going about day-to-day business or performing an entire project over the course of a series. One early example (and the longest running reality show of any genre) is Cops, which debuted in 1989. Other such shows specifically relating to law enforcement include The First 48, Dog the Bounty Hunter, Police Stop!, Traffic Cops, Border Security and Motorway Patrol.
Shows that portray a set of people in the same line of work, occasionally competing with each other, include Deadliest Catch, Ice Road Truckers and Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles and its spinoffs.
Financial transactions and appraisals Edit
One notable subset of shows about professional activities is those in which the professionals haggle and engage in financial transactions, often over unique or rare items whose value must first be appraised. Two such shows, both of which have led to multiple spinoff shows, are Pawn Stars (about pawn shops) and American Pickers. Other shows, while based around such financial transactions, also show elements of its main cast members' personal and professional lives; these shows include Hardcore Pawn and Comic Book Men. Such shows have some antecedent in the British series Antiques Roadshow, which began airing in 1979 and has since spawned numerous international versions, although that show includes only appraisals and does not include bargaining or other dramatic elements.
Special living environment Edit
Some documentary-style programs place cast members, who in most cases previously did not know each other, in staged living environments; The Real World was the originator of this format. In almost every other such type of programming, cast members are given specific challenges or obstacles to overcome. Road Rules, which first aired in 1995 as a spin-off of The Real World, created a show structure where the cast would travel to various countries performing challenges for prizes.
Big Brother is probably the best-known program of this type in the world, with around 50 international versions having been produced. Other shows in this category, such as The 1900 House and Lads' Army, involve historical re-enactment, with cast members living and working as people of a specific time and place. 2001's Temptation Island achieved some notoriety by placing several couples on an island surrounded by single people in order to test the couples' commitment to each other. The Challenge has contestants living together in an overseas residence, and has been around for over 30 seasons. The format of each season changes, however the main premise of the series involves a daily challenge, nomination process and elimination round. U8TV: The Lofters combined the "special living environment" format with the "professional activity" format noted earlier; in addition to living together in a loft, each member of the show's cast was hired to host a television program for a Canadian cable channel.
Court shows Edit
Originally, court shows were all dramatized and staged programs, with actors playing the litigants, witnesses and lawyers. The cases were either reenactments of real-life cases or cases that were fictionalized altogether. Among examples of staged courtroom dramas are Famous Jury Trials, Your Witness, and the first two eras of Divorce Court. The People's Court revolutionized the genre by introducing the arbitration-based "reality" format in 1981, later adopted by the vast majority of court shows. The genre experienced a lull in programming after The People's Court was canceled in 1993, but then soared after the emergence of Judge Judy in 1996. This led to a slew of other reality court shows, such as Judge Mathis, Judge Joe Brown, Judge Alex, Judge Mills Lane and Judge Hatchett.
Though the litigants are legitimate, the "judges" in such shows are actually arbitrators, as these pseudo-judges are not actually presiding in a court of law. Typically, however, they are retired judges or at least individuals who have had some legal experience.
Courtroom programs are typically daytime television shows that air on weekdays.
The globally syndicated format Dragons' Den shows a group of wealthy investors choosing whether or not to invest in a series of pitched startup companies and entrepreneurial ventures. The series Restaurant Startup similarly involves investors, but involves more of a game show element in which restaurant owners compete to prove their worth. The British series Show Me the Monet offers a twist in which artworks' artistic value, rather than their financial value, is appraised by a panel of judges, who determine whether each one will be featured at an exhibition.
Outdoor survival Edit
Another subgenre places people in wild and challenging natural settings. This includes such shows as Survivorman, Man vs. Wild, Marooned with Ed Stafford, Naked and Afraid and Alaskan Bush People. The shows Survivor and Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls combine outdoor survival with a competition format, although in Survivor the competition also involves social dynamics.
Self-improvement or makeover Edit
Some reality television shows cover a person or group of people improving their lives. Sometimes the same group of people are covered over an entire season (as in The Swan and Celebrity Fit Club), but usually there is a new target for improvement in each episode. Despite differences in the content, the format is usually the same: first the show introduces the subjects in their current, less-than-ideal environment. Then the subjects meet with a group of experts, who give the subjects instructions on how to improve things; they offer aid and encouragement along the way. Finally, the subjects are placed back in their environment and they, along with their friends and family and the experts, appraise the changes that have occurred. Other self-improvement or makeover shows include The Biggest Loser, Extreme Weight Loss and Fat March (which cover weight loss), Extreme Makeover (entire physical appearance), Queer Eye, What Not to Wear, How Do I Look?, Trinny & Susannah Undress... and Snog Marry Avoid? (style and grooming), Supernanny (child-rearing), Made (life transformation), Tool Academy (relationship building) and Charm School and From G's to Gents (self-improvement and manners).
The concept of self-improvement was taken to its extreme with the British show Life Laundry, in which people who had become hoarders, even living in squalor, were given professional assistance. The American television series Hoarders and Hoarding: Buried Alive follow similar premises, presenting interventions in the lives of people who suffer from compulsive hoarding. The British series Sort Your Life Out, presented by Stacey Solomon, is similar, but it also redesigns the participants' houses.
In one study, participants who admitted to watching more reality television were more likely to proceed with a desired plastic surgery than those who watched less.
Some shows makeover part or all of a person's living space, workspace, or vehicle. The American series This Old House, which debuted in 1979, features the start-to-finish renovation of different houses through a season; media critic Jeff Jarvis has speculated that it is "the original reality TV show." The British show Changing Rooms, beginning in 1996 (later remade in the U.S. as Trading Spaces) was the first such renovation show that added a game show feel with different weekly contestants.
House renovation shows are a mainstay on the American and Canadian cable channel HGTV, whose renovation shows include the successful franchises Flip or Flop, Love It or List It and Property Brothers, as well as shows such as Debbie Travis' Facelift, Designed to Sell and Holmes on Homes. Non-HGTV shows in this category include Extreme Makeover: Home Edition and While You Were Out.
Business improvement Edit
In some shows, one or more experts try to improve a failing small business over the course of each episode. Examples that cover many types of business include We Mean Business and The Profit. Shows geared for a specific type of business include Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares and Restaurant: Impossible (for restaurants), Bar Rescue (for bars) and Hotel Hell (for hotels).
Social experiment Edit
Another type of reality program is the social experiment that produces drama, conflict, and sometimes transformation. British TV series Wife Swap, which began in 2003, and has had many spinoffs in the UK and other countries, is a notable example. In the show, people with different values agree to live by each other's social rules for a brief period of time. Other shows in this category include Trading Spouses, Bad Girls Club and Holiday Showdown. Faking It was a series where people had to learn a new skill and pass themselves off as experts in that skill. Shattered was a controversial 2004 UK series in which contestants competed for how long they could go without sleep. Solitary was a controversial 2006-2010 Fox Reality series that isolated contestants for weeks in solitary confinement pods with limited sleep, food and information while competing in elimination challenges ended by a quit button, causing winners to go on for much longer than needed as a blind gamble to not be the first person to quit.
Hidden cameras Edit
Another type of reality programming features hidden cameras rolling when random passers-by encounter a staged situation. Candid Camera, which first aired on television in 1948, pioneered the format. Modern variants of this type of production include Punk'd, Trigger Happy TV, Primetime: What Would You Do?, The Jamie Kennedy Experiment and Just for Laughs: Gags. The series Scare Tactics and Room 401 are hidden-camera programs in which the goal is to frighten contestants rather than just befuddle or amuse them. Not all hidden camera shows use strictly staged situations. For example, the syndicated program Cheaters purports to use hidden cameras to record suspected cheating partners, although the authenticity of the show has been questioned, and even refuted by some who have been featured on the series. Once the evidence has been gathered, the accuser confronts the cheating partner with the assistance of the host. In many special-living documentary programs, hidden cameras are set up all over the residence in order to capture moments missed by the regular camera crew, or intimate bedroom footage.
Supernatural and paranormal Edit
Supernatural and paranormal reality shows such as MTV's Fear, place participants into frightening situations which ostensibly involve paranormal phenomena such as ghosts, telekinesis or haunted houses. In series such as Celebrity Paranormal Project, the stated aim is investigation, and some series like Scariest Places on Earth challenge participants to survive the investigation; whereas others such as Paranormal State and Ghost Hunters use a recurring crew of paranormal researchers. In general, the shows follow similar stylized patterns of night vision, surveillance, and hand held camera footage; odd angles; subtitles establishing place and time; desaturated imagery; and non-melodic soundtracks. Noting the trend in reality shows that take the paranormal at face value, New York Times culture editor Mike Hale characterized ghost hunting shows as "pure theater" and compared the genre to professional wrestling or softcore pornography for its formulaic, teasing approach.
Reality competition or game shows Edit
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Another subgenre of reality television is "reality competition", "reality playoffs", or so-called "reality game shows", which follow the format of non-tournament elimination contests. Typically, participants are filmed competing to win a prize, often while living together in a confined environment. In many cases, participants are removed until only one person or team remains, who is then declared the winner. Usually this is done by eliminating participants one at a time (or sometimes two at a time, as an episodic twist due to the number of contestants involved and the length of a given season), through either disapproval voting or by voting for the most popular to win. Voting is done by the viewing audience, the show's own participants, a panel of judges, or some combination of the three.
A well-known example of a reality-competition show is the globally syndicated Big Brother, in which cast members live together in the same house, with participants removed at regular intervals by either the viewing audience or, in the American version, by the participants themselves. There remains disagreement over whether talent-search shows such as the Idol series, the Got Talent series and the Dancing with the Stars series are truly reality television or just newer incarnations of shows such as Star Search. Although the shows involve a traditional talent search, the shows follow the reality-competition conventions of removing one or more contestants in every episode, allowing the public to vote on who is removed, and interspersing performances with video clips showing the contestants' "back stories", their thoughts about the competition, their rehearsals and unguarded behind-the-scenes moments. Additionally, there is a good deal of unscripted interaction shown between contestants and judges. The American Primetime Emmy Awards have nominated both American Idol and Dancing with the Stars for the Outstanding Reality-Competition Program Emmy.
Game shows like Weakest Link, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, American Gladiators and Deal or No Deal, which were popular in the 2000s, also lie in a gray area: like traditional game shows (e.g., The Price Is Right, Jeopardy!), the action takes place in an enclosed television studio over a short period of time; however, they have higher production values, more dramatic background music, and higher stakes than traditional shows (done either through putting contestants into physical danger or offering large cash prizes). In addition, there is more interaction between contestants and hosts, and in some cases, they feature reality-style contestant competition or elimination as well. These factors, as well as these shows' rise in global popularity at the same time as the arrival of the reality craze, have led to such shows often being grouped under both the reality television and game show umbrellas. There have been various hybrid reality-competition shows, like the worldwide-syndicated Star Academy, which combines the Big Brother and Idol formats, The Biggest Loser, which combines competition with the self-improvement format, and American Inventor, which uses the Idol format for products instead of people. Some reality shows that aired mostly during the early 2000s, such as Popstars, Making the Band and Project Greenlight, devoted the first part of the season to selecting a winner, and the second part to showing that person or group of people working on a project.
Popular variants of the competition-based format include the following:
Dating-based competition Edit
Dating-based competition shows follow a contestant choosing one out of a group of suitors. Over the course of either a single episode or an entire season, suitors are eliminated until only the contestant and the final suitor remains. In the early 2000s, this type of reality show dominated the other genres on the major U.S. networks. Examples include The Bachelor, its spin-off The Bachelorette, Temptation Island, Average Joe, Flavor of Love (a dating show featuring rapper Flavor Flav that led directly and indirectly to over 10 spinoffs), The Cougar and Love in the Wild. In Married by America, contestants were chosen by viewer voting. This is one of the older variants of the format; shows such as The Dating Game that date to the 1960s had similar premises (though each episode was self-contained, and not the serial format of more modern shows). One of the more recent hits was Farmer Wants a Wife.
Job search Edit
In this category, the competition revolves around a skill that contestants were pre-screened for. Competitors perform a variety of tasks based on that skill, are judged, and are then kept or removed by a single expert or a panel of experts. The show is usually presented as a job search of some kind, in which the prize for the winner includes a contract to perform that kind of work and an undisclosed salary, although the award can simply be a sum of money and ancillary prizes, like a cover article in a magazine. The show also features judges who act as counselors, mediators and sometimes mentors to help contestants develop their skills further or perhaps decide their future position in the competition. Popstars, which debuted in 1999, may have been the first such show, while the Idol series has been the longest-running and, for most of its run, the most popular such franchise. The first job-search show which showed dramatic, unscripted situations may have been America's Next Top Model, which premiered in May 2003. Other examples include The Apprentice (which judges business skills); Hell's Kitchen, MasterChef and Top Chef (for chefs), The Great British Bake Off (for bakers), Shear Genius (for hair styling), Project Runway (for clothing design), Top Design and The Great Interior Design Challenge (for interior design), American Dream Builders (for home builders), Stylista (for fashion editors), Last Comic Standing (for comedians), I Know My Kid's a Star (for child performers), On the Lot (for filmmakers), RuPaul's Drag Race (for drag queens), The Shot (for fashion photographers), So You Think You Can Dance (for dancers), MuchMusic VJ Search and Food Network Star (for television hosts), Dream Job (for sportscasters), American Candidate (for aspiring politicians), Work of Art (for artists), Face Off (for prosthetic makeup artists), Ink Master and Best Ink (for tattoo artists), Platinum Hit (for songwriters), Top Shot (for marksmen) and The Tester (for game testers).
One notable subset, popular from approximately 2005 to 2012, consisted of shows in which the winner gets a specific part in a known film, television show, musical or performing group. Examples include Scream Queens (where the prize was a role in the Saw film series), The Glee Project (for a role on the television show Glee) and How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria? (the lead role in a revival of the musical The Sound of Music). The most extreme prize for such a show may have been for one of the first such shows, 2005's Rock Star: INXS, where the winner became the lead singer of the rock band INXS. J.D. Fortune, who won the show, went on to be INXS's lead singer until 2011.
Some shows use the same format with celebrities: in this case, there is no expectation that the winner will continue this line of work, and prize winnings often go to charity. The most popular such shows have been the Dancing with the Stars and Dancing on Ice franchises. Other examples of celebrity competition programs include Deadline, Celebracadabra and Celebrity Apprentice.
Different contestants per episode Edit
Some job-related competition shows have a different set of contestants competing on every episode, and thus more closely resemble game shows, although the "confessional" commentary provided by contestants gives them a reality TV aspect. The 1993-1999 Japanese cooking competition Iron Chef could be considered an early example, although it does not include commentary by the participants, only by announcers and judges. Cooking competition shows with different contestants per episode that are considered reality shows include the Chopped, Come Dine with Me and Nailed It! franchises, along with Cupcake Wars, Cutthroat Kitchen, and Guy's Grocery Games.
One concept pioneered by, and unique to, reality competition shows is the idea of immunity, in which a contestant can win the right to be exempt the next time contestants are eliminated from the show. Possibly the first instance of immunity in reality TV was on Survivor, which premiered in 1997 in Sweden as Expedition Robinson, before gaining international prominence after the American edition (titled Survivor) premiered in 2000. On that show, there are complex rules around immunity: a player can achieve it by winning challenges (either as a team in the tribal phase or individually in the merged phase), or, in more recent seasons, through finding a hidden totem. They can also pass on their immunity to someone else and in the latter case, they can keep their immunity secret from other players. On most shows, immunity is quite a bit simpler: it is usually achieved by winning a task, often a relatively minor task during the first half of the episode; the announcement of immunity is made publicly and immunity is usually non-transferable. At some point in the season, immunity ceases to be available, and all contestants are susceptible to elimination. Competition shows that have featured immunity include the Apprentice, Big Brother, Biggest Loser, Top Model, Project Runway, Lego Masters, and Top Chef franchises. Immunity may come with additional power as well, such as in Big Brother where the winning contestant usually has influence over deciding who faces an elimination vote later in the week. In one Apprentice episode, a participant chose to waive his earned immunity and was immediately "fired" by Donald Trump for giving up this powerful asset.
Sport-related reality shows can fall within the aforementioned sub-genres, either using it as the basis of competition, or by following sport as a profession:
- Competition-based programs, featuring groups of athletes competing against each other in challenges and events within a specific sport, such as athletics (American Ninja Warrior, Exatlon), golf (The Big Break), auto racing (Crash Course, Hyperdrive, Pinks), and combat sports (The Contender, The Ultimate Fighter) for example. In the case of combat sports examples, the UFC-produced mixed martial arts competition series The Ultimate Fighter, and the WWE's professional wrestling talent searches Tough Enough, Diva Search, and NXT (before it was reformatted as a traditional wrestling show with developmental talent), a contract with the respective organization was the grand prize.
- Some series may follow non-sportspeople (usually celebrities, or in some cases athletes known for their participation in a different sport) training and participating in a sporting event, such as The Games, Irish series Celebrity Bainisteoir (where celebrities are tasked to become the managers of mid-level Gaelic football teams), and Dancing on Ice (a figure skating competition series with similarities to Dancing with the Stars).
- Documentary-style series following specific competitions, teams, or athletes, such as Hard Knocks (NFL), Drive to Survive (Formula One), Knight School (which followed students at Texas Tech University vying for a walk-on roster position on the school's men's basketball team under coach Bob Knight) and All or Nothing.
- Docusoaps following the lives of sportspeople or their families, such as Total Divas and WAGS.
Parodies and hoaxes Edit
Some reality shows aim to satirize and deconstruct the conventions and cliches of the genre for comedic effect; in such cases, a fictitious premise is usually presented to one or more of the participants, with the rest of the cast consisting of actors and other figures that are in on the joke.
- The Joe Schmo Show, a series in which a civilian is set up as a contestant on a fictitious reality competition, with the remaining "contestants" representing stereotypical archetypes of reality television contestants. The first season portrayed a Big Brother-like show entitled Lap of Luxury, with subsequent seasons parodying dating shows (Last Chance for Love) and bounty hunting (Full Bounty; its broadcaster Spike had concealed the third season by announcing in 2012 that it had ordered Full Bounty to series, without immediately revealing it was actually a Joe Schmo Show revival).
- My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss, a parody of The Apprentice in which the contestants were given challenges with inane objectives by businessman Mr. N. Paul Todd (an anagram of Apprentice host Donald Trump). The final decision on eliminations in each episode was always given to Todd's "real boss"—revealed in the series finale to have been a chimpanzee spinning a wheel.
- Superstar USA, a parody of American Idol attempting to find the worst singer. The judges criticized good singers and eliminated them, but bad singers were praised and allowed to progress further through the competition.
- Space Cadets, a series in which a group of contestants were set up on the purported reality competition series Thrill Seekers, where they would allegedly receive astronaut training in Russia and compete to become Britain's first space tourists.
- I Wanna Marry "Harry", a hoax dating competition where single women were manipulated into believing they were competing for the affection of Prince Harry, but in reality "Harry" was actually a lookalike.
- Nathan for You, a reality mockumentary in which Nathan Fielder employs unusual and outlandish strategies to help struggling businesses. Although aware they are on a reality program, the employees of the businesses featured were unaware of the show's comedic nature, and reacted genuinely to Fielder's antics. On multiple occasions, the show received media attention related to its stunts prior to broadcast.
- The Dutch reality show De Grote Donorshow—where a group of patients competed to receive a kidney donation from a terminally-ill woman—was, by contrast, not intended for comedic effect, and was a hoax directed at viewers to help raise awareness for kidney donation.
- Jury Duty, a mockumentary series portraying a fictional jury trial in which one member of the jury is not aware that the entire trial and its events are planned and acted out.
Criticism and analysis Edit
"Reality" as misnomer Edit
The authenticity of reality television is often called into question by its detractors. The genre's title of "reality" is often criticized as being inaccurate because of claims that the genre frequently includes elements such as premeditated scripting (including a practice called "soft-scripting"), acting, urgings from behind-the-scenes crew to create specified situations of adversity and drama, and misleading editing. It has often been described as "scripting without paper".
In many cases, the entire premise of the show is contrived, based around a competition or another unusual situation. Some shows have been accused of using fakery in order to create more compelling television, such as having premeditated storylines and in some cases feeding participants lines of dialogue, focusing only on participants' most outlandish behavior, and altering events through editing and re-shoots.
Shows such as Survivor and Amazing Race that offer a monetary prize are regulated by federal "game show" law, 47 U.S.C. § 509, and are monitored during the filming by the legal staff and standards and practice staff of the parent network. These shows cannot be manipulated in any way that affects the outcome of the game. However, misleading editing does not fall into altering the fairness of the competition.
Television shows that have been accused of, or admitted to, deception include The Real World, the American version of Survivor, Joe Millionaire, The Hills, A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila, Hogan Knows Best, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, The Bachelor and The Bachelorette, Pawn Stars, Storage Wars, and Keeping Up with the Kardashians.
Political and cultural impact Edit
Reality television's global success has become, in the view of some analysts, an important political phenomenon. In some[quantify] authoritarian countries, reality-television voting has provided the first opportunity for many citizens to vote in any free and fair wide-scale "elections". In addition, the frankness of the settings on some reality shows presents situations that are often taboo in certain conservative cultures, like Star Academy Arab World, which began airing in 2003, and which shows male and female contestants living together. A Pan-Arab version of Big Brother was cancelled in 2004 after less than two weeks on the air after a public outcry and street protests. In 2004 journalist Matt Labash, noting both of these issues, wrote that "the best hope of little Americas developing in the Middle East could be Arab-produced reality TV".
In 2007, Abu Dhabi TV began airing Million's Poet, a show featuring Pop Idol-style voting and elimination, but for the writing and oration of Arabic poetry. The show became popular in Arab countries, with around 18 million viewers, partly because it was able to combine the excitement of reality television with a traditional, culturally relevant topic. In April 2010, however, the show also became a subject of political controversy, when Hissa Hilal, a 43-year-old female Saudi competitor, read out a poem criticizing her country's Muslim clerics. Both critics and the public reacted favorably to Hilal's poetry; she received the highest scores from the judges throughout the competition and came in third place overall.
In India, in the summer of 2007, coverage of the third season of Indian Idol focused on the breaking down of cultural and socioeconomic barriers as the public rallied around the show's top two contestants.
The Chinese singing competition Super Girl (a local imitation of Pop Idol) has similarly been cited[by whom?] for its political and cultural impact. After the finale of the show's 2005 season drew an audience of around 400 million people, and eight million text-message votes, the state-run English-language newspaper Beijing Today ran the front-page headline: "Is Super Girl a Force for Democracy?" The Chinese government criticized the show, citing both its democratic nature and its excessive vulgarity, or "worldliness", and in 2006 banned it outright. It was later reintroduced[by whom?] in 2009, before being banned again in 2011. Super Girl has also been criticized by non-government commentators for creating seemingly impossible ideals that may be harmful to Chinese youth.
In Indonesia, reality television shows have surpassed soap operas as the most-watched broadcast programs. One popular program, Jika Aku Menjadi ("If I Were"), follows young, middle-class people as they are temporarily placed into lower-class life, where they learn to appreciate their circumstances back home by experiencing daily life for the less fortunate. Critics have claimed that this and similar programs in Indonesia reinforce traditionally Western ideals of materialism and consumerism. However, Eko Nugroho, reality-show producer and president of Dreamlight World Media, insists that these reality shows are not promoting American lifestyles but rather reaching people through their universal desires.
Reality television has also received criticism in Britain and the United States for its ideological relationship with surveillance societies and consumerism. Writing in The New York Times in 2012, author Mark Andrejevic characterised the role of reality television in a post-9/11 society as the normalisation of surveillance in participatory monitoring, the "logic of the emerging surveillance economy", and in the promise of a societal self-image that is contrived. An LSE paper by Nick Couldry associates reality television with neoliberalism, condemning the ritualised enactment and consumption of what must be legitimised for the society it serves.
As a substitute for scripted drama Edit
Reality television generally costs less to produce than scripted series.
VH1 executive vice president Michael Hirschorn wrote in 2007 that the plots and subject matters on reality television are more authentic and more engaging than in scripted dramas, writing that scripted network television "remains dominated by variants on the police procedural... in which a stock group of characters (ethnically, sexually, and generationally diverse) grapples with endless versions of the same dilemma. The episodes have all the ritual predictability of Japanese Noh theater," while reality television is "the liveliest genre on the set right now. It has engaged hot-button cultural issues – class, sex, race – that respectable television... rarely touches."
Television critic James Poniewozik wrote in 2008 that reality shows like Deadliest Catch and Ice Road Truckers showcase working-class people of the kind that "used to be routine" on scripted network television, but that became a rarity in the 2000s: "The better to woo upscale viewers, TV has evicted its mechanics and dockworkers to collect higher rents from yuppies in coffeehouses."
In a 2021 interview, filmmaker Mike White (who had previously competed on The Amazing Race and Survivor) said that reality competition shows like Survivor accurately conveyed how, in real life, "so much of self is situational", so that, as circumstances change, "the oppressed becomes the oppressor, the bully becomes the bullied." In contrast, he felt that in scripted drama "there's a lot of religiosity around humanity."
Instant celebrity Edit
Reality television has the potential to turn its participants into national celebrities, at least for a short period. This is most notable in talent-search programs such as Idol and The X Factor, which have spawned music stars in many of the countries in which they have aired. Many other shows, however, have made at least temporary celebrities out of their participants; some participants have then been able to parlay this fame into media and merchandising careers. Participants of non-talent-search programs who have had subsequent acting careers include Lilian Afegbai, Jacinda Barrett, Jamie Chung, Stephen Colletti, David Giuntoli, Vishal Karwal, NeNe Leakes and Angela Trimbur; though Barrett and Trimbur were already aspiring actresses when they appeared on reality television. Reality TV participants who have become television hosts and personalities include Nabilla Benattia, Rachel Campos-Duffy, Kristin Cavallari, Colby Donaldson, Raffaella Fico, Elisabeth Hasselbeck, Katie Hopkins, Rebecca Jarvis, Jodie Marsh, Heidi Montag, Tiffany Pollard and Whitney Port; some of them have had acting careers as well. Reality TV participants who have become television personalities as well as successful entrepreneurs include Gemma Collins, Lauren Conrad, Jade Goody, Bethenny Frankel and Spencer Matthews. Several cast members of MTV's Jersey Shore have had lucrative endorsement deals, and in some cases their own product lines. Wrestlers Mike "The Miz" Mizanin and David Otunga got their start on non-athletic reality shows.
In Australia, various reality TV personalities have later served as radio hosts, including Fitzy and Rachel Corbett from Big Brother, Mick Newell from My Kitchen Rules, Heather Maltman from The Bachelor, and Sam Frost from The Bachelorette.
Several socialites, or children of famous parents, who were somewhat well known before they appeared on reality television shows have become much more famous as a result, including Paris Hilton, Nicole Richie, Kelly Osbourne, Kim Kardashian, and many of the rest of the Kardashian family.
Reality television personalities are sometimes derided as "Z-list celebrities". Some have been lampooned for exploiting an undeserved "15 minutes of fame". The Kardashian family is one such group of reality television personalities who were subject to this criticism in the 2010s, Kim Kardashian in particular.
Springboard for political success Edit
Two international franchises, The Apprentice and Dragons' Den, are notable for having some of the business people who appeared there as judges and investors go on to win political office. The prime example is former U.S. President Donald Trump: his stint as host of the original The Apprentice from 2004 to 2015 has been credited by some commentators as a factor in his political success, since it greatly increased his fame, and showcased him as a tough and experienced authority figure. Lado Gurgenidze, who hosted the Georgian version of The Apprentice in 2005, was appointed Prime Minister of Georgia from 2007, and served until 2008. Harry Harkimo, who hosted the Finnish version of The Apprentice from 2009 to 2013, has been a member of the Parliament of Finland since 2015. João Doria, who hosted seasons 7-8 of the Brazilian version of The Apprentice, O Aprendiz, from 2010 to 2011, served as Mayor of São Paulo from 2017 to 2018, and as Governor of São Paulo from 2018 to 2022. Bruno Bonnell, who hosted the short-lived French version of The Apprentice in 2015, was a member of France's National Assembly from 2017 to 2022.
Dragons' Den investors who have gone on to hold political office after appearing on their country's version of the program include Tommy Ahlers of Denmark, Nir Barkat of Israel, Anne Berner of Finland, Tomio Okamura of the Czech Republic, and Lencke Wischhusen of Germany.
In a rare case of a previously unknown reality television alumnus succeeding in the political arena, The Real World: Boston cast member Sean Duffy was a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin from 2010 to 2019.
Youth audience Edit
In 2006, four of the ten most popular programs among viewers under 17 were reality shows. Studies have shown that young people emulate the behavior displayed on these programs, gathering much of their knowledge of the social world, particularly about consumer practices, from television. Some critics have decried the positive representation of sexually objectified women in shows like The Girls Next Door.
A number of studies have tried to pinpoint the appeal of reality television. Factors that have been cited in its appeal include personal identification with the onscreen participants; pure entertainment; diversion from scripted TV; vicarious participation; a feeling of self-importance compared to onscreen participants; enjoyment of competition; and an appeal to voyeurism, especially given "scenes which take place in private settings, contain nudity, or include gossip".
Similar works in popular culture Edit
A number of fictional works since the 1940s have contained elements similar to elements of reality television. They tended to be set in a dystopian future, with subjects being recorded against their will and often involved violence.
- "The Seventh Victim" (1953) is a short story by science fiction author Robert Sheckley that depicted a futuristic game in which one player gets to hunt down another player and kill him. The first player who can score ten kills wins the grand prize. This story was the basis for the Italian film The 10th Victim (1965).
- You're Another, a 1955 short story by Damon Knight, is about a man who discovers that he is an actor in a "livie", a live-action show that is viewed by billions of people in the future.
- A King in New York, a 1957 film written and directed by Charlie Chaplin has the main character, a fictional European monarch portrayed by Chaplin, secretly filmed while talking to people at a New York cocktail party. The footage is later turned into a television show within the film.
- "The Prize of Peril" (1958), another Robert Sheckley story, is about a television show in which a contestant volunteers to be hunted for a week by trained killers, with a large cash prize if he survives. It was adapted in 1970 as the TV movie Das Millionenspiel, and again in 1983 as the movie Le Prix du Danger.
- Richard G. Stern's novel Golk (1960) is about a hidden-camera show similar to Candid Camera.
- "It Could Be You" (1964), a short story by Australian Frank Roberts, features a day-in-day-out televised blood sport.
- Survivor (1965), a science fiction story by Walter F. Moudy, depicted the 2050 "Olympic War Games" between Russia and the United States. The games are fought to show the world the futility of war and thus deter further conflict. Each side has one hundred soldiers who fight in a large natural arena. The goal is for one side to wipe out the other; the few who survive the battle become heroes. The games are televised, complete with color commentary discussing tactics, soldiers' personal backgrounds, and slow-motion replays of their deaths.
- "Bread and Circuses" (1968) is an episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek in which the crew visits a planet resembling the Roman Empire, but with 20th-century technology. The planet's "Empire TV" features regular gladiatorial games, with the announcer urging viewers at home to vote for their favorites, stating, "This is your program. You pick the winner."
- The Year of the Sex Olympics (1968) is a BBC television play in which a dissident in a dictatorship is forced onto a secluded island and taped for a reality show in order to keep the masses entertained.
- The Unsleeping Eye (1973), a novel by D.G. Compton (also published as The Continuous Katherine Mortenhoe), is about a woman dying of cancer whose last days are recorded without her knowledge for a television show. It was later adapted as the 1980 movie Death Watch.
- "Ladies And Gentlemen, This Is Your Crisis" (1976) is a short story by science fiction author Kate Wilhelm about a television show in which contestants (including a B-list actress who is hoping to revitalize her career) attempt to make their way to a checkpoint after being dropped off in the Alaskan wilderness, while being filmed and broadcast around the clock through an entire weekend. The story focuses primarily on the show's effect on a couple whose domestic tensions and eventual reconciliation parallel the dangers faced by the contestants.
- Network (1976) includes a subplot in which network executives negotiate with an urban terrorist group for the production of a weekly series, each episode of which was to feature an act of terrorism. The climax of the film has the terrorist group being turned against the network's own unstable star, news commentator Howard Beale.
- The Running Man (1982) is a book by Stephen King depicting a game show in which a contestant flees around the world from "hunters" trying to chase him down and kill him; it has been speculated that the book was inspired by "The Prize of Peril". The book was loosely adapted as a 1987 movie of the same name. The movie removed most of the reality-TV element of the book: its competition now took place entirely within a large television studio, and more closely resembled an athletic competition (though a deadly one).
- The film 20 Minutes into the Future (1985), and the spin-off television series Max Headroom, revolved around television mainly based on live, often candid, broadcasts. In one episode of Max Headroom, "Academy", the character Blank Reg fights for his life on a courtroom game show, with the audience deciding his fate.
- Vengeance on Varos (1985) is an episode of the television show Doctor Who in which the population of a planet watches live television broadcasts of the torture and executions of those who oppose the government. The planet's political system is based on the leaders themselves facing disintegration if the population votes 'no' to their propositions.
Pop culture references Edit
Some scripted and written works have used reality television as a plot device:
- Real Life (1979) is a comedic film about the creation of a show similar to An American Family gone horribly wrong.
- Louis the 19th, King of the Airwaves (1994) is a Québécois film about a man who signs up to star in a 24-hour-a-day reality television show.
- The Truman Show (1998) is a film about a man (Jim Carrey) who discovers that his entire life is being staged and filmed for a 24-hour-a-day reality television show.
- EDtv (1999) was a remake of Louis the 19th, King of the Airwaves.
- Series 7: The Contenders (2001) is a film about a reality show in which contestants have to kill each other to win.
- Halloween: Resurrection (2002) is a horror slasher film that takes place in a wired house full of surveillance cameras. Each "contestant" is recorded as they attempt to survive and solve the mystery of the murders.
- American Dreamz (2006) is a film set partially on an American Idol-like show.
- Slumdog Millionaire (2008) is a film in which a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? is interrogated because he knows all the answers.
- The Comeback (2005) satirizes the indignity of reality television by presenting itself as "raw footage" of a new reality show documenting the attempted comeback of has-been star Valerie Cherish.
- In the season 5 episode "Damien Sands" of American TV show Nip/Tuck (2007), Christian Troy, jealous over Sean McNamara's newfound fame, convinces Sean to tape a reality show based on their careers as plastic surgeons, with disastrous results.
- Dead Set (2008) is a British television program featuring a zombie apocalypse affecting the Big Brother house. Part of the film was shot during an actual eviction with host Davina McCall making a cameo appearance.
- Britain's Got the Pop Factor... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice (2008) is a British comedy special that satirized reality music competitions, and in particular the reliance on emotional backstories, depicting the series finale of the fictitious reality competition Britain's Got the Pop Factor (an amalgamation of Britain's Got Talent, Pop Idol, and The X Factor).
