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Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications, ninth edition Lorrie R. Gay, Geoff Mills, Peter W. Airasian Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications, ninth edition, is a practical text focused on the skills needed by competent consumers and producers of educational research. The ninth edition includes: A clear, down-to-earth approach The accessible writing style, clear and concise explanations and humorous tone demystify the research process. (See, for example, pp. 104, 303, and 310.) Tasks are included throughout the text to guide students through the process of creating their own research report. (See, for example, pp. 4, 175, and 461.) Published research articles are now included inevery research methods chapter. (See, for example, pp. 189, 226, and 392.) Broadened coverage of qualitative research and expanded coverage of technology throughout the text including: A new chapter on case study research (Chapter 17) How to use online survey research tools (in Chapter 7) and how to use Excel to help organize and analyze data (in Chapters 12 and 13) An integrated multimedia resource MyEducationalResearchLaban online research-based learning tooloffers students an individualized Study Plan, provides instructors a set of assignable Homework and Exercises for each chapter, and provides interactive practice in evaluating and conducting research through Building Research Skills exercises. A complete list of available resources for each chapter is located in the beginning of each chapter (See, for example, pp. 65, 217, and 383). For more information turn to the preface or go to www.myeducationlab.com .Gay, L. R. is the author of 'Education Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications Text only', published 2008 under ISBN 9780132338776 and ISBN 0132338777.
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I was studying someones code and something didn't make sense to me. I don't understand the point of having clock() - GameAvailTMR, I thought about it for awhile and couldn't figure it out. I removed it from the code and didn't see any noticeable changes, so I'm thinking it must be for a reason I can't see or else there's no point in putting it there. Also if GameAvailTMR is equal to clock() then wouldn't clock() - GameAvailTMR = 0? I know I'm wrong because the code runs the if statement, but it really doesn't make sense to me. If more code is needed to tell the answer let me know and I'll post the rest.
You have an outer while loop. How often does it repeat?
You do something within the loop, but only when time (clock) has advanced at least "100" from the previous time you did that something. Logically, you do not want to do the something too often.
Lets take a display as an example. Lets say that it can refresh 50Hz (50 times per second; 50 frames per second). Lets say it takes 2ms to draw a frame, so a loop could draw 500 times per second. It makes no sense to draw a frame more than 50 times per second, so only once every 20ms. If we update timestamp (and draw) only when 20ms has passed from previous update, we do not draw too often.
For some reason I seemed to think GameAvailTMR = clock() meant GameAvailTMR would run continuously like clock(). Maybe because GameAvailTMR is short for GameavailTimer, so I started thinking of it as a timer. Anyway thanks for the help, I really appreciate it.
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Nut trees, like fruit trees, produce better if they are fed. The process of fertilizing nut trees begins long before you have the joy of eating your own nuts. Young trees that haven’t started bearing nuts actually require more fertilizer than bearing trees. Do you want to know how to fertilize nut trees and when to fertilize a nut tree? Read on for all the information you will need about nut tree fertilizer.
Why Should You Feed Nut Trees?
If you don’t fertilize your trees regularly, you may ask why you should do it at all. Should you feed nut trees? Yes! When your kids get hungry, you feed them. As a gardener, you need to do the same thing for your nut trees. That’s what fertilizing nut trees is all about.
For a nut tree to produce nuts, it needs an adequate supply of essential nutrients. The primary nutrient nut trees require on a regular basis is nitrogen. Fertilizing nut trees properly requires more nitrogen than any other element.
How to Fertilize Nut Trees
Use granular fertilizer rather than liquid fertilizer and follow the directions below.
If you are wondering how much nut tree fertilizer to use, it will vary from tree to tree. That is because the amount of nut tree fertilizer necessary depends on the size of the tree trunk. When your nut trees are young, measure the diameter of the tree at breast height. If the trunk is no bigger than 6 inches (15 cm.) in diameter, apply 1 pound (454 g.) for every inch (2.5 cm.) of trunk diameter.
If you can’t figure out the trunk diameter, measure the circumference of the trunk (wrap the measuring tape around it) at breast height. Divide this number by 3 to approximate the diameter. For larger nut trees, those with diameters of between 7 and 12 inches (18-31 cm.), use 2 pounds (907 g.) for every inch of diameter. Trees that are even bigger should get 3 pounds (1 kg.) for each inch of diameter.
Apply the correct amount of fertilizer to the surface of the soil. Sprinkle it on the entire canopy area; that is the area of ground under the spread of the branches. Should you feed nut trees right up to the trunk? No, you should not. In fact, keep fertilizer a full 12 inches (31 cm.) away from the trunk of the nut tree.
When to Fertilize Nut Trees
When to fertilize nut trees is an important issue. It may be better not to fertilize at all than to feed your tree at the wrong time. Nut trees should be fertilized at the same time each year. Generally, the ideal time to fertilize a nut tree is in spring just before new growth begins.
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English Shepherd is an old American breed. They are
the "Old Shep" dogs that our ancestors had on their
homesteads, they herded livestock, hunted game for the
table, eradicated pests and protected their homes and
livestock from predators and human intruders.
English Shepherds descend mainly from the British
landrace known as the
Shepherd's dog described by Thomas Bewick in A
General History of Quadrupeds, Printed at
Newcastle upon Tyne, 1790.
Today individuals from almost every different line of working English Shepherd
farm dogs (and
the breed is quite diverse) still look and behave like this
one, long body, tail with a swirl at the end.
Different lines were selected for different kinds of
livestock and different geological environments.
English Shepherd hog dogs
from Texas differ from hog dogs in Iowa. Sheep and goat
lines differ from lines that were selected exclusively for beef cattle.
The English Shepherd breed has never
been bred for an ideal, "total dog", "cookie cutter ", "my
dog is better than yours" competition, but rather for
whatever individual farmers felt was the best dog for them.
Unlike the breeds defined by the AKC English Shepherds
not a standardized breed with a narrow standard (and
associated genetic problems). Most English Shepherd
enthusiasts insist that the narrow selection priorities of
AKC breeds must never be applied to our breed, as we
think that this major difference in selection priority is
what makes English Shepherds so superior! Indeed many
farm families who breed English Shepherds are also involved
in conservation of heritage livestock breeds!
The English Shepherd breed was first registered in the late
nineteen twenties with UKC. This
was in response to the AKC show collie breed splitting off, and
subsequent to the arguments against selection for looks
discussed in magazine articles in
Country Life in America- published a century
ago! Today the UKC is still the most recognized
registry for English Shepherds, although other registries
also recognize the breed.
In the forties the ARF (Animal Research Foundation) was
created specifically to register English Shepherds and efforts in that association were made to
develop a more standardized, uniform breed with AKC
recognition as a final goal. This
effort to create an AKC standardized breed failed and
another new registry sprang up for dogs with looks and working
characters that differed considerably from those favored by the ARF.
This new registry was called the IESR (International English
Shepherd Registry) and soon it began to register Australian
Shepherds (under the name National Stock Dog Registry)
In my experience and Linda Rorem's considerable research, Aussies
are for the most part, an offshoot of the bob-tailed lines
of English Shepherds:
The English Shepherd breed has undergone a loss of habitat
with the disappearance of the small farm, but today hobby
farms, agility enthusiasts, and people just wanting a great
intellligent companion and family dog have discovered the
wonderful diversity of this breed, and English Shepherds are
now experiencing a burst of popularity! Due to
too many breeders many fine dogs and pups are ending up in
rescue. The National
English Shepherd Rescue is a great organization working
to identify these wonderful dogs and find them homes.
Centuries of selection for independent thinking farm
partners has resulted in modern English Shepherds, one of
the most intelligent and versatile working breeds ever
known. Hank is a great example of the utility of this
breed in a family farm situation:
They thrive on this bond with a human who makes the rules
and gives commands. When raised like a border collie (in a
pen most of the time) (or an LGD- out with the stock and
away from human interaction) they seldom develop into a satisfactory
farm dog. Ten years ago some friends and I started theAmerican
Working Farmcollie Association to help people
find the dogs they need for their particular situation and learn to raise and train them
properly. The AWFA recognizes three categories of
farm dog work- herding, guardian and hunting.
Many different breeds of farmcollie dogs have been evaluated
by AWFA, and the English Shepherd continues to be a favorite
of people seeking a great all round working family farm dog!
The selection of English Shepherds over the last millenium for
their keen instinct to partner with and work with people
while retaining their intelligence and independent thinking,
has resulted in a breed that is very versatile in a great
number of off the farm venues.
The English Shepherd Standard
This standard for the English Shepherd was written
and approved by the membership of the English Shepherd Club, the largest
English Shepherd organization, in 2004.
English Shepherds have been bred for generations as all-purpose, working
farm dogs. Their responsibilities have ranged from herding and protecting
stock, to dispatching vermin, guarding the home, and watching over children.
The unique ability to handle all types of livestock and a variety of tasks
is the defining feature of this breed.
The English Shepherd is a dog of medium size, presenting a picture of sturdy
balance and harmonious proportions. He is alert and his face shows a high
degree of intelligence. Since working and tending livestock are the primary
functions of the English Shepherd, his physical make-up should be such as
will enable him to fulfill those duties with maximum efficiency. Evaluation
of type must be subordinated to evaluation of soundness, character, and
ability when determining the value of an English shepherd.
The English shepherd typically works stock in an upright, loose-eyed manner
rather than crouching and showing strong eye. He is generally a natural low
heeler and will gather or drive as is needed. He will be forceful if
necessary, but not be too rough, discerning the amount of force needed and
handling stock accordingly.
The seamless combination of independent working ability and a desire to work
in partnership with his master is a hallmark of the English shepherd. His
natural instincts enable him to carry out his work with a minimum of
direction; his confidence, purposefulness, and a deep commitment to rules
compels him to maintain order in his environment even in his master's
absence. At the same time, he is intensely loyal to and ever aware of his
master and possesses a willingness to obey.
The English shepherd is not obsessive about herding and is capable of
resting quietly at his master's feet when there is no work required. He can
be trusted to not bother livestock and does not require kenneling when
chores are done. Indeed, the English shepherd frequently develops a bond
with, and displays a nurturing attitude toward, his owner's livestock and
will keep them in their place while guarding against unwanted predators and
The English shepherd is agile and quick, sturdy and muscular, with the
stamina and grit to cover many miles over all types of terrain. He has keen
senses, and can trail lost or injured animals. Calm in disposition, the
English shepherd will withstand the pressure of long hours of demanding
Physical Characteristics: HEAD - Medium length with moderately defined stop. Broad and slightly
rounded between the ears. Distance from tip of nose to stop roughly equal to
the distance between stop and occiput and to width across top of skull
between bases of ears. Teeth full dentition with scissor bite. Note: no penalty for teeth
broken or missing due to trauma. Muzzle moderately broad, neither pugged nor pointy. Flews straight
with no sloppy droop. Nose fully-pigmented, generally solid black; "clear" sable dogs may
have brown nose. Eyes brown and moderately round with a slightly oblique set. Eyes
should express character with a strong, intelligent look. Ears typically wide apart, stand slightly outward at the base with a
sharp bend and lie close to the head when relaxed, raised up slightly when
alert. Variation in ear set is common and of trivial significance. NECK - Strong and arched. BODY - Back strong and level, loins strong and deep with slight
muscular arch. Shoulders well laid back. Ribs well sprung and chest
extending down in depth approximately to elbows. Body slightly longer than
tall. Chest moderately broad. LEGS - Forelegs straight when viewed from front. Pasterns are short,
thick and strong, but still flexible, showing a slight angle when viewed
from the side. Back legs well boned and muscled, placed well apart, with
moderate angulation. Feet oval and compact, toes together and well arched,
well padded and tough. Rear dewclaws common but may be removed. TAIL - Moderately long with sweep toward end. Carriage may vary, but
preferably held low when standing relaxed. Natural bobtails are acceptable.
Bobtails may be up to eight inches long. . GAIT - Viewed from the front at a fast trot, the front feet track
close together but do not cross over. The gait should give the impression of
ability to change direction instantaneously. The dog moves ahead in a
straight line with effortless motion and without a rolling gait. Viewed from
the rear, the hind legs are straight and converge as pace increases so as to
take the weight under the center of gravity. The gait is smooth without
choppiness. COAT - Medium length and texture, straight, wavy or curly, weather
and dirt-resistant, with an undercoat that sheds seasonally. Hair is short
and smooth on the head, outside of ears, front of forelegs and below the
hocks. Backs of forelegs are moderately feathered; breeches are moderately
full; tail is plume-like. Excessively heavy manes and heavy frills on
underside of neck and on breast are not desirable. A correct English
Shepherd coat should require minimal grooming. COLOR - The four predominant color patterns are: black and tan,
tricolor (black, tan, and white), black and white, and sable and white.
A sable dog may have black-tipped hairs, or may have a solid black saddle
pattern, or may be "clear" -- without black pigment in the coat. Sable may
appear as shades of brown from a pale honey-gold color through a deep
White markings are typically distributed in an "Irish" pattern, with or
without a white collar.
A black mask is acceptable in any of the color patterns.
In none of the color patterns is white permitted to be unbalanced to a
degree of being splotchy-looking or of covering more than 30% of the body.
Solid white coats or piebald markings are not desirable. Merles do not
appear in the English shepherd. SIZE - Range:
height: 18 - 24", preference for 19 - 22";
weight: 35 - 65#, lean and fit condition
males larger than females
Sturdy balance and harmonious proportions are more critical than absolute
size. DISQUALIFICATIONS - Natural reserved attitude toward strangers is
acceptable, however viciousness or excessive shyness/ fearfulness are
disqualifications; cryptorchid or monorchid adult dogs; merle dogs.
English Shepherd history and standard according to
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In July, 1925, Clarence Darrow cross-examined William Jennings Bryan at the Scopes Trial, the highlight of a theological contest that would determine whether it was unlawful to teach human evolution in public schools.
Did the evolutionist Darrow get the best of the creationist Bryan? Most historical accounts, as well as the film Inherit the Wind, portray Darrow as the undisputed victor. Indeed, Bryan's death shortly after the trial left a void that could not be filled. Bryan, after all, was a three-time presidential candidate, and the most prominent fundamentalist in the country. The anti-evolution movement, the story goes, faded away with his passing.
Tell that to the Kansas State Board of Education, which voted in 1999 to remove evolution from state standardized tests and left it up to local school districts whether or not to teach evolution at all. Voters later kicked the Kansas board members out of office who had voted against evolution and the new board, in the words of its chairman, Dr. Bill Wagnon, "returned its curriculum standards to mainstream science."
Nonetheless, reports of the death of creationism and intelligent design are greatly exaggerated. In fact, an increasing number of Americans (46 percent in 2012) believe that "God created humans in present form." Only 32 percent believe that humans evolved without God playing some sort of role.
These are troubling numbers to Bill Nye, a 21st century Clarence Darrow who argued in a Big Think video in 2012 that Americans should absolutely be free to believe whatever they want to believe, but - and this is a big but - they should not deny their children access to the basis of all life science. In short, Nye argued that we need a generation of scientifically literate students in order to be successful in the 21st century.
Over 6 million YouTube views and nearly 400,000 comments later, Nye is set to debate Ken Ham, the founder of the Creation Museum, tonight. Not everyone is so enamored of Nye's decision to engage in this debate. Jerry A. Coyne, a professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago, argues that "theories of creation can superficially sound right to people without a science background."
The Creation Museum, which is based in Petersburg, Kentucky, promotes the so-called "Young Earth" explanation of the origins of the universe. The physicist Lawrence Krauss argues that this literal interpretation of the book of Genesis is "as much a disservice to religion as it is to science." Indeed, even the televangelist Pat Robertson has rejected the idea that our planet is 6,000 years old and therefore, (as some would have us believe) dinosaur fossils must either be forgeries or, just as preposterously, homo sapiens and dinosaurs cohabitated 6,000 years ago.
In other words, Bill Nye will not only be debating anti-evolutionists, he will be debating an extreme fringe group of creationists. Is he walking into the lion's den?
You can watch the LIVE feed from MSNBC here.
You can watch the feed from the Creation Museum here LIVE at 7PM (ET):
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| 0.953493 | 653 | 3.125 | 3 |
The full article can be read through the hyperlink above
“What really drives education is curiosity, trying to fill gaps in our understanding,” Sir Ken says, author of Finding Your Element and other books on creativity in education. “And the world around us is a tremendous resource to stimulate that curiosity.”
He lists five reasons why taking learning outdoors is a good idea:
Nature is a powerful resource.
Children can learn through practical hands-on activities.
You can tap into children’s curiosity.
It is a social experience and children learn from working together.
Learning outdoors is fun.
“Education takes up a great deal of children’s time,” Sir Ken adds. “This is their childhood, the only one they get and learning outdoors, working together, playing together is fun. It’s about the quality of our lives and experiences.”
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Keyboard shortcuts makes navigating through applications and processes easier. Most of the experienced users use these shortcuts to get around working on the Windows operating system with ease. New users can easily learn these keyboard shortcuts and work with speed on their Windows operating system.
Combination Keys for System Programs
- Press ALT+TAB to switch between programs that are open.
- ALT+F4 is used to quit any open application.
- SHIFT+DELETE is used to permanently delete a file. Doing so the files gets automatically deleted from the trash can and you do not have to perform a separate delete for this file.
- Windows Key+L locks the screen of the computer/ locks the computer.
Combination keys for navigating through applications
- CTRL+C is used to copy the contents of the text and the image in any file, or copy anything on the Windows operating system before pasting it in the destination location.
- CTRL+Y does the redo of any undone or modified content in the file.
- CTRL+Z performs the 'undo' task for any operation performed on the file or the Windows operating system.
- CTRL+V performs the operation of pasting any file on the system.
- CTRL+B is used to bold the content any open document that has text.
- CTRL+I is used to Italicize the text content in a file.
- CTRL+U is used to underline any text content in a file.
- F1 opens the Windows help menu.
- SHIFT+Right click opens the shortcut menu.
- ALT+double click opens the properties of any file.
Keyboard only commands
- ALT+TAB is used to switch between open programs.
- ALT+ DOWN arrow opens the windows task manager.
- ALT+SPACE key opens the system menu to resize, move, minimize, or maximize any window.
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| 0.841176 | 397 | 3.078125 | 3 |
|CREGAN, PERRY - Retired ARS Employee|
Submitted to: The Soybean Genome
Publication Type: Book / Chapter
Publication Acceptance Date: 2/1/2016
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: Classical genetic maps indicate the relative positions of genes that control readily observable traits such as plant structure, maturity, flower color, disease and insect resistance and various chemical characteristics. Molecular genetic maps contain DNA markers that are used to define the positions of genes that control various traits of interest and of economic value. Classical genetic maps contain relatively few genetic markers whereas molecular genetic maps often contain many thousands of DNA markers and are therefore very useful in defining the positions of gene controlling traits including resistance to disease and insects, protein and oil quantity and quality in the seed and traits associated with productivity. In this review paper a description is given of the origins of soybean classical and molecular genetic maps and the research that combined the classical and molecular genetic maps. In the case of the molecular maps, the various types of DNA markers that were used over the years to improve the molecular maps are described. The first soybean molecular genetic map was developed in the late 1980’s and released in 1990 and contained 150 DNA markers. The current map contains more than 21,000 DNA markers that can be rapidly analyzed with high throughput technologies. This information will be of use to soybean geneticists and breeders who use or would like to use DNA markers in their genetic studies.
Technical Abstract: A brief history of classical genetic mapping in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is described. Detailed descriptions are given of the development of molecular genetic linkage maps based upon various types of DNA markers Like many plant and animal species, the first molecular map of soybean was based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Because of the relatively low level of sequence diversity in soybean, the first RFLP maps were constructed in populations derived from crosses of cultivated (G. max) x wild soybean [G. soja (Seib. et Zucc.)]. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci were briefly used in map construction, but soybean was the first plant species in which simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were employed and SSRs soon became the marker of choice in map development. During the development of RFLP and SSR genetic maps the classical genetic linkage groups were associated with the molecular marker based linkage groups. Ultimately, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) became the most widely used marker type. The most recent molecular genetic map of soybean incorporates more than 21,000 SNP markers positioned on the 20 pairs of soybean chromosomes. This map provides an excellent source of DNA markers data and was used to update the soybean genome sequence assembly (http://www.phytozome.org/) which was initially based on a soybean molecular genetic map with only 5,000 genetic markers.
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24 September 2019
Ed Whinyates of Stonegrove Refrigeration says the industry should be more pro-active in moving towards natural refrigerants and reducing its carbon footprint.
A great deal has been reported recently about the fight against climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gasses to near zero by 2050. The committee on Climate Change (CCC) says that this can be achieved in the UK and - if other countries follow suit - there is a 50/50 chance of the world staying below the dangerous threshold of a 1.5C temperature rise by 2100. Although there is a fear that any drastic changes could impact on the UK economy, it is argued we can no longer ignore the inevitable – change needs to happen.
The cost of energy dominates the lifecycle cost of most refrigeration equipment and, over its life-span, the cost of energy can be around five times the original capital cost. End users can accrue significant financial savings over the lifetime of their equipment by opting for more energy efficient alternatives
Refrigeration and air conditioning is necessary for life and will continue to expand worldwide. Its impact on the environment is huge; it is said that the refrigeration sector consumes about 20% of overall electricity used world-wide, with some saying this figure could be as great as 30%. It is only going to rise with a combination of economic growth and urbanisation leading to a great demand for cooling. This must beg the question: can the refrigeration industry afford to continue without needing to make some changes (drastic or otherwise)? Aside from the enforced refrigerant phase outs, it would be naïve to think that the government will not continue to target the refrigeration sector to reduce its carbon footprint - either with a carrot or a stick (most likely both).
Many efforts have already been made with new equipment and technology to help with the carbon footprint reduction, and there are solutions already available. There is not a ‘one size fixes all’ remedy but, with sound thought and application, we can make some changes now and not wait to be forced into panicked action. New refrigeration technologies do not need to be part of the global warming problem – they can be part of the solution (for example, heat pump technology).
How can we apply what is already available?
All refrigeration and AC installations should start with a design. Maybe the first question that should be asked, at the beginning of the design phase, is “how does this impact on the environment?” The obvious starting place would be the use of natural refrigerants - like ammonia, CO2 and propane - instead of HFCs and HFOs. It is accepted that natural refrigerants cannot currently be used as a solution for all refrigeration applications but, where possible, they should be prioritised.
HFCs in cooling systems are significant users of energy (electricity) and any leakage of the refrigerants used are significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Natural refrigerants with minimal or zero global warming potential (GWP) will only create reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The use of natural refrigerants in larger industrial refrigeration applications are proven to be more energy efficient. Less energy required to run the plant = lower impact on the environment.
If the refrigeration and AC industry were to focus on improving energy efficiency there would be major benefits. Many of the available energy efficiency improvements create positive financial savings for the end user. The cost of energy dominates the lifecycle cost of most refrigeration equipment and, over its life-span, the cost of energy can be around five times the original capital cost. End users can accrue significant financial savings over the lifetime of their equipment by opting by opting for more energy efficient alternatives and avoiding paying for more electricity. Refrigeration and AC equipment efficiency can lead to a lower peak electricity demand. With the continued increase in electricity costs the pay-back on efficient natural refrigerant technology is far quicker, compared to equipment with higher GWP refrigerants. Efficiency improvement opportunities are greatest during the refrigeration design stage. Designers and end users should approach the required solution with an effort to reduce the cooling load. Good examples of this being the selection of appropriate equipment type and size, with high efficiency cycles and components. There is also the use of appropriate controls to maximise efficiency under all operating conditions. A good installation, followed by operating and maintenance practices, can also support high efficiency operation throughout the life of the equipment.
The move to natural refrigerants and energy efficient designs will create barriers that need to be overcome. To a certain extent the industry is at the mercy of the end client, and the capital investment that they are prepared to make. However, by educating end users, they will have the information to make informed choices. By doing this, financial barriers and objection to increased capital expenditure can be overcome – especially when the lower lifecycle cost and greater lifespan of equipment is shown. All energy efficiency improvements provide energy cost savings for the end user. Many efficiency improvements involve some extra capital cost (for example the use a variable speed motor instead of a fixed speed motor), but this is recovered over a period of time out of the energy savings. As a new high efficiency technology matures it is likely that any capital cost difference between low and high efficiency designs will fall.
The whole industry needs to be more pro-active in its move towards more efficient natural refrigerants. “This is how we have always done it” is no longer a good enough excuse.
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The Origins and Variations of Domino
The game of domino is played by placing tiles on the board. Traditionally, European style dominoes were made from ivory, silver lip ocean pearl oyster shell, bone, and dark hardwood, such as ebony. Nowadays, however, the game is played with tiles of any color and design. You can learn about the origins of the game and learn about the different tiles and variations by reading the following articles.
The Origins of Domino is a comic book series that explores the history of the game. The comic book series tells the story of how the game came to be and how it spread to different countries. The game was first published in the early eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century, Italian missionaries brought it to other countries and the game exploded in popularity. Now the game is played in countries like South America and Europe.
The first known game of domino dates back to the early eighteenth century in Italy and France. After being taken to England by French prisoners of war, the game spread throughout Europe and Asia. Today, the game is played in more than one hundred countries around the world.
There are many variants of the domino game, all with different rules. The basic objective of domino is to collect all of the tiles in your hand, but there are many different variations to this classic game. The most common variations are the block and layout games.
Tiles are used to create lines, or “layouts,” for the different pieces of the domino game. The goal of the game is to make sets of two tiles with the same value on both sides. These sets form lines from the center to the edges of the board.
Dominos have a striking blue and red color scheme and are easy to spot. Each domino is marked with three dots, one for each location.
Chinese dominoes are based on a game of dice, where each tile represents a possible outcome. The two dice used in Chinese Dominoes each have a six-sided value. The pips on the tiles are divided into two suits: red and white. For example, a tile with three pips has a value of one, while a tile with two pips has a value of three.
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At a glance......
- 1 Recommended Intakes of Vitamin B1 / Thiamine
- 2 Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B1 / Thiamine
- 3 Food Source of Vitamin B1 / Thiamine
- 4 Uses & Health Benefit of Vitamin B1 / Thiamine
User Review( votes)
Vitamin B1 For Skin Brightness/Thiamine is a vitamin found in food and manufactured as a dietary supplement and medication. Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish. Grain processing removes much of the thiamine content, so in many countries, cereals and flours are enriched with thiamine. Supplements and medications are available to treat and prevent thiamine deficiency and disorders that result from it, including beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy. Other uses include the treatment of maple syrup urine disease and Leigh syndrome. They are typically taken by mouth, but may also be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection.
Thiamine also is known as thiamin or vitamin B1, is a vitamin found in food, and manufactured as a dietary supplement and medication.[rx][rx]Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish.[rx] Grain processing removes much of the thiamine content, so in many countries, cereals and flours are enriched with thiamine.[rx][rx] Supplements and medications are available to treat and prevent thiamine deficiency and disorders that result from it, including beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy.[rx] Other uses include the treatment of maple syrup urine disease and Leigh syndrome.[rx] They are typically taken by mouth, but may also be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection.[rx][rx]
Recommended Intakes of Vitamin B1 / Thiamine
Intake recommendations for thiamin and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences). DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and sex, include:
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) – Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals.
- Adequate Intake (AI) – Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA.
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) – Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals.
- Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) – Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects.
Table 1 lists the current RDA for thiamin. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for thiamin that is equivalent to the mean intake of thiamin in healthy, breastfed infants.
Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B1 / Thiamine
Symptoms of beriberi include weight loss, emotional disturbances, impaired sensory perception, weakness and pain in the limbs, and periods of irregular heart rate. Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common. It may increase the amount of lactic acid and pyruvic acid within the blood. In advanced cases, the disease may cause high-output cardiac failure and death.
Symptoms may occur concurrently with those of Wernicke’s encephalopathy, a primarily neurological thiamine-deficiency related condition.
Beriberi is divided into four categories as follows. The first three are historical and the fourth, gastrointestinal beriberi, was recognized in 2004:
- Dry beriberi – especially affects the peripheral nervous system.
- Wet beriberi – especially affects the cardiovascular system and other bodily systems.
- Infantile beriberi – affects the babies of malnourished mothers.
- Gastrointestinal beriberi – affects the digestive system and other bodily systems.
Dry beriberi causes wasting and partial paralysis resulting from damaged peripheral nerves. It is also referred to as endemic neuritis. It is characterized by:
- Difficulty in walking
- Tingling or loss of sensation (numbness) in hands and feet
- Loss of tendon reflexes
- Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs
- Mental confusion/speech difficulties
- Involuntary eye movements (nystagmus)
A selective impairment of the large proprioceptive sensory fibers without motor impairment can occur and present as prominent sensory ataxia, which is a loss of balance and coordination due to loss of the proprioceptive inputs from the periphery and loss of position sense.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy is the most frequently encountered manifestation of thiamine deficiency in Western society, though it may also occur in patients with impaired nutrition from other causes, such as gastrointestinal disease, those with HIV/AIDS, and with the injudicious administration of parenteral glucose or hyperalimentation without adequate B-vitamin supplementation. This is a striking neuro-psychiatric disorder characterized by paralysis of eye movements, abnormal stance and gait, and markedly deranged mental function.
Korsakoff’s syndrome is, in general, considered to occur with the deterioration of brain function in patients initially diagnosed with WE. This is an amnestic-confabulatory syndrome characterized by retrograde and anterograde amnesia, impairment of conceptual functions, and decreased spontaneity and initiative.
Alcoholics may have thiamine deficiency because of the following
- Inadequate nutritional intake – Alcoholics tend to intake less than the recommended amount of thiamine.
- Decreased uptake of thiamine from the GI tract – Active transport of thiamine into enterocytes is disturbed during acute alcohol exposure.
- Liver thiamine stores – are reduced due to hepatic steatosis or fibrosis.
- Impaired thiamine utilization – Magnesium, which is required for the binding of thiamine to thiamine-using enzymes within the cell, is also deficient due to chronic alcohol consumption. The inefficient utilization of any thiamine that does reach the cells will further exacerbate the thiamine deficiency.
- Ethanol per se inhibits thiamine – transport in the gastrointestinal system and blocks phosphorylation of thiamine to its cofactor form (GDP).
Following improved nutrition and the removal of alcohol consumption, some impairments linked with thiamine deficiency are reversed, in particular poor brain functionality, although in more severe cases, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome leaves permanent damage.
Wet beriberi affects the heart and circulatory system. It is sometimes fatal, as it causes a combination of heart failure and weakening of the capillary walls, which causes the peripheral tissues to become edematous. Wet beriberi is characterized by:
- Increased heart rate
- Vasodilation leading to decreased systemic vascular resistance, and high output heart failure
- Elevated jugular venous pressure
- Dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Peripheral edema (swelling of lower legs)
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
Gastrointestinal beriberi causes abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal beriberi is characterized by:
Infantile beriberi usually occurs between two and six months of age in children whose mothers have inadequate thiamine intake. It may present as either wet or dry beriberi.
In the acute form, the baby develops dyspnea and cyanosis and soon dies of heart failure. These symptoms may be described in infantile beriberi:
- Hoarseness, where the child makes moves to moan but emits no sound or just faint moans caused by nerve paralysis
- Weight loss, becoming thinner and then marasmic as the disease progresses
- Pale skin
- Ill temper
- Alterations of the cardiovascular system, especially tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
- Convulsions occasionally observed in the terminal stages
Food Source of Vitamin B1 / Thiamine
Uses & Health Benefit of Vitamin B1 / Thiamine
- Metabolic disorders – Taking thiamine by mouth helps correct metabolic disorders associated with genetic diseases, including Leigh’s disease, maple syrup urine disease, and others.
- Thiamine deficiency – Taking thiamine by mouth helps prevent and treat thiamine deficiency.
- Brain disorder due to thiamine deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) – Thiamine helps decrease the risk and symptoms of a specific brain disorder called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). This brain disorder is related to low levels of thiamine (thiamine deficiency) and is often seen in alcoholics. Between 30% and 80% of alcoholics are believed to have thiamine deficiency. Giving thiamine shots seems to help decrease the risk of developing WKS and decrease symptoms of WKS during alcohol withdrawal.
- Cataracts – High thiamine intake as part of the diet is associated with a reduced risk of developing cataracts.
- Kidney disease in people with diabetes – Early research shows that taking high-dose thiamine (100 mg three times daily) for 3 months decreases the amount of albumin in the urine in people with type 2 diabetes. Albumin in the urine is an indication of kidney damage.
- Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea) – Early research suggests that taking thiamine for 90 days stops pain associated with menstruation in girls 12-21 years-old.
- Repelling mosquitos. Some research shows that taking B vitamins, including thiamine, does not help repel mosquitos.
Insufficient Evidence for
- Athletic performance – Some research suggests that taking thiamine together with pantethine and pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) does not improve muscle strength or endurance in athletes.
- Preventing cervical cancer – Some research suggests that increasing intake of thiamine from dietary and supplement sources, along with another folic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin B12, might decrease the risk of precancerous spots on the cervix.
- Poor appetite.
- Ulcerative colitis.
- Chronic diarrhea.
- Stomach problems.
- Brain conditions.
- Heart disease.
- Canker sores
- Other conditions
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Purposes Behind Summer Reading Assignments.
This study attempted to better understand the purposes behind assigning summer reading lists to students. It addressed four research questions, considering the reasons behind summer reading lists, who helps create the lists, how the criteria for book selection and additional assignments support the purposes, and how the lists and purposes are communicated to students and parents. The researcher interviewed a sample of educators in North Carolina who help create the summer reading lists at their schools, then created transcripts of the interview recordings and analyzed the transcripts qualitatively. The results showed that, contrary to the literature, educators use many different purposes in concert when they assign summer reading. The primary purpose appeared to be encouraging leisure reading. A variety of school community members contribute to the list creation, and a great deal of thought, shown by the large number of criteria, goes into the book selection. The interviews revealed that two possible areas for improvement of the use of summer reading lists are the formulation of goals before creating the lists and increased collaboration within the school community and with the public library.
School:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
School Location:USA - North Carolina
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:reading—aims and objectives reading—educational aspects reading incentive programs evaluation school libraries—book lists libraries—reader guidance
Date of Publication:03/28/2008
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In East Timor: Debating the Constitution in Preparation for a Change of Government
July 11, 2007
On June 30th, East Timor’s citizens cast ballots in the first parliamentary election since independence in 2002. After an intense election campaign in which a record 12 parties and 2 coalitions competed — criss-crossing this small and mountainous half-island nation to hold rallies and conduct door-to-door visits — over 81% of the electorate turned out for a largely peaceful and well-run election day. Results indicate that 7 parties or alliances won seats in the new 65-member Parliament. They help to ensure a pluralistic policymaking process but, with no party winning the 51% needed for a parliamentary majority, the country now faces the daunting challenge of forming a government that will have reasonable prospects for stability and durability over the next five year period.
After a tough first five years of independence, the Timorese are now gaining critical lessons in Constitutional Studies 101. Among political scientists and commentators, avid debate on the meaning and intent of Article 106 in the Constitution is racing over the internet. Political parties are positioning themselves as election results have been certified by the National Election Commission for ratification by the Court of Appeal. President José Ramos-Horta is faced with the weighty and real-life challenge of applying the Constitution to current circumstances and interpreting both the language and intent of the Constitution in carrying out his duty to request formation of the next government. Once the President receives the ratified election results, questions about which party or party alliance should be asked by the President to form the government, and about the President’s responsibility and discretion in making the request, are no longer theoretical.
By virtue of the votes cast on June 30th, two parties gained 21 and 18 seats in the new Parliament, two gained 11 and 8 seats, and three a handful of seats ” none achieving the 33 required for a parliamentary majority. Fretilin, the party that led East Timor’s long struggle for liberation and headed by former prime minister Marà Alkatiri, won 29% of the vote – a stunning set-back after its record 57.8% in the 2001 election ” and has argued that the Constitution provides for formation of the government by the party winning the most votes. While the Constitution does seem to allow for a minority government, Fretilin would then be required to forge perpetual parliamentary alliances to gain sufficient votes for approval of its annual budget and all proposed legislation. In contrast, former president Xanana Gusmão’s National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) won 24.1% of the vote, and has proposed an alliance with the Democratic Party (11.3% of the vote) and the coalition of Social Democratic Association of Timor (ASDT) and Social Democrat Party (PSD) (15.8% of the vote), which would achieve a narrow 51% parliamentary majority. Since the Constitution explicitly states that two rejections of annual budgets leads to dissolution of the government and new elections, a unified opposition sets up the ominous specter of a short-lived government that could increase instability in a country still reeling from violent unrest triggered by last year’s events.
