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More and more people are choosing a vegan lifestyle these days, which not only influences their diet but also their consumption habits. Choosing vegan skincare products has become a priority for many, as they want to avoid animal ingredients and animal testing. While most consumers already look for vegan certified creams and lotions, some overlook the fact that the type of brushes they use for their skincare can also make an important difference. In particular, natural bristles, which are often used in brushes for facial cleansing and body scrubs, can be a problematic choice for vegans. In this article, we take a closer look at the reasons why natural bristles are not compatible with a vegan lifestyle and present alternatives.
Animal origin of natural bristles
Natural bristles are derived from animal hair or fur, which is ethically unacceptable to vegans. Often these bristles come from animals such as wild boars, horses or goats. The bristles are often obtained by killing or shearing the animals, which can involve suffering and exploitation. For vegans who support animal welfare and the ethical treatment of all living things, natural bristles are not an acceptable option.
Animal ingredients and impurities
Natural bristles may also contain animal ingredients used in the processing of the bristles. This can result in animal hair and residue remaining in the brushes, which is unacceptable for vegans. In addition, animal hair can harbour impurities such as bacteria and parasites that can cause problems when used on the skin.
Not only ethical but also environmental issues make natural bristles an unfavourable choice for vegans. The production of brushes from animal hair requires the use of natural resources and can contribute to environmental pollution. In addition, the extraction of bristles often requires energy and water, which can negatively affect the ecological balance of these brushes.
Vegan and eco-friendly alternatives
Fortunately, there are a variety of vegan and eco-friendly alternatives to natural bristles available today. Many manufacturers offer brushes whose bristles are made from synthetic materials such as nylon or microfibres. These materials are not only free of animal ingredients, but also more hygienic and easier to clean. In addition, some brands use recycled or sustainable materials to make their brushes, which reduces environmental impact.
Overall, choosing synthetic bristle brushes is a conscious decision that meets both the ethical values and environmental goals of vegans. By not using natural bristles, vegans can ensure that their skincare routine is in line with their beliefs and values, while making a positive contribution to animal welfare and the environment.
Our Metanoia Dry Brush
Our Metanoia Dry Brush stands out because we deliberately avoid using natural bristles. Instead of animal bristles, we use high-quality synthetic bristles that massage and exfoliate the skin just as gently and effectively. This decision reflects our commitment to sustainable skincare that is not only good for the skin, but also for the environment. As such, our dry brush allows for an ethically-sourced skincare option that will be appreciated by vegans and anyone who values animal-free products. In addition, the use of synthetic bristles has the advantage of being less prone to bacterial growth and easier to clean, ensuring the hygiene and longevity of the brush. With our dry brush you can care for your skin in a natural way and at the same time make a respectful contribution to animal welfare and environmental protection.
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Countries around the world are beginning to apply the science of well-being to the decisions they make. News from the 5th International Conference on Gross National Happiness.
The study of happiness is experiencing a boom. Its practitioners include economists who believe that gross domestic product (GDP) is too limited a tool to measure the success of societies, psychologists and sociologists who feel that their disciplines have focused too much on neuroses and social problems and not enough on determining what kind of activities and policies actually contribute to happier societies, and political leaders who want to know how to make use of their findings.
During the 5th International Gross National Happiness Conference, held last week in Brazil, happiness proponents from around the world were able to come together and compare notes about the practical application of “happiness science.”
The Science of Happiness
Not surprisingly, that science has found that beyond a certain minimum level of income, greater happiness comes from strong and plentiful human connections, a sense of control over one’s life and employment, meaningful work, good health, basic economic security, trust in others and in government, and other factors less directly connected with monetary remuneration.
I was invited to the conference to speak about the connection between work (or overwork), health, and happiness. I made the case that shorter working hours are crucial to happiness, health, and long-term sustainability. The United States, with among the longest working hours in the industrial world, scores far below northern European nations in calculations of leisure time, longevity, and overall health, while having an ecological footprint nearly twice as large—facts which are clearly related.
Studies of life satisfaction can now compare regular polling data from many countries, making it easier to understand how economic and policy decisions impact national happiness. In recent years, such polls have consistently found that the highest levels of satisfaction are found in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, and Sweden—countries with a strong sense of social solidarity and attention to work-life balance, small income gaps, high taxation rates, and strong social safety nets.
These studies also find that many relatively income-poor nations, such as Costa Rica and Colombia, also have high rates of life satisfaction, leading one group of British researchers to establish a “Happy Planet Index,” which compares life satisfaction scores, life expectancies, and ecological footprints to produce a net rating for happiness. Many so-called developing countries actually rank at the top of their index.
Gross National Happiness
One country that takes happiness very seriously is Bhutan, the small Himalayan kingdom that hosted the first Gross National Happiness Conference. In 1972, Bhutan’s king proclaimed in 1972 that “Gross National Happiness is more important then Gross National Product.”
Land of the Thunder Dragon
JenFu Cheng's photo essay of Bhutan
JenFu Cheng's photo essay of Bhutan
Since then, Bhutan has enshrined the concept in its constitution and looked for ways to apply it and measure it. Karma Ura, the Bhutanese director of the Center for Bhutan Studies and a speaker at the conference, explained that, over time, the Bhutanese have identified nine aspects that factor into analyses of happiness. They include: psychological well-being; good health; time use (work-life balance); community vitality; education; cultural preservation; environmental protection; good governance; and financial security.
They have developed questionnaires, used in regular polls of the Bhutanese people, by which they assess life satisfaction in each of these areas. Included are such questions as: How safe do you feel from human harm? Rarely? Usually? Always?
Bhutan then uses the results of its questionnaires to guide public policy. Each governmental decision is based on assurance that it will not lower—and should in fact raise—overall life satisfaction. One such analysis led Bhutan’s government to decide not to join the World Trade Organization.
Bhutan’s research, frameworks, and results can be found at its excellent website. While the country is among the world’s poorest materially, the Bhutanese have quite a high level of Gross National Happiness, especially in the countryside, and especially when compared to the resources they consume.
Bhutan is far from the only country where happiness has become a serious topic of conversation. This fall, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, only two years ago the champion of economic growth and American-style economics, made headlines by singing a very different tune: he organized a commission led by Nobel Prize economists Joseph Stiglitz and Amartya Sen to re-examine how France measures progress. The commission called for a focus on indicators such as health, family cohesion, and leisure time instead of the current emphasis on GDP. Sarkozy embraced their recommendations and suggested they be adopted by the European community.
In August, a European Union commission released a report called “GDP and Beyond: Measuring Progress in a Changing World.” It recommends more accurate reporting on economic inequality as well as the development of social and environmental indicators—including a comprehensive measurement of environmental stewardship that would consider water and air pollution, climate change and energy use, biodiversity, waste, and resource use.
John Hall, leader of the Global Project on Measuring the Progress of Societies—a project of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), ratified by 30 countries—reported that the OECD is developing a whole new set of indicators on which to judge the progress of member countries. Its new “Global Project” aims at collecting so-called “best practices”—social and economic policies that are clearly shown to increase life satisfaction.
In October, the 3rd OECD World Forum in Busan, South Korea brought together 2,000 researchers and activists from more than 100 countries to consider policies that focus on happiness instead of economic growth.
“It really is a movement now,” Hall declared.
John de Graaf wrote this article for YES! Magazine, a national, nonprofit media organization that fuses powerful ideas with practical actions. John is the Executive Director of Take Back Your Time and a documentary filmmaker.
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- Historic Sites
October 1992 | Volume 43, Issue 6
For the rest of his life Evans was to rail ill-temperedly against the human tendency to stick with the status quo and to bemoan the fact that fate had made him a genius in a world where geniuses were not appreciated. “He that studies and writes on the improvement of the arts and sciences labours to benefit generations yet unborn,” Evans wrote at a particularly gloomy period of his life, “for it is not probable that his contemporaries will pay any attention to him...; therefore improvements progress so slowly.”
Evans patented his flour-mill process in several states and, after the new federal Constitution went into effect, received only the third patent the new government issued. (The first patents were signed by Washington and two members of his new cabinet, including another prolific American inventor, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson must have been impressed as a few years later he would set up an Evans type of flour mill at one of his own plantations and paid Evans an eighty-dollar license fee for the privilege. George Washington, also always receptive to new technology, bought a license for his mill at Mount Vernon as well.)
Despite Evans’s grumpy attitude about people’s reluctance to change, the Evans process relentlessly spread through the industry over the next twenty years while its essential idea spread to other industries as well. Its success was greatly helped by a book Evans wrote called The Young Mill-Wright and Miller’s Guide. A how-to book on building and running flour mills, it would have fully fifteen editions, the last printed on the eve of the Civil War, forty years after the author’s death.
Although his flour-mill inventions were a solid success, the license fees were not yet enough to earn a living, and Evans moved to Philadelphia and became a merchant, specializing in flour-mill equipment. But his restless mind was turning back to his adolescent passion: steam.
When he first learned about Watt’s engine, Evans had dreamed of building a steam carriage. But Watt’s engine did not produce anywhere near enough power to move itself, let alone a carriage. The Watt engine operated on low pressure and worked at what today seems an almost surreally slow pace, about twelve cycles per minute. In the Watt engine steam pushed the piston to the bottom of the cylinder and then was drawn off and condensed, creating a vacuum that sucked the piston back up.
None of Evans’s devices were entirely new; what was stunningly new was his conception of an integrated, automatic, industrial process.
Evans developed an engine using high-pressure steam that not only pushed the piston down but pushed it back up as well. Watt’s separate condenser was dispensed with. The result was a steam engine that was far smaller than Watt’s and yet produced far more power per unit of weight because it operated at many times the speed. Evans’s first engine, built in 1802, had a cylinder about six inches in diameter and eighteen inches long. It produced about five horsepower. The two great Watt-type engines that had been installed the year before to power the Philadelphia waterworks at Center Square, in contrast, each had a cylinder diameter of thirty-two inches and a stroke of six feet. Yet each produced only twelve horsepower.
Evans set his engine to stationary work, but soon returned to his steam-carriage idea. He was commissioned to build a steam dredge for Philadelphia Harbor. He did so near his shop, which was about a mile from the Schuylkill River up Market Street. The vessel, improbably named the Orukter Amphibolos, was twelve feet wide and thirty feet long. It weighed fully seventeen tons. To get it to the river, he put it on two sets of wheels, attached the engine to one axle with a chain drive, and proceeded down Market Street “with a gentle motion.”
When he got to Central Square, he gave a demonstration, circling several times the waterworks located there. He was, of course, both literally and metaphorically running rings around Watt’s low-pressure engines with his high-pressure one.
The demonstration over, the first land vehicle in America to move by means other than muscle power tootled off down Market Street toward the river, dropped its wheels, and entered both the Schuylkill and the oblivion that is the fate of dredges.
But its engine did not. Further refined and enlarged, it proved the perfect power source for the steamboats that were soon operating in the shallow and treacherous waters of the Mississippi River system as well as myriad industrial uses and, later, the early railroads. Together with the licensing fees of his flour mill, it made Evans’s old age a prosperous one.
Oliver Evans, still grumpy and convinced of the stupidity of his fellow man despite his prosperity, pointed the way to the nineteenth century. His fellow man, not so stupid after all, took it from there.
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Temperate deciduous forests are found in the middle latitudes around the globe and have four distinct seasons: Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter. During the fall, trees change color and then lose their leaves. This is in preparation for the winter season. Because it gets so cold, the trees have adapted to the winter by going into a period of dormancy. A forest has many layers of plant life. There are the small plants such as shrubs, moss, ferns, and lichens which grow quietly beneath the shadows of the tall trees.
Friday, October 29, 2010
Friday, October 22, 2010
Every woman alive today received her mitochondria from her mother. If we trace the passage of the mitochondria back one generation to the mothers, we have fewer women than today. If we trace back another generation, we find an even smaller number, and with each previous generation this number decreases. Eventually this traces back to a single woman from whom all women alive today received their mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial Eve lived approximately 200,000 years ago. It is believed that she lived in Africa and from her all of the tribes of the world were created. Although, many races developed after some of her descendents migrated to other regions, all races have a connection because of this common ancestor.
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The word manganese comes from the Latin word magnes, which means magnet, because when manganese is alloyed with other metals like aluminum, copper and antimony, the end product is magnetic. Deep-sea nodules of manganese and other metals are scattered on the ocean floor. They form when the hot waters from hot springs (called black smokers) on the ocean bottom meet the cold, deep ocean water. However, manganese crystals have yet to be found in nature and therefore it is technically not a mineral, although laboratory grown specimens can look like a natural stone. The element manganese is an essential element in people`s daily food consumption and has several industrial uses.
In fact steel cannot be produced without manganese; it is an essential ingredient in the process. Manganese is also used to color glass an amethyst color. That is not so surprising since manganese is the trace element responsible for quartz`s purple variety, amethyst. Manganese coloring ability in minerals is well known and appreciated. Manganese is chiefly responsible for the wonderful colors in rhodochrosite, purpurite, rhodonite, serandite and spessartine to name a few. Unfortunately most manganese oxide minerals tend to be black. Manganese is extracted from the ore minerals pyrolusite and rhodochrosite. Manganese nodules on the sea floor may one day provide an economic source as well.
Manganese is gray-white metal with a pinkish tinge, and a very brittle but hard metallic element. Its atomic number is 25. Manganese is a reactive element that easily combines with ions in water and air. In the Earth, manganese is found in a number of minerals of different chemical and physical properties, but is never found as a free metal in nature. The most important mineral is pyrolusite, because it is the main ore mineral for manganese. Trace amounts of manganese are very important to good health. It makes bones strong yet flexible, and it aids the body in absorbing Vitamin B1. It also is an important activator for the body to use enzymes. As little as 0.00002% Mn in the human body is essential. Studies have shown that a lack of manganese leads to infertility in animals.
Uses of Manganese
Steel becomes harder when it is alloyed with manganese. It has similar applications when alloyed with aluminum and copper. Hardened steel is important in the manufacture of construction materials like I-beams (24% of manganese consumption), machinery (14% of manganese consumption), and transportation (13% of manganese consumption).
Manganese dioxide is used to: manufacture ferroalloys; manufacture dry cell batteries to "decolorize" glass; to prepare some chemicals, like oxygen and chlorine; and to dry black paints. Manganese sulfate (MnSO4) is used as a chemical intermediate and as a micronutrient in animal feeds and plant fertilizers. Manganese metal is used as a brick and ceramic colorant, in copper and aluminum alloys, and as a chemical oxidizer and catalyst. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used as a bactericide and algicide in water and wastewater treatment, and as an oxidant in organic chemical synthesis.
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Live long and prosper.
Life exists and persists through a continuous orderly decay of energy states, and survival requires the continual discovery of new energy to pump into the system.
Heat death of the universe requires that the entire universe be essentially nothing but a bath of luke-warm photons.
More life means more energy consumption. The most energetic decays we know of occur in the creation of black-hole like entities of low mass, both in terms of emissions from the accretion disk and in terms of radiative Hawking evaporation, which (if actually physical) occurs at tremendous temperatures for low-mass black holes.
Matrioshka-layered energy converters around a micro-black hold core would also likely be the most powerful engines we can conceive of, so build lots of those, and go on trips around the universe. Send von Neumann machines around the universe to build more of everything, so that you can have warm coffee when you get to Andromeda after your (inertially-dampened) 400g accelerated journey there with ridiculous Delta-V expenditure.
In other words, we humans might very well simply continue doing whatever it is we're doing, just on a cosmic scale.
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Self and Peer assessment are useful tools in the ICT Suite. I wondered how I might develop this for display, and make mine and the students ideas and learning more visible and transparent. I decided on the idea of a learning tree, as this would symbolically represent how our ideas and learning were growing over the course of the term.
The learning tree idea, evolved from something I had previously used in my classroom. On the wall I put up a tree trunk made from cut and shaped pieces of sugar paper. For every year group in the school we chose a different colour paper. These were cut into leaf shapes. In the early shapes I placed learning targets for each year group, and mounted these on the empty branches of the tree. Throughout the unit of work I shared these targets and reviewed them with the students at the end of lessons through the plenaries. As each unit of work developed we shared what we had learned, and added these to the tree as leaves of different colours. The students were keen to share their learning and to have it diplayed for all to see. It also motivated them to share their skills with me as they emerged through the tasks they were doing. So popular was this with the students I was frequently reminded of the tree, when time ran out and the plenary was to slip. Here is our learning tree from term 1. Maybe you might like to try this with your students, not necessarily in the ICT suite, my students loved the tree in their classroom too.
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| 0.988265 | 302 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Time for a little mathemagic! Choose any five cards from a pack and show four of them to your partner. How can they work out the fifth?
Caroline and James pick sets of five numbers. Charlie tries to find three that add together to make a multiple of three. Can they stop him?
A picture is made by joining five small quadrilaterals together to make a large quadrilateral. Is it possible to draw a similar picture if all the small quadrilaterals are cyclic?
How is it possible to predict the card?
Choose a couple of the sequences. Try to picture how to make the next, and the next, and the next... Can you describe your reasoning?
Can you find out what is special about the dimensions of rectangles you can make with squares, sticks and units?
Think of a two digit number, reverse the digits, and add the numbers together. Something special happens...
Whirl a conker around in a horizontal circle on a piece of string. What is the smallest angular speed with which it can whirl?
Watch our videos of multiplication methods that you may not have met before. Can you make sense of them?
The tangles created by the twists and turns of the Conway rope trick are surprisingly symmetrical. Here's why!
Can you picture how to order the cards to reproduce Charlie's card trick for yourself?
Take a look at the video and try to find a sequence of moves that will untangle the ropes.
When is a knot invertible ?
Can you make a square from these triangles?
Which of these triangular jigsaws are impossible to finish?
Can you explain how Galley Division works?
Use your addition and subtraction skills, combined with some strategic thinking, to beat your partner at this game.
Watch the video to see how to add together an arithmetic sequence of numbers efficiently.
Watch the video to see how Charlie works out the sum. Can you adapt his method?
These models have appeared around the Centre for Mathematical Sciences. Perhaps you would like to try to make some similar models of your own.
Alf and Tracy explain how the Kingsfield School maths department use common tasks to encourage all students to think mathematically about key areas in the curriculum.
Here is a chance to create some Celtic knots and explore the mathematics behind them.
As part of Liverpool08 European Capital of Culture there were a huge number of events and displays. One of the art installations was called "Turning the Place Over". Can you find our how it works?
This project challenges you to work out the number of cubes hidden under a cloth. What questions would you like to ask?
A video clip of Jo Boaler talking about Complex Instruction.
Dotty Six is a simple dice game that you can adapt in many ways.
Watch the video to see how to fold a square of paper to create a flower. What fraction of the piece of paper is the small triangle?
This article introduces the idea of generic proof for younger children and illustrates how one example can offer a proof of a general result through unpacking its underlying structure.
Generate three random numbers to determine the side lengths of a triangle. What triangles can you draw?
The Enigma Project's James Grime has created a video code challenge. Watch it here!
15 = 7 + 8 and 10 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4. Can you say which numbers can be expressed as the sum of two or more consecutive integers?
It is impossible to trisect an angle using only ruler and compasses but it can be done using a carpenter's square.
Is there a relationship between the coordinates of the endpoints of a line and the number of grid squares it crosses?
The items in the shopping basket add and multiply to give the same amount. What could their prices be?
In this game for two players, take it in turns to shade one petal, or two petals next to each other. Is it better to go first or second?
Can you work out how to win this game of Nim? Does it matter if you go first or second?
This is an adding game for two players. Can you be the first to reach the target?
How many moves does it take to swap over some red and blue frogs? Do you have a method?
A magician took a suit of thirteen cards and held them in his hand face down. Every card he revealed had the same value as the one he had just finished spelling. How did this work?
Imagine a large cube made from small red cubes being dropped into a pot of yellow paint. How many of the small cubes will have yellow paint on their faces?
Can you visualise whether these nets fold up into 3D shapes? Watch the videos each time to see if you were correct.
In this twist on the well-known Countdown numbers game, use your knowledge of Powers and Roots to make a target.
Move your counters through this snake of cards and see how far you can go. Are you surprised by where you end up?
Design and test a paper helicopter. What is the best design?
There are three versions of this challenge. The idea is to change the colour of all the spots on the grid. Can you do it in fewer throws of the dice?
Watch the video to see how to sum the sequence. Can you adapt the method to sum other sequences?
Simple additions can lead to intriguing results...
Watch these videos to see how Phoebe, Alice and Luke chose to draw 7 squares. How would they draw 100?
How can you quickly sort a suit of cards in order from Ace to King?
I'm thinking of a rectangle with an area of 24. What could its perimeter be?
In this problem, we define complex numbers and invite you to explore what happens when you add and multiply them.
Video for teachers of a talk given by Dan Meyer in Cambridge in March 2013.
Imagine a very strange bank account where you are only allowed to do two things...
Play this game to learn about adding and subtracting positive and negative numbers
Strike it Out game for an adult and child. Can you stop your partner from being able to go?
Dotty Six game for an adult and child. Will you be the first to have three sixes in a straight line?
Take a look at the video showing squares drawn on dotty grids...
Take a look at the video showing squares and their diagonals...
Take a look at the video showing rhombuses drawn on dotty grids...
Take a look at the video showing rhombuses and their diagonals...
Take a look at the video showing areas of different shapes on dotty grids...
A few tips and tricks to help you when sketching graphs
If you can sketch y=f(x), there are several related functions you can also sketch...
Try out some calculations. Are you surprised by the results?
Watch this video to see how to roll the dice. Now it's your turn! What do you notice about the dice numbers you have recorded?
Newspapers said that eating a bacon sandwich every day raises the risk of bowel cancer by 20%. Should you be concerned?
"Statins cut the risks of heart attacks and strokes by 40%"
Should the Professor take statins? Can you help him decide?
When you're on trial for murder, it can be crucial that the court understands probability...
In 1% of cases, an HIV test gives a positive result for someone who is HIV negative. How likely is it that someone who tests positive has HIV?
An introductory video to the Probability and Evidence collection
If $y=x^2-6x+c$, and we vary $c$, what happens to the roots when $c>9$?
Resources from Charlie's and Fran's 2017 Madingley course for parents.
What do you think is going to happen in this video clip? Are you surprised?
What do you see as you watch this video? Can you create a similar video for the number 12?
Watch this animation. What do you see? Can you explain why this happens?
Watch this animation. What do you notice? What happens when you try more or fewer cubes in a bundle?
Take a look at the video of this trick. Can you perform it yourself? Why is this maths and not magic?
Watch the video of Fran re-ordering these number cards. What do you notice? Try it for yourself. What happens?
Does this 'trick' for calculating multiples of 11 always work? Why or why not?
Can you spot the mistake in this video? How would you work out the answer to this calculation?
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In a previous post, we have shed some light on what brainstorming is and how to do it. The result of brainstorming could be:
- A flipchart full of idea cards
- A list or an outline with ideas
- A Mind map
You will certainly ask, “Now what’s next?”
Suppose we have done a family brainstorming session on “How can we make our family happier?” As result, we have gotten a flip chart full of ideas.
While some ideas, such as being friendly and helpful, might depend on a personal commitment only, the majority will likely require further work and clear priorities.
We will not be able or willing to realize all ideas. After all, our energy is limited, and some ideas might not be worth doing.
This post suggests an easy-to-follow road map, which includes Filtering, Idea Development, Multipoint Voting, and the Decision Matrix.
Don’t make a decision in your first brainstorming session
Brainstorming requires our creative mind; that is, we want to get as many ideas as possible and withhold all criticism. But now we need to switch on our critical mind. What’s more, having spent time to come up with ideas as a team, we need a method that is acceptable to everyone to decide on “what’s next?” Even if you are the Boss and have told everyone in advance that you want their ideas, but will make the decision yourself, the following ideas will be helpful.
To clearly separate idea generation from idea evaluation, I suggest you do them in two different sessions, preferably a few days apart. We want our ideas to leave an impression and trigger further thoughts in the team (here our family) before proceeding.
The initial step after brainstorming is to remove duplicate ideas.
Then you have to:
- Filter out obvious “No Gos.”
- Develop ideas further.
- Evaluate ideas.
- Decide on the ideas you want to use.
- Implement your favorite ideas (not part of this post).
After removing the duplicates, we need to find out which ideas we want to use, which ones need further development, and which ones we don’t want to use. The ones we want to use we put into action (make them work).
Tip: Cluster similar ideas (form groups of similar ideas) to find more general ideas and concepts. This can be done very easily with idea cards or a computer mind map.
Some of the ideas may be very useful, but we need to develop them further. Make more money maybe very important if our family lacks money, but it is a very general idea.
We need to find ways to make money, for example by doing another brainstorming session and using the question “How can we make more money?” or “What do we need to make more money?”
Before further developing ideas, we use a set of simple criteria as a filter to remove ideas we don’t want to work with any further.
The easiest criteria in form of questions could be:
- Is it worth doing? – Ideas that are not worth doing are crossed out
- Can we do it? – Do we have the time, money, and people to do it? – Ideas we obviously can’t do are crossed out.
- Are we interested in doing it? – Ideas no one is interested in are crossed out as well.
- Start with a small brainstorming session to see if other criteria are relevant for this “filtering step.”
If there is no consensus on removing an idea, we keep it for now.
After developing the ideas, we need to evaluate them, and for this, we need to find criteria that are relevant to evaluating our ideas.
- How fast can we do it?
- How great is the benefit? / How effective will the idea be?
- How easy is it to do?
- How cheap is it?
- How risky is it?
- How do I feel about the idea?
Again, do a small brainstorming session to see if other criteria are relevant for this step.
Here then are two easy strategies to decide which ideas to implement:
We can use Multipoint Voting to decide on our (four or five) favorite ideas.
Each member gets a packet of five sticky dots and places the dots on the ideas he/she likes the most. You can place all dots on one idea, on five different ideas, or on any other combination.
A variation of Multipoint Voting to experiment with: Each member gets a packet of dots that is about half the number of ideas. If we have 20 ideas, each member gets 10 dots. Again, each member has to place the dots on the ideas he/she likes the most. You can place a maximum of 2 dots on one idea.
The Decision Matrix
Multipoint Voting is straightforward and fast, but does not explicitly compare ideas with respect to different criteria. The Decision Matrix is a more analytical yet still easy-to-implement approach. You can use it by itself or as a second step after narrowing down your ideas with Multipoint Voting.
How to make a decision matrix in a group?
As a group:
- Use Brainstorming (or another method) to find evaluation criteria.
- Use Multipoint Voting to select relevant criteria. The number depends on the topic/ideas (try five for a start).
- Draw a decision matrix on a whiteboard/flipchart/computer with LCD.
- Header row: Names of the ideas
- First column: Decision criteria
Decision Matrix Template:
|Criteria||Idea 1||Idea 2||Idea 3|
- Every participant chooses his / her favorite for each of the criteria on a personal A4/Letter sheet. I suggest you do this as a “secret vote.”
Finally, we collect the sheets and populate the Decision Matrix: An idea gets a point in the decision matrix every time it is named as a favorite (in the corresponding criterion cell).
- We sum up the points for each idea. The winner is the idea with the most points…
This concludes our post on evaluating ideas in a group. In my experience, Multipoint Voting and the Decision Matrix are easy to understand and implement, and quite effective group decision methods. PMI (suggested by Edward de Bono) is another popular but slightly more complex method. PMI works best when you want to compare a few ideas in detail. What methods do you use to decide on ideas after a brainstorming session?
10 simple actions that can double your productivity
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The purpose of a sight glass is to allow plant managers and engineers to look inside of their systems without disrupting the environment within. Often referred to as viewing glasses, they offer you a way to see the levels of liquids or gases that are traveling through a critical point of your design, monitor pressure changes, and virtually anything else that sight glass windows could allow you to do. With their widespread use, sight glasses have become critical to operations such as steam pipelines, chemical processing, pharmaceutical processing, and food processing.
Often simple in design, rudimentary sight glasses of the past consisted of a glass tube that was linked to an important part of your system, like a tank or a gas inlet. Modern industrial sight glasses are made from a glass disk that’s securely held by bolts and gaskets between two metal frames, with the goal of maintaining the standards of sanitary fittings. The glass that’s used is typically soda lime glass or borosilicate glass, while stainless steel is the go-to choice for the metal due to its superior strength and abrasion resistance, even with 304 steel.
It’s necessary for a sight glass to be able to withstand whatever materials and fluids it will come into contact with so that the glass does not tarnish or degrade, impairing your ability to use it for system monitoring. Assuming it’s kept in good condition, using a sight glass is as user-friendly as it is essential. When looking into a sight glass, the level of fluid present against the glass represents the level of fluid that you have at that point of your system. Bubbles against the glass show you that you have a liquid/vapor mix. If you’re looking at clear glass while your system is running, then that means that you have a full line of liquid (or complete lack thereof). Patterned backplates or striped inserts make it easier to see the fluid levels and check them against desired outcomes. <.p>
This is especially important for applications like steam boilers. With a steam boiler, you need to keep boiler water levels within a certain range to maintain operations and prevent system failure. Luckily, since the pressure of the water below and the steam above is equal, you can use a sight glass to see any change in the boiler’s water level. A steam boiler’s sight glass gauge usually has two different index marks: a low-water threshold and a high-water threshold. Go too far above the top mark and you risk overfilling the boiler, which can prevent steam from rising up into your system. Go too far below the lower threshold without shutting your boiler down and you risk damaging your equipment from the heat, which could also lead to a dangerous fire or explosion.
Beyond these applications, sight glasses can be helpful anywhere that you wish to see inside of your equipment. In the food and beverage or pharmaceutical industries, where you have fluid that’s put under high temperatures or extreme pressures, sight glasses allow you to take a look inside without having to worry about flaking, explosions, or corrosion. If you’re working with a heater that runs on gas or kerosene, a sight glass can let you see if the pilot light is on or not, as well as make sure that all of the heater’s jets are working properly. If you’re working with equipment that’s prone to clogging, like a dust collector, then you can use a sight glass to make sure that critical points in your process are free of debris. They can also be used anywhere that you want to confirm that your materials are flowing freely or watch the blending of materials.
Since sight glasses can be connected to crucial (and volatile) parts of your system, it’s necessary to make sure that they are sturdy enough to handle operations. Tempering and reinforcing your gauge glass can reduce the risk of sight glass failure. By making your sight glass as tough as possible, you ensure that the device it’s connected to will function properly while offering you the chance to monitor everything safely.
With the various sizes and styles of sight glasses, you should be able to find one that’s perfectly fitted to the specific needs of your operation. To improve performance and functionality, sight glass accessories can help you to get the most out of your sight glass. Top sight glass accessories include:
Learn more by watching our webcast on sight glass selection and maintenance.
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No doubt you’ve heard of “the placebo response”. But how about “the nocebo response”? Much research has been done about now an inert pill, when presented with positive conditioning and expectations, can be as effective as the real thing, but not nearly as many studies have been conducted in regards to the nocebo effect, where the mere suggestion of negative association with a pill or procedure brings on negative side effects.
But the word “nocebo” doesn’t just refer to experiences with medications and treatments. Recently, a pair of doctors at the University of Southampton and University of Exeter Medical School in England penned a journal article entitled: “Bad is More Powerful than Good: The Nocebo Response in Medical Consultations”, which profiled how patients could get worse due to “sham interventions” and other interactions that elicit a negative response from them.
In particular, Drs. Maddy Greville-Harris, PhD, and Paul Dieppe, MDb, focused not on nocebo responses that came from negative information about medication side effects (about which some study has been completed) but, rather, the role of negative communication between doctor and patient in generating a nocebo response in a healthcare setting.
The researchers believe that doctor-patient communication and the way it plays out can significantly impact the outcome of a course of therapy. Based on their studies and on previous research, the authors concluded that the nocebo response can happen when the patient responds negatively to the conversation(s) they have with their healthcare provider.
Among the key components in the nocebo response are the concepts of validation and invalidation, the authors opine. Validation refers to the communication of understanding and acceptance while invalidation means the opposite, that is, non-acceptance and non-understanding. This is a bit different than empathy; a doctor can be empathetic and show feelings of warmth and kindness but may not portray acceptance and understanding on an intellectual plane (rather than an emotional one).
It’s important to note that, in this article and others similar to it, it’s often determined that while validation is wonderful and gives the patient confidence to move forward, the damaging effects of invalidation tend to be more powerful than the uplifting effects of validation. In other words, bad is more powerful than good, the authors note, or the power of bad human interactions are stronger than that of good human interactions.
Confused? It’s actually simple. The negative things you say to a patient will do more harm than the positive things will do good. Hence, Greville-Harris and Dieppe conclude that it is better for the medical professional to concentrate on NOT invalidating the patient rather than simply focusing on empathy, understanding, and validation.
In tests conducted to support this dissertation, consultations with patients at a pain management clinic were observed and then the observer’s observations were reported. After that was completed, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the patients (5 women with chronic pain issues) and the four consultants. The interviews were played back in order to discuss validation and invalidation.
In many cases, patients identified feelings of being “dismissed” by their physicians and “disbelieved” due to the comments by their healthcare providers. Many believed that the doctors did not “invest in them” nor did they “show insight into their condition”.
The authors described the scenario:
“Patients described feeling hopeless and angry after invalidating consultations, feeling an increased need to justify their condition or to avoid particular doctors or treatment altogether. Although the sample was small, these findings are in line with previous work. Thus, invalidation during consultations may elicit powerful nocebo responses in patients that have so far not been adequately researched.”
Furthermore, the researchers concluded the physicians think they are validating their patients by being empathetic and compassionate when, in fact, those reactions could be eliciting the wrong response from the patient. Many see such emotional responses as condescending or patronizing and lead the patient to believe that the doctor doesn’t take stock in the severity of their condition. In addition, a doctor who says “there is nothing wrong with you” when the patient is clearly experiencing pain makes the patient feel like their complaints are less than legitimate.
So, the question all medical professionals must ask themselves is if they are validating their patients or simply pacifying them during their conversations AND, more importantly, if their conversations are invalidating. Are you providing “lip service” or having a real, legitimate discussion with your patients? Do they leave your office knowing that you not only care about their condition and are sorry for their pain but also that you understand their concerns and can address them professionally and through proper patient education? Or do they walk away feeling belittle and confused?
Patient education is a huge part of the picture. For spine specialists, tools like Dynamic Disc Designs’ (ddd) many lumbar and cervical models demonstrate a true knowledge of your craft AND offer the chance for the patient to grasp some of that knowledge as well. After a consultation that includes a frank discussion and spine education using the fully-movable, highly-detailed spine models made by ddd, patients are satisfied that their concerns are validated and that you can offer more than a pat on the back and a “I hope you feel better soon”.
By educating patients with Dynamic Disc Design models, you can strive to eliminate the nocebo response, instead providing a consultation that “validates” your patient and prompts them to return to you for treatment.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN DRUG USEIN ADOLESCENTS
This paper aims to address the issue of drug use and the favoring of this phenomenon, because the trend in the world, especially among young people, begin to converge in recent decades, and the effects of drug use are felt both from the individual, but especially by the society. Thus, Romania is also part of this trend, and it has the tendency to increase the number of addicts and perhaps which is more alarmingly, the decrease in age at onset of drug use.
Teenagers, young people form a vulnerable population to drugs; they are more receptive to new and extreme experiences. This vulnerability of adolescent drug use is directly related to the fact that drugs have become more easy available; consumption is often associated with the pressure from a group of friends.
Whatever their nature, whether vegetable, animal or mineral , these substances apparently bring happiness or ” dream factory ” made annually more victims than weapons of mass destruction .Regarding age consumers in Romania, the average onset of drug use decreased significantly, leading to consumption of only cases of children 10 to 12 years. A study conducted by the National Antidrug Agency (NAA) and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) shows that Romania has become a transit country for hallucinogens consumers.
A comparative analysis conducted by ANA 2004-2007-2010 indicate that the prevalence of lifetime drug continues to be focused on recreational drugs (cannabis, ecstasy) consumed predilection by people aged between 15 and 34 years (www.ana.gov.ro / reports % 20nationale/raport_ro_2011.pdf). A 2012 report conducted by the same agency indicates that the prevalence of any type of illicit drug at least once in life in adolescents 16 years of Romania was 15.6 % (report)
The drug addict is clearly a victim. He faces real difficulties in relationships with family, society and endangers their own lives. By nature, teenagers are difficult because of changes occurring in their regard. Adolescence is a stage of life between childhood and adulthood intermediate. It has been called “the stage of human evolution” (Dincă M. 2004). Chronological limits of adolescence are questionable in the sense that some authors consider adolescence as falling between 12 and 18, even 20 years, and others, between 14 years and 18-20 years, for which the adolescence was divided into tree stages:
- Early period: between 10-11/13-14 year period of profound physical and physiological changes , some intricate shaping of interests, skills and moral conception of the child, this period is called pre-addolescence or puberty
- Second period: 13-14/17-18 , 20 years is the actual adolescence , which is characterized by a strong balance, intimate worldview and life, by clarifying and enhancing development ideals by intense side of cognitive development, affective and volitional personality
- Extended adolescence stage: between 18/20 years, to 24/25.
This stage is characterized by „primary psychological integration requirements of a profession, the condition of independence and marital option „(Şchiopu U. 2008).
Teenager undergoes transformations generated by the needs and necessities they felt – so still needs arising at puberty and new necessities arising in adolescence. It faces a number of new needs or the needs described in prior periods are experiencing a significant transformation (Dincă M. 2004): the need to know, to be affectionate, of belonging to a group, independence, need to find patterns. Intellectual activity is perceived by the adolescent as having particular importance for adulthood. „The whole adolescent thinking is logical and thorough, organized, systematic, rigorous and reflective, open-minded” (Cretu T. 2003).” Some adolescents develop elevated literary and expressive speech. Anyway adolescents adapt their speech according to the degree of party culture. Educational slang used less” (Şchiopu et all, 1989). „Adolescence is a stage of cognitive development available that reaches to express the full potential only under stimulation by the environment and educators and the existence of their own motivation and effective involvement in cognitive tasks„ (Cretu T., 2001). Some authors argue that psychosocial identity or sense of self depends on the development of an integrated self that can withstand external responsibilities. Teen aim is therefore to establish personal identity and its confirmation by others. „Among the most important features in the development of moral consciousness and self-awareness are ego identity and placing the subject in reality (Greens, E., 1993). Different authors characterize adolescence as a critical period in the long process of identity formation. Difficulty that teenagers face when trying to establish personal identity is referred to as a crisis of identity, completion manifested by achieving identity or a role confusion. Identity crisis is described by the adolescent as a search of the answer to the question „Who am I? „. This is the stage that defines itself as student teen son or daughter, friend or human being establishes the skills and potential for further development.