- Rock Rivals (2008) is a British television show about two judges on a televised singing contest whose marriage is falling apart.
- "Fifteen Million Merits" (2011) is an episode in the first season of British television anthology series Black Mirror, set in a dystopian future in which appearing on reality television is the only way in which people can escape their miserable, jail-like conditions.
- Unreal (2015) is an American television show that depicts the behind-the-scenes drama on a show similar to The Bachelor.
- "Bad Wolf" in the TV Series Doctor Who is about a future where the population of the earth is chosen at random to compete in deadly game shows and reality TV. This includes the game show The Weakest Link.
- Chart Throb (2006) is a comic novel by Ben Elton that parodies The X Factor and The Osbournes, among other reality shows.
- Dead Famous (2001) is a comedic whodunit novel, also by Ben Elton, in which a contestant is murdered while on a Big Brother-like show.
- Oryx and Crake (2003), a speculative fiction novel by Margaret Atwood, occasionally makes mentions of the protagonist and his friend entertaining themselves by watching reality television shows of live executions, Noodie News, frog squashing, graphic surgery, and child pornography.
- L.A. Candy (2009) is a young adult novel series by Lauren Conrad, which is based on her experiences on Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County and The Hills.
Other influences on popular culture Edit
A number of scripted television comedy and satire shows have adopted the format of the documentary-type reality television show, in "mockumentary" style. The first such show was the BBC series Operation Good Guys, which premiered in 1997. Arguably the best-known and most influential such show is the BBC's The Office (2001), which spawned numerous international remakes, including a successful American version. Other examples include People Like Us (BBC UK, 1998), The Games (ABC Australia, 1999), Trailer Park Boys (2001), Reno 911! (2003), The Naked Brothers Band (2006), Summer Heights High (2007), Parks and Recreation (2009), Modern Family (2009), Come Fly With Me (2010), Real Husbands of Hollywood (2013), Trial & Error (2017) and Abbott Elementary (2021). The genre has even encompassed cartoons (Drawn Together (2004) and Total Drama (2007)) and a show about puppets (The Muppets, 2015).
The 2013–2015 American sketch comedy series Kroll Show set most of its sketches as excerpts from various fictional reality television shows, which one critic wrote "aren't far off from the lineups at E!, Bravo, and VH1", and parodied those shows' participants' "lack of self-awareness". The show also satirized the often incestuous nature of reality television, in which some series lead to a cascade of spinoffs. Kroll Show executive producer John Levenstein said in an interview that reality TV "has so many tools for telling stories in terms of text and flashbacks and ways to show things to the audience that it's incredibly convenient for comedy and storytelling if you use the full reality show toolkit."
Some feature films have been produced that use some of the conventions of reality television; such films are sometimes referred to as reality films, and sometimes simply as documentaries. Allen Funt's 1970 hidden camera movie What Do You Say to a Naked Lady? was based on his reality-television show Candid Camera. The series Jackass spawned five feature films, starting with Jackass: The Movie in 2002. A similar Finnish show, The Dudesons, was adapted for the film The Dudesons Movie, and a similar British show, Dirty Sanchez, was adapted for Dirty Sanchez: The Movie, both in 2006. The producers of The Real World created The Real Cancun in 2003. The Chinese reality show Keep Running was adapted for the 2015 film Running Man.
In 2007, broadcaster Krishnan Guru-Murthy stated that reality television is "a firm and embedded part of television's vocabulary, used in every genre from game-shows and drama to news and current affairs."
The mumblecore film genre, which began in the mid-2000s, and uses video cameras and relies heavily on improvisation and non-professional actors, has been described as influenced in part by what one critic called "the spring-break psychodrama of MTV's The Real World". Mumblecore director Joe Swanberg has said, "As annoying as reality TV is, it's been really good for filmmakers because it got mainstream audiences used to watching shaky camerawork and different kinds of situations."
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Further reading Edit
- Hill, Annette (2005). Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26152-X.
- Murray, Susan, and Laurie Ouellette, eds. (2004). Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5688-3
- Nichols, Bill (1994). Blurred Boundaries: Questions of Meaning in Contemporary Culture. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34064-0.
- Godard, Ellis (2003). "Reel Life: The Social Geometry of Reality Shows". In Matthew J. Smith and Andrew F. Wood (ed.). Survivor Lessons. McFarland. pp. 73–96. ISBN 978-0-7864-1668-4.
- Lord of the fly-on-the-walls Archived December 27, 2002, at the Wayback Machine - Observer article: Paul Watson's UK & Australian docusoaps
- Sparks, Colin (April 9, 2007). "Reality TV: the Big Brother phenomenon". International Socialism (114).
- Gillan, J. (2004). From Ozzie Nelson to Ozzy Osbourne: The genesis and the development of the reality (star) sitcom. in S. Holmes & D. Jermyn (eds.), Understanding reality television (pp. 54–70). London and New York: Routledge.
- Gray, J. (2009). Cinderella burps: Gender, performativity, and the dating show. in S. Murray & L. Ouellette. Reality TV: Remaking television culture (pp. 243–259). 2nd ed., New York and London: New York University Press.
- Grazian, D. (2010). Neoliberalism and the realities of reality TV. Contexts, 9(2), 68–71.
- Griffen-Foley, B. (2004). From Tit-Bits to Big Brother: A century of audience participation in the media. Media, Culture & Society, 26(4), 533-548
- Grimm, J. (2010). From reality TV to coaching TV: Elements of theory and empirical findings towards understanding the genre. In A. Hetsroni (ed.), Reality TV: Merging the global and the local (pp. 211–258). New York: Nova.
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- Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Hearn, A. (2009). Hoaxing the "real": on the metanarrative of reality television. in S. Murray & L. Ouellette (eds.), Reality TV: Remaking television culture (pp. 165–178). 2nd ed., New York and London: New York University Press.
- Hellmueller, L. C., & Aeschbacher, N. (2010). Media and celebrity: Production and consumption of "wellKnownness." Communication Research Trends, 29(4), 3-35.
- Hendershot, H. (2009). Belabored reality: Making it work on The Simple Life and Project Runway. In S. Murray & L. Ouellette (eds.), Reality TV: Remaking television culture (pp. 243–259). 2nd ed., New York and London: New York University Press.
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- Biltereyst, D (2004). "Media audiences and the game of controversy: on Reality TV, moral panic and controversial media stories". Journal of Media Practice. 5 (1): 7–24. doi:10.1386/jmpr.5.1.7/0. S2CID 147854866.
- Boddy, W. (2001). Quiz shows. In G. Creeber (ed.), The television genre book (pp. 79–81). London: British Film institute.
- Cohen, J.; Weimann, G. (2008). "Who's afraid of reality shows? Exploring the effects of perceived influence of reality shows and the concern over their social effects on willingness to censor". Communication Research. 35 (3): 382–397. doi:10.1177/0093650208315964. S2CID 13250076.
- Cooper-Chen, A. (2005). A world of "millionaires": Global, local and "glocal" TV game shows. In A. Cooper-Chen (ed.), Global entertainment media. Content, audiences, issues (pp. 237–251). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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Ask a question about 'Romanes Lecture'
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The Romanes Lecture
is a prestigious free public lecture given annually at the Sheldonian Theatre
The Sheldonian Theatre, located in Oxford, England, was built from 1664 to 1668 after a design by Christopher Wren for the University of Oxford. The building is named after Gilbert Sheldon, chancellor of the university at the time and the project's main financial backer...
The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
The lecture series was founded by, and named after, the biologist George Romanes
George John Romanes FRS was a Canadian-born English evolutionary biologist and physiologist who laid the foundation of what he called comparative psychology, postulating a similarity of cognitive processes and mechanisms between humans and other animals.He was the youngest of Charles Darwin's...
, and has been running since 1892. Over the years, many notable figures from the Arts and Sciences have been invited to speak. The lecture can be on any subject in science, art or literature, approved by the Vice-Chancellor
John Hood was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 5 October 2004 until 30 September 2009. He was the first Vice-Chancellor to be elected from outside Oxford's academic body, and the first to have addressed the scholars' congregation via a webcast...
of the University
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096...
- 1892 William Ewart Gladstone
William Ewart Gladstone FRS FSS was a British Liberal statesman. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times , more than any other person. Gladstone was also Britain's oldest Prime Minister, 84 years old when he resigned for the last time...
— An Academic Sketch (A report of the speech is available in the digital archive of The Nation.)
- 1893 Thomas Henry Huxley — Evolution and Ethics (See also a contemporary review of Huxley's lecture)
- 1894 August Weismann
Friedrich Leopold August Weismann was a German evolutionary biologist. Ernst Mayr ranked him the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after Charles Darwin...
— The Effect of External Influences upon Development
- 1895 Holman Hunt — The Obligations of the Universities towards Art
- 1896 Mandell Creighton
Mandell Creighton , was a British historian and a bishop of the Church of England. A scholar of the Renaissance papacy, Creighton was the first occupant of the Dixie Chair of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Cambridge, a professorship that was established around the time that the study...
— The English National Character
- 1897 John Morley — Machiavelli
- 1898 Archibald Geikie
Sir Archibald Geikie, OM, KCB, PRS, FRSE , was a Scottish geologist and writer.-Early life:Geikie was born in Edinburgh in 1835, the eldest son of musician and music critic James Stuart Geikie...
— Types of Scenery and their Influence on Literature
- 1899 Richard Claverhouse Jebb
Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb, OM, FBA was a British classical scholar and politician.He was born in Dundee, Scotland. His father was a well-known barrister, and his grandfather a judge...
— Humanism in Education
- 1900 James Murray
Sir James Augustus Henry Murray was a Scottish lexicographer and philologist. He was the primary editor of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1879 until his death.-Life and learning:...
— The Evolution of English Lexicography (Also available at The Oxford English Dictonary site.)
- 1901 Lord Acton
John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL , known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton, 8th Bt from 1837 to 1869 and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton, was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer...
— The German school of history
- 1902 James Bryce
James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce OM, GCVO, PC, FRS, FBA was a British academic, jurist, historian and Liberal politician.-Background and education:...
— The Relations of the Advanced and the Backward Races of Mankind
- 1903 Oliver Lodge — Modern views on matter
- 1904 Courtenay Ilbert
Sir Courtenay Peregrine Ilbert GCB KCSI CIE was a distinguished British lawyer and civil servant.Ilbert served as the legal adviser to the Viceroy of India's Council for many years until his eventual return from India to England...
- 1905 Ray Lankester
Sir E. Ray Lankester KCB, FRS was a British zoologist, born in London.An invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist, he held chairs at University College London and Oxford University. He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal...
— Nature and Man
- 1906 William Paton Ker
William Paton Ker was a Scottish literary scholar and essayist.-Life:He was born in Glasgow in 1855. He studied at Glasgow Academy, the University of Glasgow and Balliol College, Oxford....
— Sturla the Historian
- 1907 Lord Curzon — Frontiers
- 1908 Henry Scott Holland
Henry Scott Holland was Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford. He was also a canon of Christ Church, Oxford.-Family and education:...
— The optimism of Butler's Analogy
- 1909 Arthur Balfour
Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC, DL was a British Conservative politician and statesman...
— Questionings on Criticism and Beauty
- 1910 Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States . He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity...
— Biological Analogies in History
- 1911 J.B. Bury — Romances of chivalry on Greek soil
- 1912 Henry Montagu Butler
Henry Montagu Butler was an English academic.He was the son of a previous Headmaster of Harrow School, George Butler and his wife Sarah Maria née Gray. Educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, he married Georgina Elliot in 1861...
— Lord Chatham as an orator
- 1913 William Mitchell Ramsay
Sir William Mitchell Ramsay was a Scottish archaeologist and New Testament scholar. By his death in 1939 he had become the foremost authority of his day on the history of Asia Minor and a leading scholar in the study of the New Testament...
— The imperial peace: an ideal in European history
- 1914 J. J. Thomson
Sir Joseph John "J. J." Thomson, OM, FRS was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He is credited for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer...
– The atomic theory
- 1915 E. B. Poulton
Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton, FRS was a British evolutionary biologist who was a lifelong advocate of natural selection...
– Science and the Great War
- 1918 Herbert Henry Asquith — Some Aspects of the Victorian Age
- 1920 William Ralph Inge
William Ralph Inge was an English author, Anglican priest, professor of divinity at Cambridge, and Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, which provided the appellation by which he was widely known, "Dean Inge."- Life :...
— The Idea of Progress
- 1921 Joseph Bédier
Joseph Bédier was a French writer and scholar and historian of medieval France.-Biography:Bédier was born in Paris, France to Adolphe Bédier, a lawyer of Breton origin, and spent his childhood in Réunion. He was a professor of medieval French literature at the Université de Fribourg, Switzerland ...
— Roland à Roncevaux
- 1922 Arthur Stanley Eddington
Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, OM, FRS was a British astrophysicist of the early 20th century. He was also a philosopher of science and a popularizer of science...
— The theory of relativity and its influence on scientific thought
- 1923 John Burnet
John Burnet was a Scottish classicist.-Education, Life and Work:Burnet was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, the University of Edinburgh, and Balliol College, Oxford, receiving his M.A. degree in 1887...
- 1924 John Masefield
John Edward Masefield, OM, was an English poet and writer, and Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1930 until his death in 1967...
— Shakespeare & spiritual life
- 1925 William Henry Bragg
Sir William Henry Bragg OM, KBE, PRS was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son William Lawrence Bragg - the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics...
— The Crystalline State
- 1926 G.M. Trevelyan — The Two-Party System in English Political History
- 1927 Frederick George Kenyon — Museums and National Life
- 1928 D. M. S. Watson — Palaeontology and the Evolution of Man
- 1929 Sir John William Fortescue
- 1930 Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, was a predominantly Conservative British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century and served as Prime Minister twice...
— Parliamentary Government and the Economic Problem
- 1931 John Galsworthy
John Galsworthy OM was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter...
— The Creation of Character in Literature
- 1932 Berkley Moynihan
- 1934 William Rothenstein
Sir William Rothenstein was an English painter, draughtsman and writer on art.-Life and work:William Rothenstein was born into a German-Jewish family in Bradford, West Yorkshire. His father, Moritz, emigrated from Germany in 1859 to work in Bradford's burgeoning textile industry...
— Form and content in English Painting
- 1935 Gilbert Murray
George Gilbert Aimé Murray, OM was an Australian born British classical scholar and public intellectual, with connections in many spheres. He was an outstanding scholar of the language and culture of Ancient Greece, perhaps the leading authority in the first half of the twentieth century...
— Then and Now
- 1936 Donald Francis Tovey
Sir Donald Francis Tovey was a British musical analyst, musicologist, writer on music, composer, conductor and pianist...
— Normality and Freedom in Music
- 1937 Harley Granville-Barker
Harley Granville-Barker was an English actor-manager, director, producer, critic and playwright....
— On Poetry in Drama
- 1938 Lord Robert Cecil
Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood CH, PC, QC , known as Lord Robert Cecil from 1868 to 1923, was a lawyer, politician and diplomat in the United Kingdom...
— Peace and Pacifism
- 1939 Laurence Binyon
Robert Laurence Binyon was an English poet, dramatist and art scholar. His most famous work, For the Fallen, is well known for being used in Remembrance Sunday services....
— Art and freedom
- 1941 William Hailey — The position of colonies in a British commonwealth of nations
- 1942 Norman H. Baynes
Professor Norman Hepburn Baynes was a noted 20th century British historian of the Byzantine Empire.-Career:Baynes was Professor of Byzantine History at University College London from 1931 until 1942...
— Intellectual liberty and totalitarian claims
- 1943 Julian Huxley
Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS was an English evolutionary biologist, humanist and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century evolutionary synthesis...
— Evolutionary Ethics (50 years after his grandfather gave the lecture)
- 1946 John Anderson
John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, PC, PC was a British civil servant then politician who served as a minister under Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill as Home Secretary, Lord President of the Council and Chancellor of the Exchequer...
— The machinery of government
- 1947 Lord Samuel
Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel GCB OM GBE PC was a British politician and diplomat.-Early years:...
— Creative Man
- 1948 Lord Brabazon of Tara — Forty years of flight
- 1949 Claud Schuster
Claud Schuster, 1st Baron Schuster, GCB, CVO, KC was a British barrister and civil servant noted for his long tenure as Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor's Office. Born to a middle-class Mancunian family, Schuster was educated at St. George's School, Ascot and Winchester College before...
- 1950 John Cockcroft
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft OM KCB CBE FRS was a British physicist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for splitting the atomic nucleus with Ernest Walton, and was instrumental in the development of nuclear power....
— The development and future of nuclear energy
- 1951 Maurice Hankey
Maurice Pascal Alers Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, PC was a British civil servant who gained prominence as the first Cabinet Secretary and who later made the rare transition from the civil service to ministerial office.-Life and career:The third son of R. A...
— The science and art of government
- 1952 Lewis Bernstein Namier
Sir Lewis Bernstein Namier was an English historian. He was born Ludwik Niemirowski in Wola Okrzejska in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is today in Poland.-Life:...
— Monarchy and the party system
- 1953 Viscount Simon
John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon GCSI GCVO OBE PC was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer,...
— Crown and Commonwealth
- 1954 Kenneth Clark
Kenneth McKenzie Clark, Baron Clark, OM, CH, KCB, FBA was a British author, museum director, broadcaster, and one of the best-known art historians of his generation...
— Moments of Vision
- 1955 Albert Richardson
Sir Albert Edward Richardson K.C.V.O., F.R.I.B.A, F.S.A., was a leading English architect, teacher and writer about architecture during the first half of the 20th century...
— The significance of the fine arts
- 1956 Thomas Beecham
Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Baronet CH was an English conductor and impresario best known for his association with the London Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic orchestras. He was also closely associated with the Liverpool Philharmonic and Hallé orchestras...
— John Fletcher
- 1957 Ronald Knox
Ronald Arbuthnott Knox was an English priest, theologian and writer.-Life:Ronald Knox was born in Kibworth, Leicestershire, England into an Anglican family and was educated at Eton College, where he took the first scholarship in 1900 and Balliol College, Oxford, where again...
— On English translation
- 1958 Edward Bridges
Edward Ettingdene Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges, KG, GCB, GCVO, PC, MC, FRS was a British civil servant.Born in Yattendon in Berkshire, Bridges was the son of Robert Bridges, later Poet Laureate, and Mary Monica Waterhouse, daughter of the architect Alfred Waterhouse. He was educated at Eton and...
— The State and the Arts
- 1959 Lord Denning — From Precedent to Precedent
- 1960 Edgar Douglas Adrian — Factors in mental evolution
- 1961 Vincent Massey
Charles Vincent Massey was a Canadian lawyer and diplomat who served as Governor General of Canada, the 18th since Canadian Confederation....
— Canadians and Their Commonwealth
- 1962 Cyril Radcliffe
Cyril John Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe GBE, PC, QC was a British lawyer and Law Lord most famous for his partitioning of the British Imperial territory of India.-Background, education and early career:...
— Mountstuart Elphinstone
- 1963 Violet Bonham Carter
Helen Violet Bonham Carter, Baroness Asquith of Yarnbury, DBE was a British politician and diarist. She was the daughter of H. H. Asquith, Prime Minister from 1908-1916, and later became active in Liberal politics herself, being a leading opponent of appeasement, standing for Parliament and being...
— The impact of personality in politics (45 years after her father gave the lecture)
- 1964 Harold Hartley
Sir Harold Brewer Hartley GCVO CH FRS was a British physical chemist. He moved from academia to important positions in business and industry.He was educated at Dulwich College, and Balliol College, Oxford...
— Man and Nature
- 1965 Noel Annan
Noel Gilroy Annan, Baron Annan, OBE was a British military intelligence officer, author, and academic. During his military career, he rose to the rank of Colonel and was appointed OBE...
— The Disintegration of an Old Culture
- 1966 Maurice Bowra
Sir Cecil Maurice Bowra was an English classical scholar and academic, known for his wit. He was Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, from 1938 to 1970, and served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1951 to 1954.-Birth and boyhood:...
— A case for humane learning
- 1967 Rab Butler
Richard Austen Butler, Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC , who invariably signed his name R. A. Butler and was familiarly known as Rab, was a British Conservative politician...
— The Difficult Art of Autobiography
- 1968 Peter Medawar
Sir Peter Brian Medawar OM CBE FRS was a British biologist, whose work on graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune tolerance was fundamental to the practice of tissue and organ transplants...
— Science and Literature
- 1969 Lord Holford — A World of Room
- 1970 Isaiah Berlin
Sir Isaiah Berlin OM, FBA was a British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas of Russian-Jewish origin, regarded as one of the leading thinkers of the twentieth century and a dominant liberal scholar of his generation...
— Fathers and Children: Turgenev and the Liberal Predicament (Broadcast on BBC Radio 3
BBC Radio 3 is a national radio station operated by the BBC within the United Kingdom. Its output centres on classical music and opera, but jazz, world music, drama, culture and the arts also feature. The station is the world’s most significant commissioner of new music, and its New Generation...
on 14 February 1971)
- 1972 Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH FRS FBA was an Austro-British philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics...
— On the Problem of Body and Mind
- 1973 Ernst Gombrich
Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich, OM, CBE was an Austrian-born art historian who became naturalized British citizen in 1947. He spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom...
— Art History and the Social Sciences
- 1974 Solly Zuckermann — Advice and Responsibility
- 1976 Iris Murdoch
Dame Iris Murdoch DBE was an Irish-born British author and philosopher, best known for her novels about political and social questions of good and evil, sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious...
— The Fire and the Sun: Why Plato banished the artists
- 1978 George Porter
George Hornidge Porter, Baron Porter of Luddenham, OM, FRS was a British chemist.- Life :Porter was born in Stainforth, near Thorne, South Yorkshire. He was educated at Thorne Grammar School, then won a scholarship to the University of Leeds and gained his first degree in chemistry...
— Science and the Human Purpose
- 1979 Hugh Casson
Sir Hugh Maxwell Casson, KCVO, RA, RDI, was a British architect, interior designer, artist, and influential writer and broadcaster on 20th century design. He is particularly noted for his role as director of architecture at the 1951 Festival of Britain on London's South Bank.Casson's family...
— The arts and the academies
- 1980 Jo Grimond — Is political philosophy based on a mistake?
- 1981 A.J.P. Taylor — War in Our Time
- 1983 Owen Chadwick
William Owen Chadwick, OM, KBE, FBA, FRSE is a British professor, writer and prominent historian of Christianity. He was also a rugby union player.-Early life and education:Chadwick was born in Bromley in 1916...
— Religion and Society
- 1984–5 Miriam Louisa Rothschild — Animals and Man
- 1986 Nicholas Henderson
Sir John Nicolas Henderson, GCMG, KCVO was a distinguished British career diplomat and writer, who served as British Ambassador to the United States from 1979 to 1982....
— Different Approaches to Foreign Policy
- 1987 Norman St. John-Stevas
Norman Anthony Francis St John-Stevas, Baron St John of Fawsley, PC, FRSL , is a British politician, author, constitutional expert and barrister. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as the Leader of the House of Commons in the government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher from 1979 to 1981...
— The Omnipresence of Walter Bagehot
- 1988 Hugh Trevor-Roper
Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper was an English historian of early modern Britain and Nazi Germany. He was made a life peer by Margaret Thatcher in 1979, choosing the title Baron Dacre of Glanton.-Early life and education:...
— The Lost Moments of History (A revised version at the NYRB
The New York Review of Books is a fortnightly magazine with articles on literature, culture and current affairs. Published in New York City, it takes as its point of departure that the discussion of important books is itself an indispensable literary activity...
- 1990 Saul Bellow
Saul Bellow was a Canadian-born Jewish American writer. For his literary contributions, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts...
— The Distracted Public
- 1991 Gianni Agnelli
Giovanni Agnelli , better known as Gianni Agnelli , was an Italian industrialist and principal shareholder of Fiat. As the head of Fiat, he controlled 4.4% of Italy's GDP, 3.1% of its industrial workforce, and 16.5% of its industrial investment in research...
— Europe: Many Legacies, One Future
- 1992 Robert Blake
Robert Norman William Blake, Baron Blake was an English historian. He is best known for his 1966 biography of Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, and for The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill, which grew out of his 1968 Ford lectures...
— Gladstone, Disraeli and Queen Victoria (The Centenary Lecture)
- 1993 Henry Harris — Hippolyte's club foot: the medical roots of realism in modern European literature
- 1994 Lord Slynn of Hadley — Europe and Human Rights
- 1995 Walter Bodmer
Sir Walter Bodmer is a German-born British human geneticist. His father being Jewish, the family left Germany in 1938 and settled in Manchester. Bodmer has developed models for population genetics and done work on the human leukocyte antigen system and the use of somatic cell hybrids for human...
— The Book of Man
- 1996 Roy Jenkins
Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead OM, PC was a British politician.The son of a Welsh coal miner who later became a union official and Labour MP, Roy Jenkins served with distinction in World War II. Elected to Parliament as a Labour member in 1948, he served in several major posts in...
— The Chancellorship of Oxford: A Contemporary View with a Little History
- 1997 Mary Robinson
Mary Therese Winifred Robinson served as the seventh, and first female, President of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, from 1997 to 2002. She first rose to prominence as an academic, barrister, campaigner and member of the Irish Senate...
— Realizing Human Rights:"Take hold of it boldly and duly..."
- 1998 Amartya Kumar Sen — Reason before identity
- 1999 Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair is a former British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007...
— The Learning Habit
- 2000 William G. Bowen
William G. Bowen is President Emeritus of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation where he served as President from 1988 to 2006. He was the president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988....
— At a Slight Angle to the Universe: The University in a Digitized, Commercialized Age
- 2001 Neil MacGregor
Robert Neil MacGregor, OM, FSA is an art historian and museum director. He was the Editor of the Burlington Magazine from 1981 to 1987, the Director of the National Gallery, London, from 1987 to 2002, and was appointed Director of the British Museum in 2002...
— The Perpetual Present. The Ideal of Art for All
- 2002 Tom Bingham — Personal Freedom and the Dilemma of Democracies
- 2003 Paul Nurse
Sir Paul Maxime Nurse, PRS is a British geneticist and cell biologist. He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Leland H. Hartwell and R...
— The great ideas of biology
- 2004 Rowan Williams
Rowan Douglas Williams FRSL, FBA, FLSW is an Anglican bishop, poet and theologian. He is the 104th and current Archbishop of Canterbury, Metropolitan of the Province of Canterbury and Primate of All England, offices he has held since early 2003.Williams was previously Bishop of Monmouth and...
— Religious lives
- 2005 Shirley M. Tilghman
Shirley Marie Tilghman, FRS is a scholar in molecular biology and an academic administrator, the President of Princeton University. She is the first woman to hold the position and only the second female president in the Ivy League...
— Strange bedfellows: science, politics, and religion
- 2007 Dame Gillian Beer
Dame Gillian Beer, DBE , King Edward VII Professor of English Literature and President, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, is a British literary critic and academic.-Career:...
— Darwin and the Consciousness of Others
- 2008 Muhammad Yunus
Muhammad Yunus is a Bangladeshi economist and founder of the Grameen Bank, an institution that provides microcredit to help its clients establish creditworthiness and financial self-sufficiency. In 2006 Yunus and Grameen received the Nobel Peace Prize...
— Poverty Free World: When? How?
- 2009 Gordon Brown
James Gordon Brown is a British Labour Party politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 until 2010. He previously served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Labour Government from 1997 to 2007...
— Science and our Economic Future
- 2011 Andrew Motion
Sir Andrew Motion, FRSL is an English poet, novelist and biographer, who presided as Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2009.- Life and career :...
— Bonfire of the Humanities
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Sir William Blackstone's (1723-1780) four-volume Commentaries on the Laws of England assures him a place in history as one of the greatest scholars of English common law. Blackstone began his lectures on the common law in 1753. His clear, lucid style and the completeness of his work made his lectures and later writings an immediate success. His Commentaries served as a primary instruction tool in England and America well into the nineteenth century and exerted a pronounced influence on the development of the American legal tradition.
Blackstone sought to provide the English common law with the same systematic, rational treatment that Newton and others had given to the natural sciences. He felt the common law should be complete and independent, as if it were a uniform system of logic. To this end, he initially focused his attention on natural law: "This law of nature, being co-eval with mankind and dictated by God himself, is of course superior in obligation to any other. It is binding over all the globe, in all countries, and at all times: no human laws are of any validity, if contrary to this; and such of them as are valid derive all their force, and all their authority, mediately or immediately, from this original."1
Occasionally, his attempts at a logical synthesis led Blackstone to blur important difficulties and contradictions. He viewed the English common-law system as the culmination of eighteenth-century rationalism, and he saw the English Constitution as the best form of government in existence because it had achieved a perfection of nearly scientific proportions: "Here then is lodged the sovereignty of the British constitution; and is lodged so beneficially as is possible for society. For in no other shape could we be so certain of finding the three great qualities of government so well and so happily united."2 Blackstone was thus part of the movement to apply the systematic theories of natural science to the study of man.
Blackstone's influence on English and American common law was profound precisely because his work is so easily comprehensible and logical in its construction. The Commentaries served as a primary vehicle for the education of lawyers for years after its publication and is still an important source for the history of common law.
Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Robert Bell, 1771), p. 41.
Ibid., p. 51.
The biographical material about the author originally appeared on The Goodrich Room: Interactive Tour website.
Last modified April 13, 2016
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In the last two decades, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has closed many critical gender gaps, especially in ensuring equal access for girls and boys to education and health care. Today, the region can be proud that its women are enrolling in far greater numbers in university than ever before. Indeed, in many countries, young women are more educated than yound men. At the same time, MENA has also witnessed th largest decrease inmaternal mortality in the world.
These achievements are commendable, and the next step is expanding the role of MENA women in the work place and in public life. Currently, only one in four women of working age are employed or looking for work. Many of them find it very difficult to get a job. Young women in many MENA countries face unemployment rates as high as 50 percent. It is no surprise then that the region’s young educated women are calling for greater access to economic opportunities and a more equal, inclusive society.
These unmet aspirations and the vast untapped potential of half of the region’s people, at a time when the reion is undergoing a mementous transformation, is the context of Opening Doors: Gender Equality and Development in the Middle East and North Africa. This report is a regional companion piece to the World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development.
Download the MENA Development Report here
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The benefits of river restoration and the chances for its successful implementation are frequently dependent on how well it is integrated into the built and natural environment through the process of spatial planning. When this process is carried out well, river restoration can give social and economic benefits as well as offering environmental enhancements.
Spatial planning is the process of designing and creating places and buildings that fit into the environment. It also has a central role in ensuring that land is available to enable new development or regeneration to take place and balances the need for development with protection of the environment and local amenities.
In many European countries the planning system has been identified as the means of delivering this vision and bringing all these elements together. In general this process is achieved by drawing up a vision of development based on national and local priorities and expectations.
In the context of river restoration, spatial planning deals with existing and proposed structures in the river corridor and catchments, and all natural and man made features as well. Spatial planning is therefore a key tool in achieving high quality river restoration.
By approaching river restoration in a wider social, economic and environmental context by integrating it with existing natural and man made structures and designing projects collaboratively, it is more likely that river restoration measures will be successful.
The spatial planning system offers the opportunity for planning authorities to incorporate good restoration practices into urban and rural developments in order to improve flood prevention, increase recreational facilities, reduce heat stress and increase the value of waterfront housing.
It is essential that river restoration is carried out in accordance with planning policy at both the national and European level. For instance, Water Framework Directive objectives need to be reflected in planning policy and delivered through planning decisions.
For instance, in the London Borough of Lewisham (UK) the Ravensbourne River Corridor Improvement Plan (RRCIP) assesses the river environment from Catford to the River Thames in Deptford and identifies how development and initiatives can improve the river’s quality. The RRCIP is part of a suite of documents known as the Local Development Strategy that provides the basis for all spatial planning decisions within the London Borough of Lewisham.
As many rivers cross international borders, river basin management needs to take account of the interests and development in neighbouring countries. Spatial planning can play a key role in implementing EU policy and achieving integrated decision making across borders and river catchments.
The EU Floods Directive of 2007 states that measures to reduce flood risks should be coordinated throughout a river basin in order to be more effective (River Basin Management Planning). Spatial planning can be used as a tool to plan development at the catchment scale as a way of addressing this issue.
River catchment planning is the management of water resources, ecology and pollution to preserve and enhance the quality of water and rivers by bringing together partners to find the best ways to manage rivers. It is a framework for assessing the potential for improvement and identifying areas in need of restoration on a catchment or sub-catchment. For instance, catchment planning can improve the ecological status of rivers or provide solutions for sustainable flood alleviation issues where properties are at risk.
Rivers By Design
A step-by-step guide for planners, developers, architects and landscape architects on how to maximise the benefits of river restoration in development projects. This was developed by the RESTORE partnership.
Rivers by Design shows planners, architects and developers the crucial role that they can play in river restoration. It provides practical advice and information to maximise the ecological, social and economic benefits of development by integrating water management into the planning and design at all scales. Step-by-step guidance on planning projects ensures the goals of sustainable development are achieved to meet the needs of local people and the environment.
A series of case studies demonstrates successful examples of how well located, planned and designed development can increase ecological quality, reduce flood risk and create social and economic benefits such as improved recreational facilities and public spaces. The case studies that are presented in this guide are available below as individual pdfs:
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I love digging into the various parts of the farm bill, which Congress is supposed to renew every few years. The legislation touches on so many different parts of American society, from farming techniques to food stamps to rural economies to the deficit’s size to government’s reach to environmental quality.
That last element that often gets overlooked. The legislation has a huge impact on the environment. I was talking with a spokesperson for an environmental group Friday who called it one of the most important pieces of environmental legislation that Congress ever considers.
The Senate passed its version of the farm bill Thursday. It takes aim at water quality, land management, water pollution and wetland preservation, among other environmental issues.
As one example, the legislation gives incentives to farmers to grow crops that rely upon less water. Those include dry land crops, such as cotton.
That makes sense to me because water availability increasingly will determine what crops farmers produce. C.E. Williams, who leads the Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District near Amarillo, told me last week that farmers in his part of the world once were limited by how much acreage they could get their hands on. Now and in the future, he said, they must also consider how much water they can access to produce a crop.
Water supplies are not an infinite resource across many parts of the state, including in the Panhandle. The Ogallala Aquifer runs underneath much of the Panhandle. And, yes, it recharges itself. But it does not offer a limitless supply of water for that part of our state.
This reality will continue to test agricultural producers, who are eager to meet the growing world demand for food. They naturally are farming as much as they can. But they won’t be able to get as much water as they like as long as they like.