Though not flawless, the government’s administration of its first parliamentary election is a credit to East Timor, especially under the daunting circumstances of unseasonably heavy rains that complicated delivery and retrieval of ballot boxes, and a late amendment in the electoral law that shifted ballot counting from scores of polling stations to the 13 district centers. With this accomplishment, the greater historic challenge is formation of a stable government with a sufficient mandate and political legitimacy to deal decisively, transparently, and accountably with the country’s immense challenges. This begins with resolving the complex and sensitive issues surrounding the ongoing political violence that took place in April and May 2006, while tackling the significant developmental needs of this young nation. As political parties carry out the high-level negotiation over coalitions, and authorities deliberate the Constitutional provisions for formation of a new government, ordinary Timorese wait for leaders to deliver on their hopes and aspirations and bring stability, safety, and prosperity to this young democracy.
Katherine S. Hunter is The Asia Foundation’s Country Representative for East Timor.
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Researchers at Columbia followed more than a thousand cognitively healthy adults over age 65, asking them questions about their diets and running blood tests for beta amyloid, which forms amyloid plaques in people with Alzheimer's.
The more omega-3 fatty acids a participant ate during the study, the lower her blood levels of beta amyloid, even after adjusting for other factors, including age, weight, and the status of APOE, the gene that's been associated with Alzheimer's. Researchers didn't find a similar association with any of the other nutrients they were looking for, including vitamin E and vitamin D.
Not a big seafood fan? Researchers said that just half a filet of salmon per week was associated with a 20 to 30 percent drop in beta amyloid levels. Or, if even that much fish is too much, nuts and chicken are also good sources of omega-3s.
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Denise Montell’s lab, one of the many research labs at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has done some great studies on apoptosis, or cell death. Students have been studying the way that a cell can escape programmed death, an interesting phenomenon contradicting the idea that a cell is permanently dead after apoptosis.
Research labs, like Montell’s lab, can give students hands-on experience working in the lab and can help them understand topics that are difficult to grasp by allowing them to have a visual of the topic. For example, Montell’s lab focuses on studying cell biology by using molecular and cellular approaches. Due to the complexity and diversity of this topic, it can be difficult to grasp if only learning it from a textbook, so the lab assists in this learning process.
Besides the fact that this research lab studies this very interesting phenomenon, there are a number of benefits that students can gain from working in a research lab like this one. Working in a research lab can help students achieve their future goals by obtaining skills that cannot be taught in a classroom. Rawan Sultan, a third-year biochemistry major, is one of the undergraduate researchers in Montell’s lab.
“We study the way in which a cell is able to escape programmed death, also known as apoptosis,” said Sultan in an interview with The Bottom Line. “I do believe that being a part of this lab helped me with my future. Working as an administrative assistant allowed me to work with everyone and make sure certain needs are met in a time-sensitive matter. Doing research helps with my goals of being a doctor because it allows me to practice making logical decisions and conclusions based on observations, which is how research works.”
Communication skills and the ability to work in a team are crucial to most careers, especially ones in medicine and research. Thus if a student has the opportunity to obtain and refine these skills during their undergraduate career, finding their dream career and achieving entrance into graduate school are one step closer to them and much more attainable. However, these skills generally cannot be obtained in the classroom setting and are a benefit of working in a research lab.
Holding a position in a lab, especially as an administrator, may seem intimidating and before joining a lab, students may wonder if they will enjoy the experience. They may wonder if they will be able to handle the learning curve and the level of difficulty associated with these types of labs.
“I love being a part of this lab, since everyone in it is so dedicated to their work and everyone is hardworking,” said Sultan. “Denise is such an inspirational person and the best mentor anyone could have. She has accomplished so much in her life, but that does not stop her from continuing to learn and discover even more things.”
This does not mean that the tasks are easy by any means, but it is definitely worth the effort that is put in. The lab is its own community of dedicated individuals, and there is a mentor who can help students discover their passions, while learning something extraordinary at the same time. Research labs are a great opportunity for students who are pursuing graduate school, research or just looking to be dedicated to a team that works on the same task.
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Dengue: Causes, Risk Factors, Prevention & Treatment
What Is Dengue?
Dengue or Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that can bring about severe symptoms as that of the flu. A family of viruses causes dengue fever, and it is transmitted by infected female Aedes mosquito. It can affect infants, small children, and even adults.
Dengue fever is common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
What Causes Dengue?
Female Aedes mosquito causes dengue. It bites during the daytime, especially in the hours of dusk and dawn. Four different viruses are causing the disease- DEN1, DEN2, DEN3, and DEN4. All of these viruses can create mild or severe kinds of conditions named Dengue hemorrhagic fever.
With the increase in population and the love for people in traveling are the significant reasons why dengue is transmitting to distinct parts of the nation.
When a mosquito bites an infected person and then bites another person, it transmits the disease. This cycle goes on, and the number of people affected with the disease increases.
What Are The Risk Factors For Dengue?
Certain factors can increase the risk of dengue. Some of them are as follows:
Children ages 1 to 5 years
Susceptibility to infected blood products
Presence of additional diseases rather than dengue
Living or traveling to dengue-prone regions
What Are The Symptoms Of Dengue?
Some teens and small children don’t experience any symptoms of dengue as such. But for some people, some of the symptoms do appear after 4-7 days after getting the mosquito bite. People get high fever accompanied by one or more of the following symptoms:
Vomiting(at least three times a day)
Pain in bones, muscles, and joints
Feeling fatigued and irritable
Pain behind the eyes
Bleeding nose or gums
How Is Dengue Diagnosed?
The moment you realize that you could have dengue, consult your healthcare professional straight away. The physician will ask specific relevant questions about the symptoms you are experiencing and your susceptibility to mosquitoes. He can detect the disease by your answers to these questions or just by looking at you.
To confirm, the physician may take some samples of your blood and test for the presence of dengue viruses. The presence of antibodies to fight dengue in your bloodstream indicates that you have dengue.
Follow the advice of your physician and prevent death from dengue. The disease can be fatal when diagnosed at the later stages.
How To Prevent Dengue?
There is no vaccine to prevent dengue. You can only take steps to prevent yourself from a mosquito bite. If you are one of those people living in dengue prone cities or traveling to one, you can consider the following points:
1. Utilize mosquito repellents with 10% and above a concentration of diethyltoluamide or DEET. Don’t use such repellant on small children as it can cause serious side effects.
2. Wearing full-sleeve shirts, long pants, socks, hats, etc. can reduce your skin exposure and prevent mosquito bites.
3. Studies have found that soaps and scents of strong aroma can attract mosquitos. Avoid using such products and prevent dengue to some extent.
4. The mosquito bites of dusk and dawn cause dengue. So, avoid stepping out of the home during this time and reduce the risk.
5. You can use door and window screens in your homes and keep mosquitoes away.
6. Make sure to treat your clothes and shoes with permethrin. You can apply it directly to your skin or spray on your clothes and prevent mosquito bites.
7. Keep a check on the stagnant water around your house. The mosquitoes breed in stagnant water and so keeping a check on it can reduce the risk of the disease.
- Take off excess water from plant pot plates
- Eradicate mosquito eggs by scrubbing the containers
- Don’t allow the leaves to create a blockage that can result in stagnant water.
- Change water in the flower vases of your home regularly and also clean the inside of the vessel frequently.
How Is Dengue Treated?
There is no specific treatment or vaccination that you can take and get rid of dengue hemorrhagic fever. When you are in hospital for treatment, the doctor tries to manage your symptoms by:
- Tracking your blood pressure
- Monitoring the temperature of your body
- Keeping a check on your fluid levels and balance them
If you don’t get any medical assistance, the following points will help you relieve the symptoms:
- Drink plenty of water and other healthy fluids.
- Take proper rest.
- Avoid ibuprofen and aspirin as it can increase your internal bleeding.
- You can take rehydration salts as a replacement to lost minerals and fluids.
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values represent Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
and Adequate Intakes (AI)
, the average daily dietary intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group.
values reprezent Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
, the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population.
represents not determinable value due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts.
reprezents only the two essential fatty acids (EFAs) in human nutrition, alpha-linolenic acid
(an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid
(an omega-6 fatty acid).
This site uses data from USDA Food Composition Databases
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What’s the biggest thing in the universe? That would be a cluster of quasars so large it would take a vehicle traveling at the speed of light 4 billion years to cross. The research has been published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
The structure, known as a Large Quasar Group, or LQG, is so massive scientists say it may challenge a fundamental principle of cosmology, laid out by Albert Einstein, which states that when viewed on a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the universe are the same for all observers. [source: Discovery News, Space.com] Based on the Cosmological Principle, no structures greater than 1.2 billion light years should exist in the cosmos. This group of quasars seems to defy this limit. At its widest point, the LQG is about 1,600 times greater than the distance between the Milky Way galaxy and its nearest neighbor, Andromeda, a span equal to about 2.5 million light-years, or 13 trillion miles.
Interesting huh? Sure. But something is odd here. Articles posting the news insist on using the word “appears”. How many counter-examples does a “principle” need to be discarded? Our dogmatism has a new cloak – it is called “Science”. If you see a lot of green frogs, then scientific induction will lead you to the “safe” conclusion that all frogs are green. But wouldn’t ONE black frog suffice for you to change your theory?
> Check the new philosophy blog Philosophy Snapshots !
> See the article Earth at the Center of the Universe? for a very “weird” application of the Cosmological Principle…
(c) Philosophy WIRES - Commenting world news from philosophy's perspective...
> Main articles / Κύρια άρθρα > Limits of Science > Όρια της Επιστήμης
> Religion & Science Unification > Φιλοσοφία Επιστήμης & Θρησκείας
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One key element of of oral wellness is healthy gums. Gums help to support our teeth, and protect the more vulnerable root area from decay. But vital as they are, these sensitive tissues are prone to illness and infection. As with any disease, gum disease is best treated early. What are the early signs of gum disease, and what can be done to treat it?
Early gum disease is known as gingivitis, and starts developing when built-up plaque begins inflaming gum tissue. Gums become red and may bleed easily when you are brushing and flossing. However, gingivitis does not usually cause pain, so many people may not realize they have it.
If left untreated, gingivitis can quickly worsen. Gums pull away from the teeth, forming deep pockets. Eventually teeth loosen and can fall out. Treating gum disease before these late stages is essential. Often this can be done non-surgically with various deep cleaning methods.
Sometimes, extra professional teeth cleanings by Drs. Jim Nored & Annette Gemp can do the trick. By removing plaque, the disease cannot take hold. When this isn’t enough, they may recommend scaling and root planing. In these procedures, plaque is removed from below the gum line, and tooth roots are smoothed to prevent future accumulation of plaque.
For more serious gum disease, surgical treatment is necessary.
If you have seen early signs of gum disease and would like to schedule an appointment at Crosby Dental Center, please call our dental office in Houston, TX, today. Your total wellness, including healthy gums, is our ultimate goal.
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SCHOOL READINESS PROGRAM
Is your child going to ‘big school’ next year?
Or do you simply want to give your child a head start?
Whether your child is in preschool, day care or at home, transitioning to Kindergarten can be a challenging time for you and your child. Chances are, your little one has already begun the transition to Kindergarten. Our School Readiness Program is designed to support, consolidate and extend this learning to ensure your child starts Kindergarten happy and confident.
Your child will be taught by an experienced Early Childhood and Primary Teacher. They will ensure your child has achieved all the early learning outcomes, before focusing on the foundational literacy and numeracy skills that will be taught in Kindergarten.
OUR SCHOOL READINESS PROGRAM CONSISTS OF 3 LEVELS:
• Initial letter sounds
• Enjoy listening to and recounting stories
• Understand the relationship between numbers and objects
• Recognise and identify numbers 1-10
• Hold crayon with fingers and begin to develop fine motor skills
• Use scissors with safety and control
• Segment and blend Phase 2 CVC words (consonant-vowel-consonant e.g. can)
• Learn to form letters correctly
• Begin to read magic words and read Level 1-3 books
• Recognise and identify numbers 1-20
• Identify ‘Friends of 10’ using numicon
• Develop correct pincer grip
• Segment and blend Phase 3 words, introducing – digraphs (ee), trigraphs (igh), split digraphs (a-e)
• Use letter sounds to write CVC words Sequence and retell story events using picture cards
• Add two numbers using numicon
• Count backwards from a given number between 0-20
• Create patterns using physical objects
“An early focus on literacy and numeracy makes sure that your child has an essential head start in life. Discover Learning has highly qualified staff that assess your child’s needs and develop an individual learning plan. They provide excellent feedback and continually review the plan based on your child’s development. I noted immediate improvement in my son’s abilities and confidence, but most importantly he loves going to the classes because they make learning fun.”
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Lesson 1 (from The Intervention)
"The Intervention" skillfully sets up all the elements of this story. The objective of this lesson is to explore the fictional elements of the story and this particular style of a short story novel.
Lead the class in a discussion of the elements of fiction. What elements does this chapter include? What elements, if any, are missing? Have the students discuss the elements that the author has established. How good is she at fleshing out the framework of necessary elements for a piece of fiction? Do they see any similarities to anything else they have read recently? What is the nature of a short story novel such as OUR KIND. Why did Walbert decide to write her novel in this format?
Divide the class into small groups and have them research other short story novels. Have them choose a few that they like...
This section contains 6,515 words
(approx. 22 pages at 300 words per page)
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You are here
Imaging and Microfilming
Even the best managed paper records can still create records management problems and might require reformatting to fix them. Reformatting converts records from one format into a different format. Imaging (i.e., “scanning” or “digitizing”) and microfilming are the most common methods used to reformat records. Use imaging when you need to improve access to records, and microfilm when you need to reduce storage or create a preservation copy. Imaging and microfilming complement each other and should ideally be pursued together: film can be created from digital images and serve as backup copies, and digital images can be created from good quality microfilm. If a records management program pursues both options together, it will be in a good position to provide efficient access to records while also making sure that the records will be preserved.
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Awesome Genetically Modified Plants that Glow in the Dark
You have probably heard, by now, about certain animals, bacteria or bugs that glow in pitch black. But what if exist plants that have this property? The researchers have developed a plant that can emit light in the dark without the need of UV light or chemicals.
The biotechnology company, Bioglow, is the first company to create plants with auto-luminescent capabilities. Doctor Alexander Krichevsky, specialized in molecular biology is the one who researched this field and published in 2010, in the science journal called PLoS One, an article about engineering plants that can emit light.
The name of this bright plant is Starlight Avatar, and it is the result of genetics modification applied on a regular potted plant, Nicotiana Alata. The engineers combined genes from Nicotiana Alana and bio-luminescent bacteria.
Biologists had several programs of creating auto-luminescent plants, but this is the first time when a glowing plant does not need exterior agents to produce light. Other laboratories created glowing plants using chemicals or with the help of the UV light.
However, these awesome plants, have a short life span, of only 3 months. They must be kept indoors and not exposed to direct sunlight. In dark, the glowing parts will become more prominent as the eye adjusts with the dark. These plants will soon replace the oxygen consuming candles, in a beautiful romantic dinner between lovers.
The Starlight Avatar can be auctioned, and shipped into a plastic box which contains a gel rich in nutrients. After it reaches a maturity level, the plant can be transferred into a normal pot.
Below you can view a video about the genetically-modified plant that glows in the dark:
Startlight Avatar is not the only plant that emits light. Below you can admire some other plants that are bio-luminescent.
1. The glowing carnivorous plants
There are several carnivorous plants such as Nepenthes khasiana or, the more common, Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) that glow under UV light. The plants feed in this way because the insects are attracted by the blue or green glow of the plant.
The glowing process consists in the ability of the plant to absorb UV radiation from the Sun and re-emit it as light.
2. Fungus that glow in the dark
There are 71 species of fungi that glow in the dark. The bio-luminescence of the fungus results when a chemical process is releasing energy. This energy is emitted as light. Still, the scientists do not know yet what compounds from the structure of the fungi is determining the glowing.
Written with love and coolness by karrinah on January 19, 2014 in Awesome Stuff
How do you rate this article?
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Having a shelter is a real challenge for ordinary Iranians
If we look at the challenging conditions of the Iranian people these days, we see that most people are struggling to make ends meet and trying to make ends meet by resorting to some low-quality and cheaper foods. Many families have eliminated meat and fruit from their diet and consume cheap vegetables instead because they cannot afford to buy meat and fruit.
Many others give up buying new clothes and put on their old-fashioned clothes. However, providing shelter for every family breadwinner is not a luxury that one could ignore, unless we expect people to return to living in tents and caves. Nowadays in Iran, however, housing has become a luxurious commodity that most people cannot afford.
There are many reports these days of people “sleeping in graves”, “roof rentals”, “sleeping in shops”, “sleeping in public transport”, etc., especially among workers and those who have come to the cities from the countryside.
500% increase in housing prices
Over the past few years, housing prices in Tehran and other cities have risen by 500 percent. In contrast, during the same period, people’s purchasing power has fallen sharply due to inflation and the devaluation of the national currency. This trend in the housing market on the outskirts of cities and even in the most deprived areas of the country has disrupted many people’s lives. The state-run Mehr news agency warned: “If the housing crisis is not addressed immediately, it will have painful consequences for the vulnerable, which will further reduce housing construction in Iran.”
This “painful situation” has changed the face of many cities dramatically. According to Farid Ghadiri, a government expert in housing, some 40% of households now live below the absolute poverty line. Assessing the housing situation in Iran, he said: “According to the official statistics of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, the population rate below the housing poverty line in Iran is almost twice as high as the normal rate in the world.”
The government expert also said that families who spend more than 30 percent of their monthly or annual income on rent and housing costs now make up 70 percent of the province’s population in Tehran. In other words, the rent for two-thirds of the people of Tehran is more than twice what is paid in other countries of the world.
While in many countries around the world, families can own a home within 10 to 12 years with their income savings; this process takes at least three times longer in Iran.
The population below the “housing poverty line” in Iran is more than twice the average world rate. Previous governments such as those of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rouhani made many empty promises to provide housing for the people during their eight years in power, but with the low-quality houses and apartments they built, they did not solve the housing problem. For example, we saw that the newly built apartments of “Project Mehr” collapsed in a magnitude-5 earthquake in Sarpol-e Zahab, Kermanshah. Now it is the turn of Ebrahim Raisi to repeat the same empty promises.
According to Farid Ghadiri, the first year of Ebrahim Raisi’s government is a decisive year for him. During his campaign, Raisi promised to build one million homes every year. But what financial resources does it take to make a million homes a year? While Raisi is facing a “budget deficit of 400,000 billion tomans” for this year, it is still unclear where he wants to finance the construction of these houses that he promised.
Living in shantytowns is another aspect of the problem of homelessness
Housing prices have put a lot of pressure on the disadvantaged and the middle class, and owning a home has become a dream for most people.
In such a situation, with astronomical housing prices on the one hand and minimum wages on the other, people have no hope in Raisi fulfilling his promises of them owning a house. They know that his words were nothing more than deception and lies.
In July 2021, the Aftab Yazd newspaper presented a picture of this situation and wrote that although citizens were familiar with phenomena such as “increasing suburbanization, renting sheds and sleeping in cars” in previous years, this year new phenomena such as renting warehouses, renting space in shops, sleeping on rooftops and under the stairs have appeared.
Meanwhile, the middle class moves their neighborhoods from the center or north of cities to poorer areas in the south or suburbs. Nearly two-thirds of the population of metropolitan regions such as Tehran have now been marginalized to shantytowns and live in sheds that lack the necessities of a home.
What can we expect?
Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the regime, has now, after 32 years of authoritarian rule, proved that he is unable to meet the basic needs of the people and that the problems of the people are not his problem at all.
There is massive government corruption, large-scale embezzlement, institutionalized bribery, mismanagement of Iran’s natural resources, and improper exploitation of groundwater and forests, and other areas.
The religious dictatorship of the mullahs has turned Iran into ruins. On the other hand, financial and military support for its proxy terrorist groups in the region, such as several militant groups in Iraq, Hezbollah, the Houthis, Fatemioun, and Zainabioun, as well as inflation and unemployment have brought poverty to the Iranian people.
The only way out of this situation is to get rid of the rule of Velayat-e-Faqih (absolute religious dictatorship), which the Iranian people will achieve.
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“It was at that age, that poetry came in search of me.” — Pablo Neruda
Poetry is a search for syllables to shoot at the barriers of the unknown and the unknowable. — Carl Sandburg
“Genuine poetry can communicate before it is understood.” — T. S. Eliot
“I’m a great believer in poetry out of the classroom, in public places, on subways, trains, on cocktail napkins.” — Billy Collins
We study literature to better understand the human condition and our place within human society.
“Poetry is an echo, asking a shadow to dance.” — Carl Sandburg
“I have never started a poem whose end I knew. Writing a poem is discovering.” — Robert Frost.
During this period of fully-remote teaching and learning, many of us are dealing with eye strain caused from looking at a computer all day. In Creative Writing class, Mrs. Edick decided to give students an opportunity to create something in an “analog” way, using printed text. We chose the blackout poem for a project. We hope you enjoy the results of this project.
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"Covenant" means promise or agreement. God's covenant is His promise and plan to save us. It is His "plan of salvation."
The Bible speaks of two covenants-the old one, made at Sinai, and the new one, established and finished at the cross. Let us compare the two.
- From where does Jesus carry on His new-covenant ministry for us?
Heb. 8:1, 2 [Ans. At the right hand of God in the heavenly sanctuary. The Further-study verses are Rev. 1:13; 4:5; 8:3, 4; 11:19.]
- Where were the old-covenant services performed?
Heb. 9:15 [Ans: In the earthly sanctuary. Ex. 25-27; 16:33, 34; Num. 17:10; Ex. 25:8, 9, 40]
- What did Paul call the old-covenant sanctuary, with its earthly services?
Heb. 9:24 [Ans: "Copies" of the true. Note: The old covenant is a picture of the new covenant. It is the plan of salvation illustrated. In some respects it is like a picture of a man's wife. The man may show it to you and say, "This is my wife." But is it really? No, it is only a picture! He may treasure the picture, but it cannot replace his wife. The Jewish nation hung on to the old-covenant "picture" but rejected the One to whom it pointed forward-Jesus and His ministry. We could also illustrate it with a blueprint of a house which is made before the house is built. Heb. 8:35]
- When God illustrated His plan of salvation at Sinai, what covenant did the people make with Him?
Ex. 19:8 [Note: When God gave the old covenant at Sinai, the people promised to keep it, and they intended to, but they could not do so in their own strength (Rom. 8:3). They should have asked God for help; then the Savior, to whom the old covenant pointed forward, would have come into their hearts and delivered them from the power of sin. Matt. 1:21; John 8:34-36; Ex. 25:8]
- What was the purpose of the laws of the earthly sanctuary?
Gal. 3:24 [John 5:46, 47; Heb. 10:1]
- Everything in the old covenant-its people, its law, its sanctuary and services, its capital city, etc.-represented (or pictured) something in the new covenant established at the cross. Who did the HIGH PRIEST represent?
Heb. 4:14-16 [1 Tim. 2:5; Heb. 2:17; 3:1]
- Who did the TEMPLE of the old covenant, the literal children of Abraham, represent?
Gal. 3:9, 29 [Rom. 2:28, 29; Gen. 17: 17; Eze. 34:30; Matt. 3:9; John 8:37, 44]
- What new-covenant capital city corresponds to the old-covenant CAPITAL?
Gal. 4:24-26 [Note: Some people still look to old-covenant Jerusalem for the fulfillment of God's promises. Like the Pharisees, they are clinging to the old-covenant "picture"; but that covenant was nailed to the cross. The old covenant was like Hagar. Hagar was intended to be the midwife to deliver the child of promise, but she was never intended to be the mother of that child. Thus the old covenant was perfect for leading God's people to Christ and to the New Jerusalem, but it was never intended to take its place. John 8:34-36; Heb. 10:4; 11:8-10]
- How did the old covenant SACRIFICES take away sins?
Heb. 10:4, 5 [Ans: They didn't. Those who trusted in these sacrifices alone, were lost. The sacrificial system was designed to develop and show one's faith in the coming Messiah. Acts 4:12]
- Who did the LAMB represent?
John 1:29 [1 Cor. 5:7]
- In the old covenant, what was one purpose of the ten-commandment LAW written on stone?
Rom. 7:7-10 [James 1:23, 24; 2:10-12; Ex. 24:12; Deut. 4:13]
- Besides providing forgiveness for breaking God's law, why else did Jesus come to earth?
Rom. 8:3, 4 [Ans: To give us power to keep God's law. 1 John 3:4-6]
- God's law was written on STONE in the old-covenant "picture." Where is it written in the new covenant?
Heb. 10:16 [Eze. 11:19, 20; 2 Cor. 3:7-10, 18; 1 John 2:35]
Some have wondered why, when the Ten Commandments were included in the old covenant, the New Testament says, "Blessed are those who do His commandments, that they may . . . enter . . . the [New Jerusalem] city" (Rev. 22:14, NKJV). But the old covenant merely foreshadowed the new. In the new covenant the commandments are to be written on our hearts.
Do you want Jesus to perform this new-covenant ministry in your life?
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Developing communication skills is one of the most important elements to socializing and creating valuable relationships. Speech-language pathologists help clients overcome barriers to communication and eating. Speech-language therapy consists of specialized interventions to allow the client to gain appropriate communication, language, articulation, feeding and oral motor planning skills.
A speech and language evaluation will clearly identify areas of weakness and provide an assessment of your child’s skill level and age-based competency. Speech therapy can then address these areas of weakness and close the gap, with the goal of advancing your child’s speech to the age-appropriate range. The CEPT Speech therapy team provides in-depth assessments and one-on-one intervention for all of our clients.
Speech-language pathologists provide evaluation and treatment for:
- Receptive and expressive language delays
- Pragmatic language
- Social skills
- Auditory processing
- Autism and related disorders
- Pre-linguistic skills
- Speech apraxia
- Articulation disorders
- Tongue thrust
- Oral motor/feeding
- Augmentative and alternative communication
- Cognition (attention, sequencing and problem solving)
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The market need was strong, the timing tight and the challenge steep: A large OEM set out to address the demand for real-time glucose management for critical care patients
Micro-MIM: 4 Best Practices for Precisely Making Micro Metal Parts
As medical devices become smaller, weighing less than a few milligrams, medical device manufacturers are increasingly switching from machining to micro-metal injection molding (micro-MIM). Think about parts like metal connectors in implantable pulse generators and gear pump components, as well as components for cardiac rhythm disease management, dental, ophthalmic, orthopedic, drug delivery, and the surgical ablation markets.
Conventional machining cannot reliably maintain the extremely tight tolerances necessary to produce these components at high volumes with high quality. And, thanks to advances in technology, micro-MIM now can. These advances include:
- Finer particle sizes for material formulations make it easier to meet surface finish requirements;
Improved molding and machining technologies allow micro-MIM to achieve tight tolerances and accuracy requirements; and
- Feedstock with smaller particle sizes enables micro-MIM to accurately create micro features.
Even though initial investment costs are higher relative to other manufacturing processes, micro-MIM offers better accuracy, consistency and cost advantages for mass manufacturing. However, taking full advantage of advanced micro-MIM capabilities to produce quality parts requires the following four critical areas or expertise.
1. Scientific process principles
A micro-MIM manufacturer must understand manufacturing process variability and the controls needed to minimize variation. The process needs to be developed using data to understand the relationships between process inputs (e.g., material, melt temperature, mold temperature, hold pressure) and process outputs (e.g., dimensions, surface finish) to create predictable manufacturing processes. This level of understanding of the MIM process helps minimize the risk of releasing non-conforming product into the field.
The feedstock composition determines the success of any micro-MIM project. Metal particle size distribution and binder type are important variables in determining the manufacturing cost and feasibility of consistent feature production.
Keep in mind, material sourcing is often a challenge because of the limited number of material manufacturers for micro particle sizes in the United States. Selecting the right material for each part is critical. In some cases, a unique material may need to be developed to meet the performance and visual requirements of the component, which requires the expertise to identify needs and to work with material compounders to create the right material. If the correct material is not sourced, and if it doesn’t meet the requirements or standards, the product produced will be inconsistent.
3. Equipment and technology
In addition to material control, equipment selection plays an important role in producing parts with minimal variation. With micro-MIM, a mold can be built to accommodate the features that require multiple machine tools. Once the mold is built, with little maintenance, you can produce hundreds of thousands of parts.
However, building molds for part sizes less than a millimeter can be challenging. It requires specialized machinery, innovative techniques, knowledge and experience in machining – at the micro size. As such, a manufacturer should have the ability to identify the right size equipment to mold the micro components, and the expertise in designing the manufacturing process as a whole system, considering downstream operations with the end requirements in mind.
4. Product requirements
Identifying the proper requirements for the product in terms of strength, surface finish, feature sizes and dimensional tolerances will help in selecting the correct feedstock, in addition to process parameters to mold, debind and sinter. Micro features demand specialized handling procedures through molding, debinding and sintering operations.
With the development of increasingly smaller medical devices comes the challenge of identifying the best manufacturing method to meet extremely tight tolerances. Millimeter-sized components with micron-sized features push the limits of traditional machining methods. As tolerances become tighter, machining is less consistent and costs increase. Thanks to technological advances, micro-MIM has become a highly efficient method for manufacturing micro parts with tight tolerances at high volumes and offers a reliable alternative for many parts that have historically been machined.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Raghu Vadlamudi is the Chief Research and Technology Director at Donatelle. He has more than 25 years of experience in the medical device manufacturing industry managing process development groups, directing and coordinating process validation activities utilizing knowledge-based manufacturing practices. Raghu is an ASQ certified Medical Device Auditor, Certified Metal Cutting Professional, Certified Medical Device Compliance Professional, and a Certified Process Validation Professional.
Our suite of integrated contract manufacturing services, enhanced by our SmartStack® and NeuroStack® technologies, provides a competitive advantage with customizable linear contact systems. Plus, our facility features controlled environments, ISO 7 (class 10,000) cleanrooms and cleanroom production cells with integrated vision systems capable of operating at ISO 5 (class 100) level. *Moldflow® is a registered trademark of Autodesk® Inc.
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The Moorish Empire 101
How to download your product immediately after purchase
Moorish Empire (who, what, when, where, why)
The territorial jurisdiction, control, reign, extent and power of the Moorish Empire has, like everything else in nature, changed throughout history.
The Moorish Empire was a global empire. Evidence of the Moorish rule in the Americans have been found in the governmental, cultural and religious structure of the Ol Mec’s (c. 2500 B.C.) and Aztecs of central America. As well as the Mississippi Mound Builders and Iroquois Confederacy of North America. The Moorish Empires vast commercial and political structure also connected with the Incas, the Miskito, the Musica, Taino and Arawak’s of South America and the Adjoining Islands.
In fact, the Prime Minister of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has revealed to the Western World that Muslim’s (Moors) had been on this land at least 500 years before Columbus and had diplomatic relations with Turkey. Additionally, ancient Quranic manuscripts and Scimitars, the sword known to be carried by Moors, were discovered from the pre-Columbian era (c. 900 A.D.) was found by members of the University of Rhode Island (c. 2016 A.D.).
During the 7th Century A.D. Moors entered into Europe; most scholars portray our ancestors as conquering Spain. but we did not ‘Conquer’ Spain, the conditions of Al Andalusia prior to Moorish rule were horrible. The people were barbarians, Pale-Europeans did not bathe and slept with the animals in barns. Due to the lack of hygiene on the Europeans part, they caused the rapid spread of the black-plague. The Black Death, also known as The Great Plague commonly known as The Black Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in European history. The lack of hygiene due to European intellectual darkness resulted in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from circa 1000 - 1300. It is a known fact that the Moors initiated the rebirth of Europe, known as the ‘Renaissance’, circa the 13th century. Hence the name ‘Renaissance Men’ for well-established European Men claiming to be ‘White Americans’, as a signifier that they know the truth about man. The same stands for the phrase ‘Traveling Man’. The disease spread from Italy, northwest across Europe into France, Spain, Portugal and England then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia, upon further study of the Moorish Empire in Europe you will begin to see how the Moorish science of curing diseases began to cleanse all of Europe.
During the same time the Umayyad Caliphate was in Al-Andalusia (Spain), we also had administrative political and commercial dominion in Al-Hindi (Hindustan / India) (c. 622 A.D.). But our connection in Hindustan was not merely due to an ‘invasion’ during the 6th century. Our connection and roots go deeper into Zoroastrianism (Rasta) (c. 6th century B.C.) and the Mauryan dynasty (c. 322 B.C.).
The establishment of the ancient City-States and kingdoms of Carthage, Mari, Ur, Urk and Timbuktu is also accredited to the Moors. These locations, as well as Cordoba (Cordova), are well-known for their merchants and commerce, which was the life blood of the Moorish Empire and the reason why it was so powerful. Our control of commerce is what connected the Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere. The silk road was established by Moors and was pivotal in the spice, silk and sugar trade.
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WHAT IS AN OTOLARYNGOLOGIST?
An Otolaryngologist is a physician trained in the medical and surgical management and treatment of patients with diseases and disorders of the ear, nose, throat (ENT), and related structures of the head and neck. They are commonly referred to as ENT physicians.
WHAT DO OTOLARYNGOLOGIST TREAT?
Otolaryngologists diagnose and manage diseases of the ears, nose, sinuses, larynx (voice box), mouth, and throat, as well as structures of the neck and face.
Hearing loss affects one in ten North Americans. The unique domain of otolaryngologists is the treatment of ear disorders. They are trained in both the medical and surgical treatment of hearing loss, ear infections, balance disorders, ear noise (tinnitus), and some cranial nerve disorders. Otolaryngologists also manage congenital (birth) disorders of the outer and inner ear.
About 35 million people develop chronic sinusitis each year, making it one of the most common health complaints in America. Care of the nasal cavity and sinuses is one of the primary skills of otolaryngologists. Problems in the nasal area include allergies, smell disorders, polyps, and nasal obstruction due to a deviated septum.
Communicating (speech and singing) and eating a meal all involve this vital area. Specific to otolaryngologists is expertise in managing diseases of the throat, larynx (voice box), and the upper aero-digestive tract or esophagus, including voice and swallowing disorders.
HEAD & NECK
This area of the body includes the important functions of sight, smell, hearing, and the appearance of the face. In the head and neck area, otolaryngologists are trained to treat infections, benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) tumors, facial trauma, and deformities of the face. They perform both cosmetic plastic and reconstructive surgery.
HOW ARE EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT SPECIALISTS TRAINED?
Otolaryngologists are ready to start practicing after completing up to 15 years of college and post-graduate training. To qualify for certification by the American Board of Otolaryngology, an applicant must first complete college (four years), medical school (four years), and at least five years of specialty training. Next, the physician must pass the American Board of Otolaryngology examination. In addition, some otolaryngologists pursue a one- or two- year fellowship for more extensive training in one of eight subspecialty areas.
These subspecialty areas are allergy, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and neck, laryngology (throat), otology/neurotology (ears, balance, and tinnitus), pediatric otolaryngology (children), rhinology (nose), and sleep disorders. Some otolaryngologists limit their practices to one of these eight areas.
WHAT ARE THE SEVEN AREAS OF EXPERTISE IN THE FIELD OF AN OTOLARYNGOLOGIST?
ALLERGY treatment by medication, immunotherapy (allergy shots) and/or avoidance of pollen, dust, mold, food, and other sensitivities that affect the ear, nose, and throat. Treating: hay fever, seasonal and perennial rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, laryngitis, sore throat, otitis media, dizziness
Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: cosmetic, functional, and reconstructive surgical treatment of abnormalities of the face and neck and ear. Treating: deviated septum, rhinoplasty (nose), face lift, cleft palate, drooping eyelids, hair loss and other ear deformities.
HEAD & NECK cancerous and noncancerous tumors in the head and neck (nose/sinuses, mouth, throat, voice box and upper esophagus), including the thyroid and parathyroid. Treating: lump in the neck or thyroid, cancer of the voice box.
LARYNGOLOGY: disorders of the throat, including voice and swallowing problems. Treating: sore throat, hoarseness, swallowing disorder, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), infections and tumors.
OTOLOGY/NEUROTOLOGY: diseases of the ear, including trauma (injury), infection, benign tumors, and nerve pathway disorders, which affect hearing and balance. Treating: ear infection; swimmers ear; hearing loss; ear, face, or neck pain; dizziness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus).