Self-image structure is complex, including self-image itself (what teenager thinks about himself), ideal self-image (which wishes to become ) self-image attributed to the world (what the individual believes that others are thinking about it) image of the world about it (which I really like about it). Crisis originality refers to all adolescent behaviors by which he seeks to harmonize the aspirations and attitudes to actual conditions of the social environment (Ibiș A., 2001). Conflict between generations is conflict between the dominant generation of teenagers group of high school students, that the new generation is formed by social and personal development. Now the teenager is going through an era of rebellion testing their rules, prohibitions, questioning religion and family values. The same challenge will be manifested to the authority by the clothes they wear and the music they listen to. „For it to be special clothes, even if it is not accepted to play music as much, room to be messy, etc.(Green E.,1993)
Adolescent rebellion attitude makes him estranged from the family, which will lead parents to enter the alert. The child ceases to be influenced especially by parents, although most children are still under them, but they want their parents to not be so restrictive and outdated. During this period, the relationship with friends, schoolmates becomes increasingly important links between them turning into retreat, which often lead to immoral acts, while decreasing interest in school or other development activities in terms view of education.
Most teenagers, however, that supports decision-making authority, belongs to parents and teachers. A balanced family with normal previous links between its members, across well during stormy adolescence.
Drug use in Romania
Statistics worldwide show that the largest number of consumers is young people (Smith, O., Achim , V. , Smith AL, 2004). Teenagers, young people form a vulnerable population to drugs because they are more receptive to new experiences and extreme. For example, statistics on drug use in Germany and France indicates that about 50 % of young people in these countries have been or are drug users. It is noted that the average onset of drug use declined dramatically, leading to consumption of only cases of children 10 to 12 years in Romania. Prevention and control centers for drug consumption among adolescents, were giving the following information:
10% of teens smoke up to 15 cigarettes per day, 20 days per month (although the percentage is growing). Tobacco has several harmful long-term effects and it also creates addiction. A teenager who smokes more than one year has a 80% chance of becoming addicted.
- 75% of teenagers have consumed alcohol occasionally. Of these, 28 % relates to heavy drinking episodes (more than 5 strong drink in a few hours). One of the leading causes of death among teens is car accidents caused by alcohol abuse. Alcohol lowers inhibitions and predispose adolescents to inappropriate sexual life (unprotected sex), which increases the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (HIV- AIDS, herpes, Chlamydia) or the occurrence of an unwanted pregnancy.
- 40% of teens have tried marijuana at least once, while 22 % of them frequently use this drug. Marijuana is a common option among teenagers and can cause memory loss , cognitive learning or attention.
- 9% of teenagers have tried cocaine, while 4 % use the drug frequently ( at least once a month).
As the characteristics of drug users:
- commonly boys consume drugs more often than girls;
- commonly drug consumers are older youth and from upper classes;
- are more prone to drug use, in the first place, young people whose parents have low education level and lower social statuses and who lack the resources and skills to guide and advise children and, on the other hand young people from families with higher statuses that can provide resources for the purchase of drugs and do not have the time to supervise their children; the most exposed youngsters to drug use are those with poor outcomes in school and those who have repeated school years; their families influence drug use excessively trough authoritarian style, the family environment characterized by frequent quarrels between parents and children, members of the couple, the family breakdown through divorce, and parental alcoholism.
Psychological and general features of drug users
Specialists believe that people become drug users, especially young people, have a degree of vulnerability of personality, prior to the commencement of consumption.
“They seem to lack the resources to cope with the demands of everyday life, are unstable in terms of feelings, and are at odds with society and the authorities. Many of them complain of depression, anxiety, but it is uncertain whether they are causes or consequences of drug addiction. (Rascanu R. , 2004) For many teens desire to be different, rebellious desire to assert its own identity in opposition to others, is the primary impulse (Romila I., 2003).
Fear of ridicule, care of another child and the desire to imitate the older ones contributing to the corruption. Thus the adolescent begins to smoke, drink, gamble and seek opportunities in which to demonstrate strength and courage. The attraction he feels at a time for the group of teenager’s and sometimes adults can be explained by the fact that the group allows the realization of desires which are prohibited brutally by parents and participating in adventurous activities and activities interesting. The main effects of group life are dependencies that it develops between members of the group. The wish of affirmation to the group, and fear that they will be rejected, they will be isolated from the group if they refuse proposals so-called „insiders”, they are the new members do not consider the risks they run.
Another reason is peer pressure, depending on their level of self-esteem, level of depth to their ideal of life, relationships with family, school results, the image they have of themselves and others who want to create adolescents have different capacities for resistance to pressure exerted by their entourage. However, “addiction, abuse, intoxication and abstinence from substance use often involves multiple substances simultaneously or excessive.” (Romila A., 2003). For example, in most cases, individuals addicted to cocaine also consume alcohol, opioids, anxiolytics, or to counteract the cocaine- induced persistent anxiety symptoms. „A drug addictive spends most of his time seeking and consuming the drug. His lifestyle is totally disorganized. For him, the vital needs of drinking, eating, and sleeping pass the background. His biorhythm is inverted, lives at night and sleeps during the day. Signs of degradation appear to translate general condition. He no longer cares for the health because it correctly perceive the pain of infectious processes, etc.. (Popescu et all 2004) ” Doru Buzducea offers a number of indicators related to drug use (Buzducea, D., 2005): irritability, mental and behavioral instability, irritation, paranoid, unreasonable and inappropriate aggression, depression, apathy, slips and speech difficulties, reducing yield school, decreased motivation, nervousness, interpersonal problems.
If drug addiction has already been installed, it may need much more work, and they should be well directed. „They should not be focused only on the drug itself, but also on other issues and difficulties confronted young (Popescu et all 2004). ”
Since the installation of drug dependence, the subject experiences other states: before administration of the drug , the individual feels the urge of eating , after drug administration is a state of satisfaction, rather than extreme euphoria characterizing individual not is dependent on the drug, as the drug’s effects begin to disappear. Addiction lives unpleasant effects of withdrawal syndrome and the desire psychological and / or physiological to manage drug is resurfacing. In this way, the reason the use of the drug changes from positive to obtain a state of euphoria which is not dependent upon the individual drug, to avoid unpleasant conditions.
Causes of drug consumption among adolescents
The external causes of drug use among young people, the French author Gilles Ferreol mentions: group of friends, low educational level, lack of information about drugs (Ferreol G., 2000). The author points out that the fact that teenagers are driven to drugs by curiosity, experimentation need strong emotions. Some psychological theories of drug use based on the notion of pathological psychology or inadequate: there is something emotional and physical lives of different individuals that predispose them to drug use. They use drugs as an „escape from reality „as a way to avoid the problems of life and to withdraw euphoric (Răşcanu R., 1999). According to the author , more research on the personality and attitudes of drug users have shown that, compared with those teenagers who don’t use drugs, the former tend to be more rebellious, more independent , open to new experiences, willing to take more risks, are more tolerant, accepting deviant behavior are sensitive to uncertainty, pleasure seekers, nonconformists and unconventional. Some children and young people use drugs or organic solvents in an attempt to forget the problems they are experiencing or mitigate anger arisen following an unpleasant event occurred in the family. Sometimes their reasons are deeper gesture: a reaction to some abuse, the fact that they are not paying attention in school or environment (Smith et all, 2004).
Reduced possibilities of adaptation and integration, inability to connect teenagers to professional social structures and frequent failures, failures, disappointments, anxieties may cause harmful behaviors (Greens E., 1993). Psychiatrist J. White argues that depressive disorder is divided into two types: primary depression and secondary depression. The other side is caused by disorder or condition, such as for example alcohol addiction. Primary depression mood swings are not associated with any other form of mental or physical condition. And they fall into two categories: bipolar depression (alternative states of sadness and joy) and unipolar depression (interpreted as „emotional Darkness ’’).
A depressed teenager is very sensitive to negative pressures of colleagues and can easily fall victim to alcohol, drugs, crime, sexual immorality and other antisocial behaviors. Instead of using words to draw attention to their inner turmoil, they will be irritable and agitated.
O. Popescu et al. states that the use of drugs is, especially for young people, a way to react to loneliness, feelings of hopelessness, lack of self-esteem and self confidence (Popescu et all , 2004). Ferreol Gilles (2000) stresses that parents think that teenagers who tried a drug or consuming routinely have certain characteristics: having problems communication and relationships with others , they lack confidence , they feel dissatisfied in many ways, are more nervous, agitated, stressed, vulgar, violent than others , reject the authority of parents and teachers, have parents who have money , they are not supervised ; entourage is not known to parents, no longer interested in school and absent more.
Human, by nature, requires membership in a family, a group or a community. Therefore, social maturation, the purpose of establishing peer relationships, cannot provide fully than friendship with people of the same age.
Adolescence is the age at which parental influence decreases considerably at the expense entourage (circle of friends, class). Adolescents are vulnerable, feel isolated, unsupported, and will usually try to find a group to which to join. Group is for teens to get a kind of „parallel family” in which it carries all sorts of cultural activities, sports, leisure , driving his creativity. Peer pressure is higher when adolescents lack parental guidance and affection.
Not always teenager knows how to defend against street influences, peers or adults turbulent, fighting with the rules and laws of social life. Drug use, especially among young people, is ” a way to react to loneliness , lack of self-respect , sense of hopelessness, lack of self confidence. The most exposed are the most sensitive to the influence of their peers thinking that will find the links to their comrades a way to be safe (Fereol G., 2000)
The exerted pressure on a young person or a group to establish a certain behavior does not mean as much as the self-imposed pressure means that he feels the desire to behave like everyone else around him, feeling thus integrated into the group (Smith, et al, 2004).
Following a study conducted, G. Ferreol found that the main external factor indicated as favorable adolescent drug use entourage or group of friends. Among young people who try illegal drugs, most derive from friends, soon became common practice, which distinguishes them from others. However, individually or collectively consumed beyond curiosity and the role of age-specific peer group risk drinking among adolescents increases with joining a group whose people consume or provide drugs. Adolescence is associated with a period of rebellion manifested phenomena teen having a character nonconforming to social norms. He may have a negative or positive identification to these rules, creating the feeling of instability personality. Adolescent rebellion occurs for several reasons. In some cases it is simply a manifestation of the fact that the adolescent to adulthood advance came at a time of trouble. Seizures occur due to changes in the physique can trigger various changes in behavior leading to rejecting the counsel of parents, escaping the circle of friends or even adopt habits “rebel” such as drug use. Because often feel the desire to stand out with an attitude, the clothes, vocabulary, hair or simply by including a popular group that manages to influence the adoption of rules or practices that make so “special”. The group’s influence is higher when adolescents lack parental guidance and affection. Most of young drug users are not supervised by parents regarding their relationships with that close entourage and about how they spend their free time or are supervised superficial. Problem drug use is increasing among young people present, but what is more important is that the age at which onset decreases significantly. Another problem is the number of deaths of addicts, most often due to being represented by an overdose.
The reason that leads adolescents to drug represents the most influence of the friends and environment begins is often one of fun. In such moments, (alcohol, tobacco and / or drugs) family values lose their meaning teenager who has a personality very well structured falls prey to the temptation to be like others and impress by his action.
We consider that is important as the direction of intervention involving students in the development and presentation of actions, to reduce the number of users, to have the opportunity to gather information and present it as they see it arouse interest. In these activities the presence of former consumers is useful to relate their experiences, to provide answers and be willing to help. Aid provided for an adolescent drug addicted, should take the form of a specialized intervention provided by a specialist, coupled with the attitude of understanding, support and unconditional acceptance of the parents.
- Buzducea D (2005). Aspecte contemporane în Asistenţă Socială, Iaşi: Editura Polirom.
- Creţu T (2001). Adolescenţa şi contextul său de dezvoltare, Bucureşti: Editura Credis.
- Creţu T (2003). Psihologia vârstelor, Bucureşti: Editura Credis.
- Dincă M (2004). Adolescenţi într-o societate de schimbare, Bucureşti: Editura Paideia.
- Ferreol G (2000). Adolescenţii şi toxicomania, Iaşi: Editura Polirom.
- Ibiş A (2001). Influenţa agenţilor de socializare aspra comportamentelor predelincvente ale elevilor, Bucureşti: Pansofia.
- Popescu O, Achim V, Popescu AL (2004). Viaţa în hexagonul morţii, Bucureşti: Editura Fiat Lux.
- Răşcanu R (1999). Neuropsihofiziologia devianţei la adolescenţi şi tineri, Bucureşti: Editura ACTAMI.
- Răşcanu R (2004). Alcool şi droguri: «virtuţi» şi capcane pentru tineri, Bucureşti, Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti.
- Şchiopu U, Verza E (1989). Adolescenţa personalitate şi limbaj, Bucureşti: Editura Albatros.
- Şchiopu U (2008). Psihologia modernă, Bucureşti: Editura România Press.
- Verza E (1993). Psihologia vârstelor, Bucureşti: Editura Hyperion XXI.
- ***DSM-IV (2003). Manual de diagnostic şi statistică a tulburărilor mentale- DSM- IV, Bucureşti: Editura Psihiatrilor Liberi din România, traducere Romilă A.
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Forget the cold-stored, air mile-laden specimens you can buy in shops, these summer fruits are in a different league when they come fresh from the plot. Get clued-up with our guide to getting started with strawberries this month – and what to do for the next 12
Supermarket shoppers might be accustomed to watery, flavourless strawberries (no wonder given that they’ll have spent days in storage) but it’s hard to beat the flavour of a juicy, mouth-watering crop straight from the plot. Fortunately, they are one of the easiest and most reliable fruits to grow and ideal for raising either in the open ground or in containers on the terrace. Most strawberries produce a single crop between late May and late July and they are classified as early, mid or late season depending on when they ripen during this period. There are also perpetual varieties available, which can be used to extend the season by producing fruits from August to the first frosts.
If you already have strawberries growing on the plot, then there’s plenty that can be done in July. As well as harvesting the tasty fruits of mid and late season varieties, new plants can be produced by pegging the newly-formed runners (trails of growth which spread out over the soil surface) into small pots sunk into the ground. For grow-your-owners who have yet to get started with strawberries, it’s also possible to buy and plant cold-stored runners outside and, because they can fruit within 60 days, you will still get a small but worthwhile crop this autumn.
Strawberries perform best when grown in a sunny and sheltered part of the plot and the soil needs to be reasonably fertile and freedraining – avoid natural frost pockets at all costs. To ensure the plants thrive, it’s important to prepare the ground about a month before planting. Start by digging and forking over the soil to remove any weeds or debris – which could otherwise interfere with the growth of your crop and can harbour pests and diseases – then use a fork to incorporate plenty of well-rotted compost into the earth. Finally, the surface should be raked-over several times to create a fine and level tilth ready for planting.
The lifespan of a strawberry plant is three to four seasons and, to ensure the highest yields, they should be replaced with new ones at the end of this period.
The best way to foster the replacements is by using runners: in early to midsummer, established plants naturally send out thin, elongated and groundhugging stems. These are runners – the ends of which will naturally root in the soil while still attached to the parent plant. To propagate some new specimens, sink a few 7.5cm diameter pots into the ground (with the rims just proud of the surface) around the strawberry plants and fill them with moist cuttings compost. When runners appear, position the end of each one over the centre of a pot (with the base touching the compost) and hold in place with a small wire hoop. Afterwards, remove any that are not being utilised for propagating purposes so the established plant doesn’t waste any energy on them. After six weeks or so, the runners will have filled the pots with roots and they can be severed from the parent and used for planting either immediately or the following spring (they can be stored in a cold frame, with compost kept lightly moist).
Perpetual varieties don’t produce many runners but can be propagated by division in the early autumn. Lift a mature plant and cut it into two or three smaller clumps (with at least three shoots each) before replanting them. Do this every second year, as quality deteriorates more quickly than with standard strawberries.
Strawberries are usually purchased as pot-grown plants or barerooted runners – either way, make sure yours are certified as pest, disease and virus-free. The ideal time for planting cold-stored runners is from March to July – these plants will fruit around 60 days after planting. Ordinary bare-rooted runners are planted in mid-autumn (October time); they will have been grown in the open ground, recently certified as problem-free and then lifted and dispatched. The autumn plants will fruit the following season. Pot-raised plants can be planted at any time of year but spring, late summer and autumn tend to suit them best – the same goes for home-raised specimens (from runners).
For the best results, bare-rooted strawberries must be planted so that the ‘crowns’ (the base of the plants from which the leaves appear) are at (or just above) ground level. Too deep and the growing point will be smothered by the soil and may rot; too high and the roots may be exposed at the surface. To give the plants the best chance of establishing in the ground, lightly soak the root balls first before planting 35–40cm apart, then firm-in and water well. Pot-grown strawberries should be planted so that the root balls are buried to the same depth as in their original containers. If you have more than one row of plants, these should be spaced at 90cm intervals.
In smaller gardens, it may be easier to raise your crop in large containers – special pots known as strawberry barrels are available for this purpose. These are made from terracotta, wood or plastic and have lots of cup-shaped planting holes arranged spirally around the sides. Fill them with moist John Innes Number 3 compost before allocating a strawberry plant to each compartment and placing in a sheltered, well-lit corner of the plot. During the spring and summer, container-grown plants must be watered regularly and given a dose of liquid fertiliser (Ken Muir strawberry feed is a good choice) every week once flowers start to appear. Stop once the first fruits turn pink in colour – overfeeding will cause lush leaf growth to be produced at the expense of anything edible.
For strawberries planted in the open, once they are in the ground it’s essential to keep the area free from weeds and to make sure the soil doesn’t dry out, especially when the fruits are starting to swell. The plants should be given a dose of fertiliser in the spring and again after they have been rejuvenated, as well as being watered regularly (aim to keep the soil damp, but not saturated).
When the fruits appear a few months later, they can be ruined by mud splash and rotting due to contact with wet soil. To help prevent these problems, it’s a good idea to place a fabric strawberry mat (available from Marshalls) around the base of each plant – this will also act as a moisture-retaining mulch.
Alternatively, tuck a few handfuls of fresh straw under each plant and rest the leaves, flowers and fruit trusses on this material.
The young fruits are often targeted by birds, so it may be worth pushing short sticks into the ground in the four corners of the bed (so the tips are just above the top of the plants) and securing bird-scaring tape between them. It will vibrate and ‘buzz’ in the slightest breeze, scaring away hungry tweeters. Strawberry plants growing in containers are more easily protected by simply draping a sheet of netting over the top (something you shouldn’t do with an entire bed because birds will likely get trapped underneath).
Keep the ground around your plants free from weeds and remove any debris, such as fallen leaves, as it can harbour slugs and other nuisance pests
For an advanced crop of fruits, now's the time to cover early-season varieties with cloches. Prepare the ground for planting new strawberries.
Prepare the ground and plant new strawberry specimens. Give any established plants a muchdeserved feed with an organic fertiliser.
Harvest mid and late season fruits and keep the plants well watered. Propagate new specimens from runners. Rejuvenate the plants when they have finished fruiting by applying a good-quality feed. Plant new strawberries outside.
Rejuvenate strawberry plants by cutting them back when they have finished fruiting and applying a feed. Harvest the fruits of perpetual varieties. Sever runners that have been rooted in pots from the parent plants.
Harvest the ripe fruits of perpetual strawberry varieties. Sever any runners that have been rooted in pots from their parent plants.
Rejuvenating Strawberry Plants
To keep strawberries in good condition and encourage healthy new growth, the plants should be revitalised after harvesting. Start by removing any old straw and mixing the material into the compost heap. Alternatively, take away the strawberry mats and clean them before storing in the shed for use the following season. Once this has been carried out, use a pair of sharp shears to cut off all the old growth 10cm above the crowns – any runners that are spreading over the ground need removing unless they are being used to raise new plants. Afterwards, weed the site thoroughly and give the plants a feed with an organic fertiliser. New growth will soon emerge and this will form the basis of the next strawberry crop.
Related Forum Topics
Strawberries: Varieties To Try
A traditional and very reliable variety which crops from mid-June to early July with few problems. The fruits are bright red, juicy and flavoursome.
A perpetual strawberry producing most of its fruits in the late summer and early autumn. An excellent choice for small plots because it is prolific, fruits over a long period and does well in hanging baskets.
This is a late cropper (it ripens in late June and July) which is relatively disease-free. The plants stand upright, which ensures the fruits are held clear of the soil, and thereby reduces the risk of rot taking hold.
One of the earliest varieties to ripen, this plant produces large, glossy and juicy fruits in late May and June. Alternatively, the plants can be covered with cloches in late winter and then picked in mid-May.
Mara des Bois
A perpetual strawberry that produces a crop of rich-tasting fruits from August through to October. An excellent variety for containers because it is compact, fruits for a long period and is highly decorative.
This is a mid-season variety, which will ripen from mid-June until around mid-July. It is a prolific and heavy-cropping plant and the glossy, bright-red strawberries it produces are deliciously sweet.
Forcing an early crop
One of the benefits of growing an early-season strawberry variety, such as ‘Mae’ is that the plants can be ‘forced’ to produce an advanced crop of fruits. They will be ready for picking in mid-May, a couple of weeks earlier than normal and often when strawberries are sold at premium prices in the supermarkets. The forcing process involves covering the plants with cloches (small, tent-like structures made from glass or plastic) in late winter. These create a warm and sheltered environment underneath and this encourages the plants to produce leaves, flowers and fruits much earlier than usual. Once the strawberries begin to flower, the sides of the cloches must be opened during the day, as this will allow insects to visit the blooms and pollinate them. If this is not done, fewer fruits will form. Remove the cloches when the fruits have been picked.
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Competency-based education is an educational delivery model which assesses a students mastery of pre-defined competencies for advancement toward a credential. Competency-based education uses learning instead of time as the measure of student success. Inherent to this model's use of defined learning outcomes, CBE leads to greater transparency and accountability to students and stakeholders. While many are still debating the definition of 'competency,' programs are growing rapidly to help meet national completion goals.
Many competency-based education programs appeal to the many students with some credits but no degree. Competency-based programs offer the flexibility, defined outcomes which increase employability, and acceptance of prior learning that make them attractive to this burgeoning demographic.
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PowerPoint in the Classroom: A New Twist
- Grades: PreK–K, 1–2, 3–5
I can still remember my college professor using a presentation program as he lectured to the class. It seemed so high tech back then. Flashing forward 20-plus years, the slide presentation is still around, but being utilized in a much different way. Today teachers and their students are using presentation software to deliver their information to their targeted audience via high-tech, multimedia avenues.
When I was teaching 2nd and 3rd grade, I used PowerPoint to put together information and photos that I wanted to share with my students. I also taught my students how to use the program to create presentations for our family history projects. Although I was using it in a slide show type presentation, I had never thought about using it as I do now. About two years ago I began to use my laptop, projector, and my PowerPoint software in a different capacity. Today, I use this multimedia tool to introduce, teach, reinforce, and assess many different curriculum areas.
One of the first presentations I created for use as a teaching tool introduced words to my students that they needed to know how to read. To accompany the music I play in the morning as students arrive, I also play a flash card presentation. As students settle in and wait for the rest of the class to put away homework, backpacks, and other belongings, they are sitting on the carpet engaged in the presentation that is playing. Having students actively engaged first thing in the morning allows me a few moments to check in with parents or finish last-minute center preparations. My morning presentations usually focus on letters, numbers, or words. An item will flash across the screen for a few seconds, giving students time to respond in unison.
I am able to modify and rearrange my slides as needed. The ability to rearrange the slides allows me to use the presentation over and over again. With a few clicks of the mouse I am able to change the color of the slide backgrounds and their order. My little learners think they are seeing something new, when in fact, it is the same show they see each week. Only the colors and items have been changed.
Reading Fluency Phrases
Just like the letters and numbers I show for morning warm-ups, I have fluency phrase presentations, too. I have created a set of phrases to help my students with their fluency. Most of the words in these phrases are from our sight word list. The phrases flash across the screen for approximately three to five seconds. This is enough time for students who have some sight word knowledge and phonemic awareness to read the phrases. A few examples of fluency phrases are "Look at it" and "Do you like it"? Through the practice of reading these phrases, students can improve both their speed and accuracy.
Front-Loading of Information
Before taking my class on a field trip to the local safari sanctuary, I presented a slide presentation of the sanctuary. In this way, students were able to see photos of the animals they would be seeing during the actual trip. By front-loading the field trip, students knew what to expect and had prior knowledge that they were able to recall as the guide was giving us our tour.
My newest presentation was created to introduce students to 3-D shapes. Using 3-D shape pictures and environmental photos, I am able to show my students how 3-D shapes are a part of our everyday environment. The real-life photos help students to make the connections to things they see every day.
I have also been reviewing number concepts and patterns with my students. The first picture shows a slide from my presentation called "What’s Missing?" Students look at the number sequence and tell me which number is missing.
These next two photos are from my "Patterns" presentation. Students observe the pattern, then tell me what type of pattern it is and what object would come next. I used to write all of these types of math problems on my whiteboard every morning. Having these presentations saves time, and students aren’t waiting for me to write the information out. Another advantage to using presentations is that I am able to present the information in a larger format, ensuring that it is visible and accessible to all students.
The great thing about using my laptop for assessments is that I don’t need to cart around flash cards or make sure that they are in the correct order. Students see the specific letter or word on the screen and read it while I mark it on my recording sheet. They aren’t able to see my recording sheet and have no idea if they are reading the words correctly. I usually give them a few words of encouragement, such as "great, keep going," even if they are reading them all wrong. I use the same format for assessing number recognition, too.
I’ve been using these presentations all year with my class and they never seem to get bored with them. Being able to change the font, background color, and slide order allows me to reuse the same presentation again and again; the best part is that my students are none the wiser.
If you haven't used presentations as a form of instruction or assessment, you should give it a try. It is a great tool to add to your educational toolbox.
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Speciality: SPR A&E
Location: East Midlands
Speciality: SHO ICU
Speciality: A&E Consultant
Location: East Of England
Speciality: SHO General Medicine
Location: Kent and Medway
It is well known that being overweight, smoking and other bad lifestyle choices can increase your risk of having health problems such as a stroke or heart attack. However, doctors now think they might be able to determine a person's risk just by looking at their palm.
New research, published in the Lancet, has found that how strong grip is could be a better indicator of a person's health risks than blood pressure.
The trial included nearly 140,000 people across 14 countries and could give doctors a simple and inexpensive way to find the patients who are the most vulnerable to a heart attack, stroke or other health problem.
However, why a person's grip can be such a good indicator of health risk is yet to be determined, but some think it could be related to hardening arteries reducing muscle strength.
It's well known that maximum grip declines naturally as people age, but those whose strength fades quicker could be at the highest risk of health problems, according to the study.
For example, a woman in her mid-20s can expect to have a grip of about 75lb (34kg), but this will drop to 53lb by the time they enter their 70s.
The research found that each 11lb reduction in grip strength increased the odds of an early death by 16 per cent, while the chance of a fatal heart problem grew by 17 per cent and a stroke by nine per cent.
Dr Darryl Leong, one of the researchers at McMaster University in Canada, said: "Grip strength could be an easy and inexpensive test to assess an individual's risk of death and cardiovascular disease.
"Further research is needed to establish whether efforts to improve muscle strength are likely to reduce an individual's risk of death and cardiovascular disease."
The researchers say that grip strength is a more accurate way of assessing risk, and could replace current tools.
Written by Megan Smith
Search for doctor jobs at Mediplacements, a genuine specialist providing recruitment opportunities in the NHS and private sector.
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What to Expect During an Ultrasound Test
As you embark on your pregnancy journey, you're probably thinking that your ultrasound test is exciting -- but pretty straightforward. It's just a procedure that most doctors recommend to assess your and your baby's prenatal health, right? Yes, but it can also determine many important factors of a pregnancy: how the baby is developing, how far along your pregnancy is, or if any congenital abnormalities are present. Furthermore, there are a variety of ultrasound tests that you can undergo depending on your personal circumstances, so it's important to know the differences. By arming yourself with the proper knowledge, you'll be ready to make the right decision with your doctor.
The transabdominal ultrasound is the standard ultrasound test that produces a two-dimensional image of the developing fetus. Other sonograms follow a procedure similar to this one.
You will lie on your back or side on an exam table. An ultrasound technician will spread a warm gel over your lower abdomen to help the movement of the sound waves that generate the sonogram image. Next, the ultrasound technician will move a transducer, which is a device that sends and receives sound waves, across your abdomen.
The transvaginal ultrasound is generally utilized during the early stages of pregnancy. Instead of being performed on the surface of the abdomen, a transvaginal ultrasound uses a probe transducer inside the vagina to produce sonogram images. You will lie on your back on the exam table and put your feet in stirrups, as if you were undergoing a gynecological exam.
3-D and 4-D/Dynamic Ultrasounds
3-D and 4-D ultrasounds use software that generates more complex images of the developing fetus than can be produced with standard ultrasounds. A 3-D ultrasound can show the doctor the depth, width, and height of the fetus. A 4-D ultrasound also uses scanners to produce a video of the fetus, showing the face and movements.
This ultrasound test determines fetal heart anatomy and function, alerting your doctor to any possible congenital heart defects. A fetal echocardiography produces an image of a fetus's heart size, shape, and structure.
"Your doctor will perform a fetal echocardiography if it's suspected that the fetus is at risk for a congenital heart defect," says Dr. Nadine Lyseight, a board-certified OB/GYN of Dignity Health Medical Group - Inland Empire.
For this procedure, an ultrasound technician will use a transducer to listen to the fetus's heartbeat and measure blood flow to see how the fetus is growing. A Doppler ultrasound is typically performed during the last trimester of pregnancy.
Amniocentesis is a test in which a sample of amniotic fluid is removed from the sac surrounding the fetus to check for certain birth defects. The fluid is extracted using a needle inserted into the uterus through the abdomen. Ultrasound is used to guide the needle into the uterus. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
"Amniocentesis does carry a slight risk, so it's typically performed only on older mothers or those who have risk factors for certain birth defects," said Dr. Lyseight. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits, and make a final decision together.
When performed under the guidance of a trained technician to determine the health and status of your pregnancy, ultrasounds are safe and important procedures. Keepsake sonograms, especially 3-D ultrasounds for nonmedical purposes, are safe overall but not without some risk.
Just like with other aspects of your pregnancy, you want to be in lockstep with the medical professionals you're working with regarding your ultrasound test. In the end, know that too much exposure to any type of ultrasound may not be good for your baby, so it's best if any procedure you undergo is both requested and approved by your doctor.
Posted in Personal Health
More articles from this writer
*This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute health care advice. You should always seek the advice of your doctor or physician before making health care decisions.
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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A video graphics card is a computer hardware device. Also called a computer graphics card or video adapter, the video graphics card manages the many graphic duties of the computer. At its most basic, the video graphics card receives data from the computer's central processing unit (CPU) and converts the data into images, which it then transmits to the computer monitor via the monitor cable. The computer CPU is certainly capable of rendering graphics, but the video graphics card relieves some of the load and provides better graphic imagery and video playback for today's high definition software applications and games.
Depending on the computer and motherboard, the computer graphics card might be integrated or might be a separate card. Most low-end budget computers and laptops are equipped with an integrated video card to conserve space or provide only basic video rendering capabilities. Higher-end computers sport a separate, removable video graphics card connected to a slot on the motherboard, the main "brain" of the computer that connects all of the computer parts together. Separate video graphics cards require a compatible motherboard with a graphics card slot.
Video graphics card technology has changed, becoming more sophisticated as the demand for faster and clearer graphics has grown. Older computers might have a series of Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slots that accept a variety of PCI cards for modems, a video sound card and the now-outdated graphics card. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) technology is faster but is overshadowed by the even faster PCI Express card that accommodates the vivid high-definition games and video playback. Extreme graphic acceleration for very high-end gaming uses a graphics processing unit (GPU) engine that provides real-time, realistic images and playback.
The video graphics card needs special software to allow the card to communicate the data it receives and sends to the computer operating system. This software, called the graphics driver, is usually built into the graphic card processor. Additional software applications installed onto the computer might enhance performance and allow the computer user to make customized settings for superior execution.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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A tipping point for climate change activism
The climate change debate is nearing a fork in the road: governments will either succumb to the alarmist pleas of activists, or turn to sober measures enabling long-term shifts.
In a nutshell
- Environmentalists are issuing ultimatums on climate change
- Sweden shows the tensions facing green technology
- Sustainable solutions can be found in scientific discoveries
Climate change activists have long sounded dire warnings of a world headed for climate disaster. Key to these predictions is the notion of a “tipping point”: a juncture when drastic action must be swiftly taken to prevent a global catastrophe before it is too late.
The thinking is easy enough to understand. Activists concerned about global warming become frustrated by perceived government inaction, and may be tempted to compete over who can be the most radical. Meanwhile, advocacy groups that thrive on media attention have little incentive to present nuanced accounts.
In reality, the process of climate change has already had sufficiently negative consequences to be taken seriously – without predictions of sensational outcomes like a reversal of the Gulf Stream or a six-meter rise in sea levels. And importantly, there is no scientific backing for arguments of a point of no return.
The worst-case scenarios will bear out for the extinction of certain species, and some island nations do have grounds to worry about being irreversibly flooded by rising sea levels. But it goes too far to warn of a fast-approaching moment after which deeply harmful processes like deforestation can no longer be reversed. It is symptomatic that the supposed point of no return is regularly postponed.
That said, the concept of a tipping point may still be productive in the climate change debate. The appeal to haste cuts both ways: either we must ramp up pressure on governments to take drastic action in the short term, or we need to curb sensationalism and allow room for science to respond with discoveries that are effective in the longer term.
Engineers or activists?
The key question is whether political pressure from below is helpful or not – or perhaps even harmful. In this context, the real “tipping point” may be a time when radical activism forces governments into desperate, short-term actions that undermine prospects for sustainable solutions. Experience from Sweden suggests that this moment may already be at hand.
As a technologically advanced nation with green interests well-represented in national politics, the country has made two important contributions. One is cutting-edge technology to produce “fossil-free” steel without releasing greenhouse gases; the other is teenage activist Greta Thunberg. The contrast between the two highlights the core of the problem – namely, whether we need more engineers or more activists.
The case for more engineers assumes that a long-term solution to global warming can be found only by developing new technologies to produce and utilize clean energy. Government action to force people to change their habits may be helpful and even necessary in some contexts, but will not be decisive.
The surprising development of increasingly effective vehicle batteries has shown what science can achieve in efforts to address climate change.
The Covid-19 pandemic has helped show that while regulated behaviors like social distancing and other lockdown measures can help curb infection spikes, only vaccination can provide a long-term fix. Science surprised many experts by producing effective vaccines in record time, which should give us grounds for optimism about climate change.
Given the role of combustion engines in driving greenhouse gas emissions, the rapid proliferation of electric cars has been encouraging. As with vaccines, the rapid development of vehicles using increasingly effective batteries has been a positive surprise, emphasizing what science can achieve.
The Swedish case
Yet, unless electric cars can be powered by clean energy, expanding their use will not be very helpful. Burning dirty coal to produce electricity to charge car batteries will at best produce an illusion of progress. This is where the Swedish example is again relevant, showing how climate activists in government may undermine the prospects for real solutions.
Before the green agenda became dominant, Swedish power generation was almost fossil-free, drawing about half from nuclear sources and half from hydro sources. Only on extremely cold days would an oil-burning power plant (at Karlshamn) be used, and natural gas not at all. On this foundation, one could have envisaged bright prospects for a carbon-free future.
The production of fossil-free steel illustrates how science and technology may lead the way. Aside from forestry, the mainstay of Sweden’s development as a modern industrial nation was imported coal and domestically mined iron ore, combined to produce increasingly sophisticated types of steel. In an age of global warming, that trio is not sustainable.
The three industrial giants Vattenfall (power), LKAB (mining) and SSAB (steel) have responded by developing technology to produce steel without coal. Their joint venture, launched in 2017, is called HYBRIT (Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology). Although only in its infancy, it has been shown to work, with vehicles made from fossil-free steel already delivered.
The problem is that the process requires huge volumes of electricity. But, based in the mountainous north, HYBRIT can count on ample hydropower. Access to clean energy has also drawn interest from other companies with green ambitions, like Northvolt, which uses lithium-ion technology to produce low-carbon batteries for electric vehicles. The combined impact has been a nascent green reindustrialization of the north.
However, these encouraging developments may be derailed as government action, driven by green climate change activism, has failed to meet the demand for a massive expansion of power generation. Meanwhile, six out of 12 nuclear reactors have been closed prematurely, to be replaced by wind power. Both trends have been in keeping with the green agenda, hailed as supposed progress.
The problem that activists have refused to acknowledge is that wind power production fluctuates. There is thus a limit to how much wind power may be installed, compared to sources like nuclear and hydro. The danger of sudden shortfalls of power is exacerbated by the fact that on very cold days, when demand spikes, there will normally be very little wind.
Activists are calling for the remaining nuclear power plants to be closed, and for a further expansion of wind power. But engineers warn that the share of wind power has already reached a level at which grid operators must plan for power shortages that will disconnect users – an outcome with seriously negative consequences for industry.
The problem is exacerbated by geography. To balance the hydropower stations in the north, nuclear power plants were built in the southern part of the country. As these are closed, insufficient high-voltage transmission capacity causes serious shortfalls of power. Green efforts to restore certain habitats further jeopardize smaller hydropower plants throughout the country.
The combined outcome of these causes is a greater need for burning imported fossil fuels – not only to meet growing power demand but to avoid destabilizing the national power grid.
Climate change activists typically ignore these effects, maintaining that political pressure from below is essential. Unless members of the young generation take to the streets to vent their anger, the thinking goes, they will be forced to accept a future marked by environmental calamities.
Looking back at the outcomes of efforts like the 1992 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement it is easy to understand their frustration. Further discouraging is that after a dip during the first year of the pandemic, carbon emissions for 2021 were estimated at only less than one percent below the record of 36.7 billion metric tons in 2019, and up by nearly five percent from 2020.
Emissions are going up rather than down because the big emitters are not on board. While some European governments are locked in fierce competition to devise the most ambitious goals on cutting emissions, others view the task with something like contempt. At last year’s Glasgow summit, India caused resentment by requesting that the phrase coal “phase out” be replaced by “phase down.”
Although the Biden administration raised the hopes of some by returning to the Paris Agreement, a win for Donald Trump in 2024 could lead the United States to again drop out. Meanwhile, Australia continues its coal mining activities, China is planning to build new power stations to burn dirty coal, and Russia plans massive investment in pipelines to pump natural gas. Activists protesting in European capitals are not going to change any of this.
One must then ask whether it is meaningful to keep talking about net-zero emissions by 2050 – aiming to keep global warming at 1.5 degrees – when most experts agree this is not going to happen. The list of factors that are moving too slowly, or even in the wrong direction, is simply too long.
By 2050, most of the current generation of political leaders will be out of power, and the environmentalists will have grown up. Accordingly, they will be able to cash in on the warm glow of today’s activism without having to face the consequences tomorrow. This is where the notion of a tipping point may come in, determining how climate politics and policy develop.
In one direction, democratic governments resign themselves to the fact that global warming will continue for some time, and start thinking about policies enabling long-term technological change aimed at a fossil-free future. There is much that can be done, ranging from fourth-generation nuclear power plants and the storage of surplus wind power to harnessing hydrogen and fusion.
In the other direction, governments succumb to the lure of environmentalist soundbites (“extinction rebellion”) that undermine the political process and encourage massive spending on ineffectual, short-term stunts. That impulse has driven powerful leaders to eagerly submit to lectures, and even insults, by young activists like Ms. Thunberg.