Given that situation, it would seem natural that more farmers would try to grow dry land crops. But that isn’t so. To some extent, you can’t blame them. They probably can make more growing corn, for example. Higher prices for crops like that help them afford their land payments.
Also, dry land farming doesn’t produce as much of a property tax base as do other crops that are rewarded more in the marketplace. So, counties may not exactly be wild about seeing dry land farming, either.
All of this speaks to the reason why the Senate’s farm bill is right to give farmers an incentive to do more dry land farming, and other techniques that rely upon less water.
I have a column tomorrow that expands more upon the farm bill’s impact on ecological issues, so I will stop here. But it’s a mistake to think of this legislation as a one-dimensional bill. It has a far-reaching – and surprising influence – on our way of life.
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First French Empire
- Created 2012-02-26
First French Empire
), also known as the
Greater French Empire
, was the empire of
of France. It was the dominant power of much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.
Emperor of the French
L'Empereur des Français
, lɑ̃.pʁœʁ dɛ fʁɑ̃.sɛpron) on 18 May 1804 and crowned Emperor on 2 December 1804, ending the period of the
, and won early military victories in the
War of the Third Coalition
, and allied nations, notably at the
Battle of Austerlitz
(1805) and the
Battle of Friedland
Treaty of Tilsit
in July 1807 ended two years of bloodshed on the European continent.
The subsequent series of wars known collectively as the
extended French influence over much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130
, ruled over 44 million subjects, maintained an extensive military presence in
, and the
Duchy of Warsaw
, and could count Prussia and Austria as nominal allies. Early French victories exported many ideological features of the
Seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice
were abolished, aristocratic privileges were eliminated in all places except Poland, and the introduction of the
throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems, and legalized divorce. However Napoleon also placed relatives on the thrones of several European countries and granted many noble titles, most of which were not recognized after the empire fell.
Historians have estimated the
death toll from the Napoleonic Wars
to be 6.5 million people. In particular, French losses in the
in Spain severely weakened the Empire; after victory over the Austrian Empire in the
War of the Fifth Coalition
(1809) Napoleon deployed over 600,000 troops to attack Russia in the catastrophic
French invasion of the Russian Empire
in 1812. The
War of the Sixth Coalition
saw the expulsion of French forces from Germany in 1813.
d in 11 April 1814. The Empire was briefly restored during the
period in 1815 until Napoleon's defeat at the
Battle of Waterloo
. It was followed by the
House of Bourbon
from Wikipedia (last updated: 12 December), licensed under
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Napoleon, His Armies and Battles
First Empire Magazine Covering the History, Battles and Uniforms of Napoleonic era
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TCU Sports activities Nutrition (@TCUFrogFuel) On Twitter
Learn about nutrition in sports activities to help higher understand sports activities vitamin food plan, diet for health, sports activities diet supplements, and the relationships between performance, health and meals. The perfect factor for re-hydration is water, however it is advised to use sports activities drinks with electrolytes, for many who are engaged within the physical exercise for longer than an hour. Meals consists of six basic substance: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nutritional vitamins, minerals and water.
Analysis reveals a balanced vitamin plan ought to embrace enough calories and healthy macronutrients to optimize athletic performance The physique will use carbohydrates or fats as the main energy source, relying on exercise depth and duration. Healthy fats provide vitality, help with body growth, protect our organs, and keep cell membranes.
The Worldwide Society of Sports Vitamin affords a reputable on-line search directory to assist you. Some of the most common protein foods embody fish, meat, eggs, nuts, soya products, seeds and pulses. You need to consult a nutritionist or personal coach to determine the correct protein uptake you want but a common rule is around half a gram of protein per pound of body mass for common athletes.
It supplies the right food kind, vitality, vitamins, and fluids to keep the physique effectively hydrated and functioning at peak ranges. If you happen to proceed to work out with none power shops then the physique will start burning muscle as a substitute of fat lowering your exercise effectiveness.
What meals you select and how much you eat earlier than you train is determined by when, how lengthy, and the way intense your train or occasion will likely be. Individuals that are taking part in resistance training, their body would require additional protein. Many sports vitamin supplements additionally include creatine which is understood increasing endurance and energy whereas exercising.
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Vuktor Yushchenko, Ukrainian presidential candidate poisoned by dioxin, 2004.
Often, when we are talking about the long-term impacts of Agent Orange on human health and the environment, we are actually talking about dioxin. Specifically, the 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD),which was an unnecessary contaminant in the 2,4,5-T component of Agent Orange, and several of the other herbicides (Pink, Purple, and Green). Therefore, it is important to have clarity on two terms used throughout this website:
Agent Orange — (aka Herbicide Orange) was one of a class of color-coded herbicides that US forces sprayed over the rural landscape in Vietnam to kill trees, shrubs and food crops over large areas. Agent Orange was a 50/50 mixture of two individual herbicides, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. It remained toxic over a short period—a scale of days or weeks—and then degraded. The production of Agent Orange was halted in the 1970s, existing stocks were destroyed and it is no longer used. Production of the 2,4,5-T component of Agent Orange was also halted in the 1980s in most countries. However, 2,4-D is still produced by Dow Agroscience and is a common component of over 70 products, including Scott’s Weed and Feed, Miracle-Grow Weed and Feed, Weed B Gone and many others.
The effects of Agent Orange do, however, persist in the form of ecologically degraded landscapes in parts of the hilly and mountainous areas of Vietnam. The pre-war forests that existed in most of these areas took hundreds of years to reach an ecologically-balanced mixture of large numbers of species of flora and fauna. Natural regeneration would take centuries to reproduce those landscapes. In addition, in some of the sprayed areas soil erosion and landslides have sharply lowered soil nutrient levels and altered thetopographical features of the landscape. These changes have encouraged a few species of invasive grasses of low value. Active replanting with species of trees and shrubs which are ecologically viable and have economic value will require substantial and sustained long term investment.
Dioxin — is a member of the class of persistent organic pollutants that is produced through combustion, in the bleaching of paper/pulp or in the chemical manufacturing process. In regards to Agent Orange dioxin was a by-product of the deliberately accelerated production of the herbicide 2,4,5-T, one of the components of Agent Orange. Specifically the dioxin contaminating Agent Orange was 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD)which is the most toxic of all the dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. The US National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the International Agency for the Research on Cancer list TCDD as a known human carcinogen. Dioxin has been found to be an endocrine disrupter, it can cause chloracne, certain cancers, and reproductive and developmental effects (at least in animals).
Dioxin is not absorbed by plants nor is it water soluble. It can attach to fine soil particles or sediment, which are then carried by water downstream and settle in the bottoms of ponds and lakes. It continues to adversely affect people who eat dioxin-contaminated fish, molluscs and fowl produced around point sources of dioxin called dioxin "hot spots." The good news is that for the most part as environmental restriction on emissions of dioxin and dioxin – like compounds have been tightened the levels of dioxin in the environment has decreased over the past 30 years. However, dioxin is toxic over a long period – a scale of many decades – and does not degrade readily. The half-life of dioxin varies depending on where it is found, in humans the half life is between 11 and 15 years, in surface soil that has been fully exposed to sunlight the half-life is between 1 and 3 years and in sediment the half-life can be more than 100 years.
“A few grains of salt dissolved in an olympic-size swimming pool.”
– Philip Jones Griffiths, “Agent Orange:
Collateral Damage in Viet Nam,” 2004.
The average person in an industrialized nation has 3-7 pg/g (picograms/gram) of TCDD in their blood, primarily through environmental exposure to dioxin from combustion, and by eating dioxin contaminated meat, dairy and fish. In comparison, the average Ranch Hander, the type of veteran who handled the contaminated chemicals, had an estimated 12.2 pg/g of dioxin in his blood when it was measured twenty-years after his exposure in Vietnam. Those at most risk to adverse health effects of dioxin are those who were exposed to high levels through industrial accidents, by frequently eating fish and animals that have been feeding in dioxin hotspots, or who were exposed to dioxin-contaminated herbicides such as Agent Orange. Dioxin's continuing impact can be slowed or halted by cutting the dioxin exposure pathways in the human food chain, and by environmental remediation of contaminated sites.
Unfortunately there is no known "safe–level" of dioxin exposure; if dioxin permanently alters the intricate internal cellular and chemical balances involved in maintaining good human health, there is serious risk of life-long health problems, which may ultimately lead to mortality. Scientists are still trying to understand how dioxin may adversely affect health or cause reproductive and developmental abnormalities in humans. It is hoped that as epigenetic research continues to evolve, answers may finally be found as to how dioxin may alter the expression of genes.
by Robert Allen
by Arnold SChecter and Thomas A. Gasiewicz
Linda Birnbaum (former EPA Toxicology Division Director) explains dioxin's impact on human health in a 2004 interview.
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Homer sweet home... Archaeologists find 'Odysseus's island palace'
Evidence that the Odyssey and Iliad may be true after all
Last updated at 8:06 PM on 25th August 2010
Archaeologists believe they have found the palace of Odysseus, the legendary Greek king of Ithaca and hero of Homer's epic poem.
They believe that the 8th BC century palace which they have discovered in Ithaca, in the Ionian Seas west of mainland Greece, proves that he was a real historical figure.
It is the only one of the palaces mentioned in Homer’s epic poems that hadn’t been found.
Greek archaeologists believe they have found an eight century BC palace on the island of Ithaca, fuelling theories that the hero of Homer's epic poem was real. The excavations have been made in the Aghios Athanassios area of the Ionian island.
Legend: The story of the King of Ithaca's ten-year journey home is an enduring classic - now it seems that his home really existed
For many years, Homer's other epic The Iliad - telling the story of the protracted siege of Troy by the Greeks which culminated in the deployment of their Wooden Horse ruse - was regarded as a myth.
But then in the 1870s, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann rediscovered the city in modern-day Turkey.
The views from the ruins found on the island of Ithaca by the University of Ioannina are exactly as described in The Odyssey, says Professor Thanassis Papadopoulos who led the team.
Known to the ancient Romans as Ulysses, the Greek hero famously took ten years to return home to Ithaca after the fall of Troy.
Archaeologists believe the palace which they have discovered in Ithaca, in the Ionian Seas west of mainland Greece, proves that Odysseus - known to the ancient Romans as Ulysses - was a real historical figure
'According to evidence so far, which is extremely significant, and taking under consideration scientific reservations, we believe we are before the palace of Odysseus and Penelope; the only one of the Homeric-era palaces that has not yet been discovered,' said Professor Papadopoulos.
On his journey, he was shipwrecked and encountered many obstacles before returning to Ithaca, where he found his wife, Penelope, under pressure to remarry from a host of suitors. He then has to reassert his rightful place as king.
However Professor Papadopoulos faces an uphill struggle persuading some of his colleagues that he really has discovered the home of Odysseus.
One British researcher, Robert Bittlestone, insists that Homer's description of ancient Ithaca bears little resemblance to the island that now has its name and that Odysseus's kingdom was located on the isle of Cephalonia.
But Adriano La Regina, an Italian archaeologist, has a more pragmatic approach: 'Whether this find has a connection with Ulysses or not is interesting up to a certain point, but more important is the discovery of the royal palace.'
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It is important to know that Depression is more than just sadness. It could be the next mental health epidemic if we do not handle it with diligence says Samar Hafeez a Psychologist and a Certified holistic health coach. Because mental health issues not only impact you but also your loved ones. Also, the negative impact of Covid 19 pandemic on people with pre-existing mental health conditions has augmented.
The pandemic has increased the global prevalence and burden of Depression, it is sad to know that people with pre-existing substance- use disorder, mental and neurological issues have a higher risk of SARS- CoV-2 infection and even death.
So, how is Depression managed or treated?
It is hard to live with Depression. Around 80% to 90% people respond well to its management, and nearly all patients gain some symptomatic relief. A breakthrough study by Indiana University School of Medicine sheds new light on the biological basis of mood disorders (which includes Depression) and offers a promising blood test aimed at a precision-medicine approach to treatment. The study describes how the team developed a blood test, composed of RNA biomarkers, that can distinguish how severe a patient's depression is, their risk of severe depression in the future and their risk of future bipolar disorder, or manic-depressive illness. The test also informs tailored medication choices for patients. This is indeed a great service to mankind
Some of the management and treatment approaches include:
- Psychological treatments: Psychotherapy gives promising results in treating depression and preventing relapse/reoccurrence. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is the most effective psychological management/treatment. CBT helps people in understanding negative thought processes and improve their coping skills. An early detection and intervention is crucial to quick recovery. Psychotherapy may involve individual or group sessions. A therapist can teach life skills that help one deal with negative thoughts and emotions effectively.
- Medication: The main medical treatment for depression is anti-depressant medications, depending on the psychological evaluation and severity of the existing disorder. (Please reach out to a psychiatrist for further information).
- Get moving: We all know that regular exercises have varied physical health benefits, but few know its effectiveness in improving mental health. Exercise is proved to be as effective as antidepressants in some cases. Exercise releases Endorphins (potent mood enhancing chemicals) in body. And a regular exercise regimen can help rectify sleep cycle, sharpen memory and learning skills. You may also think you won’t enjoy something but, when you do it, you actually enjoy it more than you expected. So, executing something is necessary to succeed. Engaging in sports or list activities that you used to enjoy. It might be daunting at first, for beginners just a few minutes of exercise is better than nothing. Start with 5-10 minutes sessions 3-4 days a week than slowly increase. Meaningfully enjoyable activities will help alleviate depression.
- Restore sleep patterns: Sleep pattern is majorly disrupted in people who are depressed. In order to restore and break the vicious cycle one needs to follow some sleep hygiene practices which include: Maintain regularity sleep at same time every night and wake up at same time every morning, avoid smartphones or social media usage at night, avoid stimulants like coffee, alcohol, nicotine and heated arguments, say no to large meals 2 hours before bed.
- Practice mindfulness meditation: Most of our misery comes either from our bygone past or invisible future. Mindfulness teaches us the art of living in the present moment by avoiding judgement and by building a self- compassionate way of looking at oneself and others. It helps in tackling ruminating, negative and deviating thoughts that are often present in a person diagnosed with depression. Mindfulness based stress reduction therapies also aid in managing anxiety, chronic/acute stress, anger and irritability which might be present in people experiencing depression.
- Above mentioned techniques are some of the most effective and actionable ones. Always consult a mental health professional if you feel that your life is spiralling out of your control. Therapists are empathetic people who are active and reflective listeners with a non- judgemental attitude. Feel comfortable in reaching out to them for your own mental well- being and those of others around you. You take action now and get control of your life, because you deserve a better future.
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A <Derivation> expression is similar to a <Default> expression except that it always calculates a value for the field, even if the field already has a non-null value. This is typically used to display a field whose value is a permutation of another field’s value. This is a valuable design feature if the resource attribute value is encoded and would not be obvious to the user.
The following example shows a field definition that uses conditional logic to map one set of values into another set.
<Field name=’location’ prompt=’Location’> <Display class=’Text’/> <Derivation> <switch> <ref>accounts[Oracle].locCode</ref> <case> <s>AUS</s> <s>Austin</s> </case> <case> <s>HOU</s> <s>Houston</s> </case> <case> <s>DAL</s> <s>Dallas</s> </case> <case default=’true’> <s>unknown</s> </case> </switch> </Derivation> </Field>
The <Derivation> element is part of the Form XML language that can contain an expression. When this field is processed, the expression in the <Derivation> element is evaluated to determine the value to be displayed for this field.
In the preceding example, the value of the resource account attribute accounts[Oracle].locCode is compared to the first value in each case expression. If a match is found, the result of the switch expression is the second value in the matching case expression.If no matches are found, the result of the switch is the value within the default case.
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(Redirected from Patterns)
- Alphabetized by author or source
- A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · W · X · Y · Z · · External links
- From rainbows, river meanders, and shadows to spider webs, honeycombs, and the markings on animal coats, the visible world is full of patterns that can be described mathematically.
- John A. Adam, in Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World, Princeton University Press, 2006
- 12:45, Restate my assumptions: 1. Mathematics is the language of nature. 2. Everything around us can be represented and understood through numbers. 3. If you graph the numbers of any system, patterns emerge. Therefore: There are patterns everywhere in nature.
- Human beings fall easily into despair, and from the very beginning we invented stories that enabled us to place our lives in a larger setting, that revealed an underlying pattern, and gave us a sense that, against all the depressing and chaotic evidence to the contrary, life had meaning and value.
- Karen Armstrong, as quoted in "An Ecology for the Fourth Pillar : Imaginal Learning for Social Sustainability in AVE" by Peter Willis, in Rethinking Work and Learning: Adult and Vocational Education for Social Sustainability (2008), p. 34
- Complexity is looking at interacting elements and asking how they form patterns and how the patterns unfold. It’s important to point out that the patterns may never be finished. They’re open-ended. In standard science this hit some things that most scientists have a negative reaction to. Science doesn’t like perpetual novelty.
- W. Brian Arthur, in "Coming from Your Inner Self", a conversation with W. Brian Arthur, Xerox PARC, (16 April 1999), by Joseph Jaworski, Gary Jusela, and C. Otto Scharmer.
- A cloud does not know why it moves
in just such a direction
and at such a speed...It feels an impulsion...
this is the place to go now.
But the sky knows the reasons
and the patterns behind all clouds,
and you will know, too, when you lift yourself
high enough to see beyond horizons.
- When all factors pertaining to colour and pattern change are considered it is the wide ranging common chameleon Chaamaeleo chamaeleon, that is the most variable of all. More than one hundred colour and pattern variations have been recorded for it.
- Richard D. Barlett (1938), in Chameleons: Everything about Selection, Care, Nutrition, Diseases, Breeding, and Behavior, Barron's Educational Series, 1995, p. 7
- However, it is not only the males that use color and pattern to advertise sexuality — and other moods. The colors and patterns of the females are also indicators.
- Richard D. Barlett (1938), in "Chameleons: Everything about Selection, Care, Nutrition, Diseases, Breeding, and Behavior", p. 35
- A pattern is a guide or a model. Patterns are used in sewing and knitting, in wood and metalworking, and in a wide variety of other productive pursuits, activities, and jobs. Patterns help to avoid waste and unwanted deviations and facilitate uniformity that is appropriate and beneficial.
- David A. Bednar, in Melissa Merrill Elder Bednar Teaches Women the Spiritual Pattern of Small and Simple Things, Official Web site of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 4 May 2011
- Woman was given to man as an helpmeet. That complementary association is ideally portrayed in the eternal marriage of our first parents - Adam and Eve. They labored together; they had children together; they prayed together; and they taught their children the gospel together. This is the pattern God would have all righteous men and women imitate.
- Creativity involves breaking out of established patterns in order to look at things in a different way.
- Edward de Bono, in Dennis M. Adams, Mary Hamm Redefining Education in the Twenty-first Century: Shaping Collaborative Learning in the Age of Information, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1 January 2005
- Patterns permeate nature at all levels of organization. From molecules in a cell to organs in a cell to organs in a body, from animals in a colony to ecosystems in the biosphere, patterns exists everywhere. But patterns are also the realm of art and human enterprise. Thus, we recognize a sense of universality embedded In patterns, which have permeated human culture through an inner necessity to comprehemd natural phenomenon.
- Werner Callebaut and Diego Rasskin-Gutman in [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=xfW6mmAJWjwC&pg=PA181 Modularity: Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems (2005), p. 181
- I see Christ as the incarnation of the piper who is calling us. He dances that shape and pattern which is at the heart of our reality. By Christ I mean not only Jesus; in other times and places, other planets, there may be other Lords of the Dance. But Jesus is the one I know of first and best. I sing of the dancing pattern in the life and words of Jesus.
- Sydney Carter, in Green Print for Song (1974)
- We make patterns, we share moments.
- Because with alarming accuracy she’d been identifying patterns I was unaware of—this tic, that tendency, like the way I've mastered the language of intimacy in order to conceal how I felt— I knew I was in dangerof being terribly understood
- Stephen Dunn in: Brandon S. McLeod From Mount Fuji to Mint Juleps: The Collected Works of Joseph Cortezi, ProQuest, 2009, p. 15
- As long as habit and routine dictate the pattern of living, new dimensions of the soul will not emerge.
- Henry Van Dyke in: Dennis Merritt Jones The Art of Uncertainty: How to Live in the Mystery of Life and Love It, Penguin, 9 June 2011, p. 70
- The sad pattern of lack of trust in God has persisted since the Creation.
- We are born with inherent patterns that are at natural at the invisible forces that shape the spiral of an ocean wave or the symmetry of a pinetree's branches.
- Donna Farhi, in Yoga Journal (November-December 1998), p. 87]
- Deep in the sea
all molecules repeat
the patterns of one another
till complex new ones are formed.
They make others like themselves
and a new dance starts.
- Richard Feynman, in "The Value of Science" (1955)
- The vastness of the heavens stretches my imagination — stuck on this carousel my little eye can catch one-million-year-old light. A vast pattern — of which I am a part... What is the pattern, or the meaning, or the why? It does not do harm to the mystery to know a little about it. For far more marvelous is the truth than any artists of the past imagined! Why do the poets of the present not speak of it? What men are poets who can speak of Jupiter if he were a man, but if he is an immense spinning sphere of methane and ammonia must be silent?
- Be patterns, be examples in all countries, places, islands, nations wherever you come; that your carriage and life may preach among all sorts of people, and to them; then you will come to walk cheerfully over the world, answering that of God in everyone; whereby in them you may be a blessing, and make the witness of God in them to bless you.
- One gets to the heart of the matter by a series of experiences in the same pattern, but in different colors.
- Robert Graves in: Candia L Sanders Soul Rays: Discover the Vibratory Frequency of Your Soul: Discover the Vibratory Frequency of Your Soul, BalboaPress, 24 December 2013, p. 19
- A mathematician, like a painter or a poet, is a maker of patterns. If his patterns are more permanent than theirs, it is because they are made with ideas.
- G. H. Hardy, in A Mathematician's Apology (1941)
- The mathematician’s patterns, like the painter’s or the poet’s must be beautiful; the ideas like the colours or the words, must fit together in a harmonious way. Beauty is the first test: there is no permanent place in the world for ugly mathematics.
- G. H. Hardy, in A Mathematician's Apology (1941)
- ...regard it in fact as the great advantage of the mathematical technique that it allows us to describe, by means of algebraic equations, the general character of a pattern even where we are ignorant of the numerical values which will determine its particular manifestation.
- I've yet to find the exact word to describe the enjoyment that an evening spent riffling through old pattern books can bring.”
- Belinda Jeffrey, in One Long Thread, Univ. of Queensland Press, 2012, p. 55
- It is the consistency of the information that matters for a good story, not its completeness. Indeed, you will often find that knowing little makes it easier to fit everything you know into a coherent pattern.
- Daniel Kahneman in:What Was I Thinking?: The Subconscious and Decision-Making, Xlibris Corporation, 2 May 2014, p. 178
- A consistent thinker is a thoughtless person, because he conforms to a pattern; he repeats phrases and thinks in a groove.
- Some scientists believe climate change is the cause of unprecedented melting of the North Pole, and that effects these very uncertain weather patterns. I think we should listen to those scientists and experts.
- Dalai Lama, in India, China rivalry not good for Asia, says the Dalai Lama, The Economic Times, 20 February 2014
- When there is freedom from mechanical conditioning, there is simplicity. The classical man is just a bundle of routine, ideas and tradition. If you follow the classical pattern, you are understanding the routine, the tradition, the shadow — you are not understanding yourself.
- Do not deny the classical approach, simply as a reaction, or you will have created another pattern and trapped yourself there.
- The meaning of life is that it is to be lived, and it is not to be traded and conceptualized and squeezed into a pattern of systems.
- Bruce Lee, as quoted in Striking Thoughts : Bruce Lee's Wisdom for Daily Living (2000) edited by John Little, Part I : On First Principles, p. 3
- The pattern of the prodigal is: rebellion, ruin, repentance, reconciliation, restoration.
- Luke (15:17), in Jack Lenza God Is in the Business of Restoration You Are His Business, Holy Fire Publishing, 1 June 2012, p. 287
- I claim that many patterns of Nature are so irregular and fragmented, that, compared with Euclid — a term used in this work to denote all of standard geometry — Nature exhibits not simply a higher degree but an altogether different level of complexity … The existence of these patterns challenges us to study these forms that Euclid leaves aside as being "formless," to investigate the morphology of the "amorphous."
- Benoît Mandelbrot, as quoted in a review of The Fractal Geometry of Nature by J. W. Cannon in The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 91, No. 9 (November 1984), p. 594
- My life seemed to be a series of events and accidents. Yet when I look back I see a pattern.
- People want to see patterns in the world. It is how we evolved. We descended from those primates who were best at spotting the telltale pattern of a predator in the forest, or of food in the savannah. So important is this skill that we apply it everywhere, warranted or not.
- Benoît Mandelbrot, in 'The (Mis)Behavior of Markets (2004) co-written wiith Richard L. Hudson, Ch. 12, p. 245
- 'Two-of-something' is just one example of a pattern, a very simple one. We can all think of other patterns, such as 'three-of something', or 'on-top-of-something' or 'bigger-than-something'. We all know how this works. The point we don't think about too often that patterns are very real but they are not part of the material world. We forget this, because we usually recognise patterns in connection with objects in the material world. We forget that the patterns themselves transcend the material world. The patterns are not material objects.
- Anthony Mannucci, in Embrace the Infinite: The Science of Spirituality, John Hunt Publishing, 2012, p. 47
- Discovery in mathematics is not a matter of logic. It is rather the result of mysterious powers which no one understands, and in which unconscious recognition of beauty must play an important part. Out of an infinity of designs, a mathematician chooses one pattern for beauty's sake and pulls it down to earth.
- Human beings are pattern-seeking animals. It's part of our DNA. That's why conspiracy theories and gods are so popular: we always look for the wider, bigger explanations for things.”
- Pattern is a word that is synonymous with schemas (and their dynamic). They are the customary and often repeated way that a person behaves.
- Gerald J. Mozdzierz, et al.,, in “Principles of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Learning the Essential Domains and Nonlinear Thinking of Master Practitioners”, p. 447
- The same gold is fashioned into various articles; just so, the Lord has made the many patterns of the creation.
- Guru Nanak, as quoted in [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nfJ6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT754 The Ultimate Sikhism Library (2013), p. 54
- The individual organs follow the same pattern as the whole organism, i.e. they have their period of growth, of stationary, maximum activity and then of aging decline.
- Family love is messy, clinging, and of an annoying and repetitive pattern, like bad wallpaper.
- P. J. O'Rourke, in [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=VGGGGm1QYPgC&pg=PA19 Modern Manners: An Etiquette Book for Rude People (2007), p. 19
- What we call chaos is just patterns we haven’t recognized. What we call random is just patterns we can't decipher.
- Chuck Palahniuk, in Gerald J. Mozdzierz et al., Principles of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Learning the Essential Domains and Nonlinear Thinking of Master Practitioners, Routledge, 15 January 2014, p. 447
- We have the suggestion of divine love but we never understand its pattern
- Pericles, in Mary Ellen Lamb, Valerie Wayne Staging Early Modern Romance: Prose Fiction, Dramatic Romance, and Shakespeare, Routledge, 23 February 2011, p. 37
- Art is pattern informed by sensibility.
- I will be the pattern of all patience; I will say nothing.
- Humans are pattern-seeking story-telling animals, and we are quite adept at telling stories about patterns, whether they exist or not.
- Perceiving the world as well designed and thus the product of a designer, and even seeing divine providence in the daily affairs of life, may be the product of a brain adapted to finding patterns in nature. We are pattern seeking and pattern-finding animals.
- Michael Shermer, in Why Darwin Matters: The Case Against Intelligent Design, Macmillan, 1 April 2007, p. 38
- When we focus consciously on an object — and create a mental image for example — it's not because the brain pattern is a copy or neural representation of the perceived object, but because the brain experiences a special kind of interaction with that object, preparing the brain to deal with it.
I maintained that an identical feeling or thought on two separate occasions did not necessarily involve the identical nerve cells each time. Instead, it is the operational impact of the neural activity pattern as a whole that counts, and this depends on context — just as the word "lead" can mean different things, depending on the rest of the sentence.
- Science traditionally takes the reductionist approach, saying that the collective properties of molecules, or the fundamental units of whatever system you're talking about, are enough to account for all of the system's activity. But this standard approach leaves out one very important additional factor, and that's the spacing and timing of activity — its pattern or form. The components of any system are linked up in different ways, and these possible relationships, especially at the higher levels, are not completely covered by the physical laws for the elementary interactions between atoms and molecules. At some point, the higher properties of the whole begin to take over and govern the fate of its constituents.
- Roger Wolcott Sperry, in "New Mindset on Consciousness" in Sunrise magazine (December 1987/January 1988)
- if we seem a small factor in a huge pattern, nevertheless it is of relative importance. We take a tiny colony of soft corals from a rock in a little water world. And that isn't terribly important to the tide pool. Fifty miles away the Japanese shrimp boats are dredging with overlapping scoops, bringing up tons of shrimps, rapidly destroying the species so that it may never come back, and with the species destroying the ecological balance of the whole region. That isn't very important in the world. And thousands of miles away the great bombs are falling and the stars are not moved thereby. None of it is important or all of it is.
- John Steinbeck, in The Log from the Sea of Cortez (1951)
- I can understand why a system built on a pattern must try to destroy the free mind, for it is the one thing which can by inspection destroy such a system. Surely I can understand this, and I hate it and I will fight against it to preserve the one thing that separates us from the uncreative beasts. If the glory can be killed, we are lost.
- It always comes down to patterns … Look, when they invented fingerprinting, criminals tried to remove their prints by burning them or cutting them off. Yet they always grew back. If there is a pattern, it will come back — maybe in Russia more than anywhere else, because it has collapsed so many times. Maybe less so here in the States, because here the society is so young.
- You can’t say, “I did this; this gross matrix of flesh and blood and sinews and nerves did this.” What nonsense! I’m given these things to make a pattern out of. Something gave it to me.
- Love is much nicer to be in than an automobile accident, a tight girdle, a higher tax bracket or a holding pattern over Philadelphia.
- The significance of the crucifixion is not only what God does for us; consistently throughout the New Testament the crucifixion is portrayed as the pattern that we are to follow. It is a model of social behavior toward the other as well as a statement about what God has done for us.
- Miroslav Volf in:The Clumsy Embrace: Croatian Miroslav Volf wanted to love his Serbian enemies; the Prodigal's father is showing him how, Christianity Today, 26 October 1998
- I have to say, I grew up with fashion because my mother was a seamstress, and she had an atelier. She would cut the first pattern, and then she had people working for her. So I grew up in an atelier, watching people all around me sewing. I was fascinated.
- Dry areas created by global circulation patterns contain most of the deserts on the Earth. The deserts of our world are not restricted by longitude, latitude, or elevation. They occur from areas close to the poles down to areas near the equator. … Deserts are not confined to earth. The atmospheric circulation patterns of other terrestrial planets with gaseous envelopes also depend on the rotation of those planets, the tilts of their axes, their distances from the Sun and the composition and density of their atmospheres. Except for the poles the entire surface of Mars is a desert. Venus may also support deserts .
- A.S. Walker, in Deserts:Geology and Resources, U.S. Department of the Interior/U.S. Geological Survey, p. 11
- If what the heart approves conforms to proper patterns, then even if one's desires are many, what harm would they be to good order?
- Xun Zi in: Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy (Second Edition), Hackett Publishing, 2005, p. 297
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Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), tropical evergreen tree (family Myristicaceae) and the spice made of its seed. The tree is native to the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia and is principally cultivated there and in the West Indies. The spice nutmeg has a distinctive pungent fragrance and a warm slightly sweet taste; it is used to flavour many kinds of baked goods, confections, puddings, potatoes, meats, sausages, sauces, vegetables, and such beverages as eggnog. The fleshy arils surrounding the nutmeg seed are the source of the spice mace.
Historically, grated nutmeg was used as a sachet, and the Romans used it as incense. Around 1600 it became important as an expensive commercial spice in the Western world and was the subject of Dutch plots to keep prices high and of English and French counterplots to obtain fertile seeds for transplantation. The nutmegs sold whole were dipped in lime to prevent their sprouting.
Nutmeg trees may reach a height of about 20 metres (65 feet). They yield fruit eight years after sowing, reach their prime in 25 years, and bear fruit for 60 years or longer. The fruit is a pendulous drupe, similar in appearance to an apricot. When fully mature it splits in two, exposing a crimson-coloured aril, the mace, surrounding a single shiny brown seed, the nutmeg. The pulp of the fruit is eaten locally. After collection the aril-enveloped nutmegs are conveyed to curing areas where the mace is removed, flattened out, and dried. The nutmegs are dried gradually in the sun and turned twice daily over a period of six to eight weeks. During this time the nutmeg shrinks away from its hard seed coat until the kernels rattle in their shells when shaken. The shell is then broken with a wooden truncheon and the nutmegs are picked out. Dried nutmegs are grayish brown ovals with furrowed surfaces.
Nutmeg and mace contain 7 to 14 percent essential oil, the principal components of which are pinene, camphene, and dipentene. Nutmeg on expression yields about 24 to 30 percent fixed oil called nutmeg butter, or oil of mace, the principal component of which is trimyristin. The oils are used as condiments and carminatives and to scent soaps and perfumes. An ointment of nutmeg butter has been used as a counterirritant and in treatment of rheumatism. When consumed in large amounts, nutmeg has psychoactive effects and is reported to be a deliriant and hallucinogen. Nutmeg poisoning is rarely fatal but can cause convulsions, palpitations, and pain.
The name nutmeg is also applied in different countries to other fruits or seeds: the Jamaica, or calabash, nutmeg derived from Monodora myristica (family Annonaceae); the Brazilian nutmeg from Cryptocarya moschata (family Lauraceae); the Peruvian nutmeg from Laurelia aromatica (family Atherospermataceae); the Madagascar, or clove, nutmeg from Ravensara aromatica (family Lauraceae); and the California, or stinking, nutmeg from Torreya californica (family Taxaceae).
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Want some fun educational math games to play with your preschooler? TVOKids has many to choose from. These games, developed by educators and classroom tested, can teach your preschooler about counting, patterns and even how to tell time. Here are just a few:
- Doodle Dots Kids can help Bruce McBruce connect the dots to see what is hiding behind the line.
- Butterfly Count TVOKids host Gisèle practices counting with kids in her Big Backyard.
- Clock Talk Your child can learn to tell the time by helping Lotta Numbers set the clock to the right time.
- Coin Combo Kids will need to use their math skills and move fast in this coin recognition game.
- Caterpillar Count By counting numbers in a sequnce kids can help a caterpillar grow.