PEDIATRIC OTOLARYNGOLOGY diseases in children with special ENT problems including birth defects of the head and neck and developmental delays. Treating: ear infection (otitis media), tonsil and adenoid infection, airway problems, asthma and allergy/sinus disease, neck tumors.
RHINOLOGY disorders of the nose and sinuses. Treating: sinus disorder, nose bleed, stuffy nose, loss of smell, polyps, tumors.
WHY SHOULD I SEE AN OTOLARYNGOLOGIST?
These specialists differ from many physicians in that they are trained in both medicine and surgery. Otolaryngologists do not need to refer patients to other physicians when ear, nose, throat, or head/neck surgery is needed and, therefore, can offer the most appropriate care for each individual patient. Otolaryngologists are the most appropriate physicians to treat disorders of the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck.
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By Dani Carver, Special to CNN
Editor’s note: Dani Carver is a senior at the University of New Mexico majoring in elementary education. She plays intramural volleyball at the university. She is also a member of the National PTA's Youth Involvement Committee.
(CNN) - As a former high school athlete, the recent rumblings surrounding new school lunches have resonated with me, but perhaps not for the reasons one may think. Decades of research show a direct link between healthy eating and performance in sports. For too long, we have accepted that student-athletes just need calories – any calories. That is simply not true. Athletes need nutritious offerings to do their best, whether that is in the classroom or on the field.
That’s why I support the changes and updates to the school lunch program made this year as part of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010. A provision of the law, which took effect this year, requires schools participating in the National School Lunch Program to serve meals with more fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat or fat-free milk, and portion sizes appropriate for age groups.
One of the criticisms of the new meals is that they are not meeting the needs of student-athletes. That’s a real concern for some students. But when we look deeper at the issue, the facts may be surprising.
Before the new lunch guidelines, high schools were offering an average of 857 calories to students at lunch. The new limit of 850 calories per meal means most high school students are getting the same amount of calories at lunch as last year. They’re just getting them from healthier food.
And in response to concerned parents and students the USDA recently announced that it will do away with daily and weekly limits for meat and grains.
The nutrition guidelines are based on the needs of the average high school student. Fortunately, for students who may need additional offerings, most schools offer supplementary sides in the cafeteria for purchase. And what a lot of students and parents don’t realize is that extra offerings of fruits and vegetables can be provided at no cost to the student.
To ensure all these options are healthy, students should ask their parents to talk to the school food service director, administrators and coaches on more options for student-athletes. Finally, students-athletes can always bring food from home.
I understand the challenge in getting students to accept the healthier changes in school lunches.
My parents always told me that eating healthy was good for my academics. I used to fight eating in a healthy way, but I also knew deep down that they were right. I now realize that it made a great difference in the way I performed in the classroom and in sports. Instead of complaining about the offerings, students should be encouraged to see this as an opportunity to team up with school administrators and staff to identify food that is nutritious and delicious.
In fact, students consume up to half of their daily calories during the school day. School meals shape eating habits for us even beyond our school days. It’s crucial for us to create healthy eating habits now to help prevent projections in a recent report that half of U.S. adults will be obese by 2030. Just as we practice academics in the classroom and athletics on the field or court, it’s important that we practice good eating habits in the cafeteria. Making changes today means we can be healthy participants of society and the work force tomorrow.
The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Dani Carver.
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Trapping is a big part of the race. If the bird comes home, but does not go in, the race is not over. To win races you have to have birds that will trap on command. This takes conditioning. You have to train over and over when the birds are young, so that it becomes a natural habit for the birds. They don’t even think about it, they just do it.
I start this training soon after the birds are weaned. I put them on the landing board with the front closed. I let them look around for a while, then I begin pushing them into the loft. I use a push stick that I made. It is just a long pole with a square piece of plywood attached. The corners are rounded and I made it smooth so it wouldnt’ hurt the birds. I use this push stick to maneuver the birds to the trap. They soon learn to go through easily.
I will push them inside, then put them back out on the landing board again and repeat the procedure. I do it several times the first day and repeat it several times each day for a week or two. I want the birds to know what is expected and I want the birds to get accustomed to me pushing them in, so that they don’t fly off the landing board on a race day.
All the time I am pushing them in, I whistle and talk to the birds. I use the same command words, “Inside. Come on, inside.” The birds learn to associate these words and the whistling with the behavior of going inside the loft. They are rewarded when they get there because their food is waiting for them. Soon the birds know that if I whitstle they are going to get fed. They rush to the trap and enter the coop. Then they get to eat.
When I let the birds out for the first time and everytime I train them, the birds are hungry. I only feed once a day and I do all my training before I feed. Because they are hungry, the birds are anxious to trap and get inside the coop. The birds that don’t trap on command, find that the food is all gone when they finally do go inside. Next time I let them out, these birds will be the first into the loft because they are really hungry. They will learn the lesson that to eat they have to trap when I give the command.
On race days, I rarely have a problem with birds that won’t trap. About the only time my birds don’t rush into the loft is when another flyer’s bird comes to the loft. The strange bird is not used to the routine and it will sometimes throw my birds off and confuse them. This happens only once or twice a season, and isn’t a great problem.
Another thing that I feel helps me, is that the only place for my birds to land is on the landing boards. I don’t have any power lines for the birds to land on. On top of my lofts, I have run pickets with string back and forth to prevent the birds from landing on top of the lofts. I never allow them to stay there if they do it as young birds. After conditioning them for this, they are good to land and trap immediately on race day making it a breeze for me. I don’t lose the race because the birds wouldn’t trap.
Trapping By Craig Goode
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- Secret information or the gathering of such information; intelligence.
- An agency or organization whose purpose is to gather such information.
- intelligence (secret information)
- Intel is important in espionage.
Abbreviation of intelligence.
intel - Computer Definition
(Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, www.intel.com) The largest semiconductor manufacturing company. It is also a leading vendor in computer, networking and communications products. Intel's hardware and Microsoft's software pioneered the PC and revolutionized the computer industry. Intel's x86 family of CPUs is the most widely used in desktop PCs, laptops and servers. Intel was founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore and Andy Grove in Mountain View, CA. A year later it introduced its first product, a 64-bit bipolar static RAM chip. By 1971, its very successful memory chips began to render magnetic core storage obsolete. In that same year, Intel developed the microprocessor. In response to a calculator chip order from Japanese manufacturer Busicom, Intel engineer Marcian E. "Ted" Hoff decided it would make more sense to design a general-purpose machine. The resulting 4004 chip was the world's first microprocessor (see 4004). Although known for its x86 family of chips, over the years, Intel developed a wide variety of chips and board-level products, including the MULTIBUS bus used in industrial applications. See x86, Itanium, IA-64 and Tera-Scale.
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George Frederick Samuel Robin son was born in 1827, son of the first Earl of Ripon He was elected to the House of Commons in 1852 became Secretary of War, Secretary of State for India, Lord President of the Council, Viceroy of India, Lord Privy Seal in Asquith'6 Cabinet. He died in 1908. He was made a Mason in 1853, and from the first became so absorbed in the Craft that he went through the chairs of his Lodge; after working in his Provineial Grand Lodge he was elected Deputy Grand Master Grand Lodge of England, in 1861; and in 1870 mas elected Grand Master. The following year he vas sent by his government to Washington, D. C., to negotiate the American Government's claims against the British Government for damage done by The Alabama, a raider built, fitted, and munitioned bv the British for use by the Confederate States in violation of both treaty and international law. While here, Lord Ripon, the first Grand Master to visit America while in office, u as guest of honor at what until that date was the most brilliant function in American hIa sonry, a reception tendered him by the Grand Lodge, District of Columbia, attented by delegates from every other Grand Lodge, including Southern Grand Lodges. When the Grand Lodge of England met on September 2, 187A, an unusually large throng awaited the Grand Master's appearance; instead of his coming he sent a letter, Mhich left the assembly stunned: "I am sorry to inform you that I find myself unable any longer to discharge the duties of Grand Master... etc." The people of England were as greatly stunned as the Masons when it transpired that Lord Ripon had become a convert to Roman Catholicism, and had retired from the Fraternity upon orders from his priestly adviser. The London Times n as always cautious about mentioning the Craft but in this instance it could not remain quiet; after suggesting some hitherto hidden weakness of character it went on to discuss how un-English Roman Catholicism was. Provincial Grand Master Tew expressed surprise that a Grand Master should leave the Craft "because of a change in his religions opinions." Although Lord Ripon confided in nobody his private reasons for his defections, a guess can be hazarded: after Cardinal John Henry l! Tewman had been guilty of a similar defection from the Church of England, he became a Romanist missionary to the educated and cultured upper classes, and with his famous book Apologia Pro l ita Sua had insinuated the Romanist notions into a number of English aristocrats in pages of one of the most beautiful styles of English prose ever written; the course followed by Lord Ripon in his conversion was typically a "Newman conversion." He was followed in the office of Grand Master by the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII. Two of England's previous Grand Masters had been Roman Catholics, Lords Petre and Montague, but in the Eighteenth Century and before the Roman Church had dared to enforce her rules of excommunication. Lord Ripon's Brethren forgave him, indulged in no recriminations, but they felt that he should have taken them into his confidence beforehand instead of sending a brusque bolt out of the blue. The Roman Church based its condemnation of the Craft on the ground that Freemasonry is morally corrupt, atheistic, and is conspiring to destroy government; with a convert of stainless moral character on their hands who for four years had been Grand Master and with their own prospective King installed as his successor, the English priests could not help but know how false their own charges were, and yet were helpless to undo in London the folly of excommunication committed by an Italian Pope in Rome; they were in a curious moral dilemma. (See English-Speaking Freemasonry, by Sir Alfred Robbins; consult index. Freemasonry and Roman Catholicism, by H. L. Haywood; Masonic History Co.; Chicago; 1944.) NOTE. Freemasonry had yet another reason to remember the famous ease of the Alabama claims. In 1848 Michael Flanagan was initiated in Phoenix Lodge No. 94, at Sunderland. He was a sea captain, ran a hardware store and was a very popular gentleman." About every three months he made "a little sail" out into the Atlantic; why nobody could guess, after the Civil War it came out that his "little sail" was into mid-ocean to carry instructions to the Alabama! He had kept them hidden in his hardware store. The Alabama had carried on so devastating a series of raids that the British Government had to settle damages for no less than three million pounds. Lord Ripon was the first English Grand Master to visit America while in office; others had been here before or after their Grand Mastership, the Earl of London among them.
The Ashlar Company is Owned & Operated Exclusively by Past Masters
Tradition, Integrity, Trust.
© 2017 The Ashlar Company
“The package arrived in the mail, Thank you Bro. Mike, the ring is beautiful and truly a work of art.”
Brother John, San Jose, CA
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Aside from rod length and rod material type, another vital feature of a fishing rod is the ‘bend.’ Fishing rods bend, and they do so for a reason.
In this article, you will find out why fishing rods bend. You will also find if fishing rods can bend in different directions.
Here Is Why Fishing Rods Bend:
All fishing rods bend, although some may bend more than others. One of the reasons they bend is to distribute pressure and weight when fighting fish. Also, bending helps you cast well. The more your rod bends, the longer and more accurate your cast can be.
Should A Fishing Rod Be Flexible?
The flexibility of a fishing rod simply refers to the rod’s action. This connotes how fast and far a rod can bend from the tip.
Fishing rods need to be flexible. The reason is that the flexibility helps to transfer weight from the line and hook to the rod. With this flexibility, there is a lower chance of breaking your rod or losing a fighting fish.
Beginner anglers may find themselves stuck between choosing flexible rods or stiff ones.
When picking a rod based on flexibility, you should first consider the type of fishing you are into. For instance, light action fishing rods are great for bass fishing. In contrast, heavy action rods are ideal for fly fishing.
However, as with the size and weight of a rod, the degree of flexibility also varies from rod to rod. Generally, you will find the rod’s flexibility level categorized into:
- Light or slow action rod: Light action rods fall under this category. Rod with lighter action lacks stiffness and will bend as far as possible.
The bending starts from pretty low from the handle area of the rod. An advantage of these rods is that they are great for fly fishing and have more sensitivity.
Also, slow-action rods perform well with light baits such as rattle baits and crankbait.
However, light action rods do not work well with larger lures and do not perform well in heavy windy weather conditions.
- Medium action rod: Rods with medium action are an excellent option for beginners. However, in big rivers where you need longer casts, the rods may not perform as well as fast action rods.
A medium-action rod provides you with a moderate bend. The rod usually starts bending from around the middle section of the rod.
- Heavy or fast action rod: Heavy action rods have less flexibility and lower feel or sensitivity.
Nevertheless, they remain many advanced angler’s favorites. The rods are great for making quick, long casts. You will notice that they start bending towards the middle or close to the tip area of the rod.
It is safe to say that both stiff and flexible rods have their respective benefits. Thus, whether a fishing rod should be flexible or not will depend on the individual preferences of anglers and how the rod feels in their hands.
Can A Fishing Rod Bend Both Ways?
Fishing rods can bend both ways. However, the fact remains that they are not manufactured to bend in different directions.
Therefore, it is better to bend them in the only one direction that the spine indicates.
The fishing rod spine usually points out the soft and stiff sides of the rod blank. It also reveals the direction in which the rod would naturally bend to.
Here is how you can easily locate the spine on your rod:
- Place your rod in an upright position on a flat hard surface. The tip should touch the surface while the butt of the rod should be up.
- Place your finger on the butt of the rod.
- Then slightly apply pressure on the rod with your finger placed on it.
- The rod should bend to the soft side of the spine.
Once you have located the soft side, you should only bend your rod in this direction, which points out the natural bend of your rod.
Why Is It Important That Fishing Rods Bend?
Fishing rods cannot just bend for no reason. There are several benefits attached to the rods being able to bend. Here are some of these benefits:
- Your rod will give you more feel or sensitivity: The farther your rod can bend, the more increased sensitivity you get from the rod. You will be able to detect small bites and slight tugs easily.
An increased sensitivity just makes the entire fishing experience more fun.
- You will make long and more accurate casts: A popular benefit often associated with how far a rod bend is casting. When a fishing rod bends, the cast result is more accurate and extended.
A rod that bends more tends to cast slower. But the slow cast would mean more sensitivity and feel on your rod. Also, the weight of the rod tends to feel lighter in your hands when your rod bends.
- There are more chances of overcoming a fighting fish: One of the challenging aspects of fishing presents itself after you have successfully hooked fish. That is, winning the fish fight.
A rod with greater flexibility does a great job in helping you put pressure on the fish as the fish struggles to break free from the hook.
When you catch a fish, and the rod bends, it distributes the weight to the stronger parts of the rod. This reduces pressure on the rod and results in losing fewer fish during fish fights.
- You get less damage to your rod: If rods are so stiff with little to no chances of bending, then you can imagine what happens when there is a slight bend. The rod is bound to break.
Generally, rods break once they bend past their curving capacity. But the fact that the rods have this ability to bend would make them less prone to breaking whenever they curve within their limit.
How Much Should A Fishing Rod Bend?
How much a fishing rod should bend largely depends on the rod’s action. For instance, heavy or fast-action rods will not bend so easily. You can expect the rod to bend only three to four inches.
On the other hand, light or slow action rods will bend the farthest. The rod can bend four times or more compared to heavy action rods.
Will Storing My Fishing Rod Bent Hurt It?
Although fishing rods are made to bend to a certain degree, it is not the best decision to store them in a bent position.
Doing this a couple of times for short-term storage may pose no harm. The major problem comes when you store the rod in the same bent position for a long time. This position can create a weak point in the bent area. Thus, there is an increased chance of breaking your rod.
If your rod is made of graphite, it is more likely to assume a permanent bend when stored in a bent position. Compared to fiberglass rods, graphite rods are less durable, have lighter weight, and bend easily.
The best way to avoid these disadvantages altogether is to store your fishing rod properly. Proper storage goes a long way in determining how long a fishing rod will last.
How Do You Fix A Bent Fishing Rod?
If your rod has an unnatural bend, you can correct the deformity with just a little heat and pressure. The steps to fix a bent fishing rod are as follows:
- Hang your rod by the tip.
- Keep the rod straight by attaching a weight to the rod’s butt.
- Prepare a heating tool. You can use a heat gun or a hairdryer.
- Apply heat to the bent area.
- Let the rod sit for a couple of minutes and check for the straightness.
The method works best with rods made from fiberglass or other composite material.
Although heat is vital in straightening a rod, you would want to go low on the heat. Too much heat can damage the rod blank and guides, causing more harm than good.
Manufacturers design fishing rods to bend for reasons like increased sensitivity and longer casts. However, the degrees of the bend will depend on the rod’s action.
Even when not fishing, it is normal for rods to look slightly bent. However, once it curves past the natural bend, you may resort to a little heat and pressure to straighten your rod back.
If your rod does not return to its natural look after attempting to straighten it, it can signal that you need a new rod. Also, you can decide to manage the rod in its bent structure
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Okanagan Specialty Fruits, Summerland, BC
It’s the darling of the fruit world. But the fruit touted for its ability to keep away doctors is also the fruit that bears the shame of too-often ending up half eaten and ignominiously tossed into the nearest wastebasket. For all its deliciousness, the ubiquitous apple has a problem – it turns brown within minutes of its delicate inner flesh being exposed to air or handled too roughly.
The technical name is enzymatic browning, and it can’t help itself. But Okanagan Specialty Fruits is a company saving the apple, along with other popular tree fruits using novel biotechnology to ensure the fruit remains wholesome, healthy, chemical free and non-browning.
The Summerland, B.C. company has developed a clever and non-chemical way to silence the enzyme that causes browning (polyphenol oxidase or PPO), which is the first sign of fruit spoilage. When this gene is rendered ineffective, the apple – as with most tree fruit – simply skips the discolouration stage. Apples that don’t scuff or turn brown when exposed to the air are a slice of heaven for consumers and fruit producers.
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Lady Diana passed away on this day, eighteen years ago and left behind a gloomy world that mourned her death.
Princess Diana will be famous for a lot of things, most perhaps for her beauty and modest nature. She was born on 1st July 1961 in the English city of Norfolk and since the very beginning, was more interested in charitable activities as opposed to educational ones.
On 29th July 1981, Lady Diana married Prince Charles, which was referred to as a ‘fairy tale marriage’. Prince William and harry were born from this marriage of Diana with Charles. However, Charles’ cold nature towards the lofty princess caused their marriage to suffer, ending ultimately in divorce in 1996.
Her divorce was also not able to curtail Diana’s fame due to her beauty. The fact that she was the most photographed person in the world, is testament to the fact that Lady Diana was gorgeous. Owing to her failed marriage, Princess Diana involved herself in philanthropic activities, so as to keep herself busy.
She used to raise the issues of land mines and also caused AIDS awareness worldwide. In 1987, Princess Diana became the first ever celebrity to touch a person infected with AIDS and this act alone persuaded many people to change their view regarding the fatal disease.
Following her divorce, reports of her affairs with Dodi Fayed and British-Pakistani surgeon Hasnat Khan surfaced in the media.
Princess Diana passed away following a fatal car crash, on August 31, 1997. Lady Diana was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 1997.
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We in Scouts Canada (SC) are infamous for our acronym usage - from our national committees and task forces to our local representatives, everything and everyone can have a shortened title.
- For a more complete list please see Category:Acronyms.
Commonly Used Acronyms
The most commonly used acronym in Scouting worldwide (represented by WOSM) is B-P which refers to Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell, the founder of the Scouting movement. This should not be confused with BP&P which are the rules governing Scouting in Canada.
For members and parents some of the acronyms you will likely encounter are such things as GC for Group Committees which run your local group and PRC which stands for Police Records Check, a procedure that all Scouters will encounter on first applying for a leadership position and every three years thereafter.
The full list can seem daunting but do not be afraid to ask someone to slow down and explain an acronym in conversation. It may be easy to understand for someone who has been around for a while, but any good Scout will want to ensure you understand what they are talking about.
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Probiotics is a term that we hear about much more often than we did even a couple of years ago. Pick up any magazine and you’re likely to see an ad for probiotics. So why all the hype?
Research confirms that foods and supplements with probiotics may provide benefits for many digestive problems and may even help promote a healthy immune system. This is because probiotics are organisms, such as bacteria or yeast, that are likely to improve health.
I find it fascinating that our digestive system is home to more than 500 different types of bacteria. Digestive disorders can happen when the balance of friendly bacteria in the intestines becomes disturbed. This may occur after an infection or after taking antibiotics, especially if taken for a long period of time.
Probiotics come in many forms, such as powders, capsules and liquids, and even in numerous foods.
If you wish to increase your probiotic intake through food, here are some top sources:
- yogurt with “live and active cultures”
- unpasteurized sauerkraut and the Korean dish kimchi
- miso (fermented soybeans)
- some fermented soft cheeses, like Gouda
- kefir, which is thick, creamy and like a drinkable yogurt
- acidophilus milk or buttermilk
- sour pickles naturally fermented without vinegar
- tempeh, which is made from fermented soybeans.
Probiotics in a supplement form may be more convenient than food and may also allow for targeting more specific microbes, including bacteria and yeast. Although they don’t offer the nutrition that foods can provide, supplements may provide higher levels of probiotics.
Different strains of probiotics provide different benefits. When using probiotics for a specific cause, such as support of the immune system or for diarrhea associated with antibiotic use, it is important to get guidance from a health care provider.
For most people, probiotics are safe and cause few side effects. For hundreds of years, people world-wide have been eating foods containing live cultures.
Still, probiotics (supplements and foods) could be dangerous for people with weakened immune systems or serious illnesses. As with all nutritional supplements, probiotics should be taken according to the directions and with the guidance of a physician or health care provider.
Here’s to eating more “friendly bacteria!”
Jeannie Paris, RD, LD, is a Registered Dietician with the Penny George Institute for Health and Healing. To make an appointment with Paris, call the LiveWell Fitness Center at Abbott Northwestern Hospital at 612-863-5178 or the Penny George Institute – Unity Hospital at 763-236-5656.
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Despite the accumulating destruction of a non-native invasive insect called the hemlock woolly adelgid, hemlock forests in the eastern United States appear to have held their own for now, according to new research by the U.S. Forest Service.
The key word is "appear," said Talbot Trotter, the study's lead author and a research ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service's Northern Research Station.
In many regions, particularly in the southern Appalachians, the loss of hemlock to hemlock woolly adgid has been devastating. However, when Forest Service scientists used regional Forest Inventory & Analysis (FIA) data to get a big picture view of the status of hemlock in the eastern U.S., the results surprised them. "In analyzing FIA data from the 1950s through 2007, we expected to see a more pronounced impact on hemlock stands," according to Trotter.
The data suggests that increasing tree density associated with the past century of reforestation and succession in the eastern U.S. may have offset the negative impacts of the adelgid at the regional scale.
The study, "Changes in the regional abundance of hemlock associated with the invasion of hemlock woolly adelgid," was recently published in the journal Biological Invasions.
A native of Japan, the hemlock woolly adelgid was first detected in Virginia in the 1950s and for decades remained a primarily urban pest. That had changed by 1980, when the effects of infestation began to be evident in forestland within the tree's native range. Hemlock's native range forms a triangle from northern Georgia and South Carolina through the Appalachian Mountains into Pennsylvania, Canada and Minnesota.
Hemlock trees in the United States do not have natural defenses against hemlock woolly adelgid, which coupled with a lack of natural predators has resulted in high levels of tree mortality in the 18 states where it is known to have spread, particularly in southern states. Trotter believes that this study, which is based on forest data through 2007, may have caught hemlock at a tipping point in the balance between losses from hemlock woolly adelgid and increases due to forest regrowth.
"Repeating this analysis as new FIA data becomes available may show if we are beyond a tipping point and are now losing hemlock," Trotter said.
Even if there were continued increases in hemlock abundance in northern climates, where cold temperatures slow damages from hemlock woolly adelgid, the loss of trees in the south is a loss to the species, Trotter said. "Losing trees in the South results in less genetic variation for hemlock," he said.
"Non-native forest insects like the hemlock woolly adelgid are devastating on many levels because trees are so important to a region's culture and economy," said Michael T. Rains, Director of the U.S. Forest Service's Northern Research Station and the Forest Products Lab. "Forest Service research is working hard to more aggressively control non-native insects and make our forests healthier and more resistant to these disturbances."
- Trotter, R. Talbot; Morin, Randall S.; Oswalt, Sonja N.; Liebhold, Andrew. Changes in the regional abundance of hemlock associated with the invasion of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand). Biological Invasions, 15(12): 2667-2679
Cite This Page:
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Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect
Island Press, 30 lug 2004 - 221 pagine
In Earth in Mind, noted environmental educator David W. Orr focuses not on problems in education, but on the problem of education.
Much of what has gone wrong with the world, he argues, is the result of inadequate and misdirected education that: alienates us from life in the name of human domination; causes students to worry about how to make a living before they know who they are; overemphasizes success and careers; separates feeling from intellect and the practical from the theoretical; deadens the sense of wonder for the created world.
The crisis we face, Orr explains, is one of mind, perception, and values. It is, first and foremost, an educational challenge.
The author begins by establishing the grounds for a debate about education and knowledge. He describes the problems of education from an ecological perspective, and challenges the "terrible simplifiers" who wish to substitute numbers for values. He follows with a presentation of principles for re-creating education in the broadest way possible, discussing topics such as biophilia, the disciplinary structure of knowledge, the architecture of educational buildings, and the idea of ecological intelligence. Orr concludes by presenting concrete proposals for reorganizing the curriculum to draw out our affinity for life.
Cosa dicono le persone - Scrivi una recensione
Altre edizioni - Visualizza tutto
Earth in mind: on education, environment, and the human prospect
David W. Orr
Visualizzazione frammento - 1994
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this week’s portion, Moshe and Aron come to Pharaoh to plead the case of the
Jewish people. G-d instructs them to show Pharaoh a sign by turning their staff
to snakes. Pharaoh scoffs at what he views as “unimpressive magic”. He even
brings in schoolchildren to prove the Egyptian people’s proficiency in magic.
Aron then turns the snake back into a staff, and his staff eats all the other
staffs in the room. Pharaoh is also unmoved by this sign.
is the meaning of this story? What is the significance of the staff?
staff possessed by Moshe and Aron had been handed down since the time of Adam,
the first man. Within the staff there was a duality. On the one hand, the staff
had the four letter name of G-d on it, attesting to the mercy of G-d. Also
inscribed on the staff, however, was the acronym of the ten plagues, attesting
to the aspect of G-d’s judgment (Although the ten plagues had yet to take
place, the acronym was the concept expressing G-d’s dominion over the entire
creation, which was the purpose of the ten plagues. The first three expressed it
below the ground, the middle three on the ground, and the last four above
ground. Thus the acronym was a prediction of the coming expression of G-d’s
duality also spoke to a much deeper concept. We know that free will is perhaps
the most fundamental aspect of creation. Without it, there would be no
possibility of true good, because there would be no choice. Thus, evil's role in
the world is as a necessary option so that one may exercise one’s free will to
be good. However, the question still remains: if G-d is pure good, how can evil
come from a source which is pure good?
answer is that evil was not created; rather, it was made possible. If we do what
is right the world remains in its good state. If we pervert the world, though,
we turn that evil possibility into reality.
idea is signified through the staff. The word for staff in Hebrew is mateh.
The word mateh can be used in a couple of different ways. It can mean to
bend, and it can mean to extend or stretch out from the source, i.e.,
like a branch from a tree (which is what a staff is). The word mateh can also
mean a tribe, which is what the twelve tribes were: extensions of Yaakov. This
staff had originally been given to Adom—the first man. It was meant to stand
as a junction between heaven and earth. G-d told Moshe and Aron to turn the
staff into a snake to signify that Pharaoh was bending the world, much as a
snake moves in a bent form, and the snake is a metaphor for the evil
inclination, which causes man to desire to bend the world.
laughs at this message. Moshe and Aron counter his laughter by having the staff
eat the other staffs. This display demonstrates that the straightness of the
staff, when it is used as an extension between the heaven and earth, will always
be able to overcome its use for evil. Thus the staff ideally symbolizes G-d’s
attribute of mercy, but when need be, symbolizes His attribute of judgment.
of this Dvar Torah was adapted from Rabbi Akiva Tatz’s “Living Inspired”.
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|Auburn University Digital Library|
|Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants|
source ref: fb33fe.htm
|Learning about snails|
34. Soil is important for snails. Part of the time they live on the soil and part of the time they live in the soil, and to live well, snails need good soil.
35. When snails are not on the soil or in the soil, they are on plants which grow in the soil. So, the soil must also be good for the kinds of plants that snails need.
36. When snails are in the soil, they are resting or laying their eggs. If the soil has the right amount of water, snails will live well, the eggs they lay will hatch well and the baby snails will come out of the soil easily.
37. Snails cannot live in hard soil such as heavy clay soils. When heavy clay soil is too dry, snails cannot dig into it to rest and lay their eggs. When heavy clay is too wet, snails and the eggs they lay may die.
38. Snails cannot live in loose soil such as soils that have a lot of sand. Sandy soils do not hold enough water for snail eggs to hatch.
39. The drawings on the next page show how a snail digs a hole, lays its eggs, closes the hole and how the baby snails come out when they have hatched.
40. Snails need calcium from the soil to make their shells. All snails grow better and have stronger shells when there is a lot of calcium in the soil.
41. So, if you are going to farm snails, you must have a good medium soil that has neither too much clay nor too much sand. It must also have enough calcium and the right amount of water for your snails to live and grow.
If you have a garden, you can easily tell if your soll is good for snails. If your green leafy vegetables grow well, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil
1 snail digging a hole
2 laying the eggs and closing the hole
3 baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole
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A new scientific publication from WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society) and the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Authority looks at the effectiveness of the park’s protection zone and finds that the density of Sumatran tigers has increased despite the continued threat of living in an ‘In Danger’ World Heritage Site.
Living only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, the Critically Endangered Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is the only extant sub-species of ’Island tigers’, which includes the now-extinct Javan and Bali tiger. This sub-species is genetically distinct from the other six sub-species of continental tigers.
Sumatran tigers face many challenges to their continued existence in the wild, where they require a home range of 25,000 hectares. These include being poached for their skin, bones and other body parts, involvement in conflict with people, a depleted prey base, and habitat loss.
The study set 123 PantheraCam camera traps over a 1,000 km2 forest block located in a protection zone specially designated by the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Authority to improve park protection and aid in the recovery of flagship species.
Results of the camera-trap study showed a Sumatran tiger population density increase to 2.8 tigers/100 km2 (2015) from 1.6 tigers/100 km2 (2002). Furthermore, the proportion of male and female tigers recently recorded was 1: 3. “This ratio indicates that the tiger population in the National Park is in a healthy condition and breeding opportunity exists for many females within the areas we surveyed,” said lead author, Wulan Pusparini, WCS Species Conservation Specialist. “Our study not only looks at population condition, but also used the photographs to assess the threat of people illegally entering the park.”
Timbul Batubara, one of the co-authors and the then head of the Bukit Barisan National Park stated, “The tiger population increase can’t be separated from our efforts to maintain this area through ranger patrols. With support from WCS and other partners, we conducted patrols in and around the park to remove tiger and prey snare traps and prevent habitat encroachment.”
WCS-Indonesia Country Director and co-author of the paper Dr Noviar Andayani added, “This increasing population trend in Sumatran tigers is a dream come true for all conservationists in Indonesia. I appreciate the work of the park authority and our field team for their efforts in not only protecting tigers and their habitat, but also collecting robust research data to demonstrate this trend and ensure that in the coming years, the UNESCO Tropical Heritage of Sumatra can be removed from the ‘in danger list’.”
This work was supported by Panthera and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Header photo (c) WWF
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Politicians have been busy taking America into war. Some commentators want to make the American people pay by conscripting 18-year-olds into the military.
It’s a bad idea.
Throughout most of their history, Americans freely defended their nation from threats both domestic and foreign. Only in their greatest conflicts—the Civil War, World War I, and the lead-up to World War II—did Washington resort to conscription.
The practice persisted during the Cold War, when the U.S. maintained globe-spanning alliances to protect friendly war-ravaged states from the Soviet Union. However, four decades ago the Nixon administration inaugurated the All-Volunteer Force, which successfully deterred the Red Army. Now Russia is moving in America’s direction by professionalizing its force.
Despite a rough start, the AVF has been a brilliant success. Quality is far better than under a draft. A volunteer military can be choosy and set higher standards. Even when the army was reducing its requirements during the worst of the Iraq years, its quality standards remained well above those of conscript forces. Moreover, noted a recent Congressional Research Service report, “starting in 2008 these concerns were alleviated by the more favorable recruiting and retention environment,” which CRS expected to remain “over the next few years.”
The end of the draft also has dramatically improved commitment and morale in the armed forces. The difference is simple: recruits who want to serve and succeed are likely to perform better than draftees who want out, the sooner the better. The AVF also enjoys higher reenlistment rates, which reduce turnover and enhance experience.
Returning to conscription would generate a force that looked a lot more like the force during the Vietnam War than World War II. Even reluctant draftees in the latter identified with the campaign against Nazi Germany. Vietnam War conscripts shared no similar commitment to defending Saigon. Personnel drafted to patrol Afghan valleys on behalf of a corrupt government in Kabul or stop ethnic slaughter in a post-civil war Syria likely would be no more enthused with their respective task.
All told, shifting to conscription would significantly weaken the military. New “accessions,” as the military calls them, would be less bright, less well educated, and less positively motivated. They would be less likely to stay in uniform, resulting in a less experienced force. The armed forces would be less effective in combat, thereby costing America more lives while achieving fewer foreign policy objectives.
Why take such a step?
One argument, most recently articulated by Thomas Ricks of the Center for a New American Security, is that a draft would save “the government money.” That’s a poor reason to impress people into service.
First, conscription doesn’t save much cash. It costs money to manage and enforce a draft—history demonstrates that not every inductee would go quietly. Conscripts serve shorter terms and reenlist less frequently, increasing turnover, which is expensive. And unless the government instituted a Czarist lifetime draft, everyone beyond the first ranks would continue to expect to be paid.
Second, conscription shifts rather than reduces costs. Ricks suggested that draftees should “perform tasks currently outsourced at great cost to the Pentagon: paperwork, painting barracks, mowing lawns, driving generals around.” Better to make people do grunt work than to pay them to do it? Force poorer young people into uniform in order to save richer old people tax dollars. Ricks believes that is a good reason to jail people for refusing to do as the government demands?
The government could save money in the same way by drafting FBI agents, postal workers, Medicare doctors, and congressmen. Nothing warrants letting old politicians force young adults to pay for Washington’s profligacy. Moreover, by keeping some people who want to serve out while forcing others who don’t want to serve in—creating a veritable evasion industry along the way—conscription would raise total social costs. It would be a bad bargain by any measure.
Worse, some draft advocates, like Ricks, would join military conscription to civilian national service. But it is bizarre to equate patrolling city streets in Kandahar with shelving library books in Washington, D.C. Moreover, it is offensive for any society which calls itself free to consider drafting people to do the latter. Surely it is better to hire than effectively kidnap, say, guides at national parks.
Moreover, the idea of government-mandated national service is foolish economically. There are an infinite number of “unmet human needs.” Years ago one national service advocate helpfully toted up 5.3 million jobs which the government could fill with cheap labor—indeed, with truly universal “service” the government could keep the entire population busy. Alas, there is an “opportunity cost” of other work forgone. Forcing someone to pick up garbage in a park instead of attending medical school could end up being very expensive for society.
More fundamentally, compelling service violates government’s essential responsibility to protect individual liberty. Ricks argued: “the government could use this cheap labor in new ways,” but the labor does not belong to America’s government, nation, or people. It belongs to Americans, individually. People should serve others, but genuine service is good precisely because it is voluntary. Compulsory compassion is an oxymoron.
Within the public-spirited rhetoric behind national service is an ugly collectivist core. In 1979 a Potomac Institute report on national service noted that two commission members returned from China “impressed and challenged by the extraordinary mobilization of the talent of young people possible under authoritarian, post-revolutionary conditions” and determined “to try to devise a democratic equivalent.” There isn’t one. Self-seeking politicians who lecture the young about selflessness and concoct schemes to give other people’s lives meaning are only likely to multiply public contempt and cynicism.
Some conscription advocates also contend that a draft would make war less likely. A few years ago Rep. Charles Rangel (D-NY) proposed conscription to ”bring a greater appreciation of the consequences of decisions to go to war.” Three years ago Bill Moyers suggested that “If our governing class wants more war, let’s not allow them to fight it with young men and women who sign up because they don’t have jobs here at home.”