Political logic suggests that the latter is more likely. Science, however, still represents the only long-term solution, and discoveries cannot be sped up by street rallies. The implication is that sensationalism will continue to promote extreme measures that erode popular support for green causes and have minimal long-term impact.
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recycled content roofing
The roofing industry is developing products that reuse waste from other industries. For instance, waste from manufacturers of car hoses, shoes, tires, and other rubber products is now being directed to the manufacturing plant of EcoStar, Inc., which makes a 100% recycled lightweight rubber "slate" tile.
Another recycled product, the eco-shake®, looks like wood and contains reinforced vinyl and cellulose fiber.
Related categories• ROOFS AND ROOFING MATERIALS
• BUILDING AND ARCHITECTURE
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Science • Contact
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"Debate is like a link to different places. Half my family didn’t graduate high school. I don’t want to take the easy way. I wanted to take the hard way.”
Rafael Bruno, NYUDL debater at Franklin K. Lane High School
Our Challenge: transforming toxic communities
Education is critical to breaking the cycle of poverty.
Millions of urban kids cannot read or articulate ideas. Half won't graduate from high school. They have lost hope before their time and will not be able to participate as informed citizens in our democracy. One method for teaching young people to articulate ideas was civics education in school which often included participation in debate clubs. The benefits of debate include skill development in critical thinking, public policy and values research, computer research proficiency, public speaking, advocacy, and conflict resolution. Dr. Larry Moss explains the toxic community and how debate can provide a way out:
More than most communities, the toxic community is an artful teacher. It teaches subliminally but profoundly. The toxic community provides context for one’s strivings. It defines the parameters of collective expectation. The toxic community is a place where basic social institutions such as the family, schools, churches, and government are not expected to work. The toxic community inflicts emotional damage and leaves internal scars even upon those residents who maintain an outward appearance of normalcy. And for every toxic community resident who finds a “way out”, that escaping resident is replaced by newer immigrants and a rapidly expanding impoverished youth population whose residential choices are limited to such toxic communities.
For many new urban debaters, the opportunities created by their mastery of policy debate represent a ticket out of the toxic community.
HELPFUL DEBATE LINKS DEBATE ORGANIZATIONS
National Debate Tournament American Communications Association
American Parliamentary Debate Association National Catholic Forensics League (CFL)
Brooklyn-Queens Catholic Forensics League National Forensics League (NFL)
SUMMER DEBATE INSTITUTES DEBATE HONOR SOCIETIES
Debate Delivers Dreams
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Railway engineering is a multi-faceted engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction and operation of all types of rail transport systems. It encompasses a wide range of engineering disciplines, including civil engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and production engineering. A great many other engineering sub-disciplines are also called upon.
Railway systems entail much more than a train and a track. They are based on advanced technical and operational solutions, dealing with continuously changing demands for more efficient transport for both passengers and freight every day. Each system consists of many components that must be properly integrated: from trains, tracks, stations, signaling and control systems, through monitoring, maintenance and the impact on cities, landscape and people. This integration is the big challenge and the source of many train delays, inconvenient connections and other issues that impact our society.
Railway engineering offers substantial economic benefits, energy efficiency, and environmental and safety benefits to nations all over the world, and rail is widely viewed as a vital component of the integrated transportation system for sustainable and resource efficient societies of the future. There is substantial demand for engineers with integrated knowledge of railway subsystems (infrastructure, vehicles and traffic control) who understand how to maximise performance of the whole system.
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Laguna atascosa national wildlife refuge, a texas natlwild, Laguna atascosa national wildlife refuge 'gator on bank' website. aligators are not common in this part of texas but there are a few in this reserve..Whooping crane - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, The whooping crane (grus americana), the tallest north american bird, is an endangered crane species named for its whooping sound. in 2003, there were about 153 pairs. Domain changes - wisconsin dnr - wisconsin department of, This page describes changes to domain and url for the wisconsin dnr website..
Whooping crane - hinterland who's who - hinterland who's who, The whooping crane grus americana, or whooper, is the most famous endangered bird in north america. it is famous partly because it is large, distinctive, and.Vickie henderson art: coiled pine needle rim on gourd, 5. when you reach the beginning of the first coil, begin the second coil by placing the needle on top of and even with the first pine needle. you will. Vickie henderson art, Presenting observations of nature, especially birds, using photography, story, watercolor sketches and paintings. weblog format..
World zoo today - one world one zoo - a internet zoo magazine!, About this site. welcome to world zoo today! this site is dedicated to zoos, aquariums, wildlife refuges, rescue centers, and scientists around the world for the hard.
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Multiple Personalities: Crime and Defense
One idea about lying is that it is a more complicated activity than truth-telling and thus produces certain physiological reactions, such as a heightened pulse rate, dilated pupils, and certain behavioral manifestations. This is especially true if the stakes are high, such as going to prison. However, people telling the truth under conditions like that may also display emotion. They may be anxious about whether they are believed or may be embarrassed to be there under those conditions. To further complicate the problem, psychopaths and pathological liars are very good at lying and their skill makes the typical modes of detection irrelevant. They appear to have lower levels of autonomic nervous activity and are not as adversely affected by the idea of punishment.
In general, the conditions under which people tend to be apprehensive about lying include when the target person has a reputation for reading lies, when the target person is suspicious, when the deceiver has little experience lying, and when the consequences of being found out are serious.
The types of behaviors that may signal deception include narratives with more negative than positive statements, overgeneralizations, and deflections; uninterrupted talking with slower speech rate; speech hesitations and pauses; certain shifts in the body or unnecessary blinking; and an increase in nervous habits.
None of these is definitive, but these indicators tend to show up more often in those with the greatest motivation to deceive. However, those people who appear to be the best liars under pressure have experience with lying (probably have lied since childhood, are comfortable with attention, and are confident).
Malingering is a deliberate attempt to create the impression of being mentally ill, and in this context, it's often done to avoid a charge of criminal responsibility. To detect malingering of psychiatric symptoms, one may look for one of more of the following:
- an exaggerated presentation
- inconsistent information
- a deliberateness of manner
- an attempt to display obvious (and stereotypical) symptoms
- an inconsistency with past psychiatric diagnoses of the same person
The clinician may check the defendant's past history of psychiatric confinement (if any) and any statements from witnesses (friends, family, prison guards, hospital staff) as to the person's condition, current and past. She may also have to observe the subject in various settings over a period of time. Key to an assessment will be discrepancies in the person's ability to focus and talk rationally with other people.
Maligners make a point of ensuring people pay attention to their illness, while most truly mentally ill people would rather not be the focus of attention. If the person says the delusions or hallucinations were sudden, this is inconsistent with the clinical picture of mental illness, except for drug-induced psychosis.
- Malingering DID, as happened in Primal Fear, is a popular ploy. Those who work with DID patients should be on the lookout for:
- Defendants who have a hard time retaining the voice and personality of the alter they blame for their crime.
- Defendants who appear not to be confused by the criminal behavior, as would be likely in an authentic case.
- Lack of evidence of a history of the kind of fragmenting and amnesia characteristic of MPD/DID in the defendant's background.
While those who fake it may get away with it, some psychiatrists are attempting to pinpoint the condition to a neurological disorder, and thus to be able to furnish the courts with physical proof.
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Save a snowflake for decades
All it takes is a drop of chilled superglue.
Ever wanted to catch a snowflake and keep it forever? You can. The image above is a photograph of a snowflake that fell in January 1979, but it isn’t an old photo. It is a recent shot of a snowflake that’s been sitting in chemist Tryggvi Emilsson’s desk for decades, locked in a drop of that miracle of modern chemistry we call superglue.
The “super” in the thin, runny adhesive, which was invented during World War II, is the small molecules in it called cyanoacrylate monomers that penetrate and interlock with the microscopic forms of anything they touch. The glue hardens when the monomers link together, or polymerize, head-to-tail into long chains called polymers. This process is triggered by any minute trace of water or water vapor and progresses very quickly, which is why superglue hardens more rapidly on moist things, such as your fingers, than on the thing you’re trying to glue.
The tendencies of superglue to seep into the tiniest nooks and crannies, harden on contact with water, and solidify rapidly make it perfect for taking an impression of something very small, made of water, and ephemeral, a fact that struck Emilsson during the winter of ’79.
He’d been fascinated by Wilson A. Bentley’s famous 1931 book Snow Crystals, which contains 2,453 snowflake photographs taken over 47 freezing Vermont winters. Bentley had to work quickly to get each shot before the radiant heat from his body melted the flake. Despite being from Iceland (or perhaps because of it), Emilsson wasn’t about to endure long bouts of biting cold, so he came up with the superglue method described below, which lets you capture snowflakes outside and examine them later in the comfort of your living room. In front of a crackling fire, if you like.
Bentley could save just photographs, not the real snowflakes he longed as a child to take home to show his mother. One can only imagine what a collection he would have built if he’d had a few hundred tubes of superglue. Perhaps we’ll see when a modern-day Bentley comes along. Who knows, maybe it’s you.
- Cost: $10
- Time: 10 minutes
- Difficulty: Easy
Tools and materials
- Microscope slides and coverslips
- Tweezers (optional)
- Cold, snowy day
- Set microscope slides, coverslips, and superglue outside when it’s 20°F or colder to chill them. Catch flakes on the slides or pick them up with cold tweezers.
- Place a drop of superglue on the snowflake. Note: Gel glue doesn’t work. Find a brand that’s thin and runny.
- Drop a coverslip over the glue. Don’t press down hard or the flake could tear or melt from the heat of your finger.
- Leave the slide in a freezer for one or two weeks and don’t touch it with warm hands. The glue must completely harden before the snowflake warms up.
This article was originally published in the March 2006 issue of Popular Science, under the title “Save a Snowflake for Decades.”
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by Oren Long
“Great Expectations,” a novel by Charles Dickens written in 1860, tells how wealth inspires great expectations, how those influence character and create class consciousness, and “all the monstrous vanities (inflated pride) that have been curses in this world.”
The hero, an orphan named Pip, raised in humble circumstances, comes into a fortune, then quickly disavows family and friends. When he loses his fortune he is forced to recognize his past conduct and ingratitude.
“As I had grown accustomed to my expectations, I had insensibly begun to notice their effect upon myself and those around me. Their influence on my own character I disguised from my recognition as much as possible, but I know very well that it was not all good.”
Our constitution guarantees “the pursuit of happiness,” which was in essence Dickens’ theme. A recent poll attempted to answer the question, “What makes people happy?” The poll found that just as in Dickens’ time, most Americans believe the pursuit of wealth equals the pursuit of happiness.
Charles Dickens died in 1870 at the age of 58 (an old man in those days). He wrote “Great Expectations” near the end of his life, when advancing years and declining health forced him to see life with new understanding; life as only the old can know.
In the final pages of his book, Dickens writes that Pip, having lost his fortune and his great expectations, returns to his boyhood home and to the family he had disavowed. “I went towards them slowly, for my limbs were weak, but with a sense of increasing relief as a I drew near to them, and a sense of leaving arrogance and untruthfulness further and further behind.
“The June weather was delicious. The sky was blue, the larks were soaring high over the green corn, I thought all that countryside more beautiful and peaceful by far than I had ever know it to be yet. Many pleasant pictures of life I would lead there, and of the change for the better that would come over my character when I had a guiding spirit at my side whose simple faith and clear home wisdom I had proved, beguiled my way. They awakened a tender emotion in me, for, my heart was softened by my return, and such a change had come to pass, that I felt like one who was toiling home barefoot from distant travel, and whose wanderings had lasted many years.”
I read this book as a young man and enjoyed the story. I read it again as an old man, now able to hear the wisdom of his words, now willing to share his unflattering description of the human condition.
Oren Long is a Valley Falls farmer and cattleman and a regular contributor to these columns.
Short URL: http://www.jeffcountynews.com/?p=5477
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Click to reload page with unique web address for bookmarking or sharing current settings
- Calculate area of circle from diameter
- Convert an area to different units
- Length and distance converter
- Cylinder volume calculator
This tool will calculate the diameter of a circle from the area, and will convert different measurement units for area and diameter.
The formula used to calculate the circle diameter is:
ø = 2 x √(A / π)
- ø = Circle diameter
- A = Circle area
- π = Pi = 3.14159…
Area of Circle
Enter the area contained within a circle.
Diameter of Circle
This is the diameter of a circle that corresponds to the specified area.
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In the Gospel of John we read the following:
Jn 10:22-23 At that time the festival of the Dedication took place in Jerusalem. It was winter, and Jesus was walking in the temple, in the portico of Solomon.1
Which of the Biblical Jewish festivals was the Feast of the Dedication? It turns out it wasn’t a Biblical feast.
The Jewish calendar was marked by three annual pilgrimage festivals:
- Feast of Passover (Heb: “Pesach”) – Dt 16:1-8
- Feast of Weeks (Heb: “Shavuot”)– Dt 16:9-12
- Feast of Tabernacles (Heb: “Sukkot”) (Dt 16:13-15)
These feasts were kept at specific times of the year:
- Passover in the month of Abib – March/April2
- Weeks 50 days later – May/June3
- Tabernacles after the harvest – Sept/Oct4
The Festival of the Dedication given its celebration at wintertime5 can’t have been any of the feasts listed above – it was not a Biblical feast. As any good Study Bible or Bible Dictionary will tell you, the Feast of the Dedication was what is more commonly called Hanukkah, celebrated in December.
The Feast of Hanukkah celebrates the purification and re-consecration (or dedication) of the Temple in Jerusalem in 165/164 BC after its desecration and transformation into a pagan cult centre a few years previous. Under Judas Maccabeus the Jews revolted against their Hellenistic ruler Antiochus Epiphanes, regained the Temple, and rededicated it.6
One legend claims that when the Jews regained the temple they found just enough undefiled oil to keep the lampstand burning for a day, and that by a miracle it burned for 8 days. According to the Babylonian Talmud:
b. Shabb. 21B “For when the Greeks entered the sanctuary, they made all of the oil that was in the sanctuary unclean. But when the rule of the Hasmonean house took hold and they conquered them, they searched but found only a single jar of oil, lying with the seal of the high priest. But that jar had enough oil only for a single day. But there was a miracle done with it, and they lit the lamp with it for eight days. The next year they assigned these days and made them festival days for the recitation of Hallel psalms [Ps. 113–118] and for thanksgiving.”7
These events of the revolt and rededication of the Temple are recorded in the Book of Maccabees and here’s how it summarises the introduction of the feast to the Jewish calendar:
1 Mac 4:59 Then Judas and his brothers and all the assembly of Israel determined that every year at that season the days of dedication of the altar should be observed with joy and gladness for eight days, beginning with the twenty-fifth day of the month of Chislev.
So, Christ attended a feast not prescribed in the Bible; a feast that celebrated a miracle that most Christians would not accept; and a feast that celebrated the operation of the Temple, a concept that Christ came to bring to an end. Not only was he in attendance, he was in Solomon’s Porch on the Temple platform – he could hardly have arranged a better view of the Temple and all its activity than from where he was.8
The next verse explains why he was there:
Jn 10:24 So the Jews gathered around him and said to him, “How long will you keep us in suspense? If you are the Messiah, tell us plainly.”
Christ was there because that’s where the people were – and the people wanted to know about Messiah. Even if what was being celebrated was a non-Biblical feast, he was there taking advantage of the opportunity presented.
- All scripture quotes from The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1989)
- David Noel Freedman, Allen C. Myers, and Astrid B. Beck, “Abib,” ed. David Noel Freedman, Allen C. Myers, and Astrid B. Beck, Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 2000), 5.
- Frank H. Gorman Jr., “Weeks, Feast of,” ed. David Noel Freedman, Allen C. Myers, and Astrid B. Beck, Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 2000), 1373.
- Timothy P. Jenney, “Tabernacles, Feast of,” ed. David Noel Freedman, Allen C. Myers, and Astrid B. Beck, Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 2000), 1270.
- Some see more in this statement than just a description of the time, e.g. “But the thoughtful reader of the Gospel understands that time and temperature notations in John are reflections of the spiritual condition of the persons in the stories.” Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11 (vol. 25A; The New American Commentary; Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 337–338.
- Ronald L. Eisenberg, The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions (1st ed.; Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2004), 244–246.
- Jacob Neusner, The Babylonian Talmud: A Translation and Commentary (vol. 2; Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2011), 85.
- Leen Ritmeyer, The Quest: Revealing the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Carta, 2006), 219.
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After a year of exhibits, lectures and articles to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the arrival of America’s first Jewish community, the themes from New York’s Center for Jewish History’s exhibit “Greetings From Home: 350 Years of American Jewish Life,” may feel familiar. The exhibit, a joint project of the American Jewish Historical Society in cooperation with Yeshiva University Museum and the American Sephardi Federation with Sephardic House, offers a competent summation of the American-Jewish experience in the form of a highlights tour: a peddler’s license issued in 1787 by Benjamin Franklin to one of America’s first Jews; an undated “Rules of the Shul” sign instructing immigrant worshippers in synagogue decorum; a 1980s vegetarian “Hagaddah for the Liberated Lamb.” There are heroic figures, the familiar tropes of antisemitism (a 1947 letter from Maryland College for Women informs an applicant, “Our Jewish quota has been filled”) and, toward the end, the triumph of religious pluralism in a final panel of recent weddings, ranging from Hasidic to same sex.
One of the most evocative parts of the exhibit, though, may be the title itself: “Greetings From Home,” the exhibition brochure tells us, refers to the “dialectical relationship” between American Jews and the communities they left. The signature image of the exhibit comes from a poster for a Yiddish play of the same name, which was performed in Chicago in 1926 at Glickman’s Palace Theater. In the background of the graphic blue-and-white drawing, headed away from the Statue of Liberty, is a steamship bound for Europe. In the foreground, the frame is split between the Jews in Europe, with their pained expressions and broken-down chairs, and the American Jews, well clothed and comfortable. The Americans are receiving a letter from the old country, and it is unclear that “greetings” is the right word for the news they will read.
From the 1880s through the 1920s, 2.5 million Jews immigrated to America, out of a total of 25 million Europeans who moved across the Atlantic during that time. To an unprecedented degree, the Jews were here to stay. Between 1908 and 1914, the rate of return migration for Jews was a mere 7%, as compared to nearly one-third of non-Jews, according to Jonathan D. Sarna’s “American Judaism: A History.” Women and children represented a much higher percentage of Jewish immigrants than non-Jewish immigrants, which also suggests that Jews were uniquely determined to stay.
The cliché, of course, is “You can never go home again,” but in 1929, Peysakh Zuckerman, a well-to-do New York Jew from Kobuszowa (today known as Kolbeshev), in Poland, did just that. Such visits were not unheard of in Zuckerman’s day, and he took along a newsreel cameraman so that on his return to New York, he could show the footage to fellow members of the United Kolbeshever Relief Organization, one of the many landsmanshaftn, or hometown societies, that sprung up in the late 1800s to fund charitable ventures back home. Two hundred members contributed a total of $4,500.
The two-minute clip included in “Greetings From Home” is captivating: In one small moment, the old and the new worlds are back together again, and the viewer is looking through Zuckerman’s eyes at the home he has left. At the same time, the viewer identifies with both the American visitor and the Polish Jews. The poignancy, of course, is heightened by our knowledge that in just a few short years, this place and these people will be destroyed.
The milky black-and-white footage shows the town square, a bustling space filled with tents, tables, and horses and buggies. The day seems bright and sunny, and the town feels open and breezy. Hands grab loaves of crusty bread, piled high on a table. A man, slumped down with his chin resting in his hand, sits on a wooden box. Women in headscarves hurry about. Sometimes people interact directly with the camera, as when a group of men look solemnly at us before breaking into grins.
Finally, there is a transfixing group of young women, their hair in bobbed waves. Some are wearing pearls; one has a silk scarf knotted around her neck. They are talking and smiling, both at each other and at the camera. One gives a flower to another. A few apply lipstick. From our current vantage point (especially in this moment of retro fashion), these women look astonishingly modern, as if they would blend in on the streets of New York.
The 350th anniversary commemorates not the first Jewish footstep on American soil, but the first Jewish community. The implication is that to be Jewish, one cannot be a voice crying out in the wilderness. It is that concept — community — that is so hard to capture in historical letters or objects, or even in a static photograph. But in the film clip from Poland, the old men, the young boys, the peddlers and the young women are embracing, talking and laughing, like a many-headed moving organism. They are together, and very much at home.
Jennifer Siegel is a staff writer at the Forward.
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| 0.960976 | 1,160 | 2.5625 | 3 |
is equivalent to x+(-1*y).
- x-y is converted to x+(-1*y) on input.
Examplesopen allclose all
Basic Examples (3)
Subtract evaluates to Plus:
If any number is approximate, the whole result will be:
Subtracting complex numbers subtracts their components:
Subtract threads element‐wise over lists:
Find pairs of numbers that differ by an integer:
Verify that their differences are integers:
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https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Subtract.html
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| 0.753299 | 104 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Aerogel: super lightweight material
This unbelievably light material consists of more than 99% air, yet it insulates better than mineral wool and is more heat resistant than aluminium.
Aerogel is a semi-transparent material that looks slightly blue in colour, this is because of Rayleigh Scattering (when light scatters off of particles smaller than wavelengths of light). Blue and violet colours have shorter wavelengths and as the human eye is most sensitive to blue light this is the more dominant colour we see.
How is Aerogel made?
This fascinating material is made by extracting liquid from a gel through a supercritical drying process (the same way you decaffeinate coffee) and replaces the liquid with a gas – resulting in a solid consistency but also very brittle. It is also possible to make colourful aerogels adding lanthanide chlorides in the composition. Colour options include light and dark pink, yellow, green and purple.
What can be Aerogel used for?
NASA use Aerogel to collect stardust from space because it is highly UV resistant, most plastics on earth would disintegrate in space. NASA have also incorporated the material as an insulator in their spacesuits. This space age material offers an opportunity for a unique story within a bespoke packaging or POS application.
Aerogel has many other unique properties, it is lightweight, extremely strong in compression (downward force), radiation resistant and because silica is a poor conductor of heat with excellent insulation it also protects from flames (see image below)
Aerogels are now available in a variety of forms including monoliths, particles and powders, composite fiber meshes incorporating aerogel coating or particles and thin films, which brings the material into new and exciting applications, such as consumer products and clothing where it offers unprecedented thermal insulation in relation to weight and bulk.
Posted 01 November, 2014 by Katie Kubrak
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https://nirvanacph.com/notes/aerogel
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Data from 14 stands of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) at two locations in Siberia have been compiled by Dr. Olga Krankina of Oregon State University, U.S.A. These plots represent one of the main dominant tree species in Siberian forests, growing in stands of relatively high density and productivity. The data reported previously in Gabeev (1990) were gathered from stands studied under the former U.S.S.R. International Biological Programme in Tomsk Region, Western Siberia (approximately 58 N 83 E; 54-year mean precipitation = 501.2 mm). Above-ground measurements were obtained using standard allometric forestry methods, and below-ground data were originally reported in considerable detail by size class and depth. Data reported previously by Buzykin (1978) are from a study of carbon and nutrient cycling in the forests of the Angara River basin, Irkutsk Region, near Lake Baikal (approximately 53 N 103 E). Here Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) is the dominant tree species on about 26 percent of the forested area. The three study sites represent the three most common site conditions found in this area. Trees were measured by standard allometric methods on 0.3-0.4 hectare plots, and understory was determined from 20 x 0.25 hectare plots at each site for three successive years. Data on litterfall are mean values, 1968-1974, and were originally reported separately for needles, bark, branches, cones, and other litter. Below-ground biomass was determined by excavation of entire root systems, and root turnover was estimated for different size classes. Both authors have published extensively in the Russian literature.
Components of net primary productivity (NPP) and standing biomass, above- and below-ground, are available for each stand of Pinus sylvestris. The range of above-ground biomass was 5000-32700 g/m2 (25-163 tC/ha, assuming mean carbon content of 50 percent for wood and 45 percent for foliage); below-ground coarse roots ranged between 974 and 6430 g/m2 (5-32 tC/ha at 50 percent carbon content). Above-ground NPP averaged 905 g (438 gC)/m2/year and 765 g (374 gC)/m2/year for the Tomsk and Irkutsk studies, respectively; the corresponding mean figures for total NPP were 1018 g (489 gC)/m2/year and 1695 g (792 gC)/m2/year. Abstract from http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/NPP/other_files/ssp_des.html.
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https://knb.ecoinformatics.org/knb/metacat?action=read&qformat=nceas&docid=chadden.48
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Published Feb. 22, 2022, 8:47 p.m. by None
Many of us fail to attain our goals because we either lack the necessary healthy habits or have developed unhealthy habits that obstruct our progress. A habit is a learned behavior pattern that you repeat so often that it becomes virtually uncontrollable. Habits are particularly powerful because they are formed subconsciously, and your environment is usually set up to promote that habit. There are various healthy habits in which we can incorporate that can help us achieve our desired goals. Various habits include: Be aware of your surroundings. Knowing how we are and what we are doing now could solve half of the problem. Our brain craves stability, according to science. Doing some things in a specific order repeatedly produces a pleasurable sensation in the human mind. This may explain why we conduct many of our regular tasks mechanically. We are aware that we are going about our daily activities, but we are unaware of how or why we are going about them. That isn't necessarily a positive thing. The first step toward a healthier habit is to become aware of our current state of affairs. For a week, keep track of everything you do daily. Try to be aware of your current patterns because acknowledging and understanding something is the first step toward altering it. Slowly and steadily Growth isn't about adding more to your life; it's about getting rid of the extras. We frequently neglect the fact that we only have so much time on our hands. There's only so much we can accomplish in the twenty-four hours we're allotted each day. We already have so much on our plates that forming a new habit can feel daunting. Slowly and steadily building healthy habits can go a long way toward improving the quality of your life, just as every drop builds a huge ocean. Wait patiently. When beginning a career journey, patience is essential because we will not see immediate results, which can be disappointing at times. It is nearly usually the reason why most people abandon their career goals in the middle of their journey. Remember that all-important things in life take time during these times. It's no different when it comes to improving your skills, mindset, and networking opportunities, altering your mind and body, and instilling positive habits. Imagine it Your goals according to research, picturing your goals is beneficial. The imagination technique has several levels, but the main objective is straightforward. All you have to do now is picture yourself living a healthy lifestyle. Is there anything to lose? You should probably give it a shot. Make it enjoyable. Making it a habit of fun is the greatest way to keep it going. We have a deep-seated belief that to succeed, it takes time. This isn't always the case, though. You might incorporate a sport that you enjoy into your workout program. You may fill your day with a variety of enjoyable activities that will help your health while also being entertained. The same principle can be used for your nutrition. A healthy diet does not have to be boring. You may spice up your meals with your favorite fruits, nuts, and a variety of tasty recipes. The biggest benefit is that you won't have to think of reasons to avoid doing activities you enjoy. Have a Support System. According to different studies, our health-maintenance behavior is a mirror of the conduct and habits of those closest to us. Our family and friends have a significant influence on our daily lives, both consciously and unconsciously. We are persuaded to prioritize health and fitness when we are around by those who do. Another advantage of integrating your loved ones in your health-related activities is that they will motivate you and provide the moral support you need on difficult days. Rewarding yourself from time to time is an excellent approach to guarantee your self-control does not lapse. Be Informed. It is critical to nourish your mind with positive thoughts. Much of what you read and see about the human body may appear contradictory, and the best way to avoid this is to understand what works and what doesn't for your body. Consuming fitness content such as books, podcasts, documentaries, and other forms of media is one approach to do so. Reading and listening to fitness content can also assist in developing and instilling healthy habits in our daily lives.
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| 0.972093 | 859 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Assembly Room, Independence Hall
The Assembly Room in Independence Hall in Philadelphia, where the Continental Congress met, the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Constitution was debated. The room is set up as it would look in the late 18th century.
For more informatino on the assembly room check out:
Gobetz, Wally. Philadelphia- Old City: Independence Hall- Assembly Room. 2008. Digital Image. http://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/2573651811/ (Accessed December 10, 2018)
This item has a Creative Commons license for re-use. The Creative Commons BY CN ND license means that you may copy or redistribute the item for any purpose, even commerically, as long as you give credit to the original author or creator of the item and provide a link to the license. This license does not allow for any remixing, transforming, or building upon the original. That means that you cannot alter it. For more information about Creative Commons licensing and a link to the license, see full details at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/.
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https://ncpedia.org/media/assembly-room-independence
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en
| 0.899255 | 240 | 3.125 | 3 |
Public holiday observed in Egypt on October 6, celebrating the day in 1973 when combined Egyptian and Syrian military forces launched a surprise attack on Israel and crossed into the Sinai Peninsula, which marked the beginning of the October (Yom Kippur) War.
Egyptian Pres. Anwar el-Sadat planned the attack in an attempt to bolster Egyptian and Arab morale and to regain control of the Sinai territory that had been lost to Israel during the June (Six-Day) War in 1967. The plan met with initial success when more than 80,000 Egyptian soldiers crossed the Bar Lev line—massive fortifications built by the Israeli on the east side of the Suez Canal.
The 1973 war is the fourth round in the Arab-Israeli armed struggle since 1948. In 1967, Israel occupied Syria's Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jerusalem, Sinai and the Suez Canal and for six years, it spent a lot on fortifying its positions on the East Bank, in what later came to be known as the Barlev Line.
Preparations for the October victory began very early in 1968 with the war of attrition. After President Anwar al-Sadat assumed power in 1970 and Israel having rejected the Rogers Initiative, war was the only option to recover Sinai and Suez Canal.
A surprise attack was carried on both the Egyptian and Syrian fronts. Intelligence Authorities in both countries relied on a plan to confuse the enemy.
At exactly 14:00 hours on October 6, 1973, 222 Egyptian fighters crossed the Suez Canal, undetected. Their target: radar stations, air defense batteries, fortified points on the Barlev line, oil refineries and ammunition depots.
Meanwhile, Egyptian artillery across the Canal turned the front line into an inferno in what was a show of force not soon to be forgotten. 10,500 rockets were fired in the first 60 seconds at an average of 175 rockets/seconds.
1000 rubber boats crossed the Canal carrying 8000 soldiers who climbed the Barlev Line and stormed into enemy defenses. The Egyptian Engineer Corps built the first bridge 6 hours after the war began. 8 hours later they cut a path into the Barlev Line, set up another 12 bridges and operated 30 ferries.
The success of the air strike, at the beginning of the war, made it possible for Egyptian soldiers to penetrate the Barlev Line in no more than six hours causing heavy losses among Israeli troops. But had it not been for the air bridge of military equipment and supplies launched by the US on October 10, the Israeli Army would have been heavily defeated.
On October 22, 1973, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 338 calling on all parties to stop fighting, to cease all firing and terminate all military activity and begin negotiations aimed at establishing a just and durable peace in the Middle East.
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https://egyptraveluxe.blogspot.com/2013/10/egypt-armed-forces-day-6th-october-yom.html
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| 0.955027 | 568 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Florida is home to the world's third-largest coral reef, but it's quickly crumbling away.
Rising ocean temperatures have bleached Florida's corals, making them prone to disease — including the one that is currently ravaging the 360-mile-long reef. A bacterial disease has swept through nearly half of Florida's corals over the past four years, and NPR says that the unidentified infection can kill a coral within weeks.
Coral bleaching, which turns reefs white and weak, has even reached Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
Luckily, Florida's corals have science on their side. NPR shared the endeavors of Mote Marine Lab's Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, where scientists are growing baby corals in controlled tanks. Once they've matured, the fledglings are replanted into adult reefs to reproduce.
Many transplants have proved resistant to the mystery disease, something the Mote Lab's science director called a "beacon of hope." The lab is still looking for a way to stop the epidemic, but in the meantime, replanting looks like the only way to save coral from collapse.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://theweek.com/speedreads/773376/unidentified-disease-ravaging-floridas-360milelong-coral-reef
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| 0.954535 | 229 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The Miller lab investigates the brain's executive function, which organizes thoughts and directs them toward goals. The lab examines how the brain learns rules, how attention is focused and how thoughts are held “in mind”. The executive function implements the mental flexibility needed to make sense of a complex and dynamic world. By examining the role that the pre-frontal cortex plays in executive functions, Miller and his lab are providing important insights that potentially have a far-reaching impact, and also are highly consequential to our daily lives. Knowing the functions and limitations of this part of the brain could prove crucial in understanding brain disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/pew-biomedical-scholars/directory-of-pew-scholars/1996/earl-miller
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| 0.961073 | 130 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Curriculum Statement of Intent
Our Curriculum has been designed to ensure each and every child is inspired to be a creative, thoughtful life-long learner. We strive to provide engaging and memorable learning experiences that connect subjects and demonstrate clear links inspiring children to develop their curiosity and deepen their understanding. It is driven by pupil voice in all aspects.
Our curriculum is topic based and core, high quality, topic linked texts are the starting point for our English planning. Committed to instilling a love of reading in all children, we map learning journeys across a range of genres exposing children to the world of literature and language, differentiating provision so all can be challenged and supported to succeed within it. Exposure to key vocabulary in each subject, across the curriculum, allows children to encounter new words, give them context, embed them and develop mastery.
Centred on our core values and school ethos, our curriculum has been carefully designed to support children’s personal development and give them all opportunities to achieve their best. Our children are encouraged to aim high with stimulating lessons and enriching extra-curricular activities linked to our topics. It is important that every child is valued as an individual; we nurture our children on their learning journey and encourage them to be open-minded and independent individuals, respectful of themselves and of others. Not only in our school, but in our local community and the wider world.
Each year we work together with children and staff to develop a whole school topic. At times linking with world events such as the Olympics or keen areas of interest identified by pupils such as Shakespeare. Planning for these topics will be shaped by pupil voice and the children’s questions for learning. These topics mean our curriculum is bespoke for our children and engaging and inclusive for all.
Through highly focused subject leadership, each area of the curriculum has been developed to deliver a clear progression of skills and subject coverage. In line with the national curriculum and enhanced by quality first planning and teaching, this is monitored and reflected on regularly. Subject leaders can express their intent and the rationale behind their choices for their subject areas.
Termly topic information is sent to families outlining the planned learning journey and we actively encourage them to engage with our learning. Where possible, we invite members of the local community, parents and carers, authors and illustrators and skilled experts to come into school to share their knowledge and life experience. All teachers and support staff are responsible for ensuring our curriculum sets suitable learning challenges, responds to pupils’ diverse needs and all potential barriers to learning are overcome.
Our children will be confident that they have appropriate skills sets and a base of knowledge that will enable them to relish new learning opportunities and challenge themselves to think at depth. Recognising their strengths as learners, they will be aware of how to navigate their future learning journeys and be reflective about the areas they want to work on further. They will understand how to listen and work with others in order to achieve their goals.
Children will leave Hove Junior School with the ability to communicate, be empathetic, form positive relationships and be mindful of themselves and others. Aware of their local and global community, children will be interested in current affairs and the impact of their actions on those around them. They will be understanding of difference and seek to learn from new experiences.
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<urn:uuid:c2c5e7a2-ceb4-4c09-91a2-a7b231f7fa22>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://www.hovejuniorschool.co.uk/page/?title=Curriculum+Statement+of+Intent&pid=165
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| 0.962275 | 673 | 3.125 | 3 |
Being in remote locations does not exclude our young people from being exposed to risks in the home. This year, a new initiative by the Department of Family and Community Services (FACS) called the Mobile Child Protection Unit, will allow caseworkers to provide a faster, more consistent response to child protection reports.
Numbers from FACS reveal that children and young people living out west are fourth at risk out of 15 regions. Due to the isolation of many households and communities in the area, it is a challenge for the 146 caseworkers to complete face-to-face assessments and respond to these vulnerable young people.
There are many great programs designed to overcome the burden faced by regional and remote communities such as the Royal Flying Doctor Service, and now FACS has initiated a trial Mobile Child Protection Unit to strengthen its existing services. It allows a team of six caseworkers to provide increased support to the number of children who receive face-to-face visits.
This program will ensure that a greater number of skilled and experienced caseworkers are present in remote communities, allowing more time to engage families and the broader community, particularly in the state’s west where the needs are higher.
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http://www.nswnationals.org.au/flying_squads_for_remote_child_protection
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| 0.957882 | 242 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Deep. In New South Wales by the 30th of June 1903, the government had put down 101 bores producing 66 flowing wells and 22 sub-artesian wells, with a total discharge of 54,000,000 gallons a day; and there were also 144 successful private wells.
In South Australia there are 38 deep bores, from 20 of which there is a flow of 6,250,000 gallons a day.
The shores are covered with coral; earthquakes and tidal waves are frequent, the latter not taking the form of bores, but of a sudden steady rise and equally sudden fall in the level of the sea; the climate is rather tropical than temperate, but sickness is almost unknown among the residents.
After a longer or shorter period it enters the alimentary canal of its proper host with drinking-water, or it bores through the skin and reaches the bloodvessels, and is so conveyed through the body, in which it becomes sexually mature.
The female is viviparous, and the young, which, unlike the parent, are provided with a long tail, live free in water; it was formerly believed from the frequency with which the legs and feet were attacked by this parasite that the embryo entered the skin directly from the water, but it has been shown by Fedschenko, and confirmed by Manson, Leiper and others, that the larva bores its way into the body of a Cyclops and there undergoes further development.
The male next casts his cuticle, and by means of his spine bores FIG.
It bores through and enters the developing seed, where it undergoes a moult and becomes legless.
There it feeds first as an internal parasite of the waspgrub, then bores its way out, moults and devours the wasp larva from outside.
In the stomach it casts its membranes and becomes mobile, bores through the stomach walls and encysts usually in the bodycavity of its first and invertebrate host.
If, however, it encounters the host the larva bores its way in, and attacks the liver, mouth or gonad in which it comes to rest.
In this process it is aided by the stylet with which it actively bores its way, throws off its tail FIG.
The evidence therefore of these bores (3 and 4) indicates some material derangement, which is then proved by other bores, either towards the dip or the outcrop, according to the judgment of the borer, so as to ascertain the best position for sinking pits.
The female lays an egg in the unripe nut, on the kernel of which the larva subsists till September, when it bores its way through the shell, and enters the earth, to undergo transformation into a chrysalis in the ensuing spring.
English "bores") have been recorded.
When the nuts are about half-grown, the female bores, with its rostrum, a minute hole in the still comparatively soft nut-shell, and deposits an egg within the nut.
The nuts which are infested by this insect are usually the first to fall to the ground; the larva then bores a round hole through the nut shell, by means of its jaws, and creeps out.
This is shown by palaeontological evidence; and some of the most successful bores, such as those at Coonamble, Moree, Gil Gil and Euroka, have pierced rocks of Triassic age, corresponding with the Ipswich Coal Measures.
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DataSet.WriteXml Method (String)
Writes the current data for the DataSet to the specified file.
Assembly: System.Data (in System.Data.dll)
The WriteXml method provides a way to write either data only, or both data and schema from a DataSet into an XML document, whereas the WriteXmlSchema method writes only the schema. To write both data and schema, use one of the overloads that includes the mode parameter, and set its value to WriteSchema.