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Josh Gibson Statue (1911-1947)
Often called the "Black Babe Ruth," Josh Gibson was one of the best Negro League baseball players to play the game before the integration of Major League Baseball. Despite having such a strong following, Gibson's statistics are often brought into question because Negro Leagues didn't record game summaries. However, his stats are often reflective of the best players around the time even by the most conservative historians. Gibson would die of a stroke at the young age of 35, which was mere months before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball. In 1972, Gibson, along with Buck Leonard, was recognized for his play by being inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Josh Gibson (1911-1947)
The statue of Josh Gibson is located just inside of the center field gate of Nationals Park.
Backstory and Context
Josh Gibson began playing baseball around the age of 16 for the department store he was working for at the time, Gimbels. He would later go on to be picked up by the Pittsburgh Crawfords, a semi-professional team in 1928. In 1930, Gibson was recruited by the Homestead Grays, which was the biggest Negro League team in Pittsburgh. He would play for the Homestead Grays, Rojos del Aguila in the Mexican League, Ciudad Trujillo in the Dominican League, and serve as first manager of the Santurce Crabbers in the Puerto Rico Baseball League.
Like every other baseball player in the history of the sport, Gibson will always be remembered for the career he had while playing. The tricky part for Gibson, as with every other Negro League player, is that it is hard to pinpoint exact statistics for him since the Negro League didn't record game summaries. Another problem historians face when examining Gibson's career is how to factor in his numbers against real competition since most of his games came in the form of exhibition games that most didn't take seriously. Despite these problems, many historians generally agree that he batted somewhere between .354 and .384, and hit close to 800 home runs in his 17 year career.
Unfortunately for Gibson, he experienced many health problems starting in 1943, which eventually ended with a stroke in 1947. His death was just three months before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in baseball. Even in death, the legacy Gibson left behind would only grow as time past. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972, along with fellow Negro League player Buck Leonard, which would make them the second and third Negro League players to be inducted into the Hall of Fame after Satchel Paige. Stories of Gibson's batting ability are still remembered by those who look into baseball's long history as one of the best. In fact, many called him, "the Black Babe Ruth," while some thought so highly of his ability that they called Babe Ruth, "the White Josh Gibson."
"Gibson, Josh." American National Biography Online (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2015, from http://www.anb.org/articles/19/19-00071.html?a=1&n=josh.
"Josh Gibson." (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2015, from http://baseballhall.org/hof/gibson-josh Schwartz, L. (n.d.).
"No joshing about Gibson's talents." Retrieved March 17, 2015, from https://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016050.html.
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UCSF-led analysis links tanning beds to non-melanoma skin cancer
Indoor tanning is already an established risk factor for malignant melanoma, the less common but deadliest form of skin cancer. Now, a new study confirms that indoor tanning significantly increases the risk of non-melanoma skin cancers, the most common human skin cancers. In the most extensive examination of published findings on the subject, the UCSF-led researchers estimate that indoor tanning is responsible for more than 170,000 new cases annually of non-melanoma skin cancers in the United States — and many more worldwide. UCSF is home to the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Among the research institutions NCI funds across the United States, it currently designates 67 as Cancer Centers. Largely based in research universities, these facilities are home to many of the NCI-supported scientists who conduct a wide range of intense, laboratory research into cancer’s origins and development. The Cancer Centers Program also focuses on trans-disciplinary research, including population science and clinical research. The centers’ research results are often at the forefront of studies in the cancer field.
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The big female sniffed at the dry Late Cretaceous air as she trotted – delicately, considering her 7-ton frame – along a game trail through a stand of towering conifers, whose needled lower branches trembled slightly at her passing.
Tiny mammals scurried in the underbrush of magnificent ferns and little blue flowers. A small flock of red birds rose from the scant cover of a magnolia as the dinosaur passed, their calls carried on the wind, sending other distant flocks to flight in this corner of what is today the Custer National Forest in South Dakota.
The Tyrannosaurus rex in her prime was the undisputed queen of her forest. Pausing to sniff the breeze, her nostrils flared as she determined that the rotting carcass she’d been tracking all morning was close now. She continued on toward the river – in just a few more miles she would find the delicious remains of an Edmontosaurus.
As she ate, her jaws rending tendon and bone with more than 5 tons of pressure on the dead duck-billed dinosaur’s thigh, several of her teeth – built like a cross between a steak knife and a railroad spike – broke loose and came to rest along the debris-strewn shore of the river.
Soon after that driving rains flooded the riverbed and washed the teeth and other bones downstream where they separated and settled out onto sandy point bars forming at bends in the river. There, they were covered more and more deeply through succeeding years in sediments laid down by floods, volcanism and the dust of ages.
Millions more years of wind and rain then began to erode the stone away, finally exposing a time-blackened tooth to sunlight for the first time in 66 million years. That’s how one of those new mammals, a Homo sapiens, who happened to work for the U.S. Forest Service, came to find it.
As millennia passed, the strata above piled higher and the organic material in the teeth and bones was slowly replaced by minerals. The sand that surrounded them became cemented to form a rocky matrix known today as the Hell Creek Formation. The cycads and conifers of the Late Cretaceous gave way to new trees, birds, flowers and mammals. Species evolved and disappeared, leaving imprints of their own in the strata above the dinosaur remains.
Barbara Beasley, regional paleontologist, was leading a crew of 20 volunteers when she found the tooth just a few inches away from where she had been swinging an awl moments before.
“These teeth are so rare, at first you aren’t totally sure it’s what you’ve found,” said Beasley. “Then once you pick it up, you’re just in awe. It’s a real adrenaline-pumping moment.”
A local 4-H group was visiting the dig site, and the kids clambered to touch the serrations, a visceral connection to an ancient world and the some of the wonder that can be found on the national forests and grasslands.
“For a lot of volunteers, working on a dig is a dream-come-true,” said Beasley. “One of the best parts of working for the Forest Service is getting to provide these sorts of opportunities – our volunteers have been 10-year-old kids with their parents, all the way up to people in their 80s.”
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Monthly Archives: January 2019
David R. Olson is University Professor Emeritus of cognitive sciences at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (University of Toronto). His book The World on Paper is an essential read for anyone interested in literacy.
Letters not only make visual sense. Letters make handwriting sense. Visual sense is a consequence, an effect of the rational, logical and systematic use of tools, materials and methods. The particulars, though, are embodied and can’t be explained with words, … Continue reading
Bernardino Cataneo was a writing master at the University of Siena around 1544-1560. The only known surviving exemplars of his writing are the pages in this copybook, dated 4 February 1545.
David Kindersley, British stone carver and letter designer wrote ‘Knowledge and experience must go hand in hand if any understanding is to be achieved.’
Lately I’ve been trying to present some of the ideas expressed in this blog in graphics. This is one example that shows how the different senses influence each other. It shows the potential of writing Regular script and how … Continue reading
‘Ordinary copybooks seem to have followed a highly doubtful tradition of engraver’s letters — which cannot really be copied in writing, even by an adult pen’ wrote Edward Johnston some 100 years ago. Looking at contemporary copy books or ‘writing … Continue reading
To think of teaching children regular handwriting before any cursive or running script is introduced appears commonsensical. But implementing such an idea in the Western education system is difficult.
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America Tapestry of Time and Terrain (1:8,000,000 scale) is a product
of the US Geological Survey in the I-map series (I-2781). This map was prepared
in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Canada and the Mexican
Consejo Recursos de Minerales.
Tapestry is woven from a geologic map and a shaded relief image. This
digital combination reveals the geologic history of North America through
the interrelation of rock type, topography and time. Regional surface
processes as well as continent-scale tectonic events are exposed in the
three dimensions of space and the fourth dimension, geologic time. The
large map shows the varying age of bedrock underlying North America, while
four smaller maps show the distribution of four principal types of rock:
sedimentary, volcanic, plutonic and metamorphic.
This map expands the original concept of the 2000 Tapestry of Time and Terrain, by José F. Vigil, Richard J. Pike and David G. Howell, which covered the conterminous United States. The U.S. Tapestry poster and website have been popular in classrooms, homes, and even the Google office building, and we anticipate the North America Tapestry will have a similarly wide appeal, and to a larger audience.
These files work best when you download them to your computer's hard disk and viewing them with the regular stand-alone version of Acrobat. To get your computer to download, right-click (PC) or Control click (Mac) on the links below.
Download this map as a PDF file (i2781_c.pdf; 131 MB)
Download this map as a medium-resolution (300 dpi) PDF file (i2781_c_med.pdf; 22.8 MB)
Download this map as a low-resolution (144 dpi) PDF file (i2781_c_low.pdf; 2.8 MB)
Download a smaller, jpeg version of the Tapestry (NorthAmericaTapestry.jpg; 1.2 MB)
Download the files used for printing this map
For questions about the content of this report, contact David Howell ([email protected]) or the Western Earth Surface Processes Team.
Download a current version of Adobe Acrobat Reader for free
| Help | PDF help | Publications main page | Western I-Maps |
This map is also available from:
Services, Box 25286,
Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225
telephone: 303-202-4210; e-mail: [email protected]
URL of this page: http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2781/
Maintained by: Michael Diggles
Created: May 28, 2003
Last modified: September 24, 2009 (mfd)
| Privacy Statement | Disclaimer |
| Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey | Geologic Division | Western Earth Surface Processes |
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Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.After studying law at the Universities of Tübingen and Berlin, Neurath entered the German foreign service in 1903. After World War I he served as minister to Denmark (from 1919), ambassador to Italy (from 1922), and ambassador to Great Britain (from 1930). From June 1932 he was foreign minister in the Papen and Schleicher cabinets and retained his post after Hitler became chancellor in 1933. In this post Neurath lent a veneer of conservative respectability to Hitler’s expansionist foreign policy. In February 1938 he was ousted by Hitler in favour of Joachim von Ribbentrop, and in March 1939 he was appointed Reichsprotektor for Bohemia and Moravia. During his tenure of office there, he abolished the Czech political parties and trade unions, instituted the Nürnberg racial laws in the protectorate, and made Czechoslovakian industry work for the German war effort. Nevertheless, in September 1941 Neurath was told by Hitler that his rule was “too lenient” and was dismissed.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.He was captured by French troops in the closing days of World War II in Europe and was brought to trial before the International Military Tribunal at Nürnberg, found guilty, and sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment. He was released from Spandau prison in November 1954 after serving eight years and one month.
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There’s money to be made from old, unwanted printed circuit board (PCBs) in mobile phones, according to a leading electronics waste (e-waste) recycler.
TES-AMM (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd deputy managing director John Ashok said the circuit boards had a small amount of gold along with other metals like silver, copper, palladium, and platinum.
“However, it takes between 50,000 and 60,000 mobile phones or about three tones of mobile phone PCBs to make 1kg of 99.99% pure gold, which are sold to industrial buyers for reuse,” he said in an interview at the facility in Seberang Prai.
Also present was Nokia’s South-East Asia and Pacific sustainability manager Tan Mei Ling, whose company is partnering TES-AMM in electronics recycling.
TES-AMM collected about 509 tonnes of e-waste last year, about one-third of its recycling capacity. The items include computers, monitors, televisions and industrial machineries.
Ashok, however, said mobile phones accounted for only a small percentage of end of life, surplus and obsolete electronics processed at their factory.
He said Malaysians were less savvy in electronics recycling compared to developed countries like Japan and South Korea.
“It’s the mentality,” he said, adding that people expected to get something in return since they had paid hundreds if not thousands of ringgit for their cell phones.
“What they do not realize is that the mobile phones are no longer working or in use,” he said.
Ashok added that everyone had a part to play in conserving nature, and this included turning in electronic items that were no longer needed.
He said it was important for the public to understand that it cost money to dispose of waste properly.
“Income generated from the precious metals extracted allows us to dispose of the electronic waste in a safe manner, which means a cleaner environment for everyone,” he said.
“It’s easy to just focus on the gold ingots that we are making. The fact is it cost millions to set up proper recycling facilities and run them according to environmental standards.
Not to mention the many stages involved such as collection, weighing, separating, dismantling, crushing, chemical processing and smelting,”he said
“We even have to pay to ensure the sludge or end product of the recycling process is disposed of properly without posing environment hazards,” he said.
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Inductive Bible Study Tutorial
This tutorial teaches the basics of the Inductive Bible Study method.
- Reference – A detailed, step-by-step explanation of how to study the Bible
- Cheat Sheet – A one-page list of the steps in the reference; useful for a quick reminder
- Worksheet – A six-page list of the steps in the reference; useful for printing out and writing on
Bible Study Tutorials
Here are five tutorials for help when studying the Bible, especially for those who are preparing to teach:
- Application: The Goal of Teaching – An encouragement to integrate application into every section of a lesson
- Teaching with Scriptural Authority – A process for creating a lesson outline based upon the meaning of the text
- The Indicative Imperative Dynamic – An explanation of how the commands of the Bible are based upon its truths
- Interpretation Errors – A look at three inappropriate ways to interpret a text
- The Gospel of Jesus: A Relationship to Every Text – A examination of the relationship between a text and the gospel of Jesus
This is a jumpstart for interpreting Old Testament narratives.
A look at the Anabaptists to answer the question “What is the final authority of the church?”
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A New Era in Discrete Hadronic Symmetries
The search for a weak component of the nuclear force began in 1957, the year parity violation was first predicted. While it has been observed in compound nuclei with large magnifications, a systematic characterization of the Hadronic Weak Interaction has been unfeasible for over half a century. New experimental facilities and technology have rejuvenated our efforts to map out this final frontier of the Standard Model, and to search for new physics.
Crawford, Christopher, "A New Era in Discrete Hadronic Symmetries" (2015). Physics and Astronomy Presentations. 13.
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This article provides a comprehensive overview of somatic delusions, covering their causes, symptoms, various types, and available treatments.
Take We Level Up FL’s complimentary schizoid personality disorder test to determine if you exhibit signs and symptoms consistent with schizoid personality disorder.
Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD) is a relatively uncommon yet intriguing mental health condition that profoundly affects an individual’s ability to engage in social interactions and establish emotional connections. Those with SPD often exhibit a distinct set of symptoms, driven by underlying causes that challenge conventional understanding. In this article, we delve into the realm of SPD, exploring its symptoms, uncovering potential causes, and shedding light on available treatments. Let us embark on a journey to better comprehend this enigmatic disorder and its impact on those who experience it.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder or DMDD, is a mental health condition characterized by significant emotional and behavioral challenges.
A person with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has uncontrollable, recurrent thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions). It is necessary to receive OCD treatment because these obsessions and compulsions significantly disrupt daily life.
Creating a comprehensive understanding of various mental health conditions is crucial, so exploring a “Mental Health Disorders List” can provide valuable insights into the spectrum of challenges individuals may face.
While OCD medications can effectively reduce the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), like any medication, they also come with potential risks and side effects
This guide aims to explain the signs and causes of Relationship OCD to help individuals and couples understand the challenges they may face.
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When it comes to flowering succulents and cacti, the Rose Pincushion cactus is probably the first picture that comes to mind. Shaped like the most basic cactus out there, this succulent can produce lots of tiny pink flowers on its top.
Likewise, people ask, what succulents have purple flowers?
40 Beautiful Types of Purple Succulents
- Echeveria ‘Perle von Nürnberg’
- Graptopetalum ‘Superbum’
- Sedeveria Lilac Mist.
- Graptoveria Debbie.
- Echeveria haagai ‘Tolimanensis’
- Graptoveria ‘Araluen Gem’
- Echeveria ‘Afterglow’
- Graptoveria ‘Fred Ives’
Also, are there any succulents that flower?
Most echeverias bloom in late spring to early summer but are known to blossom in fall as well. Aloe vera typically blooms in summer, but can certainly blossom at other times of the year – several blossom in autumn and winter. Jade, kalanchoe, rhipsalis, and some hoya also bloom in autumn and winter.
Can I plant succulents with flowers?
Planting Companions with Succulents
Drought tolerant flowering plants such as the osteospermum are good candidates. The flowers on this daisy may stand upright or trail alongside your succulents, as do blooms of the perennial Santa Barbara daisy. Allow them to trail among taller succulents like aloe and agave.
What cactus has pink flowers?
Rosy pincushion cactus earned its common name for its attractive pink flowers that can appear on and off throughout the year. It grows about 5 inches (12 cm) tall and 3 inches (8 cm) wide.
How do I know what kind of succulent I have?
Here are some of the plant characteristics to look for when identifying succulents:
- Leaf – shape, size and thickness.
- Color – of leaves, flowers or stems.
- Markings or bumps on the leaves.
- Flower – shape, color, number of blooms and petals.
- Stem – color, texture, length.
- Ciliate hairs.
- Epicuticular wax.
- Spikes, spines or smooth.
Why are my succulents purple?
Succulents turning purple or changing colors can be natural or due to stress. If your succulents turn purple or red due to stress, then it can be due to sudden temperature changes, too much heat or light, lack of feed and water. Succulents turn purple or red due to pigments called anthocyanin and carotenoids.
What are purple flowers?
Lavender (Lavandula) – Lavender is one of the most recognizable purple flowers. … Balloon Flower (Platycodon) – The balloon flower, also known as a Chinese bellflower, is named for its appearance. Before the star-shaped flowers bloom they take a purple balloon shape. They are known for blooming all summer long.
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Click here. Find out more. Check this out.
Every day on my internet travels I see hyperlinks written like this, where the link itself, when taken out of context, is entirely meaningless. This is not the way to write hyperlinks, for plenty of reasons.
Links should have meaning
The first is accessibility. Not everyone who uses the web has perfect sight or is able to use a mouse, trackpad or keyboard like most people can. That’s why they use a screen reader, a marvellous device that reads web pages aloud. The person using it can then navigate from page to page like anyone else.
Or at least they can if the hyperlinks mean something. Screen readers work by calling up a list of links on a page. Imagine a list of ‘click heres’ and ‘find out mores’ and think about how you could possibly know where on earth they will take you.
On a basic level, to make sure your site can be read and enjoyed by everyone, your links should mean something.
- Bad: Check out this page on web accessibility.
- Good: This article on Wikipedia will help you learn about basic web accessibility.
See the difference?
People scan pages
Studies show that generally, people scan web pages, rather than read them, and that they’re always looking for the next place to go. You should aim to make this process as easy as possible.
First, as before, your links should mean something. They are typically designed to stand out on the page, so when someone scans, they too don’t want ‘click heres’ and ‘find out mores’. You’re forcing them to find the extra context and slowing them down.
The second thing to think about is whether your links are presented in the best possible way. If you have, say, four or five links in a single paragraph, would they be better arranged in bullet points, or even as part of the navigation system?
When you’re writing for the web, whether you’re a professional copywriter or an occasional blogger, your aim is to express yourself in the best way possible. That goes for the words you choose, of course, but also how they appear on the page.
You have to think like a reader, not just a writer.
Form and structure
Finally, the way you structure your link will affect the likelihood of someone clicking it. It may be meaningful and positioned sensibly, but if it’s too long then it won’t get read. People scan pages, remember.
Four or five words is a good maximum to aim for. Anything over that and you’re heading into too-long-ignore-it territory. Like constructing a sentence, it’s about rhythm and context. It’s not that complicated once you get used to it.
Another strange web phenomenon is that people only tend to focus on the first two words of a link. Where possible, you should try and put the important information up front. It’s pretty tricky, but it can be done.
Let me have a go here, using the same example I used above to show meaningful links.
- Before: This article on Wikipedia will help you learn about basic web accessibility.
- After: Find out more by reading the web accessibility Wikipedia page.
My first attempt had meaning, which is great, but the important information was at the end of the link. You can see how a quick rewrite can make a difference.
The Holy Grail of writing web copy
The problem with trying to follow all these rules is that, if you’re not careful, they can impact the quality of your writing. I’ll be honest with you, I think that my ‘before’ sentence above sounds better than the ‘after’ version.
And that’s the Holy Grail of writing web copy: finding the balance between form and function. You have to make something sound great, but ensure that it’s appropriate for both your reader and the format. Pretty much all writing is about expressing yourself to an audience in the best possible way that you can.
When you write links, it may not feel like poetry, but you do have to engage people. What’s more, your primary job is to help them get from one place to another, all with the minimum of fuss.
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Due to the strict procedures of Japanese immigration, we are unable to assist students from countries not listed in the MOFA exemption list.
If you do have dual citizenship and hold another passport, please enter those details and try again.
The Tokyo 2020 Olympics will be held 56 years after it was last held in Tokyo from July 24th to August 9th. The Paralympics follow 16 days later and run from August 25th to September the 6th. With a month and a half of these globally defining games, Tokyo and Japan as a whole have had to make a few changes. So with just over a year to go, what are these changes and how are the Japanese embracing what will be an influx of a lot of different people?
As a culture, the Japanese have always held onto their own traditions and their own way of doing things and this has made it the unique and amazing country that it is today. But with the whole world now watching and looking forward to descending on the country, Japan’s had to not only change Tokyo physically with a lot of new venues but also develop new approaches to the way it does things. Helping visitors adapt to the Japanese culture, but more importantly, helping the Japanese adapt to their new visitors.
Let’s start with the buildings. There will be around 42 venues used for the Olympics and the Paralympics around Tokyo as well as the Olympic village. There are several brand new venues being built around the city by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and while the face of Tokyo is ever-changing, the size of these venues means that this time it’s a big facelift. The national stadium has also been rebuilt to fit a much larger capacity.
Some of the new venues you’ll see under construction as you explore Tokyo are as follows:
Many of these new buildings will change the landscape of Tokyo, particularly with many of them being constructed on parts of already reclaimed land. Some of these changes have already had an impact. For example, the famous Tsukiji Fish Market that has recently moved location, will be turned into a temporary parking garage and transport hub for the Olympics (although there are rumours the fish market will return to its original location by 2025). Each permanent venue will be adapted to service the local communities and the surrounding areas with new sports facilities after the games. The legacy of many Olympics venues around the world can often have mixed impacts on the surrounding communities but hopefully, the Japanese approach will be as positive as it’s planned.
Japan’s approach to inclusivity has always been somewhat complex, to say the least. The Olympics in any country has the potential to be a great catalyst for change and Tokyo is embracing this. There are two large areas covered by this issue. One is simply a massive increase in visitors as a whole and the second is for disabled people. Given that the Paralympics is just as huge as the Olympics, accessibility is an incredibly important issue with all these new buildings and as you might hope, there is a detailed set of guidelines that have been issued to all contractors working on any new sites. But it’s just as important to adapt the city where it’s not already suitable for disabled people.
If you’ve been to Tokyo you will already have seen the yellow textured paving that is pretty prevalent around the city. This sort of intervention is a really important resource for the blind or partially sighted people and something that Tokyo seems to do a lot better than others. While there are regulations for this type of paving in other countries, the UK being one, it does not have an extensive network that often connects important locations such as stations like it does in Tokyo and around Japan. This paving also guides people to crossings, around corners and helps them avoid any hazards within the public realm.
On trains and buses, the Japanese are reasonably good already and they are still seeking to improve on this, looking to make train stations across the city, barrier-free for disabled people. As it currently stands, around 71.2 percent of train cars are accessible and around 56.4 percent of buses are step-free. Both buses and trains have announcements for the visually impaired too.
There’s also recently been a change in legislation to ensure that new build hotels make at least 1 percent of their rooms accessible if the building has over 50 rooms.
On a broader note, there have been over 200,000 applications for volunteers at the Olympics and Paralympics coming from a mix of locals and foreigners living in Japan. Furthermore, with the recent changes to visa legislation and the introduction of the Japan specified skills visa, Japan is becoming accessible to a lot more people.
This is just a broad overview of the changes happening to Tokyo at the moment with new buildings to explore and an improvement in accessibility and inclusiveness. As with most cities around the world, there’s still a long way to go but it looks like the Tokyo 2020 Olympics will be the catalyst for change that’s needed.
If you’d like to know more about living in Japan with a disability we’d recommend the Life where I’m from YouTube video on the subject and this blog by Josh Grisdale on accessibility in Japan for more detailed information.
For other news about Japan keep following our Go! Go! Nihon blog.
We’ve already helped more than 5000 students
from all around the world and we provide
support in 8 different languages.
WE OFFER FREE SUPPORT!
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Infrastructure is key to development. There is little more crucial to trade and commerce than a good system of roads and highways. That is why Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto recently announced a major new infrastructure program that hopes to attract $100 billion in private investment. The construction of a first-class highway system is today what the building of railroads was in the late 19th century, both a practical matter and a symbol of progress. Since the late 1980s Mexico has engaged in massive highway construction through public-private partnerships, resulting in the costliest toll roads in the world at great public expense.
By 1997, the Mexican government acknowledged that the expensive toll roads were a failure. The toll costs were simply too high for most Mexicans to use them, and so a few wealthy Mexicans and tourists whizzed down pristine, empty highways while most Mexicans continued to use the old single-lane roads left to languish with ever-deepening potholes. Former foreign minister Jorge Castañeda called the private road project “a dumb idea that didn’t work.” The failure was so drastic that the government spent close to $8 billion re-nationalizing about half of the 50 newly constructed highways. The private companies involved complained that they stood to lose more than $3 billion, and so the Mexican government stepped in to make up for their losses from the public treasury.
Given such a monumental failure, it’s surprising that Peña Nieto is following the same disastrous road. But he is. Roads are simply one example of a general neo-liberal mantra: privatize, privatize, privatize. In the mid-1990s, President Salinas de Gortari went on a privatization spree, selling off Telmex, the national telephone company, to his friend Carlos Slim. He also undid one of the major triumphs of the 1910 Mexican Revolution by allowing communal land holdings to be sold. The free trade agreement, NAFTA, was part of this privatization campaign to encourage foreign investment and commerce. By the end of Salinas’s six-year term in 1994 the number of Mexican billionaires had grown from 4 to 24, and millions of Mexicans had sunk into poverty.
In the mid-1990s, Mexicans responded to the massive shift in wealth to the 1% with social protest and rebellion. A small indigenous army in the southern state of Chiapas calling itself the Zapatista Army for National Liberation launched a revolution that became the first Internet guerilla struggle. In the midst of this unrest, in 1995 the people of Tepoztlán, a small town an hour outside of Mexico City, fought against a multinational corporation that had planned a half-billion dollar golf course in a zone with a scarcity of water. The townspeople kicked the authorities out of town, set up barricades to prevent the entry of federal police, and elected a popular assembly. To everyone’s surprise, the Tepoztecos won, against the wishes of state and federal officials and the pressure of a well-financed and well-connected transnational company with professional golfer Jack Nicklaus as its consultant.
Now these two skeins come together again as Peña Nieto’s ministry in charge of infrastructure plans a highway expansion through Tepoztlán. The Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (SCT) seeks to widen the La Pera-Cuautla highway, which runs through an ecological reserve in the municipality of this popular tourist destination. Tepoztecos are once again organizing against runaway modernization. They camped out at the construction site to stymie progress by Tradeco, the engineering company hired for the project, and took over their modest town hall. Tepoztlán’s municipal president, reported to be a close relative of Tradeco personnel, fled. He hasn’t been seen since.
Opponents of the highway expansion point out that a shorter, flatter, straighter route would be the Cañon de Lobos national highway to the south. At issue is the privatization of development in Mexico. Considerations of sustainable, environmentally sound alternatives are crowded out by the shell game to transfer resources to private pockets. The Cañon de Lobos route is a national highway, while the route through the eco-reserve has been conceded to private administration. Tradeco will set up toll collection on the new road, and existing roadside stops will expand to host hotels, gas stations, 7-11’s and other chain convenience stores. A Walmart is even said to be in the works. Most important is Tradeco itself. Much favored with government contracts during the presidency of Felipe Calderón from 2006-2012, Tradeco symbolizes both the dynamism of the Mexican economy and its notorious political corruption.
The bulk of the Tepozteco activists look like farmers, but they have leveraged the power of technology to great effect, with Facebook pages, Twitter, and other social media efforts reaching worldwide. Like the 1995 golf course struggle, their success depends on marrying their deep tradition of protest politics with a postmodern tech-savvy edge. Yet much has changed in Mexico in the 20 years since Tepoztecos took over their town to oppose the golf course. One activist camped out in front of the municipal building contrasted his position with what he saw as a general apathy. People in town, he lamented, “are only interested in cell phones and consumerism.” Between communal values and consumerism stretches a great abyss. Tepoztecos may stop the tractors. But the highway protest points to a much larger divide in Mexican society between the few who have benefitted handsomely from privatization and the many who have not. If Mexico continues to build expensive toll roads that few can afford, the public will once again have to subsidize private corporations. And that is a road to nowhere.
We welcome your comments at [email protected].
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Lack of vitamin D increases your risk of breast cancer
- and worsens the odds for women who have the disease
Decades of research show that there is a link between lack of vitamin D and an increased risk of breast cancer. Vitamin D deficiencies are especially common at the northern latitudes because the sun sits too low in the sky for humans to be able to synthesize the vitamin during the winter. However, even in the southern hemisphere, many women have too little vitamin D because of spending too much time indoors, using too much suncream, or veiling themselves. Vitamin D has many anti-cancer properties, and postmenopausal women with too little vitamin D in their blood, who are diagnosed with breast cancer, have worse odds, according to a study of Brazilian women. In other words, it is not enough to treat breast cancer with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. You also need to optimize your blood levels of vitamin D and other nutrients, which the body needs in order to function optimally.
The aim of this Brazilian study was to take a closer look at how having low vitamin D levels before normal breast cancer therapy affected the prognosis. One-hundred-and-ninety-two women aged 45 to 75 years took part in the study. All of them were passed their menopause and had recently been diagnosed with breast cancer.
Around 20 days after receiving their diagnosis, the women’s blood levels of vitamin D (as 25-hydroxyvitamin D) were measured. Levels above 30 ng/ml were classified as “normal”, while levels between 20-29 were classified as “insufficient”, and levels lower than 20 ng/ml were classified as “deficient”.
Thirty-four percent of the women had sufficient levels of vitamin D in their blood, 48 percent had insufficient levels, and 18 percent were vitamin D-deficient. The scientists also gathered data on the type of breast cancer and its severity, lymph node status, hormonal status (estrogen and progesterone) and other data with relevance to breast cancer progression.
Lack of vitamin D affects tumor size, lymph nodes, and hormone balance
The study revealed that those women who were vitamin D-deficient or -insufficient generally had a tendency to develop larger tumors with more metastases. Also, they suffered more lymph node attacks. After adjusting for BMI, age, and the amount of time that had passed since menopause, the scientists also observed a significant correlation between lack of vitamin D and the presence of negative estrogen receptors. They concluded on behalf of this that lack of vitamin D generally gave a worse prognosis for breast cancer sufferers.
Large quantities of vitamin D may lower the estrogen levels
An earlier study has shown that vitamin D supplementation may reduce estrogen levels in the blood, thereby lower the risk of breast cancer. This even applies to overweight women, who often have elevated estrogen levels in their blood.
The study was conducted at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, the United States. It was a randomized, controlled clinical trial of 218 overweight and obese women, who had low blood levels of vitamin D at baseline. For a whole year, half of the women took part in a weight loss program and received a 50-microgram vitamin D supplement every day. The other half followed the same weight loss program and took matching placebo.
The scientists could see that the women with the largest increase in vitamin D blood levels had the largest reduction in blood levels of estrogen. Potentially, this lowers their risk of breast cancer, as it is known that having too much estrogen in the form of estradiol increases the risk of this cancer form.
Because it takes years for breast cancer to develop, it is most likely an advantage to have plenty of vitamin D in your blood together with normal estrogen levels to help long-term prevention of the disease.
Is vitamin D a new alternative to antiestrogens?
Earlier research shows that weight loss significantly lower levels of estrogen. Now, scientists have shown that vitamin D has a similar effect, provided you get enough of the nutrient to bring blood levels into their normal range. However, the scientists still disagree when it comes to determining optimal levels. According to the study from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the scientists observed a positive effect with a daily supplement of 50 micrograms, but they do not know at this point whether even larger doses of vitamin D has an even more positive effect on the hormone balance.
It is even possible that large quantities of vitamin D may be a new, safe alternative to antiestrogens such as tamoxifen, a drug with with quite a few side effects.
Vitamin D deficiencies are much more common now because of
Your ability to utilize vitamin D depends on your age and magnesium status
We humans produce a vitamin D precursor when cholesterol in our skin is exposed to sunlight. However, our ability to utilize the vitamin from that point onward depends on several factors. First, vitamin D must be converted into 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the liver. After that, it is converted into an active form by the kidneys. These enzyme processes depend on the presence of magnesium Lack of magnesium may therefore impair our ability to properly utilize vitamin D from sun exposure or from supplements. With increasing age, it may become increasingly difficult to utilize vitamin D. Therefore, even if older people get plenty of sun, they may have too litle active vitamin D in their blood.
Vitamin D, supplements, and absorption
Vitamin D is lipid-soluble. Therefore, it is best to take supplements where vitamin D is dispersed in some sort of oil. Leading scientists say that it is perfectly safe to take 50-100 micrograms of vitamin D daily as a supplement. This is about the same amount as our skin is able to synthesize on a hot summer’s day.
|Because it takes many years for breast cancer to develop, it is a good idea to make sure to get enough vitamin D on a daily basis, all year round and throughout life, for the sake of long-term prevention. It is also essential to get plenty of selenium, a nutrient that many people lack, and which a lot of scientific studies have looked into.|
De Sousa Almeida-Filho B et al. Vitamin D is associated with poor breast cancer prognostic features. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017
Hutch News. High blood levels of vitamin D linked to reduced estrogen – and potentially lower breast cancer risk
Study found the hormone-lowering effect to be independent of weight loss. 2016 |
By Kristen Woodward / Fred Hutch News Service
Susan Scutti: High Blood Levels Of Vitamin D Help Protect Women Over 50 From Cancer: Study
Anne Marie Uwitonze, Mohammed S Razzaque. Role of magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2018
Harris HR, et al. Selenium intake and breast cancer mortality in a cohort of Swedish women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012.
Search for more information...
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Want to know roughly how much longer you might live if you permanently adopted a healthier diet? The “Food for healthy life” website can give you an idea – and if you’re under 60 and eat a typical Western diet, the answer could be around a decade or more on average.
The website is based on data from hundreds of studies. “The estimated life extension is mainly due to a reduction in the risk of heart disease, diabetes and cancer,” says Lars Fadnes at the University of Bergen in Norway.
His team started with recent meta-analyses of the effect of eating various amounts of particular food types, such as fruits. These findings were combined with data on global mortality and what people currently eat to estimate the impact of a permanent change in diet.
The highest estimates of lifespan extension are based on a diet designed to maximise the health benefits. This optimised diet involves eating no red or processed meat, drinking no sugar-sweetened beverages, reducing dairy and egg consumption, and eating more legumes, whole grains and nuts.
The team also looked at a “feasibility” diet midway between the typical Western diet and the optimised diet.
A 20-year-old man who permanently switched from a typical Western to the optimised diet would reap the greatest benefits, living 13 years longer on average, and seven years longer if on the feasibility diet. For a woman, the equivalent figures are 11 and six years.