In May Jon Meacham of Time wrote that “the politics of war are inescapably different than what they would be if the children of the most influential families in communities across America were at risk of being drafted to face fire at the front.” More recently Stanley McChrystal, former commander in Afghanistan, argued: “I think if a nation goes to war, every town, every city needs to be at risk. You make that decision and everybody has skin in the game.”
Yet the widespread use of reserve and guard units unintentionally achieved much the same social effect, but with little political impact. People complained when their communities lost people from different walks of life, but George W. Bush nevertheless pursued his misguided nation-building missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. And the American people reelected him despite his deadly military mistakes.
Moreover, the Vietnam War demonstrated that a draft gives the government a virtually limitless manpower supply with which to keep fighting even an increasingly unpopular war with heavy casualties—more than ten times the number of dead in Iraq, for instance. It took years before opposition to the Vietnam-era draft reached critical levels. In the meantime Washington had no difficulty maintaining its forces and continuing the war.
In contrast, the reduced willingness of Americans to volunteer for both the active and reserve forces as deployments increased in both Iraq and Afghanistan had an immediate impact on the military. Policymakers worried and debated how to respond. Whispers began about the necessity of reinstating the draft. Government officials recognize that volunteers can stop an unpopular war by just not signing up.
Anyway, unless the U.S. ended up in a big war, even a draft wouldn’t much affect the policymaking elite. Roughly four million people turn 18 every year; at the same time the military takes about 160,000 new accessions, or four percent of the total. Moreover, draftees with education and connections would be least likely to end up in combat arms. Sending the kids of the elite to shuffle paperwork at a base stateside, as Ricks proposed, wouldn’t have much impact.
Some draft promoters argue more generally for a more representative military. Rep. Rangel promoted the common myth that conscription would make the military inclusive of today’s population. He argued: ”A disproportionate number of the poor and members of minority groups make up the enlisted ranks of the military, while the most privileged Americans are underrepresented or absent.”
It’s simply not the case. America’s military is quintessentially middle class. The elite is underrepresented, but as noted earlier, drafting four percent of 18-year-olds isn’t going to put many of the privileged into uniform anyway. However, the underclass is not represented in today’s military at all. If you don’t have a high school diploma or GED, and don’t score well on the military’s aptitude test, you won’t be accepted. Last year all recruits met the high school standard, while two-thirds of Army, three quarters of Marine Corps, 90 percent of Navy, and essentially all of Air Force scored in the top half of the five categories of the Armed Forces Qualification Test.
The officer corps is largely university educated, many with advanced degrees. The enlisted members are more educated and read at higher levels than youth generally; recruits also are college capable, joining the military rather than entering university. Many go to school after getting out, using their educational benefits. There still are regional (the South is overrepresented) and racial/ethnic differences (more African-Americans, 17 percent compared to 12.6 percent of the population, and fewer Hispanics, 10.8 percent compared to 16.3 percent of the population) but not enough to suggest that the AVF is not truly America’s military. Moreover, unless armed services refused to take any volunteers, a draft would have limited impact because those who tend to volunteer now would still be more likely to volunteer.
Finally, many conscription enthusiasts wave the flag and ring the patriotic bells. Yet the truest form of patriotism is serving, not making someone else serve. Patriotism no more than compassion can be coerced. A society which no longer wins the voluntary allegiance of its people has no moral authority to coerce them into its service. Especially when most of Washington’s foreign policy goals today—subsidizing prosperous and populous allies, rebuilding failed states, exercising influence for economic or political ends—have nothing to do with defending America, the federal government’s most basic responsibility. Americans owe their allegiance to their nation, not the gaggle of politicians who happen to be in power at any particular moment.
Americans will continue to disagree sharply about the Iraq war and other conflicts. But if the U.S. goes to war, it should do so with the best military possible—which it has today. The AVF also ensures that a free people are voluntarily defending a free society. Which is as it should be.
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http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/new-military-draft-would-revive-very-bad-old-idea
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Single-molecule designs for electric switches and rectifiers.
Additional Document Info
A design for molecular rectifiers is proposed. Current rectification is based on the spatial asymmetry of a molecule and requires only one resonant conducting molecular orbital. Rectification is caused by asymmetric coupling of the orbital to the electrodes, which results in asymmetric movement of the two Fermi levels with respect to the orbital under external bias. Results from numerical studies of the family of suggested molecular rectifiers, HS-(CH(2))(n)-C(6)H(4)(CH(2))(m)SH, are presented. Current rectification ratios in excess of 100 are achievable for n = 2 and m > 6. A class of bistable stator-rotor molecules is proposed. The stationary part connects the two electrodes and facilitates electron transport between them. The rotary part, which has a large dipole moment, is attached to an atom of the stator via a single sigma bond. Electrostatic bonds formed between the oxygen atom of the rotor and hydrogen atoms of the stator make the symmetric orientation of the dipole unstable. The rotor has two potential minima with equal energy for rotation about the sigma bond. The dipole can be flipped between the two states by an external electric field. Both rotor-orientation states have asymmetric current-voltage characteristics that are the reverse of each other, so they are distinguishable electrically. Theoretical results on conformation, energy barriers, retention times, switching voltages, and current-voltage characteristics are presented for a particular stator-rotor molecule. Such molecules could be the base for single-molecule switches, reversible diodes, and other molecular electronic devices.
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| 0.888561 | 379 | 2.875 | 3 |
Post traumatic stress depression, all the more usually known as PTSD, is not effectively recognizable all the time. The event of PTSD side effects can appear to be erratic and confounding. An individual may not connect his actual turmoil with an occasion of mental injury. PTSD is a condition that produces extreme uneasiness and an assortment of actual impacts coming from an essential encounter or chain of encounters like cases of misuse, getting through a cataclysmic event, or seeing observing in a conflict. It should be perceived that PTSD might in any case be available in an individual in any event, when he is not deliberately remembering an awful encounter or recognizing the experience as the wellspring of his aggravations. PTSD can be answerable for tension, a sleeping disorder, apparently unwarranted episodes of outrage or pity, and different indications that can demonstrate incapacitating to an individual’s expert and public activity. Manifestations of the problem incorporate aversion passionate desensitizing or separation, remembering the experience flashbacks of an awful mishap, or excitement unexplained attacks of feeling.
The reason for PTSD is somewhat confounding to the clinical local area. It is realized that there are social, mental, hereditary, and actual elements associated with the beginning of the problem. It is likewise realized that PTSD ketamine treatment San Antonio influences the manner by which chemicals and synthetic substances move data among synapses, in this way changing the body’s inborn response to push. Notwithstanding, certain parts of PTSD are dubious. For what reason truly do certain individuals foster PTSD after a horrible accident while others do not? What increases the gamble of getting PTSD? Some estimate it has to do with hereditary qualities or the idea of the injury. In any case, there is a functioning populace of scientists dedicating time and care to the subject and notwithstanding questions connecting with cause, PTSD treatment is generally accessible.
A restoration community that gives an intense examination on mind work is energized. After a symptomatic mind filter, patients can be helped with desensitization treatments and solid emotionally supportive networks. It is not remarkable for patients with PTSD to have a connected battle with dependence. Legitimate consideration to the auxiliary impacts of the problem substance misuse, discouragement, related ailments ought to likewise be tended to at a PTSD treatment office. With PTSD, it is unproductive to parcel unknown drugs with expectations of recuperating a patient. Genuine headway will be made uniquely with a serious and comprehensive program that pin-focuses how the cerebrum is controlling the whole of an individual’s body. The fact that PTSD can be balanced out makes it then, at that point.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://thelincolnshiresite.com/2022/assessing-the-manifestations-of-ketamine-treatment-san-antonio/
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| 0.933643 | 527 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Chapter IV: Establishment of the Perimeter and Battle of the Tenaru
THE EXISTENCE OF THE FLEET MARINE FORCE in 1942, together with the leadership and amphibious technique it had produced, made Guadalcanal possible. This picture, taken in August 1942, shows the Marine leaders who launched the campaign, including two--Vandegrift and Cates (front row, fourth and sixth from left)--future Commandants of the Corps.
By Sundown 9 August, all ships had cleared the area, and the Marines were left with inadequate supplies, no idea as to when that condition would be ameliorated, and very meager intelligence of the enemy forces on the island. Task Force 61, whose planes had done yeoman service during the fist two days, had withdrawn, and the remnants of the cruiser force which had patrolled the western approaches to the island had been forced to leave the vicinity.
Because the force at his command was a relatively small one, General Vandegrift decided that every emphasis be placed on
defense of the Lunga point region, including the all-important airfield.1
The defense itself would be centered on the field, with the strongest positions of the perimeter placed along the beach proper as a precaution against counter-landings. This sector was organized in two regimental subsectors. Automatic weapons were sited for water's edge defense. Thirty caliber machine guns were set up so that their final protective lines would lie along the actual edge of the beach. The heavier weapons, .50 caliber machine guns and 37mm guns, were so emplaced as to be able to deliver antiboat fire. Emplacements were dug some distance back of the beach for the half-track 75mm, but the weapons themselves were kept mobile in readiness for movement forward to other prepared positions near the water's edge.2
Infantry was assigned the task of protecting these weapons emplacements and was scattered in foxholes along the line. The larger part of the force, however, was kept within the perimeter, ready to move in any direction to deal with possible penetration of the lines, as well as for counter-attacks at the proper time. Mortars in general were retained in the rear of their respective battalion positions, while the artillery, 75s and 105s of the 11th Marines, was grouped well inland to the south of the airfield in such position that it could be used for the defense of any threatened sector of the perimeter.
The entire defense area was generally in the shape of a long, flat oval with the long axis running in an east-west direction. One curve lay along the beach where there was no natural defense save the water itself. The right, or east portion, of the perimeter was bounded by Alligator Creek, a sluggish, deep stream. Such was the character of the land through which it flowed, and of the banks and the undergrowth along the, that it formed an admirable defensive position, and on e of which full advantage was to be taken in the first land action of the campaign. The left bank of this river was used as a line for the extension inland of the right flank. Machine gun emplacements were constructed at the
BEACH DEFENSES were hastily established with such meager materials as had been left by the retiring transports. Japanese counter-landing behind the Marine perimeter was a constant threat during early days of the campaign.
Map 6: The "Perimeter" -- Guadalcanal, 12 August 1942
only point where crossing seemed feasible--at the very mouth of the river, where, at low tide and during dry weather, a sand bar permitted foot passage from bank to bank along the beach.
The left or west flank of the perimeter had no such naturally advantageous terrain upon which to depend. Westward of the mouth of the Lunga, there is a re-entrant in the coast, a long sweeping concave curve toward the Matanikau River, four miles away. At a point midway between the two rivers, the grassy ridges, which are the outward boundary of the rough country of the interior, impinge suddenly upon the coastal plain, and the latter is reduced to a narrow corridor several hundred yards wide, between the beach and the hills. In this terrain, the coconut palms disappear and are replaced by lowland jungle. Passage through the region, save by the coastal road, is difficult. It was decided to anchor the left flank on this higher ground and extend the lines from the beach and across the narrowing coastal plain on the theory that the knolls could be used to an advantage in dominating the corridor.
Between the inland extremities of each flank extension lay a chaotic jumble of ridges, ravines, and flat jungle country. It was impossible to establish a continuous line across such terrain even had there been sufficient Marines for the task. The alternative to such a defense was to dispose various units in compact areas along the general defensive line and maintain contact and security by a system of out-posts. It was realized that any attack from inland could result in a penetration of the perimeter, but such a disposition of troops would permit the various unit sectors to be defended separately, so that the normally disruptive effect of penetration would be minimized.3 This was supplemented by the practice of sending patrols inland for about 1500 yards. These patrols in general were formed from units defending inland sectors.
The enemy struck back quickly as a result of the stimulus of American attack. Low-level bombing attacks were frequent and effective, both against the troops and the engineers who were struggling to finish the partially completed air strip. The initial effectiveness of these attack was lessened when the antiaircraft group of the 3d Defense Battalion succeeded in emplacing one battery of four 90mm guns on the periphery of the airfield.4 The attacks, however, continued into the following year, becoming sporadic after 15 November.
Enemy surface craft meanwhile enjoyed practically undisputed possession of the waters adjacent to Guadalcanal during the period 9-20 August. Shelling by submarine, as well as by larger craft, became a regular occurrence, causing relatively minor damage to shore installations, but seriously impeding operations of small craft back and forth to Tulagi.5
An all-out offensive on the part of the Marine forces was out of the question. Only a part of the reinforced division was in the perimeter, and even that small part was, logistically, in a precarious position.6 The area which it had occupied and which it was prepared to defend was but a tiny fragment of the total surface of the island.
Of the several possible methods of obtaining information to supplement the existing scanty knowledge, only one ultimately proved to be useful, patrolling. Aerial observation,
even had there been planes to carry it out, would have been of limited usefulness. The heavily wooded areas of the island provided overhead cover for ground troops under which they could operate with almost perfect freedom from discovery. Aerial photographs were subject to almost the same limitations as direct aerial observation.
The information received from observation posts likewise was largely negative in character. The same natural peculiarities that operated against adequate aerial observation on the first and second days of the campaign also operated to prevent any appreciable amount of information being obtained visually from fixed posts. Once more, it is necessary to point out that, save along the coastal plain in the vicinity of the coconut groves and the coastal road, the terrain is characterized by precipitous ridges running in every direction and separated by deep, narrow ravines. Visibility from observation posts in country of this type is extremely limited, and the negative character of information to be obtained from them is by no means as indicative or as valuable as similar information obtained from similar posts in open or flat country.
Third method of obtaining information, and the one which was actually used by the Marine forces, was that of patrolling.7 Each regiment in the perimeter including the 11th Marines was assigned certain areas outside the perimeter for such operations. Patrols of varying size were sent out daily and in general operated between the hours of 0700 and 1800.
Patrolling on the first two days of the campaign was somewhat characterized by over-caution and lack of aggressiveness, but these faults were overcome eventually. On 9 August, a 4th Marines patrol operating several miles southwest of the Kukum sector of the perimeter met a heavily armed enemy patrol in the first definite encounter with enemy forces. A small action resulted, and unspecified casualties were suffered by both parties. Again on 10 August, a similar patrol also from the 5th Marines operating still farther afield, and attempting to cross the Matanikau River at its mouth, was denied that crossing by a strong, well armed, and apparently well-emplaced enemy force on the west bank. Similar patrols operating in the opposite direction to the southeast of the perimeter had as yet made no contact with enemy forces.
The information so obtained indicated that the nearest enemy force was somewhere west of the perimeter. The negative information, on the other hand, while it by no means ruled out the possibility of other forces to the southeast, showed at least that patrol activity could be pushed farther afield in that direction.8
The Goettge Patrol
These considerations led to the organizing of two patrols, each of which exerted a profound effect on the early progress of the campaign, although those effects were diametrically opposed to each other. The first, which was the result of faulty planning and a lack of appreciation of the basic theories of patrolling, caused a serious loss to the division staff, as is hereinafter described.
The necessity for gaining more exact information regarding enemy forces near the Matanikau impelled the division intelligence section to lay tentative plans for a thorough reconnaissance of the territory.9
The initial plan, as far as it is possible to reconstruct it, seems to have been sound. A sortie was to be made by boat from Kukum in the early morning and a landing made on the beach near Point Cruz. The patrol, having
landed, was to make its way up the left bank of the Matanikau River, making careful observation of the terrain, and establish a bivouac for the night as far back in the hills as time would allow. The second day was to be spent in a cross country return to the perimeter. The patrol was to b e large enough to permit combat if the occasion demanded.
According to an officer present at the time, Lieutenant Colonel Goettge, Division Intelligence Officer, was already committed to accompany a patrol toward Tetere, which will be described below, when he was advised of the tentative plans of the Matanikau operation. He immediately assumed personal charge of the project, and, in view of two bits of information that had recently come to him, decided upon several radical changes in plans.
A naval warrant officer had been taken prisoner in the vicinity of Kukum, behind the lines of the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines.10 Subjected to routine questioning by regimental and divisional language officers, he had said that it was possible that some of his fellows to the west might be persuaded to surrender under certain conditions. The information he gave was such as to place the group somewhere in the general area of the proposed patrol. The second item of information was the reported appearance of a white flag, seen by a patrol on 12 August, also in the area the patrol was to cover. This was taken as further evidence that the enemy in that neighborhood desired to surrender.
There was no reason to doubt the sincerity of the prisoner. He was reticent and did not volunteer information, and it was only after considerable questioning that he agreed to the possibility of the surrender. Moreover, it is probable that the putative white flag of surrender was an ordinary Japanese battle flag flying so far from the observers that the red center was not visible.11
The original plan called for an early start so that the landing could be made by daylight and ample time could be available for reconnaissance before going into bivouac. Colonel Goettge, however, had introduced additional details that caused almost twelve hours' delay. He was convinced that many noncombatant Japanese were wandering through the jungle in starving and disorganized groups and that every effort should be made to enable them to surrender. This humane attitude caused him to alter the composition of the proposed patrol to include, among others, the 5th Marines' surgeon, Lieutenant Commander Malcolm L. Pratt, and Lieutenant Ralph Cory, a Japanese linguist. A large part of the intelligence section of the 5th Marines likewise was taken, and, since the patrol as it was finally organized, contained only 25 persons, it seems obvious that one result of the last-minute changes had been to reduce the combat effectiveness of the group.
FIRST PLANE TO LAND on Henderson Field was a Navy PBY-5A which evacuated two wounded Marines on 12 August 1942.
As a result of these changes, the patrol did not depart from the perimeter until 1800 on 12 August,12 and the landing, of course, was made after dark, at about 2200. As far as can be determined at this time, Goettge planned to land the group west of Point Cruz. On the day of departure he had been warned specifically against attempting to land between the
mouth of the Matanikau River and the point, for a patrol action three days before had established beyond question the fact that strong enemy positions commanded that area.13
As a matter of fact, the landing was made on the very beach against which Goettge had been warned--darkness and lack of familiarity with the terrain led to the error. The patrol got ashore without difficulty and the landing craft withdrew. As the men began working their way inland, however, they were taken under intense fire at once from rifles and machine guns, and by shortly after midnight the group, with the exception of three men sent out to report the event, was wiped out.
The three survivors arrived at intervals of about an hour, beginning at 0530 on 13 August. At that time Sergeant Charles C. Arndt came to the perimeter with the news that the patrol had encountered the enemy immediately after landing. He had been sent back at 2230. A relief patrol (Company A, 5th Marines) was sent out immediately by boat. As it made its way up the coast, the two other survivors came in--Corporal Joseph Spaulding at 0725 and Platoon Sergeant Frank L. Few at 0800. They brought work of the wiping out of the party.14
Company A, meanwhile, landed west of Point Cruz, at what was thought to be the scene of the Goettge landing. After receiving a reinforcement in the form of two platoons of Company L, 5th Marines, and a light machine gun section, the group began moving east, toward the perimeter. Company A, coming along the coastal road, encountered minor resistance from enemy emplacements near the mouth of the Matanikau. It returned to the perimeter late in the evening of 13 August. Company L, with its attached light machine gun section, followed a route lying farther inland, and arrived at midday on 14 August, having been held back by difficult terrain.15 Neither group found traces of the patrol.16
First Action along the Matanikau
On 19 August, the day which saw an important patrol action near Tetere to the east, as will be described, the first planned offensive beyond the perimeter was carried out. The fate of the Goettge patrol, and the data secured by the group which went in search of it, confirmed what had been surmised--that the enemy was in reasonably strong positions in the territory just west of the Matanikau River. It was, therefore, planned to attack and destroy the force.
The operation set the pattern for several attacks in the future, attacks which were to enjoy varying degrees of success. The assault was to be in the form of a three-pronged attack, supported by fires from the 2d, 3d, and 5th Battalions, 11th Marines, division artillery regiment.
Company B, 5th Marines, from a position at the mouth of the river, was to attack westward, across the river, while Company L, 5th Marines, after crossing the river far upstream at 0800 on 18 August and cutting its way toward the mouth along the left bank, was to attack the area from inland on 19 August. Company I, in the meanwhile, after traveling by boat from the perimeter on 19 August to the small village of Kokumbona, which lay several miles to the west of Matanikau, was to cut off the retreat of the enemy to the west and clear out the village itself.17
The attack was partially successful. Company
USING CAPTURED JAPANESE GUNS such as the 3-inch dual purpose weapon shown here, Marines of Company M, 5th Marines, dueled with a Japanese cruiser on 19 August. No hits were scored by either party.
L, traveling through the difficult inland terrain, achieved something of a surprise, and, pressing home its attack, succeeded in taking the village of Matanikau. Company B, meanwhile, prevented from crossing the river by a heavy volume of fire from the opposite bank, nevertheless filled a useful role--that of keeping the enemy active and alert on one front while an attack against his right flank was developing from inland. Company I, traveling by boat, was shelled enroute by two enemy destroyers and one cruiser standing far out. No casualties resulted from this attack, although several near misses fell among the boats. The enemy craft remained all morning, finally being driven off by two B-17s.18 Fire from light machine guns on the beach was encountered. Resistance was met after the company landed, but the village was assaulted with inconclusive results, the enemy retreating into the hills with all weapons instead of making a stand. All companies returned to the perimeter, having inflicted losses in excess of 65 killed, and an unknown number wounded, on the enemy, while suffering the comparatively small loss of four killed and 11 wounded.
The Brush Patrol
The second patrol, and the one which ultimately was the more important from a combat standpoint, had a curious origin. The area assigned to the 1st Marines for patrolling and reconnaissance lay east and southeast of the perimeter. The plains in the vicinity of the Lunga widen out to the eastward, so that near Tetere, for instance, there is a belt of grassy land nearly eight miles wide. It had been known for some time that it was possible to build an airfield there--at one time there was suspicion that the Japanese were actually engaged in building one--and that there was a plan to proceed with initial surveying of the district preparatory to such construction.
On 12 August, a group of engineers set out from the perimeter with the mission of beginning that survey, and accompanying them, for purposes of security, was one platoon of Company A, 1st Marines, under command of Second Lieutenant John J. Jachym. On 13 August, while the group was passing through a small native village, it was greeted by a young Catholic priest, Arthur C. Duhamel of Methuen, Massachusetts. He said that there were rumors of an enemy force farther to the east, along the coast.19 No definite details could be obtained, and in view of the nature of the information, Lieutenant Jachym decided to return to the perimeter, report the news, and, if necessary, return with a larger body to verify it.
Two days later, a partial verification of Duhamel's advice was made by Captain W.F.M. Clemens, a coastwatcher and former official in the British Solomon Islands Civil Government. Accompanied by Sergeant Major
Vouza20 and several other natives, Clemens arrived at the command post on 14 August, and reported that he had received news of an enemy radio station near Taivu. On the same day, Admiral Turner advised Vandegrift that the Japanese were planning an attack in force on the perimeter.21
At 0700 on 19 August, therefore, the patrol was formed and set out toward Tetere. It consisted this time of a part of Company A, 1st Marines, and was led by Captain Charles H. Brush. Its route lay along the coastal road that leads from the Lunga to the Koli Point-Tetere area. By noon the group had come to a small village, and Captain Brush ordered a halt there for food and for a short respite from the heat. Someone recalled, however, that, a short distance farther along the road, there was said to be a grove of fruit trees, and, with the idea of securing this supplement to the meager canned rations, the company took to the road once more.22
Midway between the two villages, the scouts preceding the main body caught sight of a group of Japanese traveling westward between the road and the beach. The group consisted of four officers and 30 men, not in military formation. Brush's patrol attacked frontally with part of its strength, with an enveloping movement of one platoon, led by Jachym, around the right flank. Fifty-five minutes of action resulted in the wiping out of the enemy force--31 of them were killed, and three escaped into the jungle. The Marine patrol lost three killed and three wounded.
An inspection of the dead revealed a number of interesting details. There was an inordinate amount of rank, for one thing, and there was the additional fact that when it had been surprised by Brush's patrol, the enemy group had been at work laying communication wire--an almost certain indication of the presence or expected early arrival of a much larger force.
A further, and more immediately disturbing detail, was that of the nature of some of the documentary material found with the bodies. Major (then Captain) Brush has the following remarks to make:
With a complete lack of knowledge of Japanese on my part, the maps the Japanese had of our positions were so clear as to startle me. They showed our weak spots all too clearly. For example, the First Battalion, First Marines, had been preparing positions on the right of the Second Battalion, but were not occupying these positions. On the right of the First Battalion there was nothing. This fact was clearly shown on the Japanese map which I inspected on the scene of the patrol action.23
Subsequent translation of the documents, which were rushed back to the perimeter by runner at once, confirmed the impression made upon Brush--that the enemy group was the advance party of a much larger force.
Beginning of Air Support
It was realized that a successful defense of the island, and a consequent denial of that island to the enemy, depended directly upon the ability of the Marines, to develop and use the airfield.24 Until the field was completed and fighter and dove bomber planes brought in, the Division would continue to be at the mercy of any air or naval attack that the enemy cared to deliver.
The 13 days which elapsed between the landing and the arrival of the first combat planes were marked by daily air raids as well as by attacks from surface craft, submarines,
90mm ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS of the 3d Defense Battalion emplaced at Henderson Field forced Japanese bombers to 25,000 feet while Marines of the 1st Engineer Battalion labored to finish the strip. This picture was taken after the field had become fully operational.
destroyers, and, from time to time, cruisers. Defenses against these attacks were scanty and ineffective. The antiaircraft weapons emplaced around the airfield by the 3d Defense Battalion succeeded only in keeping the attacking planes at a reasonably high altitude. Enemy bombing was fairly accurate even from the 25,000 feet level.25 There were occasions on which 75mm half-tracks succeeded in driving off enemy submarines.26
A survey of the airfield conducted on 8 August revealed the fact that about 2,600 feet of the runway, which was 160 feet wide, could be completed within two days and that the remaining stretch of approximately 1,178 feet could be made ready for use within a week.27 Actual construction was begun the next day, 9 August, when the 1st Engineer Battalion began operating. Supply and equipment, however, were at a premium. It is estimated that Fomalhaut, carrying most of the earth moving equipment, departed when only 15 percent of her cargo had been discharged.28
The withdrawal of the transports had left the Marine forces with only a part of their initially scanty supplies ashore. Ammunition supply was adequate, but the situation in the matter of food was serious. Even with the acquisition of a considerable stock of rice and canned food from the captured Japanese area,29 supplies were so short that it was necessary on 12 August to begin a program of two meals per day. There was a similar shortage of defensive material, barbed wire (of which only 18 spools were landed), and entrenching tools and sand-bags.
The most serious shortage of all, however, from the point of view of the engineers who were charged with the completion of the airfield, was that of specialized equipment necessary for the task. No power shovels had been landed, nor dump trucks. One bulldozer,
property of the Pioneer Battalion, had come ashore, but was not immediately available for work on the airstrip.30 Here again, however, good fortune played a deciding role, for it was found that the Japanese equipment which had been landed for the purpose of constructing an airfield was largely undamaged and usable, although antiquated.
Concurrently with the establishment of the perimeter, the strenuous efforts of the under-equipped engineers, and the probing patrol activities of the rifle regiments, a new and significant phase of the campaign began. The first elements of Marine Corps aviation began moving toward the island.
On 12 August, the USS Long Island, with VMF-223 and VMSB-232--Marine fighter squadron and dive bomber squadron respectively--was about to depart from Suva, where she had taken refuge upon receipt of the news of the Battle of Savo. She was expected to arrive in position to fly off the planes of the two squadrons about 16 August.
The ground echelon of Marine Air Group (MAG) 23, however, was embarked on the USS William Ward Burroughs, which was not scheduled to arrive at Guadalcanal until 19 or 20 August. This circumstance would create a problem, for although there was some aviation gasoline at the newly completed airfield--400 drums of fuel which the Japanese had stocked in anticipation of the scheduled arrival of their own planes on 7 August--the absence of trained ground crews would make it impossible to operate the fighters and dive bombers.
Admiral McCain (CTF 63 and COMAIRSOPAC) found his way out of this dilemma, thanks to the presence of CUB-1 at Espiritu Santo. On 13 August he ordered Major C.H. Hayes, executive officer of VMO-251, to proceed to Guadalcanal with the aviation component of this unit in order to provide ground facilities for the squadrons when they landed. Hayes accordingly alerted the senior naval officer of the CUB--Ensign George W. Polk31--and prepared to embark his detail.
The embarkation of the five officers and 118 navy enlisted was strangely reminiscent of the embarkation of the 1st Division. Recently arrived, the unit had only begun to unload its gear when, shortly before noon on the 13th, it was notified that it would embark that night and sail at once for Guadalcanal. It would use the four destroyer transports of Transdiv 12 for the movement.
This posed the problem of space upon that of transfer of cargo. Each APD could receive only 30 tons of cargo. Essential material only could be taken, much of which was either difficult of access or entirely unreachable in the holds of the ships which had brought it. The total supply carried northward by the four craft included as principle items 400 drums of aviation gasoline, 32 drums of aviation lubricant, 282 bombs ranging from 100 to 500 pounds, belted ammunition, and miscellaneous critically important tools and parts. The men carried light packs and arms only--it was thought that rations, mess and organizational equipment, medical supplies, and tentage could be supplied by the 1st Division quartermaster.
Hayes was briefed hurriedly by McCain
prior to setting out. His instructions directed him to expedite completion of the airfield (General Vandegrift had already declared it to be usable by fighter planes), prepare camouflage or concealment for the planes with particular attention to concealment for the SBDs, and provide ground service for the incoming aircraft until the arrival of the regular ground crews.32 His last act before going aboard was to conduct a frantic--and successful--search for chamois to be used in straining fuel from drums. This indispensable material he carried aboard under his arm.
The APDs departed on schedule, arriving off Kukum after dark on 15 August. Passengers and supplies were put on the beach, and next day CUB-1 took over from the 1st Engineering Battalion its share of the task of making ready the field.33
By 19 August, in spite of daily raids by enemy aircraft, work on the airstrip was completed, and the field was ready to receive the planes which arrived the next day.34
On 20 August, from a point 200 miles south of the island 19 planes of VMF-223 (F4F-4s led by Major John L. Smith) and 12 dive bombers of VMSB-232 (SBD-3s under Lieutenant Colonel Richard C. Mangrum) took off from the flight deck of the Long Island. Beginning at 1330, the flight ended with the safe arrival of all planes at Henderson Field35 at 1700.36 Within eight hours of their arrival the first great counterattack of the Japanese was thrown back, and within 12 hours the newly arrived planes were performing their first mission in support of the ground troops--patrolling the beaches east of the Tenaru to cut off any attempt at escape by the remnants of the enemy force which Pollock's 2d Battalion, 1st Marines had cut to pieces at the mouth of Alligator Creek (the "Tenaru").37
The Marine planes were followed, on 22 and 27 August, by elements of the 67th Fighter Squadron, Army Air Force. These 14 planes were P-40s, inadequate machines that could not do justice to the degree of training and spirit of their pilots. Unable to attain, and operate at, sufficient altitude, they eventually undertook close-support missions.38
Battle of the Tenaru
Presence of enemy forces to both the east and the west had now been established, and an attack upon the perimeter was inevitable. The problem remained of how best to prepare to meet such an attack.
The Lunga defenses had already assumed the basic form which they were to retain throughout the campaign, but, within the period of the past week, a considerable amount of improvement had been effected. The defenses on the east or right flank, as we have seen, were formed along the west bank of Alligator Creek. This flank extension had been lengthened to about 3,000 yards.39 It was planned to clear off the terrain by burning and by cutting, and to construct permanent fortifications, but there had not been sufficient time for such development.
General Vandegrift now had five rifle battalions available for manning the defenses. The entire 1st Marines was present, but the 5th Marines still lacked its 2d Battalion, which had been detached prior to D-day to the Assistant Division Commander for service on Tulagi. Of the available battalions, four
were committed to beach defenses and one was held in reserve.
Being reasonably certain of the existence of a Japanese force to the east, the Division Commander found two possible courses of action open. The first of these, which consisted of sending the single reserve battalion (1st Battalion, 1st Marines) eastward to met and destroy the enemy was rejected almost at once, since it depended upon the accuracy of the premises that the enemy had already landed and could be dealt with by one battalion. Also, there was no assurance whatever that the Japanese would not attempt an assault from the westward, a direct frontal assault, or indeed a combination of the two. Such a contingency would require the presence within the perimeter of every Marine capable of bearing arms.
The second course, which was actually adopted, consisted of strengthening all defenses in every way possible to a force which was inadequately equipped with defensive materials, and to institute and continue an intensive program of patrolling in the direction whence it was expected an attack would be launched. In this way, it was hoped, the hostile forces could be located, fixed, and their intentions more precisely divined.
Implementation of this program was begun at once. Native scouts operating under the direction of Captain Clemens assisted the Marine forces in active patrolling as far east as the Nalimbiu River. Day observation posts were set up in the vicinity of the Tenaru. The latter were withdrawn by night and in their place a system of listening posts was established in the neighborhood of the Tenaru and a small stream closer to the perimeter, known as the Block Four River.40
A study of enemy documents which was begun during the Guadalcanal campaign and carried on for many months after the close of the campaign, indicates that the attack on Guadalcanal by the Marines had caused serious disruption of Japanese plans.41 It appears that such plans envisaged a two-Army attack on Port Moresby in southeastern New Guinea. The attack was to be mounted from Davao in the southern Philippines and was to be carried out by the 17th and 18th Armies. The unexpected Fleet Marine Force landing upon Guadalcanal, however, caused the enemy to withdraw from their projected assault the 17th Army (less one division). This weakened army was thereupon earmarked for an attack upon the newly established Marine positions.
The first large Japanese reinforcement to reach Guadalcanal consisted of approximately one reinforced battalion of the 28th Infantry Regiment, a 7th Division unit, under the command of Colonel Kiyono Ichiki. This force, which had been detached for duty with the Imperial Navy in the attempted but unsuccessful occupation of Midway, was returning to Japan for rehabilitation on 7 August. Orders from Lieutenant General Hyakutake, commanding general of the 17th Army, intercepted the unit and brought it to Truk, where it arrived on 12 August. There it received orders to embark, pass to Guadalcanal, assault and retake the area held by the 1st Marine Division.42
Accordingly, Ichiki embarked his battalion reinforced by engineers and artillery on six new destroyers--Arashi, Hagikaze, Hamakaze, Tamikaze, Urukaze, and Kagero. The force passed down to me island without incident, and landed near Taivu on 18 August.43
Map 6: Battle of the Tenaru: 21 August 1942
Ichiki then sent out a reconnaissance party to explore the territory lying between the point of landing and the Marine positions.44 This patrol, as we have seen, was intercepted and wiped out by Captain Brush's patrol on 19 August.
LOSER AT TENARU, Col Kiyono Ichiki, commander originally designated to take Midway, instead made the first counter-landing against Marines at Guadalcanal. Pitting one battalion against five, Ichiki's mission was suicidal in concept, execution, and outcome.
Midnight of 20 August found the 1st Marines in position around the right flank of the perimeter, with the 2d Battalion in the crucial position at the mouth of the river, its right flank extending several hundred yards up-stream. The 3d Battalion, on the left of the 2d, held the beach line from that point to the mouth of the Lunga, while the 1st Battalion, not in prepared positions, was located to the right rear of the 2d Battalion, in division reserve. Listening posts from the 2d Battalion were established in the territory forward of the lines.
Some time after midnight45 these forward elements began falling back on the main positions, bringing word that there appeared to be a rather large enemy force in the neighborhood of the Tenaru River. Flares had been seen, and sounds of movement of men had been heard, but no visual contact with the enemy body had been made.
At about the same time, a dramatic confirmation of the presence of enemy to the eastward occurred when Sergeant Major Vouza (retired) of the Native Constabulary appeared, badly wounded, at the command post of the 2d Battalion, 1st Marines. He had been caught by the Japanese on 18 August in his village several miles to the east of the perimeter. When he refused to give them information, he was tortured and left for dead. He made his way, at night, through the enemy force and arrived at the mouth of Alligator Creek in time to tell Lieutenant Colonel Edwin A. Pollock, the battalion commander, of its presence.46
Vouza's own account of his capture has epic qualities. The following extract is from a letter written by Vouza to Hector MacQuarrie, who had known him during the early 1920s:
Well, I was caughted by the Japs and one of the Japanese Naval Officer questioned me but I was refuse to answer & I was bayoneted by a long sword twice on my chest, through my throught, a cutted the side of my tongue & I was got up from the enemies & walked through the American front line & there my Officer Mr. Clemens who D.C. at Guadalcanal during the War, later he is Major & his Clerk a native from New Georgia he was Staff Sgt his name was Daniel Pule. Both got the reports information from the Marine Division at the Front Line by one of the Colonial of the American Marine Div, his name was Col. Buckley that I was wounded. So then boths Major Clemens & Staff Sgt. Daniel Pule they came up to the front line & took me to the American Hospital at Lunga Guadalcanal & there they done the treatment and the wounded was healthed up, only 12 days I was in Hospital.