Note that the same is true for the ReadXml and ReadXmlSchema methods, respectively. To read XML data, or both schema and data into the DataSet, use the ReadXml method. To read just the schema, use the ReadXmlSchema method.
Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 7, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 (Server Core Role not supported), Windows Server 2008 R2 (Server Core Role supported with SP1 or later; Itanium not supported)
The .NET Framework does not support all versions of every platform. For a list of the supported versions, see .NET Framework System Requirements.
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The emplacement of Bahasa Malaysia as the national language and medium of instruction in national schools has resulted in its steady growth as the language of official and academic communication.
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) has played an outstanding role in standardising the linguistic structures of the language, viz its syntax, morphology, phonetics and phonology, as well as coordinating its vocabulary, viz semantics, lexicology and terminology.
DBP has ensured that Bahasa Melayu has grown from its role as the lingua franca in pre-independence Malaya to being a veritable modern language with formal systems, structures and rules to govern its use.
The growth of a language with a large community of users who use the language for different purposes will produce regional dialects and socio-cultural varieties each with its own registers and conventions.
DBP is playing a key role in monitoring the standard variety of Bahasa Malaysia and ensuring that its development upholds the most sound linguistic principles and theories as well as the most urgent national needs and aspirations. Bahasa Malaysia is now firmly entrenched as Malaysia's official language and as the medium of instruction in the national schools (Sekolah Kebangsaan).
In the second half century of Malaysia's development, when the country is committed to becoming a global player in technology and innovation, commerce and industry, there has to be a firm commitment to a national education system where English, the global language, is positioned as the natural complement to Bahasa Malaysia.
The discourse on education has seen countless cries for the reinstatement of English as a strong second language in which Malaysians should acquire knowledge and skills. There is no doubt that English will equip the nation's young with better prospects for employment, both locally and internationally.
What the country urgently needs to move forward is a transforming bilingual education system supported by a sound bilingual education philosophy or policy that governs teaching and learning in the public schools.
To circumvent the continuous bargaining between the country's three major ethnic groups in their bid to assume linguistic and cultural superiority, the English language must resurface as a peace and pacemaker. Whether they study in the Sekolah Kebangsaan or Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan, Malaysian students must be equalised in getting the same access to English.
Voices of Peace, Conscience and Reason (PCORE) recommends that the Education Ministry define the integration of the various streams entrenched in the national education system in a clear policy statement on bilingualism, where English can be used to unite the schools, teachers and students who are growing further apart as they operate within their own linguistic and cultural silos.
If Bahasa Malaysia is positioned as the language which fosters national integration, English can be positioned as the language which promotes national and international networking for pragmatic purposes.
To be seriously implemented on the ground, bilingualism must manifest itself in a clear policy statement such as: The national education system upholds and promotes bilingualism (Malay and English) in the curriculum of national schools and higher institutions of learning in order to produce students who will acquire knowledge and skills through their mastery of both languages. Malaysians who go through the national education system will enter the employment market with a high level of proficiency in both languages, where Malay will optimise their work and career opportunities at the local level, and English at the global level.
The teaching and learning of the English language in schools must be structured to produce a higher level of proficiency in the following ways:
STREAM students according to the different levels of proficiency or group them based on their skill level. This allows for the use of materials and methodologies that are suited to the needs of each level or group. Students who meet the target determined for each level or group can move to the higher level. This can be implemented within the year or the class;
RECRUIT teachers (local or foreign) from among those with a high level of proficiency in English and who are trained in the relevant methodologies. One cannot assume that because they are native speakers recruited from abroad they are necessarily well-trained or good models of spoken or written English. In-service training must be conducted regularly to enable them to be retrained and to share experiences and expertise;
PREPARE and select teaching materials carefully to ensure they are context-relevant and effective. External consultants, programme providers and contractors must, therefore, be selected with the greatest care and scrutiny to ensure they meet the local needs and requirements of Malaysian teachers and students;
PLEDGE a firm commitment to using alternative teaching and learning methodologies and methods which have proven to be very effective in the international arena. This includes the use of computer-aided learning, language labs and tapes to provide opportunities for immersion into the language. Distance learning through radio, audio and video is another area that needs to be fully exploited and developed in language learning and teaching. Films can be used effectively to augment teacher-talk. This will greatly help to circumvent the recurring problem of poor teacher quality and inadequate access to materials in English, especially in the remote areas;
INCREASE exposure to English in the curriculum in order to simulate an environment of total immersion by making English the language of instruction for subjects such as Moral Education, Civics and History where students will get more opportunities to use the language receptively and productively; and
INCORPORATE English reading and references for the subjects taught in Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin and Tamil to enable teachers and students to operate in both or all the languages. This will increase their range of vocabulary and terminology besides improving their interpretation and translation skills.
DEVELOP Literature/Readings in English as an integral section of the greater English Language curriculum to be assessed as part of the English Language paper and not as a stand-alone subject. In this, the books and materials must be grouped and graded in terms of different levels of complexity or word lists. Schools can select the materials that are suitable for their students' levels of proficiency.
With the Education Blueprint, the government is taking a giant step forward in formulating an expansive set of proposals to transform the national education system. It must be scrutinised with the greatest care to ensure the resources are properly utilised to produce optimum results.
If the democratisation of education and the equalising of educational opportunities, facilities and infrastructure for Malaysians is the outstanding battle cry, this must be formalised in a well-stated education philosophy and policy. It is time for bilingualism to take on this role.
Whether they study in Sekolah Kebangsaan or Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan, students must get the same access to English as Bahasa Malaysia
By Datin Halimah Mohd Said,PCORE Education Committee, Kuala Lumpur | [email protected] | New Straits Times Letters to the Editor 14 December 2012 |
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HOW SAFE IS OUR DRINKING WATER?
Even the experts disagree about the extent of groundwater and surface water contamination problems. That’s because each drinking water supply is different, and can be subject to contamination from various sources and different types of contaminants.
However, what the experts do agree on is this: access to good, safe drinking water is essential for your health and wellbeing. Therefore, it’s vital to check for potential contamination and ensure the quality of your drinking water supply.
THE REAL THREAT
Today, the risk of contamination is high, and the threat of both short- and long-term health consequences are serious.
The National Water Quality Assessment Program, an ongoing study by the U.S. Geological Survey, has found that about 50 percent of sampled wells contain at least one pesticide. The same study found that more than 50 percent of streams sampled contained five or more pesticides.
An estimated one million people get sick each year from contaminated water, according to experts at the Center for Disease Control, and nearly 1,000 of those victims die. Even local outbreaks can be very serious. In 1993, a Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee sickened more than 400,000 residents and resulted in over 100 deaths.
Some contaminants can do harm long after the initial exposure. Trihalomethanes, which are by-products of disinfecting with chlorine, are now being linked to urinary, bladder, and rectal cancers, at more than 10,000 cases per year.
MAJOR SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
Experts are most concerned about five contamination sources:
- Leaky Storage Tanks – Here in the United States, there are between five to seven million underground storage tanks, with an estimated 11 million gallons of gasoline lost each year due to leaky tanks, according to the U.S. EPA.
- Pesticides and Herbicides – According to a 1994 report from the National Wildlife Federation, farmers apply 600 million pounds of pesticides and herbicides to crops annually, that eventually end up in the groundwater table.
- Disposal of Garbage – The Environmental News Network estimates 154 million tons of garbage are generated each year in the United States. The improper disposal of that garbage can leach harmful contaminants into groundwater.
- Lead and Chlorine By-Products – Corrosion in older municipal distribution systems allows lead, which has been used in service connections, goosenecks, water meters, solder, and brass fixtures, to leach into our drinking water supplies. Chlorine, used in municipal supplies to protect us against microbiological contamination, is known to form by-products called trihalomethanes, which are suspected carcinogens.
- Waste Disposal Facilities – There are approximately 250,000 solid waste disposal facilities located across the United States. At each facility, various chemicals are present that have the potential to threaten groundwater supplies.
These are some of the most common sources of water contamination. However, the full list of contamination sources is almost endless, as is the list of contaminants.
WATER PROBLEMS CAN BE CORRECTED
Despite the many water issues faced today, practically any problem that arises in drinking water can be corrected.
Through the application of one or more water treatment systems offered by Reynolds Water Conditioning Co. water problems can be solved, and good, safe drinking water can be provided to the people that need it.
The cost of treatment depends on the type and scope of the problem and which treatment options are selected.
DOES ALL OF THE WATER IN THE HOUSEHOLD NEED TO BE TREATED?
Although the average water usage per person per day totals approximately 60 to 75 gallons of water, the amount used for drinking and in cooking is much less — around only five quarts per person per day.
So when it comes to improving the quality of a drinking water supply, there is a choice to be made: treat all the water or just the water used for human consumption.
Correcting all the water in the house is done by a “whole house” or “point of entry” (POE) system. Correcting only the water used for drinking and cooking is achieved with a “point of use” (POU) system.
Potential contaminants that may cause health concerns can often be treated with a system attached directly to the drinking supply at the point of use (POU). However, other contaminants associated with health concerns, including volatile organic chemicals and radon in water, need to be treated as the water enters the home by a POE system. That’s because the nature of these contaminants (rapidly volatilizing into the air) means preventing any exposure to household inhabitants.
- Likely 50 percent of the world’s population and up to 75 percent of Americans are chronically dehydrated.
- In 37 percent of Americans, the thirst mechanism is so weak that it’s often mistaken for hunger.
- Even MILD dehydration can slow your metabolism by as much as three percent.
- One glass of water shut down the midnight hunger pangs for almost 100 percent of dieters in a University of Washington study.
- Lack of water is the number one trigger of daytime fatigue.
- Preliminary research indicates that eight to 10 glasses of water a day could significantly ease back and joint pain for up to 80 percent of sufferers.
- A mere two percent drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic math, and difficulty focusing on a computer screen or printed page.
- Drinking five glasses of water per day can decrease the risk of colon cancer by 45 percent, slash the risk of breast cancer by 79 percent, and the chance of bladder cancer by 50 percent.
Through its membership in WQA, since 1950, Reynolds Water Conditioning Co has agreed to an industry Code of Ethics and has access to the most up to date information available, including professional certification, training and continuing education, state of the art technology, technical services, industry trends and statistical data, and research and development.
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| 0.940208 | 1,251 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Day Camp, like many Y programs, is about learning skills, developing character and making friends. But few environments are as special as camp, where kids become a community as they learn both how to be more independent and how to contribute to a group as they engage in physical, social and educational activities.
With Healthy Living experiences woven throughout, camping teaches self-reliance, a love for nature and the outdoors, and the development of attitudes and practices that build character and leadership. The Day Camp experience is built on the Y’s values of caring, honesty, respect and responsibility. Y counselors are dedicated to making sure camp is an amazing experience for every camper.
Activities include swimming, canoeing, archery, fishing, environmental education, cookouts, arts and crafts, and more.
Provide two hours of focus on a favorite activity.
Arts and Imagination Camps
Kids are encouraged to express themselves, increase self-awareness and foster the creative spirt.
Nature and Science Camps
Kids are inspired to explore our natural environment and delight in the wonders of discovery.
Water Exploration Camps
Young people develop life-long skills with opportunities for water safety and recreation.
Outdoor Sports Camps
Kids have fun in the fresh air learning about equipment and technique.
Come experience the joys of horseback riding at Horse Camp!
Teens and Leadership Camps
Young people build self-confidence and leadership skills through new adventures and experiences.
Peak Adventure Camps
The great outdoors is yours when you choose a Peak adventure Camp week filled with outdoor adventures and lasting memories. meet new friends and learn new skills as you enjoy hiking, outdoor cooking, campfires, and swimming.
Group Western Horseback Riding Lessons
We offer comprehensive one hour western riding lessons. Lessons go beyond riding to include components such as how to catch, lead, groom, tack up, ride and care for your horse.
Family Adventure Days
Enjoy our Day Camps with your entire family.
Day Camp Adventure Days
Day Camp Adventure Days are a wonderful way for your child to experience fun outdoor adventures year round. New and returning campers thrive during fun filled days with camp staff and friends.
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Saturday, April 17, 2010
Fashion company Fin Oslo has seven main ways of promoting environmental awareness in their company, these are:
FIN clothing use only organic cotton for their stocks to contribute to a better environment and working conditions for cotton produces. FIN also uses ecological procedures for the spinning and dyeing so the consumer is leaving as light of a carbon footprint as possible.
Extremely silky, environmentally friendly and draping like no other, organic bamboo is an economic solution without the need of chemical pesticides or fertilizers. FIN has strict processing controls certified by Ecotex.
-Wild non-Violent Silk-
This new kind of silk gathering bypassing the need to kill countless silk moths and improves its quality when artisans and well-trained individuals gather it.
Using surplus milk proteins not intended for food, Spring 2010 holds a new sustainable fabric from FIN. It’s super soft and luxurious texture all many garments to be made from it.
-Baby Alpaca Wool-
Using the light, soft and 20% warmer wool from baby alpacas FIN is beginning to use this kind of fabric for some pieces for its silky qualities.
One of the main social conditions behind FIN is the fair trade focus. It encompasses that workers receive a fair deal and wage as well as safe working conditions. The areas targeted are wages, working hours, human rights, and social accountability.
Another focus of FIN is climate change, an area which clothing production can affect. To attend to this area Fin buys Carbon Credits from the Clean Development Mechanism which invest in renewable energy projects in the countries the cloths are produced.
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- Increase ski training time for athletes with virtual reality
- Virtual reality in training: already a common phenomenon in US sport
As you already knew, it is possible to follow the Olympic Games in virtual reality. We told you about it in detail. But, you probably didn't know that the teams are also fans of the preparation. Some competitors have used Oculus Rift or even Samsung Gear VR to have a little extra advantage. A boost that Americans hope will be enough to make a difference and win medals.
Increase ski training time for athletes with virtual reality
Did you think that to train in a sport, you had to practice and practice? You are right. But, virtual reality can significantly improve methods. Illustration in figures. “” Says Troy Taylor, US Head of High Performance.
Virtual reality was therefore used to give them "mental" access before the competition began, to be able to gain the small difference necessary in the end.. After a 360 ° image capture by the start-up STRIVR, the athletes were therefore able to practice on the track an unlimited number of times or almost. The technology employed turns out to be a clever mix of videos, VR headsets and balance boards. These have in particular been reinforced by the Halo Sport headphones. These transmit an electrical current through the cerebral cortex to help with muscle memory.
Virtual reality in training: already a common phenomenon in US sport
The US Olympic Ski Team is arguably the first in the Olympic world to look at VR to improve performance. Especially in such an intensive way, with more than 20 participants including some of the best athletes in the world. But, from an American point of view, in the world of sport, virtual reality is now starting to have a certain air of déjà vu.
Thus, we find traces in the NFL, the NBA but also university sport. A few weeks ago, we told you about it for the University of Iowa campus. There were more or less the same functions. A sign without a doubt that US sport is ahead of the rest of the world. It only remains to see on the podiums of the 2018 Olympic Games and the next major international competitions whether these advances will allow Americans to stock up on titles and medals....
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This is Part One of In the Land of Dragons: Painted Dragons. Dragons are painted as protective spirits on eaves, beams, and ceilings of important structures. These photos were taken during my visits to various temples, shrines and palaces in South Korea.
|Smoke breathing dragon face in the beams of Chungnyeolsa Shrine|
|Painted dragon incorporated into the royal furniture at Suwon Palace.|
|A ceiling at one of the gates at Suwon Fortress|
|Dragon-faced window panels at Suwon Fortress|
|Faded dragon-faced wall panels at Suwon Fortress|
|Eaves outside main entrance at Tangeumdae Buddhist Temple|
|Ceiling of small forest temple outside of Chungju|
|Outside of the main door of a Buddhist Temple near Chungnyeolsa Shrine.|
|The back of the same dragon at the main door of the Buddhist Temple near Chungnyeolsa Shrine|
|A beam inside the Buddhist Temple near Chungnyeolsa Shrine|
Part Two of this article will feature Stone Dragons.
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This sub-package allows you to select the online/print Instructor's Guides for your year.
Continue your exciting journey through world history!
Your Introduction to World History, Part 2 expeditions will take you and your children in search of great historical treasures from the fall of Rome to the present day. Sonlight C completes the two-year study of world history that you began in Sonlight B.
To guide your travels, you will use 13 great books and other learning resources such as the engaging Hillyer's A Child's History of the World, Usborne's Book of World History and many more great works.
You and your children will read biographies, historical fiction and other stories that are so rich, you will feel as if you have been transported to another time and place.
- Tag along with Michelangelo as he creates some of the world's most stunning artistic masterpieces.
- Follow Joy Ridderhof to Honduras, Mexico, Alaska, the Philippines, and Africa. Even as she faces wartime restrictions, lack of money, equipment falling apart, hardships and uncertainties, you will see God at work.
- Cheer a young Queen who rules England wisely and well.
- Travel to China with Gladys Aylward who, in spite of extreme hardship and constant obstacles, reaches an entire province for Christ.
- Pray for countries and people groups that are largely unreached with the gospel of Christ in Window on the World.
You'll also sing along with your kids as they learn 33 songs that help them memorize the continents, oceans, planets, 225 countries, and all U.S. States and Canadian provinces. And much more.
The Bible will come to life
As you read and memorize passages of the Bible in your History / Bible / Literature program, dive deeper into God's Word with these Bible study materials (which are scheduled into your History / Bible / Literature Instructor's Guide). Learn amazing facts about the people and places of the Bible, with The Awesome Book of Bible Facts. You will discover such things as: What really happened at the Tower of Babel? What size of a fish could swallow a grown man? How many copies of the Ten Commandments were there? And much more! You and your children will also memorize key portions of the Bible as you sing along with scripture verses set to delightful music.
Combines two great resources: The Awesome Book of Bible Facts and Sing the Word: God our Provider music CD.
Cuddle up and read
Put your feet up, hug the kids tightly, and stir up all your imaginations through 18 Read-Aloud classics:
- Unwrap many of life's most valuable lessons from an engaging cast of talking animals (without having to make a single mistake yourself).
- Get a candid, "insider's" peek into the daily life of a medieval castle through the eyes of 11-year-old Tobias Burgess—a page in his uncle's castle.
- Weep with a little orphan girl (once a princess of India) as she discovers the value of true friends.
So cuddle up and read aloud. You'll fuel your children's love for learning and your love for teaching them.
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Marking Birds for Identification
To identify individuals we capture for our research after they are released, we give them a
visual identification leg band or a wing tag.
If you see a banded/marked Peregrine Falcon, Gyrfalcon,
Bald Eagle, Turkey Vulture or Common Raven, please go to the federal Bird Banding Laboratory
website and fill out a bird sighting record.
Also, please contact Coastal Raptors with your re-sighting information.
Please include species, species' behavior, date, time, & location.
phone: (360) 591-5959
Peregrine Falcons – Visual Identification Band and US Geological Survey (USGS) Band.
We give all Peregrine Falcons we capture a green or black-over-blue visual identification
band and a red or blue US Geological Survey band.
We anodize USGS bands to distinguish between Peregrine Falcons we band at Long Beach from
those we band at Ocean Shores and Grayland. Red bands are applied to peregrines we capture
at Long Beach and blue bands to those captured at Ocean Shores and Grayland. We are the only
researchers banding peregrines with USGS bands anodized red or blue, so the color coding also
allows us to distinguish our banded peregrines from peregrines banded by other researchers.
Peregrine Falcon visual identification bands have a letter-letter, letter-number or
number-number code. We follow the international protocol
for peregrines banded in North America established by the USGS Bird Banding Lab.
To this end, we apply green visual identification bands to peregrines of the Peale's subspecies
(Falco peregrinus pealei) and black-over-blue to the Continental subspecies (F. p. anatum), the
tundra subspecies (F.p. tundrius) and to individuals where a subspecies designation is unclear.
Gyrfalcons – Visual Identification Band and US Geological Survey band.
All Gyrfalcons are color banded with red bands.
Bald Eagles – Visual Identification Band and US Geological Survey band.
We give all Bald Eagles we capture a green visual identification band and a silver US Geological Survey band. Bald Eagle visual identification bands have a letter-letter or letter-number code.
Turkey Vultures – Visual Identification Band and US Geological Survey band.
We give all Turkey Vultures we capture a red wing tag with a letter-letter code.
Common Ravens – Color bands and US Geological Survey band.
We give all ravens we capture a unique combination of three colors of stackable bands - choosing from orange, green, yellow or gray - and a silver US Geological Survey band. Two color bands are applied to one leg. The other gets a color band and a silver US Geological Survey band.
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Chronicles of Oklahoma
Volume 2, No. 3
PROTESTANT MISSIONS AMONG THE OSAGES
1820 to 1838 1
M. L. Wardell
Members of the great Siouan family of Indians were to be found in almost every quarter of the region between the Mississippi
River and the Rocky Mountains. Their activities were somewhat limited towards the south so they were seldom seen south of
the Red River. They were found north beyond the limits of the present boundary between the United States and Canada.
Of this widely scattered family the Osage in many respects are fair representatives. They wandered long distances from their
home on the Osage and Gasconade rivers. If one may believe their traditions they went into the south as far as Mexico where
they obtained coffee and went into the far north on hunting trips. Without doubt they frequently reached the foot hills of
Their predatory habits never left them so they were often found visiting the trading posts established along the Mississippi
and Missouri rivers. Thus very early they came in contact with white men. Unless De Soto saw them, they were first seen by
the French with whom they have had no little experience. Whether it was due to their knowledge of the country or merely a
desire to wander, they were frequently engaged on long hunting trips made by the French traders. Marquette met them when he
was on the Mississippi River and its tributaries and on his map he located them in the vicinity of what is now Jefferson City,
Missouri. To them he gave the name "Ouchage" which is not wholly unlike the name applied to themselves which is "Whashaah,"
Early in 1688 a French Canadian trader is known to have gone overland to the Rio Grande which no doubt took him through their
territory and by 1694 the French Canadian traders were among the Osages.3 A few years later, 1719, Du Tisnet was sent by Bienville to explore the western wilderness and in his travels he met these
Indians on one of their rivers which he named Osage. The next year Renault with his lieutenant, La Motte, and five hundred
negro slaves arrived at Fort Chartres and at once sent out exploring parties in all directions seeking precious ores. They
opened lead mines in the vicinity of Potosi and established intimate commercial relations with the Osages. These explorations
were followed up in 1722 by Bourg-
mont who was sent to check Spanish aggressions as well as to open trade. Two years later he had a number of Osages to accompany
him on his expeditions.
It was the policy of the French to intermarry with the Indians. This helps to account for so much French interest among them
and the frequent finding of French names. The influence of the French Catholics may account for the partial failure of the
Protestant missionaries among the Osages. At any rate the Catholic religion was more readily accepted by them if one may judge
by the results.
When the English interests were pushed west as a result of the French and Indian War it was but logical that the French activities
would be somewhat limited. In 1766 a young man, Matthew Clarkson, was sent by a Philadelphia commercial firm whose western
headquarters were at Fort Chartres. Clarkson met Osages here and at Kaskaskia. From them and the old French traders he learned
something of their customs and manners.4 Trade with them was somewhat divided between the French and English (American) traders. The knowledge of the white man began
to grow among the Osages.
Soon after the purchase of Louisiana a treaty was signed between the Osage tribes and the United States at Fort Clarkson on
the Missouri River. This was done November 10, 1808. This treaty afforded a basis for many others that followed in rather
rapid succession. It was a very good piece of work on the part of the commissioners and could it have been carried out as
intended the Osages today might have a somewhat different history. By its provisions a store was established for them and
protection guaranteed but for all this compensation was made by their cession of lands. They agreed to accept as their eastern
boundary a line running due south from Fort Clarkson to the Arkansas River.5
Peace could not be kept with their white neighbors who soon began to come in and with the Indians living to the west. Settlement
of their troubles was the old story of treaties with provisions for peace, rewards of money and privileges but duly paid for
with contracting boundaries. In 1819 they were compelled to cede that portion of their land which is now northwestern Arkansas.
Soon afterwards the Osages were hard pressed by incoming Indians from the east and by the ever increasing number of whites.
Serious quarrels resulted and a great land adjustment had to be made. They were forced to cede to the United States all their
lands and accept a reservation, which, however, lay within their accustomed territory. This was done by the treaty of 1825
and by its provisions they were to occupy a strip of land extending west from a north and south line twenty-five miles west
of the boundary of Missouri. The southern boundary of this reservation was nearly that of the present Oklaho-
ma-Kansas state line. Gradually they were forced on to this reservation which they occupied for many years. At this time,
1825, the Osages probably numbered eight thousand souls.
Such is a brief survey of their early relations with the white man. For more than a century and a half they had felt the invasion
and aggression that was sure to result in their defeat and the white man’s supremacy. This long contact with that which is
called civilization by the white men but considered slavery by the Indians had left an indelible imprint. Their traditions
were contaminated by the white man’s institutions and their religion suffered as a consequence. No longer could they go to
their morning prayers in an open field and loudly lament and howl to their gods, Meh-Woh-kun-dah, Me-em-pah-Woh-kun-dah, Groh-Woh-kun-dah
and Moi-neh-ka-Woh-kun-dah.6 Neither could they mourn for their dead as they formerly had done. Even they were told it was wrong to offer their accustomed
prayer with the first whiff of tobacco smoke which was, "Tobacco, I smoke to thee, god; give me a good path, make me a good
The great outdoors was closing in on the Osage. He was no longer able to hunt everywhere he wished. He always had numerous
enemies and had fought them for one of two reasons—either because he merely wished to or was compelled to do so. Now he was
compelled to forego his choice; he had to fight. It soon appeared that he must become a white man in all but color; he must
try to learn in a few years what his teachers and their ancestors had learned in centuries.
It was in the spring of 1819 that the United Foreign Mission Society of New York sent Epaphras Chapman and Job Vinall to see
what could be done for the Osages. A great task laid in front of them and before the journey was completed Vinall met the
fate of his many successors,—not death at the hands of the Osages for they were never guilty of killing those who came to
help them, but death as the result of fevers, malaria and exposure.
Chapman made his way back to New York and the next year was ready to lead a mission family to the West. He had already selected
a location on the Grand River (Neosho), a tributary of the Arkansas River. This delegation consisted of seventeen adults and
a few children. They left New York April 20, 1820 and took the accustomed route via Pittsburgh and down the Ohio and Mississippi
rivers and then up the Arkansas.
The mission family stopped for several days here and there in the first part of their journey. These delays were generally
profitable in that a great deal of money was collected for the enterprise. This was not solicited but freely contributed by
churches, individuals and various cities where sympathy with the missonary movement was in evidence.
Under the date of April 27, 1820, written at Philadelphia, the journal reads: "The collections taken up and donations in Philadelphia
amounted in all to nearly $700 exclusive of contributions in necessary articles of clothing, books, medicine and to the amount
of $1200 more."
A merchant of Pittsburgh donated $100 to the party. In addition to this the journal entry of May 21, 1820, states that at
Pittsburg, "a collection had been taken up during the last week, the citizens of this place have contributed in articles of
their own manufactory such as farming utensils, mechanic tools, articles of provisions etc., to the amount of about $1200."
Farther down the Ohio the citizens of Cincinnati gave generously to the amount of $500. It must be remembered that Cincinnati
was not an old city abounding in wealth at this time. When all the collections had been totaled with the money supplied by
the Board at New York and that appropriated by the United States government the sum was nearly $13,000.7
As the party made its way up the Arkansas River the members began to sicken and by July 25th two of the women had died. Upon
reaching Little Rock they made a temporary camp and lived in tents and log houses while some of the men proceeded to the proposed
mission site to prepare lodging for the winter. Here on the west bank of the Grand River about twenty-five miles above its
confluence with the Arkansas they began Union Mission.
When the remainder of the party at Little Rock was able to go on, the river having risen making it possible to use boats,
men were employed to help move to the station. Through the late winter and early spring months the long journey was finally
completed. A happy entry is found in the journal which to the missionaries meant both an end and a beginning. The following
was written: "Union Lords day February 18th. about ten oclock this morning reached the long look (ed) for Station after a
journey of nearly ten months attended with many delays, and disappointments. It has been a day of joy and gladness to us all."
Rapidly as possible the mission family set to work and soon accumplated considerable property,—five horses, twenty-three cattle,
more than seventy hogs and had one hundred acres in cultivation. They soon constructed a building eighty feet long and eighteen
feet wide by placing cabins end to end. This was done with no little difficulty and much hard labor. All this was needed to
maintain the mission family, the school and the Indians that might come to them for instruction.
Today all that remains of this one time thriving mission are a few mounds here and there that mark building sites now overgrown
with trees and scattered about are piles of stones that were foundations, doorsteps and walks. A grim reminder more impressive
than all this are the graves of several of the members of this intrepid group of frontier missionaries. On a hill about two
hundred yards northwest of the building sites are the marked graves of those who gave their lives that Indians might learn
of God. Here is the broken slab of native stone that bears the inscription
REV. EPAPHRAS CHAPMAN
who died 7 Jan. 1825;
First Missionary to the
"Say among the heathen the Lord reigneth."
After the death of Chapman the mission family was led by William Vaill and the good Doctor Palmer aiding only as a physician
could in the primitive lands. It was no small task to be responsible for all that was to be done. Under Vaill’s leadership
the mission prospered well.
During the winter of 1821 and 1822 the missionaries found coal about fifteen miles from the mission. This they hauled home
and burned. The first winter was not so hard as might be expected if we may judge by their Journal of December 26, 1821 when
they killed "6 fat oxen," had coal to burn and obtained salt from "Bean’s Saline" six miles away. They must have spent a somewhat
pleasant season but no one envied their lot.
In the summer of 1820 an Osage chief from his tribe on the Marias de Cygne, Missouri, visited Washington and in conversation
with Colonel McKinney, Superintendent of Indian trade, requested that missionaries come and teach his people how to live like
white men. His request was communicated to the United Foreign Mission Society and the American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Mission, the latter in Boston. Since the former was already in the field among the Osages the establishment of a second
Osage mission was undertaken by it. A call was sent out for missionaries and by the first of March, 1821 a second mission
family was ready to leave New York. This family was larger than that of the preceding year. It consisted of twenty-five adults
and sixteen children. N. P. Dodge was selected Superintendent to direct the establishment of this station which was to be
called Harmony and to be located on the north bank of the Marias de Cygne six miles above its entrance into the Osage river
and eighty miles southwest of Fort Osage. Harmony
Mission soon communicated with Union and established intimate relations which served to make mission life more pleasant.
About twenty-eight miles west of Union Mission was Clermont’s village.8 It was described as containing more than 250 lodges and "probably 3000 souls." Several years before the founding of this
mission Auguste P. Chouteau had induced Clermont’s band to come into this region to hunt and trap for furs for which he traded.
This accounts for the separation of the Osages,—one part of the tribe living in Missouri and the other on the Grand River
or in its vicinity. Clermont was generally friendly to the missionaries but was never enthusiastic about their work. On the
other hand Tolly, the second chief, always evinced the greatest interest.9 He even brought his daughters and son to the mission school, however, only the son stayed here for instruction.
As soon as the work in religious instruction at Union Mission was ready to begin, war broke out between the recently removed
"Western Cherokees" and the Osages10. This was progressing as most desultory Indian wars do until June, 1821, when the Cherokees killed a halfbreed Frenchman,
Joseph Revard, who was of the Chouteau trading post on the Grand River, while the tribe was on a summer hunt. This murder
greatly enraged the Osages who, upon their return, renewed the war in all seriousness. It was quite unsafe for small parties
of either tribe to be caught unprotected and attacks were made without notice.
About the first of November of this same year a party of Osage hunters were overtaken by the Cherokees and nearly a hundred
of the former were either killed or taken prisoners. During this time while the Osage warriors were absent leaving the old
men, women and children at home helpless, the Cherokees fell upon their encampment. All who could fled for their lives but
were pursued for one day and part of another until all fell a sacrifice to their enemies. They lost their peltries, meat,
horses and most of the few utensils they possessed.
The Osages were left much the loser by the summer and fall campaigns. For this they blamed Major Bradford whom they expected
to keep the Cherokees at home while they, the Osages, were away from their villages but he had neither the authority or power
to do this.11 Major Bradford was commander of the garrison at Fort Smith.
Throughout the winter the war dragged on keeping the Union Mission in waiting for an opportunity to begin active work. When
spring came the war promised to open with renewed vigor. Late in
April, 1822, it was reported to the Cherokees that the Osages, Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes were coming down to their village
in a body. This created great consternation among the Cherokees who made ready to defend themselves but the blow never fell.
Governor Miller of Arkansas had gone out the preceding month and had somewhat succeeded in quelling the war spirit. A peace
"talk" was held between the Osages and Cherokees during the summer and peace was agreed to,—both sides being tired of the
Great superstition prevailed among the Osages at any time and especially during a war very much "medicine" was made, the sacred
bird consulted and dreams were given much importance. When on a campaign one bad dream will turn back a whole army. An incident
of this sort occured in this war when in 1821 about four hundred warriors set out for the Cherokee camp. They had made great
preparation and the dread of them was felt everywhere. The whites living near the Cherokees moved to safety while the Cherokees
themselves made ready for defense as best they could but little could they have done had the Osages gone on. They turned back
because one of their leaders dreamed a bad dream which foreboded evil.
Such a war as had just been fought left the Osages much impoverished. Generally they had suffered more than their enemies.
They had been afraid to leave their children at the mission station which would have been by far the safest thing to do but
they had yet to learn that the mission would be safe from attacks. They had never yet experienced anything like safety except
in flight or a decisive victory made possible by overwhelming numbers. The summer of 1822 at Union was spent in preparation
for receiving the Indian children that might be brought in and by planting crops. The Indians must be taught by example. At
this time it was not books they wanted but something to make their extreme condition better.
It must be remembered that a single village seldom contained more than a few hundred Indians at the most and they were scattered
about over the region. Neither did they readily come to the mission. There remained, in that case, but one thing to do—the
missionaries must go to the Indians in their villages. The treaty of 1825 greatly affected the somewhat settled conditions
of the Osages. They recognized the fact that soon they must go to their reservation. To meet this situation new stations were
established to keep in contact with the wandering bands.
Union Mission had a very enterprising group of individuals. From this station William Montgomery and W. C. Requa in December,
1823, left to begin an agricultural settlement four miles farther above and on the opposite side of the river. This new station
was named Hopefield and proved to be one of the most successful attempts at expansion. By June of the following summer eleven
Indian families had arrived and at once began to make permanent homes. Log houses were built and more than thirty acres cleared,
fenced and planted to crops. These few Indians readily went to work and by August they were ready to dispose of the surplus
of their growing crops. They loaded their canoes with melons and corn and went to Fort Gibson where they found a good market.
Nothing like this had ever before happened in their lives so they returned and went to work with renewed interest.12
Not always could they expect such good results. Difficulties came to them in many ways. Sometimes their crops were flooded,
sometimes, and rather often, the "working" Indians were ridiculed by their less industrious brothers for settling in permanent
homes. Worst of all the vagabond Indians would steal from these resident families, go into their houses and eat everything
in sight. This caused no little trouble.
When the Osage lands were surveyed according to the treaty of 1825 it was found that Union and Hopefield fell within the Cherokee
limits. The former might remain where it was but the agricultural community would have to be moved for the best interests
of the Indians. This was done in 1830. The farmers selected a location thirty miles farther up the river and moved there.
They were followed by fifteen Indian families who at once began to clear and plow farms and settled themselves to work in
an industrious manner. The chiefs instructed their people how to do good work, told them to stop stealing and quarreling,
and generally set before them a good example. In June the next year, 1831, W. C. Requa reported that the Indians there owned
more than fifty head of cattle, a great number of hogs and despite sickness and persecution from the larger villages they
were doing well. He further stated, "They have generally speaking given up their war expeditions and say they will war no
more, but to defend themselves."13
Meanwhile the mission at Harmony was doing excellent work. The Indians around that place were beginning to desire the ways
of their white neighbors. They asked the missionaries to plough fields for them and to help generally. One principal chief,
Whitehair (Pawhuska), a noble Indian, set an example of industry for his people. He was the first to go into the fields and
assist with the work. Several Indians sought employment at the mission soon after its founding.
In the summer of 1824 Benton Pixley and Samuel Bright went out from Harmony to begin an agricultural settlement on the upper
Neosho eighty miles southwest of that mission.14 The Indians here were interested in a manner but the station never attained the popularity that Hopefield enjoyed. Five years
after its establishment it was not considered wise to continue it and was abandoned.
N. P. Dodge, Superintendent at Harmony, who was a tireless worker, went out from his station in 1830 to establish a station
on the Neosho about one hundred miles above Union Mission. He named the new place Boudinot. His purpose was not that of the
party that left a few years earlier when an agricultural community was established but to preach to the Indians who would
go there with him. The Little Osages, who had remained on the Osage river in Missouri, found it necessary to remove farther
west when the whites began to occupy the lands which had been ceded to the United States. To these Indians Dodge went and
labored for a number of years. This station proved to be decidedly successful despite adverse circumstances and was the last
of all stations to be abandoned.
The methods of conducting successful missionary operations among the Indians have to vary according to the conditions. When
the United Foreign Mission Society sent out the first mission family in 1820 the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions had already seen the need of helping the Cherokees recently removed to their new homes. For them a mission had been
established at Dwight where success had come to the missionaries who labored here. To this mission William Vaill, Superintendent
at Union, proposed in 1822 a general meeting of the delegates from the various stations. His plan was carried out and for
several years these meetings were held annually, each station getting its share which was always most welcome.
The aim was to discuss the methods pursued at each mission to secure the best results. Once, at least, a series of questions,
very practical in their purpose, was presented, thoroughly discussed, answered and then sent to the officers of the Societies
in the East. It was generally determined that practical things should be taught the Indians and that only such religious teaching
be given as best suited their "capacities." It was agreed that it was more profitable to teach Indian children at the mission
while living apart from their parents. A very elucidating point was evolved in one of the questions and answers. It serves
to illustrate conditions very well:
Question: Can we rationally expect that the preaching of the gospel will be effectual among a people entirely uncivilized?
Answer: Bread cast upon the waters is found many days afterwards.
When it was determined to be almost impossible to bring the Indians in any great numbers to the missions new plans were devised.
The one that worked most successfully and was adopted was that of making missionary tours. The first of these was made in
the year of 1831 when Dodge from Harmony, Vaill from Union and Washburn from Dwight went out for three weeks. They traveled
several hundred miles on horseback visiting many villages among the Osages.
In this manner the gospel was taken to several hundred Indians so that now instead of a few scores benefitting from the missions
many more were to receive what they had to offer. Of course, difficulty was involved and especially at the beginning for at
this time the Osages were having trouble with their old enemies, the Pawnees. It was common to find war parties either coming
from or going on their raids. Whenever one of these parties was in a village the missionaries found it hard to get an audience.
In particular one principal chief, Clermont, gave no little trouble in his village by breaking up the meeting and giving a
great deal of annoyance generally. Such tours were so profitable that they were made oftener than once a year.
Those engaged in teaching school at the missions were always busy. They were given ample opportunity to teach all the time
and plenty of Indian children were at hand if they could be induced to come, rather, if their parents would allow them to
be taken to the school. The boys were taught to do manual labor and the few that came and stayed became quite proficient.