Eighty-year-olds of either sex would reap the smallest benefits, living about three years longer on the optimised diet and slightly more than half that on the feasibility diet.
The estimated extensions are based on averages and shouldn’t be taken as individualised forecasts, says Fadnes. There are many uncertainties including the effects of eggs, white meat and oils, not to mention other risk factors and lifestyle, he stresses. The estimates also don’t take into account future improvements in medical treatments.
The premise of the study is sound, and it is well thought out, says Tim Spector at King’s College London. “It does highlight the importance of diet on our general health,” he says.
However, it is based on many assumptions and may be too simplistic, says Spector. For instance, he thinks the way foods are processed is important, not just the general type. Spector’s work also suggests that there are big individual differences, with some people able, say, to eat far more fat without ill effects than others.
While this study looked only at health, eating less meat and dairy products also has big environmental benefits.
PLoS Medicine DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889.t001
Join us for a mind-blowing festival of ideas and experiences. New Scientist Live is going hybrid, with a live in-person event in Manchester, UK, that you can also enjoy from the comfort of your own home, from 12 to 14 March 2022. Find out more.
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Quality of life comparison
If you lived in Australia instead of Spain, you would:
be 21.8% more likely to be obese
In Spain, 23.8% of adults are obese as of 2016. In Australia, that number is 29.0% of people as of 2016.
make 34.5% more money
Spain has a GDP per capita of $36,200 as of 2020, while in Australia, the GDP per capita is $48,700 as of 2020.
be 63.5% less likely to be unemployed
In Spain, 14.1% of adults are unemployed as of 2019. In Australia, that number is 5.2% as of 2019.
have 72.5% more children
In Spain, there are approximately 7.1 babies per 1,000 people as of 2022. In Australia, there are 12.3 babies per 1,000 people as of 2022.
be 50.0% more likely to die during childbirth
In Spain, approximately 4.0 women per 100,000 births die during labor as of 2017. In Australia, 6.0 women do as of 2017.
be 21.9% more likely to die during infancy
In Spain, approximately 2.5 children (per 1,000 live births) die before they reach the age of one as of 2022. In Australia, on the other hand, 3.0 children do as of 2022.
spend 21.4% more on education
Spain spends 4.2% of its total GDP on education as of 2018. Australia spends 5.1% of total GDP on education as of 2018.
see 5.2 times more coastline
Spain has a total of 4,964 km of coastline. In Australia, that number is 25,760 km.
The statistics above were calculated using the following data sources: The World Factbook.
Australia: At a glance
How big is Australia compared to Spain? See an in-depth size comparison.
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Our Nation so richly endowed with natural resources and with a capable and industrious population should be able to devise ways and means of insuring to all our able-bodied working men and women a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work. A self-supporting and self-respecting democracy can plead no justification for the existence of child labor, no economic reason for chiseling workers’ wages or stretching workers’ hours.
Enlightened business is learning that competition ought not to cause bad social consequences which inevitably react upon the profits of business itself. All but the hopelessly reactionary will agree that to conserve our primary resources of man power, government must have some control over maximum hours, minimum wages, the evil of child labor and the exploitation of unorganized labor. –FDR, May 1937
In his recent State of the Union address, President Obama called on Congress to increase the federal minimum wage to $9 an hour and to link the future minimum wage rate to inflation. In doing so, the president took note of the fact that at today’s minimum wage, a family with two children that works full time sill lives below the poverty line. This, he insisted, is unacceptable, as “in the wealthiest nation on Earth, no one who works full-time should have to live in poverty.” Higher wages, the president insisted, “could mean the difference between groceries or the food bank; rent or eviction; scraping by or finally getting ahead.” And for businesses across the country, it would mean “customers with more money in their pockets,” which translates into the simple fact that “our economy is stronger when we reward an honest day’s work with honest wages.”
Not surprisingly, the president’s call for an increase in the minimum wage has elicited a somewhat predicable response from conservative Republicans. House Speaker John Boehner has called the idea “a job killer,” while House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan called it “inflationary” and “counter-productive.” Some Republican leaders, such as House Majority Leader Eric Cantor and Senator Marco Rubio of Florida, have even gone so far as to advocate doing away with minimum wage/maximum hours laws altogether.
Interestingly, the legislation that gave us the minimum wage, the Fair Labor Standards Act, was also promoted by Franklin Roosevelt in his January 1938 State of the Union address. Here, after taking note of the fact that “millions of industrial workers receive pay so low that they have little buying power,” and hence “suffer great human hardship,” FDR also pointed out that these same workers are “unable to buy adequate food and shelter, to maintain health or to buy their share of manufactured goods,” all of which he insisted was a drag on our national economy.
Moreover, even though a majority of Americans—much like today—supported the passage of legislation that would set minimum wages and maximum hours, the Fair Labor Standards Act aroused fierce opposition among FDR’s conservative critics. The National Association of Manufacturers insisted that the law was but the first step in taking the country down the road to “communism, bolshevism, fascism and Nazism.” The National Committee to Uphold Constitutional Government insisted the act was unconstitutional and part of a larger conspiracy to turn the president into a dictator. To counter these absurd claims, FDR turned to one of his most effective tools, the Fireside Chat, where he calmly cautioned the American people:
not [to] let any calamity-howling executive with an income of $1,000 a day, who has been turning his employees over to the Government relief rolls in order to preserve his company’s undistributed reserves, tell you—using his stockholders’ money to pay the postage for his personal opinions—tell you that a wage of $11 a week is going to have a disastrous effect on all American industry. Fortunately for business as a whole, and therefore for the Nation, that type of executive is a rarity with whom most business executives most heartily disagree.
Since its passage in 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act has helped improve the lives of millions of American workers—especially those at the bottom rung of the income scale. Moreover, contrary to the fear mongers of 1938 and today, minimum wage and maximum hours legislation has not been disastrous for American business. In fact, study after study shows that, on balance, raising the minimum wage has been good for the economy and business overall because it increases the purchasing power of the American consumer.
Given the sluggish state of our economy, and given the fact that the minimum wage as it stands today, when adjusted for inflation, falls far below the hourly income levels achieved in the mid to late 1960s, isn’t it time to offer hard-working Americans a pay increase?
In 1938, Franklin Roosevelt argued that if we want to move “resolutely to extend the frontiers of social progress, we must…ever bear in mind that our objective is to improve and not to impair the standard of living of those who are now undernourished, poorly clad and ill-housed.”
If Congress is serious about improving and not impairing the lives of the millions of working poor in this country, then it needs to act to reverse the downward spiral in hourly income that has occurred in the past four decades and get behind President Obama’s call for an increase in the minimum wage. The president is right. It is outrageous that in the richest country on earth, a person who works full-time is still forced to live in poverty. Surely the simple idea that an honest day’s work deserves an honest day’s pay is something that all Americans—even conservative Republicans—can agree should be part of the American dream.
(David Woolner is a Senior Fellow and Hyde Park Resident Historian for the Roosevelt Institute. His post first appeared on the institute’s Next New Deal blog and is republished with permission.)
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Jellema, A., 2005. An Animal Living in a World of Symbols. Reformulation, Autumn, pp.6-12.
Based on a paper given at the First International CAT Conference,Valamo, Finland, 5-8 June, 2003
Before this conference I read a little about psychology in Finland in the British journal “The Psychologist” (Helkama and Foreman, 2003). It mentioned Eino Kaila as a very influential Finnish psychologist. In one article there was a quote from Professor Martti Takala about Kaila’s work, which I’ve taken as the title of my presentation. The author summarised Kaila’s conception of a human being as, “an animal living in the world of symbols”.
I wanted to write something about attachment and Bakhtin after attending a useful workshop run for ACAT supervisors by Liz Fawkes, on Vygotsky and Bakhtin. My presentation today is about the importance of acknowledging that we are both physical creatures and symbol-users. Bakhtinian ideas stress the symbolic aspects of human behaviour; in contrast, attachment theory puts relatively more stress on what we are more likely to share with animals. I hope to show you that, while Bakhtinian and attachment ideas are distinctive, they can complement each other, and that we can value the contribution of each.
In contrast with Bakhtinian ideas, the place of attachment thinking in CAT is not so well established. I will use Jeremy Holmes’ (1993) definition of attachment: “The condition in which an individual is linked emotionally with another person, usually, but not always, someone perceived to be older, stronger and wiser than themselves.”
There are three major characteristics of attachment behaviour and feelings. These are to do with closeness and threat. Although we see them most strongly in children, they are also found in adults. They are (1) seeking proximity, or closeness, to the attachment figure, or the loved one, particularly when threatened or in danger. The relationship with the attachment figure provides us with a (2) “secure base”, which allows us to go off and explore the world with confidence. And when we fear that the person we are attached to may not be available, we may (3) protest about the separation from that person. Linked to these is another point - that we cannot always see evidence of attachment behaviour when a person is feeling safe - attachment may only become apparent when there is a threat to the person’s security.
The other main characteristics of attachment are to do with the importance of individuals, and the persistence of attachment in the face of experience. We attach to a few specific people. Attachment behaviour and feelings are very long-lasting. We cannot make these feelings go away, as we know all too well when we grieve for someone who has died. And attachment does not habituate, or lessen in strength, very much. Attachments also continue in the face of neglect and abuse – in fact they may even strengthen under these conditions (Weiss, 1991). These features of attachment have developed over thousands, even millions of years, through evolutionary processes - because they have helped us to survive as a species.
As a huge body of research and thinking about attachment has been generated over the last 30 years, (see e.g. Cassidy and Shaver, 1999) I would like to summarise briefly some of the main changes which are relevant to therapists, since Bowlby wrote his major text on “Attachment” in 1969. Attachment became the subject of intense research study by Mary Salter Ainsworth and her students. As far back as 1978 they provided clear empirical evidence as to how different patterns of childhood attachment came about, in response to various patterns of caregiving – so attachment has in fact always been a fundamentally relational theory (e.g. Ainsworth et al., 1978.). Bowlby’s “internal working model” is primarily a model of a relationship.
Since the mid 1980’s, two major developments in attachment research have occurred. Firstly, attachment workers looked in depth at how attachment experiences influenced our inner worlds. This resulted in the development of the Adult Attachment Interview, or AAI, to assess lasting patterns of attachment in adults (George et al., 1985; Main and Goldwyn, 1994). Although the AAI asks about the experiences of attachment the subject has actually had, the AAI is primarily an instrument for understanding how people make sense of those events – in other words, the AAI assesses how adults symbolise their attachment experiences.
The second new development has been that many attachment researchers now focus on attachment in children and adults who have been abused or neglected, rather than on so-called “normal” populations. This makes their work very relevant for therapy. In the modern world, we are in less danger now from animals or natural disasters; the main threats to us come from other humans.
Over the past six or seven years Tony Ryle and I have had an ongoing dialogue about the place of attachment in CAT. We may never be entirely in agreement about this – which makes for some interesting debate! Some of his criticisms of current attachment theory and research in the recent textbook (Ryle and Kerr, 2002) are valid. But I do think that the phenomena of attachment warrant an important place in CAT. Attachment issues become more important, the more we work with very disturbed and traumatised patients, as many of my patients have taught me.
In discussing attachment and Bakhtinian ideas in CAT, I want to make five main points:
(1) Attachment helps us keep aware of the importance of the body, complementing our focus on language in CAT;
(2) An attachment perspective helps us keep in mind the importance of danger and fear in psychopathology;
(3) Research on Dismissing attachment stresses that language can sometimes be deceptive;
(4) Bakhtin’s idea of the “super-addressee” has similarities with the notion of the “secure base” in attachment;
(5) Making more use of the Bakhtinian concepts of “dialogue” and “voices”, combined with an attachment perspective, will help emphasise the importance of power relationships in human distress.
(1) Firstly, an attachment perspective helps keep in mind the importance of the body in communication, and in therapy in particular. This complements the more symbolic focus in CAT on sign mediation, which has been developed through the influence of Bakhtin’s ideas.
Modern attachment theory is a biopsychosocial model. The biological basis of attachment has now become well established through empirical research. Over the last fifteen years, we have learnt that although the basic biological mechanisms of attachment are similar in all mammals, attachment processes are strongest of all in humans (Polan and Hofer, 1999, p.163). This is because they are reinforced by symbolic means. We know now that attachment between an infant and its mother regulates the infant’s behavioural and physiological systems. Attachments involve physiological interdependence between the partners – when an attachment relationship is lost, bodily functioning is also disrupted. Physiological soothing is a major feature of a secure attachment relationship, so that when a relationship breaks up, so does the bodily regulation of both parties, at least for a while; adults can “die of a broken heart” when a beloved partner dies.
Turning to sign mediation, signs can take different forms – for example, words that are spoken or written, images, intonation, and gestures (see e.g. Leiman, 1992, 1995). As a literary theorist Bakhtin was of course primarily interested in words as a type of sign, and tried to understand human behaviour through the use humans make of language. (Holquist, 2002, p.33)
Bakhtin also stressed the importance of context in understanding signs. In his famous “snowflake” example, Bakhtin, writing as Voloshinov (1976), stresses the importance of the whole context to be able to make sense of the utterance of one word, “Well!” “Two people are sitting in a room. They are both silent. Then one of them says, “Well!” The other does not respond. For us, as outsiders, this entire conversation is utterly incomprehensible. Taken in isolation, the utterance “Well!” is empty and unintelligible. In order to disclose the sense and meaning we must analyse it. But what exactly is it that we can subject to analysis? Let us suppose that the intonation with which this word was pronounced is known to us; indignation and reproach moderated by a certain amount of humour. This intonation somewhat fills in the semantic void of the adverb well, but still does not reveal the meaning of the whole. We lack the “extraverbal context” that made the word well, meaningful for the listener.” (The context was that both people looked up at the window and saw that it had begun to snow in May; they were tired of the winter and were very disappointed that spring was not yet here).” (in Holquist, 2002, pp.62-63).
Here, not just the historical context, but also the bodily context of this verbal utterance, are necessary for us to understand its meaning. In everyday situations, we often express what we mean more through intonation and non-verbal communication than through the actual words we speak, particularly when we are communicating interpersonal attitudes and emotions. If there is a discrepancy, it is the non-verbal aspects we are more likely to believe (Argyle, 1972).
Let me use another example here to illustrate the importance of the bodily context. Here is a quote from James Zappen, a commentator on Bakhtin: “In “Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics”, (Bakhtin) illustrates dialogic interrelationships with reference to two judgments: “Life is good”. “Life is good”. From the point of view of logic these are absolutely identical judgments. Each expresses the same semantic orientation towards its referential object. Considered as a dialogical interrelationship, as the utterances of two successive speaking subjects, however, these two judgments express affirmation or agreement between the two speaking subjects”. (Zappen, 2000)
But two such voices are not necessarily in agreement. Let’s suppose the first voice says, (confident, happy, a bit smug) “Life is good”. The second voice then says to the first, (incredulous, sarcastic, angry) “Life is good?”. The whole meaning of the dialogue has now changed. They are no longer in agreement, but are in profound disagreement, once we take account of the expressivity and intonation of the speakers, which is an aspect of their bodily communication.
Of course Bakhtin did recognise physical expressivity as an essential feature of an utterance, (“In this dialogue (of life) a person participates with……his whole body”) but the body is de-emphasised in Bakhtin. Many words and gestures gain particular force precisely because of their strong connection to bodily states and physical relationships - for example, those relationships which involve fear and danger. This brings me to my next point:
(2) An attachment perspective emphasises the importance of recognising real danger and fear in therapeutic situations.
Bowlby (1969) described attachment as a process which helped ensure safety in the face of fear. Of course, all experience is mediated, but some experiences are more directly mediated than others, such as the physiological experience of fear.
Fear is one of the basic emotions, (Oatley and Jenkins, 1996), which is experienced very rapidly in areas of the limbic system such as the amygdala and in the autonomic nervous system; this happens prior to symbolic processing in the highly developed cerebral cortex. Over thousands of years of human evolution, our nervous system has become biased towards the perception of fear, because it has a major survival function - sometimes we need to run away before taking any time to think.
It is not often, though, that a patient is referred for psychological treatment who is described as being “afraid”, or “fearful”. What we do get, though, are plenty of patients in mental health settings who are described as being “anxious”. So what is the basic difference between these terms?
Rycroft’s Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (1968) describes fear as “a primary emotion evoked by impending danger…”, or as “objective anxiety”. He describes anxiety as “irrational fear”, “out of proportion to actual danger”. So the key issue in distinguishing the two terms, is the reality of the danger a person faces.
One so-called “anxious” patient who has stuck in my mind for many years, is an agoraphobic woman who attended a day-unit; no matter how I tried to help her go outside, she continued to be anxious. Her symptoms made sense eventually when it emerged that her husband was obsessively jealous, and would follow and threaten her whenever he could get away from work. No-one involved in her case had initially thought to ask whether there might be a real, meaningful basis to her discomfort – that she was really more “afraid” than “anxious”. A CAT therapist treating this patient now, would be likely to pick up on the real danger to her quickly – by asking about her husband’s behaviour in relation to her anxiety. Reciprocal roles are key to this understanding. But I think an attachment perspective reinforces CAT’s perspective by highlighting even more the reality of the danger that such a woman could face. There are real things to be afraid of, in the here and now, but this is not always evident in therapy, since language can be used to obscure as well as to clarify.
(3) Research on Dismissing attachment also highlights that the use of language is not always helpful or positive – it can often deceive.
We now know a lot about the differences between securely attached adults, and those who are insecurely attached. Securely attached people are able to make use of a wide variety of thoughts, feelings, and physiological sensations and consequently they are less likely to suffer mental health problems (Dozier et al, 1999). Insecure attachment is a risk factor for mental health, because in all the insecure patterns, particular thoughts and feelings are excluded, ignored or dissociated. Dismissing and Preoccupied attachment are broad attachment strategies shown by many patients (Jellema, 1999, 2000, 2002). In brief, Dismissing patients devalue or cut off from past and present attachment experiences, and minimise their importance in their current lives, preferring to see themselves as self-sufficient. Preoccupied patients veer towards the other extreme; they are emotionally enmeshed with attachment figures with little sense of personal autonomy.
Two American researchers, Mary Dozier and Roger Kobak (e.g. Dozier and Kobak, 1992; Dozier and Lee, 1995) focus on differences in the use of emotion; they talk about Preoccupied patients as having “hyperactivating” affective strategies, exaggerating attachment-related emotion. In contrast, Dismissing patients use “deactivating” affective strategies where emotion is downplayed.
Pat Crittenden (e.g. 1997) adds a cognitive emphasis; Dismissing patients rely too much on cognitive understandings and dismiss much emotional experience - they are “thinkers” rather than “feelers”. Preoccupied patients use the opposite strategy, valuing emotion too much and finding it difficult to think about difficulties and what might be their contribution to them. Dismissing patterns are more common in Western societies than Preoccupied ones, (Britain and Finland included!) so I want to focus here on Dismissing patients.
Crittenden, Dozier and Kobak all agree that people with Dismissing attachment strategies act as if many attachment-related experiences and emotions are of little or no concern to them. But bodily emotional states signal what is of most importance in our lives. Keith Oatley, an eminent psychological researcher into emotion, states that: “….emotions…..are the guiding structures of our lives - especially of our relations with others.” (Oatley and Jenkins, 1996, p.124) The neurologist Antonio Damasio (1999) has shown how we cannot make effective plans or decisions using reason alone - emotion must also come into the equation.
Dismissing attachment patterns downplay danger and insecurity. These patterns develop through relationships with parents who themselves dismiss children’s attachment feelings or intrude their own needs inappropriately. A person’s attachment needs “go underground” or temporarily extinguish when there is no chance of their being met.
In 1990, Mary Main wrote about primary and secondary (conditional) attachment strategies, in a way that is similar to what Ian Kerr (2003) described at Valamo when he distinguished different types of reciprocal roles (primary and compensatory). Main sees expressing attachment needs as a primary strategy, but one that can be overridden – at a price. The AAI asks what happened at home in childhood if the patient was upset in some way. Many Dismissing subjects report that they were ignored, criticised, or told to “stop being such a cry-baby”. If the child was physically hurt, or ill, then the child was in some real bodily danger – but parents ignored this and so the child learnt to inhibit such signals. Crittenden (1997) shows how Dismissing patients have been deceived by the words their caretakers have used, and how they in turn then deceive themselves about the nature of their distress.
But attachment needs are biologically based and so it is unlikely that they can ever disappear fully. In Dismissing patients there may be some dissociation of experience between the physiological and the verbal levels. These are the patients who are most likely to complain of somatic symptoms, while denying that there is anything wrong emotionally.
So, for Dismissing patients, it is the more “symbolic” aspects of life – words and verbal thinking - which take precedence over the less symbolic, more “animal” aspects of existence – such as emotions and their accompanying physiological sensations. While this would have been the adaptive strategy while they were young, as adults this is much less advantageous to them.
With these patients, to be able to really help them, we as therapists have to be prepared to work more with our own bodies – to be particularly alert to our physical counter-transference, as sometimes this will be the only way we can really pick up what is the matter with the patient. Words, as linguistic signs, are vital to help heal the patient in therapy - but sometimes they may also mislead us when we are working with such Dismissing patients.
So in some ways an attachment perspective can complement a more Bakhtinian approach. Now I would like to make a point about similarity between the two perspectives:
(4) Bakhtin’s idea of the “super-addressee” has similarities with the notion of the “secure base” in attachment theory.
Mikael Leiman (1997b, 2002) has recently introduced the idea of the “super-addressee” into his writing on psychotherapy. Every utterance, according to Bakhtin, is meant for somebody – in his language, it has an “addressee”. Bakhtin stresses that we need our words to be heard and responded to by somebody:
“(the word) wants to be heard, always seeking responsive understanding, and does not stop at immediate understanding, but presses on further and further…..For the word, (and, consequently, for the human being) there is nothing more terrible than a lack of response”. (Bakhtin, 1986)
But, says Leiman, there is plenty of evidence from therapy transcripts, of there being another addressee in the patient’s speech. It is as if there is an unseen person that the patient is also addressing, someone else beyond the person to whom the speech is actually addressed: “The person who understands becomes a participant in the dialogue, although on a special level….Understanding itself enters as a dialogic element in the dialogic system and somehow changes its total sense. The person who understands inevitably becomes a third party in the dialogue….but the dialogic position of the third party is a quite special one. Any utterance always has an addressee…whose responsive understanding the author …seeks and surpasses. This is the second party…But in addition to this addressee (the second party), the author of the utterance, with a greater or lesser awareness, presupposes a higher super-addressee (third) whose absolutely just responsive understanding is presumed…” (Bakhtin, 1986).
This is reminiscent of attunement - see Stern (1985), and Trevarthen and Aitken (2001). But I think that the super-addressee which may be detected in the dialogue of many patients is more than the idea of an understanding, attuned other – via the super-addressee, a traumatised patient may be seeking the back-up of an other who offers safety and support – in other words, an attachment figure, providing a secure base (Bowlby, 1988). One of the major functions of attunement is to promote attachment, and thus to ensure the safety of the child in the presence of danger. When we are securely attached, we feel there is someone who is ultimately on our side - who we hope will support us with words, and deeds if needed, if we are threatened.
Not all patients attach to therapists, in the proper sense of the word. But some will. To recap, when we talk about our attachments, we are talking about relationships we have with a few people who are very special to us. Although attachments develop primarily in early life, they are also a feature of adult relationships that mean the most to us. Attachments are unique relationships, in which particular individuals matter to us – we “accept no substitute”. This perspective is also shared by Bakhtinian theory. Chris Fujiwara, a recent commentator on Bakhtin (1998), has written, “the third party of the super-addressee is to be sharply distinguished from the neutral, depersonifying observer of the sciences, also called a “third” party, in whose world ‘everything is replaceable’”.
So attachment theory would suggest that with very damaged patients, the therapeutic relationship is likely to matter more than the particular techniques or tools which we are using to help the person. (c.f. Lambert, 1992). The sense of safety in an attachment relationship is normally a felt bodily experience, of calming and soothing. For those patients who have had little of this early on, they need us in person, as well as our symbolic presence in the form of our CAT letters and diagrams. Some may need a relationship with us beyond the usual time-scales for therapy, in order to learn how to soothe themselves effectively for the first time. Attachment theory reinforces that we should always keep in mind the patient’s real needs for safety, now. This takes me to my final point:
(5) I would like us to make more use of the Bakhtinian concepts of “dialogue” and “voices” in CAT. Recent understandings of attachment stress the importance of danger, which is of course about power; and we can see “dialogue” and “voices” as concepts related to social power.
In CAT, we talk about unhealthy reciprocal roles - but why are certain roles unhealthy? Often, it is the nature of the dialogical relationship between the roles that is key. In any relationship, are we talking about true dialogue between the parties, or is it more like a monologue on one person’s part? The difference between good sex and rape primarily lies in the power relationship, so that in the first case we talk about loving reciprocal roles, in the second we are talking of abuse, because one partner overwhelms the other.
In their latest CAT textbook (2002, ch. 4), Tony Ryle and Ian Kerr refer to a paper by Cheyne and Tarulli (1999). Drawing on ideas from Bakhtin, Cheyne and Tarulli suggest that there are different forms of dialogue in the Zone of Proximal Development. Two of these are the Socratic form, and the Magistral form. A Socratic dialogue, in the true sense, involves questioning, mutuality, openness and relative equality between the participants. This is in contrast with the Magistral form of dialogue, in which one partner is seen as having the authoritative voice, and so is superior to the other partner. So the differences between these forms of dialogue are essentially to do with power.
Much so-called “psychopathology” has come about through the person’s relationship with Magistral voices of parents and abusers. The more abusive and neglectful the early experiences of the patients, the more damaged they are likely to be in later life (e.g. Zanarini et al, 1989; Zanarini et al, 1997). I think we in ACAT could do more to promote and publicise our understanding of severe disturbance – that much of it has originated in inappropriate Magistral power relationships. Bill Stiles’ recent work (1997, 1999) on suppressed, hidden voices in psychotherapy, can help make the power formulation clearer. These voices derive their power from embodied experience, from real-life experiences of not being allowed to speak.
Mary Zanarini’s research has addressed the early experiences of borderline patients; research using the AAI by Fonagy et al (1996) and Patrick et al (1994) relates to the impact on the adult of such early difficulties. They have clearly shown that most BPD patients have basically similar attachment patterns; their attachment style is usually Fearfully Preoccupied, and they also often show Unresolved trauma or abuse, as well as loss (E3/U). But in many cases of abuse or trauma, the “gang” or “mafia” described by the analyst Herbert Rosenfeld (1971) is not just a state of mind, but is real – and not just in the patient’s past life. There often are people in abused people’s current lives who really are out to “get them”.
Some of our patients have experienced forms of abuse which are more like torture – and torture usually brings permanent changes. I remember James Low on the second CAT Advanced course telling us that he thought it was possible to change people’s reciprocal roles for good in only ten minutes. We were puzzled – how could this happen? James’ answer was simply, “Through torture”. A number of my BPD patients have suffered, and sometimes continue to suffer what I consider to be torture – for example, one of my women patients has often been forced by her mother to watch her father slit his stomach open.
Perhaps we should also think more about why it is mainly women who are diagnosed with BPD? Attachment theory has something to say about the different evolutionary adaptations of men and women (Perry et al, 1995). Hagan and Smail’s (1997) work on power-mapping shows the crucial importance of real-life support in getting disempowered women to change, particularly with very deprived women. So I would also like us in CAT to give more attention to gender issues.
In Tony Ryle’s letter to the Conference yesterday, he mentioned the “violent century” we have been living through. So I hope we can also allow ourselves to know more about our own powerful and damaging reciprocal roles. We do not have to agree with Kleinian theory to appreciate Melanie Klein’s emphasis on the more aggressive aspects of our relating (bearing in mind Al Qaeda, and suicide bombers. The more we treat severely abused patients with CAT, the more we need a “theory of evil” (Mollon, 1996). Once again, an attachment perspective with its focus on safety and danger, helps us keep power in mind.
Our world today has been described as a “postmodern” world. In such a world, where, it is said, “everything is relative”, everything can seem equally valuable, or valueless. But in different ways, both Bakhtin and attachment theory have something important to say about value. Bakhtin steered clear of the “nihilistic trap” that deconstructionists like Jacques Derrida fell into (Honeycutt, 1994). Bakhtin’s ideas about dialogue make it clear that we cannot live in the world and be neutral observers.
The work of Bowlby and his followers also offers a welcome corrective to endless relativism. The most meaningful events of our lives – birth, marriage and death – derive their force from attachment, because attachment is a crucial motivational system with a strong biological basis, formed over thousands of years of the history of our species.
I would like to finish by mentioning another idea from Bakhtin, that of the “surplus of seeing” (Holquist, 2002, p.36). People never can expect to agree entirely with each other - because each of us sees the world from a different bodily standpoint. For example, I cannot see the back of my own head; nor can you see yours. However we can learn from each other’s viewpoint. And so together, we can work out more fully what the world looks like. The same applies to how we understand the world – and human distress. Bakhtinian and attachment ideas can complement each other here. I hope I have demonstrated that there can be more of a “marriage” between the ideas of Bakhtin and Bowlby in CAT – and, as in a good marriage, that each “partner” can be valued for the individual qualities they are able to bring.
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Cheyne, J.A. and Tarulli, D. (1999) Dialogue, difference and voice in the zone of proximal development. Theory and Psychology, 9, 5-28.
Crittenden, P.M. (1997) Truth, error, omission, distortion and deception: the application of attachment theory to the assessment and treatment of psychological disorder. In: S.M.C. Dollinger and L.F. DiLalla (Eds.), Assessment and Intervention across the Lifespan. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
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Dozier, M. and Kobak, R.R. (1992) Psychophysiology in attachment interviews: converging evidence for deactivating strategies. Child Development, 63, 1473-1480.
Dozier, M. and Lee, S. (1995) Discrepancies between self- and other-report of psychiatric symptomatology: effects of dismissing attachment strategies. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 217-226.
Dozier, M., Stovall, K.C. and Albus, K.E. (1999) Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In: J.Cassidy and P.Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications. London: Guilford.
Fujiwara, C. (1998) Disintermediated! www.hermenaut.com/a54.shtml
Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., Target, M. and Gerber, A. (1996) The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 22-31.
George, C., Kaplan, N. and Main, M. (1985) An Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished m.s., University of California, Berkeley.
Hagan, T. and Smail, D. (1997) Power-mapping – II. Practical application: the example of child sexual abuse. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7, 269-284.
Helkama, K. and Foreman, N. (2003) Psychology in Finland. The Psychologist, 16, no.1 (January), 15-17.
Holquist, M. (2002) Dialogism: Bakhtin and his World. (2nd edn.) London: Routledge.
Holmes, J. (1993) John Bowlby and Attachment Theory. London: Routledge.
Honeycutt, L. (1994) Bakhtin and Critical Theory. www.public.iastate.edu/~honeyl/bakhtin
Jellema, A. (1999) Cognitive analytic therapy: developing its theory and practice via attachment theory. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 16-28.
Jellema, A. (2000) Insecure attachment states: their relationship to borderline and narcissistic personality disorders and treatment process in cognitive analytic therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 138-154.
Jellema, A. (2002) Dismissing and preoccupied insecure attachment and procedures in CAT: some implications for CAT practice. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9, 225-241.
Kerr, I.B. (2003) The Current CAT Model – Tensions and Growing Points. Paper presented at the First International CAT Conference, Valamo, Finland, 5-8 June.
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Leiman, M. (1997a) Procedures as dialogical sequences: a revised version of the fundamental concept in cognitive analytic therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70, 193-207.
Leiman, M. (1997b) Words as intersubjective mediators in psychotherapeutic discourse: the presence of hidden voices in patient utterances. In: M. Lahteenmaki and H. Dufva (Eds.), Dialogues on Bakhtin: Interdisciplinary Readings. Jyvaskyla: Centre for Applied Language Studies.
Leiman, M. (2002) Towards semiotic dialogism: the role of sign mediation in the dialogical self. Theory and Psychology, 12, 221-235.
Main, M. (1990) Cross-cultural studies of attachment organisation: recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human Development, 33, 48-61.
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Mollon, P. (1996) Multiple Selves, Multiple Voices. Chichester: Wiley.
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Zanarini, M.C., Williams, A.A., Lewis, R.E., Reich, B., Vera, S.C., Marino, M.F., Levin, A., Yong, L. and Frankenburg, F.R. (1997) Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1101-1106.
Zappen, J.P. (2000) Mikhail Bakhtin (1895 – 1975). Pp. 7-20 in: Twentieth-Century Rhetoric and Rhetoricians; Critical Studies and Sources. Eds. M.G. Moran and M.Ballif. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
This paper was presented to an audience whose first languages were primarily Finnish and English. Many thanks to Liz Fawkes for her comments on this version, adapted for Reformulation.
We would like to encourage other contributors to the Finnish conference to submit their presentations to Reformulation.
CAT and the Cultural Formation of a Case of Anorexia Nervosa: An Italian Case Study
Cristina Fiorani and Marisa Poggioli, 2005. CAT and the Cultural Formation of a Case of Anorexia Nervosa: An Italian Case Study. Reformulation, Autumn, pp.13-17.
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Jump to navigation Jump to search
|View static image|
|Pattern type|| Rake|
|Number of cells||88|
|Discovered by||Jason Summers|
|Year of discovery||Unknown|
- If the HWSS at the back is removed, it will become a puffer/rake creating nine blocks, eight beehives, six blinkers, two ships and two gliders every 224 generations.
- If the small pattern on the bottommost left side is mirrored onto the right, it will become a puffer creating 14 blocks, ten blinkers, four beehives, two boats, two loaves and two bakeries every 80 generations.
- If the one on the right is mirrored onto the left, it becomes a p2 c/2 spaceship.
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| 0.791381 | 163 | 2.875 | 3 |
On June 15, 1991, the largest land volcano eruption in living history shook the Philippine island of Luzon as Mount Pinatubo, a formerly unassuming lump of jungle-covered slopes, blew its top. Ash fell as far away as Singapore, and in the year to follow, volcanic particles in the atmosphere would lower global temperatures by an average of 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (0.5 degrees Celsius). Twenty years after Pinatubo, LiveScience is reliving the largest eruption in the modern era based on what we know now. Join us each day through June 15 for a blow-by-blow account of what happened. [Read all installments: June 7, June 8, June 9, June 10, June 11, June 12, June 13, June 14]
June 8, 1991: United States Geological Survey (USGS) geologist John Ewert has been at Clark Airbase 9 miles (14 kilometers) from the rumbling Mount Pinatubo since late May. He and his American and Filipino colleagues have been scrambling to keep up with the shudders and emissions coming from the long-quiet volcano, and they're already at a disadvantage. [In Photos: The Colossal Eruption of Mount Pinatubo]
"We're coming into a volcano that no one knew much about," Ewert, now the scientist-in-charge at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, told LiveScience in an interview 20 years after the fact. "There had been no monitoring, no baseline has been collected. No geologic map, no hazards map, nothing. All of that had to be developed between April 2nd and the second week of June. There was an element of building the boat and rowing it at the same time."