SGTMAJ VOUSA, British Solomon Islands Constabulary, as he first appeared to Marines. Vouza was captured by the Japanese, tortured and repeatedly bayonetted, but refused to divulge information. Despite serious wounds he escaped, and survived not only to conduct many patrols but to receive U.S. and British decorations.
After I wad discharged from the Hospital I wad do my fighting with the Japs & paid back all what they have done with me & now, here I'm I, still alive today. . . .47
No serious apprehension seems to have been felt by Colonel Cates, the regimental commander at this news of enemy activity.48 At about 0300, however, a sentry posted on the west bank of Alligator Creek--then believed to be the Tenaru River--heard sounds of motion on the far bank of the river. He challenged, and, when there was no answer, he fired.
By this time Colonel Ichiki had assembled his force in positions on the narrowing point of land on the right bank of the river. At 0310 there was a sudden and violent attack by a group of approximately 200 Japanese, who rushed the sand bar at the mouth of the stream in a column.49 In site of the concentrated fire from rifles, emplaced machine guns, and cannister-firing 37mm cannon, and in spite of the extremely heavy casualties immediately inflicted upon them, a part of the group succeeded in gaining the left bank and in overrunning a few emplacements. A quick counterattack by Company G, 1st Marines, which had been in reserve behind and slightly to the right of the point of attack, cleared the left bank before the enemy had time to consolidate his gains.50
The main force of the Ichiki unit remained on the point without giving any direct support to the attack while it was being delivered. Immediately it became evident that the assault had failed, however, the enemy began delivering fire from his mortars and 70mm infantry cannon, in an attempt to reduce the Marine position.51 The Japanese then initiated a frontal assault on the perimeter--a large group, about the size of a company, went out into the sea beyond the breakers and came directly ashore against the left flank of the 2d Battalion. This attack, however, was likewise shattered at the water's edge by heavy fire from machine guns and from 37mm guns loaded with cannister.52
The Japanese artillery and mortar fire from the right bank of the river spoke eloquently of a fairly large force, and, at about 0400, the 75mm batteries of the 3d Battalion,
11th Marines, laid down a concentration in that area. A fire-fight of great intensity and at close range developed, with the Marine forces enjoying the advantage of a partial enfilading of the enemy position by fire from weapons emplaced on the projecting left bank of the river. A second artillery concentration was placed on the enemy force at about 0515.53
In the meanwhile, General Vandegrift decided to execute an enveloping movement, since most of the enemy appeared to be concentrated within a reasonably small area. The 1st Battalion, 1st Marines, (Lieutenant Colonel Lenard B. Cresswell), reverting from division reserve to regimental control, was ordered orally by Cates to go upstream, cross the river, and attack to the northwest along the right bank, thereby taking the enemy on his rear and his left flank.54
The movement was an unqualified success. The battalion crossed the dry upper stream bed of the creek, debouching from the jungle onto a grassy plain 3000 yards inland. At this point it assumed the formation which it was to hold for the rest of the action. Companies A and C, each with one platoon of Company D (Weapons) attached struck out straight for the beach at an azimuth of 15º to allow the force to come in well behind the enemy pocket.
Company B, with the mortar platoon and one machine gun platoon of Company D attached, formed the reserve. Operating under the battalion executive officer, this company moved toward the beach with its right flank resting on the left bank of the Tenaru--or Ilu, as it was then called. As it moved toward the mouth of the river, the company left details of squad size in position along the bank to impede any attempt of the Japanese to withdraw across the river. The rest of Company D, operating as riflemen, also moved north with its left flank on the right bank of Alligator Creek. Headquarters Company moved generally in the rear of the assault companies.
Immediately upon reaching the beach, Companies A and C swung to the left and began moving toward Alligator Creek (the "Tenaru"). Several attempts were made by the enemy to break through the force that was compressing them into an ever decreasing area. A thrust toward the east, along the beach, was stopped by elements of Company C. Another, up the right bank of Alligator Creek (the "Tenaru") ran into Company D and was wiped out.55
An attack by light tanks, advancing across the bar, was moderately successful, one tank being lost to enemy mines and weapons. Marine riflemen thereupon closed with the survivors of the enemy force and exterminated them. The action concluded at 1700, after 16 hours of constant fighting.
The Japanese suffered almost total casualties in a group that numbered about 900 men. A few stragglers managed to escape into the hills to the south, and 15 enemy were taken prisoner. The cost to the Marines was 34 killed and 75 wounded.56
While Pollock's battalion was holding its positions at the mouth of the river and Cresswell was getting into position on the enemy's left flank and rear, four pilots of VMF-223, led by Major Smith, made their first interception. At 1207 they engaged a flight of six enemy fighters near Savo Island, and the leader scored the first of his many
kills. This was the only enemy plane shot down in the engagement, which cost the Marines one plane when Technical Sergeant Johnnie D. Lindley crash-landed upon return to the airstrip.57
THE JAPANESE SUFFERED TOTAL CASUALTIES at the Battle of the Tenaru. These former members of the Ichiki Unit had originally been allocated for the capture of Midway but instead made their first contact with Marines on Guadalcanal.
While the preliminary gambits which led up to the Battle of the Tenaru were being performed, the Japanese likewise deployed forces for a second attempt to build up their strength on Guadalcanal. On 19 August, the day upon which Ichiki's reconnaissance patrol was wiped out, the rear echelon of his force departed Rabaul en route to Guadalcanal. About 700 of this unit were embarked in four old destroyer transports (Patrol Boats #1, #2, #34, and #35), together with 800 "marines" of the 5th Yokosuka Special Landing Force on the converted cruiser Kinryu Maru, screened by light cruiser Jintsu and three destroyers.
This force, in itself unable to cope with anything in the nature of an air attack, was covered by two task forces, each built around carriers, that operated generally to the eastward of the transports. Closer in there was the seaplane carrier Chitose, fitted with four catapults and carrying 22 float planes.58
To counter this attempt, two United States task forces were operating in an area generally
southeast of the lower Solomons and conducting searches to the northwest. Each of these forces likewise formed around a carrier, Enterprise forming the nucleus of one and Saratoga that of the other.
Contact with the enemy was made first on the morning of 23 August, two days after Ichiki and his battalion had been annihilated. The contact, made by long distance reconnaissance plane, was not developed. Marine planes from Henderson Field, attempting to follow it up, were not successful because of a heavy overcast, and returned to the field. They were followed by 35 Navy planes from Saratoga--29 dive bombers and six torpedo planes--which landed just at nightfall, at 1700.59 The night was marked by a shelling of the perimeter by the enemy destroyer Kagero, one of the ships which had brought the Ichiki unit to the island.60
Next day--24 August--the enemy task force was located and attacked. Ryujo was hit repeatedly and finally went out of control and burned. Chitose, also hit, was able to make her way, badly damaged, to Rabaul.61 While the ships were under attack, Henderson Field was struck by 16 single engine carrier type bombers, escorted by 12 Zeros. The enemy planes were attacked in turn, at 1420 by F4F-4s of MAG-23, which shot down 10 bombers and six Zeros at a loss to themselves of three pilots missing and one wounded. Minor damage only was done to the airstrip.62
On the night of 24 August, the persistent Kagero returned again to shell the perimeter, accompanied by four sister destroyers--Musuki, Yayoi, Isokaze, and Kawakaze. Once again there was only minor damage to the perimeter.63
The Enterprise, meanwhile had also been struck and damaged by enemy air attacks to such extent that she had to withdraw from the action. This ship casualty resulted in an accretion of strength by the Guadalcanal Air Force. Flight 300, airborne when the carrier retired, took refuge at 1845 on Henderson Field. It consisted of 11 SBD-3s (6 from VS-5, 5 from VB-6) under command of Lieutenant Turner Caldwell, USN.64
Enemy transports, whose movement toward Guadalcanal had precipitated the action, continued on their assigned mission. They were attacked by 12 SBDs from the Guadalcanal airstrip, and the cruiser Jintsu was hit, damaged, and forced to withdraw to
CARRIER TORPEDO PLANES joined MAG-23 in strikes from Henderson Field against Japanese task forces.
Truk for repairs. The auxiliary cruiser Kinryu Maru was hit, set afire, and abandoned, and a destroyer, the Mutsuki, was sunk by B-17s of the 11th Bombardment group, based on Espiritu Santo, while standing by her.65
The untoward results of the attempted reinforcement were such as to force the Japanese to abandon the effort. Surviving units of the enemy transport force withdrew to the Shortland Islands.
Some time immediately after the defeat of the Ichiki unit, the Japanese forces to the east of the perimeter committed the only atrocity against European civilians on Guadalcanal of which we have record. At an undetermined date late in August two priests, Father Arthur C. Duhamel, of whom we heave heard above, and Father Henry Oude-Engberink were tortured and killed, as were Sister Sylvia, a French nun, and Sister Odilia, of Italy. The murders were witnessed by a third nun, Sister Edmée, also of France.
These people, all missionaries of the Society of Mary, had been on the island at the time of the Japanese invasion. They were stationed at the mission at Ruavatu, between the perimeter and Aola. Other members of the order were Father Michael McMahon at Visale, a mission near Cape Esperance and Father Emery De Klerk, a Dutch priest at Tangarare, on the south coast directly across the island from Kokumbona, All of them had refused to leave their posts at the time the European colony at Tulagi was evacuated.
Prior to the coming of the Marines, they were not molested by the Japanese. After the American landings, however, the people at Visale were forced to go to Tangarare and then to the mountains. Duhamel and Oude-Engberink, however, remained at Ruavatu because of its remoteness from the scene of action. They were taken at that place by survivors of the Ichiki force led by Ishimoto,66 the local spy, and were ordered to go through the American lines with tales of an overpowering Japanese force, in order to persuade the Marines to surrender or withdraw from the island.
When the two priests and the nuns refused to obey, on the grounds that they took no part in anything but religious matters, they were subjected to a week of torture and starvation. Since they remained obdurate, they were bayonetted. The bodies were buried in a native hut, whence they were recovered and buried by Father Frederic P. Gehring, at the time on duty with CUB-1.67
1. Final Report, Phase III, pp. 1 and 2. The orders for the dispositions described were given orally.
2. Final Report, Phase III, p. 2.
3. Final Report, Phase III, Annex E.
4. Ibid., p. 5 of narrative portion of report.
5. D-3 Journal, 12 August. A message at 1200 from Rupertus to Vandegrift reported that Tulagi forces had fired upon and hit an enemy submarine one hour before. This craft had been molesting Higgins boats.
19 August: Dawn--three unidentified ships sighted off Guadalcanal. 0850--ships appear to be firing on Guadalcanal. 0900--One destroyer reported coming toward Tulagi area. 0915--Salvo fired on Makambo. All hand to battle stations.
Report of Operations, 3d Battalion, 2d Marines.
6. Some of the idea of the supply situation can be obtained from a message sent by the Assistant Division Commander on 10 August at 0902 when the last of the transports had left the area and when all available supplies had been landed. The message said that the situation was changing. It requested entrenching tools, sandbags, barbed wire, diesel oil, and TBX (radio) batteries, saying that none of these materials had been landed. Final Report, Phase III, p. 5.
7. Final Report, Phase II, pp. 17 and 18.
8. Ibid., Phase II, p. 5.
9. The account of the Goettge Patrol has been taken from the Final Report, from contemporary accounts such as Merillat's Island, and from the initial drafts of the annexes to the Final Reports, which are on file in the Archives of the Marine Corps. The details obtained from those sources have been elaborated on the basis of accounts given the compiler by officers and men present on the island at the time--Colonel (now Brigadier General) Gerald C. Thomas, Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) Edmund J. Buckley, who replaced Goettge as D-2, First Lieutenant (now Captain) John J. Jachym, and others.
10. Interview, Lieutenant Colonel Gordon D. Gayle, 14 February 1949.
11. The reliability of information gotten from prisoners was a source of amazement to Marines throughout the campaign. No documentary record can be found of attempted deception. See incident in Chapter IX below.
12. Final Report, Phase II, p. 6. Another important, and happier event took place on 12 August. The first American plane to use the newly won air strip landed and took off with two wounded Marines--a method of evacuation that was to be used throughout the campaign with outstanding success. The plane was a PBY-5A, number 05045, and was piloted by Lieutenant W.S. Sampson, USN. Ibid., Annex B, p. 2.
13. Letter, Colonel William J. Whaling to Commandant Marine Corps, 26 January 1949. The matter of warning given to Goettge prior to his departure was confirmed by Lieutenant Colonel Lyman D. Spurlock in an interview held 27 January 1949.
14. Final Report, Phase III, Annex J, p. 2.
15. Ibid., pp. 2 and 3.
16. According to official records, no trace was ever found of the group. Subsequent to 21 August, a patrol led by Lieutenant W.S. Sivertsen found a dispatch case containing Commander Pratt's equipment and a torn piece of clothing marked with Goettge's name. No identifiable remains were found, however, and the members of the ill-fated group continued to be classified as missing in action. Letter, Sivertsen to Commandant Marine Corps, 17 February 1949.
17. Final Report, Phase III, pp. 6 and 7. Ibid., Annex J, p. 4.
18. Letter, LtCol W.H. Barba to Commandant Marine Corps, 28 January 1948. The cruiser was fired upon by the 1st Platoon, Company M, 5th Marines, under 2dLt Drew Barrett, using two captured 3-inch dual purpose naval guns. The platoon fired 20 rounds, all short. The cruiser bracketed the position with a starboard salvo, but there were no casualties.
19. He probably referred to the Japanese coastwatcher station at Taivu, set up in June or July by Yoshimoto. That small group continued to operate until some time in October.
20. Vouza had first appeared at the mouth of the Tenaru River on 10 August, accompanied by several friends. A retired Sergeant Major of the native constabulary, he spoke good English, and was taken at once to the perimeter and then to the command post. During his absence, his friends instructed the Marines in the useful art of husking a coconut with three strokes of a machete--the first gambit in a relationship that was to be of tremendous value to the Marines, and that was to have unforeseen economic and political repercussions among the natives. Letter, Hawley C. Waterman to Commandant Marine Corps, 17 January 1949.
21. D-3 Journal, 14 August, messages 12, 13, and 14.
22. Details of the Jachym and Brush patrols were taken from Final Report, Phase III, p. 9, supplemented by information given by Jachym to the Historical Section during an interview in the autumn of 1944.
23. Letter, Major Charles H. Brush, Jr., to Commandant Marine Corps, 15 January 1949.
24. Final Report, Phase III, pp. 2 and 3.
25. WD, MAG-23, 25 August.
26. D-3 Journal, entry 17 of 11 August.
27. This smaller stretch was completed by 12 August and the full length by 18 August. Final Report, Phase III, p. 3.
28. Letter, LtCol. Alonzo D. Gorham to Commandant Marine Corps, 9 February 1949.
29. Final Report, Phase III, Annex C, p. 5. This annex gives an excellent account of the amount of enemy equipment found and put to use, especially in the building of the air strip.
30. Letter, LtCol Henry H. Crockett to Commandant Marine Corps, 10 June 1949. This lone bulldozer was eulogized long after the war by Colonel Ballance, already quoted above. In the matter of this piece of equipment, he has the following eloquent passage in his letter to the Commandant dated 12 February 1949:
One R-4 bulldozer--actually an angle-dozer--was landed by the 1st Pioneer Battalion, and the yeoman service performed by this lone piece of power equipment in the hands of one Corporal Cates, its skilled proprietor--no one else was allowed to operate it--seems worthy of a place in the record. Cates drove that dozer from morning till night, he automatically ceased whatever task he was performing when condition RED sounded and headed for the airfield ready to fill bomb craters on the strip. He buried dead Japs, worked the roads and prepared bridge bank seats, cleared the Kukum beach for unloading operations, pulled, tugged, and towed all manner of things. That lovely R-4 finally fell apart like the one hoss shay, never to run again, some time in late October.
31. Polk was killed in Greece in 1948 while serving as a news correspondent. His murder attracted world wide attention, and at the time of the preparation of this monograph--March 1949--no acceptable solution of the mystery surrounding his death had been reached.
32. SBDs, according to Admiral McCain's instructions, were to be used only against ships of cruiser size or better, and were to be kept well concealed until such time as that class of target presented itself.
33. All details of the movement of CUB-1 from Espiritu Santo were obtained from Colonel Charles H. Hayes, USMC, by letter dated 8 February 1949.
34. Final Report, Phase III, p. 5.
35. The airstrip had been named for Major Lofton R. Henderson, Marine air hero of the Battle of Midway, by General Vandegrift.
36. War Diary, Marine Air Group 23 (hereinafter WD, MAG 23), p. 1. MCR.
37. WD, MAG 23, p. 2.
38. "One of these planes bore the name of 'Corky'. Perched on the west end of Henderson Field through bombing, artillery, and naval gunfire [it] survived to take the air on daily sortie. As long as 'Corky' stayed in there, many a young Marine felt that he could go on too." Letter Wieseman to CMC.
39. Final Report, Phase III, pp. 10 and 11.
40. Final Report, Phase III, p. 11.
41. USAFISPA Report, p. 8, and manuscript prepared by Captain William H. Whyte on enemy order of battle in the Solomon Islands. (Subsequently published in Marine Corps Gazette, in July and August, 1945 as "Hyakutake Meets the Marines."
42. For details of this unit's planned role in the occupation of Midway, see Marines at Midway, cited above in Chapter I. It bears mention parenthetically at this point that the strength of the 1st Marine Division was--and continued for some time to be--badly underestimated by the Japanese.
Ichiki is sometimes erroneously called Ikki. Although both readings of the name are possible, in this case Ichiki is the correct rendering. (Confirmed by Lt Roger Pineau, USNR, in Tokyo, June, 1949.)
43. The landing of the Ichiki Unit had been preceded by one day by the landing of elements of the 5th Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force, which came ashore on 17 August near Tassafaronga, west of Point Cruz and far removed from the perimeter. USAFISPA Report, pp. 4 and 5 as also used as a source for this information.
44. USAFISPA Report, p. 5.
45. Final Report, Phase IV, Annex G. This account places the beginning of the night's activity at 2030, 20 August, when the first flare was seen.
46. Interview with Colonel Pollock, 12 March 1948.
47. Letter, ex-SgtMaj Vouza, Headman, Tasimboko District, to Hector MacQuarrie, 6th May, 1948. For his heroism, Vouza was given the Silver Star by the United States, and the George Medal by Great Britain.
48. At this point in its chronological account of the campaign, the Final Action Report says, "This was followed by a small amount of rifle fire, but neither fact was considered of particular significance as minor affrays with small enemy parties were of almost nightly occurrence." Final Report, Phase IV, p. 1, and Annex G.
49. The position was not wired in. Ibid., p. 1 of narrative section. On 21 August C Company, 1st Engineer Battalion, wired in the positions of 2d Battalion, 1st Marines, laid a minefield and an antitank obstacle on the sandspit, and dug emplacements. This work was done under intermittent enemy small arms fire, and was completed on 22 August. (Letter, LtCol Henry H. Crockett to Commandant Marine Corps, 10 January 1949.)
50. Ibid., p. 2.
51. Final Report, Phase IV, p. 2.
52. Details given by Col. Pollock in an interview 12 March 1948. Col. Pollock is of the opinion that all phases of the action during night of 20-21 August took place somewhat earlier than the times quoted in the Final Report and subsidiary reports.
53. Final Report, Phase IV, p. 2.
54. Details of the movements of the 1st Battalion as given here were supplied by Col. Cresswell during interviews held in November and December 1947.
55. Details of the movements of Cresswell's battalion were obtained from a letter, Lieutenant Colonel Marion A. Fawcett to Commandant, Marine Corps, 8 February 1949, and from an interview with Cresswell in November 1948. Cresswell says that it was intended to have his movement supported by tanks, but that they found it impossible to cross the stream bed.
56. The 2d Battalion, 1st Marines which bore the brunt of assault, suffered most heavily, losing 25 killed and 44 wounded. Seven were killed and 13 wounded in the 1st Battalion of the same regiment, while the Special Weapons Battalion, a Division unit, lost two killed and 14 wounded. One man was wounded in the 1st Marines' Regimental Weapons Company and three in Headquarters and Service Company. Final Report, Phase IV, Annex g.
57. The psychological effect of the arrival of friendly planes is indicated in the following anecdote contributed by LtCol Joseph N. Renner. When he arrived on 30 August, he was told by a Marine of the 1st Division that the planes had done a wonderful job. The Marine was loud in his praise of "that guy Smith" who, he assured Renner with the utmost sincerity, had shot down at least fifty planes--he hadn't heard anything within th past few days, and the score perhaps was larger. Interview, LtCol Renner, December 1948.
58. Robinson ms.
59. The Navy planes left next morning, leaving behind them the welcome gift of 27 1000-pound bombs. WD, MAG-23, p. 3.
60. Robinson ms.
62. WD, MAG-23, entry 24 August.
63. FInal Report, Phase IV, Annex I, p. 4. Message sent 2358, 24 August. See also Robinson ms, p. 3.
64. WD, MAG-23, entry 24 August.
65. Campaigns, USAFISPA, p. 111.
66. Report of Police Boy, 27 August 1942, MCR.
67. All information regarding this group of missionaries was obtained from (1) records at the Marist College at Washington, (2) from correspondence with Father Frederic P. Gehring, C.M., of Philadelphia, and (3) Saving the Solomons, The Reverend Mother Mary Rose, S.M.S.M., pp. 121-125.
Compiled and formatted by Patrick Clancey, HyperWar Foundation
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Robert Clive (1725–74) was born in Shropshire in 1725. He started his career in India as a Factor or Agent dealing with suppliers to the East India Company. The political situation in India, at least as far as the Europeans were concerned, was influenced by wars being fought in Europe. Thus the War of the Austrian Succession became the First Carnatic War in India (1745–48), and the European merchant companies had each raised armed forces to protect their interests. Clive enlisted in the Company army and his commitment and bravery led to his steady promotion. His conduct at the Siege of Arcot made him famous across India and Europe. In 1755, after returning to England and becoming a Member of Parliament, he became deputy governor of St. David. In 1756 the Nawab of Bengal seized the Company base at Calcutta, now Kalkata. After diplomacy failed Clive and Admiral Watson were sent to retake the city, which they achieved by January 1757. In February, to the northeast of Calcutta, Clive took the Nawab’s large and well-equipped army by surprise. Feeling utterly intimidated the Nawab made terms, surrendering Calcutta and offering compensation to the East India Company. Clive took the opportunity to seize the French possession of Chandernagore, improving Britain’s position in Bengal. Clive came to an agreement to make Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur the new Nawab of Bengal. After Clive’s success at the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757 Mir Jafar’s position was confirmed and Clive and the Company received huge payments. Bengal was now indirectly under British control; actual control over upper India was confirmed by the British victory at Buxar in 1764. British domination of India had now begun.
— OR —
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<urn:uuid:049c33dc-372f-431e-a3d3-439a8ddb7b58>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.themaparchive.com/product/india-at-the-time-of-clive-c-1760/?add-to-cart=6827
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|
en
| 0.979655 | 395 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The Stafford County Public Schools (SCPS) Preschool Programs were created with the belief that all children can learn. Early Childhood Special Educators (ECSE) provide effective instruction by utilizing a developmentally appropriate curriculum and establishing a collaborative partnership between home and school.
Our preschool classrooms are language enriched environments that help children develop the skills needed to participate and succeed in school. ECSE staff provides developmentally appropriate learning experiences for young children between the ages of 2 and 5 that have been identified as having a disability. Preschool programs and services are based on the age and individual needs of each child as determined by the IEP team. The Preschool Program offers a continuum of services to meet the needs of children found eligible for special education.
Our preschool classes are taught by certified teachers and are strategically located within several of our elementary schools. Our three-year old & four-year old Early Childhood Special Education classrooms provide children with and without disabilities an opportunity to learn along side each other in a developmentally appropriate inclusive environment. Children without disabilities are considered Peer Models. At Head Start, the ECSE collaborates with Head Start teachers who are providing instruction to children in their classroom with IEPs. Children not requiring a special education setting may receive resource services in the natural environment (home, private preschool, etc.). Children may also be found eligible for speech & language services only.
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<urn:uuid:c98cc8c5-42c7-4f6a-b989-2cb1e8d1807a>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.staffordschools.net/domain/3025
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391309.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526191453-20200526221453-00130.warc.gz
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en
| 0.971578 | 275 | 2.90625 | 3 |
To seal a pipe mortar, a sealing element (3, 6) is inserted between the pipe (1) and the base (2), with the element elastically balancing out the axial relative movements between the pipe (1) and the base (2). The sealing element (3) is preferably prestressed, with the gas pressure supporting the sealing effect. The sealing element (3, 6) can be a U-shaped or L-shaped steel ring. In the U-shaped sealing element (3), the legs (3.1) are axially prestressed to the extent that the sealing ring (3) and the pipe (1) or the base (2) are pressed together to produce an adequate seal. In the L-shaped sealing element (6), the inside leg (6.1) produces the gas-tight connection when the pipe (1) and the base (2) are screwed together. A sealing lips (6.2) of the sealing ring (6) elastically absorbs changes in length between the pipe and the base that occur during firing.
Latest Rheinmetall W & M GmbH Patents:
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- Method for removing coating damages and/or erosion damages
This application claims the priority of German Patent Application DE 102 13 928.8 filed Mar. 28, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a seal for the pipe and base, or floor piece, of mortars or grenade launchers that operate in accordance with the front-loading principle.
Screwing the pipe and base or floor piece together creates an axial prestress force that brings axial annular surfaces into contact with one another, thus producing a seal. An additional copper ring is often used. Mortars that operate in accordance with the front-loading principle are typically placed on the ground for firing. Depending on the ground surface, various types of recoil travel and recoil acceleration may occur. If the ground surface is very soft, the recoil acceleration may cause the forces to be transmitted from the thread to increase to the point that the sealing surfaces separate from one another. The relatively low axial flexibility of the screw connection in particular contributes to this.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the object of the invention to avoid the above drawback.
The object generally is achieved by a pipe mortar having a pipe and a base that are screwed together and between which axial relative movements occur during firing; and wherein a sealing element is inserted between the pipe and the base, and has an elastic deformity that balances out the axial relative movement between the pipe and the base.
The invention is based on the idea of inserting a sealing element between end surfaces of the pipe and the base for balancing out the axial relative movement between the pipe and the base through elastic deformation. According to the specifically disclosed embodiments, the seal is disposed to a portion of the end surface that extends to the interior surface of the pipe.
The sealing element is preferably prestressed. This prestress, supported by the gas pressure, produces the sealing effect.
Advantageous embodiments are disclosed.
The seal is produced according to and embodiment by a steel ring whose preferably U-shaped cross-sectional surface is open toward the inside or center of the ring and pipe. In the creation of the screw connection, the legs of the ring are axially prestressed to the extent that the sealing ring and the pipe or the base are pressed together to produce an adequate seal, even when maximum relative movements occur between the pipe and the floor piece or base. The opening of the sealing-ring profile toward the inside augments the sealing effect produced by the gas pressure acting in the sealing ring.
As an alternative, the sealing element can be formed as an L-shaped angle sealing ring L-shaped likewise comprising steel and can be pressed into the pipe and base, respectively, thereby forming a loose press-fit. The two legs of the ring, which are L-shaped, then produce the gas-tight connection when the pipe and the base are screwed together. Sealing lips of the ring elastically absorb changes in length between the pipe and the floor piece that occur in the X- and Y-axes during firing.
The above sealing elements create a seal between the pipe and the base or floor piece, which prevents gas leakage and associated washouts. Furthermore, the seal prevents the penetration of powder gases and severe contamination. The construction also facilitates disassembly.
The invention is described in detail by an exemplary embodiments shown in the Drawings.
The figures illustrate a pipe 1, a base or floor piece 2, sealing rings 3 and 6, and end surfaces 4 of the pipe 1 and of the base 2 of a mortar or grenade launcher, not shown in further detail.
The pipe 1 and the base 2 are screwed together in a known manner via the schematically shown screw connection.
As shown in
In the embodiment of
The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth herein.
1. A pipe mortar comprising:
- a pipe and a base that are screwed together, between which axial relative movements occur during firing; and
- a sealing element having a radially outwardly extending portion disposed between and contacting end surfaces of the pipe and the base, the sealing element having an elastic deformity that balances out axial relative movement between the pipe and the base,
- wherein the sealing element is an angle sealing ring with an L-shaped cross-section, and is pressed onto one of the pipe and the base with a loose press-fit, with one leg of the ring extending radially inwardly and being prestressed by the base end surface to produce a gas-tight connection when the pipe and the base are screwed together, and with another leg of the ring extending axially in the form of a sealing lip to elastically absorb changes in length between the pipe and the base that occur in the transverse (X)- and axial (Y)-axes during firing.
2. The pipe mortar according to claim 1, wherein the radially inward extending leg comprises a sealing surface that contacts the base of the pipe mortar.
3. A pipe mortar comprising:
- a pipe having an end surface;
- a base having an end surface, the base being threadedly coupled to the pipe; and
- an annular sealing element press-fitted onto one of the pipe and the base, the sealing element having a radially outwardly extending portion disposed between and contacting the end surface of the pipe and the end surface of the base, the sealing element having an L-shaped cross-section including
- a first radially inwardly extending leg, the first leg of the sealing element being prestressed by the end surface of the base to produce a gas-tight connection when the pipe and the base are screwed together; and
- a second leg of the sealing element extending axially in the form of a sealing lip, wherein the sealing element is adapted to elastically deform to absorb axial relative movement between the pipe and the base during firing.
|3572729||March 1971||Hodil, Jr.|
|3799560||March 1974||Stearns et al.|
|4566368||January 28, 1986||Bartolles|
|4709616||December 1, 1987||Bartolles|
|4744283||May 17, 1988||Ibarra|
|5054366||October 8, 1991||Bartolles|
|5147971||September 15, 1992||Bartolles|
|5297491||March 29, 1994||Sippel et al.|
|5305679||April 26, 1994||Begneu|
|5354072||October 11, 1994||Nicholson|
|5730445||March 24, 1998||Swensen et al.|
|5777256||July 7, 1998||Simon et al.|
|6363829||April 2, 2002||Franchino et al.|
|0 178 284||April 1986||EP|
Filed: Mar 28, 2003
Date of Patent: Feb 6, 2007
Patent Publication Number: 20040007873
Assignee: Rheinmetall W & M GmbH (Unterlüss)
Inventors: Ralf-Joachim Herrmann (Senzig), Henning von Seidlitz (Neuss), Marold Elspass (Kaarst), Rolf Bartolles (Korschenbroich)
Primary Examiner: Alison K. Pickard
Attorney: Venable LLP
Application Number: 10/400,921
International Classification: F41A 3/74 (20060101); F16J 15/02 (20060101);
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<urn:uuid:1fb005df-a8fa-465a-8b6a-ed0a175c2a91>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://patents.justia.com/patent/7171886
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en
| 0.893058 | 2,048 | 2.671875 | 3 |
cycle scottish island
cycle scottish island, self catering holiday accommodation isle mull balamory cycle scottish island wildlife tours castles beaches family hotel bed breakfast, cycle scottish island
The red deer is Britain's largest land mammal. They are most numerous in Scotland, but isolated populations occur from the Lake District to Cornwall, with a few small herds in Wales. Venison from red deer in Forestry Commission woods is very popular with consumers in Britain. Venison from red deer has less cholesterol and fat than other red meat, and deer living in the woods do not have any artificial feeding. Habitat Red deer originally lived on the woodland edge, but the large scale reduction in tree cover in Britain over the centuries has forced them to adapt to life on the open hill. Red Deer abound on Mull, and if you scan the mountainsides of areas such as Glen More, you will find them. The only other deer which you will see on Mull is the Fallow Deer, which most people agree is the prettiest of all the British Deer. The only place that you can find Fallow Deer, is in the area of Knock, near Loch na Keal.
There are two species of seal on the island; these are The Common Seal, which is not so common (!!), and The Atlantic or Grey Seal, which is much more common. The best way to decide which Seal is which, is to study the head, as The Common Seal has a much more doglike shape i.e. forehead and nose, whereas The Atlantic Seal has a very flat head. Common Seals also have very dark young, which they have in early Summer, whereas Atlantic Seals have white young in Autumn. A golden rule when seal spotting on Mull, is that if you see seals basking on rocky islands just offshore, they are usually The Common Seal. If you are a few miles offshore and see the same, it is usually The Atlantic Seal.
Otters are mythical creatures to some and many people including so called 'experts', have never seen an Otter. However, they have often seen their signs, i.e. their spraint or droppings. It may be that in England and the rest of Europe, you have to be content with seeing their signs and that is because they are usually nocturnal in those places. Here on Mull, the Otter hunts during the day and he is more governed by the state of the tide, than whether it is morning or night. Otters are only occasionally seen in fresh water here, and it is just offshore near seaweed covered rocks where you will most likely see one. Purchase a Tide Table and study the tides, because The Otter is much more likely to be seen on an incoming tide, than at any other time. As it comes toward high tide, the Otter usually heads for its holt, which is its home and rest area. It is also where they rear their young.
It is very easy to miss an Otter, despite the fact that they are quite large, the Dog Otter being around four feet from nose to tail. Most people miss an Otter because they are simply not looking!! I saw my last Otter this afternoon and he was about a quarter of a mile away and silhouetted on top of a small rocky Islet. They can be very close indeed when they bring a fish ashore and proceed to eat it - perhaps as close as twenty feet away - and as they are so used to visitors simply cruising on by them, they accept cars passing their territories quite readily. However they can sometimes be very obvious, particularly on a quiet and calm day, as they feed on Butterfish, perhaps thirty feet offshore. If you catch sight of one in this situation, make sure you pretend that you haven't, because if you stop very close to an Otter, he will dive and disappear!! Always continue past, and park perhaps a hundred metres away from the Otter.
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<urn:uuid:951b69bc-d461-454a-bf5e-35f788badecf>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://arlelodge.co.uk/cycle-scottish-island.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321553.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627203405-20170627223405-00302.warc.gz
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en
| 0.979311 | 808 | 2.953125 | 3 |
It is common ground among historians that the presidency has grown and accumulated powers. At the founding, some people expected the presidency to be a ministerial office that would simply put into effect policy chosen by Congress.
George Washington had different ideas, however, and helped set precedents that future presidents would take advantage of. Through most of the 19th century, there were some powerful presidents (notably the early Virginia Dynasty presidents, Jackson, Polk, and Lincoln) but most were junior partners with Congress.
All of this changed in the 20th century. Starting with Theodore Roosevelt, presidents increasingly asserted their right to make and execute policy, especially in the area of foreign affairs and during times of crisis. Franklin Delano Roosevelt enjoyed quasi-dictatorial authority over both the economy during the Great Depression and foreign relations during World War II.
The second half of the 20th century saw the institutionalization of the massive powers claimed by strong presidents like FDR, Theodore Roosevelt, and Lincoln. The budget and staff of the executive branch exploded. For the first time, the United States would have an enormous army permanently stationed around the world during peacetime, and it fell to the president to lead it.
Meanwhile, the national government took over the regulatory powers that had been exercised by the states. The massive national regulatory apparatus was lodged in the executive branch and was thus, too, put under control of the president.
Congress and the judiciary became increasingly marginal institutions. Congress delegated much of its lawmaking powers to regulatory agencies under the thumb of the president. Courts, too, lost their common law regulatory powers to these agencies. Congress and the courts could react to presidential power in various ways — slowing down projects they disapproved of, adjusting them along the edges — but they could not set policy or block the president’s agenda.
To be sure, both institutions retained the formal power to constrain the president. But Congress is a creature of politics, so as people increasingly turned to the president to solve their problems, Congress was forced to go along with the president’s agenda.
President Bush went to Congress for counterterrorism authority, but Congress could not deprive him of what he wanted. He, not Congress, set the policy. President Obama has gone to Congress for his financial regulation and health care laws; again, Congress could not say no to him. And both laws simply give the president various blank checks to regulate.
For most commentators, these trends are matters of significant disquiet. Under the founding design, Congress, not the president, is supposed to make policy; and courts are supposed to enforce the laws that incorporate that policy. The academic effort to reinvigorate the archaic system of checks and balances is fundamentally nostalgic and reactionary. These institutions are as out of place today as the cocked hats and breeches worn by the founders as they drafted the Constitution.