The girls were taught to weave cloth, sew and perform household duties. Both boys and girls were given good courses in academic
instruction and many of them learned to read very quickly. Not only boys and girls were taught how to work but the men and
women were told how to make their lives easier by building homes and adopting the ways of white people who had household comforts.
It was a prodigious task to learn the Osage language but it had to be done to make possible the best results. Several of the
missionaries set to work at once upon their arrival to learn the language and to reduce it to writing. W. C. Requa and William
Montgomery succeeded in working out a written language for their pupils. The production was the "Osage First Book" (Washashe
Wageressa Pahugreh) three and one-half by five and three-quarter inches in size and containing one hundred twenty-six pages.
It had in it the elements of syllabication, sounds and simple words that led to more difficult reading. It was an admirable
book for Indian children. The scripture lessons were generally parables and stories that could be easily understood. Five
hundred copies were printed in Boston in 1834 and much was expected from it, being the first book ever published in the Osage
The school at Harmony had eighteen pupils in 1824, thirty-eight in 1825, and only twenty-four in 1826. The decrease was due
to trouble between the Osage and Kickapoos. In the following year the school was reported to be doing well and three years
later, in 1830, forty pupils were enrolled and seven had completed their course in education. In 1832 the Catholic missionaries
began to work among the Osages and consequently took out some of the children.
At Union better results were secured. There the school was opened in August of 1821 but grew slowly until after the trouble
between the Cherokees and Osages was settled. Two Indian children were sent from this mission to the Foreign Mission school
at Cornwall, Connecticut, where they received further education. One of these returned in 1832 to do valuable work as an interpreter.
In 1826 this mission could boast of fifty pupils, several of whom came from the resident families at Hopefield, and a school
building twenty by forty feet was erected. There were several Creek and Cherokee children in this school after 1830 due to
their having moved into this region and also to failure of the Osage children to be punctual.
The mission established on the Neosho by Dodge in 1830 had at one time a school to which a few Osage children went. There
was, however, no strenuous effort made to engage the Indians in education at this place.
Wars were the greatest handicaps to the progress of the schools. They were kept in a continual state of uncertainty. Wandering
about from place to place took out a large number of children after attending school for a short time. Then, too, it was,
found difficult to interest the Indian youth, the old environment proved to be too great a temptation. A scalp dangling at
a youth’s belt looked more like a mark of distinction than an "Osage First Book."
With the best of conditions the labors of the missions both in the schools and in the agricultural settlements were not so
fruitful as had been hoped for. As just pointed out war was the big difficulty in the school but no less with all the other
activities of the missionaries. When all seemed peaceful between the Osages and Cherokees and prospects looked good in 1822,
trouble broke out over the murder of a Cherokee by an Osage the very next year. The Creeks pressed the Osages too closely,
the Kickapoos encroached upon their rights, the fierce Pawnees stole their horses and made prisoners of their hunters, so
the Osages alleged.
The never ending number of treaties made it impossible to fix a definite location for the stations. Just when the work was
well under way in 1825 the treaty made that year provided for a cession of land such that Harmony was left quite far within
the limits of Missouri and many miles from the Osage reservation. Union and Hopefield had been left forty miles from the nearest
point of resident land. By the Cherokee treaty of 1828 these two stations fell within the limits of the Cherokee lands. The
principal station, Union, could not be moved without heavy financial loss,—more than twenty thousand dollars worth of property
had been accumulated here by the late thirties. Moreover it was not well located because the Osages were never too friendly
at any time with their new neighbors the Creeks and Cherokees.
Around the mission at Harmony white settlers were coming in
so that the few Indian families remaining there were soon compelled to leave. Union was not troubled with white settlers but
with the traders who were working among the Indians and urging them to hunt and collect peltries instead of farming. They
brought whiskey with them and by the middle of the thirties the Osages were beginning to imitate the white man although they
had long been total abstainers. In 1826 William Vaill wrote that in the six years he had been there he had not seen seen one
drunken Indian. When George Catlin, the Indian portrait painter, was among the Osages in 1834 he well summed up their many
faults and one virtue by saying they reject every luxury and custom of the civilized people and "amongst those, the use of
whiskey, which is on all sides tendered to them, but almost uniformily rejected.16
The summer of 1834 was unusually hot, dry and severe in practically every respect. To make conditions worse an epidemic of
cholera and general sickness raged throughout the Osage nation. As a result of this several of the missionaries and three
or four hundred Osages died. This was extremely discouraging.
With a view of closing the missions a committee from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, which society
had assumed control of all Osage missions in 1825, visited in the fall of 1835. This committee found conditions that hardly
justified the continuance of the stations. In addition to this many of the missionaries had now spent fifteen years on the
frontier exposed to all its vicissitudes and Indian wars. Some had already returned to their homes in the East and others
were asking for their discharge. Consequently the mission at Harmony was ordered to close up its business and nearly all members
of the mission family were discharged. A few were retained for a short time to finish the work. The school was closed in March,
At Union the school had already closed. In 1833 it was proving unprofitable as a place of instruction for the Osages and the
interest had been directed to the printing of books and tracts. This was not continued long for in 1836 the printing press
was moved to the mission at Dwight.
Some of the missionaries discharged at Harmony remained there to preach to the white settlers. One of these, W. C. Requa,
from Union was left alone to continue the work at Boudinot to which place he had gone, but in July 1838 he, too, abandoned
the work. This ended the efforts, for the time being, of the Protestant missionaries to civilize and christianize the Osages.
The work had not been in vain. Much good had resulted yet it is doubtful if many real converts to the Christian religion were
to be found. But this alone was not to be the test. There was substantial evidence that the training given the Osages had
decrease stealing—a pernicious habit among them. It had been demonstrated, especially at Hopefield, that Indians could be
induced to settle somewhat permanently and farm their crops. Some had learned that cattle and hogs would, in a measure, take
the place of the fast disappearing buffalo. Probably three hundred Indian boys and girls had received more or less instruction
in the schools and had learned many useful things.
In 1834 Colonel Dodge had with him on his campaign to the Pawnee Picts an Indian youth named Monpisha who had been trained
in the schools. His short speech to the council of western Indians and Colonel Dodge fairly well represents the best that
came from the work of the missionaries. Monpisha said to the assembly:
"We shake hands with pleasure. I am nothing but a boy, my father was an Osage chief; we wish to be your brothers—dogs fight.
We wish to be peaceable men and friends. Our good father has made in coming to you, a great road; we hope it will never be
stained with blood. My father told me that he was once a wild Indian: that white men taught him to be happy, instructed him
to build houses, raise cattle, and live like white men. I was sent to the white man’s school, (mission school) was taught
to read and write; this will be extended to you, if you make peace with the white men; your buffalo will be gone in a few
years; your good father the President will give you cattle, and teach you how to live without buffalo."17
—M. L. Wardell.
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Chapter 5c Rural Housing Handbook ~ The Details
Let’s now get down to the nitty gritty details of traditional Irish, rural architecture…
I’m focussing in this section just on one element – the roof details; other similar analogies can also be made for other elements such as window proportions etc…
Mayo County Council (as discussed earlier) has produced an excellent document on ‘Rural Housing Design Guidelines’; where they give examples of the right and wrong ways of handling ‘Roof Details’. The purpose here is to give photographic examples of what is traditional and what is not – the guidelines give lovely drawn examples with big checks next to the correct way.
The first example below shows what would be known as a ‘Traditional flush eaves’ where the soffit is omitted and the slate does not project beyond the face of the wall. The reason why this is considered traditional is that it creates a very clean line and form to an end gable; later I’ll be discussing the visual appropriateness of this type of detail with reference Spanish architecture.
Below is a detail of this flush eaves and you can see that this flat surface does create a cleaner form; the emphasis as we’re seeing throughout these posts is that the secret with traditional Irish Rural Architecture is to keep the forms simple and to reduce the massing – the trick however will be to balance this with forging an appropriate rural architectural style for Ireland in the 21st century without simply pastiching the past.
The second recommended roof detail is with a traditional concrete barge; where the barge would have traditionally held down the thatch roof, then latterly a corrugated iron roof and to the present day with slate rooves.
The image below shows a close up of this concrete barge detail (which incidentally we’ve used on our own house); where the vertical emphasis of the concrete barges clearly ‘ends’ the roof line and creates a visual junction between the end of the roof and space.
So what the Council wants us to avoid are the large boxy, projecting soffits and barges that occur at the gable and were prevalent in the bungalow blitz of the 70′s, and 80′s. But why is this?
The problem is that if we see this type of roof detail nowadays, our minds immediately refer back to the time in which these details became popular – remember the section on ‘Visual appropriateness and legibility’ where the visual cues in what people are interpreted with different meanings. This type of roof detail the planners fear will be ‘interpreted’ as a feature from houses in the 1980′s which indirectly came from Spanish Hacienda style houses with arches, balconies, terraces etc… (see Hacienda House image below); and therefore is ‘visually inappropriate’ for rural Ireland. Therefore, us as architects and designers may need to think when designing and detailing buildings - “is this a form and detail that supports the interpretation of traditional Irish rural architecture or does it go against it?”
A special thanks to Seamus O’Donnell who gave permission to include the images of his house in exchange for taking and including the image below of his beautiful lambs…
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| 0.951388 | 681 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The autosomal dominant gene that is the cause of Huntington's disease has a mutation due to the expansion of a triplet sequence of (CAG) within the coding region of the gene. Since the sequence of the entire gene is now known, primers on either side of the tandem repeat sequence of (CAG)n can be used to amplify the region using the polymerase chain reaction and determine the size (number of times CAG is repeated).
The triplet repeat sequence can be classified as a STRPs, or "short tandem repeat polymorphisms" because it has the following properties:
- A short sequence (CAG) is repeated many times in tandem.
- The region is "polymorphic" (many forms), because there are many different alleles differing in the number of CAG repeats.
- Primers have been defined for amplification of the locus by the polymerase chain reaction.
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http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/problem_sets/human_genetics/16t.html
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| 0.921312 | 186 | 3.5 | 4 |
When you swallow food, liquid, or an object, what is swallowed passes from your mouth through your throat and esophagus into your stomach. A swallowed object will usually pass through the rest of your digestive tract without problems and show up in your stool in a few days. If food or a nonfood item gets stuck along the way, a problem may develop that will require a visit to a doctor.
Sometimes when you try to swallow, the swallowed substance "goes down the wrong way" and gets inhaled into your windpipe or lungs (aspirated). This occurs most often in children who are younger than 3 years and in adults who are older than age 50. When you do inhale a substance, coughing is a normal reaction of the body to clear the throat and windpipe. The cough is helpful and may clear up the problem. Inhaling a substance into your lungs can cause a lung inflammation and infection (aspiration pneumonia).
The situation may be more serious when:
- Signs of choking (complete airway obstruction) are present. When the windpipe is blocked, air cannot move in and out of the lungs and the person cannot talk. A blocked windpipe is a life-threatening emergency.
- Signs of a partially blocked windpipe are present. When the windpipe is partially blocked, some air can still move in and out of the lungs. Coughing will often pop out the food or object and relieve the symptoms. The choking rescue procedure is not recommended when the windpipe is partially blocked.
- An object is stuck in the esophagus.
- A poisonous object has been swallowed. Go to the topic Poisoning if a known or suspected poisonous substance (such as a wild mushroom, plant, or chemical) has been swallowed.
- A potentially poisonous object, such as a condom filled with illegal drugs, has been swallowed.
- A button disc battery has been swallowed.
- A swallowed object doesn't show up in the stool within 7 days.
Approximately 80% to 90% of swallowed objects, like chewing gum, are harmless and pass through the gastrointestinal tract without problems. But some types of objects can cause more serious problems when they are swallowed. These include:
- Sharp objects, such as open safety pins, bones, toothpicks, needles, razor blades, or broken thermometers.
- In adults and older children, an object 2 in. (5 cm) or longer
- In babies and small children, an object 1.25 in. (3 cm) or longer
- Large objects that may get stuck in the digestive
tract and require removal.
- In adults and older children, objects that are 1 in. (2.5 cm) or larger in diameter
- In babies and small children, objects that are 0.75 in. (2 cm) or larger in diameter
Your doctor may recommend tests such as an X-ray, endoscopy, or barium swallow to help find the object if it doesn't come out in the stool, or if an inhaled object is not coughed out. See an X-ray of a swallowed object. A special metal detector (not the same kind that people use in their yards) might be used to locate a metallic object, such as a coin, inside the body. Your doctor may then recommend a procedure to remove the object or may simply encourage you to continue to check the stool for the passage of the object.
Use the Check Your Symptoms section to decide if and when you should see a doctor.
The following home treatment may help relieve discomfort after you swallow or inhale an object.
- Do not cause (induce) vomiting unless your doctor or the poison control center specifically instructs you to do so. Vomiting could cause you to inhale (aspirate) the object into your windpipe or lungs.
- Drink liquids. If swallowing liquids
is easy, try eating soft bread or a banana. If eating soft bread or a banana is
easy, try adding other foods. Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help
move the swallowed object through the digestive tract.
- Continue to drink more liquids until the object has passed in your stool. Extra fluid will help the object move through the digestive tract. The object should pass within 7 days.
- Watch your stools to see if the object has passed. Do not use a laxative unless your doctor tells you to.
Do not use syrup of ipecac. It is no longer used to treat poisonings. If you have syrup of ipecac in your home, call your pharmacist for instructions on how to dispose of it and throw away the container. Do not store anything else in the container.
Symptoms to Watch For During Home Treatment
Use the Check Your Symptoms section to evaluate your symptoms if any of the following occur during home treatment:
- New symptoms develop, such as:
- Shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing.
- Pain in the neck, chest, or abdomen.
- Vomiting, especially vomit that contains blood.
- Blood in the stool, such as red, black, or tarry stools.
- The swallowed object does not pass in the stool in 7 days.
- Your symptoms become more severe or more frequent.
To prevent children younger than 4 years from swallowing or inhaling objects:
- Carefully supervise young children.
- Keep small items out of your child's reach.
- Teach children not to put anything other than food in their mouths.
- Do not give children foods that may cause choking. These include hard, smooth, or chewy foods that must be chewed with a grinding motion or foods that are round and can easily get stuck in the throat. These types of food are more likely to be swallowed improperly or inhaled.
- Have children, especially toddlers, sit down to eat their food.
- Cut food into small pea-sized pieces.
- Do not feed your child while he or she is crying or breathing rapidly.
- Discourage talking, laughing, or playing while your child has food or beverages in his or her mouth.
- Do not give young children small objects that may cause choking, such as marbles or jacks.
- Look for age guidelines when selecting toys for children.
- Do not let your child play with a toy if he or she is younger than the recommended age for the toy.
- The safest toys for small children are at least 1.25 in. (3 cm) around or 2.25 in. (6 cm) in length.
For more information about how to prevent accidental poisoning, see the topic Poisoning. Keep the poison control center number for your area readily available.
Practice the following suggestions when eating and teach them to your children. Children may copy your behavior.
- Cut your food into small pieces.
- Eat small bites slowly and carefully, and chew your food thoroughly.
- Do not laugh or talk with food in your mouth.
- Do not eat or drink while you are involved in another activity, such as driving.
- Do not hold objects such as pins, nails, and toothpicks in your mouth and lips.
- Avoid excessive drinking of alcohol while eating.
To be prepared for a choking emergency, take an approved first aid course such as those that are sponsored by the American Heart Association or the American Red Cross.
Preparing For Your Appointment
To prepare for your appointment, see the topic Making the Most of Your Appointment.
You can help your doctor diagnose and treat your condition by being prepared to answer the following questions:
- What was swallowed or inhaled? What was the size of the object?
- When did it happen?
- What are your main symptoms? How have the symptoms changed since swallowing or inhaling the object?
- Did your symptoms come on gradually or suddenly?
- Have you had a change in your bowel habits?
- What home treatment measures have you tried? Did they help?
- Do you have any health risks?
|Author||Jan Nissl, RN, BS|
|Editor||Susan Van Houten, RN, BSN, MBA|
|Associate Editor||Tracy Landauer|
|Primary Medical Reviewer||William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine|
|Specialist Medical Reviewer||Martin Gabica, MD - Family Medicine|
|Last Updated||October 8, 2009|
Last Updated: October 8, 2009
Author: Jan Nissl, RN, BS
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| 0.930586 | 1,780 | 3.59375 | 4 |
UI Researchers Find Staph Infections Faster
By Brady Smith, Anchor/Reporter
IOWA CITY, Iowa - Staph infections afflict a half-million U.S. patients every year, often showing up after surgery, and they're a common problem in hospitals and clinics. Of those people infected, about 20,000 die.
"The bacteria will initially remain localized, but they can spread to the bloodstream, and if that happens, it's a very dangerous situation," James McNamara said.
McNamara, assistant professor of internal medicine, said diagnosing them has always been a slow process.
"The current methods require biopsy and culture, that takes at least 24 hours and often several days, to definitively determine that there is a staph infection," he said.
But McNamara and a team of researchers have developed a "molecular probe," injected directly into the patient's bloodstream.
"It's specifically activated by an enzyme that's expressed by staph," McNamara explained. Within an hour, it shows the exact location of the infection, under near-infared light.
"It becomes fluorescent once it gets activated by the enzyme," McNamara said. "We see it with light, so we shine one wavelength of light on the subject, and then we measure a different wavelength that comes off."
For now, that imaging equipment is in an experimental stage.
"In several years, I would expect there will be some near-infared fluorescence imaging in the clinic," he said.
McNamara is still testing the toxicity of the molecular probe, but he said it appears it should be safe to use on humans. It may be a while before this becomes common practice, but clinicians are watching closely.
"There's a lot of excitement when they see what we're doing," said McNamara.
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| 0.972985 | 380 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Use the word "shake" to describe sudden movement of an object or a part of the body.
"Shake" is usually used as a verb, and because it’s an irregular verb, you need to learn about its four main forms:
- The ground shakes when there’s an earthquake.
- Did you shake the orange juice before you poured it?
- Some performers shake their bodies and roll their hips when they sing.
- Lena’s entire car shook while driving over the gravel road.
- Old buildings can’t stand too much shaking of the ground. They crack and fall apart.
- His whole body started to shake because he was so nervous.
The word "shake" is also used when two people clasp hands in greeting, parting, or when signifying an agreement:
- Mike and Bob shook hands when they came to an agreement.
- Have you ever shaken hands with the President of the United States?
They’re shaking hands.
A shaker is a thing that shakes. This is a salt shaker:
- Use a salt shaker to shake salt onto your food.
- Use a pepper shaker or a pepper mill to put pepper onto your food.
Click here to learn more words.
July 24, 2014
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| 0.901411 | 307 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Published on December 20, 2017
A case control study using 100 patients in a private clinic in Pakistan found that vitamin D improved FEV1 measurements for asthmatics within two months, and even more by three months.
How the Study Was Made
The researchers took 100 patients within a private Pakistan medical practice aged 18 to 50 years and diagnosed with bronchial asthma. The patients were randomly divided into two groups – a treatment group (50,000 IU vitamin D3 per day for 30 days) and a control group (placebo). Standard asthma medication was continued with both groups. FEV1 measurements were taken at baseline, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months.
In the beginning both groups were very similar.
|Variable||Control Group||Treatment Group|
|Age (years)||26.50 +/- 5.50||27.6 +/- 6.50|
|BMI (Kg/m2)||24.75 +/- 3.20||26.70 +/- 6.40|
|Duration of asthma||12.40 +/- 3.50||11.66 +/- 3.05|
|Pre-treatment vit D level (ng/ml)||14.23 +/- 1.66||15.30 +/- 2.05|
|Pre-treatment FEV1||64.35 +/- 3.16||62.35 +/- 2.16|
What is FEV1?
FEV1 is an abbreviation for “forced expiratory volume in 1 second.” It is a common measurement used in testing lung conditions whereby a patient breathes out forcibly on a plastic tube device, called a spirometer, to determine the volume of air they can expel. FEV1 is often presented as a percentage of an expected value, based on factors including age, gender, height, and race. The Lung Institute has a good web page that describes it in more detail and this set of charts from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute shows common values for adults and for asthmatics.
The average age of participants in this study was 26 years old, so a normal FEV1 for a 20-39 year old is 80%; persistent, moderate asthma would be between 60 and 80; and persistent, severe asthma less than 60.
Blood levels and Asthma
Initial vitamin D measurements showed an average of approximately 15 ng/ml (37 nmol/L) but measurements at the end of the study period were not reported. We do know that most every participant was deficient at the start and after an adequate dose of vitamin D to change their level a change in FEV1 was noticed at 2 months.
Vitamin D supplementation improves FEV1 in patients of Bronchial Asthma
Babar MZM et al.
Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
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| 0.927336 | 605 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Researchers at the University of Southern California have designed a phosphorescent dye molecule that emits near-infrared light and have used it to make long-lasting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
The diodes could be used to make a cheap and flexible near-infrared (NIR) display that would be unreadable to the naked eye but could be read with night-vision goggles. Such a display could be integrated into a soldier’s uniform or a device that could be stashed in a pocket, allowing soldiers to read communications at night without being spotted by enemy snipers.
These organic LEDs could also be converted into the infrared-detector diodes that make night vision possible. Infrared detectors are essentially the reverse of LEDs, converting light into an electric current. Warm objects emit infrared radiation, which has wavelengths longer than near-infrared radiation and is also invisible to the human eye. Just as the light detectors in cameras sense visible light, infrared sensors made of inorganic semiconductors detect infrared light in the night-vision goggles and cameras used by the military, police, border security agents, and firefighters. But detectors based on OLEDs would offer an important benefit: because the thin organic polymers that make up these diodes can be deposited on a variety of substrates, including bendable plastic, organic IR detectors could be flexible enough to incorporate into a helmet visor.
“Flexibility is very beneficial … next-generation displays are all going to be on flexible substrates,” says Mark Thompson, a chemistry professor at the University of Southern California, who led the research. Organic LEDs are the crucial technology for flexible displays, because they are easy and cheap to pattern on bendable substrates, he says. They are already being used in camera and cell-phone displays, and they hold tremendous promise for future large-area computer and television screens.
Research in organic LEDs has largely focused on visible-light applications; no one has previously made an organic LED that efficiently emits NIR light. Thompson and his colleagues at Princeton University and Universal Display Corporation, a company based in Ewing, NJ, described their organic LED online in Angewandte Chemie on January 9.
Organic LEDs that emit invisible NIR wavelengths could be used to make displays that you do not want everyone to see. “For covert military applications, night-vision displays will be very important, and these diodes would be key to that,” says Ghassan Jabbour, an optical-sciences professor at the University of Arizona in Tucson, who developed the first NIR-emitting organic molecules.
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| 0.945268 | 542 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A Cleaner Way to Use Coal
A technology for generating electricity from coal without pollution achieves a milestone.
Coal is cheap and abundant, but we need cleaner ways to use it.
Coal is abundant and cheap, but burning it is a dirty business. This week researchers at Ohio State University announced a milestone in the development of a far cleaner way to use the energy in coal—a process called chemical looping that has the potential to reduce or eliminate a wide range of pollutants, including carbon dioxide and smog-forming nitrogen oxides.
One version of the technology ran continuously for over a week in a 25-kilowatt test facility, the researchers reported, the longest any such process has run. The successful test clears the way to ramp up the technology in a one-megawatt demonstration plant that’s being planned in collaboration with the energy company Babcock and Wilcox.
In ordinary coal plants, coal is pulverized to make a fine powder and then burned in air to produce steam to drive turbines. This process makes very hot flames that can create the pollutant nitrogen oxide, and the carbon dioxide generated is difficult to isolate and capture because it makes up only a small fraction of the exhaust gases.
In chemical looping, coal doesn’t react with air. Instead, it’s exposed to oxygen-bearing materials such as iron oxide. The coal reacts with these materials, and the energy bound up in coal breaks the bond between the oxygen and the iron. The reaction produces nearly pure carbon dioxide gas and iron metal (along with the mineral wüstite). Electricity is generated when the iron is moved out of the reaction chamber and is essentially burned—that is, allowed to react with oxygen in air. This releases heat to produce steam.
This rather convoluted process has at least two advantages. It produces a pure stream of carbon dioxide that’s easy to capture and ready to be stored underground. And the burning of iron in air also takes place at lower temperatures that don’t produce nitrogen oxide.
The process was originally suggested as a way to improve the efficiency of power plants. Now the hope is that it could, if deployed at a large scale, be one of the cheapest ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, leading to only a small increase in the cost of electricity.
An alternative approach to producing high-purity carbon dioxide streams is to burn coal in pure oxygen. But the equipment for producing pure oxygen is expensive.
Liang-Shih Fan, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Ohio State, says that his process could prove inexpensive. He says others have had difficulty using iron oxide because of its limited ability to carry oxygen. But he’s developed a new type of reactor that enhances the practical oxygen-carrying capacity of the iron oxide, decreasing the amount of material needed and improving the economics.
The Ohio State researchers are also pursuing another version of chemical looping, in which coal is gasified and the resulting combination of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases, called syngas, reacts with the iron oxide (see “Using Rust to Capture CO2 from Coal Plants”). Construction has started on a 250-kilowatt pilot plant to test that approach. The recent test eliminates the gasification step by using pulverized coal instead of syngas, so it could potentially be cheaper.
The work is funded by the Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory, which helped develop the fracking technology behind the current natural gas boom in the United States. NETL is also funding another approach to chemical looping, which uses calcium sulfate rather than iron oxide. That technology, which is being developed by Alstom, was demonstrated in a three-megawatt facility last year. The Ohio State work is at an earlier stage, but Fan says his approach could use far less material, making it more practical.
Hear more about carbon capture at EmTech MIT 2017.Register now
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| 0.949264 | 814 | 4.1875 | 4 |
I recently advised someone to share (publish) a bunch of files by just posting a .zip somewhere, but realized this may look malicious to a recipient. This suspicion might be driven from Windows 95 or 98 era, where zip files were frequently associated with viruses (and even using Gmail in 2005 or so I remember naming a file from .zip to .piz so I could use email to store it...)
How have zip files been used as an attack vector?
- The simplest attack would be just compressing a malicious executable file (Windows, Mac, Linux, whatever) and hoping the user is unlucky enough to execute it, e.g. by double-clicking on it.
- Some media files can execute code upon reading it in certain OSes (I learned on Superuser just now).
- But it's also likely enough that a decompressor would have a memory bug in it that can lead to malicious content being executed.
Which of these have historically (in the last 20 years or so) been the reason .zip is seen as dangerous? Even sending a compressed malicious executable is a more difficult attack vector than it used to be, since OSes like Mac OS make it "annoying" for the user to execute an arbitrary downloaded file.
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https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/105276/are-zip-files-used-as-a-modern-attack-vector
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| 0.959094 | 258 | 2.75 | 3 |
|Mycotypha species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to other one spored mitosporangial zygomycetes such as Choanephora and Cunninghamella. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Natural habitat is soil.
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https://www.emlab.com/app/fungi/Fungi.po?event=fungi&type=secondary&species=88&name=Mycotypha
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| 0.941976 | 132 | 3.125 | 3 |
Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896, provided in his will
for a fund, the interest of which would be used every year to "reward
persons whose activities were of the greatest benefit to humanity".
In 1901, the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross, whose life was devoted mainly to humanitarian cause. Living in poverty in a poorhouse at Heiden (Canton of Appenzell, Switzerland) in
1901, Dunant bequeathed the prize money to charitable causes.
The International Committee of the Red Cross, subsequently, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1917 and 1944, as tributes to its humanitarian activities
during the two World Wars.
In 1963, the ICRC and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies won the prize on the occasion of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement's 100th anniversary.
Letters from other Nobel Prize laureates supporting ICRC's campaign to build up public opinion for a total ban on anti-personnel landmines can be found on the ICRC web site
The 1963 Award Ceremony
Click image for large version
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| 0.950157 | 242 | 3.4375 | 3 |
A couple of months ago, we published a post: Behavioral plans, step-by-step and explained parents how to create a behavioral plan, in detail; you can even use the charts we suggested as a template for implementing your behavioral plans at home.
Just as a brief reminder, a behavioral plan consists of identifying a specific problem that your child is exhibiting at home – e.g. not doing their homework, or not going to bed on time, or fighting about brushing his teen, etc. Before creating a behavioral plan you need to figure out what exactly is going on before, during and after the problem behavior, so you can understanding detail what maintains the behavior. Looking into that process, is called the ABC’s of behavior management. Let’s start with:
A – Antecedents: these are also called triggers, and they’re the variables that happen exactly before a problematic behavior occurs.
B – Behaviors: the specific behavior that your child does
C – Consequences: the outcome of what follows that behavior, both positive and negative consequences for your child.
Once you have a good picture of what’s leading up to the problem behavior,what the problem behavior is, and the outcome for your kid, it’s time to specify the target behavior for the behavioral plans. Target behaviors are usually written in positive language, need to be specific, measurable, and observable. For example, a target behavior of “being bad” or “being good” are too vague; something specific would be “doing chores before dinner (good)” or “not sitting on the couch (instead of “no jumping on the couch or being bad)”
After you’ve set up specific, measurable, and observable behaviors, it’s time to identify consistent consequences. These consequences can be either positive or negative – e.g. “if you do your homework when you get home, you get an extra 30 minutes of iPad time” or “if you jump on the couch you don’t get dessert at dinner”. We suggest you do an inventory of these consequences with your kid, in an open conversation. What is he open to work for? What is he going to lose?
Behavioral plans are extremely effective to address problematic behaviors, they require a key variable: consistency on your part, and believe it or not, they work. Not all consequences impact your children in the same way, especially when your child feels like the punishment is unexpected or unfair, so be ready to be switching consequences quite often. For instance, a client of mine went from using pennies to snickers, 10-minute videos and extra time in the park when addressing his kid’s inappropriate playing with the dog’s ears.
Warning: when you start implementing behavioral plans it’s quite likely that your kid’s traditional problematic behavioral may increase; if that happens, do not get discourage, this is natural, old behaviors fight for survival. Once again, consistency on your part delivering consequences is the key factor to help your kid to engage in a new behavior.
Dunlap, G., Strain, P., Fox, L., Carta, J., Conroy, M., Smith, B., . . . Sowell, C. (2006). Prevention and Intervention With Young Children’s Challenging Behavior: Perspectives Regarding Current Knowledge. Behavioral Disorders, 32(1), 29-45. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23890617
Managing Child Behavior Problems at Home | Parenting Tips. (n.d.). Retrieved February 24, 2017, from https://childmind.org/article/managing-problem-behavior-at-home/
Behavior Intervention Plans for Home. (2016, August 30). Retrieved February 24, 2017, from http://behaviorcorner.com/behavior-intervention-plans-home/
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President Wagner visits Carter Center
programs in Africa
A delegation from the Carter Center that included Emory President James Wagner visited three countries in sub-Saharan Africa in September to call international attention to health needs among impoverished communities.
The delegation, which included James and Debbie Wagner, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, Carter Center Executive Director John Hardman, and Chair John Moores, visited Mali, Nigeria, and Ethiopia to meet with national leaders and ministers of health, assess existing Carter Center programs, acquire funding for continuing challenges, and explore areas of collaboration. The Carter Center has programs in thirty-five African nations working against illnesses such as Guinea worm, river blindness, and trachoma.
“We believe good health is a basic human right, especially among poor people afflicted with disease who are isolated, forgotten, ignored, and often without hope,” Carter said. “We have the tools and knowledge to stop future suffering from these crippling plagues of poverty and the moral obligation to do so.”
Carter pointed to the significant progress that has been made in Ethiopia against trachoma, a bacterial conjunctivitis that causes the eyelashes to turn inward and scratch the cornea. The disease is spread largely by flies and is the leading preventable cause of blindness in the world.
“We began our trachoma program in October 2000 with just a few people treated. This had increased to more than one hundred thousand by 2003, and our target this year is one million,” Carter said. “These efforts include teaching people to wash their faces, training health personnel to perform surgery on eyelids, distributing antibiotics, and encouraging the digging of latrines.”
Meeting with national leaders was productive, said Wagner, but the most inspiring part of the trip was spending time with local residents in a remote Ethiopian village.
“Standing among the families of Mosebo, exchanging smiles and enjoying the dancing and music presented for our benefit, I felt gripped by an eagerness to help provide access to a better life,” Wagner wrote in an account of the trip. “Not an American or a Western life, but a better Ethiopian village life. To do so, it will be important to listen for the desires and needs of the people and to enable solutions without succumbing to the temptation to define needs in our own terms. Much remains to learn and to do.”— M.J.L.
Creating a “bold and imaginative”
medical school curriculum
Medical schools often teach the basic sciences first, approaching diseases and organ systems from the molecular level up. Only after a year or more of coursework are students finally allowed to hone their clinical skills by working with real patients.
Emory’s School of Medicine plans to flip that model on its head. After all, says Professor of Physiology T. Richard Nichols, doctors first encounter a patient, not a virus or a cluster of abnormal cells.
"We decided to be creative about it and to propose a new idea of giving medical students a conceptual coat rack on which to hang all of the information they receive," says Nichols, who served on a committee charged with creating a groundbreaking new curriculum for the medical school. "We will start at the level of societal and environmental concerns, of public health, bringing some of the greater global issues into the educational process. Then, following some case presentations, we will begin teaching the framework of the human body--the behavioral level down through the major regulatory systems, the organ systems and how they interact--and finally what is happening at the cellular and molecular levels."
In the fall of 2004, Dean Thomas Lawley issued a challenge to himself and others in the School of Medicine: to design a "bold and imaginative" curriculum that could serve as a model to medical schools worldwide and would use all of Emory’s strengths to produce "the type of graduates we desire."
Revising the medical school’s curriculum began with a simple question: "What do future doctors really need to know?"
Lawley and Professor of Medicine Jonas Shulman, senior adviser for curriculum development, held discussions with chairs and course leaders and visited other medical schools, including Harvard, Stanford, and the University of California, San Francisco. A steering committee was established and town hall meetings were held with students and faculty.
"We wanted to graduate not only good doctors but also leaders in their field who are broadly trained and able to see new connections," says Nichols. "We don’t want to kill creativity; we want to enhance it."
Medical school curriculums traditionally are defined by two stages--basic science years (M1 and M2) and clinical years (M3 and M4). But Emory’s new curriculum, which will be phased in beginning in 2007, will integrate basic sciences and clinical care throughout, says Professor Carlos del Rio, co-chair of the steering committee.
The proposed curriculum has four main components:
Foundations of Medicine: This fifteen-month phase will be heavily case-based, taught by both clinicians and scientists. Public and predictive health and small-group problem solving will be emphasized. Clinical experience will be included from the start, and students will work in healthcare teams that might include nursing students or physician assistant students. Volunteer service will be expected.
Applications of Medical Sciences: This year-long phase will be divided into four or five major blocks, each preceded by a one-week intersession focusing on basic knowledge and clinical skills specific to the discipline. A scholarly approach to patient care and faculty/student interactions will be maximized. Students will spend time with clinical teams at Grady, the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University Hospital, or Crawford Long Hospital. Board exams will take place at the end of this phase.
Discovery: This five- to ten-month phase will be dedicated to scholarly pursuits, including basic research, clinical research, or public health research. Students will be able to choose to complete the discovery phase at Emory, at other facilities in Atlanta (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Carter Center), or at institutions such as the National Institutes of Health. A scholarly manuscript will be required, and students will be encouraged to present at national meetings and publish in peer-reviewed journals.
Translation of Medical Sciences: This four- to nine-month phase will include three required clinical rotations: a subinternship in medicine, pediatrics, surgery, or obstetrics and gynecology; an emergency medicine rotation; and a critical-care unit rotation. A mandatory "capstone course" will come after students are matched with their residency programs and will provide instruction in recent advances in medical science. The course will address working with other health professionals as well as medical, legal, ethical, and economic issues.
The new curriculum is highly collaborative, from inception to execution. Joint degrees such as the MD/MPH or the MD/MBA will continue to be possible, especially when combined with a fifth year of study.
"This curriculum offers a highly individualized experience for every student," Shulman says. "For example, let’s say a student is interested in intra-urban care. She can work at a clinic and take courses within the School of Public Health. Or, if a student is interested in vascular biology, he can spend time in the lab, perhaps even going for a Ph.D."
Close contact with faculty members is achieved through mentoring and observation in a clinical setting.
"You learn professionalism by example," says Associate Professor William Eley, an oncologist at the Winship Cancer Institute and associate dean for medical education. "We want students to keep high on their radar that we are a place that treats patients humanely. The relationships built between doctors and patients are essential to the joys of medicine."
The curriculum’s case-based approach to teaching, Eley says, is the best way for students to remember the massive amounts of information they are expected to retain.
"Medical knowledge is increasing exponentially. No one could keep it all in their brain," he says. "But talk to physicians, and they’ll remember patients they saw twenty-five years ago and talk about their cases as if it were yesterday."
Kate Heilpern, assistant dean of student affairs and associate professor in emergency medicine, says, "medicine is transitioning from a paternalistic view to a more inclusive, collaborative approach." A new curriculum is vital "if we want to skate where the puck is going."
Service to the community--be it global or local--is emphasized. All students will spend at least three weeks providing care to people without access to adequate health services.
"Whether that means participating in a medical clinic in rural Georgia or in rural Uganda . . . the students aren’t just observing, they are part of the process," says Assistant Professor Neil Lamb of the Department of Human Genetics. "It’s just a tantalizing taste of the benefits and responsibilities of working with underserved populations. Hopefully, they will continue this type of work."
The proposed switch to the revised curriculum coincides with completion of the new $55-million medical education building, set to open in June 2007. --M.J.L.
World Evangelism Chair endowed at Candler
Candler School of Theology’s rare commitment to the teaching of evangelism has been recognized with a second endowed chair, the Daniel and Lillian Hankey Chair in World Evangelism, established last summer by the Hankeys with a gift of $2.5 million.
"The Hankeys’ remarkable gesture secures Candler’s leadership place in evangelism and mission," says Dean Russell E. Richey.
The Hankey Chair is the first given to Candler by a living donor in twenty years, joining the Arthur J. Moore Chair in Evangelism. The holder of the chair will teach courses in evangelism, lead a contextual education group, and work closely with the World Methodist Evangelism Institute (WMEI), a cooperative ministry of Candler and the World Methodist Council that trains evangelism leaders.
The Hankeys have longstanding ties to the University. They met for the first time in the rather unromantic setting of an Emory biochemistry lab; Lillian was working in the Department of Biochemistry in 1948 when Daniel came to Atlanta and Grady Hospital as a medical resident. Daniel was chief resident of internal medicine at Grady from 1950 to 1951, served in the Korean War from 1951 to 1953, and returned to Atlanta to practice medicine until 1980.
Following Daniel’s retirement, the couple began a twenty-three-year leadership involvement with the WMEI. Daniel has attended some forty of the institute’s regional and international seminars and has worked with thousands of emerging church leaders. Hundreds of students from Candler and other theology schools have participated in WMEI programs around the world.