On June 7, 1991, with a lava dome bulging on the volcano, the Filipino volcano monitoring agency PHIVOLCS warned residents that a large eruption could happen within 24 hours and recommended evacuations from a 6-mile (10 km) danger zone around Pinatubo's slopes. [Read Yesterday's Flashback]
On June 8, scientists are struggling to understand what's happening inside the volcano so they can advise Filipino and American officials about whether the evacuation zone should be larger — and whether it should include Clark Airbase itself.
The pressure on the geologists crammed into a makeshift operations center on the base (actually a vacant condominium) matches the pressure building deep below Pinatubo. The specter of previous volcano-monitoring failures hung heavy, recalled Christopher Newhall, then the USGS scientist-in-charge of the pre-eruption monitoring, now the Volcano Group Leader at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
In 1976, the city of Basse-Terre in the Lesser Antilles was evacuated for six months when the La Soufrière volcano threatened a large eruption. More than 76,000 people's lives, not to mention the economy, were disrupted for an explosion that never came.
And then there is the unthinkable: Not getting people out in time. In 1985, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupted with no warning to the towns below. More than 23,000 people died.
Tomorrow: Fax machines and seismographs — predicting an eruption with 1990s technology.
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2009 February 7
Explanation: Sweeping through the inner solar system, Comet Lulin is easily visible in both northern and southern hemispheres with binoculars or a small telescope. Recent changes in Lulin's lovely greenish coma and tails are featured in this two panel comparison of images taken on January 31st (top) and February 4th. Taken from dark New Mexico Skies, the images span over 2 degrees. In both views the comet sports an apparent antitail at the left -- the comet's dust tail appearing almost edge on from an earth-based perspective as it trails behind in Lulin's orbit. Extending to the right of the coma, away from the Sun, is the beautiful ion tail. Remarkably, as captured in the bottom panel, Comet Lulin's ion tail became disconnected on February 4, likely buffeted and torn away by magnetic fields in the solar wind. In 2007 NASA satellites recorded a similar disconnection event for Comet Encke. Don't worry, though. Comet tails can grow back.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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noun, plural corodies. Old English Law.
a right to receive maintenance in the form of housing, food, or clothing, especially the right enjoyed by the sovereign or a private benefactor to receive such maintenance from a religious house.
the housing, food, or clothing so received.
Origin: 1375–1425; late Middle English corrodie
< Medieval Latin corrōdium
outfit, provision, variant of conrēdium
< Vulgar Latin *conrēd
) to outfit, provide with (equivalent to con- con-
compare Old English rædan
to equip, provide for, ready
) + Latin -ium -ium
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As the building blocks of industrial processes and agricultural production, energy and water foster wealth creation and prosperity. Conversely, the consumption of energy and water also increase with wealth. For example, the United States is responsible for approximately 20% of global energy consumption and about 20% of the global economic activity.1For global statistics on energy consumption, see the International Energy Agency’s databases and reports. In fact, energy consumption and economic activity have a roughly linear relationship. In other words, countries with higher per capita energy consumption have higher gross domestic product.
A wide range of factors affect how energy resources influence a nation’s population. Either a small subset of the population or an entire country can experience upward mobility from extraction and consumption based on governance structures and market systems. A positive feedback loop between upward mobility and energy consumption feeds economic and social growth around the world, but at some point environmental impacts complicate the system by introducing environmental and health risks. Water use is similarly related to economic prosperity and growth, as both per person withdrawals and industrial withdrawals increase with economic growth.2For statistics on water use by sector, see the United States Geological Survey for U.S.-specific information, or the World Bank for global information. Jill Boberg’s report Liquid Assets, RAND Corporation, 2005, is a convenient overview and summary of some of the key underlying issues.
In many developing parts of the world where women and girls bear the responsibility to transport water, school-age children miss hours of school each day while transporting water. To further complicate the issue, once water is obtained, it must be treated before drinking. In remote villages where piped water systems and centralized water treatment are unavailable, water must be boiled. Obtaining fuels requires similar effort and time, multiplying the amount of human energy required to live with basic human necessities. Unfortunately, common cookstoves perform badly with carbon-intensive fuels, such as fats, oils, and waste, producing indoor air pollution that contributes to the premature death of over 4 million women and children every year.3World Heath Organization, “Burden of disease from Household Air Pollution for 2012,” 2014.
Archaic, labor-intensive approaches to energy and water take a toll on women’s prosperity and economic opportunity.4S.R. Kirshenbaum and M.E. Webber, “Liberation Power: What do women need? Better energy,” Slate, November 4, 2013. Daily tasks leave little time for education or employment outside of the home. In fact, more than 70% of the 1.5 billion people living on less than $1 a day are women.5PBS, “Facts About Global Poverty and Microcredit,” To Our Credit, accessed May 25, 2015, link.
Although the scenario sounds typical for a long time ago in lands far away, the burden of acquiring basic human resources was common in the United States less than about a century ago. This poster was created by the University of Missouri in 1920 as part of a campaign to encourage farm owners to modernize the water systems of their homes and agricultural operations.6U.S. Department of Agriculture, The Farm Woman’s Dream, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, University of Missouri, College of Agriculture 1920. It is aptly titled The Farm Woman’s Dream, and shows a woman carrying water from a hand-pumped well in the freezing cold along an icy path uphill. The dreary image evokes a sense of hard labor associated with getting water into our homes. In the upper part of the image is the farm woman’s “dream” in which spigots at a sink provide hot water at the turn of a valve and with steam curling to the ceiling.
The poster is targeted at women, not men, a telling example of who endures the greatest burden by lacking access to modernized systems and who reaps the greatest benefit from them. The burdened, vulnerable woman in Africa today, struggling to fetch water, is not unlike the burdened, vulnerable woman in the rural United States less than a century ago. Access to water and energy turns the story around.
Power Trip: The Story of Energy, Courtesy Alpheus Media.
Novel electrical appliances such as the dishwasher and washing machine provided women in the United States even more freedom to pursue opportunities outside the home.7For a discussion of appliances and women, see: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Global History Network, “Household Appliances and Women’s Work,” 2012 , accessed August 25, 2016, link; and University of Montreal, “Fridges and washing machines liberated women, study suggests,” ScienceDaily, March 13, 2009, accessed August 25, 2016, link. Chores like cooking and cleaning were no longer as time consuming and complicated, and a new generation suddenly had the chance to pursue higher education and their own careers. In turn, U.S. culture shifted to accommodate working women.
Similar changes will take place in the developing world as greater access to electricity aids the adoption of modern energy tools. Distributed energy and water systems that use advanced technologies such as nanofilters and smart controls can democratize resource access, improve health, and liberate a new generation of people. Improved living conditions introduced by cleaner and more reliable energy and water services develop the possibility for alleviating poverty among women while also presenting more choices.
A healthier, cleaner, and more sustainable future empowers women, which in turn empowers society.
Moving toward the future, there are a couple of technology trends to monitor. One is decreasing resource intensity. Products and services are getting leaner, as appliances, automobiles, and other applications require less energy. Simultaneously, information intensity is increasing. Products and services employ and collect more information, known as Big Data. The third technology trend is increasing customization and localization. Instead of depending on a central power plant, hospital, or even a grocery store, consumers will rely on on-site resources to meet their needs.
Among all the various pathways toward a more resourceful future, conservation is among the mostly widely applicable and beneficial options. Energy and water conservation work at every scale. At a small scale, you can turn off the water when you brush your teeth or turn off the lights when you leave the room. At a larger scale, you can drive an energy-efficient car or refrain from watering your lawn. The overall manufacturing burden can be reduced if you reduce, reuse, and recycle. At a societal scale, we can redesign our cities so they are more compact reducing the need to use energy driving. We can redesign society for a better future.
This reference introduces a new integrated paradigm focused on long-term sustainability. A new mindset allows solutions that will enable us to manage the water-energy nexus holistically heralding a better future.
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A parking lot had 80 cars 40% were silver 20 were tan and the rest were white what percent of those cars were white
80 cars represent 100%
so 20(tan) cars represent 20/80 * 100 = 25%
so silver and tan percentages would be 40+25=65%
so the remaining percentage which represents white cars is 100-65 = 35%
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Multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease of the central nervous system involving unpredictable and disabling attacks, affects about 400,000 people, including 10,000 new cases diagnosed every year in the United States. Many investigators believe MS to be an autoimmune disease, such as neuromyelitis optica and paraneoplastic autoimmune disorders.
In autoimmune diseases, the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues. In MS, the nerve-insulating myelin comes under assault. This disrupts communication between the brain and other parts of the body producing effects that can range from benign to disabling to devastating. In neuromyelitis optica, immune system cells and antibodies primarily attack the optic nerves and the spinal cord.
Initial symptoms of MS include blurred or double vision and usually occur between the ages of 20 and 40. Most MS patients experience limb weakness and difficulty with coordination and balance that can impair walking or standing. MS often leads to pain, speech impediments, tremors, dizziness, cognitive and bladder impairments, and even paralysis.
There are treatments for MS and several autoimmune diseases, but no cures.
What causes MS?
How can we best prevent disease relapses?
Could stem cell transplant be the future of treatment?
How can we treat and maintain function in secondary progressive MS?
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Volunteer to Clean Up Public Lands Today
WANT TO VOLUNTEER?
Check out publiclandsday.org/ involved/sites.htm for a list of scheduled events.
Our IDEA: Celebrate National Public Lands Day by removing trash, debris; enjoy free entry at federal parks
Today is the 15th Annual National Public Lands Day. This is worth noting for two reasons:
* First, it’s a chance to participate in a volunteer effort to remove trash, plant trees and work on trails. More than 120,000 volunteers are expected to participate at 1,500 sites nationwide, according to a news release from U.S. Rep. Raul Grijalva, who chairs the House Subcommmittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands.
For instance, one nearby volunteer service project today is a debris cleanup along the international border in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, southwest of Tucson.
* Second, fees are waived today at any federal public park. The National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Forest Service are among the federal agencies participating.
For Tucsonans’ pleasure, this means admission is free today to Sabino Canyon, Mt. Lemmon, Madera Canyon, Tumacacori National Historical Park, Saguaro National Park and the Casa Grande Ruins Monument.
Our idea is that helping to clean up some of our treasured public lands would be a great way to spend an early autumn Saturday – and you can do so without paying any of the usual fees. Or simply get out and take advantage of the fee waiver to enjoy Southern Arizona’s incomparable outdoors.
Last year during National Public Lands Day, 110,000 volunteers removed more than 50,000 pounds of trash, helped build and maintain more than 720 miles of trails and planted more than 55,000 trees, according to Grijalva’s office.
It’s worth noting that today also marks the 75th anniversary of the Civilian Conservation Corps, launched by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933, during the Great Depression. The CCC gave jobs to unemployed young people building roads, trails, fences, ranger stations, fire lookout houses, bridges, dams and much more.
This would be a good day to go see some of their work. Visit Lemmon Rock Lookout House at the top of Mt. Lemmon, which the CCC built and, for a time, manned. Or go see the Patagonia Ranger Station, just northeast of Patagonia, another CCC project. The bridges over Sabino Creek and the Sabino Dam were constructed by the CCC, along with workers from the federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).
It’s a legacy worth preserving. You could help.
Originally published by SARAH TROTTO, ARIZONA DAILY STAR.
(c) 2008 Arizona Daily Star. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All rights Reserved.
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“The United Nations is the world’s platform for peace and progress.”
– UN Foundation Founder & Chairman Ted Turner
The United Nations serves a unique and essential role in the world, providing a platform for cooperation that transcends borders and boundaries.
Simply put: The world comes to the UN to work together on urgent, important issues. But the UN also goes to the world – responding to disasters, aiding refugees, promoting human rights, fighting disease, and much, much more.
The UN’s vital work is helping create a more peaceful, just world – benefiting us all.
Join the UN Foundation’s sister organizations, the Better World Campaign and the United Nations Association of the United States of America, to support a strong, effective, and fully funded United Nations.
Fact 1: Better World Campaign
Fact 2: United Nations
Fact 3: United Nations
Fact 4: United Nations
Fact 5: United Nations
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discuss, learn, plan, practice, use and reflect (Aschbacher, 1993).
Just as time can influence the content selected for instruction and how it is taught, it also can influence the type, frequency and thoroughness of assessments. Carving out the time to engage in ongoing assessment of all students requires a shift in the conceptual understanding of the teaching process itself. Darling-Hammond and colleagues (1995) conducted case studies of five schools where teachers and students throughout the school were actively engaged in formative assessment. In describing the shifts in instruction that were supportive of improved classroom assessment, Darling-Hammond and her colleagues maintain that teachers moved from the role of instructors to that of facilitators. As facilitators, the teachers created learning opportunities for their students that encouraged students to engage in their own work. This provided teachers with the opportunity to observe students' work, to talk with them about what they were learning, and to use these observations to inform their teaching.
Regular time also needs to be provided during the school day for teachers to take part in professional growth activities, conduct research on their teaching practices, observe other classrooms, use available external resources, and attend professional meetings and conferences (NRC, 1996).
Although several states have recently implemented strategies to reduce the number of students assigned to classrooms at the primary and elementary levels, most middle and high school classrooms are still over-crowded. Additionally, with departmentalized courses in many middle and secondary schools, teachers often find themselves teaching 150 or more students per day. When faced with large numbers of students and other site obligations, teachers may have a difficult time maintaining continuous classroom assessments.
However, because assessment information is such a powerful tool for supporting student understanding and learning, even science teachers with large classes can find ways to incorporate multiple ongoing assessment strategies into their instructional activities. Student self-assessment, for example, is not only an essential tool for developing student self-directed learning, it also can provide a means for teachers with large classes to successfully incorporate ongoing assessment practices into their instruction. Through self-assessment, students are able to reflect on, internalize, and take responsibility for their own learning. With the teacher serving as consultant, students develop scoring rubrics and criteria to judge their own and their peers ' work.
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Standard 1.Students read a wide range of print and non-print texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States and the world.
Standard 2Students read a wide range of literature from many periods in many genres to build an understanding of the many dimensions (e.g., philosophical, ethical, aesthetic) of human experience.
Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. Standard 4 Students adjust their use of spoken, written, and visual language to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. Standard 5.
Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes. Standard 6. Students apply knowledge of language structure, language conventions ,media techniques, figurative language, and genre to create, critique, and discuss print and non-print texts. Standard 7.
Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience. Standard 8.Students whose first language is not English make use of their first language to develop competency in the English language arts and to develop understanding of content across the curriculum. | Guiding principles:Principle 1An effective English language arts and literacy curriculum develops thinking and language together through interactive learning. Students will develop their ability to understand, analyze, evaluate, and apply the ideas they encounter in ELA.Principle 2An effective English language arts and literacy curriculum draws on literature in order to develop students’ understanding of their literary heritage. Students will read literature reflecting the literary and civic heritage of the English-speaking world.Principle 3An effective English language arts and literacy curriculum draws on informational texts and multimedia in order to build academic vocabulary and strong content knowledge. Students will learn how to read and listen using television, radio, film/video, and websites.Principle 4An effective English language arts and literacy curriculum develops students’ oral language and literacy through appropriately challenging…
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| 0.901038 | 436 | 4.3125 | 4 |
The Great American Eclipse: Where to view the solar obfuscation
The first total solar eclipse to cross American skies this century will take place on Aug, 21, 2017. But hotels are already booking up in prime viewing locations in the West.
(AP Photo, File)
More than a year out the Great American Eclipse, a total solar eclipse, is filling up hotel rooms across small town America.
The first total solar eclipse to cross American skies this century will take place on Aug. 21, 2017. While Alaska and Hawaii witnessed total solar eclipses in 1990 and 1991 respectively, the Great American Eclipse will be the first since 1979 to cross over the lower 48 states; and the next one won’t come until April 2024.
A solar eclipse takes place when the moon comes between Earth and the sun, casting a shadow across the planet. While there are several types of solar eclipses, a total solar eclipse means for a brief period of time the moon — which is dramatically smaller than the sun, but also much closer to Earth — will completely cover the sun, as opposed to partial or annular solar eclipses which produce a “ring of fire” of exposed light around the moon.
During a total solar eclipse, the sky becomes so dark for a period of time that stars become visible, diurnal birds and animals become confused and head towards their homes to sleep, nocturnal insects wake up and begin to chirp. Then suddenly the shadow of the moon passes, the skies brighten and everything reverts back to normal.
While solar eclipses are not entirely uncommon, the Great American Eclipse marks the first time since 1918 the shadow of the moon will literally sweep across America, coast to coast in a 167-mile wide swath at its largest point.
In preparation, tourists have begun booking hotel rooms across America, hoping to find the best view within what is known as the “path of totality,” which is the track the moon’s shadow will traverse across Earth
Even at over a year out, Wyoming hotel rooms have been completely reserved almost statewide, the Associated Press reports. A national astronomers convention has booked out Casper, Wyoming’s largest hotel and international guides have planned eclipse-based tours throughout the Yellowstone Park region.
Wyoming is not alone. Cities across America have been promoting the selling points of their individual eclipse attractions, the Cleveland Plain Dealer reports. North Platte, Neb., advertises itself as a safe and accessible viewing location amidst the Nebraska Sandhills, and Madras, Ore. claims that its location in the high desert region southeast of Portland gives it the best odds for good weather. Carbondale, Ill. is planning city-wide events and encouraging local businesses and organizations to promote eclipse-oriented activities for visitors, the Southern Illinoisan reports.
Eclipse tourism is not limited to this particular eclipse in America. For years travelers have planned their destinations around notable solar eclipses, The Wall Street Journal reports. Total solar eclipses take place in a different location across the globe about every 18 months with tourists often paying high prices to consistently witness the event in a different place.
A total solar eclipse that took place on March 9th of this year in Indonesia brought an influx of scientists and eclipse-seekers to cities across the country, the Guardian reports. Even an Alaska Air flight adjusted the route of its flight 870 from Anchorage to Honolulu so passengers could witness the Indonesian eclipse.
For the Great American Eclipse, while locations across the country may be competing as desirable destinations for viewing the event, the path of totality will actually sweep over a large portion of the nation, creating excellent perspectives across the United States — weather providing.
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Bird Atlas 2007–11 was a partnership project run by BTO, BirdWatch Ireland and the Scottish Ornithologists’ Club, aiming to map the distribution and abundance of all bird species in Britain and Ireland.
What is a Bird Atlas?
Atlases aim to map the distribution of a group of species, be they plants, dragonflies or birds, across a country or region. With two previous breeding atlases in Britain and Ireland, and one previous winter atlas, Bird Atlas 2007–11 aimed to provide a comprehensive update on the distribution of all species in these islands, to map patterns of abundance, and to measure how distribution and abundance had changed since previous atlases.
Who took part?
Bird Atlas 2007–11 was a major collaborative community project, involving around 40,000 volunteer observers throughout Britain and Ireland. Around 40 local groups used the Atlas as an opportunity to produce local atlases. It was funded by charitable donations and fundraising by the lead organisations. The book was lavishly illustrated by photographs, the majority of which were donated by local photographers specifically for this project. Find out more about Making the Bird Atlas 2007–11.
Why is Bird Atlas important?
Bird Atlas 2007–11 neatly complements existing surveys. Existing schemes that monitor the population levels of Britain and Ireland's birds rely on volunteers visiting randomly selected squares on an annual basis. These are invaluable in their own right, producing population trends and warning 'alerts', but atlas projects complement them by providing comprehensive information, covering far more squares and more species than the sample schemes can achieve. Taken together, the complete range and range change maps of the atlases and the population trends of the monitoring schemes, provide powerful tools of the trade for scientists and conservationists.
The Bird Atlas book was published in November 2013 but atlas work doesn't stop there. We have made all the atlas maps available via an online Mapstore and BTO has started a programme of reseach called Beyond the maps aiming to explain the patterns and changes we see. BirdWatch Ireland has published a set of key findings for Irish birds and is working on a range of conservation projects.
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant under 1 year of age. SIDS is sometimes called crib death because the death occurs when a baby is sleeping in a crib. It is the major cause of death in babies from 1 month to 1 year of age, occurring most often between two and three months of age. The death is sudden and unpredictable; in most cases, the baby seems healthy. Death occurs quickly, usually during a sleep time.
What causes SIDS?
The exact causes of SIDS are still unclear and research is ongoing. There are some factors which make babies more vulnerable to SIDS. Some risk factors are preventable, but others are not. Evidence has shown that some babies who die from SIDS have the following:
- brain abnormalities
Some SIDS babies are born with brain abnormalities that make them vulnerable to sudden death during infancy. Studies of SIDS victims show that many SIDS babies have abnormalities in the "arcuate nucleus," a part of the brain that probably helps control breathing and waking during sleep. Babies born with defects in other portions of the brain or body may also be more prone to a sudden death. These abnormalities may result from exposure of the fetus to a toxic substance, or a decrease in oxygen. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy, for example, can reduce the amount of oxygen the fetus receives.
- events after birth
Events such as lack of oxygen, excessive carbon dioxide intake, overheating, or an infection may be related to SIDS. Examples of a lack of oxygen and excessive carbon dioxide levels may include the following:
- respiratory infections that cause breathing problems.
- rebreathing exhaled air trapped in underlying bedding when babies sleep on their stomachs.
Normally, babies sense when they do not get enough air and the brain triggers the babies to wake from sleep and cry. This changes their heartbeat or breathing patterns to make up for the lowered oxygen and excess carbon dioxide. A baby with a flawed arcuate nucleus, however, might lack this protective mechanism.
This may explain why babies who sleep on their stomachs are more susceptible to SIDS, and why a large number of SIDS babies have been reported to have respiratory infections prior to their deaths. This may also explain why more SIDS cases occur during the colder months of the year, when respiratory and intestinal infections are more common.
- immune system problems
The numbers of cells and proteins made by the immune system of some SIDS babies have been reported to be higher than normal. Some of these proteins can interact with the brain to change heart rate and breathing during sleep, or can put the baby into a deep sleep. Such effects might be strong enough to cause the baby's death, particularly if the baby has an underlying brain defect.
- metabolic disorder
Some babies who die suddenly may be born with a metabolic disorder. One such disorder is medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which prevents the baby from properly processing fatty acids. A build up of these acid metabolites could eventually lead to a rapid and fatal interruption in breathing and heart functioning. If there is a family history of this disorder or childhood death of unknown cause, genetic screening of the parents by a blood test can determine if they are carriers of this disorder. If one or both parents is found to be a carrier, the baby can be tested soon after birth.
Who is at risk for SIDS?
About 2,300 babies in the United States die of SIDS each year. Some babies are more at risk than others. For example, SIDS is more likely when a baby is between 1 and 4 months old, it is more common in boys than girls, and most deaths occur during the fall, winter, and early spring months.
Factors that may place a baby at higher risk of dying from SIDS include the following:
- babies who sleep on their stomachs rather than their backs
- babies who sleep on soft surfaces, have loose bedding, and are covered by many blankets
- babies who share a bed with other children
- mothers who smoke during pregnancy (three times more likely to have a baby die of SIDS)
- exposure to passive smoke from smoking by mothers, fathers, and others in the household (doubles a baby's risk of SIDS)
- mothers who are younger than 20 years old at the time of their first pregnancy
- babies born to mothers who had no or late prenatal care
- premature or low birthweight babies
How is SIDS diagnosed?
The diagnosis of SIDS is given when the cause of death remains unexplained after a complete investigation, which includes the following:
- an autopsy
- examination of the death scene
- review of the symptoms or illnesses the infant had prior to dying
- any other pertinent medical history
What can be done to decrease the risk of SIDS?
There currently is no way of predicting which babies will die from SIDS. However, there are a few measures parents can take to lower the risk of their baby dying from SIDS, including the following:
- prenatal care
Early and regular prenatal care can help reduce the risk of SIDS. Proper nutrition, no smoking or drug or alcohol use by the mother, and frequent medical check-ups beginning early in pregnancy might help prevent a baby from developing an abnormality that could put him/her at risk for sudden death. These measures may also reduce the chance of having a premature or low birthweight baby, which also increases the risk for SIDS. The risk of SIDS is higher for babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy.
- put your baby on his/her back for sleep, even at naptime
Parents and other caregivers should put babies to sleep on their backs as opposed to on their stomachs. Studies have shown that placing babies on their backs to sleep has reduced the number of SIDS cases by as much as a half in countries where babies had traditionally slept on their stomachs. The back sleep position is the best position for babies from 1 month to 1 year for sleep, including naps.
Although many parents are afraid babies will choke on spit-up or vomit if placed on their backs, studies have not found any evidence of increased risk of choking or other problems.
- place baby on his/her stomach while awake
A certain amount of tummy time while the infant is awake and being observed is recommended for motor development of the shoulders. In addition, awake time on the stomach may help prevent flat spots from developing on the back of the baby's head. Such physical signs are almost always temporary and will disappear soon after the baby begins to sit up.
- proper bedding
Make sure that your baby sleeps on a firm mattress or other firm surface. Do not use fluffy blankets or comforters under the baby. Do not let the baby sleep on a waterbed, sofa, sheepskin, a pillow, or other soft materials. When your baby is very young, do not place soft stuffed toys or pillows in the crib with him/her. Some babies have smothered with these soft materials in the crib. Tuck blankets in around the crib mattress so that the baby's face is not covered.
- temperature control
Babies should be kept warm, but they should not be allowed to get too warm. An overheated baby is more likely to go into a deep sleep from which it is difficult to arouse. The temperature in the baby's room should feel comfortable to an adult and overdressing the baby should be avoided. Keep the temperature in your baby's room so that it feels comfortable to you.
- same room
Place baby's crib or bassinet in parents' room for first 6 months. The risk of SIDS is reduced when a baby sleeps in the same room as the mother.
- avoid bed sharing
Recently, scientific studies have shown that bed sharing between mother and baby can alter sleep patterns of the mother and her baby. While bed sharing may have certain benefits (such as encouraging breastfeeding), there are no scientific studies demonstrating that bed sharing reduces SIDS. Some studies suggest that bed sharing, under certain conditions, may actually increase the risk of SIDS. Avoid putting your baby to sleep in a bed with other children or on a sofa with another person as these have been found to increase the risk of SIDS. Infants can be brought into the parents' bed for feedings and comforting, but should be returned to their own crib for sleep.
- smoke-free environment
Do not smoke when you are pregnant and do not let anyone smoke around your baby. Smoking in pregnancy is a major risk factor for SIDS. Babies and young children exposed to smoke have more colds and other diseases, as well as an increased risk of SIDS.
- pediatric healthcare
If your baby seems sick, call your physician right away. Parents should take their babies for regular well baby check-ups and routine immunizations. Claims that immunizations increase the risk of SIDS are not supported by research. If a baby ever has an incident where he/she stops breathing and turns blue or limp, the baby should be medically evaluated for the cause of such an incident.
- breastfeed your baby
If possible, you should breastfeed your baby. While there is insufficient evidence to suggest that breastfeeding might reduce the risk of SIDS, a few studies have found SIDS to be less common in babies who have been breastfed. This may be because breast milk can provide protection from some infections that can trigger sudden death in babies.
- home monitors for babies at risk
Although some electronic home monitors can detect and sound an alarm when a baby stops breathing, there is no evidence that such monitors can prevent SIDS. In 1986, the National Institutes of Health recommended that home monitors not be used for babies who do not have an increased risk of sudden unexpected death. The monitors may be recommended, however, for babies who have experienced one or more severe episodes during which they stopped breathing and required resuscitation or stimulation, premature babies with apnea (stopping breathing), and siblings of two or more SIDS babies. If an incident has occurred, or if a baby is on a monitor, parents need to know how to properly use and maintain the device, as well as how to resuscitate their baby if the alarm sounds.
- use of pacifiers
According to the latest guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics (2008), the use of a pacifier for the first year of life is recommended. A pacifier should be offered at nap time and bedtime. The pacifier should not be sugar coated. Pacifiers should be cleaned and replaced often. Breast-fed infants should not be started on a pacifier until one month after breast-feeding has begun.
Are there any support groups for families who have experienced SIDS?
A SIDS death is a tragedy that affects family members and others as well. There are many support groups available that are experienced in helping families cope with a loss and work through their emotions associated with grieving. Consult your healthcare provider for recommended support groups in your community.
Click here to view the
Online Resources of High-Risk Newborn
Disclaimer - This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. © 2009 Staywell Custom Communications.
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Florida Circumnavigational Saltwater Paddling Trail
Emergency Contact Numbers:
Sheriff’s Office: 321-264-5100, 321-633-7162
Volusia County Sheriff’s
Florida Fish and
Wildlife Conservation Commission 24-hour wildlife emergency/boating
under the influence hotline: 1-888-404-3922
Begin: Front Street Park in Melbourne
End: Smyrna Dunes
Duration: 5-6 days
Boat traffic can be heavy along the Intracoastal Waterway, especially on
weekends and holidays. Paddling along the high energy East Coast
shoreline is not recommended due to safety considerations. While some
calm periods may make it suitable for paddling the coastal shoreline,
conditions can change abruptly and there are few inlets to allow
paddlers to move to more sheltered waters.
This is an area where
large populations of manatee congregate. Manatees can become skittish at
times, especially in dark water, throwing up a large amount of water and
having the rare potential of capsizing a kayak.
This segment continues
along the Indian River Lagoon, considered to be North America’s most
diverse estuary. Overlapping boundaries of tropical and subtropical
climates have helped to create a system that supports 4,300 plants and
animals, 72 of which are endangered or threatened. Paddlers are almost
guaranteed to spot sea turtles, manatees, dolphins and a wide variety of
bird life, from roseate spoonbills to bald eagles, depending on the
A highlight of the segment
will likely be the Mosquito Lagoon, an inviting place of unspoiled
islands and a labyrinth of tidal creeks that is sheltered from the
Atlantic by Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island. This estuary is a vital
nursery for fish, oysters, clams, shrimp and other sea life and, not
surprisingly, it’s one of Florida’s most famous fishing grounds.
The abundant life of the Indian River and Mosquito Lagoon estuaries have
attracted people for thousands of years. Timucuan Indians annually
migrated to these shores from inland areas to gather clams, oysters and
to catch fish. They left behind giant shell mounds, two of which can be
seen today—Seminole Rest and Turtle Mound, both of which are managed by
the Canaveral National Seashore. To learn more, log onto
The adjacent Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, like the national
seashore, was established as a buffer zone for nearby National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) activities. It covers
140,000 scenic acres of brackish estuaries, marshes, coastal dunes,
scrub oaks, pine forests and flatwoods, and palm and oak hammocks. To
learn more, log onto:
This segment covers two aquatic preserves, Banana River (http://www.dep.state.fl.us/coastal/sites/banana/)
and Mosquito Lagoon (http://www.dep.state.fl.us/coastal/sites/mosquito/).
An optional route through the wildlife rich Banana River is highly
recommended. The preserves help to maintain and restore water quality
along with mangrove marshes and seagrass beds that act as nursery
grounds for recreationally and commercially important species such as
snook, grouper, snapper, seatrout, tarpon, and lobster. Also, many
species of migratory waterfowl winter in the Indian River and Mosquito
This guide primarily covers the western shore of the Indian River Lagoon
as it offers more parks and boat ramps that can be used as rest areas
and water stops. Plus, between Cocoa and Titusville, much of the western
shore is a shallow manatee protection zone where boaters must observe
Leave No Trace principles should be utilized for any primitive camping
outlined in this guide. To learn more about Leave No Trace priniciples,
log onto: http://www.lnt.org/
1. Front Street Park
in Melbourne to Island #35, 18 miles
Front Street Park has a
boat ramp, restrooms and water and is a good launch site for this
segment. Proceed north along the Indian River Lagoon. Bear in mind that
although this stretch involves paddling in a relatively straight and
wide water body, this is an estuary teeming with life. You may want to
hug the shore to see more bird life and to view original Victorian
homes, especially in Rockledge, an enclave founded in 1867.
Island #35 is one of
numerous spoil islands created from the dredging of the Intracoastal
Waterway in the 1950s. Primitive camping is allowed. No amenities are
provided. Other islands have been designated for educational purposes
and a few are designated as conservation, generally because they are
active bird rookeries. Paddlers should keep at least 100 yards from the
shore of conservation islands and observe birds quietly.
Island #35 is located 500
yards east of channel marker 80, a mile and half south of the Highway
520 Bridge. Access is on the east side.
Paddlers can enter the Banana River Aquatic Preserve just past the
Highway 518 Bridge in Melbourne. The Banana River has many notable
features. Almost every East Coast manatee comes through the river due to
its abundant sea grasses. Not surprisingly, the river is the site of the
largest manatee aggregation ever documented outside of a warm water site
(700). It boasts one of three diamondback terrapin sites on the East
Coast, counting the Keys. It has the largest known brown pelican
rookery, a large great blue heron rookery, and it is a major place for
dolphins. Just north of Port Canaveral, a manatee protection zone exists
where no motorized watercraft are allowed.
To break up this stretch, the 53-acre Samsons Island is available for
camping in the southern end of the Banana River near Satellite Beach. It
lies about 6.5 miles from the launch in Melbourne. Free permits must be
obtained from the city prior to camping, either in person or by fax.
Contact info: City of Satellite Beach, 1089 South Patrick Drive,
Satellite Beach, FL 32937 (321) 773-6458; Fax: (321)
779-1388. There are fire pits, grills and a port-a-let on the island,
but no water or other facilities. Campers are advised to pack it in and
pack it out. The permit holder must be 18 years old or older and must
remain on the island for the duration of the permit.
The next campsite is on Ski Island near Port Canaveral. Ski Island is
about 23.5 miles from Front Street Park in Melbourne, or about 17 miles
from Samsons Island. From Ski Island, you may want to spend a day
exploring the no-motor zone of the Banana River north of the power
lines. Thousands of alligators and other wildlife frequent this area.
Canine companions should be left at home as they will attract
alligators. Fishing is considered excellent. Port Canaveral offers
numerous restaurants and opportunities to view manatees, dolphins and
large fish going through the locks. Past the locks, there is a
full-service campground at Jetty Park—(321) 783-7111.
Sykes Creek, between Banana River and Indian River Lagoon, is a popular
waterway for day kayak trips. Sykes Creek can also be used as an
alternate route in windy conditions, although camping options are
From Ski Island, head west on the barge canal to reenter the Indian
River Lagoon. It is about 13 miles from Ski Island to Manatee Hammock
2. Island #35 to
Manatee Hammock Campground, 13.5 miles
In proceeding north, you
can land at Lee Wenner Park at the Highway 520 bridge after about two
miles. Restrooms and water are available and several restaurants and
shops are easily accessible just to the west in historic Cocoa Village.