What has changed? Eighteenth century America was lightly populated, rural, agricultural, and (among the elites who counted) homogenous. Customs and honor counted a lot more for regulation than formal legal institutions did. Dangerous foreign enemies were at a safe distance. Life moved to the slow rhythms of the country lane.
Today, America is huge, diverse, and commercial. Foreign relations are a constant series of crises that must be managed hour-to-hour. The domestic economy is enormously complex, ever-changing, and interconnected. Only one institution can realistically handle these 21st-century challenges, and that is the executive. The presidency has blossomed because Congress, the courts, and the state governments could not handle these challenges as they emerged in the last century.
The major political challenge today is keeping the executive within bounds. But it is no longer possible to rely on Congress and the judiciary to do that. The party system, the media, a communications revolution that has kept the citizenry informed and politically engaged — these institutions are infinitely more important.
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<urn:uuid:e35ae739-c909-403d-a1e8-7f4c6df25019>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/political-bookworm/post/the-inevitability-of-the-imperial-presidency/2011/04/22/AFTRBoPE_blog.html?utm_term=.5fc1c0ff0f99
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en
| 0.972492 | 787 | 3.921875 | 4 |
, 2008 and Pritchard et al., 2009). For this reason we will take the calving rate, when found to increase slowly, to grow with a constant factor in basal melt projections below. The basal melt rate
is tightly coupled to the local temperature, and in absolute terms to the extent of the ice sheet. When the adjoining ice sheet collapses, the amplitude of the ice discharge goes up tremendously, but the basal melt cannot be expected to follow. Therefore, we can only attribute a certain fraction of D to B as long as the ice sheet is in place (and its surface area GW-572016 mouse is unchanging). After a collapse, or even for a non-linear increase in ice discharge (which will not scale exponentially after a collapse if linked to temperature), the basal melt needs to be re-evaluated. We suggest to set it to zero if a very non-linear event occurs, or allow for a linear increase afterwards (cf. the WAIS in Section 3.2.1). Here, we provide a description of a set of projections of ice sheet mass loss which follow a high-end scenario of ice loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (Katsman et al., 2011), to be used in conjunction with a Representative Concentration Pathway, RCP8.5 scenario (Taylor et al., 2012). For other RCP scenarios that involve ice mass loss can be used
by adjusting the appropriate scaling. Greenland is at risk to experience both increased surface melt and glacier retreat (Katsman et al., 2008). The latter is particularly relevant for the Jakobshavn glacier which has already selleckchem shown considerable retreat (Holland et al., 2008). The processes at work are assumed being the same for the glaciers in region i, and continue to linearly increase the retreat rate during the coming century. As a result, by the year 2100 the rate has
been estimated to be four times the current value (Katsman et al., 2011). In region ii, the same progression is assumed, but a retreat to above the waterline is expected by 2050, after which the mass loss rate returns to 1996 values (Rignot, 2006). The increased global mean temperature is enhanced by local feedback processes with a factor 1.6 (Gregory and Huybrechts, 2006), leading to a greater selleck products susceptibility of overall melt and enhanced iceberg calving in region iii. The effect is assumed to cause an increase of sea-level rise, which scales linearly with the local temperature increase (Katsman et al., 2011). Ice cap run-off is expected to increase linearly with time. Greenland’s contribution is expected to be largest of all regions experiencing melt, because its ice mass is more prone to melt due to its location and the temperature feedback with the surrounding ocean (Katsman et al., 2011). The IPCC’s AR5 (Church et al., 2013) (see their Table 13.5, the RCP8.5 scenario) provides a high-end upper limit estimate of 0.13 m sea-level rise caused by the decrease of Greenland’s surface mass balance (SMB). Pfeffer et al.
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<urn:uuid:1c7fe54c-12f1-4e7c-b654-a19bc56d2db2>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://smadsignaling.com/2008andpritchard-al-2009-reason/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00538.warc.gz
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en
| 0.891639 | 658 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Wife of Job: Bible
One rarely hears about the contribution of Job’s nameless wife to the unusual questioning of the ways of God in the Book of Job. She is also a victim of divine affliction, and it is she who opens the possibility of speaking against God. Job’s wife characterizes her husband’s unconditional devotion to God as an act of cowardice. While Job initially responds harshly to his wife, he ends up coming close to heeding her advice. Much like Eve, Job’s wife prompts her husband to doubt God’s use of divine powers and, in doing so, she deepens his knowledge and opens his eyes. And yet she is conspicuously absent from Job’s happy ending. The challenge of an outsider, of a woman, is perhaps far more threatening than a critique voiced from within.
In the well-known biblical story dealing with the problem of undeserved suffering, Job loses his children, his possessions, and his health. Job’s nameless wife turns up after the final blow, after Job has been struck with boils. Seeing her husband sitting in the dust, scraping his sores silently, she bursts out, “Do you still persist in your integrity? Curse God, and die” (2:9). She cannot bear her husband’s blind acceptance of the tragedies that befall them. Indeed, the attention to Job’s suffering usually ignores the fact that she too, after all, is a victim of these divine tests in addition to being pained by exposure to his afflictions (19:17). To cling to a model of perfect devotion to a supposedly perfect God when reality is so far from perfection seems to Job’s wife to be not exemplary strength, but an act of cowardice. Such “integrity,” she seems to be saying, lacks a deeper value. What Job must do is to challenge the God who has afflicted him so, even if the consequence is death.
Much has been written about the unusual challenge the Book of Job offers in its audacious questioning of the ways of God, but one never hears of the contribution of Job’s wife to the antidogmatic bent of the text. Job’s wife prefigures or perhaps even generates the impatience of the dialogues. She opens the possibility of suspending belief, of speaking against God. Job’s initial response to his wife’s provocative suggestion is harsh: “You speak as any foolish woman would speak. Shall we receive the good at the hand of God, and not receive the bad?” (2:10). When the dialogues begin, however, Job comes close to doing what his wife had suggested. He does not curse God directly, but by cursing his birth he implicitly curses the creator who gave him life. Much like Eve, Job’s wife spurs her husband to doubt God’s use of divine powers. In doing so she does him much good, for this turns out to be the royal road to deepening one’s knowledge, to opening one’s eyes.
Job’s wife disappears after her bold statement. She is mentioned in passing only once more in the course of Job’s debate with his friends. In protesting his innocence of various wrongdoings, Job insists that if his “heart was enticed by [the wife of his neighbor]… then let my wife grind for another,/and let other men kneel over her” (31:9–10). He regards his wife’s fate as a mere extension of his own lot.
Job’s wife is conspicuously absent from the happy ending in which Job’s world is restored. Job’s dead children spring back to life, as it were, because he ends up having, as in the beginning, seven sons and three daughters. Yet his wife, who actually escaped death, is excluded from this scene of familial bliss. The challenge of the outsider—and woman is something of an outsider in divine-human matters—seems far more threatening than a critique voiced from within.
Greenberg, Moshe. “Job.” In The Literary Guide to the Bible, edited by Robert Alter and Frank Kermode, 283–304. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987.
Kahn, Jack. Job’s Illness: Loss, Grief, and Integration: A Psychological Interpretation. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1975.
Meyers, Carol, General Editor. Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
Pardes, Ilana. Countertraditions in the Bible: A Feminist Approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
Seow, C.L. “Job’s Wife.” In Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World, edited by Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler, 141-152. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.
Shepard, David. “’Strike His Bone and His Flesh’: Reading Job from the Beginning.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 22, no. 1 (2008): 81-97.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/wife-of-job-bible
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en
| 0.964597 | 1,130 | 2.609375 | 3 |
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (January 2010)|
In labor economics, the efficiency wage hypothesis argues that wages, at least in some markets, form in a way that is not market-clearing. Specifically, it points to the incentive for managers to pay their employees more than the market-clearing wage in order to increase their productivity or efficiency. This increased labor productivity pays for the higher wages.
Because workers are paid more than the equilibrium wage, there may be unemployment. Efficiency wages offer therefore a market failure explanation of unemployment – in contrast to theories which emphasize government intervention (such as minimum wages). However, efficiency wages do not necessarily imply unemployment, but only uncleared markets and job rationing in those markets. There may be full employment in the economy, and yet efficiency wages may prevail in some occupations. In this case there will be excess supply for those occupations, but some applicants are not hired and have to work for a probably lower wage elsewhere.
The term "efficiency-wages" has been introduced by Alfred Marshall to denote the wage per efficiency unit of labor. Marshallian efficiency wages would make employers pay different wages to workers who are of different efficiency, such that the employer would be indifferent between more efficient workers and less efficient workers. The modern use of the term is quite different and refers to the idea that higher wages may increase the efficiency of the workers through various channels, and make it worth while for the employers to offer wages that exceed a market-clearing level.
There are several theories (or "microfoundations") of why managers pay efficiency wages (wages above the market clearing rate):
- Avoiding shirking: If it is difficult to measure the quantity or quality of a worker's effort—and systems of piece rates or commissions are impossible—there may be an incentive for him or her to "shirk" (do less work than agreed). The manager thus may pay an efficiency wage in order to create or increase the cost of job loss, which gives a sting to the threat of firing. This threat can be used to prevent shirking (or "moral hazard").
- Minimizing turnover: By paying above-market wages, the worker's motivation to leave the job and look for a job elsewhere will be reduced. This strategy makes sense because it is often expensive to train replacement workers.
- Selection: If job performance depends on workers' ability and workers differ from each other in those terms, firms with higher wages will attract more able job-seekers, and this may make it profitable to offer wages that exceed the market clearing level.
- Sociological theories: Efficiency wages may result from traditions. Akerlof's theory (in very simple terms) involves higher wages encouraging high morale, which raises productivity.
- Nutritional theories: In developing countries, efficiency wages may allow workers to eat well enough to avoid illness and to be able to work harder and even more productively.
The shirking model begins with the fact that complete contracts rarely (or never) exist in the real world. This implies that both parties to the contract have some discretion, but frequently, due to monitoring problems, it is the employee’s side of the bargain which is subject to the most discretion. (Methods such as piece rates are often impracticable because monitoring is too costly or inaccurate; or they may be based on measures too imperfectly verifiable by workers, creating a moral hazard problem on the employer’s side.) Thus the payment of a wage in excess of market-clearing may provide employees with cost-effective incentives to work rather than shirk. In the Shapiro and Stiglitz model, workers either work or shirk, and if they shirk they have a certain probability of being caught, with the penalty of being fired. Equilibrium then entails unemployment, because in order to create an opportunity cost to shirking, firms try to raise their wages above the market average (so that sacked workers face a probabilistic loss). But since all firms do this the market wage itself is pushed up, and the result is that wages are raised above market-clearing, creating involuntary unemployment. This creates a low, or no income alternative which makes job loss costly, and serves as a worker discipline device. Unemployed workers cannot bid for jobs by offering to work at lower wages, since if hired, it would be in the worker’s interest to shirk on the job, and he has no credible way of promising not to do so. Shapiro and Stiglitz point out that their assumption that workers are identical (e.g. there is no stigma to having been fired) is a strong one – in practice reputation can work as an additional disciplining device.
The shirking model does not predict (counterfactually) that the bulk of the unemployed at any one time are those who are fired for shirking, because if the threat associated with being fired is effective, little or no shirking and sacking will occur. Instead the unemployed will consist of a (rotating) pool of individuals who have quit for personal reasons, are new entrants to the labour market, or who have been laid off for other reasons. Pareto optimality, with costly monitoring, will entail some unemployment, since unemployment plays a socially valuable role in creating work incentives. But the equilibrium unemployment rate will not be Pareto optimal, since firms do not take into account the social cost of the unemployment they help to create.
One criticism of this and other flavours of the efficiency wage hypothesis is that more sophisticated employment contracts can under certain conditions reduce or eliminate involuntary unemployment. Lazear (1979, 1981) demonstrates the use of seniority wages to solve the incentive problem, where initially workers are paid less than their marginal productivity, and as they work effectively over time within the firm, earnings increase until they exceed marginal productivity. The upward tilt in the age-earnings profile here provides the incentive to avoid shirking, and the present value of wages can fall to the market-clearing level, eliminating involuntary unemployment. Lazear and Moore (1984) find that the slope of earnings profiles is significantly affected by incentives.
However, a significant criticism is that moral hazard would be shifted to employers, since they are responsible for monitoring the worker’s effort. Obvious incentives would exist for firms to declare shirking when it has not taken place. In the Lazear model, firms have obvious incentives to fire older workers (paid above marginal product) and hire new cheaper workers, creating a credibility problem. The seriousness of this employer moral hazard depends on the extent to which effort can be monitored by outside auditors, so that firms cannot cheat, although reputation effects (e.g. Lazear 1981) may be able to do the same job.
Labor turnover
On the labor turnover flavor of the efficiency wage hypothesis, firms also offer wages in excess of market-clearing (e.g. Salop 1979, Schlicht 1978, Stiglitz 1974), due to the high cost of replacing workers (search, recruitment, training costs). If all firms are identical, one possible equilibrium involves all firms paying a common wage rate above the market-clearing level, with involuntary unemployment serving to diminish turnover. These models can easily be adapted to explain dual labor markets: if low-skill, labor-intensive firms have lower turnover costs (as seems likely), there may be a split between a low-wage, low-effort, high-turnover sector and a high-wage, high effort, low-turnover sector. Again, more sophisticated employment contracts may solve the problem.
In selection wage theories it is presupposed that performance on the job depends on “ability”, and that workers are heterogeneous with respect to ability. The selection effect of higher wages may come about through self-selection or because firms faced with a larger pool of applicants can increase their hiring standards and thereby obtain a more productive work force.
Self-selection (often referred to as adverse selection) comes about if the workers’ ability and reservation wages are positively correlated. There are two crucial assumptions, that firms cannot screen applicants either before or after applying, and that there is costless self-employment available which realises a worker’s marginal product (that is higher for the more productive workers). If there are two kinds of firm (low and high wage), then we effectively have two sets of lotteries (since firms cannot screen), the difference being that high-ability workers do not enter the low-wage lotteries as their reservation wage is too high. Thus low-wage firms attract only low-ability lottery entrants, while high-wage firms attract workers of all abilities (i.e. on average they will select average workers). Thus high-wage firms are paying an efficiency wage – they pay more, and, on average, get more (see e.g. Malcolmson 1981; Stiglitz 1976; Weiss 1980). However, the assumption that firms are unable to measure effort and pay piece rates after workers are hired or to fire workers whose output is too low is quite strong. Firms may also be able to design self-selection or screening devices that induce workers to reveal their true characteristics. Higher wages
If firms can assess the productivity of applicants, they will try to select the best among the applicants. A higher wage offer will attract more applicants, and in particular more highly qualified applicants. This permits a firm to raise its hiring standard and thereby enhance the firm's productivity. Wage compression makes it profitable for firms to screen applicants under such circumstances, and selection wages may be important.
Sociological models
Fairness, norms, and reciprocity
Standard economic models ("neoclassical economics") assume that people pursue only their own self-interest and do not care about "social" goals ("homo economicus"). Some attention has been paid to the idea that people may be altruistic (care about the well-being of others), but it is only with the addition of reciprocity and norms of fairness that the model becomes accurate.(e.g. Rabin 1993; Dufwenberg and Kirchsteiger 2000; Fehr and Schmidt 2000). Thus of crucial importance is the idea of exchange: a person who is altruistic towards another expects the other to fulfil some kind of fairness norm, be it reciprocating in kind, in some other but – according to some shared standard – equivalent way; or simply by being grateful. If the expected reciprocation is not forthcoming, the altruism is unlikely to be repeated or continued. In addition, similar norms of fairness will typically lead people into negative forms of reciprocity too – in the form of retaliation for acts perceived as vindictive. This can bind actors into vicious loops where vindictive acts are met with further vindictive acts.
In practice, despite the neat logic of standard neoclassical models, these kinds of sociological models do impinge upon very many economic relations, though in different ways and to different degrees. For example, if an employee has been exceptionally loyal, a manager may feel some obligation to treat that employee well, even when it is not in his (narrowly defined, economic) self-interest to do so. It would appear that although broader, longer-term economic benefits may result (e.g. through reputation, or perhaps through simplified decision-making according to fairness norms), a major factor must be that there are noneconomic benefits the manager receives, such as not having a guilty conscience (loss of self-esteem). For real-world, socialised, normal human beings (as opposed to abstracted factors of production), this is likely to be the case quite often. (As a quantitative estimate of the importance of this, Weisbrod’s 1988 estimate of the total value of voluntary labor in the US - $74 billion annually – will suffice.) Examples of the negative aspect of fairness include consumers "boycotting" firms they disapprove of by not buying products they otherwise would (and therefore settling for second-best); and employees sabotaging firms they feel hard done by.
Rabin (1993) offers three stylised facts as a starting-point on how norms affect behaviour: (a) people are prepared to sacrifice their own material well-being to help those who are being kind; (b) they are also prepared to do this to punish those being unkind; (c) both (a) and (b) have a greater effect on behaviour as the material cost of sacrificing (in relative rather than absolute terms) becomes smaller. Rabin supports his Fact A by Dawes and Thaler’s (1988) survey of the experimental literature, which concludes that, for most one-shot public good decisions in which the individually optimal contribution is close to 0%, the contribution rate ranges from 40 to 60% of the socially optimal level. Fact B is demonstrated by the “ultimatum game” (e.g. Thaler 1988), where an amount of money is split between two people, one proposing a division, the other accepting or rejecting (where rejection means both get nothing). Rationally, the proposer should offer no more than a penny, and the decider accept any offer of at least a penny, but in practice, even in one-shot settings, proposers make fair proposals, and deciders are prepared to punish unfair offers by rejecting them. Fact C is tested and partially confirmed by Gerald Leventhal and David Anderson (1970), but is also fairly intuitive. In the ultimatum game, a 90% split (regarded as unfair) is (intuitively) far more likely to be punished if the amount to be split is $1 than if it is $1 million.
A crucial point (as noted in Akerlof 1982) is that notions of fairness depend on the status quo and other reference points. Experiments (Fehr and Schmidt 2000) and surveys (Kahneman, Knetsch and Thaler 1986) indicate that people have clear notions of fairness based on particular reference points (disagreements can arise in the choice of reference point). Thus for example firms who raise prices or lower wages to take advantage of increased demand or increased labour supply are frequently perceived as acting unfairly, where the same changes are deemed acceptable when the firm makes them due to increased costs (Kahneman et al.). In other words, in people’s intuitive “naïve accounting” (Rabin 1993), a key role is played by the idea of entitlements embodied in reference points (although as Dufwenberg and Kirchsteiger 2000 point out, there may be informational problems, e.g. for workers in determining what the firm’s profit actually is, given tax avoidance and stock-price considerations). In particular it is perceived as unfair for actors to increase their share at the expense of others, although over time such a change may become entrenched and form a new reference point which (typically) is no longer in itself deemed unfair.
Sociological efficiency wage models
Solow (1981) argued that wage rigidity may be at least partly due to social conventions and principles of appropriate behaviour, which are not entirely individualistic in origin. Akerlof (1982) provided the first explicitly sociological model leading to the efficiency wage hypothesis. Using a variety of evidence from sociological studies, Akerlof argues that worker effort depends on the work norms of the relevant reference group. In Akerlof’s partial gift exchange model, the firm can raise group work norms and average effort by paying workers a gift of wages in excess of the minimum required, in return for effort above the minimum required. The sociological model can explain phenomena inexplicable on neoclassical terms, such as why firms do not fire workers who turn out to be less productive; why piece rates are so little used even where quite feasible; and why firms set work standards exceeded by most workers. A possible criticism is that workers do not necessarily view high wages as gifts, but as merely fair (particularly since typically 80% or more of workers consider themselves to be in the top quarter of productivity), in which case they will not reciprocate with high effort.
Akerlof and Yellen (1990), responding to these criticisms and building on work from psychology, sociology, and personnel management, introduce “the fair wage-effort hypothesis”, which states that workers form a notion of the fair wage, and if the actual wage is lower, withdraw effort in proportion, so that, depending on the wage-effort elasticity and the costs to the firm of shirking, the fair wage may form a key part of the wage bargain. This provides an explanation of persistent evidence of consistent wage differentials across industries (e.g. Slichter 1950; Dickens and Katz 1986; Krueger and Summers 1988): if firms must pay high wages to some groups of workers – perhaps because they are in short supply or for other efficiency-wage reasons such as shirking – then demands for fairness will lead to a compression of the pay scale, and wages for other groups within the firm will be higher than in other industries or firms.
The union threat model is one of several explanations for industry wage differentials. This Keynesian economics model looks at the role of unions in wage determination. The degree in which union wages exceed non-union member wages is known as union wage premium and some firms seek to prevent unionization in the first instances. Varying costs of union avoidance across sectors will lead some firms to offer supracompetitive wages as pay premiums to workers in exchange for their avoiding unionization. Under the union threat model (Dickens 1986), the ease with which an industry can defeat a union drive has a negative relationship with its wage differential. In other words, inter-industry wage variability should be low where the threat of unionization is low.
Empirical literature
Raff and Summers (1987) conduct a case study on Henry Ford’s introduction of the five dollar day in 1914. Their conclusion is that the Ford experience supports efficiency wage interpretations. Ford’s decision to increase wages so dramatically (doubling for most workers) is most plausibly portrayed as the consequence of efficiency wage considerations, with the structure being consistent, evidence of substantial queues for Ford jobs, and significant increases in productivity and profits at Ford. Concerns such as high turnover and poor worker morale appear to have played a significant role in the five-dollar decision. Ford’s new wage put him in the position of rationing jobs, and increased wages did yield substantial productivity benefits and profits. There is also evidence that other firms emulated Ford’s policy to some extent, with wages in the automobile industry 40% higher than in the rest of manufacturing (Rae 1965, quoted in Raff and Summers). Given low monitoring costs and skill levels on the Ford production line, such benefits (and the decision itself) appear particularly significant.
Fehr, Kirchler, Weichbold and Gächter (1998) conduct labour market experiments to separate the effects of competition and social norms/customs/standards of fairness. They find that in complete contract markets, firms persistently try to enforce lower wages. By contrast, in gift exchange markets and bilateral gift exchanges, wages are higher and more stable. It appears that in complete contract situations, competitive equilibrium exerts a considerable drawing power, whilst in the gift exchange market it does not.
Fehr et al. stress that reciprocal effort choices are truly a one-shot phenomenon, without reputation or other repeated-game effects. “It is, therefore, tempting to interpret reciprocal effort behavior as a preference phenomenon.”(p344). Two types of preferences can account for this behaviour: a) workers may feel an obligation to share the additional income from higher wages at least partly with firms; b) workers may have reciprocal motives (reward good behaviour, punish bad). “In the context of this interpretation, wage setting is inherently associated with the signalling of intentions, and workers condition their effort responses on the inferred intentions.” (p344). Charness (1996), quoted in Fehr et al., finds that when signalling is removed (wages are set randomly or by the experimenter), workers exhibit a lower, but still positive, wage-effort relation, suggesting some gain-sharing motive and some reciprocity (where intentions can be signalled).
Fehr et al. state that “Our preferred interpretation of firms’ wage-setting behavior is that firms voluntarily paid job rents to elicit non-minimum effort levels.” Although excess supply of labour created enormous competition among workers, firms did not take advantage. In the long run, instead of being governed by competitive forces, firms’ wage offers were solely governed by reciprocity considerations because the payment of non-competitive wages generated higher profits. Thus, both firms and workers can be better off when they rely on stable reciprocal interactions.
That reciprocal behavior generates efficiency gains has been confirmed by several other papers e.g. Berg, Dickhaut and McCabe (1995) - even under conditions of double anonymity and where actors know even the experimenter cannot observe individual behaviour, reciprocal interactions and efficiency gains are frequent. Fehr, Gächter and Kirchsteiger (1996, 1997) show that reciprocal interactions generate substantial efficiency gains. However the efficiency-enhancing role of reciprocity is, in general, associated with serious behavioural deviations from competitive equilibrium predictions. To counter a possible criticism of such theories, Fehr and Tougareva (1995) showed these reciprocal exchanges (efficiency-enhancing) are independent of the stakes involved (they compared outcomes with stakes worth a week’s income with stakes worth 3 months’ income, and found no difference).
As one counter to over-enthusiasm for efficiency wage models, Leonard (1987) finds little support for either shirking or turnover efficiency wage models, by testing their predictions for large and persistent wage differentials. The shirking version assumes a trade-off between self-supervision and external supervision, while the turnover version assumes turnover is costly to the firm. Variation across firms in the cost of monitoring/shirking or turnover then is hypothesized to account for wage variations across firms for homogeneous workers. But Leonard finds that wages for narrowly defined occupations within one sector of one state are widely dispersed, suggesting other factors may be at work.
- Mankiw, Gregory N. & Taylor, Mark P. (2008), Macroeconomics (European edition), pp. 181–182
- Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics, London (Macmillan}, 8th ed., Ch, VI.II.10
- Gary Becker and George Stigler: Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of Enforcers, Section III, in: Journal of Legal Studies 1974, p.1-18
- Herbert Gintis: The Nature of Labor Exchange and the Theory of Capitalist Production, in: Review of Radical Political Economics 1976, p.36-54
- Shapiro, Carl and Stiglitz, Joseph E.: Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device, in: American Economic Review 1984, p.433-444
- Edmund S. Phelps, Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor-Market Equilibrium, Journal of Political Economy 76 (1968), 678
- Stiglitz, Joseph E., Alternative Theories of Wage Determination and Unemployment in LDC'S: The Labor Turnover Model, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 88(2) 1974}pp. 194-227
- E. Schlicht, Labour Turnover, Wage Structure, and Natural Unemployment, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 1978, 134, pp. 337-46
- Salop, Steven C, A Model of the Natural Rate of Unemployment, American Economic Review 1979 69(1), pp. 117-125
- A. W. Weiss: Job Queues and Layoffs in Labor Markets with Flexible Wages, in: Journal of Political Economy 88(3),1980, pp. 526-538
- E. Schlicht: Hiring Standards And Labour Market Clearing, Metroeconomica 56(2), 2005, pp.263-279
- McDonald, Ian M.; Solow, Robert M (December 1981). "Wage Bargaining and Employment". American Economic Review 71 (5): 896–908. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- Mankiw. N. Gregory (Editor); Romer, David (Editor). (April 24, 1991) New Keynesian Economics, Vol. 2: Coordination Failures and Real Rigidities. Page 161. Publisher: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-63134-2
- George Akerlof and Janet Yellen (1986), 'Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (
- Akerlof, George A. (1982), “Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 97, p543-69
- Akerlof and Yellen (1990), “The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105 (2), (May 1990), p255-283
- Berg, Dickhaut, McCabe (1995): "Trust, Reciprocity and Social History," Games and Economic Behavior 10 (1995), p122-42
- Dawes, Robyn M. and Thaler, Richard H. (1988), “Anomalies: Cooperation,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 1988, 2, 187-98
- Dufwenberg and Kirchsteiger (2000), “Reciprocity and wage undercutting,” European Economic Review 44, (2000), p1069-1078
- Fehr, Gächter, Kirchsteiger (1996), “Reciprocal Fairness and Noncompensating Wage Differentials”, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 152 (4), (Dec 1996), p608-40
- Fehr, Gächter, Kirchsteiger (1997), “Reciprocity as a Contract Enforcement Device”, Econometrica, 65 (4) (July 1997), p833-60
- Fehr and Schmidt (2000), “Fairness, incentives, and contractual choices,” European Economic Review 44, (2000), p1057-1068
- Gintis H.(1976):“The nature of labor exchange and the theory of capitalist production”, Review of Radical Political Economics, 8 (2), p36–54.
- Kahneman, Knetsch and Thaler (1986), “Fairness as a Constraint on Profit Seeking: Entitlements in the Market,” American Economic Review, 76 (4), Sep 1986, p728-741
- Krueger and Summers (1988), “Efficiency Wages and the Inter-Industry Wage Structure,” Econometrica, 56 (2), Mar 1988, p259-293
- Leonard, Jonathan S.(1987), “Carrots and Sticks: Pay, Supervision, and Turnover”, Journal of Labor Economics, 5 (4), pS136-S152
- Leventhal, Gerald and Anderson, David (1970), “Self-Interest and the Maintenance of Equity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, May 1970, 15, 57-62
- Raff, D., and Summers, L. (1987), “Did Henry Ford pay efficiency wages?”, Journal of Labor Economics, Oct 1987
- Rabin, Matthew (1993), “Incorporating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics”, American Economic Review, 83 (5), p1281-1302
- Salop, Steven C. (1979), “A Model of the Natural Rate of Unemployment,” American Economic Review, March 1979, 69, p117-25
- Schlicht, Ekkehart (1978), “Labour Turnover, Wage Structure, and Natural Unemployment,” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft), 134(2), p337-364.
- Shapiro, C. and Stiglitz, J. (1984), “Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline device,” American Economic Review, June 1984
- Stiglitz, J. (1987), “Causes and consequences of dependence of quantity upon price,” Journal of Economic Literature, March 1987
- Thaler, Richard H. (1988), “Anomalies: The Ultimatum Game,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall 1988, 2, 195-207
- Weisbrod, Burton A. (1988), The Nonprofit Economy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988
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Caterpillars rely on strawberry plants as an important food source. But gardeners often find the chewed-on leaves less than desirable. The caterpillars are butterfly or moth species, and while they leave unsightly leaves, they seldom hurt the berries.
Several species of caterpillars eat strawberry plants, including the corn earworm. Also known as the tomato fruitworm or boilworm, the caterpillar prefers corn plants, but it also eats more than 100 plants, including strawberry. Garden webworms also feed on strawberry plants.
Look for leaves with chew marks or holes. Watch for the caterpillars themselves on the leaves of the plants. You may also find spider webs made by webworms. Look on the undersides of the leaves for eggs laid on the foliage.
Gardeners who encourage butterflies in their garden need to be careful as to which method they use to control the creatures. One way to control caterpillars is to handpick them off your strawberry plants. Make sure to get rid of the caterpillars so they don't infest other plants. Insecticides may work, but they should be used as a last choice.
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The smaller game that's big on technique
LEARN TO PLAY THE GAME LIKE NEYMAR, MESSI AND RONALDO.
Get Into Futsal.
How does your technical ability compare to that of your mates?
Put yourself to the test in this exciting 5-a-side format of the game...
Played indoors with a smaller, heavier ball the rules of Futsal, along with the playing surface and unique ball, create an emphasis on improvisation, creativity and technique as well as ball control and passing in small spaces.
The number of differences to our traditional version of small sided football, such as the absence of rebound boards and amendments in the laws help to encourage and foster skillful, creative play.
The nature of the game places a large emphasis on technical skill and ability in situations of high pressure, and is subsequently an excellent breeding ground for football competencies that can be translated into the 11-a-side format of the game at any stage in your development.
Many of the top world class footballers played Futsal in their youth and credit it with supporting their footballing development. Players of the calibre of Pele, Zico, Ronaldinho, Kaka, Lionel Messi to name but a few of the South American legends all played and enjoyed Futsal. But Futsal has not just helped produce South American football stars, on the European stage Cristiano Ronaldo, Deco, Xavi, Fabregas amongst many others have played Futsal to develop their skills.
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Estuary Data Mapper (EDM)
With around 2,000 estuaries along the five US coastal regions (Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific, Alaska, and Hawaii), scientists in many agencies and organizations have collected enormous amounts of current and historic data on estuary conditions.
An ongoing challenge is to pull that disparate information together to help estuary managers make informed decisions on protecting and preserving these unique environments.
EPA’s Estuary Data Mapper (EDM) helps researchers and estuary managers do just that. The application provides a fast, easy way for researchers to zoom into a specific estuary of interest and find current, available data—from many sources—for that system.
- Inputs to a Geographic Information System-based data model for estuaries and their watersheds.
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- A wealth of environmental data such as tidal, hydrologic, weather, water quality, and sediment quality.
- Ground, satellite, air, and water data from EPA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the US Geological Survey’s National Water Information System (NWIS).
- Environmental scientists (aquatic biologists and chemists)
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EDM contains data sources on atmospheric deposition, nonpoint and point nitrogen sources, and nitrogen loads to estuaries and their associated watersheds. EPA researchers will continue to incorporate new data resources and update the mapper to help protect these vital, productive ecosystems.
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Formula 1 fans who are eco conscious must be delighted to hear this news. Its sustainability strategy plans to have a net-zero carbon footprint by 2030 through wiping out carbon footprint of activity at race tracks, including road and air transport of staff and equipment to the events. It will move to ultra-efficient logistics and travel and 100% renewably powered offices, facilities and factories and balance the ones that they can’t cut.
To begin with, F1 is going to use petrol with biofuel content at least 10% in 2021. Also, it plans to make all events more sustainable by not using single-use plastics and ensuring all waste is reused, recycled or composted in 2025.
Since 2014, cars with high-tech turbo hybrid power-units have become the most efficient car engines in the world in terms of the percentage of fuel energy that is converted into power, a measurement known as thermal efficiency. F1 engines have a thermal efficiency rating of 50%, whereas a road-car petrol engine is generally in the region of 30%.
These cars are still going to be used in races until the end of 2025, and during that time, the group is going to look for methods and ways to be more efficient and sustainable in 2026 and the following years.
The sport’s owners added that they hoped to work with the automotive industry to apply the lessons of F1’s engines to create “the world’s first net-zero carbon hybrid internal combustion engine”. Meanwhile, road car manufacturers have been focusing on the development of synthetic fuels, which use carbon captured from the air, farm waste or biomass.
This sustainability plan was initiated after F1’s 12 months of intense work with motorsport’s governing body the FIA, sustainability experts, F1 teams, promoters and partners. The execution of this plan will need a lot of people, maybe around 1,000 people to design, develop, build and race the cars that take part in more than 20 grands prix a year. Fortunately, everyone is on board with the project and some have already started working towards this goal.
For example, Mercedes said that they’ve been powering their two F1 factories in the UK entirely by renewable energy since early October and that they are on target to have net-zero carbon emissions by the end of next year through a combination of reducing CO2 emissions and offsetting.
F1’s chairman and chief executive Chase Carey said, “Over its 70-year history, F1 has pioneered numerous technologies and innovations that have positively contributed to society and helped to combat carbon emissions. From ground-breaking aerodynamics to improved brake designs, the progress led by F1 teams has benefited hundreds of millions of cars on the road today,”
“We believe F1 can continue to be a leader for the auto industry and work with the energy and automotive sector to deliver the world’s first net-zero carbon hybrid internal combustion engine that hugely reduces carbon emissions around the world.”
So how will F1 exactly instigate the plan?
First of all, it plans to offset emissions through replanting trees as well as using its engineering prowess in the sport to develop new technologies that can capture carbon from the atmosphere. Considering that this can be done as immediately as possible, it’s a good start.
Other than that, F1 is going to utilize biofuels heavily as a part of its sustainability strategy. Chief Technical Officer Pat Symonds said that biofuels “is a word that gets bandied about quite a lot, so we prefer to use the phrase ‘advanced sustainable fuels’
He explained that there are three generations of biofuels. According to Symonds, the first generation were made from food stocks, which are crops specifically grown for fuel. But since that wasn’t sustainable, came the second generation which uses food waste, biomass, or household waste.
The third generation of biofuels, sometimes called e-fuels or synthetic fuel. Simply put, these fuels are the more advanced one. Symonds said, “They’re often called drop-in fuels because you can effectively just put them into any engine, without modification, whereas engines that run on extreme ethanol mixes, such as used in Brazil [for road cars], require alteration.”
“Formula 1 didn’t invent the hybrid, but Formula 1 showed what a hybrid could be and it moved people’s perceptions of what a hybrid is capable of and I think we can do the same with new fuel technology and hopefully demonstrate that another viable alternative energy source is possible,” said Symonds.
So far, F1 is still meeting with stakeholders, and it’s on the way to making a road map to produce a fully sustainable fuel past the new era of F1 in 2021. Symonds added, “The path to that is not completely clear at the moment, but in partnership with the FIA and with the help of the engine manufacturers and the fuel companies, we are looking at the way forward,”
“I think it’s important to say that I don’t think it will be easy, but anything of value requires ingenuity, commitment and the will to make a change. And if we can do it, I think there’s another great contribution story from motorsport to the world at large.”
What about electric race cars?
Some of you might say that electric cars are the future, and F1 should use this type of engine as well. You’re not entirely wrong. Vehicles are certainly going to that direction, which is electric powertrains.