Soon after the Hankey Chair was announced, Candler received another, unexpected gift from the estate of Fletcher and Evelyn Rodgers, a couple with no close tie to Emory other than a nephew who graduated from Oxford and the School of Medicine. Unbeknownst to any beneficiaries, Rodgers left $3.1 million to twelve United Methodist-affiliated institutions, including Candler, which is to receive nearly a half-million dollars.--P.P.P.
Art up close
Art is one thing viewed in the pages of a book or as a slide on the wall, but it’s quite another to see it up close. That’s why art history professor James Meyer took his entire class on “The Art of Robert Smithson” to visit the Smithson exhibition at the Whitney Museum in New York City last fall.
“In teaching art history, there is no substitute for the experience of actual works of art,” Meyer says. “Smithson is best seen in person. It’s sculpture, something that needs to be experienced with your body and eyes.”
Meyer, who co-teaches the Smithson course with comparative literature professor Claire Nuve, planned the class in conjunction with the Whitney show and used the exhibition catalogue as a course book. The class trip was funded by Emory College, the Center for Teaching and Curriculum, and the art history department.
“It’s all part of a broader endeavor to bring students to art and art to students, to overcome the limitations of being far from centers of art,” Meyer says. “I’m pleased that the College understands the importance of this and backs us up.”—P.P.P.
Emory Eagle gets bold new look
There’s a new Eagle soaring at the George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center, and it carries a fresh sense of energy and excitement that’s infusing the athletic programs from varsity basketball games to salsa cardio classes.
The renewed Emory Eagle athletic logo was developed last year in conjunction with several sweeping changes at the “WoodPEC”: a new director of athletics, Betsy Stephenson, arrived in July (see Emory Magazine, Winter 2005), and an 80,000-square-foot top floor transformed the facility inside and out. In addition to keeping out the rain (the old roof leaked), the addition offers four permanent indoor tennis courts, as well as an area that can serve for basketball, volleyball, or tennis. But one of the most significant physical changes is the relocation of all exercise equipment to the fourth floor, to a new “fitness corridor” lined with TVs.
The result, says Myra Sims, assistant director of athletics and recreation, is that the fourth floor “has become the hub of all non-varsity activity in the building.”
Riding the wave of enthusiasm that accompanied the renovation and Stephenson’s arrival, a committee of representatives from all over campus was charged with developing a more modern Eagle logo that better represented the high quality of Emory’s NCAA Division III athletics program.
The eagle was originally chosen as Emory’s mascot in 1960 by student David Kross 62C , then sports editor of the Emory Wheel . Failing to drum up significant interest in the process from fellow students, Kross chose the majestic bird himself because “it was just alliterative, and it sounded good,” he told Emory Magazine in 1996. “Also, it was short, and it was almost the same number of letters as in [Emory], so it looked good, too. It didn’t take up a lot of room, it was easy to say, and eagles can be reasonably hostile, even though we were not very hostile in those days as athletes. But eagles can be reasonably mean when they are provoked.”
The current logo committee also sought a design that was aggressive but not mean. They enlisted the help of Philadelphia-based Joe Bosack Designs to develop a look that was consistent with Emory’s identity and conveyed the seriousness of University sports. Bosack took the assignment so seriously that he visited eagles in zoos to study their appearance.
“We were interested in having the eagle capture the attributes of Emory athletics, what makes our athletes distinctive, and the high quality of the program,” says Jan Gleason, who chaired the committee. “A big part of this was about getting a stronger look and creating more excitement for athletics on campus.”
The bold, sleek new logo, which packages the Emory name into the design, already has sparked school spirit among Emory athletes and spectators. Students have developed a new “E-rewards” program, similar to a frequent flyer offer, through which students who attend games get a card punched a receive prizes such as T-shirts and hats—featuring, of course, the new Eagle. A “pep band” also has formed to play at competitions.
“It’s been very well received,” says Sims. “We’ve seen a real increase in the number of fans and the excitement at games.”
The new Eagle “is a great legacy for Emory athletics,” Gleason agrees. “People like the look of it and feel good about wearing it on a shirt.”
In addition to varsity sports, the WoodPEC has a thriving community of non-varsity athletes, from students taking yoga classes to faculty swimming laps in the Olympic-size pool. Alumni are eligible to join the WoodPEC and take advantage of a wide range of fitness classes, as well as play in intramural sports leagues. To learn more, visit http://www.emory.edu/sports_recreation.cfm. —P.P.P.
Lifesaving talk at the beauty shop
In the waiting area of Cleopatra’s Beauty Spa in Atlanta’s South DeKalb Mall, alongside the hairstyle photo books and celebrity magazines, is a stroke-prevention guide.
“Salons are an untapped area in terms of educating African American women about their health,” says Sharion Smith, an Emory research nurse based at Grady Memorial Hospital. “If you’re sitting there for an hour doing braids, why not spend that time talking with women about something meaningful?”
The Beauty Shop Stroke Education Program is a pilot study designed to inform African American women about the risk factors and warning signs of strokes, the third-leading cause of death behind cancer and heart attacks.
Strokes claim about 162,000 lives each year; African American women have almost twice the risk of white women.
Stylists who have been trained to take part in the program speak with customers about risk factors—age, ethnicity, high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes—and warning signs. Clients are given cards with a list of symptoms (numbness, weakness, or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body; confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech; dizziness, difficulty walking, or vision problems; a sudden severe headache), as well as other educational materials like posters, cookbooks, and the current issue of Stroke Connection magazine.
“We wanted a comfortable, non-clinical environment to get the information out to women, who then take it home to their families,” says Smith.
Michael Frankel, chief of neurology at Grady, is leading the Atlanta project, and Smith is the stroke research recruitment coordinator. A dozen hairdressers in Atlanta, Decatur, and Stone Mountain are involved.
One of the participants, Carolyn Moreland, owner of Hair Sculpture in Atlanta, suffered a stroke in 2001.
“I’m a living witness for my clients,” Moreland says. “If it can happen to me, it can happen to them. Now, they know the signs and that they should go to doctors to have themselves checked out.”
The program is funded by a two-year, $60,000 grant from the Hazel K. Goddess Foundation. Even after the study e nds, the researchers hope beauticians will keep spreading the word about how to prevent strokes.
“When you know better,” Smith says, “you do better.”—M.J.L.
Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa to deliver the 2006 Ellmann Lectures
“We have an opportunity through the Ellmann Lectures to bring one of the world’s finest novelists into our company,” says Goodrich C. White Professor of English Ronald Schuchard. “I feel certain that in the next few years Mario Vargas Llosa will be named a Nobel laureate. What he’s done for Peruvian and Latin American literature is phenomenal.”
Vargas Llosa joins a notable list of previous Ellmann lecturers that includes Seamus Heaney, A.S. Byatt, David Lodge, Wole Soyinka, and Salman Rushdie--a group that Schuchard says practically comprises “the pantheon of the best literary minds of our time.”
On the heels of these lofty predecessors, Vargas Llosa continues to expand the intellectual scope of the lecture series. His appearance is of particular interest to students of Latin-American Studies and members of the Latin-American community in Atlanta, both because the bulk of his work originally was written in Spanish and because he came very close to winning the Peruvian presidential election in 1990.
Vargas Llosa was born in Arequipa, Peru, in 1936 and lived with his mother and her middle-class family until the age of ten, when his mother fled to Lima to reunite with his father, to whom she was married, but who had abandoned her during her pregnancy.
After studying English and law at the National University of San Marcos and receiving a Ph.D. in 1959 from the Complutense University of Madrid, Vargas Llosa embarked on a writing career in which he explored issues of social and ethnic identity. His first novel, The Time of the Hero , was published in 1962 and immediately launched him into the vanguard of Latin American writers. Other notable novels include The Green House (1966), Conversation in the Cathedral (1969), The War at the End of the World (1981), and, most recently, The Way to Paradise (2003).
In 1990, after years of severe economic hardship for Peru, Vargas Llosa ran for the presidency, but lost ground to his opponents in the last months of candidacy. He won the largest percentage of the general election, but lost in a run-off to Alberto Fujimori. In 2000, Fujimori, amid mounting scandal, resigned and fled to Japan; he is currently detained in Chile as Peru attempts to extradite him on charges related to corruption, human rights violations, and his 1992 dissolution of the Peruvian congress.
Consistent with Vargas Llosa’s political interests, his lecture series, “Three Masters: Cervantes, Borges, and Ortega y Gasset,” will address a major Spanish philosopher alongside two writers.
“I think its good to have a person come in like Vargas Llosa who makes us look up out of ourselves, beyond our daily academic concerns and territories, and see how he cuts across so many fields,” says Schuchard.
In this sense, Vargas Llosa lives up the legacy of Richard Ellmann, the prominent literary critic and visiting Emory lecturer in whose honor the lecture series was founded.
“Each year he came to Emory he always brought a new lecture on some modern figure. And they were always wonderful lectures that drew people out not just from literature and the humanities, but from all over the University, because he was able to speak about serious literature elegantly and with no jargon to general audiences,” says Schuchard.
“When many colleagues from around the country heard that we were bringing Vargas Llosa here, they were in disbelief,” says Schuchard. “The Ellmann lectures are known as one of the great venues for writers to speak in.”--D.M.S.
2006 Ellmann Lectures in Modern Literature
“Three Masters: Cervantes, Borges, and Ortega y Gasset”
Sunday, April 2nd at 4 p.m.: “Cervantes and Don Quichote”
Monday, April 3rd at 8:15 p.m.: “Jorge Luis Borges, Today”
Tuesday, April 4th at 4 p.m.: “ Ortega y Gasset and The Revolt of the Masses.”
Tuesday, April 4th at 8:15 p.m.: Reading and book-signing
All events at Glenn Memorial Auditorium
What’s Wrong with Rights for Children?
Around the world, children work in sweatshops, are sold into brothels, and are forced to take up weapons and fight in armed conflicts. They lack proper health care and are among those most vulnerable to disease, starvation, poverty, and abuse.
Despite heroic efforts, children remain the most “voiceless, voteless, and vulnerable” members of society, said John Witte Jr., director of Emory’s Center for the Study of Law and Religion (CSLR). “Katrina made it shockingly clear that these children are our neighbors. We intend to ask a number of hard questions about children’s rights.”
In the fall, the CSLR convened a conference on the theme of “What’s Wrong with Rights for Children?” to address these issues. The conference brought to the School of Law a high-powered gathering of human rights advocates, politicians, lawyers, and academics, including law professor Jaap Doek, chair of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child; Canadian Senator Landon Pearson, who guided the preparation of that country’s national plan for children; and former President Jimmy Carter, Emory distinguished professor.
Much of the discussion was centered on the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child—an international treaty that guarantees certain universal rights for children. Every country in the world except Somalia and the United States has ratified the convention, even though the U.S. played a leading role in drafting it.
In America, the international treaty fell victim to misunderstandings and “culture wars,” said Jeremy Gunn, a senior fellow at the CSLR and director of the Freedom of Religions and Belief Program at the American Civil Liberties Union.
“Some believed it would undermine the rights of parents,” Gunn said. “It was largely a reaction of fear rather than one where all the issues have been thought through carefully. People wondered if children were going to be able to sue their parents, or if parents would be able to discipline their children.”
Entrenched resistance, said former President Carter, came from groups with strongly held religious convictions and from our country’s reverence for autonomy and aversion to “any interference by foreign governments or organizations,” including the U.N.
Carter, keynote speaker at the conference, says he is hopeful that children’s rights advocates can enthusiastically work together to help the world’s children by implementing parts of the agreement, whether or not it is ratified.
“I was surprised when I reread the convention this morning as to how broad and far-reaching it is,” Carter said. “I would encourage every parent and grandparent to read it.” (The document may be viewed here.)
The convention stipulates not only that every child has the right to be free from abuse and exploitation, but that children also should have freedom of expression, social and economic rights, and a minimum standard of health care, education, and nourishment.
“Unnecessary suffering can be helped. Diseases can be eradicated,” Carter said. “The approach we must take is peace, justice, generosity, respect, and active help for little children who are in need.”—M.J.L.
Helping mothers find the balance
Emory is making progress in accommodating mothers who wish to work while continuing to feed with breast milk, with plans underway to place lactation rooms within walking distance of all university employees.
The staff concerns committee of the President’s Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) decided to highlight lactation support for the 2004-05 academic year when they learned Emory lagged behind corporations and other educational institutions in providing support to nursing mothers.
“If you look at a lot of our benchmark institutions, they’re doing this,” says PCSW Junior Chair-Elect Susan Carini 04G, executive director of University Publications and former chair of the staff concerns committee.
Interest in providing better accommodations for breastfeeding was widespread within the Emory community.
“When we started talking about this topic, there were a number of people who wanted to join the commission and join this specific effort,” says PCSW Chair Allison Dykes, senior associate vice president of the Association of Emory Alumni “So we felt we had touched on something that made a lot of sense for the Emory community.”
At the time, two lactation rooms were in place at Emory, one at the Women’s Center and one at the School of Nursing—but with Emory’s large central campus and array of outlying campuses, the rooms were not close enough to most employees to be of practical daily use.
Jennifer Leavey ’01G, who was a postdoctoral fellow in the Division of Endocrinology when she had her child, was lucky enough to be close to the lactation room at the Center for Women.
“Returning to work after having my first child was a scary and taxing time,” says Leavey. “Adjusting to my new responsibilities as a mother while resuming my tasks in the workplace often left me feeling inadequate. It was an indescribable relief to have a dedicated location at work where I could not only pump breastmilk for my baby but also grow into my role as a working mother.”
PCSW Secretary/Treasurer Lisa Newbern (left), chief of public affairs for the Yerkes National Primate Research Center adds, “This was a very immediate issue for me at the time because I was breastfeeding my daughter.” Thanks to the commission’s efforts, there is now a lactation room at Yerkes.
The new Human Resources Lactation Support Program sets the goal that “nursing mothers are able to find a lactation room within reasonable proximity to all areas on campus.” It additionally stipulates that lactation rooms must at least be considered in planning any new structure or major renovation.
With the support of Executive Vice President for Finance and Administration, Mike Mandl, the University has pledged physical space for lactation rooms and a grant of $25,000-30,000 to make necessary renovations.
By autumn 2005, six lactation rooms were in place at Emory, and while the PCSW had not yet conducted a publicity campaign to encourage use of the facilities, an estimated twenty mothers already are taking advantage of the rooms.
Although this accomplishment directly affects only a small group, members of the PCSW take a long-range, pragmatic view of their work, believing that such initiatives ultimately benefit the entire Emory community. If other institutions have better support systems for women, Emory risks missing out on female talent.
“After all of the resources that go into training staff and faculty members, it seems like a waste to have women quit working because they are unable to fulfill fundamental requirements for their babies and work at the same time,” Leavey says, “Lactation programs are a great way to show women their skills are valued and to help them manage a balance between work and family.”
While the Commission has made progress in its mission of enhancing the status of women at Emory and studying issues pertaining to female staff and faculty, Junior Chair Nadine Kaslow—like other members of the commission—ultimately is interested in the health of the broader Emory community.
“If policies are going to be friendly to women it will only be true if they’re friendly to everybody,” says Kaslow. Building upon this idea, the commission will use this year to focus on a theme of work-life integration—an issue where the needs of men and women frequently overlap.
“The work-life integration theme gives us a chance to really, if not stay current with out peers, leap ahead,” says Carini. “The whole idea for the president is to make Emory a destination university. The idea for the commission if to make Emory a destination university for women.”
He’s Got the Beat
Nationally, about one in five coronary bypass operations are now done on beating hearts.
Known as “off-the-pump” surgeries because they don’t require rerouting the patient’s blood through a heart-lung machine, the technique—and Emory heart surgeon John Puskas—were featured in Newsweek in July 2005.
“It’s a beautiful operation,” says Puskas, who has performed the procedure nearly two thousand times since 1996. In a beating-heart bypass, as in a traditional bypass, the surgeon takes arteries from the patient’s arms or legs, connects them to the aorta, and bypasses blocked coronary arteries. But only the tiny area of the heart being worked on is immobilized.
Whether to go on or off pump is hotly debated in the field, with some cardiac surgeons standing by the traditional method.
In a review by Puskas of nearly two hundred cases, off-pump patients lost less blood during surgery, had less damage to their hearts, left the hospital one day sooner, and recovered more quickly than their on-pump counterparts.
Nearly 140,000 bypass operations were performed last year—21 percent of those on a beating heart.
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Essential AP World History (flashcards) (College Test Preparation)
Portable and easy to use, the Princeton Review’s Essential AP World History flashcards bring you important terms and helpful explanations to help turbo-charge your AP test prep. With information naturally broken into bite-sized chunks, our flashcards make it easy to study anytime and anywhere.
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· classical civilizations in Mesoamerica
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- Cracking the AP World History Exam, 2011 Edition (College Test Preparation)
- Cracking the AP World History Exam, 2012 Edition (College Test Preparation)
- Barron's AP World History Flash Cards
- Barron's AP World History
- 5 Steps to a 5 AP World History, 2010-2011 Edition (5 Steps to a 5 on the Advanced Placement Examinations Series)
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Google™ Glass and Its Effects on Our Everyday Lives
How Google™ Glass Connects With Humanity
While we aren’t seeing the streets lined with people sporting Google™ Glass quite yet, that future may not be far off. And while many hope the connectivity will be a positive advancement, there are also concerns that the carry-on distraction, this “wearable computer,” may just lead to more disconnect from reality.
Right now, it would cost you about $1500 to become a beta tester—and that’s why you aren’t seeing more people wearing the glasses of the future. You get what you pay for, of course, as you’re literally wearing the Internet. Tilt your head, say a few words and the whole world gets pumped into your eyes and ears. But with everything being shoved directly into your head, what happens to the part of the world that’s actually around you?
Here’s the scenario. Glass keeps Google, the Internet and social media constantly in front of a person. So how are people going to function while using it, and where will this focus come from? The answer may be from everything else. In reality, its effect depends on the user. Will you allow Glass to become your reality or simply a supplement of it? Will you be reading your email instead of focusing on the road? Will you be updating your status while on a date?
Even worse—will anyone notice? You don’t have to take Google™ Glass out of your pocket to check on something; people may just assume that you’re inattentive rather than distracted, as so many other people are. Glass is designed to be out of direct range of vision, thus being less obtrusive. The fact is people may just spend a lot more time focusing on that spot rather than seeing what’s directly ahead.
Again, this is all subjective, and each person who uses Glass will react differently. Just think about how people are with their cell phones, however—being attached to them and distracted by them constantly. Is it possible that Google Glass might create the real zombie apocalypse? If so, will any of us even object to being taken by it?
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Why Diets Don’t Work
US science journalist Gina Kolata was curious about why diets don’t work, so she spent two years trying to find out why. She followed a study at the University of Pennsylvania which compared the effectiveness of the low-carbohydrate Atkins Diet with a well-regarded low-calorie diet, the LEARN programme.
After the study ended she wrote a very readable book called Rethinking Thin – the new science of weight loss and the myths and realities of dieting, published in 2007. (I got my copy from Amazon.)
She covers hard scientific research from Europe and the US into the causes of obesity.
The results she reports on are expected if you follow the field of obesity research, but might be very surprising if you subscribe to the “eat less, exercise more, try harderharderharder” belief.
You know, the one that every diet programme, diet supplement, diet food maker, and most diet book writers tells you will finally be the magic bullet that sorts your weight issue? (God knows they’d never want to tell you that or why diets don’t work!)
- Inevitably and regardless of the level of personal and professional support the dieter receives, the body will regain almost all, if not all, if not MORE than the weight lost.
- Weight, like height, is genetically determined. So you can no more control your weight (outside of a relatively small range) than you can control your height
- The theory that eating X calories causes X amount of weight gain/loss, otherwise known as the Calorie Balance Equation, has been thoroughly disproven many times.
- Weight can only be successfully limited within a 10 to 20 pound weight range – that is, the range that the body determines is healthy
- Fat people eat only a few hundred calories a day more than thin people do, but their bodies are much more efficient at storing those calories as fat.
- When naturally-thin people participated in a study to see how they could retain weight gained by over-feeding during the study, they did very well at gaining weight. Once the study ended, without dieting they all regained their normal weight. That is, they lost weight easily without going on a weight-loss programme. Can we say ‘set point’?
- Almost no-one, thin people included, does enough physical activity anymore to really make a difference to their body weight
- Per capita, food intake is DECREASING. Total calories from fat is DECLINING.
So why the “obesity epidemic”?
Science doesn’t know.
I know, that’s shocking right?
You’d expect that science would know what makes us fat and why diets don’t work. But the research is continuing – it’s clearly way way more complicated than “eat less-move more”.
But what I know is that choosing healthy fresh foods (ones you actually like) that nourish your body, moving your bones, and nourishing your spirit with self-acceptance will make you feel fabulous!
One scientist, Jules Hirsch at Rockefeller University, is quoted as saying that the human race is changing for some reason. Body weight, he says, is only part of it. Our intelligence has increased, our height has increased. He speculates it might be due to better early nutrition or less disease early in life.
Interestingly, metaphysicians say that the vibration of human consciousness has also increased in the last twenty or so years ready for the 2012 consciousness shift.
Anyway it’s a really interesting book, full of the latest research into this mystery, and well worth a read.
And you might also be interested in the results of the Minnesota Starvation Study, which explains some of the mysteries of our body under reduced-calorie stress. And what does work for health and happiness is the Health At Every Size model.
This article is part of the Body Fat: Good, Bad or Ugly? series, click here to read more.
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An illustration of air travel in the future from the September 1946 issue of Popular Science [Source: Novak Archive]
Before the American airline industry had really taken off, there were many predictions about what pent-up consumer demand following WWII would mean. The September 1946 issue of Popular Science imagined what air travel might look like just five years into the future. The cover proclaimed that "Air Travel for Everybody" was just over the horizon!
Cover of the September 1946 issue of Popular Science magazine [Source: Novak Archive]From Popular Science:
By 1951, air transports and the airline pattern itself, both domestic and intercontinental, will confound the most extravagant predictions of the men who were nursing a few scrawny air lines to maturity in 1931.
The article made historical comparisons to the railroads, as it was the intercontinental railroad reaching further and further west that opened up the United States and built the backbone of the country we know today.
But for all the planning that is under way, the growth and character of air-line service are bound to be somewhat hodgepodge for the next few years. The carriers themselves are guessing at exactly what's coming. They are in the midst of a tepid re-enactment of the railroads' expansion three-quarters of a century ago. It is a tepid performance because the air lines are rigidly—some critics say too rigidly—controlled by the Government.
And that government regulation was debated from the beginning. As Derek Thompson over at The Atlantic explained recently, the price of air travel in the United States has fallen sharply since deregulation in the 1970s. Price and the efficiency of their planes was, of course, the most pressing concern of the airlines after WWII, as Popular Science noted:
One thing is certain: Faster, more efficient planes are coming. They will go farther on a gallon of gas, and that means lower fares. One manufacturer already is talking about the possibility of New York-to-San Francisco flights in less than eight hours for as little as $86. That compares with $118.30, tax extra, at present. The Pullman fare for the same trip is $127.13 (or 4.01 cents a mile); that by rail coach, $63.12; by bus, $45.25.
New York to San Francisco in eight hours for $118.30? Adjusted for inflation, that's about $1,375 in 2013 dollars.
But while prices came down dramatically, the amenities of the average passenger have become decidedly less posh. The illustration above imagined the experience of the average airline passenger in the early 1950s. "More personal comfort" was the focus, with extra-wide windows, electronic entertainment and perhaps the amenity I miss most: extra leg room. Of course, that image isn't at odds with what is available on long-haul flights today—if you're willing to pay.
Photo of a "roomy table" from the airplane of the future [Source: Novak Archive]
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Grain legumes are characterised by their nutritional value, an ability to grow rapidly and improve soil health. This makes them a key rotation crop in promoting food security. However, yields are constrained by factors such as pests and diseases as well as vulnerability to poor soils, drought and other effects of climate change.
This collection reviews the wealth of research addressing these challenges. Volume 2 assesses key research on particular types of grain legume with chapters on developing improved varieties as well as improvements in cultivation techniques. The book covers common beans, lentils, soybeans, groundnuts, cowpea, faba beans and pigeonpea.
With its distinguished editorial team and international range of expert authors, this will be a standard reference for the grain legume research community and farmers of these important crops. It is accompanied by a companion volume which reviews general advances in breeding and cultivation techniques.
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At last month’s TEDxBrussels, John Bohannon shared a brilliant thought with the audience. Why use PowerPoint to make presentations when we can instead use dance to convey difficult scientific concepts, or any other story for that matter? This refreshing and inspiring idea shows the value of crossing disciplines and generating new ways to understand complex questions. Steve Jobs was famous for his unique understanding of design and technology. According to his biographer, Walter Isaascson, Jobs saw himself at the crossroads of the scientific and liberal arts world.
This ability to constantly shift from one mindset to another enabled him to imagine and produce revolutionary devices such as the ipod, iphone and the ipad.
If we want to see the world differently we need to be able to switch paradigms rather than be stuck with one mindset. By crossing disciplines and frameworks we can revisit existing information with a fresh perspective. This is what hyperthinking is about.
The ability to shift our vision of a problem in a very deliberate way and explore it from varied perspectives can create the ‘eureka’ moment needed to understand how a falling apple is key to planetary orbit or understand why the finger is the ultimate tool to experience a tablet.
Dance your PhD is a concept formed from the merger of two worlds, dance and science – two worlds rarely seen together. It may simply be helping us (I mean the non-scientists) understand complex phenomena because we are entertained and open to the experience. As opposed to jargon infested PowerPoint slides. In addition, by creating the choreography for the presentation, scientists can explore their subject, develop new insights and express them. Dance could lead to a monumental scientific breakthrough and curiously win someone a Nobel Prize with a choreography award.
After the success of his presentation at TEDxBrussels, John Bohannon was approached by people from different sectors to help them create a Dance Your PhD concept for entirely new subjects. Maybe Europe’s leaders needs a “Dance your EURO” spectacle to get their heads around what is going. Whatever it is, I am sure we’ll make a song and dance about it.
You can watch John Bohannon’s presentation below:
Leave a Reply
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Core Autism Symptoms in School-Age Children
University of California, Los Angeles
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are among the most common childhood neurodevelopmental syndromes. A fundamental goal in the field is the discovery of methods that mitigate core autism symptoms, since lower levels of such symptoms are associated with better prognosis. The core symptoms tend to be stable and resistant to intervention. While social skills treatments are common for school-aged youth with ASD, the current evidence base is weak, with limited external validity and durability of effects. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) offers a novel approach for addressing core autism symptoms in higher functioning school-age youngsters. In prior work by this research team, CBT has been successfully adapted to treat emotional problems in school-aged children with ASD. Initial results suggest that CBT may also be promising for reducing core autism symptoms. Fifty children with high-functioning ASD (7-11 years old) will be randomly assigned to 32 sessions of CBT or an attention placebo condition (social skills training, the standard of care in the community). An independent evaluator will administer a standardized assessment battery, including performance-based assessments (e.g., the ADOS) and school-based behavioral observations of children's core autism symptoms at pretreatment, post treatment, and 3-month follow-up. The treatment is based on a contemporary model of memory retrieval competition, employing strategies for enhancing the retention and enactment of adaptive conceptual and behavioral responses in daily social contexts (e.g., school, home), emphasizing the use of deep semantic processing to enhance memory retrieval. Quality assurance will be established via reliability checks and treatment fidelity monitoring. It is anticipated that children who receive this experimental CBT therapy will exhibit more improvement in core autism symptoms in school and home settings when compared to children who receive the social skills training intervention. This study would result in a novel, empirically based intervention for the treatment of core autism symptoms. Given the increasing prevalence of autism and the lack of effective treatment models in this age-group, positive findings from this study could have broad public health significance.
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| 0.934219 | 429 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A Postman is someone we all know. They wear a brownish uniform. They start their work at the post office. They open mailboxes and organize letters and packages. Then, they take these to the right people. They use a bicycle for this job. They do their work well and seriously. They go to houses and knock on doors. They give out what's needed and then move on to deliver the next letter. If they have special letters or packages or money papers, they ask for a signature from the person getting them. We're excited to see them. In some villages, a mail person has to read letters for people who can't read. They don't mind doing their job. A mail person does an important job for people. They help our country communicate. They connect our feelings with our loved ones. A mail person lives a simple life. They do a lot of work, but they don't get much money, food, or good clothes. Everyone should know this and try to make their life better.
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Screw piles are a type of foundation installed in the ground with minimal noise and vibration. Wounding the screw pile into the ground is an efficient way of installing them. Coupled with different dispersing load mechanisms, the screw piles can provide in-ground performance in a range of soils, including earthquake zones. They can be rapidly installed with less disturbance to the soil during installation.
How they work
The screw piles comprise of circular steel sections with helices attached to them. During installation, the screw piles cut into the soil as opposed to auguring through it. The shafts and helical flight are designed to suit the different ground conditions. Once the pile has reached the target depth, it typically filled with concrete and permanently remain in place. The protruding reinforcing can be used to increase the capacity of the pile or provide the connection to the building structure above.
How are screw piles connected?
While connecting the piles to the building, the interface between the building structure and the pile is the most important part of the design. It needs to be handled with care because the connection considers the ground and the building that the piles will be. This requires Structural and Geo-technical input.
The engineering requirement of installing the screw pile
Foundation is the most important part of a building. It makes the building strong for many years and also helps it withstand harsh conditions such as earthquakes and tornados. So it makes sense that engineer takes valuable measure when designing the foundation. There are many factors you need to consider when determining the screw pile foundation that fits your building. Some of the factors include:
- Building plan: A building plan should show how many screw piles should be and the exact place they should be.
- Site plan: A site plan is used to identify literal and headroom restrictions, especially when working close to adjacent buildings or inside a building. It is also used to determine the type and size of the machinery to be used during the installation process.
- Design loads: design loads determines the type and size of the shaft used when designing the pile.
The screw pile displaces the soils as it is screwed into the ground just as a timber screw into a prank. Due to the slender shaft diameter, it’s a less likely to hit obstacles, meaning it offers maximum protection to the building.
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Fast ice (also called land-fast ice, landfast ice, and shore-fast ice) is sea ice that is "fastened" to the coastline, to the sea floor along shoals or to grounded icebergs. Fast ice may either grow in place from the sea water or by freezing pieces of drifting ice to the shore or other anchor sites. Unlike drift (or pack) ice, fast ice does not move with currents and winds.
The width (and the presence) of this ice zone is usually seasonal and depends on ice thickness, topography of the sea floor and islands. It ranges from a few meters to several hundred kilometers. Seaward expansion is a function of a number of factors, notably water depth, shoreline protection, time of year and pressure from the pack ice. The topography of the fast ice varies from smooth and level to rugged (when submitted to large pressures). The ice foot refers to ice that has formed at the shoreline, through multiple freezing of water between ebb tides, and is separated by the remainder of the fast ice surface by tidal cracks. Further away from the coastline, the ice may become anchored to the sea bottom — it is then referred to as bottomfast ice. Fast ice can survive one or more melting seasons (i.e. summer), in which case it can be designated following the usual age-based categories: first-year, second-year, multiyear. The fast ice boundary is the limit between fast ice and drift (or pack) ice — in places, this boundary may coincide with a shear ridge. Fast ice may be delimited or enclose pressure ridges which extend sufficiently downward so as to be grounded — these features are known as stamukhi.
- "WMO Sea-Ice Nomenclature". World Meteorological Organization. WMO/OMM/ВМО — No.259 • Edition 1970–2004.
- Weeks, Willy F. (2010). On Sea Ice. University of Alaska Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-60223-101-6.
- Leppäranta, M. 2011. The Drift of Sea Ice. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Kovacs, A.and M. Mellor. 1974. "Sea ice morphology and ice as a geologic agent in the Southern Beaufort Sea." pp. 113-164, in: The Coast and Shelf of the Beaufort Sea, J.C. Reed and J.E. Sater (Eds.), Arlington, Va.: U.S.A.
- Wadhams, P. (2000). Ice in the Ocean. CRC Press. ISBN 978-90-5699-296-5.
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Endurance found and 3rd graders celebrate!
by Meg Hansen, Director of Marketing and Communications
The Endurance shipwreck has been discovered off the coast of Antarctica and 3rd grade teacher Caroline Long is beyond excited. Since college she has been studying Ernest Shackleton’s Endurance expedition and, in particular, the Shackleton approach to team building. She has been teaching her classes about the lessons of this expedition ever since.
Three years ago, her students (now 6th graders), studied this famous expedition as part of their unit on Colorado history and explorers in general. This led to her class forming a relationship with some very important scientists linked to the expedition to find the sunken Endurance. Back then, Caroline led her students as one of the few classes in the world to study it. As a result, they got to know the captain of the ship really well and Dr. John Shears, who won the Polar Medal by Her Majesty the Queen for outstanding achievement and service in the field of polar research in 2019. During that particular expedition three years ago, scientists were met with many obstacles and difficulties and had to end their mission. So many lessons for our students resulted including the importance of persistence…and endurance. Those third graders moved on to 6th grade and the scientists continued their research in how to reach the Endurance.
Last fall, Caroline signed up to join the virtual expedition again. In January, this year’s 3rd graders studied the expedition as part of their studies on weather and in particular, how groups collaborate and work together to solve problems. Connection to the expedition included following the ship’s blog, receiving weekly emails, and having several opportunities to Zoom with different members of the expedition team. Over the last couple months, they met with the captain, the ship’s cook, the weather station, ice scientist, AUV operators and even visited the helicopter hanger.
Today, as the ship’s discovery was announced to the world, Caroline’s classes (both this year’s 3rd graders and current 6th graders) could not contain their excitement. The world knew what they had been following and studying. Persistency, grit, solving problems together…and endurance…had won. Via live feed, Reach The World brought our 3rd graders and Chad Bonin and Mensun Bound (the two members of the discovery team) back together again to discuss their excitement over the discovery. The class erupted in cheers and congratulations for these scientists, their crew, and their incredible discovery.
As the ship heads to South Georgia Island (where Shackleton headed after leaving the Endurance), Caroline begins prepping for next year’s class, adding a new chapter to the lessons of this incredible expedition and the characteristics exhibited by its resilient crew…and those who discovered the ship 107 years later.
You can read more about the discovery of the Endurance here: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ernest-shackleton-endurance-shipwreck-found-antarctica/
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| 0.969255 | 624 | 2.734375 | 3 |
- The regions adjacent to or bordering on the tropics.More example sentences
- My favourite subjects are exotic birds, bold flowers and the lush plantlife of the tropics and the subtropics.
- These bats are found in the Old World tropics and subtropics: Central Africa, South Asia, the Malay region, Philippines and Australia.
- Rosella seedlings are available through local nurseries from September onwards in the subtropics or during the dry season in tropical regions.
- More example sentences
- During the winter, American Redstarts inhabit a variety of tropical and subtropical lowland wooded habitats.
- At tropical and subtropical latitudes, summer monsoon rains bathed the continent's east coast.
- This watery region is a meeting of subtropical and temperate zones.
More definitions of subtropicsDefinition of subtropics in:
- The British & World English dictionary
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| 0.797307 | 195 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Municipal Water Testing
Municipal Water and Community Wells
Homes being served by municipal water should consider testing their drinking water because there could be contaminants in the water. Federal and state regulatory authorities follow clean drinking water standards. When a municipality or community well meets these standards, the water is considered safe to drink. While most experts agree these standards are adequate to protect the health of most residents in the area, the regulations do allow some contaminants to enter the water. This fact can be disconcerting to some people.
FIND OUT IF YOUR DRINKING WATER IS SAFE
Many times contaminants can enter the drinking water as it travels from the treatment facility to your home. Sometimes unwanted substances can enter the drinking water from inside the home. In most cases, installing treatment systems within the home can reduce or remove toxic contaminants from your drinking water. To determine what treatment system you may need, monitor your water quality regularly.
Local Water Quality Makes Headlines
The New York Times published a story discussing the safety of municipal water treatment systems. Read more here.
After reading the article we strongly suggest reading the thread of user comments that accompany the story. In addition, a town mayor responds by disputing some of the claims in New York Times. Read more here.
Lead in drinking water is a concern, as lead can come from the piping within your home or water system. Learn more here.
Chromium levels in drinking water are being monitored more closely. Learn more here.
Areas covered by this service
- New Jersey (NJ)
- Rockland and Orange Counties in New York (NY)
- Eastern Pennsylvania (PA)
Private Well Testing
Are you buying or selling a home with a private well? ATS makes sure you meet your local well testing requirements.Find out more
Home Water Testing
Our EZ Water Tests provide a complete water testing solution as well as testing for particular contaminants. Our water testing experts are trained to help you with your particular situation.Find out more
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We hear it all the time: “You can’t legislate morality!”
Such platitudes seem to make sense at first. We’re told that morality and legislation shouldn’t mix.
But consider the laws enacted by the founding generation of Americans. They didn’t think morality – and especially biblical morality – was off limits!
Take, for example, the laws passed by the Connecticut legislature within the first couple years after the War for Independence. Among other things, these laws included:
- prohibiting adultery, drunkenness, fornication, and gambling—all on biblical grounds
- instructing town leaders to supply Bibles, catechisms, and other religious books to needy families
- expecting families who adopted a Native American child to educate him or her in “the principles of the Christian religion”
- punishing sabbath breaking, fortune telling, and swearing
Laws that openly reflected Christian morality were ubiquitous in every state of the nation. Even the famous Thomas Jefferson drafted several Virginia statutes that legislated morality, including laws that provided for:
- “Punishing Disturbers of Religious Worship and Sabbath Breakers”
- “Annulling Marriages Prohibited by Levitical Law”
This must come as a shock the secular humanists who appeal to Jefferson and other founders to defend their misguided vision of a strict separation of church and state!
Should we legislate morality? Most certainly. All laws reflect one system of morality or another. Why does the law allow for this but not for that? Why does the law punish this one behavior but not this other behavior?
Murder, theft, arson, fraud, assault, rape, kidnapping, slavery, prostitution, and perjury are all illegal. Why? Because we all agree these behaviors are immoral and can’t be tolerated in any society that seeks to promote the common good and human flourishing. It would be nothing short of absurd if someone argued that we shouldn’t prohibit kidnapping because it amounted to legislating morality!
The Apostle Paul teaches us that government should “commend those who do good” while “punishing the wrongdoer” (Romans 13:3, 4). But where do we turn to learn which actions should be commended and which should be punished?
The Word of God, revealed in the Holy Bible, is the only infallible and unchanging source of morality. It is the ultimate authority. Anyone who builds a legal system or passes laws upon any foundation other than biblical principles is like the foolish man who built his house upon the sand (Matthew 7:24-27).
James Wilson, an original US Supreme Court justice and signatory to the Declaration of Independence and Constitution, taught his law students this important maxim:
Human law must rest its authority upon the authority of that law which is divine.
For hundreds of years the American legal structure has rested on the cornerstone of biblical truth. Everyone agreed that the Bible should undergird our system of laws. That firm foundation has provided generations of Americans with justice and liberty—and it has enabled our government to stand the test of time.