The Port St. John Boat
Ramp is the only other public landing spot to the north. This is about
two miles before the campground. A city park with restrooms and water is
a hundred yards north, but you may want to walk there as landing is
difficult. Across the highway are several restaurants. A supermarket is
one half mile north on U.S. 1.
The Manatee Hammock
Campground, managed by Brevard County, offers shaded sites, water,
showers, a swimming pool, a Laundromat, volleyball and shuffleboard
courts, and horseshoes. A supermarket is 1.3 miles south on U.S. 1. The
park has a narrow landing for small boats south of the fishing pier. You
may want to reserve tent sites 163 through 168 as these are closest to
the water. Call 321 264-5083 for more information and to make
reservations, or log onto
3. Manatee Hammock
Campground to Titusville Spoil Island, 9.5 miles
Make sure to stock up on fresh water in Titusville,
either at Kennedy Point Park or at the Highway 406 Bridge boat ramp, as
there may not be another opportunity until late the next day. Camping is
on a spoil island just north of the Highway 406 Bridge in Titusville.
There are also two islands closer to the bridge. Note that the spoil
islands in a direct line to the Haulover Canal are managed by the
Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and are off limits to camping.
Refuge lands also extend into Mosquito Lagoon. Camping is
prohibited on all islands and shoreline to marker 19 in the Intracoastal
Spoil Island to Shipyard Island, 27 miles
In this section, you will
proceed toward the Haulover Canal. Before the canal was dug, fishermen
used to haul their boats over this short spit of land to the Mosquito
Lagoon, thus the name. Two of the spoil islands before the canal have
since become bird rookeries. Keep your distance as you observe these
active bird colonies. Adult birds will be tending young, defending
territories, and retrieving food and nest materials.
In the canal, be sure to
pull into the little cove for the Bair’s Cove Boat Ramp. Manatees
frequent this spot along with other parts of the canal.
Once in the Mosquito
Lagoon, proceed north along a series of spoil islands. You can stay on
the west side of the islands to keep out of boat traffic if you wish.
Next available water stop is at Lefils Fish Camp near the end of the
day. Islands managed by the Canaveral National Seashore that are
available for camping begin about two miles south of Lefils Fish Camp
(see below for permit and campsite information).
Be sure to stop at the
Seminole Rest Mound, one of the few remaining shell mounds along the
Atlantic Coast. Two pioneer houses stand atop the mound. The Snyder
family protected this Timucuan built mound early in the last century,
while a nearby mound suffered the fate of most ancient shell mounds—it
was hauled away for fill material. There is a restaurant about a quarter
mile north of the mound.
A good rest stop is River Breeze Park, operated by Volusia County. The
park offers shaded picnic tables, water and a short hiking trail. It is
the site of a Colonial-era plantation. According to the West Volusia
Audubon Society, the park and its environs are great for birdwatching.
This is from their website: “Here, up
close on a sandbar, Marbled Godwits doze and preen and luxuriate in the
sunshine, shoulder to shoulder with handsome Black Skimmers. In the
brackish waters of the lagoon, the birder may spot a wintering American
White Pelican or a Common Loon. Reddish Egrets and Red-breasted, Common
and Hooded Mergansers visit this spot and you may see American
Oystercatchers. Check the area for migrating warblers before you leave.”
In order to more fully explore the unique and scenic Mosquito Lagoon
area, proceed west from River Breeze Park along Slippery Creek, paddling
around several islands. Once along the main peninsula of the Canaveral
National Seashore, you can dock and stroll around the historic two-story
house visible from the water. This is the restored Eldora Statehouse, a
vestige of a waterway community that once thrived on these shores. When
location of the Intracoastal Waterway shifted, and a railroad was built
on the mainland, Eldora slowly declined. You can hike a short nature
trail through the scenic Eldora Hammock.
From Eldora, cruise about a mile along the peninsula to the ranger
station. This is where you can obtain a permit to camp in one of three
sites that are on your way north: site 2 (Shipyard); site 3 (Headwinds);
or site 4 (Government Cut). For site 1 (Orange Island), you’ll need to
backtrack about a mile. These four sites are generally reserved for
paddlers, but boaters can take them if not used. You can reserve a
campsite up to seven days in advance by calling (386) 428-3384. Be sure
to arrive at the ranger station by 4 p.m. to pick up your permit. There
are also picnic tables at the ranger station and you can obtain water.
Click here for map and gps coordinates for all 14 of the Seashore's
Just after the ranger station, be sure to visit Turtle Mound, a huge
midden built by Timucuan Indians for more than 600 years. These early
people would visit coastal lagoons every winter to harvest abundant
marine resources, staying in camps of one or more families—25-30 people.
Don’t miss the panoramic view of the lagoon and coast from atop the
Just past Turtle Mound, you can take a scenic paddling trail to
campsites 2 and 3, which are on the west side of Shipyard Island. Obtain
a map at the ranger station.
For information about fees and to make reservations at the park,
call (386) 345-5525.
5. Shipyard Island
to Smyrna Dunes Park, 13-14 miles
This will be a very scenic
paddle through the upper half of Mosquito Lagoon, winding around several
uninhabited islands that provide numerous opportunities for rest breaks.
You can take an old channel just west of the Intracoastal Waterway for
most of the way (see map). Callalisa Creek is also a scenic option,
passable by kayak. This winding route may add a mile or so to your day.
Smyrna Dunes Park,
operated by Volusia County, is a coastal treasure. You can land near the
park entrance where the Intracoastal Waterway veers northwest and hike
on a long boardwalk that spans a pristine dunes ecosystem. You can view
the scenic Ponce Inlet and access some fine beaches along the Atlantic
Ocean. If you paddle Ponce Inlet, proceed with caution as currents are
heavy and breakers will likely be encountered as you near the Atlantic.
Camping is on spoil
islands just north of the park. These will be described in segment 23.
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More than twenty countries and three different continents are bordered by the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Thanks to its waters, all these regions share their weather and many geographical characteristics. Also, their customs and ways of life are influenced and unified by its waters in many aspects. This way of living has also influenced the architecture in a very characteristic style known as the Mediterranean style.
This architectural style adjusts to the way of living of the Mediterranean’s inhabitants, showing different characteristics according to the area being toured. Customs, historical events, and traditions are imprinted on the walls and roofs of homes.
Fundamentals of Mediterranean architecture
Despite the diversity of currents on the different geographical areas, a series of characteristics are common to all of them and constitute some fundamentals of the Mediterranean style which are listed below:
Adaptation to the landscape: This means respecting the environment where the construction is located and integrating to the land as efficiently as possible. Homes must be adjusted to the land regarding their earrings and peculiarities.
Native raw material: Its environment is so rich that the closest resources are used in both the exterior construction with walls covered with adobe or stones walls and the interior construction with terracotta floors or exposed wooden beams.
Heat-resistant constructions: White color is one of the greatest allies in Mediterranean constructions because it reflects light and reduce heat inside buildings. Also, special coatings for the isolation of high temperatures are required.
The exterior is part of the house: sun, light and warm weather make the exterior of the house the perfect place to stay throughout the day. That is why, the terraces, patio and balconies design is an essential part in this type of houses.
Permanent sunlight: one of the main characteristics of the Mediterranean area is its light and such a characteristic should be included in the design of the rooms.
Inner and outer nature: The interior design of the houses should have a cove environment where patios and gardens are filled with plants, rustic floors and wooden doors and windows.
The presence of water: related to the quality of the land and the environment. The preservation of wells and other sources of water in the plot to be constructed on will be common.
Arquifach, Architectural Studio in Alicante: Contemporary Mediterranean Style
The Arquifach single-family homes are inspired by the Mediterranean history and tradition which are translated into a minimalist and contemporary style. These are some of the most characteristic examples:
URB. SAN JAIME DE BENISSA
Painted in an intense white color, this urban development is conceived as a traditional country house with modern styles. It has a total of 344,90m2 and is built in an idyllic setting where the calm of the Mediterranean Sea can be breathed.
PDA VINYENT (BENISSA)
The memories of the traditional stone house are preserved in this house but accompanied by contemporary, warm and livable spaces. It has a total of 420m2 and is built in a natural environment that surrounds the house and makes it unique.
URB. LOS PINOS DE CALP
Teak ceilings and arches along the facades attached to porches and patios decorated with flowers and native plants. A single-family house with a total of 705 constructed meters.
Your Mediterranean home at Costa Blanca, just as you imagine it
Contact Arquifach, architectural studio in Alicante, without commitment. We study the feasibility of your project and offer advice on the construction of new single-family homes or tourist apartment buildings. It is supported by a Costa Blanca specialized team. Arquifach is in charge of finding the ideal plot to the needs of each client, complying with the municipal regulations. We cover the entire project: its design, construction, planning, pathology reports, assessments and advice in general.
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Ever thought of why most articles and research papers talk about students in US lagging behind when it comes to skills commonly known as the 21st century skills. Smaller nations like Japan, Singapore, and some other countries are giving us a out run in the areas of math, statistics, analytics etc. Why? Because they are preparing their youth in a much more able way to perform numbers crunching, analysis, predictions and other key areas necessary for professional growth. In this article we will discuss some of the key areas that will enable our students to choose the most effective universities.
- Challenging courses
Students should be prompted to take courses that will develop necessary professional skills in them, such as math, business English, statistics, economics etc. Such courses and their advance levels are the key to success in the 21st century.
- Individual attention on students
Every university should be divided into number of small unit or classrooms that will allow the instructors to know each and every student individually and cater to their specific development needs. Their academic advisors should provide them with support round the academic year.
- Financial assistance for needy
An accredited university that has a financial assistance policy for students in need is the basis of start of a new learned society. Such universities foster not only learning but also social responsibility by exhibiting their interest to provide admissions to those who cannot afford expensive professional education. This act of kindness promotes healthy transition of information from generation to generation and imbeds some valuable human skills into the students.
- Real World Example
The faculty should be learned enough to bring in real world examples to classroom learning, so as to develop the skills that are crucial to be successful in professional life. This will help the students develop habits, character and responsibility in them. Students should be assigned with classroom projects that will allow them to experiment, research and solve business queries.
- Skilled Faculty
Faculty of the degree awarding institution should be one that has perfect command of the subjects they teach and should know how to communicate the information to the students. They should plan lectures, carefully review performance of students and continuously involve themselves in development activities, of both their’s and their students.
A recognized university should provide its students with books, trainings and course material that is inevitable for quality learning of students to take place. Along with the academic resources, a university should also provide an environment for students to socialize with each other and develop some healthy social skills among them.
I found Headway University fitting perfect on the above mentioned characteristics of an effective university to start your learning.
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Dr. Jay W. Pscheidt, Professor and Extension Plant Pathology Specialist, OSU Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology
Dr. Patty Skinkis, Associate Professor, Viticulture Extension Specialist, OSU Dept. of Horticulture
As we get into fall with a little rain, we wanted to highlight the potential for various bunch rots. These bunch rots are weather-, disease- and insect-related. Botrytis bunch rot and sour rot are the two most frequently encountered in this region, but others that are important around the world are not common here.
Botrytis Bunch Rot
We in Extension have written about the ubiquitous Botrytis bunch rot off and on over the years. Water in the form of rain or irrigation drives this disease, especially at bloom and near harvest. The fungus can infect (gain entrance to) ovaries and colonize floral tissue at bloom. It then becomes inactive (quiescent) and does not reactivate until berries begin to ripen in the fall. Open training systems and cluster zone leaf removal help create an environment that does not favor the disease. Fungicides are less effective than canopy management but are useful in wet years. Fungicide use can be challenging since sprays need to go on well before you know whether it will be a wet season, and fungicide resistance is common and complicated by fungicides used in your powdery mildew program. Read more about Botrytis bunch rot here:
- Botrytis Bunch Rot – PNW Disease Handbook
- 2017 Pest Management Guide for Wine Grapes in Oregon
- Preventing Late Season Botrytis Bunch Rot
- Field Botrytis Trial
Powdery mildew is not really a bunch rot. Depending on how early infection occurs, the result may be poor fruit set or small and split berries. By the time véraison rolls around there is not much of a cluster to rot. Small or light infections of the berry, however, can also allow Botrytis to get a foothold. Good powdery mildew control will aid Botrytis bunch rot control.
New research out of New York has defined sour rot and given us clues as to how to manage it in the vineyard. Very specifically, sour rot occurs when the berry becomes brown AND has both ethanol and acetic acid accumulation, which gives it the characteristic sour vinegar smell. The ethanol is no surprise as it comes from yeasts, but the acetic acid comes from bacteria. There is a sequence of events that is required for sour rot to occur, and it starts with wounding.
Somehow the berry skin breaks, allowing entry of these organisms. This can happen through berry growth, rainy weather during ripening (as we had a few years ago) and/or insect or bird damage. The yeasts produce ethanol that is then converted to acetic acid by the bacteria. This is still not enough to get sour rot symptoms. In New York, fruit flies were critical for sour rot symptom development. They do not need to introduce the microorganisms but are a factor all in themselves, and that factor is unknown at this time. It is unknown whether other insects, such as yellow jackets, can also induce symptoms. Targeting fruit flies with insecticides in the vineyard did result in less sour rot development. Interestingly, targeting the microbes with anti-microbial sprays alone was not effective. You can learn more by reading:
- Defining and Developing Management Strategies for Sour Rot
- Sour Rot in the Pacific Northwest, click here.
- Invasive Drosophila suzukii facilitates Drosophila melanogaster infestation and sour rout outbreaks in the vineyards
- Biotic and abiotic factors impacting development, behavior, phenology, and reproductive biology of Drosophila suzukii
Other Grape Rots
A few other grape rots have been reported or observed in the PNW. Several more have been described in other viticultural regions of the world, including the following list. (We mention these various rots because it is always possible for new exotic organisms to be introduced into our region. They may just be a temporary “flash in the pan” problem or could establish as an annual concern over time)
- Phomopsis: I have seen Phomopsis fruit rot only once in my 30 years here in Oregon and that was in an unmanaged vineyard used for nursery stock. A disease with similar symptoms from the southeastern USA is called bitter rot. The only way to tell the difference is by taste, which I had enough of during my postdoctoral research in New York!
- Black rot has been reported from eastern Washington on Concord grapes but is not a common problem.
- Anthracnose (or better named “bird’s eye rot”) and ripe rot are also fungal fruit rots more commonly found in the southeast USA.
- White rot is a real fungal disease of grape and not someone just joking around about bird doodoo on a leaf!
- Downy mildew: This is not a problem here but is common in many other regions of the world.
In the Winery
Grapes affected by fruit rot diseases can cause problems in the cellar as well. Dr. James Osborne wrote this article titled, Dealing with Compromised Fruit in the Winery, for Wines & Vines magazine in August, 2014.
It is most important to manage powdery mildew and Botrytis bunch rot, and to scout for fruit flies around harvest. Also, keep an eye out for unusual problems or rots. If you find some suspect diseases or unusual rots, contact your local Extension team member. We hope that the harvest will go smoothly with few problems.
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National Geographic and Bill Nye the Science Guy hosted a panel discussion with NASA scientists. The panel discussed the history of major developments over the last fifty years of space exploration. The half hour discussion was recorded and is available to watch online. Watching the video, embedded below, prompted me to review some of the many resources for learning about space exploration that I’ve discovered over the years. Here are ten of my favorites.
Station Spacewalk Game
is designed for middle school students to learn about the purposes and
functions of the International Space Station. In the game students go on
Extravehicular Activities modeled after real EVAs performed by
astronauts. Station Spacewalk can be played online or downloaded for free as a Windows game or as a Mac game.
NASA’s Lunar Electric Rover Simulator is
a free iOS app that lets you explore the moon. The app is really a game
in which players perform tasks to support the activities of a lunar
outpost. Players transport items from place to place and along the way
encounter lunar challenges to overcome. The app also includes an
interactive gallery of images. You can download the app for free from iTunes.
NASA 360 is
a series of videos about NASA’s work. The episodes examine
NASA’s technological and scientific work. The episodes discuss how
NASA’s work is used not only in space exploration but also in elements
of our modern everyday lives. The episodes can be downloaded from the NASA 360 page or viewed on Hulu.
In the 25 minute video
below former commander of the International Space Station, Sunita
Williams takes viewers on an in-depth tour of the International Space
Station. In the video you’ll get the answers to almost everything you
may have wondered about regarding living in space for weeks or months at
a time. Williams shows us the laboratories, the space suits for space
walks, the kitchen, and the sleeping quarters. Williams even shows us
the space station’s “outhouse” and goes so far as to explain the
different types of toilet paper on the space station.
We Choose the Moon is a project put together by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. We Choose the Moon has eleven stages that viewers can follow as the mission progresses. If you visit We Choose the Moon you
can explore image and video galleries capturing the sights and sounds
of the lead-up to the launch. Included in these galleries are videos of
President Kennedy talking about the goal of putting a man on the moon.
Planet In Action
is a fun website that features games based on Google Earth. In the Moon Lander game you take control of the Apollo 11
moon lander and guide the Eagle to touch-down.
NASA has an excellent interactive timeline tracing the history of astronomy and space exploration from the Greek philosophers through today. Planet Quest
is actually three timelines combined into one. The three timelines
cover technology, discovery, and culture as it relates to astronomy and
space exploration. Each element on the timeline is narrated. Users can
select individual elements on the timeline or choose autoplay to hear
the narration of each item in sequence.
The Scale of the Universe 2
features a huge selection of objects in the universe that are arranged
according to size and scale. You can zoom-in on the image to objects as
small as neutrinos and quarks or as large as planets, constellations,
and galaxies. When you click on an object in The Scale of the Universe 2
a small window of information about that object pops up.
is a free iPad app produced by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Spacecraft 3D uses augmented reality technology to bring NASA spacecraft
to life on your iPad. To get started using the app you first need to
print out the spacecraft target codes. Then your students can scan those
target codes with their iPads. The spacecraft then becomes a 3D model
that your students can explore.
NASA Space Place is a
sizable collection of fun projects, games, animations, and lessons about
Earth, space, and technology. Before playing the games or attempting
one of the projects, students should explore the animations and facts
sections to gain some background information. The projects section of NASA Space Place provides
teachers, parents, and students with directions for hands-on projects
like building a balloon-powered rover, building relief maps, and
building a moon habitat. The games section offers thirty games covering
all of the subjects in the animations and facts sections.
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definition of Wikipedia
DualDisc was a type of double-sided optical disc product developed by a group of record companies including MJJ Productions Inc, EMI Music, Universal Music Group, Sony/BMG Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and 5.1 Entertainment Group and later under the aegis of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It featured an audio layer similar to a CD (but not following the Red Book CD Specifications) on one side and a standard DVD layer on the other. In this respect it was similar to, but distinct from, the DVDplus developed in Europe by Dieter Dierks and covered by European patents.
DualDiscs first appeared in the United States in March 2004 as part of a marketing test conducted by the same five record companies who developed the product. The test involved thirteen titles being released to a limited number of retailers in the Boston, Massachusetts, and Seattle, Washington, markets. The test marketing was seen as a success after 82% of respondents to a survey (which was included with the test titles) said that DualDiscs met or exceeded their expectations. In addition, 90% of respondents said that they would recommend DualDisc to a friend. However, sales plummeted over the next three years, particularly in competition with rival formats like SACD and DVD-A discs, and DualDisc disappeared from the market by 2009.
DualDisc titles received a mass rollout to retailers throughout the United States in February 2005, though some titles were available as early as November 2004. The recording industry had nearly 200 DualDisc titles available by the end of 2005 and over 2,000,000 units had been sold by the middle of that year.
DualDiscs were based on double-sided DVD technology such as DVD-10, DVD-14 and DVD-18 except that DualDisc technology replaced one of the DVD sides with a CD. The discs were made by fusing together a standard 0.6 mm-thick DVD layer (4.7-gigabyte storage capacity) to a 0.9 mm-thick CD layer (60-minute or 525-megabyte storage capacity), resulting in a 1.5 mm-thick double-sided hybrid disc that contained CD content on one side and DVD content on the other.
The challenge for the designers of DualDisc was to produce a dual-sided disc which was not too thick to play reliably in slot-loading drives, while the CD side was not too thin to be tracked easily by the laser. DVDplus, though conceptually similar, used a thicker CD layer and thus is more likely to get stuck in a slot-loading player (although this appears to be almost unknown); DualDisc took the other course by thinning the CD layer.
Because the 0.9 mm thickness of the DualDisc CD layer did not conform to Red Book CD Specifications, which called for a layer no less than 1.1 mm thick, some CD players could not play the CD side of a DualDisc due to a phenomenon called spherical aberration. As a result, the laser reading the CD side might get a "blurry" picture of the data on the disc — the equivalent of a human reading a book with glasses of the wrong strength. Engineers tried to get around this by making the pits in the CD layer larger than on a conventional CD. This makes the CD side easier for the laser to read — equivalent to a book using bigger print to make it easier to see, even if the person's glasses are of the wrong strength. The downside to this, however, is that the playing time for the CD layer of some early DualDiscs decreased from the standard 74 minutes of a conventional CD to around 60 minutes, although this early limitation was later overcome.
The DVD side of a DualDisc completely conformed to the specifications set forth by the DVD Forum and DualDiscs have been cleared to use the DVD logo.
Record companies had two main hopes for DualDiscs; the first being that they would eventually replace CDs as the preferred media for purchase at music retailers, and the second that the inclusion of bonus DVD content at a price similar to a conventional CD would help to slow down online music piracy by giving consumers more incentive to buy their music through retailers. Some titles such as Devils & Dust by Bruce Springsteen and Straight Outta Lynwood by "Weird Al" Yankovic have been released in the United States on DualDisc only.
In the US, the cost of a DualDisc at retail versus that of a conventional CD varied depending on the title but, on average, a DualDisc cost about $1.50 to $2.50 USD more than the same title on CD. Some DualDisc titles such as Mr. A-Z by Jason Mraz and In Your Honor by the Foo Fighters had enhanced packaging which increased the retail cost of the DualDisc version of the albums over their CD counterparts more than the average. There were also other factors which go into the additional costs such as production, marketing etc.
What one finds on the DVD side of a DualDisc title will vary. Common content includes:
The CD side of a DualDisc contained standard 16-bit LPCM audio sampled at 44.1 kHz. On the DVD side, most record companies (with the notable exception of Sony Music: see below) provided the album's music in both high-resolution, 24-bit DVD-Audio (typically at a sample rate of 96 or 192 kHz for stereo and 48 or 96 kHz for surround sound) and lower-resolution, 16-bit Dolby Digital sound (typically sampled at 48 kHz). This was done to allow consumers with DVD-Audio players access to very high-resolution stereophonic and/or surround sound versions of the album, while also providing the lower-resolution Dolby Digital stereophonic and/or surround sound which is compatible with any DVD player.
Because Sony had an existing high-resolution audio format, SACD, in the marketplace which directly competes with DVD-Audio (see next section), Sony Music, as a general rule, only provided 16-bit, 48 kHz sampled LPCM stereophonic (and sometimes Dolby Digital Surround) sound on the DVD side of their DualDiscs. The sound was compatible with any DVD player; however, it does not provide the higher fidelity and resolution of 24-bit, high sample-rate DVD-Audio.
The biggest competition to DualDisc was the hybrid Super Audio CD (SACD), which was developed by Sony and Philips Electronics, the same companies that created the CD. DualDiscs and hybrid SACDs were competing solutions to the problem of providing higher-resolution audio on a disc that can still be played on conventional CD players.
DualDiscs took the approach of using a double-sided disc to provide the necessary backwards compatibility; hybrid SACDs are a one-sided solution that instead use two layers: a conventional CD layer and a high-resolution layer.
Hybrid SACDs claim a higher compatibility rate with conventional CD players than DualDisc, because hybrid SACDs conform to Red Book standards. However, a SACD or SACD-capable DVD player is required to take advantage of the enhanced SACD layer. With a DualDisc, consumers could use their existing DVD player to hear surround mixes. (DVD-Audio capable players are required for higher-resolution audio, if present.) It is currently estimated that 75% of households in the United States have at least one DVD player.
There are numerous criticisms about DualDiscs, ranging from size to DualDiscs being more fragile than conventional CDs.
A number of electronics companies such as Lexicon, Marantz, Mark Levinson, Onkyo, Panasonic, Pioneer, and Sony (both its Computer Entertainment and Electronics divisions) issued statements warning consumers about possible problems with playing DualDisc titles on their equipment.
These warnings ranged in severity from DualDiscs just not working with the equipment to actual damage to the disc and/or equipment. Meridian Audio, Ltd., on the other hand, issued a statement that "no harm or damage whatsoever" would be caused to the player or the disc if DualDiscs were used on their equipment, but noted that their players with DVD drives would not reliably play the CD layer.
There was some controversy surrounding the DualDisc format, as Dieter Dierks, the inventor of the DVDplus specification, claimed that DualDisc technology is in violation of his European patents. This delayed the release of DualDisc titles in Europe, with them eventually hitting European shores in September 2005. The first British artist to announce a DualDisc release of his album was Sony/BMG recording artist Will Young.
For a list of past DualDisc releases, see List of DualDisc releases.
Below is a list of the 15 DualDisc titles released as part of a test marketing campaign that was run before DualDiscs were released nationwide. These releases were ONLY available in two test markets: Boston and Seattle, and only at a handful of stores in each market (15 stores in the Boston area, 12 in the Seattle area). The test marketing campaign started on February 3, 2004. It is believed that fewer than 1000 copies of any title were sold during the test marketing, making them all scarce and now collectible. One title, Dave Brubeck's Time Out, was recalled shortly after the start of the test market campaign due to a rights lawsuit. As a result, very few copies of this title were ever sold. It is estimated that fewer than 50 copies of this title are known to exist, making it one of the rarest commercially released CDs of all time.
All of these DualDisc titles are now out of print. Some were reissued as standard commercial issue DualDiscs, once the test marketing phase was over, but in every case this was done with packaging changes (although not necessarily changes to the UPC). For example, the test market version of AC/DC's Back in Black does not have a large "FBI warning" logo on the back, whereas the standard reissue does.
The following is a complete list of titles made available during the test market campaign in Boston and Seattle. These are the only titles that were part of the test market campaign. Many other dualdisc releases were issued in subsequent years, following the completion of the test market. But these were not part of the original set of releases. The test market version of any title on this list should be considered scarce or rare. Two of these 15 titles were issued after the test market had begun; these late addition titles are those by Fischerspooner and Jane's Addiction. The remaining 13 titles were available from the start of the test marketing campaign.
|Artist||Title||UPC||Reissued as DualDisc after test market?||Comments|
|AC/DC||Back in Black||82796-90828-2-9||Yes||Reissue DualDisc differs in packaging/inlay card|
|Andrew W.K.||The Wolf||6-02498-61423-5||No|
|Audioslave||self-titled||82796-90830-2-4||No||Entire album in 20bit 48 kHz sound on DVD side. Has been termed a demonstration quality audiophile release.|
|Barenaked Ladies||Everything to Everyone||0-9362-48650-2-5||No|
|David Bowie||Reality||82796-90743-2-9||Yes||Reissue DualDisc differs in packaging/inlay card|
|Dave Brubeck||Time Out||82796-90829-2-8||No||VERY RARE; fewer than 50 copies known; Recalled due to licensing issues a few days after issue|
|Good Charlotte||The Young and the Hopeless||82796-90831-2-3||Yes||Reissue DualDisc differs in packaging/inlay card|
|Donald Fagen||The Nightfly||0-8122-78016-2-5||No|
|Jane's Addiction||Strays||7-2435-99393-2-2||No||Entire album in Advanced Resolution 24/96 5.1 on DVD side|
|P.O.D.||Payable on Death||0-7567-83704-2-7||No|
|R.E.M.||Automatic for the People||0-8122-78105-2-8||No|
|3 Doors Down||Away from the Sun||6-02498-61414-3||Yes||Reissue DualDisc differs in packaging/inlay card|
|Usher||8701||8-2876-57915-2-6||Yes||Reissue DualDisc differs in packaging/inlay card|
The titles by Fisherspooner and Jane's Addiction were released during the test marketing phase, but were not in the initial shipments. They shipped to the select test market retailers after the test began. Three additional titles were announced as being part of the test, but were never issued: Barbra Streisand: The Movie Album (82796-90789-2-1), Missy Elliott: This is Not a Test (0-7559-62934-2-6) and Sheryl Crow: The Globe Sessions (02498-61433-4).
||This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (October 2010)|
Dictionary and translator for handheld
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A windows (pop-into) of information (full-content of Sensagent) triggered by double-clicking any word on your webpage. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites !
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Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Each square carries a letter. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares.
Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame !
Change the target language to find translations.
Tips: browse the semantic fields (see From ideas to words) in two languages to learn more.
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Allowing your kid to play online math games for kindergarten is a good way to build their abilities while keeping the child engaged. The kid may not even notice that he or she is learning as the fun is continuous. Mathematics talent is crucial in today’s fast-paced world. Much of the leading edge technology has a mathematics basis and, if your youngster falls behind in this area and does not catch up, he or she will be over a barrel the rest of their life. Unfortunately, some retail clerks can’t even make proper change. Don’t permit this to happen to your kid or student.
When you are choosing online math games for kindergarten, select a program that has a curriculum based primarily on both understanding and fluency. Areas that need to be covered include counting and cardinality, operations and algebraic thinking, comparing and number operations in base ten. The usage of virtual manipulatives is extremely helpful as your kid sees the calculation rather than making an attempt to grasp an abstract concept. These form the base for higher mathematics calculations so your child must understand them entirely before moving forward. Exercises must keep them engaged to get the best results and the right programme makes sure this happens.
What is adaptive learning? This is a method of teaching youngsters with the aid of computers. The PC takes the answers your child provides and presents material based primarily on the results . If your kid shows strength in one area, fewer questions of this type will be provided. When she seems to have trouble grasping a concept, it will be fortified until the kid has a full understanding. Learning is tailored for each kid rather than a one size fits everybody approach. It’s like having one-to-one instruction from a mentor, but it’s all done thru the computer. Your youngster is interacting with the computer the same way she or he would with a live person.
With each click of the PC mouse, the programme responds to your kid. Not only will the answers be looked at, but the systems which are being used to come up with these answers. No 2 curriculum paths will be identical as no 2 youngsters are the same. Regardless of what talent level the child has got, the program will adapt to accommodate him or her.
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Every year, with the approach of the blessed month of Ramadan, the month of worship and self-purification, Muslims begin to strive to become aware of its first day; as with the approach of the month of Shawwal, the question arises among them as to what day is Eid al-Fitr. Undoubtedly, this state, whenever it is due to their desire to start a new worship or complete it with the aim of drawing near to God, is very good and indicates that faith is alive in their hearts in spite of all their flaws and shortcomings, and reminds of the fact that in spite of all their ideological and sectarian disagreements, they are one nation and have many common beliefs and rulings.
Although the disagreement among them about the first and last day of the blessed month of Ramadan, which has become an annual routine, draws attention like a dark spot on the robe of their unity, but complaining about it alone is cold comfort and not useful. The thing that needs to be done is to identify its cause and then provide a solution and take an appropriate practical action to solve it.
The cause of disagreement
Undoubtedly, the cause of Muslims’ disagreement about the first and last day of the blessed month of Ramadan is that on the one hand, most of them are still imitating their scholars or rulers, and on the other hand, their scholars have conflicting jurisprudential opinions and their rulers have different political considerations!
The method of solving the disagreement
The method of solving Muslims’ disagreement is that their scholars from different Islamic madhhabs form a joint commission and, with complete independence from their rulers, after consulting and reviewing the opinions of experts and the reports of observers, issue a single and documentary verdict so that all Muslims around the world act on it.
Is this really difficult?! Or is it considered more expensive than dozens of large organizations that were founded with Islamic titles and huge budgets, and it is not known what they do and what benefit they have for Muslims of the world?!
Certainly not, but unfortunately there is no will to do this simple and inexpensive work; because many influential scholars in the world of Islam still believe that it is necessary to sight the crescent in their countries and it is not useful for Muslims to sight it in another country, or believe that sighting the crescent with the aided eye is not sufficient!
Undoubtedly, this is a scholarly mistake that is the main cause of the disagreement about the beginning and end of the blessed month of Ramadan, and the way to get rid of it is either for these scholars to correct their scholarly mistake with courage and humbleness, or for Muslims to put an end to imitating them so that at least their influence is eliminated and cannot prevent necessary measures such as the formation of a joint commission in the world of Islam in order to determine the first and last day of the blessed month of Ramadan; as Allamah Mansoor Hashemi Khorasani, may God protect him, has spoken in detail about both ways and provided the necessary instructions; because, on the one hand, he has sympathetically explained the scholarly mistake of this group of scholars and emphasized the sufficiency of sighting the crescent once, even with the aided eye, for all Muslims of the world, and on the other hand, he has compassionately called all Muslims of the world to desist from imitation and turn to research, so that the ground for their achieving a blessed unity will be prepared in all aspects.
Yes, there is another great impediment, which is egotism and political disputes of Muslim rulers who have dragged the competition among themselves to religious and worshiping issues, and, with a short-sighted attitude, thought that their benefits exist in political, economic and cultural independence from other Islamic countries, and therefore, they consider any attempt to harmonize with Muslims in other countries as a connection with “foreigners”(!) and a threat to their security and survival!
Undoubtedly, this is another consequence of the sovereignty of oppressors over Islamic countries, and the only way to get rid of it is one thing: To take the sovereignty from them and give it to its true owner, Imam Mahdi, peace be upon him, which will be done either with their consent and cooperation or with their reluctance and resistance; however, it will be done in either case, and there is no escape from it; as Allamah Mansoor Hashemi Khorasani, may God protect him, has spoken about it in detail and provided the necessary instructions; because on the one hand, he has encouraged Muslim rulers to give up power and take effective and obvious steps to prepare the ground for the advent of Imam Mahdi, peace be upon him, and on the other hand, he has invited Muslim nations to put pressure on their rulers and, if necessary, to overthrow them in favor of Imam Mahdi, peace be upon him, so that the way for their achieving unity and the realization of the Islamic ideal will be paved in all aspects.
What must be done today?