However, Symonds argued that more than 90% of the world’s vehicles are still powered by internal combustion engines (ICEs) – and that’s where carbon emissions could be reduced in the short term.
Although Elon Musk is aiming to mass produce electric trucks, it’s not easy to power larger vehicles such as trucks and aircraft with electric powertrains. That’s why it’s still worth focusing on the ICE and its fuels.
“However, what we cannot do is carry on digging those out of the ground. We’re going to have to somehow synthesise them and that’s what we want Formula 1 to explore and hopefully to lead,” said Symonds.
According to Formula 1, as these advanced sustainable fuels will be synthesised, they will also be cleaner, doing away with elements of fossil fuels such as sulphur. This could lead to a performance gain, because right now the amount of fuel used by teams is limited.
“When the next engine does come along, we have a chance to develop a real game changer, where you’re tailoring the fuel and the engine together and that really does lead to some much more interesting possibilities,”
“What we can do is we can show the world that there are alternatives to electric power and there are alternatives to storing electricity in heavy and, I have to say, somewhat dirty batteries,” Symonds concluded.
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WASHINGTON (NNPA) – As the American economy stumbles through an uneven economic recovery, Black children continue to suffer record levels of poverty, including 1 in 4 Black children under 5 years of age that live in extreme poverty, according to the Census Bureau.
The report that tracks income, poverty and health insurance coverage found that income remained relatively flat for the major racial groups. The median income for Blacks was $33,321, the lowest for all racial groups. The median income for Whites was $57,009 and Asians reported the highest household income at $68,636. For Latinos, the figure was$39.005.
Since 2000, Black income has declined at a higher rate than all other racial groups. According to the Census Bureau report, Black household income is 15.8 percent lower than it was in 2000. White income fell 6.3 percent over the same time period.
The Census Bureau reported that 46.5 million Americans live in poverty, including 10.9 million Blacks. Even though Blacks account for a little more than 13 percent of the total population in the United States, they make up 27.2 percent of Americans living in poverty. In comparison, Whites make up roughly 63 percent of the total population in the U.S. and 40.7 percent of the poor population.
A family of four is considered poor when their annual income dips below $23,492. Extreme poverty sets in when the annual income for a family of four falls below $11,746.
Nearly 38 percent of Black children are considered poor compared to 12.3 percent of White children who live in poverty. According to the Children’s Defense Fund, 23 percent of Black children under the age of 5 live in extreme poverty.
“The child poverty rate is still at record levels,” said Caroline Fichtenberg, research director for the Children’s Defense Fund. “At a time when we see corporations earning record profits, at a time when we see income for the top earners continuing to increase, poor children are not getting any relief.”
Fichtenberg continued: “It reinforces the idea that we really can not cut the safety net for children right now.”
Yet, that’s exactly what lawmakers did when they let sequestration, a set of harsh federal budget cuts totaling $85 billion, take effect last March, instead of coming to an agreement on the federal budget. According to the Children’s Defense Fund, 57,000 children have been cut from Head Start and Early Head Start, due to sequestration.
“We’re just not making the investments that we know need to happen,” said Fichtenberg. “We are cutting the safety net, sequestration has been cutting children from Early Head Start and Head Start which are key programs for children helping them to get on the path to educational success and life success.”
In order to reverse trends in children’s poverty rates, Fichtenberg said that the administration should focus on funding the Earned Income Tax Credit, the Child Tax Credit, improving investments in early education, and creating good jobs that pay a living wage.
House Republicans focused on poverty by pushing deeper cuts in safety net programs. Last week, the United States House of Representatives, led by a Republican majority, passed a bill that would slash SNAP benefits (formerly known as food stamps) by nearly $40 billion over ten years. Experts warn that the cuts would push our nation’s poorest deeper into poverty.
According to a report on SNAP by the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, a research and analysis group focused on fiscal policy and public programs that affect low- and moderate-income families and individuals: “The individuals who would lose basic food assistance under the House provision are among the poorest people in the nation. While on SNAP they have monthly average incomes of just 22 percent of the poverty line, about $2,500 a year.”
CBPP reported that a third of those that would lose benefits if the House bill passes are Black.
“By cutting food assistance for at least 3.8 million low-income people in the coming year — including some of the very poorest Americans, many children and senior citizens, and even veterans — this cruel, if not heartless, legislation could jeopardize a vital stepping stone to many families who are still struggling to find work or who depend on low-wage jobs,” said Robert Greenstein, president of CBPP in a statement following the House vote on the SNAP bill. “As the nation slowly climbs out of the deepest recession in decades — with 22 million people still unemployed or underemployed — millions of families rely on SNAP to help feed their children.”
“For decades, policymakers have shared a bipartisan commitment to reducing hunger and hardship,” said Greenstein in the statement.
“This legislation turns its back on that commitment. Senators should firmly reject these harsh cuts and send the President a bill that does not take food off the table of many of our most vulnerable fellow Americans.”
In a statement on the latest Census Bureau report, Marian Wright Edelman, president of the Children’s Defense Fund, said, “Ensuring children’s health and well-being is a test not only of our morality but of our common and economic sense.
Edelman continued: “We need to create jobs, jobs, jobs and jobs that pay enough to lift people from poverty. When will enough of our leaders get it?”
After 20 years working as a copy in Houston, Katherine ran into ‘Blue Code of Silence’
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What Is the CREB Protein and How Does It Aid in Remembering Parcelling?
Updated on Border 11, 2019
Leonard Kelley holds a bach’s in physics with a fry in maths. He loves the pedantic humans and strives to perpetually research it.
As an pedagog, I am perpetually mesmerized by new frontiers in search that can shock my biography. Frequently though the gains are by millimeters quite than the miles I compliments would hap. Longanimity is the key to all skill, but for me I am goaded to interpret more approximately how we study and why . I course would dear to let leastways a templet for how this is but we presently deliver many theories that appear to deficiency any cohesiveness at all. This clause leave hopefully bestow roughly lighter onto leastwise one lilliputian prospect of this vast posture: how are memories allocated?
The briny ideology for retentiveness apportioning enquiry arose in 1998 when Alcino Sylva (University of California edubirdie at Los Angeles) visited Yale University. Thither he heard around Michael Davis’ neuron map of particular data in dissimilar pieces of the mind with regards to the CREB cistron, something that encodes proteins which trip neurons. Sylva took this employment, which showed that the cistron was even to excited memories for rats and expanded the study to see how CREB played a persona in foresighted condition vs. curt condition remembering allotment. It has been shown that as we world read, our synapses ardour ‚tween neurons and get, with hard ties to CREB at those locations beingness seen. Davis’ study showed how that floor of apprehension could be improved upon. E.g., how did retentiveness get strung-out to those increased CREB sites in the amygdala? Does CREB leading storage organization and spark the treat too? (Sylva 32-3)
Alcino Sylva | Root
For his explore into these questions, Sylva examined the amygdala and the hippocampus with assist from his help Sheena A. Josselyn with the end of determination roughly properties of CREB in a organization. They highly-developed a virus that duplicated CREB and introduced it to a rat universe. They launch upon scrutiny that those rat’s brains had neurons that pink-slipped at 4 multiplication the rank and were that many multiplication more probably to shop memories than those without the intervention (33).
In 2007, Sylva and his squad establish that aroused memories are not scripted haphazardly onto neurons in the amygdala but are correlative to those whose CREB levels are higher than former neurons. It was institute that a contest of sorts was held by the neurons, with those whose CREB was higher were constitute to get a wagerer prospect of retentiveness apportioning. They followed this capable see if introducing CREB into unlike neurons would therefore drive them to promote retentiveness repositing, and surely it did. Their future mark was to see if they could choice memories to twist dispatch and see how CREB worked with the neurons so (Sylva 33, Won).
Accede the oeuvre of Yu Zhou, who worked with creep amygdala and highly-developed a rendering of CREB that had a protein committed thereto that allowed the factor to be excited. Yu base that when neurons with higher CREB levels were hit off, the glower layer ones were left-hand unequaled and aroused memories were stifled, pointing more demonstrate to CREB beingness a linkup to retention store. Yu followed this up by ever-changing amygdala neurons to shuffling more CREB in the promise of staining neurons sacking at an increased footstep. Not sole was that launch, but the energizing grew easier besides. Lastly, Yu looked at the synaptic connections betwixt neurons with the high-flown CREB levels, something much cerebration of as key to retentiveness constitution. So, the connections with the higher CREB performed improve when induced with a stream as compared to unchanged ones (Sylva 33, Zhou).
Sites of CREB construction in the encephalon. | Reference
Approve, so we suffer seen lots cogitation on excited memories and CREB sol. Josselyn’s lab base that sure types of memories do so birth a “predetermined set of amygdala neurons” they are associated with. Particular ion channels trail to ameliorate neuron action certainly memories, and the airfoil of cells sustain more receptors for dissimilar firings. A standardized cogitation by Sylva and Josselyn ill-used optogenetics, which uses sparkle to spark neurons. Therein causa, it was put-upon for the CREB exalted neurons associated with concern, and formerly excited they could be off murder at bequeath (maybe because of those adapted channels with the unlike receptors by heavy the likely needful to actuate them), but not those neurons with glower CREB (Sylva 33-4, Zhou).
The New Guess
So, we can see from these experiments that CREB is performing a exchange character with retentiveness and in 2009 Sylva highly-developed a hypothesis for it. Retention allotment is CREBs purpose but it too helps unite ramify memories too, alias the “allocate to link” theory. It involves the estimate of sub context neurons so stacking them upon one another with the aid of CREB as a linkup, with retentivity recovery energizing many neurons forthwith. As Sylva puts it, “When two memories deliver many of the like neurons, they are officially joined,” thus causation about neurons which birth tie with former memories to be excited also. The primary agent as to the force of this liaison is metre, which decays as the years afterwards the storage are formed. Sometimes the retentivity is transferred to unlike neurons so that the acquaint neurons can mesh efficaciously. But how can we run this manakin? (Sylva 34)
Examination it Out
What we demand is a secular way of trace memories and their locations. Silva’s squad on with Denise J. Cai and Justin Shobe recrudesce a quiz involving mice and suite. A shiner would be put into two dissimilar chambers inside a 5-hour duad, with a balmy jounce existence applied to them in the sec bedroom. Subsequently, when situated binding into that bedchamber, they layover because of the tie of infliction with the way. But when they were too put into the commencement bedchamber, they stopped-up also. 7 years subsequently, they were set cover into the low bedroom and had no tie-up, so the connection had been crushed. But how did the neuron action face? (Ibidem)
Equipment patently exists to see neuron action as the matter is doing things but its restrictive. But when Sylva was at a seminar at UCLA, he heard most Cross Schnitzer (Stanford) and his new microscope that totaled 2-3 grams and fit similar a hat onto a sneak. The lense would be close the psyche and would be subject of imagination action presumption the earmark weather. Sylva took the thought and reinforced his own, and as for the imagery of the neurons the squad engineered the neurons so that they fluoresced based on insurrection ca levels in the cells. Sooner than center the amygdala, they looked at the hippocampus, specifically the A1 realm because of its office with entry and extroverted signals (34-5).
Subsequently conducting the experimentation, roughly interesting results came in. Later the bedroom photo was conducted, the mice who were located binding 5 hours posterior had the like neurons ardour that did the instant the nuisance was induced, but later 7 years a dissimilar grouping of neurons laid-off, retrieving that storage. Those memories were transferred inside their own subgroup that was revealed abaft the retention traveled, support the allocate-to-link possibility. And the more the retentiveness was excited afterwards so the more the imbrication neurons excited. Connection think is genuine (35).
Another run for imbrication neurons in the allocate-to-link supposition was highly-developed by Scratch Mayford. Called the Tet Tag Scheme, it involves a achromycin tag, a fluorescent marking that lasts for weeks. Intelligibly, this would be bang-up for trailing which neurons are release complete a brace of clock. When the bedchamber experimentation was perennial with this marking proficiency, the results were the like. The lap of neurons was higher in the initial 5-hour couple than subsequently 7 years, but the linkup was lull thither (Ibidem).
This discipline is in its babyhood, so goody this clause as a fuse. Go do more search for the modish developments in what is turn bent be an challenging bailiwick. Don’t bury what we let well-read hither.
Sylva, Alcino. “Memory’s Intricate Web.” Scientific American Jul. 2017. Publish. 32-6.
Won, Jaejoon and Alcino Sylva. “Molecular and cellular mechanics of retentivity apportionment in neuronetworks.” Neurobiology of Acquisition and Retentivity 89 (2008) 285-292.
Zhou, Yu et al. “CREB regulates irritability and the apportionment of storage to subsets of neurons in the amygdala.” Nat. Neurosci 2009 Nov 12.
Questions & Answers
Questions mustiness be on-topic, scripted with right grammar custom, and apprehensible to a full hearing.
© 2019 Leonard Kelley
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New findings on microglial activation during neuroinflammation.
Inflammatory processes occur in the brain in conjunction with stroke and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Researchers from Lund University, the Karolinska Institutet and the University of Sevill have presented new findings about some of the ‘key players’ in inflammation. In the long term, these findings could lead to new treatments. The opensource study is published in Cell Reports.
One of these key players is a receptor called TLR4. The receptor plays such an important role in the body’s innate immune system that the researchers who discovered it were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The other key player is a protein called galectin-3, which is absent in healthy brains but present in a brain suffering ongoing inflammation.
The current study demonstrated that galectin-3 is secreted by microglial cells, a type of immune cell in the brain. The protein binds to the TLR4 receptor and amplifies the reactions that lead to inflammation. More galectin-3 is produced and binds to the immune cells, and the immune response is further intensified in a self-sustaining process.
The team state that they have proven the importance of the link between the two ‘key players’ using various different methods and in laboratory tests, animal experiments and human trials. They have shown that mice genetically modified to be incapable of synthesising galectin-3 show a lower inflammatory response and less brain damage after a heart attack. Mice with a model of Parkinson’s disease also suffer less brain damage if they do not have the gene for galectin-3. The interaction between galectin-3 and TLR4 in the brains of people who died of a stroke was also observed in the current study.
The team explain that this link could be part of the residual disability that stroke patients often experience. High levels of galectin-3 remain in the brains of these patients long after the stroke, which may explain why the inflammatory response continues to cause damage and does not subside.
The researchers state that galectin-3 is already a target for pharmaceutical companies trying to develop agents that hinder the harmful effects of the protein in neuroinflammatory diseases. The new findings on the effects and role of the protein in a diseased or damaged brain should provide important input to this work.
The team summise that previously, it was acknowledged that galectin-3 contributed to the inflammatory response but the mechanism wasn’t clear. The protein is not present in a healthy brain, only in one that is suffering an inflammatory response and now that the mechanism is understood, it will make it easier to develop more effective treatments.
Source: Lund University
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This article considers the quantization of bilayer graphene, based on research published in the Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials.
Image Credit: Production Perig/Shutterstock.com
Under certain conditions, a substance's electrical resistance can be 'quantized,' or assigned a set value that is irrespective of the material's basic characteristics.
This 'quantization' happens when electrons travel in two dimensions under high magnetic fields at very low temperatures. The electrical resistance is quantized under certain conditions, which means it varies in discrete stages rather than constantly. When electrons flow in a two-dimensional form under high magnetic fields and happen at very low temperatures, this quantization of electrical resistance happens.
The researcher at the University of Göttingen found the quantum Hall effect, QAH, or the quantization that happened in bilayer graphene. Standard microfabrication methods are used to contact the fragile graphene flakes, and the graphene flake is arranged such that the flake hangs naturally like a bridge, supported at the edges by two metal contacts.
At low temperatures and with nearly imperceptible magnetic fields, the highly pure double-layers of graphene reveal a quantization of electrical resistance. Furthermore, the electrical current can flow without wasting any energy. The explanation for this is a type of magnetism that is created by the mobility of charged particles in the graphene double-layer directly, rather than the normal approach as observed in conventional magnets.
This phenomenon is unique not only because it requires just an electric field, but also because it happens in eight different variations that may be controlled using an electric and magnetic field.
Since the effect can be turned on and off, and the direction of travel of the charged particles may be reversed, this leads to a high level of control. Furthermore, the fact that we can demonstrate this action in a system made up of a simple and found natural substance is a plus. This is in sharp contrast to the recently popularized 'heterostructures,' which need a complicated and exact mix of materials.
In the absence of an external magnetic field, the Quantum Anomalous Hall (QAH) isolator is a form of matter in which spontaneous violation of dynamic time symmetry causes the Quantum Hall effect. The QAH condition, first theorized in 1981, had not been confirmed until early 2021 by University of Göttingen researchers.
The shiftiness of the QAH state has been attributed to fluctuation in the new literature on contract-driven thin films, which often favor the QAH state over a Quantum Spin Hall (QSH) state, which in itself is degenerated only with the QAH state on the mean-field level.
This is important because double-layer graphene makes it a particularly appealing option for possible applications, such as the creation of novel computer parts in the field of Spintronics, which might have significance for high data storage.
One of the growing topics for the next nanoelectronics materials is Spintronics, which aims to lower power consumption while increasing memory and processing capacities. The electron's spins degree of freedom, which can react with its orbital energies, is used in such devices.
The spin polarization in these devices is regulated by magnetic layers acting as spin-polarizers or analyzers or by spin-orbit coupling interactions. Spin current can also be carried by spin waves. Spintronics is important because high-speed, reduced threshold current, high-power lasers, high-density logic, electronic memory devices, low power, and optoelectronic devices are all available from Spintronics. This technique is a massive source of circularly polarized light.
Image Credit: Egorov Artem/Shutterstock.com
The limitation of this new finding is how to stabilize the materials under high temperatures since the quantum only happens at temperatures up to five degrees over absolute zero at the moment.
The new method reveals that at low temperatures and with nearly imperceptible magnetic fields, the highly pure double-layers of graphene reveal a quantization of electrical resistance. This event requires not just an electric field but also because it happens in eight different variations and can turn it on and off.
The process is done by contacting graphene flakes using standard microfabrication procedures, and the flake is positioned such that it swings freely with two metal contacts supporting the flake at its edges. Meanwhile, the results show that the gapped state found in charge-neutral bilayer graphene in quantizing magnetic fields continues down to the low fields, eventually passing onto another gapped state at zero magnetic fields.
Further Reading: The Use of Graphene in Dentistry
The nature of the gapped state at zero fields, on the other hand, remains uncertain. As a result, elucidating the relationship between distinct gapped states and comprehending their physical features is a fun and timely endeavor.
This new finding suggests that there is an eight-fold degenerated Landau level at zero energy that contains both electrons and holes at the same time. Taking advantage of the narrow energy gap, bilayer graphene (or BLG) may be utilized to make field-effect semiconductors or tunneling field-effect transistors.
Because its bandgap can be modified by modifying the stacking orders and also generating an external electric field, BLG has a lot of promise as a novel material for optoelectronic devices. An imaging approach that can view and describe distinct stacking domains in BLG might be very useful in maximizing the benefits of BLG's features.
The limitation is that the process happens at low temperatures. The next research should see if the BLG can be quantized at high temperatures.
Hirohata, A., et al. (2020). Review on spintronics: Principles and device applications. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304885320302353
Geisenhof et al. (2021) Quantum anomalous Hall octet driven by orbital magnetism in bilayer graphene. Nature, 2021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03849-w
Nandkishore, R. and Leonid, L. (2010) Quantum Anomalous Hall State in Bilayer Graphene. Physical review. B, Condensed matter 82(11) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.82.115124
Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.
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Reprinted from the Stockman GrassFarmer
A general rule for water consumption is that livestock need one gallon of water for each pound of dry matter consumed. As the air temperature increases from 50 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit, livestock need more than twice as much water.
Researchers in Alberta found that steers provided with fresh water gain 2.6 pounds per day, compared to 2.0 pounds per day when provided with pond water.
Having backup water sources can avoid or reduce problems and expenses, such as moving animals or hauling water from off-site sources.
Livestock should never have to travel more than 800 feet to get a drink. For better pasture utilization and nutrient distribution have water available in every paddock and within 800 feet of the livestock.
Portable tanks can greatly improve the flexibility of grazing systems. They can be placed under fences to supply two to four separate paddocks with water.
Control algae growth in tanks by placing a few goldfish in them. The fish keep the tanks clean by eating algae. Goldfish seem to survive winters with no problems; some tanks have had the same goldfish for eight years .
For more livestock watering info and tips, see the NCRS pdf online "Missouri Watering Systems for Serious Grezters."
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Much of the material listed on these archived web pages has been superseded, or served a particular purpose at a particular time. It may contain references to activities or policies that have no current application. Many archived documents may link to web pages that have moved or no longer exist, or may refer to other documents that are no longer available.
21 September 2009
The Parliamentary Secretary for Water, Dr Mike Kelly, today welcomed the release of the CSIRO Northern Australia Sustainable Yields study, saying it would be a valuable resource to inform decisions about the conservation and development of northern Australia's water resources.
In March 2008, the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) agreed to extend the CSIRO work on sustainable yields and water availability that had been completed in the catchments of the Murray-Darling Basin to catchments of northern Australia, south-west Western Australia and Tasmania.
"From Broome in Western Australia to Cairns in Queensland, the Northern Australia Sustainable Yields (NASY) reports provide important information on current and likely future water availability in northern Australia.
"The NASY project, which was funded under the National Water Commission's Raising National Water Standards program, complements programs for water investigation, analysis and management being undertaken by state and territory governments, so that the results can be used in regional and statutory water management plans.
"The report is part of the Australian Governments' Northern Australia Water Futures Assessment (NAWFA), a five-year program to develop an enduring knowledge base to inform decisions about conservation and development of northern Australia's water resources, so that any development proceeds in an ecologically, culturally and economically sustainable manner."
The main findings from the Water in Northern Australia report are that:
The Water in Northern Australia sustainable yields reports and can be found at:
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Priyanka Bairwa was 15 when her family began to look for a husband for her. The pandemic sped up the process, as schools shut and work dried up. By October 2020, her parents had settled on a suitable boy from their village of Ramathra in the district of Karauli, Rajasthan.
But Bairwa, now 18, wouldn’t hear of it. “During the pandemic, every family in the village was eager to marry off their girls. You’d have to invite less people, there were fewer expenses,” says Bairwa. “But I refused to be caught in a child marriage. There was a major backlash – constant fights. I finally threatened to run away and, fearing I would do something drastic, my family called it off. My mother convinced them to let me study and I joined a college.”
The pandemic has put millions of girls at an increased risk of being forced into marriage and never returning to school. Childline India reported a 17% increase in child marriage in June and July last year when lockdown was eased.
In Rajasthan, one in three women aged 22 to 24 were married before the age of 18, according to government data.
Bairwa, who is Dalit, considered the lowest caste in India, defied the trend. And then did more: starting a movement of young women and girls, Rajasthan Rising, centred in Karauli’s villages to rally for their right to free education, scholarships for higher education and freedom from child marriage, child labour and caste and gender discrimination.
“I launched the campaign because I knew thousands of other girls were facing similar problems, being pulled out of school and forced into early marriage. Education is supposed to be free until grade 8 [age 14] but never is. Schools impose ‘development’ fees. Scholarships promised to students from marginalised communities never arrive on time,” she says.
She began with 10 friends. “We began to visit other villages and, with the help of local activists, held meetings, gathering more girls and making them aware of their constitutional rights. Village elders were often wary, many did not allow us in. But we kept returning; soon we had 100 girls in the group.”
Over the next few months, their numbers swelled to more than 1,200 and, by March this year, it became a formal alliance, spreading further across the state. They learned to use laptops and the internet, contacting education officers, political leaders and state ministers to seek meetings where they presented their goal: every girl to receive free education until grade 12, age 17 to 18, along with a minimum scholarship of Rs 5,000 (£49) at the start of every school year.
The girls took Rajasthan Rising to the streets. They painted slogans on walls calling for free girls’ education and against child marriage. They wrote about discrimination, and emailed Rajasthan’s chief minister, Ashok Gehlot, who sent them a note of encouragement. “Many villagers called us mad. But we had a clear goal, to reach vulnerable girls in all 33 districts of the state and demand long-term change,” says Bairwa. The eldest of four, she was drawn to the cause when she went with her mother to her cleaning job at the offices of non-profit, Alwar Mewat Institute of Education and Development, in the town of Sapotara.
“I found my voice there, where I was treated as an equal. I listened in to meetings about child marriage and education for girls. I learned how to create awareness and lead campaigns,” she says.
Vineeta Meena, 20, joined Bairwa. “Our group has intervened and stopped several child marriages. In my village, Gokalpur, my neighbour Saira Bano, 16, was about to be married last year. We formed a group and kept going to her house to protest until her family promised to call it off,” she says. Bano has now joined Rajasthan Rising. In March about 120 of the young women left their homes to travel to Jaipur, accompanied by regional education activists, for the group’s first state-level meeting. Over three days, they discussed breaking gender barriers and bringing about change.
“Our demands are quite basic, so we are confident we will be heard. It’s clear that if education is made completely free, we can prevent dropouts and, in turn, child marriage,” says Najiya Saleem, 19, a Rajasthan Rising leader from Alwar, whose sister was married early.
Abhishek Bairwa, the village head of Salempur, is one of those supporting the campaign. “Their demands are important for every home in our village, which is among the most behind in the region. As girls become more aware of their rights, so do their families. I hope it becomes a national movement,” he says.
Karauli’s education officer Ganpat Lal Meena has invited the group to submit their suggestions to him, noting that this level of mobilisation marks a shift in how education and child marriage is seen in the region. Vineeta Meena agrees: “Being part of this collective makes me feel that we are no less than anyone. We can do anything. I feel more free.”
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<urn:uuid:97f585e8-7648-4804-8ad8-4fa34817de9d>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/13/the-indian-girls-movement-fighting-child-marriage
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| 0.985236 | 1,134 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Where Serra Statues Once Stood, a Chance to Honor California’s Indigenous People
October 4, 2021
LOS ANGELES (RNS) — Since protesters began toppling statues of Father Junipero Serra up and down California last summer, Catholic Church leaders have often defended the missionary, who helped to spread Catholicism and colonize the state’s Indigenous people, as a “complex character.”
Complex is also the word for the debate about what to do with the sites laid bare in the demonstrations that targeted memorials to the 18th-century Franciscan priest, who, while credited with spreading the faith on the West Coast, is also seen as part of an imperial conquest that enslaved Native Americans.
The public scrutiny of Serra — the founder of what would become 21 missions along the California coast — began as Black Lives Matter protests, denouncing institutional racism and police brutality, broke out across the country in the wake of George Floyd’s murder in Minnesota last year.
Toppling of monuments honoring Confederate leaders, mostly in Southern cities, parallels demonstrations last June and July that cost San Francisco, Los Angeles and Sacramento their Serra statues. Since then, political, religious and Indigenous leaders have tried to come up with equitable solutions for their replacements.
On Sept. 24, Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a law to replace the Serra statue that stood on the grounds of the California Capitol since 1967 with a memorial for the state’s Native Americans.
The bill’s author, Assemblyman James Ramos, a Democrat and a member of the Serrano/Cahuilla tribe, said in a Sept. 25 statement that his goal was to replace the statue with a memorial for Native Americans in the Sacramento area. While “we do not condone the vandalism,” he said, referring to his assembly colleagues, “a more complete and accurate telling of Native history occurred” in hearings and public discussions for the bill.
“Native Americans have been told by others, “This is your story. This is your culture — even when the history presented to us was not what we experienced or knew to be true,” said Ramos’ statement.
Archbishop Salvatore J. Cordileone of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco and Archbishop José H. Gomez, who heads the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, meanwhile, have sought a compromise that would allow Serra to continue to be recognized by Californians.
In a Sept. 12 Wall Street Journal op-ed, “Don’t Slander St. Junipero Serra,” the bishops objected to the bill’s characterization of Serra as responsible for the “enslavement of both adults and children, mutilation, genocide, and assault on women.”
The bishops asked that Sacramento’s Serra statue, which has been in storage since it was taken down by protesters last July, “be allowed to stand at the Capitol in addition to monuments to the state’s Indigenous peoples.”
What shape those monument take also has yet to be decided, as tribal nations must get approval from the legislature’s Joint Rules Committee once construction documents and plans are submitted. The monument would have to be exclusively funded privately by the tribal nations in the Sacramento region.
In Los Angeles, the archdiocese has the Serra statue in a storage facility, said Arturo Chavez, general manager of the city’s El Pueblo Historical Monument. The archdiocese asked for it when it was toppled, Chavez said.
While there are no plans to replace the statue at this time, Chavez said the city will be engaging with Indigenous leaders to discuss what could potentially take place at the site where the monument stood.
Kim Morales-Johnson, a descendant of Tongva and a Catholic, envisions a Tongva museum taking shape in L.A. Since the toppling of the Serra statue, she said city leaders have been more open to hearing about these kinds of possibilities to honor L.A.’s Native Americans.
Morales-Johnson said she’d want to work with the Catholic Church to make this a reality. “I want there to be a celebration of our culture and preservation of what we have, but also a way to honor and remember our ancestors,” she said.
In the meantime, artist and cultural organizer Joel Garcia — who witnessed firsthand the toppling of the Serra statue in downtown Los Angeles — has sought to honor and memorialize L.A.’s Indigenous people through augmented reality technology.
The pedestal that propped up the statue looks bare at first glance, but once a smartphone camera is aimed toward it, an animated monument honoring the Tongva, the Indigenous people of L.A., comes alive.
On a mobile screen, an oak tree sapling radiates green rings of light, symbolizing the possibility of growth and repair. Acorns dot the sky amid a constellation of stars, as Tongva poet Kelly Caballero sings a song.
American Civic Life
American Civic Life
American Civic Life
Garcia, who is of indigenous Huichol background, created the augmented reality piece as part of the “Encoding Futures: Speculative Monuments for L.A.” exhibition featuring a series of virtual monuments across the city. His “Astrorhizal Networks” installation was made possible through a residency at Oxy Arts.
The piece memorializes Indigenous concepts of time and highlights the connection between the roots, earth and sky.
“We talk about the impact of the (California) missions as it being in the past when very much what the missions have done, and continue to do to California Indians, is still very present today,” Garcia said. “This monument is about recalibrating how we look at memory and time.”
On the day of the launch, a group of people downloaded the 4th Wall, an augmented reality app featuring curated and site-specific artworks, to view the virtual installation. They walked around the bare pedestal where the Serra statue stood, viewing the constellation of stars and floating acorns as they listened to the words of Caballero, the Tongva singer and songwriter.
“Having a bunch of folks here that are using the space differently, it feels good,” Garcia said. “It feels like there’s less weight here. I think that’s part of it, too, reusing the space in a different way so that it carries a different meaning, carries different energy.”
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.interfaithamerica.org/article/where-serra-statues-once-stood-a-chance-to-honor-californias-indigenous-people/2/
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| 0.951346 | 1,373 | 3.25 | 3 |
5.6 Evaluation Questions 5
Expected time: 30 minutes
1. It is important to understand and follow a coding system, in order to accurately and consistently and the various types of congenital anomalies.
standardized, classify, code
2. What type of supplemental information can help a reviewer assign a proper code to a case?
A detailed description of the congenital anomaly, or copies or excerpts of clinical reports (e.g. surgery, imaging, autopsy report); photographs
3. What is the international standard diagnostic classification system?
International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth edition (ICD-10)
4. What are some ways in which a surveillance programme can work around the ICD-10 coding system’s lack of specificity for certain congenital anomalies?
- Use its own local modification that includes additional codes
- Add an extra digit for more detailed coding
- Refer to the RCPCH’s adaptation of the ICD-10
5. True or false: Final coding will always be at the central registry.
6. Which of the following does NOT cause difficulties when coding congenital anomalies?
- Prenatal diagnosis
- Live births where the neonate dies shortly after birth
- Confirmed diagnosis
- Possible diagnosis
c. Confirmed diagnosis
7. True or false: Capturing major anomalies should be prioritized over capturing minor anomalies on the data-collection form.
8. True or false: The ICD-10 is developed and maintained by WHO.
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/facilitators-guide/module-5/mod5-6.html
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| 0.831584 | 315 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Putting certain plants together (commonly called companion planting) can be beneficial in a number of ways, and the most important of those is naturally repelling pests.
Having pests in the garden is a particularly vexing problem, and gardeners spend a lot of time finding and sharing their solutions for getting rid of unwanted pests.
Companion planting is Mother's Nature's insect control, and is the method of growing complementary plants side by side.
- Scented flowers (bee/pollinator friendly) next to a fruiting plant (i.e. peppers, squash)
- French marigolds along side tomatoes to deter whiteflies
- Chervil or coriander next to plants suffering from aphids
- Chives next to tomatoes also keep aphids away
- Mint next to arugula to deter the flea beetle
- Let dill go to flower to attract aphid eating hoverflies
In photo: the herb 'chervil'
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<urn:uuid:06fdd3d9-81ed-4ced-8270-4ac0408542e9>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.blackforestgardenclub.com/blog/greens-that-ward-off-garden-pests
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| 0.926014 | 196 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Physical problems after head injury
The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for movement in the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere is responsible for movement along the right side, so any brain damage that’s more severe on one side is likely to result in more pronounced problems to do with movement on a particular side of the body. Problems resulting from brain injury can also include difficulties with vision, touch, taste, and the movement of facial muscles.
Cognitive problems after head injury
A head injury can cause people to have difficulties with their memory, concentration, speaking, processing and calculating etc. Short term memory is usually more affected than long term memory, meaning that people often have clear memories of the past but a poor recollection of events that have happened afterwards.
Behavioural problems after head injury
Friends and family can be surprised by the apparent changes in the person’s behaviour or personality after brain injury. Patients may seem to have a lack of self control and may become uninhibited so that things they may previously never have said or done are now spoken and acted out. This can be very distressing for family members if their loved one experiences sudden mood swings, acts impulsively, or appears sexually uninhibited. Other patients have great difficulty in expressing emotions and can appear cold and unresponsive.
Many of these problems spontaneously resolve themselves over time, however if the head injury has been severe and brain damage extensive, the individual may need help for many years with learning how to cope and overcome the affects.
The process of continued learning, improvement, and support, starting from immediately after the recovery of consciousness, and sometimes continuing until several years after, is called the process of rehabilitation.
Building and expanding upon a person’s natural recovery process, head or brain injury rehabilitation often involves a wide variety of medical professionals, from nurses, doctors, and physiotherapists, to occupational and speech language therapists, social workers, and clinical psychologists. A vital part of the recovery process, research shows that patients get better long-term results if rehabilitation starts as early as possible.
The overall aim of rehabilitation after serious head injury is to enable individuals to move from a state of high dependence in hospital, to being able to function independently and successfully at home and in society.
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<urn:uuid:61fb00c5-4c8d-42e9-904c-d691acda7b1a>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.privatehealth.co.uk/articles/october-2008/head-injury-rehabilitation/
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| 0.967168 | 461 | 2.625 | 3 |
Family : Arecaceae
Text © Pietro Puccio
English translation by Mario Beltramini
The Dictyosperma album (Bory) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Scheff. (1876) is native to the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues), where it is almost extinct.
The name of the genus comes from the combination of the Greek words “dictyon” = net and “sperma” = semen, with reference to the interlacement of the relieved lines present on the seed; the Latine name of the species, from “album” = white, referring to the white tomentum at times present on the foliar sheath.The names under which it is commonly known are: “hurricane palm”, “princess palm” (English); “palmiste blanc” (French); “Hurrikanpalme” (German); “palmeira huracan” (Spanish); “palmeira-princesa” (Portuguese).
Palm with single trunk of dark grey or brown colour, about 20 cm of diameter and tall up to about 12 metres, often vertically cracked, with enlarged base. The leaves are pinnate, long about 3 metres and elegantly arched, of green colour with reddish shades in the young plants. The pointed leaflets are about 70 cm long in the median part and disposed regularly on the rachis. The foliar base, which wraps completely the trunk for a height of 1 metre forming a sort of an elegant capitol, is covered by a tomentum which can be white, greyish or brown.Monoecious plant, it produces, under the leaves, ramified inflorescences long about 50 cm carrying unisexual flowers united in groups of three (a female flower amidst two male ones). The fruits are ovoid, 18 mm long, of dark purple colour.
It reproduces by seed which germinates in about 2 months. Plant of remarkable ornamental value, it prefers sunny locations, regular watering and manure. Cultivable in the tropical and subtropical areas, its cultivation can be tried in a warm-temperate climate, as it resists to temperatures close to the 0°C only for short periods.
Synonyms : Areca alba Bory (1804); Linoma alba (Bory) O.F.Cook, (1917).