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Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2013/03/27 11:52 CDT
Reports from the March 19 session at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference covering eight icy moons in the outer solar system: Ganymede, Europa, Dione, Rhea, Mimas, Tethys, Enceladus, and Miranda.
Before yesterday, my answer to this question would be "no." Now my answer is "probably." But it's not clear if we know which of the meteorites in our collections is from the innermost planet.
A mind-boggling quantity of information is being presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. In my first report from the meeting, I try to make sense of the Curiosity and Opportunity sessions.
The news from the Curiosity mission today is this: Curiosity has found, at the site called John Klein, a rock that contains evidence for a past environment that would have been suitable for Earth-like microorganisms.
Webcast Tonight! Planetary Scientist and Society President Jim Bell
Watch It Live or Later On Demand
Posted by Mat Kaplan on 2013/02/20 07:59 CST
Professor Bell's topic is "Exploring Mars, the Moon, Asteroids, and Comets with Rovers and Landers," and there is no one better to talk about this subject.
I had one of those "A-ha" moments last week where I suddenly realized that I had run afoul of a common problem in science communication: when the words I'm using mean something different to me than they do to almost everyone I'm talking to. The confusing word of the week: "sand."
The Curiosity mission held a press briefing this morning for the first time since the American Geophysical Union meeting, and it was jam-packed with science. The biggest piece of news is this: it was worth it, scientifically, to go to Glenelg first, before heading to the mountain.
Planetary Radio Live Celebrates Curiosity/Truly Haute Cuisine!
Listen to or watch the webcast recorded Saturday, December 15th, and enjoy a neat little French animation.
Posted by Mat Kaplan on 2012/12/20 04:06 CST
Listen to or watch the webcast recorded Saturday, December 15th with MSL Project Manager Richard Cook and Project Scientist John Grotzinger. Bonus: enjoy a neat little French animation.
Watch Planetary Radio LIVE on Saturday!
Saturday's webcast is all about Curiosity on Mars
Watch the live show at 2pm Pacific on Saturday, December 15 to see Bill Nye, Emily Lakdawalla and the leaders of the Mars Science Laboratory rover mission.
Last week the GRAIL mission published their first scientific results, and what they have found will send many geophysicists back to the drawing board to explain how the Moon formed and why it looks the way it does now. To explain how, I'm going to have to back way up, and explain the basic science behind gravity data.
Monday was the big Curiosity day at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union. A morning press briefing was followed by an afternoon science session. I traveled to San Francisco briefly just to attend those two events. Here's my notes on the first science reports from the mission.
Water ice at Mercury's poles? That's crazy, right? The MESSENGER team has made a very good case that radar-bright material seen by the Arecibo telescope is, in fact, water ice, covered in most places by a veneer of dark organic material.
Today I stumbled upon the Lunar and Planetary Institute's Lunar Sample Atlas, and was reminded of how much I love petrographic thin sections. They can make unassuming, cruddy looking rocks beautiful.
Planetary Surface Processes provides a rigorous overview of every process that shapes the appearance of planetary surfaces, and I'll be referring to it to help me explain everything from impact cratering to isostasy.
A summary of just one talk from the Division for Planetary Sciences meeting, by Lindy Elkins-Tanton, which provided a neat explanation for how asteroids can be melted and layered on the inside yet have a primitive-looking exterior.
In the first full day of the annual meeting of the Division of Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society, I listened to scientific sessions on icy worlds and on an exoplanet in a four-star system.
A Curiosity press briefing yesterday gave some of the first results from ChemCam and APXS on the rock "Jake Matijevic." It was a little too much petrology for most people; I do my best to explain.
Posted by Kelsi Singer on 2012/10/01 04:31 CDT
Long-runout landslides (sturzstroms) are found across the Solar System. They have been observed primarily on Earth and Mars, but also on Venus, and Jupiter’s moons Io and Callisto. I have just published a paper about sturzstroms on Iapetus.
I'm hosting this week's Cosmoquest Science Hour, and plan to take viewers on a virtual tour of those mountains on Curiosity's horizon, and show you where Curiosity is likely to go. Join me and Fraser Cain here at 1600 PDT / 2300 UTC Wednesday.
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It’s early fall. The air turns cool; we start to enjoy changing leaves and apple cider. And we hope to God we don’t get the flu this year. Winter is known as flu season because it is, without a doubt, the time of year this viral illness is most common.
We start hearing a lot of calls for vaccination, and people begin heading to their nearest Quick Care in droves. But could conventional medicine be missing an essential piece of the puzzle when it comes to flu prevention? Let’s take it back, way back, to a guy named Louis Pasteur who kind of started our whole germ obsession.
Ancient Guys and Their Theories
You’re probably familiar with Louis Pastuer, the man famous for developing the idea of germ theory: the seemingly common-sense idea that disease is caused by the microbes we’re exposed to. This idea led to a lot of important work, like the creation of vaccines and antibiotics that were able to prevent and cure the prevalent and deadly diseases of the time. This was a big deal, and our life expectancies shot way up.
Of course, we know that the tenets of this theory are accurate. Bacteria and viruses can cause disease. But it’s only part of the story.
Take it back to Pasteur’s day, and there was another guy who gets talked about a whole lot less. Claude Bernard proposed terrain theory, the idea that the state of the body plays a huge role in determining whether or not we get ill. It offers us the essential flip-side that Pasteur overlooked and that modern medicine misses today.
It explains why two people can both be exposed to the same germs (think hanging out with the same friend who coughs flu virus your way) and one can get sick, while the other never does.
This second piece of the puzzle is way too important to ignore. A focus on germs alone causes us to villainize microbes, which we’re learning are essential for life and health. The majority of microbes are actually beneficial or harmless to us. But most importantly, a strategy that ignores the body’s role in preventing illness won’t be as effective as one that places it front and center.
Boosting the Terrain to Prevent Flu
The primary idea we can take from terrain theory for flu-prevention purposes is that the way we take care of our body can either strengthen or weaken the body’s ability to defend itself. Some lifestyle choices strengthen our immunity, while others suppress it. Winter doesn’t have to be a time of constant sickness, and you’ll find that the better you take care of yourself, the less amount of time you’ll tend to spend sick.
Let’s jump into the top factors that can impact your body’s immunity, and outline a practical strategy for preventing the flu naturally. This strategy includes easily-accessible lifestyle interventions and my top recommended supplements for boosting immunity during the winter months.
Your Natural Flu-Prevention Rx
So often I see recommendations by my natural health idols including a list of 15 supplements and herbs that are great for doing this or that. But they don’t explicitly tell me if I need to take them all, or which ones I really need to take, or how much, and it’s all very confusing.
Because, let’s face it, I can’t afford to go buy 15 supplements and can’t even imagining getting that many down in a single morning. I imagine you feel very much the same way, which is why I’m breaking it down to those supplements I think are most important for supporting your body’s innate immunity, and giving you specific dosage instructions. And because the quality of the supplement is crucial, I’ve provided my top product picks.
It can be difficult to get all the vitamins and minerals we need from our diet, making it important to take a quality, food-based supplement to fill in the gaps. This is a good first step even if you’re diet is absolutely on point because modern commercial farming practices deplete our soil, leaving the produce that grows in it with smaller amounts of nutrients than they would have had several decades ago. A multivitamin, along with your diet, lays the foundation of your health, providing the fuel for all your body’s essential functions.
Dosage: One daily
Product Pick: Rainbow Light, Women’s One Multivitamin
- Vitamin C
The importance of Vitamin C supplementation was suggested decades ago by two-time nobel-winning chemist Linus Pauling. His insistence on the protection this vitamin could give led to him being rejected by the scientific community that had previously lauded him as a great scientific thinker. Pauling isn’t around to see it, but modern research is confirming what he found, that supplementing vitamin C does provide better protection against colds and flu by improving your immune system’s ability to respond.
Dosage: 500 mg (2 gummies) per day
Product pick: Rainbow Light Gummy Vitamin C Slices, 250 mg
- Vitamin D
Vitamin D is an incredibly common deficiency in developed countries like the US. One study found that 57 percent of adults are deficient in this vitamin that’s critical for immunity, mood, and so much more. Sunshine triggers our bodies to make this substance, so the winter months are especially problematic, and not too many foods contain large amounts of the vitamin, making supplementing important for your health.
Dosage: Start with 2000 IU (2 gummies) per day
This is one of the few vitamins we require that are fat-soluble, meaning any excess isn’t flushed as easily out of our bodies with water, but is stored in our body’s fat. This means we can experience symptoms of overdose if we get too much, making it ideal to have blood tests periodically to ensure that your blood levels of vitamin D are between 50-70 ng/mL. The amount of IU you need to take to achieve this blood volume varies by individual, but 2000 is considered a good starting-point.
Product pick: Rainbow Light Vitamin D3, 1000 IU Sunny Gummy
- Elderberry & Echinacea Syrup
Elderberry and Echinacea are two of the most popular herbs for immune support, with good reason. Both have research supporting their effectiveness at improving immune function and protecting the body in the face of the cold and flu. Add these herbs to your daily routine in the winter months to give your immune system an extra boost. They can be found in a variety of forms, but I like this syrup by Immune Zoom.
Dosage: Take 1 tsp twice per day
Product pick: Immune Zoom with Echinacea & Elderberry, 8.4 fl oz
- Immune Tonic
Urban Moonshine’s Immune Tonic extract blends red reishi mushroom, astragulus, ginger root, licorice root, codnopsis root, maitake, eleuthero root, and schisandra berry. These herbs provide both a boost to your immune system and help your body adapt more readily to the many stresses you’re facing, both physical and emotional. Feel free to choose either the elderberry/echinacea blend above or this one, or take both daily for extra strength.
Dosage: Take ½ tsp once or twice per day.
- Cut back on sugar and alcohol.
Sugar consumption has been found to decrease the responsiveness of neutrophils, white blood cells vital to our immune response. This is likely because sugar causes an inflammatory response in the body, leaving those neutrophils a little preoccupied cleaning up the mess they’ve already got on their hands when an invader comes along. As for alcohol, heavy drinking has been found to impair the functioning of both dendritic cells and T-cells, two big players in your immune system. Have a drink now and then, but practice moderation.
- Think veggies.
Focusing on nutrient density is super important when trying to build up the strength of the body’s functioning. This is where the body gets the fundamental building blocks that fuel everything going on inside. Nutrient deficiencies that come from a diet high in processed foods and low in whole grains and veggies weakens our overall health, including our immune functioning. Get a variety of nutrients in by including a rainbow of veggies in your diet, from slurping green smoothies to throwing some veggies in with your breakfast eggs.
We hear it all the time, to the point where I think we sometimes think it’s just a trite saying. But sleep is huge for health in general and avoiding illnesses like the flu in particular. Studies find that those who don’t get enough sleep are more likely to become ill when exposed to viruses and bacteria. Cytokines, proteins needed to prevent infection, are produced when we sleep at night, and less sleep equals less infection-fighting potential. Aim for at least 8 hours a night, and make getting it a priority.
We know that “flu season” doesn’t make being sick all winter inevitable. It’s a time to check in and make sure we’re taking care of our bodies the way we need to be all year long. It’s a time to make sure our terrain is at its optimal best, strong and ready to take on any intruders. Put your focus on improving the health of your body and strengthening its immunity, and you’ll find yourself spending less time sick this winter and more time doing all the things you love.
Have a favorite natural flu-prevention strategy? Let us know below!
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Makers, developers and hobbyists that enjoy using the Raspberry Pi minicomputer to build projects might be interested in a new Raspberry Pi Debug Clip that has been created by Ryanteck based in the UK.
The Raspberry Pi Debug Clip is a USB to Serial converter that has been built on a small PCB that connects to the Raspberry Pi’s GPIO Header. Watch the video after the jump to learn more about the Raspberry Pi Debug Clip project.
Once installed on a Raspberry Pi, users are then able to launch a program on your desktop PC and access the serial console on the Raspberry Pi mini PC with ease. Its creator explains a little more :
The debug clip is one of the most handy tools for the Raspberry Pi and is ideal for applications where you have no network connection or monitors attached to the Pi. The clip is also great for use with the Model A & A+ due to the one USB Port.”
Examples include :
• Setting up Wi-Fi or Bluetooth Connections.
• Being able to use the Raspberry Pi terminal through your computer without any need of setting up a network beforehand.
• Launching applications on headless Pi’s
• Fixing code on your Raspberry Pi project such as a robot.
“Why use this over a debug cable? This handy little clip fixes a couple of the issues commonly found with the cables commonly used by most”
• Simpler To connect – Unlike the cables you don’t need to remember where any pins go, just push onto the GPIO, Plug into USB and you’re ready to go.
• Protection! – The final model will also include some extra circuit protection to help keep your Pi & Debug clip from short circuiting.
• Compatible with Other Add-Ons – The clip is designed to be sandwiched between the Pi’s GPIO pins and other add-on boards. As long as they don’t use serial then it should be compatible. whether they have extended headers or not.
• Activity Lights – Most cables don’t provide any way of being able to see any activity between the computer and the Pi. This way you can easily see whether its your computer configured incorrectly or your Raspberry Pi not working.
• Windows tutorials – As well as being simpler to connect and use were going to write a full tutorial to show you how to quickly get running with the clip on Windows.
• Windows 8/8.1 Drivers – Many cables don’t have Windows 8.1 drivers or require a work-around. This clip uses a IC which has Windows 8.1 Drivers and installs in around 10 minutes. We’ve written a full guide on how to install the drivers which will be available on the documentation page. For Windows 7 the drivers install automatically for you.
• Mac & Linux Installer – We’ve also made a handy Linux and Mac Installer which downloads the software required automatically, detects the port that the debug clip is on and automatically launches it by just running a command from the shell!
For more information on the new Raspberry Pi Debug Clip jump over to the Kickstarter website for details via the link below.
Source: KickstarterFiled Under: Concepts & Design, Hardware
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| Leucothrinax (loo-koh-TREE-naks) |
Elizabeth Caye, Bahamas.
Habitat and DistributionBahamas, Cuba, Florida, Haiti, Leeward Is., and Puerto Rico. Widespread and common in
Leucothrinax morrisii is a palmate-leaved palm with a solitary brown or grey trunk 1–11 metres (3–36 ft) tall and 5–35 centimetres (2–14 in) in diameter. Leaves are pale blue-green or yellow-green, whitish on the undersides. Petioles are 27–84 cm (0.9–2.8 ft) long with split petioles. The leaflets are 33–75 cm (1.1–2.5 ft) long and 2.3–4.8 cm (1–2 in) wide. The inflorescences extend beyond the leaves and are 55–100 cm (1.8–3.3 ft) long. The fruit are white, and turn yellow as they mature.
Solitary, unarmed, hermaphroditic palm to 11m tall. Stems to 35 cm in diameter. Leaves palmate, induplicate. Leaves glaucous adaxially; adaxial hastula silky upon leaf emergence (but pubescence caducous); leaf blade composed entirely of palisade cells; flowers sessile or subsessile Petioles split basally with net-like fibers, elongate, usually longer than the leaf blade. Abaxial surfaces of petiole and leaf blade covered with whitish waxy scales. Hastula and inflorescence bracts covered with silky, white caducous scales. Inflorescences arching, exceeding the leaves. Flowers sessile or borne on very short pedicels less than 1 mm in length. Fruits white, globose. Endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral. Editing by edric.
Cold Hardiness Zon: 9b
Comments and Curiosities
Etymology: Specific epithet honors Sir Daniel Morris, the early 20th century assistant director at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Leucothrinax morrisii is one of the most familiar cultivated palms of the Caribbean region and is also found in tropical gardens and conservatories worldwide. Its status as a distinct, monotypic genus had been, until now, unrecognized, as it shares many visible features with Thrinax excelsa, T. parviflora and T. radiata. Using molecular tools that were unavailable to earlier taxonomists, we were able to show a clear distinction between Leucothrinax and related palms. (C.E. Lewis and S. Zona. 2008)/Palmweb.
Slow growing, this mid-sized palm has a slender, smooth trunk and circular, fan-shaped leaves with silvery undersides, arranged in a dense crown. It is native to the Florida Keys and much of the Carribean region, where it grows in open woodlands and coastal areas. It will thrive in any open situation in subtropical and tropical climates and prefers a well drained, calcareous soil. (RPS.com)
Conservation: It has a conservation status of “least concern” (Zona et al. 2007) under the World Conservation Union criteria (IUCN 2006). Nevertheless, it represents unexpected diversity in the Caribbean palm flora and suggests that further phylogenetic research may uncover additional surprises. This research must be done quickly, as many Caribbean palms are in rapid decline, along with the threatened areas they inhabit (Zona et al. 2007). (C.E. Lewis and S. Zona. 2008)/Palmweb.
- Glossary of Palm Terms
- MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN
- "Just To Be Clear"
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.
Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.
Special thanks to Palmweb.org, Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.
Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).
Lewis, C.E. & Zona, S. 2008. Leucothrinax morrisii, a New Name for a Familiar Caribbean Palm. Palms 52(2) 84-88.
Many Special Thanks to Ed Vaile for his long hours of tireless editing and numerous contributions.
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SWANTON, Vermont—Silver maples, lanky and bare, stand on the frozen flood plain at the Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge. Two sets of tracks—fox and mouse—weave across the snowy surface of the river, which is home to bass, muskrats, and beavers. In the fall, more than 20,000 migrating ducks will converge here, and in the summer, one of the refuge’s rarest species, spiny softshell turtles, will bask and forage on its gravelly beaches and sandbars.
Sixty miles south of Montreal, near the U.S.-Canada border, Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge is one of the most productive and pristine wetland ecosystems in the Northeast. Yet even here, scientists have found an abundance of fish with bizarre abnormalities that suggest exposure to hormone-disrupting water pollution.
Scientists from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Geological Survey studied fish in 19 national wildlife refuges in the U.S. Northeast, including Missisquoi. Their conclusion: An astonishing 60 to 100 percent of all the male smallmouth bass they examined had female egg cells growing in their testes.
Scientists call this condition intersex, and while its exact causes are unknown, it’s been linked to manmade, environmental chemicals that mimic or block sex hormones.
Over the past decade, feminized male fish have been discovered in 37 species in lakes and rivers throughout North America, Europe, and other parts of the world. Experts say the new discovery in protected wildlife refuges is worrisome because it suggests that pollution may be even more pervasive than previously thought.
“There are no truly untouched areas. I think the take away here is that everything we do, everything we use or put on the land, ends up in the water at some point,” says Luke Iwanowicz, a U.S. Geological Survey fish researcher based in West Virginia who led the wildlife refuge study.
What scientists don’t know is what these feminized fish portend for the health of these species, for the environment, and perhaps for humans, too.
“When fish are getting intersex, it’s probably a good indication that something is wrong in the environment,” says Vicki Blazer, a researcher at the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Fish Health Research Laboratory in West Virginia.
Female Eggs in Male Testes
Intersex males don’t look outwardly different than normal males. In fact, federal scientists uncovered the condition by accident in the Chesapeake Bay watershed in 2003. They were conducting a post-mortem examination to determine the causes of a smallmouth bass die-off when they found male fish with female egg cells in their testes. In a follow-up study, they found these intersex conditions in more than three-quarters of male smallmouth bass caught in parts of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers in Virginia and West Virginia.
Gender in fish isn’t always straightforward. Some species of fish—including clown fish, grouper, and gobies—are hermaphrodites, meaning they naturally have both male and female sex organs. They are born with the ability to change their gender—it’s a special adaptation that some species have evolved to improve their chances at reproducing.
Intersex is different. It happens in species of fish that aren’t hermaphroditic, and it doesn’t help reproduction. In severe cases, it can make fish sterile.
“Intersex definitely is not normal,” says Don Tillitt, a U.S. Geological Survey toxicologist. The presence of female eggs in male testes indicates some kind of hormonal confusion. Scientists call this phenomenon endocrine disruption.
Mounting evidence suggests that intersex in fish may be the result of exposure to contaminants that encompass a wide range of natural and synthetic chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and personal care products. Some chemicals of concern include estrogens from birth control pills, the plasticizer bisphenol A, and the herbicide atrazine. These chemicals can mimic and in some cases interrupt a body’s normal hormonal processes.
Worldwide, intersex conditions caused by hormonal disruption have occurred in an array of aquatic animals, including alligators, turtles, and frogs.
In the Chesapeake Bay watershed, researchers found the most evidence of intersex fish in areas with a lot of agriculture and wastewater effluent, and large human populations. Hormonally active chemicals have been shown to flow into rivers and lakes through discharge from wastewater treatment plants and runoff from roads, yards, and farm fields.
“We knew this was going on in the Chesapeake watershed, but we didn’t expect to see issues like this in protected natural areas with far less development,” Iwanowicz says.
A Symptom of Polluted Water
When Iwanowicz and his colleagues examined bass—both largemouth and smallmouth—on wildlife refuges from Virginia to Maine, their goal was to assess potential water quality threats from endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Bass—especially smallmouth bass—serve as indicator species for scientists, meaning they are particularly sensitive to pollutants in the environment.
“One of the roles of the national wildlife refuges is to preserve natural ecosystems, so it’s a management issue for us,” says Ken Sturm, Missisquoi’s refuge manager. “Water is the blood of this ecosystem. Intersex in fish may be a symptom of larger problems with water quality that we’re just beginning to understand.”
Some of the refuges sampled, such as John Heinz at Tinicum in Philadelphia and Great Swamp in New Jersey, are close to major East Coast urban centers. Others, including Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge in Maine and Missisquoi, are more remote—surrounded by forests, farm fields, and small towns.
The researchers found intersex smallmouth bass everywhere they looked. About 85 percent of the males collected in the refuges were intersex. At least some males at every site had female egg cells. It was less prevalent in largemouth bass—about 27 percent.
Surprisingly, the phenomenon wasn’t nearly as widespread in previous testing at eight U.S. river basins, including the Mississippi, Rio Grande, and Columbia Rivers. In that research, 33 percent of male smallmouth bass were feminized.
Why are there so many intersex fish on the refuges? No one knows.. For most of the refuges, there are no identifiable sources—no sewage treatment plant or industrial facility, for example—putting out pollutants that could explain the phenomenon.
“It’s really pretty staggering to be seeing these percentages in areas we would think of as pristine natural areas,” says Christopher Martyniuk, a fish biologist at the University of Florida who was not involved with the refuge study.
We like to think of the far wilds of northern Vermont or Maine as pristine, explains Iwanowicz, yet the newest study serves as a reality check.
Even protected places are influenced by their surroundings, adds Sturm, who has managed the Mississquoi refuge for five years. The Mississquoi River winds for 80 miles through the northern Green Mountains along the U.S.-Canada border before it pours into Lake Champlain. The area is rural, peppered with dairy farms, small towns, and vacation homes. The refuge is made up of narrow strips of land that stretch like a claw from the river mouth into the lake.
“Anything that goes into the water along the way water flows right through the refuge,” he says.
Too Much Estrogen
Estrogen-like chemicals are the suspected culprits. A higher-than-expected level of estrogen activity was detected in water collected from 79 percent of the sites. However, no tests have occurred yet to identify specific chemicals.
An unusual signature in the blood of fish from the Missisquoi River also points toward environmental estrogens. Researchers found high levels of vitellogenin—a protein involved in producing egg yolk—in many smallmouth bass. In male fish, the gene that tells the body to produce vitellogenin is usually “turned off,” explains Iwanowicz. That gene only “switches on” in the presence of estrogen, a female sex hormone.
“When we find vitellogenin in the blood it’s a pretty clear indication that those male fish were exposed to extra estrogens of some kind,” says Iwanowicz.
One environmental estrogen is ethinyl estradiol—a chemical found in birth control pills. In laboratory studies, scientists have been able to induce intersex in some fish by exposing males to the compound.
Yet the answers in nature—where fish are exposed to a variety of chemicals and other stressors—are never as clear-cut as in the tightly controlled laboratory environment.
Other environmental factors might contribute to intersex in fish, including low levels of dissolved oxygen and warming water temperatures. Scientists don’t yet understand how some of these other factors may be influencing feminization, explains Tillitt.
Researchers are also probing the consequences of intersex for fish health.
Experiments with minnows suggest that exposure to environmental estrogens may cause problems for fish populations. Very severe levels of feminization—having a lot of egg cells in the testes—can impair sperm quality, impeding a fish’s ability to reproduce. But feminization is a continuum: Males with only a few eggs in their testes may have no trouble at all reproducing.
The intersex findings in bass at the refuges don’t appear to be linked to any population-scale reproductive problems for the popular sport fish.
Nevertheless, Sturm worries about what the findings mean for some of the refuge’s more vulnerable species, such as the spiny softshell turtle. About 200 of the leathery-skinned turtles reside in Lake Champlain, most of them clustering around the mouth of the river. They’re vulnerable to water pollution and other threats, including predation, boating, and fishing hooks. No other population of spiny softshell turtle exists in New England or Quebec, though it is found elsewhere in North America.
“Bass are a sentinel species, but it’s possible that other animals could be affected too,” says Sturm.
Reproductive impairment isn’t the only concern, says Blazer. In the Potomac and Susquehanna Rivers, she’s seen an increase in diseases, die offs, and infections in some fish species. Their immune systems are weak. These health problems seem to correlate with levels of intersex.
“It’s possible that the environmental chemicals inducing intersex may also be causing immune system problems,” she says.
Exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals in drinking water, food, and household products have been linked to health problems in people too, including reduced fertility, developmental delays in children, and some cancers. But it’s too soon to say whether feminized fish are indicative of health effects for humans too.
“Knowing that environmental chemicals which disrupt endocrine function are out in the environment at concentrations above thresholds for effect should lead us to try to evaluate the risk in a more comprehensive fashion,” says Tillitt.
Along the Missisquoi
On the banks of the Missisquoi, frozen marsh grasses crunch underfoot. A downy woodpecker flits among the wayward branches of an uprooted tree. Muskrat lodges—small mounds made from bulrush and cattail—dot the landscape.
Winters are bleak here, but in a few months, the ice will thaw and the refuge once again will teem with wildlife. Established in 1943 as part of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act, the Missisquoi refuge occupies a prime spot on the Atlantic Flyway—one of North America’s major bird migration routes.
Two years ago, the refuge and the Missisquoi delta were designated a Wetland of International Importance under an international treaty that calls attention to globally important ecosystems. That puts the refuge on a list that includes renowned habitats such as the Florida Everglades and Africa’s Okavango Delta.
While seven miles of trail and other public activities occur at the refuge, much of the refuge’s 7,000 acres are off-limits to people. “Wildlife is our first priority. Humans come second,” says Sturm.
Yet the refuge—and the river itself—are not untouched. Vermont Route 78, a main thoroughfare connecting northern Vermont with New York State—bisects the refuge wetlands, causing wildlife deaths from roadkill. Just south of the refuge, an abandoned dam blocks sturgeon, walleye and other fish species from reaching important spawning grounds in Lake Champlain. In the summer, manure from farm fields upstream trickles into the river, causing smelly algae blooms in Missisquoi Bay.
“As stewards of an internationally important wetlands, we do what we can to protect it, but we don’t have ultimate control over its fate,” says Sturm. “Communities must come together to protect the entire watershed.”
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In this quick tutorial you'll learn how to draw a Baby Walrus in 3 easy steps - great for kids and novice artists.
The images above represents how your finished drawing is going to look and the steps involved.
Below are the individual steps - you can click on each one for a High Resolution printable PDF version.
At the bottom you can read some interesting facts about the Baby Walrus.
Make sure you also check out any of the hundreds of drawing tutorials grouped by category.
How to Draw a Baby Walrus - Step-by-Step Tutorial
Step 1: First, let's draw the head and flippers. Start by drawing a large half circle. Then, draw two little lumps on each side for the flippers.
Step 2: Next, let's draw the face. Draw two ovals for the eyes. Draw two little upside-down triangles for the teeth, with a curved line in between them for the mouth. Draw a curved line for the top of the snout and two little dots for the nose.
Step 3: To finish up your cute little walrus, let's draw the tail. Starting from just above the right flipper, draw a curved line up and then to the right. Draw little lines inside for detail. Your walrus is done!
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An Old and New Migration
These snowbirds roll south for the winter.
A great migration begins around November and December of each year as more than a million snowbirds flee the winter chill of their homes for the warmth of Texas. But these flocks aren’t the feathery kind; they mostly travel by RV. The snowbirds, or Winter Texans, come here to enjoy our mild winter weather, natural beauty and almost unlimited recreational possibilities.
Most Winter Texans still can be found in the Rio Grande Valley, basking in its subtropical climate or swimming and fishing on South Padre Island. But more than ever, they are exploring new digs all over the state.
Areas sometimes considered out-of-the-way, such as the Big Bend or the vast Panhandle/High Plains have now become popular destinations among motorists and RV enthusiasts. The more populated areas of the state – the Prairies and Lakes area, the Piney Woods and the spectacular Hill Country – beckon more new winter visitors every year. And, every year, more Texas towns and cities roll out the red carpets for their seasonal guests.
Texas is more accessible now than ever, and travelers to Texas are more aware than ever of the unique sights and wonderful experiences awaiting them. Helping keep the interest high are a number of Winter Texan newspapers, magazines, guides and maps. Most are available over the Internet.
Gov. Rick Perry’s award-winning tourism initiative “Texas, It’s Like A Whole Other Country” has gained wide recognition, both within and outside of the state. The Governor’s Office also publishes a top 10 tourist destination list that ranks favorite Texas tourist destinations.
As visitors expand their winter habitat beyond the Rio Grande Valley, so do the dollars they spend, an estimated $900 million annually in Texas.
In 2006, the University of Texas - Pan American produced a statistical profile of snowbirds who overwinter in the Rio Grande Valley. According to UT-Pan Am, typical Winter Texans are white, married and hail from the Midwest. They have a high school diploma or some college, have a median income of $45,470 and are just shy of 69 years old.
Winter Texans have been making their annual treks to escape northern winters for decades. They come from many different states, but most commonly from Minnesota, Iowa, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin. UT-Pan Am’s study also found that 8 percent of them migrate from Canada. FN
For a detailed list of events and resources for Winter Texans, visit Winter Texans Online at www.wintertexansonline.com.
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There are some new products in both the antibiotic and vaccines line for swine. We will target a few every newsletter and please let our offices know if you would like any additional information.
Skycis is a feed grade product and is used only in animals. Skycis is an ionophore, which belongs to a specific class of antibiotics developed exclusively for use in animals. They are useful because they contribute to a safe food supply, and ensure animals receive treatment when needed. Ionophores create a more efficient balance of bacteria in the pig’s hindgut, delivering consistent improvement in growth and performance. They decrease bacteria that produce acetic and butyric acid while increasing bacteria that produce propionic acid. Propionate is a more energy-efficient fuel source; therefore can improve feed efficiency, increase gain and increase energy available for growth. There is zero day slaughter withdrawal. However, swine being fed with Skycis should not have access to feeds or water containing tiamulin (Denegard) as adverse reactions may occur.
As of January 2015, Fostera PRRS received an additional claim for reproduction to help protect every stage of swine production. Fostera PRRS is a modified live virus vaccine and is labeled for whole herd protection against both respiratory and reproductive forms of disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. It is labeled for the aid in preventing reproductive disease with a duration of immunity of at least 19 weeks; and aid in preventing respiratory disease with a duration of immunity of at least 26 weeks. The new respiratory claim allows for vaccination of pigs one day of age or older for the respiratory form of the disease. Withdrawal time is 21 days after last vaccination.
Baytril 100 is a commonly used antibiotic and is labeled for both cattle and swine. The swine label has recently changed to include coverage for some additional pathogens. For swine, administer by intramuscular or subcutaneous (behind the ear) injection of 3.4 cc/100 pounds. The administered dose volume should not exceed 5 cc per injection site. Baytril is indicated for the treatment and control of swine respiratory disease (SRD) associated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Baytril is indicated for the control of colibacillosis in groups or pens of weaned pigs where colibacillosis associated with Escherichia coli has been diagnosed. This is a prescription antibiotic and must be used according to label. The slaughter withdrawal time for swine is 5 days.
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Get flash to fully experience Pearltrees
The contrasting and categorisation of emotions describes how emotions are thought to relate to each other. Various recent proposals of such groupings are described in the following sections. [ edit ] Contrasting basic emotions
1. FAULTY CAUSE: ( post hoc ergo propter hoc ) mistakes correlation or association for causation, by assuming that because one thing follows another it was caused by the other.
Word2Word is pleased to provide these links in the hope of all people developing a better understanding of others through the use of language. We have attempted to place as many online courses at your disposal as possible. These sites contain lessons to help learn one language from another.
O ur minds set up many traps for us.
Whether faces can express any more than these seven emotions is a matter of some debate. There could be specific expressions for contentment, excitement, pride, relief, guilt, and shame, Ekman says, but they have yet to be delineated. Individual elements of each expression can occur in varying intensities or may be missing altogether. A look of mild surprise can be shown by the eyes alone, for instance, if the mouth doesn’t move. Emotion usually leads to an expression, but studies have shown that the process can also work in reverse: If you force your face to look sad or angry, the rest of your body will react as well, and you may involuntarily begin to feel those emotions.
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Discover why people procrastinate, what the effects are, and some practical ways to stop procrastinating.
It’s a feeling that most of us can relate to from time to time. You have lots to do, but you’d rather do anything else than the task at hand. But why do we procrastinate? Is it a case of being lazy? And how can we stop avoiding what needs to be done?
Here, we explore the concept of procrastination, what it means, the different types and causes, and some top tips on how to avoid procrastination. We’ve also picked out some courses that can help you be more productive.
Table of Contents
First, let’s explore the meaning of procrastination. The word comes the Latin procrastinationem, which means ‘ a putting off from day to day’ or ’deferred till the morning’.
As seen from the etymology, procrastination is about putting things off. We usually see it as delaying things until the last minute or even after their deadline.
To get scientific, procrastination is described as a self-regulatory failure where people voluntarily but irrationally delay essential tasks.
Various studies have attempted to understand the reasons for this phenomenon, and we’ll discuss some of these further down.
Procrastination can take many forms. Although we often associate it with putting off work or schoolwork tasks, it can apply to things like everyday chores, attending appointments, or having potentially stressful conversations.
Causes of procrastination
Some studies suggest that procrastination chronically affects around 15%-20% of adults. This number increases greatly in students, where some 80%-90% engage in it to some degree. So what causes people to procrastinate?
Studies have looked at all kinds of factors that could contribute to procrastination. These factors include personality traits, decision-making styles, time perspectives, emotional regulation, and even biological factors.
The difference in procrastination prevalence in students and the general population suggests that some situation factors contribute.
There is a lot of anecdotal evidence that offers various reasons for procrastination. However, we’ll look at some of the studies and research to suggest more evidence-based causes of procrastination.
You’ll notice that none of these factors link procrastination with laziness or self-control.
Manchester Metropolitan University Workplace Wellbeing: Stress and Productivity at WorkBusiness & Management,Psychology & Mental Health
King's College London Understanding ADHD: Current Research and PracticePsychology & Mental Health,Teaching
Difficulties with organisation
Studies have shown that many adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can struggle with procrastination. Several potential ADHD factors are relevant here, including disorganisation, forgetfulness, distractibility, and problems with prioritising and time management.
You can learn more about the effects of ADHD and current treatment options with our course Understanding ADHD from King’s College London.
A 2007 meta-analysis of procrastination found several links between certain personality traits and procrastination. The study found a strong and consistent prediction between procrastination and task aversiveness, task delay, self-efficacy, and impulsiveness.
Similarly, a lack of conscientiousness, self-control, distractibility, organisation, and achievement motivation were also predictors of procrastination.
Let’s look at some of these terms in more detail:
- Low self-efficacy. The term self-efficacy refers to a person’s belief in their ability to perform actions to reach their goals. Those who procrastinate often have low self-efficacy, leading them to believe that they can’t complete the task at hand.
- Low conscientiousness. Conscientiousness is the ability to be disciplined, organised, focused, hardworking and achievement-oriented. The less conscientious a person is, the more they’re likely to procrastinate.
- Impulsivity. Those who are impulsive act on a whim without considering the consequences of their actions. The more impulsive a person is, the more likely they are to procrastinate.
Studies show that the structure of the brain can be linked to procrastination. One study showed that those who procrastinate have brain structures that usually makes them less future-oriented. As a result, procrastinators are less eager to perform unappealing tasks in the short term that yield long-term rewards.
A variety of mental health issues are often closely linked to procrastination. For example, those suffering from depression often procrastinate over many different tasks, no matter how complex. Time spent overthinking can lead to a loss of confidence and concentration.
Similarly, those with anxiety disorders will put off tasks they want to avoid because they’re stressful. What’s more, those who struggle with perfectionism (the need to appear or be perfect) may avoid tasks they are unsure of.
Effects of procrastination
Let’s focus on some of the impacts of procrastination on those who struggle with it. Again, there has been a fair amount of research into the subject and plenty of anecdotal evidence for the effects of procrastination:
Despite occasionally giving relief from stress, procrastination tends to make people unhappy. One study found that students who procrastinate experience more stress, frustration, guilt and anxiety.
Other studies have found that low self-confidence, general unhappiness, and low self-esteem can all be linked to procrastination.
Lack of productivity
Of course, one of the major issues with putting things off is that tasks don’t get completed or are rushed and contain mistakes. Such productivity can impact academic performance and performance in the workplace.
These issues can compound things further, adding more stress and more unpleasant tasks for the procrastinator to avoid. Ultimately, they may miss their goals, both in work and life in general.
Research has linked chronic procrastination to several stress-related health issues. These conditions include headaches, insomnia, digestive problems and even colds and flu. Continuously putting off important tasks can also contribute to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and stress.
Types of procrastination
Depending on where you read, there are several different ‘types’ of procrastinators. This attempt at categorising procrastination aims to help people understand why they procrastinate and how to overcome the habit.
Some researchers have separated the types of procrastinators into two groups:
- Passive procrastinators. Those who delay tasks because they struggle to make decisions and act on them.
- Active procrastinators. Those who delay tasks purposefully because they feel they work better under pressure.
You’ll also find other categorisations outlined by various experts and professionals, including:
- Worrier. Those who put things off because they worry about the challenge or about leaving their comfort zone.
- Overdoer. Those who take on too much and then struggle to find the time to complete everything.
- Perfectionist. Those who avoid tasks because they doubt their ability to complete them perfectly.
- Dreamer. Those who put off tasks because they’re not good at focusing on the details.
- Defier. Those who dislike someone dictating their schedule.
- Crisis-maker. Those who put off tasks because they prefer working under the pressure of tight deadlines.
Revenge bedtime procrastination
One relatively recent phenomenon is that of ‘revenge bedtime procrastination’. This phrase emerged from a Chinese phrase that describes those who choose leisure time over sleep, even after a long day of work.
Although the phrase is a recently coined one, some experts think it’s likely widespread. Those who are overstretched at work may feel a certain amount of control by staying up late, even though they know it’s not good for them.
Understanding the importance of sleep and setting good routines can help to combat such revenge bedtime procrastination.
5 top tips on how to avoid procrastination
If you sometimes struggle with procrastination, the tips below can help you make progress and stay on task. Remember, sometimes, being aware of the problem can help you take steps to overcome it.