These are medium-term or long-term ways that must be followed by the efforts of those who are preparing the ground for the advent of Imam Mahdi, peace be upon him, under the leadership of Allamah Mansoor Hashemi Khorasani, may God protect him; but the short-term way, which determines the responsibly of Muslims today regarding the blessed month of Ramadan, is to ignore the announcements of rulers and to abandon imitating scholars who consider it necessary to sight the crescent in their country or believe that sighting the crescent with the aided eye is not sufficient; because imitating them is the cause of disagreements among Muslims, but rather Muslims, even though they are imitators in religious matters, must not imitate in determining the first or last day of lunar months; because determining the first or last day of lunar months is not deducing a ruling of Sharia to require special preludes and be within the competence of scholars, but the acquisition of information about an objective and external matter that is obtained by sighting the crescent with one’s own eyes or by knowing about others’ sighting it, which even ordinary people who are not Muslims are able to do so; as even the Arabs of the time of ignorance used to do so, whereas they neither had access to the observation facilities of today nor would they know about sighting the crescent in distant lands!
Therefore, Muslim brothers and sisters, if they are really concerned about becoming aware of the first and last day of the blessed month of Ramadan, must put aside laziness and instead of looking at the mouths of scholars who have wrong jurisprudential opinions and rulers who have unknown political motives, carry out research themselves; in this way that if they live in open spaces with clear skies or have access to common observation facilities such as cameras and telescopes, they should go to a high and suitable place near sunset and strive to sight the crescent on the horizon, and if it is difficult for them to do so, they should visit reliable websites which, without political or sectarian considerations and only by relying on astronomical studies, publish the reports and documents about the sighting of the crescent, and then compare their reports with each other until they become sure of sighting the crescent somewhere in the world.
All of these Muslim brothers and sisters, whether those who personally observe or those who research the reports and documents about the sighting of the crescent, can send us the result, so that if it is correct and certain, we will inform other people as well. This is a worthy and useful work which all Muslim brothers and sisters are expected to do, except for those who are engaged in doing something necessary during this period and are not able to observe or research personally, or live in an inappropriate place and are not able to read nor do they have access to the internet; because they can use the result of researches of their Muslim brothers and sisters, which will be published on this website.
We hope that laziness, passivity and imitation will disappear from among Muslims and make room for vitality, efforts and researches; because the Islamic nation needs such a transformation and reform more than ever in order to become ready for the advent of Imam Mahdi, peace be upon him.
Conditions for proving the sighting of the crescent moon
according to the office of Allamah Mansoor Hashemi Khorasani, may God protect him
According to the office of Allamah Mansoor Hashemi Khorasani, may God protect him, the sighting of the crescent moon is proved only by the following two conditions:
1. The possibility of sighting the crescent in the opinion of Muslim experts and astronomers
This means that if sighting the crescent at a time or place is not possible according to Muslim experts and astronomers, then the claim of sighting the crescent at it does not lead to certainty. Of course, if in their opinion, it is possible to see the crescent at it with the aided eye, the reports of sighting the crescent at it with the aided eye is acceptable.
2. Publication of the reports of sighting the crescent by at least two Islamic countries with a valid video or photo
This means that if the reports of sighting the crescent are not received from an Islamic country, or are received from only one Islamic country, or from two or more Islamic countries but without a video or photo attached that has the name and signature of the observer and the date of observation, sighting the crescent cannot be proved. Therefore, if sighting the crescent in the world of Islam is not proved, sighting it in the world of disbelief, even with videos and photos, will not be provable; because the management of affairs in the world of disbelief is in the hands of disbelievers, and Muslims over there are under their control and domination and may have to follow their laws and policies, and therefore, neither the active observation centers in it are considered reliable, nor Muslims who personally carry out the observation in it are known and trusted. In other words, the principle in Islamic countries is based on correctness and honesty, and in non-Islamic countries on incorrectness and dishonesty, and this raises doubts about the reports received from non-Islamic countries and the validity of photos and videos published in them.
Due to the fact that this year (1442 lunar year), the month of Sha’ban began on Monday, March 15, 2021, the month of Ramadan will begin on Tuesday, April 13, 2021, or on Wednesday, April 14, 2021. Therefore, if the sighting of the crescent is confirmed anywhere in the world on Monday, April 12, 2021, the beginning of the holy month of Ramadan will be Tuesday, otherwise it will be Wednesday.
Due to the fact that this year (1441 lunar year), the month of Ramadan began on Friday, April 24, 2020, Eid Al-Fitr will be on Saturday, May 23, 2020, or on Sunday, May 24, 2020. Therefore, if the sighting of the crescent is confirmed anywhere in the world on Friday, May 22, 2020, Eid Al-Fitr will be on Saturday, otherwise it will be on Sunday.
If the sighting of the crescent is confirmed on Monday, it will be announced following this article Insha’Allah. Therefore if not announced, the sighting is not confirmed.
According to the news received from some Islamic countries about the sighting of the New Moon Crescent on Monday, April 12, 2021/ Sha’ban 29, 1442 AH, which confirm authentic images and are in accordance with the opinion of Muslim experts, the first day of the holy month of Ramadan is Tuesday, April 13, 2021. We ask all Muslim brothers and sisters to pray for the health of Imam Mahdi peace be upon him and the success of the preparers for his advent in this blessed month.
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As described by the reading chapter, the process of putting the budget together can be replete with all types of “tricks”, so to speak, regarding expenditures and revenues. The most common of these is intentionally overestimating revenue and underestimating expenditures so as to eliminate or reduce the apparent need for tax increases. This is usually accompanied by the “hope” of local officials that revenue will somehow magically appear to match the overly optimistic forecasts, and that projects can be shelved or scaled back during the year so as to bring expenses in line with the levels agreed to within the budget.
For your discussion this week, I want you to consider a project or program within your community that failed to meet budgeted expectations. This could be a capital project that went well over budget, a new program that failed to meet expectations for the money spent, a project initiated by a special form of revenue (such as a SPLOST project), etc. If you are unaware of any such projects, you may want to do a little research through your online newspaper articles, or select a project from another community (even one that is current). Once you have thought about a project, you should write your discussion post describing the project and address some or all of the following:
1. Was the budgeted level of expenditure reasonable for the program or project? Was the projected level of revenue to pay for the program/project reasonable, i.e. did it materialize as projected?
2. What has been the community response to the project? Has it been embraced despite going over budget, or has it been considered a boondoggle?
3. What efforts could the local government have undertaken to ensure the success of the program (if it has been a failure) or have the project meet budgeted expectations?
4. Was enough information provided to the public regarding the program, special revenue, project to allow for reasoned, informed input regarding the budgeting process?
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Written: April 19, 1871;
Source: Paris Libre, April 21, 1871;
Translated: for marxists.org by Mitch Abidor;
CopyLeft: Creative Commons (Attribute & ShareAlike) marxists.org 2005.
To the French people:
In the painful and terrible conflict that again threatens Paris with the horrors of a siege and bombardment; that causes French blood to flow, sparing neither our brothers, our wives nor our children; crushed beneath cannonballs and rifle shot, it is necessary that public opinion not be divided, that the national conscience be troubled.
Paris and the entire nation must know the nature, the reason, and the goal of the revolution that is being carried out. Finally, it is only just that the responsibility for the deaths, the suffering, and the misfortunes of which we are the victims fall on those who, after having betrayed France and delivered Paris to the foreigners, pursue with a blind and cruel obstinacy the ruin of the great city in order to bury, in the disaster of the republic and liberty, the dual testimony to their treason and their crime.
The Commune has the obligation to affirm and determine the aspirations and wishes of the populace of Paris, to define the character of the movement of March 18, misunderstood, unknown and slandered by the politicians seated at Versailles.
Once again, Paris works and suffers for all of France, for whom it prepares, through its combats and sacrifices, the intellectual, moral, administrative and economic regeneration, its glory and prosperity.
What does it ask for?
The recognition and consolidation of the Republic, the only form of government compatible with the rights of the people and the normal and free development of society.
The absolute autonomy of the Commune extended to all localities in France and assuring to each one its full rights, and to every Frenchman the full exercise of his faculties and abilities as man, citizen and producer.
The only limit to the autonomy of the Commune should be the equal right to autonomy for all communes adhering to the contract, whose association shall insure French unity.
The inherent rights of the Commune are:
The vote on communal budgets, receipts and expenses; the fixing and distribution of taxes; the direction of public services; the organization of its magistracy, internal police and education; the administration of goods belonging to the Commune.
The choice by election or competition of magistrates and communal functionaries of all orders, as well as the permanent right of control and revocation.
The absolute guarantee of individual freedom and freedom of conscience.
The permanent intervention of citizens in communal affairs by the free manifestation of their ideas, the free defense of their interests, with guarantees given for these manifestations by the Commune, which alone is charged with overseeing and assuring the free and fair exercise of the right to gather and publicize.
The organization of urban defense and the National Guard, which elects its chiefs and alone watches over the maintenance of order in the city.
Paris wants nothing else as a local guarantee, on condition, of course, of finding in the great central administration — the delegation of federated Communes — the realization and the practice of the same principles.
But as an element of its autonomy, and profiting by its freedom of action, within its borders it reserves to itself the right to operate the administrative and economic reforms called for by the populace as it wills; to create the institutions needed to develop and spread instruction, production, exchange and credit; to universalize power and property in keeping with the needs of the moment, the wishes of those concerned and the facts furnished by experience.
Our enemies are fooling themselves or are fooling the country when they accuse Paris of wanting to impose its will or its supremacy over the rest of the nation and to pretend to a dictatorship, which would be a veritable attack on the independence and sovereignty of other communes.
They are fooling themselves or are fooling the country when they accuse Paris of pursuing the destruction of that French unity constituted by the Revolution to the acclaim of our fathers, who hastened to the Fete de la Fédération from all corners of the old France.
Unity, as it has been imposed on us until today by the Empire, the monarchy or parliamentarism is nothing but unintelligent, arbitrary or onerous centralization.
Political unity, as Paris wants it, is the voluntary association of all local initiatives, the spontaneous and free concourse of all individual energies in view of a common goal: the well-being, the freedom and the security of all.
The communal revolution, begun by popular initiative on March 18, begins a new era of experimental, positive, scientific politics.
It’s the need of the old governmental and clerical world, of militarism and fonctionnarisme, of exploitation, speculation, monopolies and privileges to which the proletariat owe their servitude and the Fatherland its misfortunes and disasters.
Let this beloved and great country — fooled by lies and calumnies- be reassured! The fight between Paris and Versailles is one of those that cannot be ended through illusory compromises. The end cannot be in doubt. Victory, pursued with an indomitable energy by the National Guard, will go to the idea and to right.
We call on France.
Warned that Paris in arms possesses as much calm as bravery, that it supports order with as much energy as enthusiasm, that it sacrifices itself with as much reason as energy, that it only armed itself in devotion to the liberty and glory of all: let France cease this bloody conflict.
It is up to France to disarm Versailles through the solemn manifestation of its irresistible will.
Called upon to benefit by our conquests, let it declare itself in solidarity with our efforts. Let it be our ally in this combat that can only end in the triumph of the communal idea or the ruin of Paris.
As for us, citizens of Paris, our mission is the accomplishing of the modern Revolution, the largest and must fecund of all those which have illuminated history.
It is our obligation to fight and to win.
April 19, 1871 the Paris Commune
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This Wiki article describes a best practice workflow for incorporating a BIM Model with other geographically located information. It assumes site or survey data is available and can be related to a Geographic Coordinate System (GCS). In many cases files used for geospatial purposes are drawn in Cartesian coordinate systems that ties directly to a known geographic projection system. In these cases, a coordinate system for the supplied library can simply be applied to the file. MicroStation’s georeferencing functionality can then allow files with varying projection systems to be attached and re-projected on-the-fly relative to the master file’s active coordinate system.
When BIM projects are located in a design file to optimize the design process (near the 0,0 point of the file), a custom coordinate system may need to be created within the file. This can be easily accomplished by creating a series of Placemark Monument points that containing Latitude and Longitude point coordinates, and subsequently creating an Azimuthal Equal Area Projection coordinate system based on optimization of these points. This coordinate system can then be used to align other geospatially enabled data.
Placemark Monument points can created several different ways: Manually entering Latitude/Longitude values, importing a KMZ file from Google Earth, or by selecting a point in a reference file that contains geospatially enabled data. The process described below will be based on the later method and will use a system of two files: a Master GCS Alignment file and a Project GCS file.
Alignment Geometry: Geometry in a geospatially located DGN file that represent design centerlines, structural edges, or offsets that can be used for alignment of the project to non-coincident files. In short, it is geometry that is needed to specifically locate a project on a site. /p>
Master GCS File: A file that contains alignment geometry. This file may reference other geospatially enabled files (examples: regional boundary files, public rail transportation alignment files, individual survey files projected to a coordinate system) in order to appropriately create the alignment geometry. This file may also contain alignment geometry for multiple projects. Making this a separate file allows geometry to be created without compromising original survey data.
Project GCS file: This file is used to create and store the Projects GCS for distribution to other files in a specific project as needed. This file will normally have two file attached: the Master GCS file well as the project column grid file.
1) Identify the building location
a. Begin with file that has been created relative to a known geographic coordinate system (Master GCS). This could be file that is drawn in Cartesian coordinate system that aligns with a defined GCS. (i.e. MTM System, State Plane Coordinate System, etc.). If the GCS has not already been applied, this can be done so simply by selecting the appropriate GCS "from Library" though the Select Geographic Coordinate System>From Library tool. Choose File>Save Settings (or ctrl-s) to save this change. This file should have the same working units as the GCS being used.
b. Reference attach (using the coincident method) the file which contains project survey data or other landmark data being used to locate the project (this data should be drawn in its file, relative to the GCS coordinates)
c. Relative to the project survey reference file, add simple line work to the file containing the Master GCS to represent the location of the project. This should be created in such manner so that the primary and secondary monument points can be identified by snapping. It is recommended to use monument points that directly represent the building geometry; (i.e. column lines, defined edge point of structure, center line of building, etc.)
2) Create the Project GCS file (or model) for storing the specific project’s Geographic Coordinate System.
a. Create a new DGN file. The working units of this file should match the working units of the BIM models
3) Attach both the "Master GCS" and a "BIM file" containing respective alignment geometry to the Project GCS file, that contains respective snappable geometry (example: Column center lines).
a. Assuming the primary and secondary monument points relate to the structural grid, attach the structural grid file as a coincident reference.
b. Reference attach the Master GCS file. This file may be optionally moved and rotated to align with the project geometry, but this is not required. Simply moving this file closer to the BIM file geometry may aid in the following steps.
4) Use the Geo-Coordination tools to select points in each of the files to create Placemark Monument points. Note: this step assumes the Master GCS reference has not been moved or rotated
a. Fit structural grid information in View 1 (oriented as "top view")
b. Fit Master GCS information for this project in View 2 (oriented as "top view")
c. Select Define Placemark Monument tool with the following settings:
Source: "Reference with Geographic Coordinate"
Reference: select the Master GCS reference.
Note: this list will only display references that contain a valid GCS.
Placemark Name: Using default is acceptable, this will increment on placement
d. Snap to and accept the Primary Monument point location in Master GCS (View 2)
e. A Placemark Monument icon will appear on your cursor. Move the cursor to the relatively same location of the Structural grid, and then establish the Placemark Monument point by snapping and accepting.
f. Follow the same procedure with the Secondary Monument point.
5) Create a resulting Azimuthal Equal Area GCS in the "Project GCS" file, based on the Placemark Monument points..
a. Using Select Geographic Coordinate System> From Placemarks, create GCS from the two monument points just created.
b. Review the dialog box for acceptable tolerances of projection.
c. Save Settings in the file. (or ctrl-f )
6) Change the reference orientation setting and attach survey data
a. Change the reference orientation to be Geographic-Reprojected on the Master GCS file. The file will then rotate to align with the building geometry.
b. Attach the Site data to the file with Geographic-Reprojected orientation also. This step will orient the site data relative to the active file as well.
The Project GCS file can now be used to push the created GCS to any file that will be referenced. It can also be referenced to a file that will use Geo-referencing for reference alignment. Not all of your files will need to contain the Project GCS definition.
To reference a file with projected data, simply select the Orientation to be either "Geographically Re-projected" or "AEC Transform".
1) Measured distances in projected files are to be considered "approximations" due to the distortion encountered by projecting a curved surface into a Cartesian coordinate system.
2) As a GCS is an approximation/mathematical projection, it is suggested that the primary monument point be relatively close to the center of the project design plane. The further the geometry is away from the primary monument point, the greater the distortion there will be when using geo-referencing methods. The secondary monument point will be used to orient the rotation of the project. It is also recommended that the useable area of an Azimuthal Equal Area GSC be limited to about 2 kilometers.
3) Geo-referenced files will load slower than non-projected files due the recalculation of points to align the master file's projection system.
Setting Up in the Real World – GeoReferencing for further commentary and another illustrated example.
Here also is a link to a Conceptual Site Modeling LEARN course you might find helpful.
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Many obstacles line the road to statehood for Puerto Rico, which is already classified as an unincorporated territory of the US. The main one being that US Congress is neither obliged nor likely to address the matter; at least not while it’s controlled by Republicans, who will be loathe to add millions of potential Democrats to the electorate.
While Puerto Rico looks to a stars-and-stripes future, Telegraph Travel reveals more about this lesser-known archipelago. Puerto Rico 51 state is a movement just starting.
1. Its citizens are good looking
At least the women are; Puerto Rico has produced no fewer than five Miss Universe winners, along with a couple of Miss World winners, which is good going considering how small the archipelago is. By comparison the US lays claim to eight winners, but it’s many times the size of Puerto Rico, which is allowed to compete despite being a territory of the US.
2. It once belonged to Spain
When Christopher Columbus set eyes upon Puerto Rico in 1493, he kickstarted an all too familiar process of colonization, which saw the archipelago’s indigenous inhabitants persecuted and the territory claimed by a distant European nation (in this case, the Crown of Castille, modern day Spain). Many people from Andalucia and the Canaries came to live on the archipelago, which was also populated by slaves brought over from Africa.
3. The US “won” it in a fight
Puerto Rico fell to the US during the Spanish-American War of 1898, a three-month conflict that ended with the Treaty of Paris. This treaty was particularly favorable to the US, which also walked away with Guam, Cuba and the Philippines. It is still in possession of the former, which, like Puerto Rico, remains an unincorporated territory of the US.
4. Its people are officially US citizens
Anyone born in Puerto Rico is considered a US citizen and may move freely between the archipelago and the mainland. However, Puerto Ricans cannot vote in US Presidential Elections nor can its representative in US Congress vote on legislation.
5. Puerto Rico has nine Olympic medals
Despite not being classed as a country, Puerto Rico is eligible to compete not just in Miss Universe but also in the Olympic Games. It has nine medals to speak of; six for boxing, one for athletics, one for tennis and one for wrestling. Its first gold came at the 2016 Rio Olympics, which went to Monica Puig, who won the women’s singles tennis.
6. It has a rich rum history
Rum distilleries abound in Puerto Rico, including, most famously, Bacardi, which was forced from its birthplace in Santiago de Cuba after the Cuban Revolution. The Bacardi family initially supported Fidel Castro and his revolutionaries, but soon switched their allegiances as the new regime turned against their interests. Hernando Calvo Ospina’s book – Bacardi, The Hidden war – reveals more about the Bacardi family’s fascinating story, including alleged links to the CIA.
7. It’s obsessed with salsa
Better pack your dancing shoes if you’re off to Puerto Rico because salsa is something of a national sport in the archipelago. The dance was, at least partly, born in Puerto Rico, whose citizens fused local bomba and plena dance forms with cha cha cha, mambo and other jigs from Cuba.
8. It has two World Heritage Sites
Not bad for a territory the size of Connecticut. Those World Heritage Sites are: La Fortaleza – the residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico – which dates back to 1533 and is the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the New World; and San Juan National Historic Site – another colonial complex – which contains forts, bastions, powder houses and the old city wall. No wonder people want it to become Puerto Rico 51 state.
9. It’s home to unique frogs
Found nowhere else on Earth, coquís are tiny little frogs that make a big noise. Indeed their vociferous mating calls provide the soundtrack to sultry Puerto Rican nights. There are thought to be more than 16 different species of coquis in Puerto Rico, but alas their numbers are on the slide due to a pathogenic fungus, which has devastated the population.
10. It invented the piña colada
That the world can agree on. However, the identity of the bartender behind the creation is somewhat up for debate. The Caribe Hotel, a luxury resort in the capital, San Juan, claims the cocktail was first served in its Beachcombers Bar in 1954, by bartender Ramon Marrero. This is disputed by another Caribe Hotel mixologist, Ricardo Gracia, who claims he invented the cocktail. Enter scene Restaurant Barrachina, also in San Juan, which says the piña colada was in fact invented by Ramon Portas Mingot, a bartender at the eatery, in 1963.
Puerto Rico 51 state
Original article by Gavin Haines as seen on the Telegraph
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We think we know more about stone walls than we actually do. It’s surprising how little data-based science there is about stone walls across a variety of scales. This statement includes my three books as well, none of which were based on hypothesis-driven, site-specific investigations. For example, consider these questions:
- How much stone wall is there in New England?
- Do walls come in different types?
- Is there such a thing as an average wall?
- What organisims use them as habitat?
- Are there pre-European stone walls in New England?
Questions like these can presently be answered only by sweeping generalizations, crude estimates, or anecdotal, case-by-case scenarios. And now the answers, number for number.
- We really don’t know how much wall there is, because the only good census was taken in 1871, and many of those walls have been destroyed since. However, we are likely to have a good estimate within a decade, thanks to the combination of GIS and LiDar mapping.
- Yes, walls come in many distinct types. The classification in progress is provisional, and has yet to be tested and improved by teams of field scientists.
- An average wall? Not really. There is no such thing as an average wall. The phenomenon is too broad to yield a meaningful average. We must first classify walls into taxa, and then averages become meaningful.
- We have anecdotal reports, for example chipmunks and garter snakes. But census-based research is lacking.
- There must be, based on the working definition we’re using. Ad hoc expedient walls would have made excellent hunting blinds and expedient enclosures to provide protection against the elements. The problem is we haven’t yet dated them. Cosmogenic exposure age dating methods, for example 10Be, and 26Al may help.
Investigation is the most under-served of the four major goals of the SWI. Having made more progress on other fronts, the time has come to do more scientific research on the phenomenon. If you have something to add, don’t hesitate to contact the SWI. For in-progress investigations, link to:
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Capture of Saumur
The Capture of Saumur (French: Capture de Saumur) was the military investment of the Huguenot city of Saumur accomplished by the young French king Louis XIII in May 1621, following the outburst of the Huguenot rebellions. Although the Huguenot city was faithful to the king, Louis XIII nevertheless wished to affirm control over it. The Governor of the city Duplessy-Mornay was tricked out of his command of Saumur and the city was invested.
Louis XIII then continued his campaign southward against the Huguenots, and moved to the Protestant stronghold of Saint-Jean-d'Angély led by Rohan's brother Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Soubise. This led to the month-long Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, and to a succession of other sieges in the south of France. on 24 June 1621. Louis XIII's campaign ended in a stalemate, leading to the 1622 Peace of Montpellier, which temporarily confirmed the right of the Huguenots in France.
- Eyre Evans Crowe (1863). The history of France. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts. p. 431. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- Christopher Duffy (1979). The Fortress in the Early Modern World: 1494-1660. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7100-8871-0. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- Samuel Smiles (30 November 2008). The Huguenots: Their Settlements, Churches and Industries in England and Ireland. Read Books. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4437-3603-9. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- Louis Delmas (30 January 2009). The Huguenots of La Rochelle. BiblioLife. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-559-93138-3. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
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Transcripts of Space Place Musings
Narrator: Hi! Thanks for joining us as we ponder another weighty question at Space Place Musings. I'm Diane Fisher of the New Millennium Program. Dr. Marc Rayman, a scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is here to ponder with us.
Marc, today our question is from the Southwest Florida Astronomical Society in Ft. Myers. They ask "Why is it so infernally hot in the center of Earth?"
Marc: Well, finally we get a question that's close to home. Although Earth's center is closer than most of the other objects we muse about at The Space Place, in some ways it is more remote. Its solid core is about the same size as Pluto, however instead of being billions of miles away through interplanetary space, it's only a few thousand miles away, but through dense rock.
Narrator: But, if we can't see it or probe it directly, can we really know anything for sure about Earth's core?
Marc: Scientists have several reliable ways to learn about Earth's deep interior. One of them is to study earthquakes. Earthquakes produce waves that travel through rock much the way sound waves travel through air. With seismometers around the world to detect the strength, timing, and other characteristics of the waves, geologists can figure out the structure of our planet. In some ways, this method is similar to using ultrasound to create a picture of the inside of a person's body.
Narrator: And what does that Earthquake wave picture show us?
Marc: One thing is that Earth's solid center is surrounded by an even larger layer of molten rock. So we have an inner core that is solid and an outer core that is liquid. Together they are over 2000 miles in radius, or around half the size of the entire planet. Above the core is the thick mantle, and on top of that is a relatively thin crust, which is just under our feet.
Narrator: And the deeper you go, the hotter it is, right?
Marc: That's right. Although it's very difficult to find out the temperature at great depths, the core may be between about 7,000 and 12,000 degrees Fahrenheit. To appreciate how hot that is, the surface of the Sun is about 10,000 degrees, so our planet's core might be hotter than the surface of a star!
Narrator: OK . . . well, how did it get that way?
Marc: Our planet formed from many smaller bits of rock that collided and stuck together when the solar system was developing more than four and a half billion years ago. As each piece of rock fell onto the forming planet, it added a little bit of energy, which caused the growing Earth to heat up. So our home had a hot beginning.
Narrator: But after billions of years, why hasn't it cooled off?
Marc: Good question. A brilliant 19th century physicist, William Thomson, who we know better as Lord Kelvin, asked a similar question. He assumed Earth had begun in a molten state and then calculated how long it would take to cool to its present conditions without any other source of internal energy. He returned to this problem many times over the decades, and his final estimate at the end of the century was that Earth must be only about 20 to 40 million years old. His conclusion disagreed with findings from geology and biology, both of which showed that Earth was much older than that.
Narrator: Why were his calculations so far off? Was there a problem with his method?
Marc: Kelvin's method was good, but 19th century scientists didn't know about radioactivity. At the beginning of the 20th century, when they recognized that decaying atoms released tremendous amounts of energy, scientists understood that Earth has not simply been cooling off since its formation. Now we know that radioactive elements that take billions of years to decay have kept Earth's interior hot.
Narrator: So with all this energy, it's almost like our planet is a giant engine.
Marc: That's right, and that engine does some powerful work. The heat flowing up from deep inside is what drives continental drift, the motion of the enormous plates that make up the crust. Earth's engine also powers volcanoes, bringing hot rock up from the depths through openings to the surface.
Narrator: Earth does have a lot in common with a very complex machine. Our listeners can test their knowledge of this planetary machine by playing The Space Place Quiz Show game. Just go to spaceplace.nasa.gov and type "quiz show" in the "Find it @ Space Place" field.
That's it for this time. Join us again soon when we muse on another hot topic about our universe.
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Transport is a key factor in whether someone rises out of poverty or stays there. When a person’s commute time is longer, they don’t have a car, and there’s no decent transit, they’re more likely to stay poor than move up the income scale, recent research shows.
In releasing its new National Transit Map, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) hopes to draw attention to those places with plentiful transit and those that are lacking. The goal is “promote the use of existing transportation networks to connect residents to jobs, education, health, government, and other essential services,” a press release says.
The new maps include data from 270 transit agencies–including about three-quarters of the 50 biggest transit agencies–and cover about 10,000 routes and 398,000 stops in all. They’re part of wider effort at the DOT to fund transit as a way of improving economic opportunity and access. Critics of transit policy say too much funding goes to projects in downtowns, not to joining up neighborhoods disconnected from where jobs are located.
The DOT says the national map is a first, though that’s somewhat questionable. These transit maps from the Center for Neighborhood Technology and TransitCenter, two nonprofits, also cover the whole country and are actually more comprehensive. They also rate cities based partly on availability of jobs within walking distance of transit–which accords with DOT’s goals.
The DOT says the maps are not meant to “to replace existing customer services available through transit agency websites and commercial trip planning service providers.” And indeed nobody is likely to see them as a replacement, given their current form. They’re illustrative of the breadth of transit available, but not really whether people might use it or not.
[Cover Photo: Flickr user Prayitno]
Have something to say about this article? You can email us and let us know. If it’s interesting and thoughtful, we may publish your response.
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b. 1722, d. 1780 Warsaw, Poland
Bernardo Bellotto's work sometimes has been mistaken for that of his famous uncle Canaletto; the native Venetian spent most of his life outside Italy and signed his works abroad de Canaletto. Bellotto employed cooler colors than Canaletto, however, and showed a stronger feeling for landscape and sky in his vedute, or views. Inducted into the Venetian painters' guild at the early age of seventeen, Bellotto had an influential backer in his uncle Canaletto, who probably needed help to satisfy the great demand for his cityscapes. Traveling to Rome and northern Italy in the 1740s, Bellotto painted his first vedute ideale, or imaginary views. Always maintaining his appreciation of architectural form and the varying tones of differing skies, Bellotto's compositions evolved from sparsely populated, evocative stillness to foregrounds of milling crowds and hustle-bustle. In 1747 he moved to Dresden, becoming the Saxon court's highest paid artist. With the Prussian occupation of Dresden in 1756, Bellotto worked in Vienna and Munich. In 1768 Bellotto became court painter in Warsaw. His topographically accurate vedute, valuable as both art and history, were used to reconstruct Warsaw after the Second World War.
Italian, about 1740
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In the 1980s there was great concern over the state of education in this country. On international standardized tests our students were not performing to the same level as other countries. The simplistic look at the data was that we were underperforming. Examining with more complexity reveals however, that while our students weren’t as qualified on these exams, our education system was producing more creative, innovative students. Another factor not examined at the time was the validity of what the test was asking.
The result was that we embarked on two-pronged approach for improving education in the United States. One strategy was to promote school choice. This was done through open enrollment, development of charter schools, and some attempts at allowing vouchers to funnel public dollars to private schools. The thinking was that competition is good for innovation and, in the case of charter schools, smaller, more focused schools with a particular curricular or social niche would be a breeding ground for innovative ideas that would then filter back to the rest of the schools. Nice idea, and to some degree that has occurred.
The other strategy was to implement standardized testing. And if you are going to have standardized tests you have to have a standardized curriculum. This brought about standards in education. Setting a standard isn’t a bad thing. Setting high expectations is a good thing. Nobody would advocate for less rigor in education. However, as the system evolved, it grew into a high-stakes testing machine in which the money followed the achievement on the tests. The primary focus of the testing, especially in elementary school is on the basic skills of math and literacy. Of course the basic skills are important, but because of the testing, the primary purpose of education in the U.S. has become about achievement of the basic skills of math and literacy—not creative and critical thinking. Other subjects, such as music, visual art, and PE have been reduced greatly. What many do not know however, is that because of this focus, many elementary schools teach very little science and social studies as well. In some elementary schools, these two subjects are entirely absent. This is not hyperbole. This is actually happening. If all we teach are the basic skills, then the end result will be a population that is only proficient at the basic skills. This is the unintended consequence of an education system driven by basic skills tests. Unfortunately these two strategies compete against one another.
What then is the solution? Well, one solution might be to add more tests so that we test all those other subjects as well. If testing math and literacy increased instruction time of these basic skills then testing the other areas will increase instruction in those areas too. Unfortunately, I don’t think feeding the standardized testing beast is the answer. It might lead to basic proficiency in those other areas, but standardized tests and a standardized curriculum will never lead to innovative teaching and education. If everything is standardized, then from where might creative, new ideas emerge? There is no room for innovation in a standardized process. I’ve never had a creative meal at McDonalds. But I always knew what I was going to get. Nor will a standardized curriculum ever develop a creative, innovative, problem-solving next generation.
Here’s a simple answer. Remove the strategy of relying on standards and standardized testing to improve education and leave in place the other strategy of school choice. If you removed the impediment to innovation and constraints on schools, I believe there would be an explosion of creativity in the next 20 years in education. Driven by the passion of local teachers and parents, schools could truly differentiate to meet the needs of local communities. Maybe schools would implement curriculum in which the basic skills should be learned while exploring the other subjects instead supplanting them. The passion for innovation is there, gasping for air under a pile of standardized tests. If this was the climate of public schools, I also believe more creative individuals would be drawn to public school teaching.
And then let the market decide. That was the original intent of school choice. The schools that are meeting the needs of students and the community will survive and those that aren’t should be phased out with dignity, allowing educators and parents to learn as much as we can from the innovations attempted. Wouldn’t it be amazing if, as a parent, you had multiple choices for where to send your child, so you could find the choice that best matched their learning and social needs? Instead, we are on a speeding train through a long tunnel. And at the other end is an education system in which all schools meet the exact same standards using the exact same testing—which at best will produce an entire population of students who think in the exact same way—minimally.
Plus removing the standards and the testing would save a hell of a lot of money.
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Description:What fraction of the playground equipment is being used by the children? Match the denominator and numerator to the number of children on the items of equipment. There varying levels of difficulty.
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| 0.895319 | 77 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In the Western church, the first day of Lent is called Ash Wednesday from the ceremonial use of ashes, as a symbol of penitence, in the service prescribed for the day. It follows Mardi Gras, also known as Shrove Tuesday, and ends 40 days later with Easter. The custom is still retained in the Roman Catholic Church as well as the Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran and some Orthodox Churches. The ashes, obtained by burning the remains of the palm branches blessed on the previous Palm Sunday, are placed in a vessel on the altar and consecrated before High Mass. The priest then invites those present to approach and, dipping his thumb in the ashes, marks them as they kneel with the sign of the cross on the forehead, with the words:
Remember, man, thou art dust and unto dust thou shalt return.
This ceremony is derived from the custom of public penance in the early church. Initially, for converts wishing to be baptized into the church, they fasted for 40 hours before Easter, when many baptisms were performed. These 40 days were to signify the time that Jesus spent in the wilderness fasting at the beginning of his public ministry in Israel. This practice later became a 40-day period of prayer, self-examination and contemplation, and in some cases fasting. When the custom was extended to the entire congregation is not known, although it seems to have been in common use by the late 10th century, at least in the Western church.
Bill Petro, your friendly neighborhood historian
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| 0.980754 | 309 | 3.484375 | 3 |
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No, a phenomenon does not have to be flashy. A hands-on inquiry lesson is not necessarily phenomenon driven. And not every fun science lesson is phenomenon driven either--but that doesn’t mean phenomenon driven lessons can’t be fun.
Phenomena (smelling pizza in the cafeteria, mold growing on the fruit in your fridge, going down a slide and getting an electric shock) are specific examples of something in the world that is happening—an event or a specific example of a general process that we can use our science knowledge, practices, and crosscutting concepts to explain or predict.
Engineering involves designing solutions to problems that arise from phenomena, and using explanations of phenomena to design solutions.
A puddle drying on the sidewalk is not flashy but it’s...
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| 0.870573 | 178 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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