1. Set small goals
Oftentimes, the thought of completing one large task can seem overwhelming. Getting from the beginning to end can seem an impossible task. However, breaking such tasks down into much smaller steps can be useful.
Having a list of small and achievable goals can help you tackle each one in turn, meaning that you make gradual progress towards completion. Understanding the fundamentals of project management can help you with setting these small goals.
2. Organise your tasks
This point feeds into the one above. Having a detailed timeline and deadlines for when you will complete each of your small goals can also keep you motivated to reach your main goals.
As well as setting daily goals, you can also have weekly and monthly aims that all tie into them. This gives you the urgency to act and make progress in your work, whether it’s schoolwork or a project at your workplace.
3. Focus your attention
Another way to overcome procrastination is to focus on some of the easier tasks you have to finish. Hopefully, by setting small goals and organising your tasks, you’ll be able to identify those that are easy to finish.
By doing this, you’ll start to build your confidence and gain some momentum. Giving yourself a purposeful focus can help you tackle one small task at a time.
4. Remove distractions
Your work or study environment may not be helping with your procrastination. Distractions can easily derail your progress, whether it’s having your phone next to you on your desk or having the TV on in the background. These distractions can add to your stress levels and increase procrastination.
Our course on stress and productivity in the workplace explores how improving workplace wellbeing can boost work performance.
5. Forgive yourself
It can be easy to punish yourself for procrastinating. You may tell yourself that you’re being lazy or unproductive. In reality, attacking yourself in this way only serves to make you feel more frustrated and anxious and doesn’t add to productivity.
By being mindful of the situation, you can develop self-compassion and forgiveness. Not only can being kind to yourself reduce procrastination itself, but it can also reduce some of the negative effects of procrastinating.
Anglia Ruskin University Project Management Principles, Practices and SystemsBusiness & Management
Coventry University Managing Mental Health and StressPsychology & Mental Health
We now know a little more about what causes procrastination, how it can impact us, and how we can avoid it. Although most of us will procrastinate from time to time, it can be fairly debilitating when it becomes a chronic issue.
Understanding the mechanics of how it works and why you might be doing it can be the first step to avoiding procrastination. We’ve also outlined a variety of courses that can help you with productivity at work or with your studies. Remember, small and gradual steps can help you reach your goals.
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The temperatures are dropping, and the dreaded time of cold and flu season is here. That means it’s time to increase your vitamin intake and catch a few more z’s. Follow these four tips to stay well this season:
- Focus on your diet. Start pumping your body full of foods that are rich in vitamin C and E, as they are believed to support a healthy immune system. Incorporating foods like oranges, broccoli, sunflower seeds and green pepper can help strengthen not only your immune system, but your overall health as well.
- Catch up on your sleep. Getting less than the recommended 7+ hours of sleep can inhibit your immune system. Catch a few more hours of sleep and you’re sure to start seeing improvements in other parts of your life, such as your mood, productivity and alertness.
- Prioritize exercise. Taking time to exercise can stimulate your immune system and positively impact your quality of sleep. By incorporating exercise into your daily life, not only will you be improving your immune system, but you will also experience improved mood and lowered stress levels.
- Stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water benefits every function of the body, which includes keeping your immune system strong to fight off germs. Ginger tea is another great liquid to incorporate into your drink choices, as it is full of anti-inflammatory properties to help ward off and combat colds and the flu.
November is National Alzheimer’s Awareness Month. Here are five ways to keep your mind flexible and engaged!
- Get active. Get your heart rate up with some cardiovascular exercises that can increase blood flow to the brain and body.
- Open a book. Keep your brain working by learning new things, which is said to decrease chances of dementia. Join a book club, take a class at the local community center, research something of interest online.
- Fuel your mind. Eating a healthy, balanced diet can help lower the risks of cognitive decline. Diets that are lower in fat, higher in vegetables and incorporate more fish – which has omega-3 fatty acids that are crucial to brain function – will provide many benefits for your mind and body.
- Challenge your mind. Activate your mind with activities like putting together a puzzle or card games that will force your mind to think strategically.
- Focus on your mental health. Be aware of the stress in your life and learn how you can best manage it.
While you’re enjoying all the tricks and treats this Halloween, remember it’s not all fun and games for others. Each Halloween, there are dangers our beloved pets might face. Here are 5 tips and tricks I use to keep my pets safe:
Trick or treat candy is delicious, but not for your animals. Halloween is the perfect time to give into your sweet tooth cravings. During all of the celebrating, remember to keep any and all candies and treats up and out of your animal’s reach. All forms of chocolate, especially baking and dark chocolate, can be dangerous and even lethal to dogs.
Keep your pets inside. Sometimes, the “tricks” of Halloween can be targeted towards your animal. On Halloween, keep your animals inside and away from potential pranksters.
Decorative pieces should be kept away from your animals. The ingestion of small amounts of corn and pumpkin is safe for animals, but the ingestion of them when uncooked can lead to severe problems. Keep your house festive but keep it safe for all by keeping potentially harmful decorations away from your pets reach.
October is National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Put on your pink and head to the grocery store to add these six cancer fighting foods to your diet.
- Turmeric. Turmeric is a common spice that comes from the turmeric plant, which is grown India, other parts of Asia, and Central America. It contains the chemical curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory properties. You can add a dash of turmeric to rice to make a bright and colorful side dish.
- Green tea. Green tea has antioxidants that inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Researchers suggest that one cup of tea may become part of breast cancer treatment plans one day.
- Blueberries. Resveratrol, a compound found in blueberries, has properties that slow down breast cancer stem cell growth. Add them to your bowl of oatmeal for a healthy breakfast.
- Salmon. Salmon is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and is considered a low mercury fish.
- Spinach. Spinach has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Carotenoids and glycolipids are two compounds found in spinach that inhibit growth in breast cancer cells.
- Walnuts. Walnuts have the highest antioxidant activity found in all nuts that are commonly consumed in the United States. Research suggests that walnuts may help reduce tumor growth.
Many parents would prefer opting for healthier alternatives for their children this Halloween season. Below is a list of healthy and fun treats to give to those trick-or-treaters on Halloween night that are bound to satisfy their sweet tooth.
- Try swapping out gummy worm packets with applesauce packs. Give those trick-or-treaters a quick and on-the-go treat to gulp down while they are on their way to the next house.
- Next, swap those Pixy Stix out for cheese sticks. Loaded with 20 percent of your daily recommended calcium intake and loads of cheese to string, this is a healthy go-to option for every trick-or-treater.
- Avoid giving out Swedish Fish and instead opt for organic fruit snacks. Swedish Fish are loaded with 23 grams of sugar, which is bound to give your little one cavities.
- Say no to candy bars this season and say yes to granola bars. Candy bars can be loaded with lots of sugars and fats that can lead to weight gain. Try choosing granola bars as an alternative.
- Skip the candy corn this Halloween season and instead give out pumpkin seeds. Candy corn contains artificial ingredients and sugars. Instead, try giving out pumpkin seeds this year and putting them into little decorative candy bags with other treats.
Did you know that one of out 5 Americans suffers from the flu every year? Here are five tips to avoid this nasty virus so you don’t get caught sniffling and sneezing:
- First and foremost, get a flu shot. The influenza vaccine is usually provided by your local pharmacy. It is advised to get your shot by the end of October because flu season peaks between November and March.
- Increase your vitamin C intake. Vitamin C strengthens your immune system and makes you less vulnerable to the virus. Orange juice, supplements, and leafy greens are all great sources of vitamin C.
- Wash your hands. Wash your hands with warm water and soap for 15 seconds every time you leave the bathroom and touch communal surfaces.
- Keep your work area germ-free. Store disinfectant wipes in your office. Be sure to wipe down objects that are commonly touched, such as your phone, keyboard, and mouse.
- Quit smoking. People who smoke are prone to having serious responses to the flu than those who do not smoke. Quitting smoking is not only a preventive measure for you, but for those who are around you as well.
From nutrition to exercise, you’d be surprised to know that dogs require very similar maintenance to humans in order to stay healthy. Looking to get a dog, or just want to make sure your buddy is being taken care? Here are some good tips for ensuring Fido’s health:
- Find the proper food. Your pet’s diet is so important. Even if you cannot afford the most expensive dog food on the market, try to check out the ingredients on the bag or do some research online before you buy. Processed foods are not good for anyone, even animals!
- Regular check-ups. It’s good to get your dog adjusted to their vet early in life, because they should be spending a good amount of time there! From keeping up-to-date on shots to flea medicine, make sure you’re seeing the pet doctor as often as you should be.
- Keep them active. Doing this, in turn, will also keep you active. Soit’s a win-win! Take your pup on walks around the neighborhood, or even throw the ball to them in the backyard if they like to play. This is especially important for high-energy breeds.
- Did you know dogs need vitamins and minerals too? Salmon oil does wonders for their fur and skin quality. You can also give them probiotics and antioxidants to help fight off sickness and stomach issues!
Being a responsible pet owner is important, and I hope you can use some of these tips to keep your dog happy and healthy for life!
For some people, eye health is not at the top of their priority list. Many possible ways you could damage your eyes are not always apparent! However, wearing sunglasses can provide many benefits you may not realize.
- Preventing eye conditions: UV rays are not only dangerous for your skin. UVA/UVB light can cause major issues, or even diseases, with your eyes. From cataracts to macular degeneration, throw on some shades to reduce the risk of any problems.
- Physical protection: Sunglasses are actually a great way to protect the outside of your eyes. From the sand at the beach to even dust in the air at home, outside elements can cause severe damage to the surface of your eyes.
- Decreasing risk of skin cancer: You read that right. Over 10% of all skin cancer diagnoses occur on the eyelid.
To fully enjoy the benefits of sunglasses, it’s important to purchase the right ones. For one, make sure the frames properly cover your face and eye area. You should also look for lenses that that block out 99-100% UV radiation. Keep your eyes safe this summer!
Some of the most important, yet overlooked, pieces in a wardrobe are accessories. It always so necessary to accessorize properly to have a well put together look. Not sure which ones to buy? Check out some of my must-have items in my closet:
Statement Necklaces. Probably my favorite on the list—sometimes a fun, chunky necklace is all you need to spruce up a plain outfit. You can pair plain metals with a pattern, or you can get a colorful one to wear with neutrals!
Fashion Belts. A good belt is obviously helpful in many ways, but a good-looking belt can really tie an outfit together. If you’ve got a tucked shirt, get creative and branch out with your belt choices!
Killer Shades. I’m a sucker for a stylish pair of sunglasses. Not only do they keep your eyes healthy and safe, but they also totally make you look put together!
A Good Bag. From leather to suede, finding your perfect purse is such a great feeling. It’s always a good idea to have a variety of sizes and colors in your collection.
Time to go shopping!
Let’s be honest, some days at work are just worse than others. Maybe you didn’t sleep well, or that caffeine headache just won’t go away no matter how many cups of coffee you’ve had. Here are some great tips for staying focused at work:
- Eat strategically—Eating a balance of carbohydrates and proteins; leafy greens for vitamin B and vitamin K, which improve focus and brain function
- Walk around—Walk to the furthest bathroom in the office, or just take a lap down the hall. Moving around is never bad for you!
- Balance your projects—Once you start to feel the burnout on one assignment, save your progress and switch to a new one.
- Take a call outside—Even if it’s cloudy, being outside gives you a vitamin D boost and stimulates your brain. It’s always nice to have a change of scenery!
- Control your coffee intake—Surprisingly, there are better/worse times to consume caffeine. Drinking smaller doses throughout the day is much more effective than chugging a venti first thing in the morning.
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Have you ever wondered if there are other civilizations elsewhere in the Cosmos? Could we be but one civilization among billions? How likely is it that other intelligent life exists on other planets? What information is available for us to assess the likelihood that there are alien species?
The sheer immensity of the cosmos makes the notion of only one planet with a civilization seem absurd and provides strong impetus to the idea that surely there must be life elsewhere. Using a super computer, it has been estimated that there are between 300-500 billion galaxies. Astronomers estimate there are 70 billion trillion stars in the observable universe (i.e., 70,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 or 7 x 10²²). We do not know how many more may be beyond our ability to observe or detect.
These are some very big numbers that are really beyond our comprehension. Let us suppose that only one ten thousandth of a percent of all of the stars have a planet that could support some form of life. From this assumption we would estimate that there could be one thousand trillion planets in the universe (i.e., 7 followed by 16 zeros) that could support life.
Let us now suppose that only one millionth of these could have some form of intelligent life. If our assumption is correct, then we would estimate that at least one billion planets scattered about the universe could have intelligent life.
I find these numbers to be compelling concerning the likelihood that not only does life exist elsewhere in the universe, but that other civilizations do as well. If true, it is also likely that many are more advanced than us, not only technologically, but also spiritually. The earth and sun are much younger than planets and galaxies that are in the far distant universe whose light has reached us. Therefore, humankind could be on the less developed end of the spectrum.
Wherever humanity may fall in the evolutionary and spiritual hierarchy of the cosmos, there is no doubt that we have a long way to go on both developmental pathways. Spiritual evolution of a civilization is a very slow process, as is biological evolution. As I look down that long road ahead, I envision one people united in common cause for the loving care and respect for one another and for the planet that sustains them.
You might like the following related articles:
Sources of Estimates
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An Expanded Learning Opportunity—or ELO—is a high-quality afterschool or
summer educational experience that takes place outside the context of the regular school day. These hands-on, experiential, enriching chances to learn that build on, but don’t duplicate, what students are learning during the school day, and allow new and exciting ways to interact with the subject matter.
So why are we even talking about this?
The shortest answer is this: ELOs solve the problems of unsupervised kids, poor academic achievement and lost work productivity for parents. All of these things threaten our communities and Nebraska’s long-term competitiveness.
The Afterschool Corporation (TASC) pulled reviewed data from multiple sources and determined that the middle-income 6th graders have been exposed to about 6,000 hours more learning than their low-income counterparts.
This gap represents more than just missed leisure and fun time. It represents a stark inequity in exposure to informal learning experiences. Every summer, teachers talk about the “summer slide.” where their low-income students have lost about 2 months of ground when it comes to learning. Their middle-income peers, on the other hand, have spent the summer participating in informal learning opportunities – museum trips, soccer camp, reading time at the library, camping – and have soared ahead.
Exposure to ELOs – both after school and during the summer – can do much to narrow this gap.
TO READ MORE, DOWNLOAD THE BIG BOOK OF ELOs IN NEBRASKA NOW.
Leave a Reply
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2. Context and objectives
Figure 1: Infographic showing drivers for change
North East Cambridge is a complex area that is locally and strategically important. Its character and context has shaped the objectives of the Area Action Plan, and how the Plan achieves these aims through the spatial framework and policies.
It is important that North East Cambridge makes the most of its accessibility, the amount of land available and its connections locally and regionally. Creating a critical mass of activity in the area will help our economy to compete nationally over the next decades, and can reduce social inequality locally through the range of jobs and homes that are created. This will only be achieved through a comprehensive and coordinated approach to development across the whole of North East Cambridge.
In this section:
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Today’s dental blog focuses on a preventative treatment often used to help impede the development of cavities in children.
Dental sealants are a thin coat of clear resin that is applied to the biting surfaces of teeth, usually the rear molars. The back teeth are more prone to cavities because is difficult to reach them with a tooth brush and the surfaces contain pits and grooves that easily trap bacteria. It is hard for many adults to clean their back molars and almost impossible for our young Sherman Oaks children.
Dental sealants fill in the pits and grooves on the rear molars to create a smooth surface. Sherman Oaks family dentists most often recommend sealants for children’s permanent back teeth, though sometimes they are used for adults, too.
Sherman Oaks parents may not realize how quickly a cavity can form in a young child’s mouth. Many Studio City CA area kids that we see develop cavities even before they start kindergarten!
It is vital that our local parents start regular dental visits early for their toddlers and young children. The American Dental Association advises that a child’s initial dental exam take place soon after the first tooth erupts, but no later than the toddler’s first birthday.
Dental sealants protect teeth that have no decay (primary prevention) and also prevent further decay progression in teeth that show very early signs of disease (secondary prevention).
At Sherman Oaks Dental, we take special care of our young Sherman Oaks dental patients. We want each child’s dental visits to be pleasant and painless so they will never develop a fear of the dentist. We advise parents on the specific dental issues associated with each stage of childhood. Ask us about fluoride, sports mouthguards, and orthodontic treatment.
I am Michael Bjornbak of Sherman Oaks Dental. I don’t believe that childhood cavities are unavoidable. Call my office at 818-465-9704 to schedule a Sherman Oaks dental exam.
I provide comprehensive restorative and cosmetic dentistry for Sherman Oaks people of all ages. My office is located at 4849 Van Nuys Blvd in Sherman Oaks. You can learn more about my practice at http://www.shermanoaksdental.com/meet-dr-bjornbak/
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Chinese carrier is a 'city at sea' sans aircraft
With restaurants, bars, post office, and even a supermarket, China's first aircraft carrier -- the Liaoning -- is literally like a "city at sea". But the carrier has no aircraft.
With 10 decks below the main deck, and nine levels of island-style superstructures above the main deck, the Liaoning looks like some giant 20-storey building, reported People's Daily.
The aircraft carrier measures over 300 metres in length and over 70 metres in width. The distance from the keel, which is shaped like a bird's breastbone, to the top of the mainmast is over 60 metres.
But the carrier has no aircraft on the flight deck, though the Liaoning is fully equipped for aircraft takeoff and landing.
Modern carrier-based aircraft take off in mainly three ways -- catapult assisted takeoff, ski-jump takeoff, and vertical takeoff. The Liaoning can carry fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters as designed.
According to military expert Li Li, in the short term the Liaoning is to be mainly used for scientific research and the training of aircraft carrier pilots.
Li said a new generation of carrier pilots and military officers would be trained on the Liaoning, China's first ever aircraft carrier.
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Something that any survivalist should know is the rule of three, as this will help you to be aware of what your priorities should be in a survival situation. Learning about the survival rule of three will help you to remember what the most and least important things for you to do are, and this way, you can come up with a plan of action more easily.
When you are thrown into a survival situation, it can be easy to get caught up in the moment and do things in all the wrong order. Knowing how long a person can go without things like food, water, shelter, and even air will allow you to prioritise certain tasks over others.
While you might think that getting food is really important, it might not be the first thing that you should be focussing on. We are going to explain everything that you need to know about the rule of three for survival in this article to help you prepare for the worst-case scenario.
What is the Rule of Three in Survival?
When it comes to survival, the rule of three is as follows:
- 3 minutes without air
- 3 hours without shelter
- 3 days without water
- 3 weeks without food
A person will be able to survive for 3 minutes without air or 3 minutes in icy water, 3 hours without shelter in a harsh environment, 3 days without water if you have shelter, and 3 weeks without food if you have shelter and water. All of these factors are in order of priority, which ensures that you will know exactly what you need to do first in a survival situation. Making the wrong choice can easily mean the difference between life and death, which is why it is so important to follow the rule of three.
Why is the Rule of Three Important?
The rule of three is really important as knowing about them will allow you to focus solely on the most immediate problem that you have. These rules can be applied to almost any situation, and you should always follow them in order of importance if you want to survive. For example, your first priority in terms of survival is not to get food as there are other things to do first that are more important.
In harsh weather conditions, you shouldn’t be out looking for water before you have a shelter to retreat to that will allow you to escape these conditions. Hypothermia is a big threat, and you can lose the ability to function. You can go for 3 days without water, so it doesn’t really seem as important when you look at the bigger picture. It doesn’t matter if you find water if you are not going to be alive long enough to drink it.
The first step might not be so important to you in every situation, but it will certainly apply for some. This is more of an immediate emergency that will need to be solved very quickly, but it likely won’t be a threat in every scenario. This is something that is really important to know about for survival situations that involve water or a lack of oxygen. If there is nobody nearby to rescue you, then you will need to think fast to get yourself to safety.
Three Minutes Without Air
One of the most immediate issues that you will have to solve is those that revolve around a lack of oxygen. Whether this is in water or any other scenario, you will need to think quickly to get yourself to safety. After three minutes, your body will start to shut down, so time really is of the essence. So, any situation that is leaving you with no way to breathe is your highest priority.
How Long Can a Human Stay Underwater With Air?
If you are underwater but you have a source of air, the amount of air that you have available to you will determine how long you are able to stay alive. If you have a tank of oxygen, your time will run out when the tank has been completely depleted of oxygen, so you will have a limited amount of time to make it back to the surface.
How Long Could You Survive in an Air Pocket?
The amount of time that you could survive in an air pocket will depend on the size of the pocket of air, but in an air pocket that is the size of a large van, you would be able to survive for around 72 hours before you would pass out. The biggest issue that you will face inside an air pocket is a build-up of carbon dioxide. Each time that you exhale within the bubble, you release carbon dioxide into the space which is toxic to breathe in.
If the level of carbon dioxide reaches 50,000 parts per million, you will start to feel a bit like you are drunk, and at 70 parts per million, you will begin to lose consciousness. If there is too much carbon dioxide in the air, you will need to either find another air pocket to breathe in to extend your life or find a way out of the situation. The smaller the air pocket is, the less time you will have available to you.
How Long Can You Go Without Breathing to Be Revived?
There is no set amount of time that a person can go without breathing before it is too late for them to be revived, as the answer is not so specific. It would depend on the conditions that the person was subject to, and the general rule is that nobody is really dead until they are warm and dead.
This is due to the fact that someone that was subject to hypothermia and stopped breathing has a higher chance of being revived after not breathing for a long time. There have even been cases where a person has stopped breathing for 45 minutes before being resuscitated, due to the fact that they were hypothermic. The cold can work to preserve the body, meaning that at times, a person can be revived even when they haven’t been breathing for a while.
Three Hours Without Shelter
In really hot or really cold environments or extreme weather conditions, like heavy rain or wind, blazing heat, or snow, the elements will become your worst enemy. It is really important that you take shelter to survive these situations, as the elements really can be unforgiving. You will need to try and keep your body at around 37 degrees celsius, and when it is super hot outside, you will need to take shelter from the sun.
The body can lose and gain heat in many different ways, but you don’t want to get too cold as you could get hypothermia, and you don’t want to get too hot as you will overheat. You will have around three hours before things start to get really dangerous in these conditions without a shelter. Your shelter will be able to help to minimise things like heat loss and gain and get you out of any harsh weather conditions. It will also be useful to start a fire near your shelter to help keep you warm.
How Long Does it Take to Become Hypothermic?
A person can become hypothermic in as little time as 5 to 10 minutes in freezing temperatures if you are not dressed for the occasion, have any exposed skin, or are not covering up your head, hands, fingers, and face.
Overall, the amount of time that it would take for someone to become hypothermic would depend on the conditions that they are in and the type of exposure. However, if conditions are dangerous enough, then a person can die from hypothermia within the hour. If you were to fall into freezing water, you could get hypothermia much more quickly.
What Are the Symptoms of Hypothermia?
Some symptoms of hypothermia are:
- Exhaustion or feeling very tired
- Fumbling hands
- Memory loss
- Slurred speech
What Happens to the Body During Extreme Heat Exposure?
If you are exposed to extremely hot weather conditions, you could be susceptible to a variety of different illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heatstroke. Heat exhaustion is one of the most common conditions that is caused by heat exposure, and it happens due to a loss of body water and salt through excessive sweating.
There are many signs and symptoms that you can look out for, like heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, visual disturbances, intense thirst, nausea, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, muscle cramps, breathlessness, palpitations, and tingling and numbness of the hands and feet. To recover from heat exhaustion, you will need to rest in a cooler area and drink cold drinks.
Another common heat-related illness that you can develop is heat stroke, which is one of the most serious types of heat illness. Some signs of heatstroke that you can look out for are a body temperature that is more than 41 degrees celsius, complete or partial loss of consciousness, and a lack of or excessive sweating. There are two types of heatstroke, and these are classical, where there is little or no sweating, and exertional, which usually occurs from strenuous work in hot conditions.
Three Days Without Water
Water is something that the body needs in order to function properly, and it is one of the most important needs that humans have. If you are drinking water in the wild, it is best to treat it first as there can be lots of waterborne contaminants and bacteria inside it. However, if you have run out of options, then you might have to bite the bullet and drink the water.
In these circumstances, you will need to use your common sense and avoid any water that shows obvious signs of toxicity. Never drink from old and stagnant water, and avoid any water with dead animals or no vegetation.
The amount of water that you will need will depend on the environment that you are in, as it is much easier to become dehydrated when it is particularly hot and humid outside due to the amount that you sweat. In such a situation, you will need to drink more water than normal to survive. If the heat is really bad, then you should try to rest as much as possible throughout the day and travel at night when you can.
If you become dehydrated, try not to exert yourself and know that dehydration can stop you from being able to think clearly. The colour of your urine will tell you if you are dehydrated, as it should be clear. If this is the case, then you are hydrated.
Why Can’t We Survive Without Water?
We can’t survive for long without water because our bodies need water for almost every process that takes place. You need water to be able to regulate your own body temperature, to aid digestion, and to moisten mucous membranes.
Without enough water, your kidneys will not be able to flush waste from your blood, which will cause them to eventually shut down. It won’t be long before your other organs start to shut down too.
Where Can You Find Drinking Water in the Wild?
The best places to find drinking water in the wild are in valleys, ravines, and other low points. Your best bet is to find running water, and the faster it is flowing, the better the quality of water. You should always prioritise running water over surface water.
Can You Drink Sea Water to Survive?
No, you cannot drink sea water to survive because your kidneys will not be able to process salty water without fresh water. Drinking sea water in a survival situation is only going to make you dehydrate faster.
Three Weeks Without Food
Your body is able to go through short periods of starvation, which is super helpful if you ever end up in a short-term survival situation. However, if you are stuck for weeks or even months without food, then you will need to come up with a plan.
Food isn’t typically a huge priority, but once you have sorted out your more urgent needs, then you can start to think about how you are going to survive in your situation. The first thing to remember is that it is really important to conserve calories. You will need to ration your food, but also keep in mind that once it runs out, you will need to source your own food, and it’s best not to leave this until the last minute.
Can You Survive On Berries?
You can survive by living off berries and nuts in the wild as long as you know what is and isn’t safe to eat. These two types of food will provide most of the nutrients that you need to survive. Although there are lots of wild berries that are completely harmless if you eat them, there are also some that can kill you on the spot. As a rule of thumb, you should avoid eating white or yellow berries.
Should You Risk Eating Something Unfamiliar in a Survival Situation?
No, you shouldn’t risk eating something unfamiliar in a survival situation. The main thing to remember in a survival situation is that if you are unsure if it is safe to eat, you shouldn’t eat it. Eating something that makes you sick is only going to dehydrate you faster. In a really bad situation, eating the wrong thing can get you killed, so it is important to be vigilant.
What Should You Avoid Eating in a Survival Situation?
There are lots of rules when it comes to things that you should avoid eating in a survival situation, but the most common are to avoid mushrooms and plants with white or yellow berries. You should also avoid eating plants with thorns or shiny leaves, as well as plants with leaves that are in groups of three. If the thing that you are eating tastes bitter or soapy, then you should spit it out and find something else to eat.
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I think it is important that people with diabetic pets understand the big picture.
I will start from the beginning, as if your pet was just recently diagnosed with diabetes. You probably now know the signs of a hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) episode: excessive thirst, frequent urination in large volumes, weight loss, increased hunger, and often a urinary tract infection or liver or pancreatic disease. Why do diabetics urinate and drink so much? Insulin (a hormone made in the pancreas) facilitates the entry of glucose into cells. If a pet is resistant to insulin or not producing adequate insulin, the glucose level in the bloodstream goes up, overwhelms the ability of the kidneys to retain fluid, and the pet urinates large volumes. The pet needs to drink more simply to stay hydrated. When urine is high in sugar the pet is predisposed to infections of the urinary tract.
As you and your veterinarian get your pet’s diabetes under control, the signs of hyperglycemia will subside. If during treatment these signs recur, you may need to alter the insulin dose. It typically takes at least a few weeks to determine the correct insulin dose for your pet. Some pets do better using one kind of insulin versus another. You will need a good working relationship with your veterinarian to regulate Fluffy’s diabetes.
Here are some more tips as to how you can better prepare yourself to help your pet:
- Teach everyone in your family, and perhaps a few good friends, how to administer an insulin injection. Have them watch you and even practice in front of you, before you need their help. If you are suddenly called out of town, you will need people you can rely upon to give your pet the insulin.
- At times you may wonder if you “missed”. If you are not sure if you gave the injection properly (say you poked and missed or poked and may have missed), do not give any more. Wait until the next regularly scheduled dose of insulin. A short period of low blood glucose is much more problematic than a short period of high blood glucose.
- Signs of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) include: shaking, acting dazed, confused or wobbly, and sudden loss of vision. If you notice any of these signs, GIVE YOUR PET FOOD IMMEDIATELY. Hypoglycemia triggers appetite. If your pet eats, call your veterinarian and do not give more insulin until your veterinarian tells you to do so. Remember, insulin is needed for glucose to enter cells, so if your pet is already hypoglycemic, giving more insulin is the wrong thing to do. If blood glucose drops too low, a pet may actually have a seizure. (Here is a good time to mention that as an owner of a diabetic pet you should always know where your local emergency clinics are located. Have the addresses, perhaps even MapQuest them and keep them in your pet’s medical file). If your pet is unresponsive, smear some Karo syrup onto your pet’s gums and go to the ER immediately.
- Record everything. Keep a calendar on the fridge or with the syringes, recording each dose you give. You never want to double dose your pet simply due to a lack of communication. I saw this “double dosing” happen numerous times when I was an ER vet. This calendar can also be useful for your veterinarian to reflect on how your pet is doing. Think of it as your pet’s diabetes journal. You might keep current weights and changes in diet on the calendar as well. If you do your own blood glucose curves at home you can keep record of these values on Fluffy’s journal, too.
I hope you find these simple suggestions helpful.
NOTE: Consult your doctor first to make sure my recommendations fit your special health needs.
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Barrel shaped chest occurs when the lungs become overfilled (hyperinflated) with air — like a balloon — as they work harder. This keeps the rib cage open or expanded for a long time. This happens most often because of a chronic lung condition, but other diseases and conditions may cause it as well.
The main symptom of barrel chest is a rounded and enlarged appearance of the chest. If you have a barrel chest, you also may have signs and symptoms of other health conditions, such as:
Barrel chest is usually caused by lung conditions. When the lungs overfill with air, they push out the ribs, chest, bones in the upper back. Over time, barrel chest develops.
Barrel chest can sometimes happen to people with conditions that affect the joints in the rib cage and other bones of the chest and back. Some hospital treatments for conditions that affect the lungs may also lead to a barrel chest.
Here are common conditions that may cause barrel chest:
Arthritis in the rib, back, and chest wall joints can lead to a barrel chest. This is more common in older adults but can happen in children in rare cases. It happens when the ribs and back get so stiff or inflamed they get stuck in an inhale or open position.
Different kinds of arthritis can cause barrel chest, including:
Other rare genetic conditions can affect the rib cage and bones in the back, triggering a barrel chest. These inherited conditions include:
Homoeopathy today is a rapidly growing system and is being practiced all over the world. It strength lies in its evident effectiveness as it takes a holistic approach towards the sick individual through promotion of inner balance at mental, emotional, spiritual and physical levels. When is concerned there are many effective medicines available in Homoeopathy , but the selection depends upon the individuality of the patient , considering mental and physical symptoms
Few homoeopathic medicine can be thought of in the management of barrel shaped chest are:
Aspidosperma, calcarea ars, calcarea carb, arsenic alb, aralia racemosa, kali iod ,etc
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kick the can
A classic children’s game, Kick the Can has elements of hide and seek, tag, and capture the flag in its game play. The rules of the game are simple and can be played outdoors in a variety of settings, including back yards, streets, or open spaces that allow for hiding places for children.
Rather than using a ball, the only piece of equipment is an object that can be kicked. The name of the game is Kick the Can, because often a discarded empty can from the trash is used that can have rocks inserted into it to make noise. The game was a popular pickup game for children during difficult economic times. The origin of the game is unknown, but during the Great Depression in the 1930s the game was a popular pastime for children because it didn’t require any designated equipment or playing field.1
There are many variations of the game, but the common elements include a person who is “it” who looks for children who are hiding. The can is set up in the middle of an open area with the “it” person nearby. He counts to a pre-determined number with his eyes closed to allow the other players time to hide. When time is up, he begins to look for the hidden children.
Once he spies a player, he calls out their name and hiding place, and then they both race to the can to see who can kick the can first. Some variations allow for just finding the person or for tagging him. If the hider kicks the can first, the game is started over with the “it” person giving the player time to hide again. However, if the “it” person kicks the can first, the other player is placed in “jail” which is a designated area for captured players to be kept until rescued.2
Any hidden player can risk being caught and attempt to rescue his jailed friends by racing to the can and kicking it before the “it” person can kick it. If he is successful, all the players in jail are released, and the “it” person must count again as players hide. Hidden players can strategically move around to other hiding places to keep out of sight and to maneuver to better positions to rescue jailed players.3
The game is over when the “it” person has successfully jailed all the players or a set designated time has expired.
- 1. Balistreri, Michael. “The History of Kick the Can.” Berkeley University of California. < http://studio.berkeley.edu/coursework/Niemeyer/courses/fs181/student/01/futurepast.html > 23 Aug. 2012.
- 2. Barnes, Bingo. “Kick the Can. This childhood favorite is fun for grownups, too.” Boise Weekly. < http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/kick-the-can/Content?oid=921828 > 23 Aug. 2012.
- 3. “Kick The Can.” Disney FamilyFun. < http://familyfun.go.com/playtime/kick-the-can-708085/ > 23 Aug. 2012.
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Without a well-performing workforce, we cannot have well-performing social services. This Award recognises innovations that profoundly impact the social services and care workforce in a positive manner.
The quality of an educational system depends largely on the quality of its teachers. In this sense, and in relation to initial training, the results of the international study on teaching and learning (TALIS 2018) indicate that a quality training has a positive impact on the students’ learning results and in the personal and professional development of future teachers. This evidence has a social impact that allows progress in the quality of education, one of the SDG and reinforces equal opportunities for all students. This project transforms the internship period for future teachers, turning it into a process in which the entire educational centre is involved. Teams of teachers who become mentors are trained in reflective practice and constructive support skills that are first developed in the internship and then shared with other teachers to build their own pedagogical methodology. This contributes to the construction of a strong teaching identity and promotes personalized and relevant professional learning opportunities.
Recent years have shown the importance of social work in supporting people through extreme uncertainty, trauma, poverty and societal inequality. The Social Care Council developed the PiP Framework to ensure social workers feel confident and competent to practice effectively by stimulating and facilitating their continuous professional development. PiP enables social workers to utilise practice experience, academic knowledge and self-directed learning to gain recognition for their development through both Master’s level academic achievement and professional recognition in the form of PiP Awards throughout their social work career. It is designed to be flexible and responsive to the changing landscape of social work practice. The partnership model of CPD on which the PiP Framework is built is completely unique within social work. It has influenced the aspirations of other regulators across the UK as it is delivered on the basis of partnership between employers, education providers, service users and carers, and SCC as the regulator.
The war in Ukraine has changed the lives of over 42 million Ukrainians, including 7.5 million children. According to reports from the International Organisation for Migration, 7.13 million people are internally displaced, and 5.25 million Ukrainians have fled as refugees. Many people feel isolated or helpless, due to new social and emotional challenges in society and the loss of their social contacts. This project has developed a unique method of supporting all Ukrainians by giving power and control back to them. It trains teachers, social workers, psychologists and other leaders on arranging regular groups to provide social – emotional support. From April to July 2022 95 leaders completed the training and organised groups for 1,425 people in their communities to connect, help and support each other, making the most out of each other’s strengths.
This project aims to develop a workplace learning system to support the development of future skills, training and improvement of activities in care and social services. The model is the result of a collaboration between 15 municipalities, the healthcare and education systems, and has been tested in elderly care and social services for people with disabilities. The project brings learning to the workplace through a digital interactive platform with 60 learning tracks and 300 modules of learning material which contains facts, locally produced films, and reflection questions. The material is co-created in the workplace and in direct collaboration with experts, employees and people supported by social services to ensure tailored training to the specific tasks that need to be carried out in the workplace. All developed learning materials are also shared with other professionals through the platform. The model has been used by 10,000 employees at 500 workplaces and due to the success of the project, it will be implemented in the wider province, Östergötland, in 2023.
This project aims to solve the identified lack of understanding among frontline health and social care staff on how to practically implement health and social care standards in their day-to-day work. Online learning courses on Infection Prevention and Control, Adult Safeguarding, and A Human Rights-based Approach were developed to build health and social care staff’s capacity to understand and implement national health and social care standards. To this end, we worked collaboratively with people using health and social care services, advocates, staff providing care and support, and inspectors of health and social care services to develop the structure and content of the courses. While the courses were developed just prior to the pandemic, the pandemic accelerated the uptake of the courses among a wide range of frontline staff. The courses have been accessed over 135,000 times to date and 97% of course participants indicated that it improved their understanding of the practical application of national standards.
It has long been recognised that the delivery of sensitive news to parents, children, and families is a life-changing experience, which impacts them and the progress they make differently over time. Consulting partners recognised that despite its importance, news breakups were not being given the due attention in terms of both training and best practice. The project aims to train professionals who break sensitive news to parents and family members, in particular in cases of paediatric health in relation to child loss and disability. Those taking part in the training, were better equipped to deal with grief and parents and carers’ day-to-day issues. Over 600 frontliners and professionals were trained to help sustain family resilience in the context of challenges with paediatric ill-health in relation to loss and disability.
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Silk Road or the Silk Route comes from the German Seidenstrabe. The term was first used by the German geographer and explorer, Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen. After having received extensive education in Germany and Europe, von Richthofen joined the Eulenburg Expedition, which took him through main Asian countries, such as Burma, Japan, Siam and Taiwan. Later on he frequently traveled to the region and visited Japan, China and other Asian countries. He labeled the trade route for its prominence in silk trading, the product which was to that day unknown in Europe.
The route itself divided in the Tibetan region, to bypass the mountains and spread far and wide. On the northern side it went in the present Russia and Georgia, encompassing both the Caspian and Black seas. On the southern side it spread though Asia going though China and India and reaching up to Mesopotamia and further though the Middle Eastern region to the Mediterranean. Silk Road extended by sea as well and reached to what is known today as Philippines, Africa and Europe.
Various findings suggest that the trade routes exited in the ancient times and were only perfected with years. Evidence of foreign trading exists all over the continents and can be traced though certain products that were transported on the routes. Historians and archeologists found evidence to suggest that animals were transported to Africa from Asia as early as BCE. Foreign items were found on other continents,... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(2008, 03). Silk Road. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 03, 2008, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Silk-Road-133395.html
"Silk Road" StudyMode.com. 03 2008. 03 2008 <http://www.studymode.com/essays/Silk-Road-133395.html>.
"Silk Road." StudyMode.com. 03, 2008. Accessed 03, 2008. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Silk-Road-133395.html.
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| 0.95561 | 429 | 3.421875 | 3 |
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