→ For general notions about ARECACEAE please click here.
→ To appreciate the biodiversity within the family ARECACEAE and find other species, please click here.
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<urn:uuid:86a9c7fa-4998-4026-951e-dd4bc476d5fb>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/dictyosperma-album/?lang=en
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| 0.893207 | 562 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Paper Title: SARS-CoV-2 infects human adult donor eyes and hESC-derived ocular epithelium
Authors: Timothy Blenkinsop, PhD, Assistant Professor, Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, and Benjamin tenOever, PhD, Professor, Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, and other coauthors.
Bottom Line: SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, is thought to transmit and begin infection in the upper respiratory tract. For this reason, the use of face masks has been recommended for the general public. However, it remains unclear whether infection can also be initiated from the eye, thus requiring additional protective measures.
Results: The new study finds that cells in the eye can be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
Why the Research Is Interesting: The findings have an immediate impact on preventive measures to help mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and support new guidance for eye protection that can be instituted worldwide.
Who: Adult human eyes in an in vitro stem cell model.
When: Eyes were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and studied after 24 hours.
What: The study evaluated whether SARS-CoV-2 could infect both tissues and primary cells in the eye.
How: The donor cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and then analyzed through RNA sequencing. The sequences were then mapped to the human genome and compared to non-infected control cells from adult tissues. The expression of the exposed cell where then evaluated. Contracting the virus through the eye could also be corroborated using a small animal model in independent work done Ramus Møller in the tenOever lab.
Study Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 can infect surface cells of the eye. The exposed cells revealed the presence of infection-associated proteins including ACE2, the virus receptor, and TMPRSS2, an enzyme which allows viral entry. IFNβ, a protein that has antiviral and antibacterial properties, was also found to be suppressed from the exposure to the virus. Additionally, the researchers found that ocular surface cells, particularly the limbus, were susceptible to infection, while the central cornea was less vulnerable.
Said Mount Sinai's Dr. Timothy Blenkinsop of the research: We hope this new data results in additional measures to protect the eyes. We also intend to use these models to test approaches to prevent ocular infections.
Said Mount Sinai's Dr. Benjamin tenOever of the research:
This work was the result of a very productive collaboration from two very different scientific programs. More importantly, the data generated not only adds to our understanding concerning the biology of SARS-CoV-2, but the results also highlight the importance of washing hands, as rubbing one's eyes should now be viewed as an entry point for infection.
View the full paper here. To schedule an interview with Dr. Blenkinsop or Dr. tenOever, please contact the Mount Sinai Press Office at [email protected] or at 347-346-3390.
Cell Stem Cell
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/621782
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| 0.925361 | 677 | 2.875 | 3 |
How to Promote a Healthy Lifestyle for Your Entire Family with an Exercise Bike
October 30, 2018
A sedentary lifestyle is a leading cause of various medical conditions that can affect a person’s health. Diabetes, heart disease, back problems, obesity, and depression are just a few conditions that can occur when a person is not very active. The longer a person remains inactive, their body will adjust to this sedentary lifestyle by slowing down their metabolism, decreased blood flow, and muscle will turn into fat. This can affect their energy level and the ability to complete a variety of tasks as their mobility decreases. While it can be challenging to find the time required to adequately work out to improve your health, a solution is available that will promote exercising while completing sedentary activities. A deskbike can provide you and your family an effective way to exercise while participating in an activity that requires you to sit down.
Importance of Promoting Exercising Now
While you may think there is plenty of time to start exercising, the longer you delay starting your routine the harder it will be to start. As an adult, the older you get the easier it will be to gain weight that will be difficult to lose without a healthy diet and fitness routine. By starting to exercise today, you can improve your chances of keeping off the excessive weight that can lead to various medical conditions that are weight related. Just as it is important to encourage your children to remain active to prevent them from gaining weight that can lead to childhood obesity. By providing them with an effective way to remain active with a deskbike, you are teaching them how important exercising is to their overall health.
Activities that Can be Completed While Working Out
Playing game systems while exercising on a stationary bicycle.
- Watching Television
- Surfing the Internet
- Reading a Book
- Putting a Puzzle Together
- Studying for School
- Any activity that requires you to sit down but still allows you to move.
Obtain More Information on How to Promote an Active Lifestyle
You can visit the FlexiSpot website to learn more information on the products they offer to help encourage an active lifestyle. Whether you have a few spare minutes to sit on a bike to exercise or want to remain active while working on a project at a desk, they offer the equipment you need to help lead a healthy lifestyle and prevent a variety of dangerous medical conditions.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://flexispot.com/spine-care-center/Holistic-Health/Personal-Improvement/how-to-promote-a-healthy-lifestyle-for-your-entire-family-with-an-exercise-bike/
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| 0.956988 | 489 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What is the Nakoudo?
In japan, matchmaker is called a "nakoudo". That is the person who makes the relationship between the person and the person. In particular it refers to a person who mediates the marriage between man and woman.
Matchmaker (=Nakoudo), become a witness of marriage at the ceremony, as the betrothal and wedding.
|The Nakoudo (go-between) is a mianing of person who contract a marriage of both houses.|
(1)The go-between has the following roles.
|1) The presence of the will to marry is confirmed about each man and woman.|
2) The go-between checks each man and woman’s economic conditions.
3) The go-between checks each man and woman’s health conditions.
4) The go-between hears the hope matters about the marriage from each man and woman.
5) They ingroduces the candidate to the man and woman who is hoping for the meeting with a view to marriage.
6) When the mutual agreement of both houses is obtained, the go-between arranges the place and the time of the meeting.
7) On that day of the meeting with a view to marriage, the go-between introduces each man and woman, and matchmaker leads the meeting.
8) When the will to marry can be confirmed after the meeting of both man and woman, the matchmaker does acting as go-between of the wedding.
9)Thus, this married couple and go-between’s association will continue through life.
(4) The answer will be told to the go-between within one week.
|The go-between tells each answer to both houses. |
And the matchmaker plays an important role to watch the association of two people in the future.
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<urn:uuid:2212761c-f842-4365-96e2-6fe82ce615cb>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.jp-guide.net/manner/english/marriage/nakoudo.html
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en
| 0.942367 | 423 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Tim proposes that the only way to know things is through a process of self-discovery.
Formal instruction is only a pretence of true knowing, as becomes apparent the minute you try to actually do something.
This lesson came from his time studying among the Saami in Finland.
The Saami are fishers, hunters, and herders - for them you don't learn through movement. Knowing is movement.
"To know things you have to grow into them, and let them grow in you, so that they become a part of who you are"
It's through embodied watched, listening, feeling, a "process of active following, of going along... by paying attention to what the world has to tell us"
Gregory Bateson - an anthropologist and cybernetician - called it deutero-learning - it "aims not so much to provide us with facts about the world as to enable us to be taught by it."
Geologists study among rocks, botanists stay among plants, and so anthropologists study among humans. We find our answers by attending to what lies before us in the world. Not by looking up official facts in textbooks
Ecological psychologist James Gibson called this an "education of attention".
Anthropology and ethnography are fundamentally different. One is learning from people by studying with them. The other is learning about people and creating a written record of it.
"description of the people’ is what ethnography (from ethnos = ‘people’; graphia = ‘description’) literally means"
Ethnography is documentation while anthropology is transformation
"no genuine transformation in ways of thinking and feeling is possible that is not grounded in close and attentive observation"
Ingold argues we cannot divorce theory from context. This goes back to C. Wright Mills claiming that we can't separate ways and means of knowing theory and method are inherently intertwined.
Participant observation and Ethnography specially describes things as they are, but anthropology is different. It opens up "a space for generous, open ended, comparative yet critical inquiry into the conditions and potential of human life"
By understanding what life is currently like in particular times and places, it collaborates with people to help them speculate what life might or could be like. This speculative approach has often taken a backseat to academic approaches that simply want to "produce knowledge"
Tim laments that anthropology seems to get reduced to ethnography - simply collecting data to analyse later. Rather than considering the anthropological literature the data, and the practice of being with participants to collaboratively think the creation part.
"Participant observation is a way of knowing from the inside"
The notion that we "extract" data from the world suggests we can reconstruct knowledge from the outside of an experience. It disregards our direct, personal experiences with our surroundings, based in sensory understanding.
The alleged paradox of participant observation being both inside and outside their community, mirrors the eternal debate over humans as both part of and separate from nature.
Scientists constantly try to remove themselves from being in the world, using protocols that allow them to know in ways that are purposefully removed from a specific context. A phenomenon clearly laid out in much of Bruno Latour's work.
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<urn:uuid:86f35ebc-e60f-492e-8da3-7a115e81b243>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://maggieappleton.com/making-anthropology/
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en
| 0.96467 | 670 | 2.734375 | 3 |
LACE 1 is the name applied to an ornamental open work of threads of flax, cotton, silk, gold, or silver, and occasion-ally of mohair or aloe fibre. Such threads may be either looped or plaited or twisted together in one of three ways: (1) with a needle, when the work is distinctively known as " needlepoint lace " ; (2) with bobbins, pins, and a pillow or cushion, when the work is known as " pillow lace"; and (3) by machinery, when imitations of both needlepoint and pillow lace patterns are produced.
History.Special patterns for needlepoint and pillow laces date from the beginning of the 16th century. Before that period such works as might now be classified as laces consisted of small cords of plaited and twisted threads fastened in loops (or "purls") along the edges of costumes, of darning work done upon a net ground, and of drawn and cut embroidery. From these classes of earlier work lace is descended. Pillow lace can be distinctly traced up to the " nierletti a piombini" of the 16th century. At a very early period embroidery of geometrical patterns in coloured silk, etc., on a network of small square meshes was known and made throughout Europe. This in the 13th and 14th centuries was known in ecclesiastical circles as " opus filatorium " or " opus araneum " (spider work), and examples dating from the 13th century still exist in public collections. The productions of this art, which has some analogy to weaving, in the early part of the 16th century came to be known as " punto a maglia quadra " in Italy and as ''' lacis " in Francethe patterns, stiff and geometrical, being sometimes cut out of linen or separately-sewed and applied to the meshed surface ; but more frequently they were darned in, the stitches being counted as in tapestry, and hence it was known as " point conte " or darned netting. With the development of the renaissance of art, free flowing patterns and figure subjects were in-troduced and worked in lacis.
Drawn and cut works were ancient forms of embroidery
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be of Spanish work are Flemish of the 17th century. The industry is not alluded to in Spanish ordinances of the 15th, 16th, or 17th centuries. Much Flemish lace was imported into Spain from Spanish Flanders. The black and white silk pillow laces, or " blondes," date from the 18th century. They were made in considerable quantity in the neighbourhood of Chantilly, and imported by Spain for mantillas. Although after the 18th century the making of silk laces has more or less ceased at Chantilly and the neighbourhood, the craft is now carried on in Nor-mandyat Bayeux and Caenas well as in Auvergne. Silk pillow lace making is carried on in Spain, especially at Barcelona. The patterns are almost entirely imitations from the French. Malta is noted for producing a thick pillow lace of black, white, and red threads, chiefly of geometric pattern, in which circles, wheels, and radiations of shapes resembling grains of wheat are a principal feature. This characteristic of design, appearing in laces of similar make which have been identified as Genoese pillow laces of the early 17th century, reappears in Spanish and Paraguayan work. Pillow lace in imitation of Maltese, Buckinghamshire, and Devonshire laces is made in Ceylon, and in different parts of India where attempts have been made to introduce European arts to native labour.
At present the chief sources of hand-made lace are Belgium, England, and France, but a successful effort has also been made to re-establish the industry in the island of Burano near Venice, and much fine work of good design is now (1882) made there. Bussian peasants in the districts of Vologda, Balakhua (Nijni-Novgorod), Bieleff (Tula), and Mzensk (Orel) make pillow laces of simple patterns. But by far the greatest amount of lace now made is that which issuesfrom machines in England andFrance. Thetotal number of persons employed in the lace industry in England in 1871 was 49,370 ; and according to official returns of the year 1873, 240,000 women were similarly employed in France.
The early history of the lace-making machine coincides with that of the stocking-frame, that machine having been adapted about the year 1768 for producing open-looped stitches, which had a net-like appearance. In the years 1808 and 1809 John Heath coat of Nottingham obtained patents for machines for making bobbin net, which form the real foundation of machine making of lace. These machines were improved on in 1813 by John Leavers, whose lace-making machines are in use at the present time. The application of the celebrated Jacquard apparatus to these net machines has enabled manufacturers to pro-duce all sorts of patterns in thread work in imitation of the patterns for hand-made lace. The latest improvement in machinery for lace making has resulted in a French machine called the "dentellière" (see La Nature for 3d March 1881). The work produced by this machine is plaited. That pro-duced by the English and by other French machines is of twisted threads. At present, however, the expense attend-ing the production of plaited lace by the " dentellière " is as great as that of pillow lace made by the hand.
Before considering technical details in processes of making lace, the principal parts of a piece of lace may be named. A prominent feature is the ornament or pattern. This may be so designed that the different parts may touch one another, and so be fastened together, no ground-work of any sort being required. Ground works are useful to set off the pattern, and either consist of links or tyes, which give an open effect to the pattern, or else of a series of meshes like net. Sometimes the pattern is outlined with a thread or cord line, or more strongly marked by means of a raised edge of button-hole stitched or plaited work. Fanciful devices are sometimes inserted into various portions of the pattern. In some of the heavy laces, which resemble delicate carving in ivory, little clusters of small loops are distributed about the pattern. French terms are frequently used in speaking of details in laces. Thus the pattern is called the toile or gimp, the links or tyes are called brides, the meshed grounds are called réseaux (retiola), the outline to the edges of a pattern is called cordonnet, the insertions of fanciful devices modes, the little loops picots. These terms are applicable to the various portions of all laces made with the needle, on the pillow, or by the machine.
The history of patterns in lace is roughly as follows. From about 1540 to 1590 the forms were geometric, chiefly common, without brides or réseaux. From 1590 to 1630 may be dated the introduction of floral and human forms and slender scrolls held together by brides. At this time lace makers enriched their works with insertions of modes. To the period extending from 1620 to 1670 belongs the development of scrolls and elaboration of details like the cordonnet with massings of picots. Much heavy raised lace enriched with fillings in of modes was made at this time. About 1660 réseaux came into use. From 1G50 to 1720 the scroll patterns gave way to arrangements of detached ornamental details which were frequently filled in with elaborate modes. A closer imitation of all sorts of subjects was attempted in lace patterns. Pictorial representations of figures, incidents, persons, arose. The purely conventional scrolls were succeeded by naturalistic renderings of garlands, flowers, birds, and such like. The use of meshed grounds extended, and grounds composed entirely of varieties of modes were made. From 1720 to 1780 small details of bouquets, sprays of flowers, single flowers, leaves, buds, spots, and such like were adopted, and sprinkled over meshed grounds. Since that time down to the present day all these styles of pattern have been used as fashion has required.
Needlepoint Lace.-The way in which the early Venetian "punto in aria," as already described, was made appears to correspond precisely with the elementary principles upon which needlepoint lace is now worked. The pattern is first drawn upon a piece of parchment. The parchment is then stitched to a stout bit of linen. Upon the leading lines drawn on the parchment threads are laid, which are here and there fastened through to the parchment and linen by means of stitches. When the skeleton thread pattern is completed, a compact covering of thread in button-hole stitches is cast upon it (fig. 1). The portions which may be required to be represented as close linen work or toile are worked as indicated in the enlarged diagram (fig. 2). Between the leading lines of the pattern may be inserted tyes (links) or meshes, so that the pattern is held together. When all is finished, a knife is passed j3§ between the parchment and the stout linen, cutting the stitches which have passed through the
Fig. 3.Part of a Border of Needlepoint Lace, geometric design. About 1550.
parchment and linen, and so releasing the lace itself from its pattern parchment. For about sixty years the laces thus made were chiefly geometric in pattern (fig. 3). They were used both for insertions between seams and for borders. Following closely upon these geometric laces
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came laces of a freer style of design, and towards the end of the 16th century designs for scrolls with the introduction of all kinds of odd figures and leaves and blossoms were pro-duced (fig. 4). Links or tyesbridescame to be interspersed between the various details of the patterns (fig. 5). The work was of a flat character. Some large and elaborate specimens of this flat point lace were made at this time. The lace workers occasionally used gold thread with the white thread. The nomenclature of these earlier needle-made laces is somewhat modern. At the present time the different sorts of early Venetian point laces are called " flat Venetian point," " rose (raised) point," "caterpillar point," " bone point," cfec.; and works of bold design done in relief are called " gros point de Venise." Lace of this latter class (figs. 6, 7) was used for altar cloths, flounces, and heavily trimmed jabots or neckcloths which hung beneath the chin over the breast. Tabliers and ladies' aprons were also made of such lace. The laces which have hitherto been referred to are laces in which no regular FIG. 6.Venetian Needlepoint Lace, ground was used. All sorts of minute embellishments, like little knots, stars, and loops or picots, were worked on to the irregularly arranged brides or tyes holding the main patterns together, and these devices as a rule gave a rich effect to the lace work. Following this style of treatment came laces with groundworks; and grounds of brides or tyes arranged in a honey-comb pattern were, it appears, first used early in the 1 7th century (fig. 8). To them succeeded a lighter sort of lace, one in which the rich and FlG- 7.-Venetian Needlepoint Lace, compact relief gave place to much flatter work with a ground of meshes. The needle-made meshes were sometimes of single and sometimes of double threads. A diagram is given of an ordinary method of making such meshes (fig. 9). The delicate Venetian point lace made with a ground of meshes is usually known as " point de Venise à réseau." It was contemporary with the famed needle-made French laces of Alençon and Argentan. " Point d'Argentan" has been thought to be especially distinguished on account of its ground of hexagonally arranged brides. But this has been noticed as a peculiarity in certain Venetian point laces of earlier date. Often intermixed with this stiff hexa-gonal brides ground is the fine-meshed ground or réseau, which hasbeen held to be distinctive of " point d'Alençon " (fig. 10). But, apart from the assumedly distinctive grounds, the styles of patterns and the methods of work-ing them, with rich variety of insertions or modes, with raised but-ton-hole-stitched edg-ings or cordonnets, are FlG- -~Venetian Needlepoint Lace, precisely alike in the two classes of Argentan and Alençon needle-made laces. Besides the hexagonal brides ground and the ground of meshes there was another variety of grounding used in the Alençon laces, which was exten-sively used and forms a third class. This ground consisted of button-hole-stitched skeleton hexagons within each of which was worked a small solid hexagon connected with the outer surrounding hexagon by means of six little tyes or brides (see fig. 11). Lace with this particular ground has been called " Argen-tella," and some writers on lace have thought that it was a specialty of Genoese or Venetian work. The character of the work and the style of the floral patterns worked upon such grounds are those of Alençon laces, and specimens of this " Argen-tella" often contain insertions of the Argentan brides and the Alençon fine meshes.
There are very slight indications respecting the establishment of a lace manufactory at Argentan, where-as those regarding Alençon are nu-merous. A family of thread and linen dealers, inhabitants of Alençon, by name Monthuley, are credited with the establishment of a branch manufactory or succursale for lace at Argentan. In the course of business, the Monthuleys assisted the interchange of lace patterns between Argentan and Alençon, which are distant one from another about 10 miles. Thus if a piece of lace was produced at Alençon it was called " point d'Alençon," and if at Argentan " point d'Argentan," though both works might have been made
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from one design. From about 1670 to 1780 a great deal of point lace was made at Alengon and in the neighbouring villages. The styles of patterns varied, as has been stated. Point d'Alengon is still made.
In Belgium, Brussels has acquired some celebrity for needle-made laces. These, however, are chiefly in imitation of those made at Alencon. Brussels needlepoint lace is often worked into meshed grounds made on a pillow. The Brussels needle-lace workers used a plain thread as a corclonnet for their patterns instead of a thread overcast with button-hole stitches as in the A^enetian and French needlepoint laces.
FIG. 12.English Point Lace.
This kind of lace has also been produced in England. "Whilst the character of English design in needlepoint laces of the early 17th century (fig. 12) is simpler than that of the contemporary Italian, the method of workmanship is virtually the same. Specimens of needle-made work done by English school children may be met with in samplers of the 17th and 18th centuries. Point lace is successfully made in Irish convents. In all great towns like London, Paris, Brussels, Vienna, lace dealers undertake to supply demands for finely executed modern imitations of old needle-made lace. At Burano the lace-making school lately established there produces hand-made laces which are, to a great extent, careful reproductions of the more celebrated classes of point laces, such as "punto in aria," " rose point de Venise," " point de Venise à réseau," " point d'Alengon," " point d'Argentan," and others. A weaving of threads with a needle into a foundation of netvery distinctive, and different from the " punto a maglia " or " lacis "has been done for a long time in Spain. Its leading characteristic is the pattern of repeated squares, filled up with star figures. When fine thread is used the effect of heavy cobwebs is produced. Work of this de-scription has been made in Paraguay, where a coarse " torchon " pillow lace is also produced.
Pillow-made Lace.Pillow-made lace is built upon no substructure, like a skeleton thread pattern, such as is used for needlepoint lace. It is the representation of a pattern obtained by twisting and plaiting threads. The only preexisting analogue of pillow laces is to be found in the primitive twistings and plaitings of fibres and threads. The English word " lace" in the 15th century was employed to describe fine cords and braids. In a Harleian MS. of the time of Henry VI. and Edward IV., about 1471, direc-tions are given for the making of " lace Bascon, lace indented, lace bordered, lace covert, a brode lace, a round lace, a thynne lace, an open lace, lace for hattys," &c. The MS. opens with an illuminated capital letter, in which is the figure of a woman making these articles. Her im-plements are not those with which pillow lace of orna-mental quality from the middle of the 16th century and onwards has been made. The MS. supplies a clear de-scription how threads in combinations of twos, threes, fours, fives, to tens and fifteens, were to be twisted and plaited together. Instead of the pillow, bobbins, and pins with which pillow lace is made, the hands were used. Each finger of a hand served as a peg. The writer of the MS. says that it shall be understood that the first finger next the thumb shall be called A, the next B, and so on. According to the sort of twisted cord or braid which had to be made, so each of the four fingers A, B, C, D might be called upon to act like a reel, and to hold a " bowys " or " bow," or little ball of thread. Each ball might be of different colour from the other. A " thynne lace " might be made with three threads, and then only fingers A, B, C would be required. A "round" lace, stouter than the " thynne " lace, might require the service of four or more fingers. By occasionally dropping the use of threads from certain fingers a sort of indented lace or braid might be made. But when laces of more importance were wanted, such as a broad lace for " hattys," the hands of assistants were required.
FIG. 13.Cuff trimmed with Plaited and Twisted Thread Work in Points, or Scallops. Late 16th century.
Pillow lace making was never so strictly confined to geometric patterns as point lace making. Curved forms, almost at its outset, seem to have been found easy of execution (fig. 13). One reason for this no doubt is that the twisted and plaited work was not constrained by a founda-tion of any sort. The plaitings and twist-ings gave the workers a greater freedom in reproducing designs. At the same time, little speciality of pattern seems to have been produced for the pillow lace workers, and so laces worked on the pillow, particularly those of higher pretence to artistic design, were similar in pattern to those worked with the needle. The early wiry-looking twisted and plaited thread laces were soon succeeded by laces in which flattened and broader lines occupy a pro-minent position (fig. 14). Tape was also sometimes used for the broad lines. The weaving of tape appears to have been begun in Flanders about the end of the 16 th or the be-ginning of the 17th century. In England it dates no farther back than 1747, when two Dutchmen of the name of Lanfort were invited by an Eng-lish firm to set up tape looms in Manchester and give instructions in the method of weaving tape.
FIG. 14.Plaited aud Twisted Thread Work known as "Merletti a Piombinin." About 1560.
FlG- 15- Diagram showing slx Bobbins in use.
The process by which lace has been made on the pillow from about the middle of the 17th cen-tury is very roughly and briefly as follows. A pattern is first drawn upon a piece of paper or parchment. It is then pricked with holes by a skilled " pattern pricker," who deter-mines where the principal pins shall be stuck for guiding the threads. This pricked pattern is then fastened to the
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pillow. The pillow or cushion varies in shape in different countries. Some lace makers use a circular pad, backed with a flat board, in order that it may be placed upon a table and easily moved as the worker may wish. Other lace workers use a well-stuffed round pillow or short bolster, flattened at the two ends, so that they may hold it between their knees. On the upper part of the pattern are fastened the ends of the threads from the bobbins. The bobbins thus hang across the pattern. Fig. 15 shows the commencement of a double set of three-thread plaitings. The compact portion in a pillow lace has a woven appearance (fig. 16).
Fig. 17,Pillow-made Lace "abrides." Flemish. 17th century. Sometimes called " Point d'Angleterre."
In the 17th century pillow lace in imitation of the scroll patterns of point lace was made. This sort of work, pro-duced chiefly in Flanders, went under the name of " point d'Angleterre" (fig. 17). Into Spain and France much lace from Venice and Flanders was imported as well as into England, where from the 16th century the manu-facture of " bone lace " by peasants in the midland and southern counties was carried on. This bone lace consisted chiefly of borders done in imitation of the Venetian "merletti a piombini." In Charles II.'s time its manufac-ture was of sufficient im-portance to demand par-liamentary attention. The trade was threatened with extinction by the more artistic and finer Flemish laces. The importation of the latter was prohibited. Flemish lace workers sought to evade the pro-hibitions by calling certain of their laces " puint d' Angleterre." But the dif-ficulties which attended the smuggling into Eng-land of these "points d'Angleterre" appear to have stimulated English dealers in lace anxious to supply the demands of fashion to obtain the services of Flemish laee makers and to induce them to settle in Eng-land. It is from some such cause that English pillow lace closely resembles in character of design pillow laces of Brussels, Mechlin, and Valenciennes.
FIG. 18.English Pillow Laces. 18th century.
Fig. 18 gives three sorts of Buckinghamshire pillow laces, the patterns of which have been in use since the middle of the 18 th century. In (a) is a variety of fillings-in, which give the name of "trolly" to such specimens. It is an adaptation of Mechlin " trolle kant" or sampler lace, sent round to dealers and purchasers to show the variety of patterns which the lace makers happened to be at work upon. Specimens (b) and (c) are both in the style of certain 18th century Mechlin laces, (c) being also like laces made at Lille and Arras.
Fig. 19. Mechlin Mesh.
FIG. 20.Enlargement of Mesh of Brussels ground, showing the four-twisted and two-plaited sides in each mesh.
As skill in making lace developed, patterns and particu-lar plaitings came to be identified with certain localities. Mechlin enjoyed a high reputation for her production, which was in the 17th century poetically styled the "queen of laces." The chief features of this pillow lace are the plaiting of the meshes, and the outlining of the pattern or toile with a thread. The ordinary Mechlin mesh is hexagonal in shape. Four of the sides are of double twisted threads, two are of four threads plaited three times (fig. 19). The mesh of Brussels pillow lace is also hexagonal. Four of the sides are of double-twisted threads, two are of four threads plaited four times (fig. 20). The finer specimens of Brussels lace are remarkable for the fidelity and grace
Fig. 21. Pillow Lace. Brussels. 18th century.
with which floral compositions are rendered. Many of these compositions are either reproductions or adaptations of designs for point d'Alencon, and in such patterns the soft quality of fine pillow-made lace contrasts with the harder and more crisp appearance of needlepoint lace. In the Brussels pillow lace (fig. 21) much realistic effect is obtained by the delicate modelling imparted to the flowers by means of a bone instrument used to give concave shapes to petals and leaves, the edges of which are often marked by a flattened and slightly raised cordonnet of plaited work. Honiton pillow lace resembles Brussels lace. As a rule it is made with a coarser thread, and the designs lack the careful drawing and composition which may be seen in Brussels pillow laces. In Valenciennes lace there are no
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twisted sides to the mesh; all are closely plaited (fig. 22), and as a rule the shape of the mesh is diamond. No outline or
FIG. 23.Peasant Lace from Crete.
cordonnet is used in Valenciennes lace. Besides these dis-tinctive classes of pillow-like laces, there are others in which
FIG. 24.German Pillow-made Lace. 18th century.
FIG. 25.Russian Pillow Laces. 19th century.
equal ingenuity is displayed, though the character of the design remains primitive, as for instance in peasant laces from Crete (fig. 23), Russia, and Germany. Pillow lace making in Crete would seem to have arisen in consequence of Venetian intercourse with the island. The art is now said to be extinct. The laces were chiefly made of silk. The patterns in many specimens are outlined with one, two, or three bright-coloured silken threads. As a rule the motives of the Cretan lace patterns are traceable to orderly arrangement and balance of simple symmetrical and geometrical details, such as diamonds, triangles, and odd polygonal figures. Uniformity in character of design may be observed in many of the German and Russian laces, especially in respect of patterns like that shown in fig. 24 and fig. 25 a. This sort of pattern is used in peasant laces of Sweden, in common French "torchon" laces, and in a lace made at Ripon in Yorkshire. The meshed grounds (réseaux) of the Chantilly silk laces were generally simple in character, as shown in fig. 26.
Guipure.This name, often applied to needlepoint and pillow laces, pro-perly designates a kind of lace or "passement" made with "cartisane" "Cartisane" is a little strip of thin parchment or vellum, which was covered with silk, gold, or silver thread. Guipure is also made with fine wires whipped round with silk, and with cotton thread similarly treated. These stiff threads, formed into a pattern, were held together by stitches worked with the needle. Such work, which is very much dependent upon the ductile characteristics of the materials employed, is now called gimp work. Gold and silver thread laces were usually made on the pillow.
Machine-made Lace.We have already seen that a technical peculiarity in making needlepoint lace is that a single thread and needle are alone used to form the pattern, and that the button-hole stitch and other loopings which can be worked by means of a needle and thread mark a dis-tinction between lace made in this manner and lace made on the pillow. For the process of pillow lace making a series of threads are in coustant employment, plaited and twisted the one with another. A button-hole stitch is not producible by it. The machine does not attempt to make either a button-hole stitch or a regular plait. Up to the present, however ingenious may be the counterfeits of design of all sorts of lace produced by the machine, an essential principle of the machine-made work is that the threads are merely twisted together. The only ex-ception which could be made to this statement would be as regards the plaited lace made by the "dentellière" already mentioned. The Leavers lace machine is that which is gene-rally in use at Nottingham and Calais. French ingenuity has developed improvements in this machine whereby laces of delicate thread are made ; but as fast as France makes an improvement England follows with another, and both countries virtually maintain an equal position in this branch of industry. The number of threads brought into operation in a Leavers machine is regulated by the pattern to be produced, the threads being of two sorts, beam ot warp threads and bobbin or weft threads. Upwards of 8880 are sometimes used, sixty pieces of lace being made simultaneously, each piece requiring 148 threads100 beam threads and 48 bobbin threads. The ends of both sets of threads are fixed to a cylinder , upon which as the manufacture pro-ceeds the lace be-comes wound. The supply of the beam or warp threads is held upon reels, and that of the bobbins or weft threads is held in bobbins. The beam or warp thread reels are ar-ranged in frames or trays beneath the stage, above which and between it and the cylinder the twisting of the bobbin or weft with beam or warp threads takes place. The bob-bins containing the bobbin or weft threads are flattened in shape so as to pass conveniently between the stretched beam or warp threads. Each bobbin can contain about 120 yards of thread. By most ingenious mechanism varying degrees of tension can be imparted to warp and weft threads as required. The bobbins of the weft threads as theypass like pendulums betweenthewarpthreads are made to oscillate, and through this oscillation the threads twist themselvesorbecome twisted with the warp threads. As the twistings take place, combs passing through both warp and weft threads compress the twistings. Thus the usual machine-made lace may generally be detected by its com-pressed twisted threads.
Figs. 27 and 28 are intended
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to show effects obtained by varying the tensions of weft and warp threads. For instance, if the weft, as threads b, b, b, b in fig. 27, be tight and the warp thread slack, the
FIG. 29.Section of Lace Machine.
warp thread a will be twisted upon the weft threads. But if the warp thread a be tight and the weft threads b, b, b, b, be slack, as in fig. 28, then the weft threads will
FIG. 30.Pillow-made Lace. Mechlin. Early 18th century.
be twisted on the warp thread. At the same time the twisting in both these cases arises from the conjunction of movements given to the two sets of threads, namely, a movement from side to side of the beam or warp threads,
and the swinging, or pendulum-like oscillations of the bobbin or weft threads between the warp threads. Fig. 29 represents a section of part of a lace machine. E is the cylinder or beam upon which the lace is rolled as made, and upon which the ends of both warp and weft threads are fastened at starting. Beneath are w, w, w, a series of trays or beams, one above the other, containing the reels of the supplies of warp threads; c, c represent the slide bars for the passage of the bobbin 6 with its
FIG. 31.Machine-made Imitation of Mechlin Pillow Lace.
thread from k to k, the landing bars, one on each side of the rank of warp threads; s, t are the combs which take it in turns to press together the twistings as they are made. The combs are so regulated that they come away clear from the threads as soon as they have pressed them together and fall into positions ready to perform their pressing operations again. The contrivances for giving each thread a particular tension and movement at a certain time are connected with an adaptation of the Jacquard
FIG. 32.Venetian Point Lace, à réseau. 17th century.
system of pierced cards. The machine lace pattern drafter has to calculate how many holes shall be punched in a card, and to determine the position of such holes. Each holo regulates the mechanism for giving movement to a thread. Fig. 30 is a specimen of a Flemish pillow lace of the early 18th century. The meshes of the ground are variegated in appearance. A thread outlines the pattern. In Fig. 31 it will be seen that the manufacturer has merely attempted to reproduce the pattern of the foregoing, His meshes are regular. No outlining thread marks the pattern, which, instead of being filmy, like cambric, is ribbed. This speci-
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men, recently made at Calais with a Leavers machine, is produced at a cost of Is. 2d. a yard, whilst the value of the original hand-made pillow lace is at least ¿61, 5s. a yard. Fig. 32 is taken from a piece of fine needle-made lace (point de Venise a reseau). The flat and even appearance iu the close portions (the toile) of the pattern, the slight thread (cordonnet) outlining the pattern, and the delicate fillings-in or modes of tracery work may be noted for comparison
FlG. 33.Machine-made Imitation of Venetian Point Lace, à réseau.
with corresponding details in the machine-made imitation (fig. 33). In this the close portions are ribbed, the cordonnet is stouter and stands in relief, and the tracery modes are simpler in composition.
Literature.The literature of the art of lace making is consider-able. The series of 16th and 17th century lace pattern-books, of which the more important are perhaps those by F. Vinciolo (Paris, 1587), Cesare Vecellio (Venice, 1592), and Isabetta Catanea Parasole (Venice, 1600), not to mention several kindred works of earlier and later date published in Germany and the Netherlands, supplies a large field for exploration. Recently Signor Ongania of Venice has published a limited number of facsimiles of the majority of such works. M. Alvin of Brussels issued a brochure in 1863 upon these patterns, and in the same year the Marquis Girolamo d'Adda contributed two bibliographical essays upon the same subject to the Gazette cles Beaux Arts (vol. xv. p. 342 sq., and vol. xvii. p. 421 sq.). In 1864 Cavalière A. Merli wrote a pamphlet (with illustra-tions) entitled Origine ed uso dette Trine a filo di refe ; Mons F. de Fertiault compiled a brief and rather fanciful Histoire de la Dentelle in 1843, in which he reproduced statements to be found in Diderot's Encyclopédie, subsequently quoted by Roland de la Platière. The first Report of the Department of Practical Art, ] 853, contains a "Report on Cotton Print Works and Lace Making" by Octavius Hudson, and in the first Report of the Department of Science and Art are some "Observations on Lace," with magnified representations of details showing stitches and plaits used in various laces. Mr Hudson delivered two lectures "On Lace made by Hand" in 1853. Reports upon the International Exhibitions of 1851 (London) and 1867 (Paris), by M. Aubry, Mrs Palliser, and others, contain informa-tion concerning lace making. But the most important work first issued upon the history of lace making is that by the late Mrs Bury Palliser (History of Lace, 1869; latest edition, 1875). In this work the history is treated rather from an antiquarian than a technical point of view ; and wardrobe accounts, inventories, state papers, fashionable journals, diaries, plays, poems, have been laid under contribution with surprising diligence. The Queen Lace Book, an historical and descriptive account of the hand-made laces of all countries, published in London in 1874, relies for much of its data upon Mrs Palliser's book, and contains some illustrations of ex-cellent specimens of work. In 1875 the Arundel Society brought out a folio volume of permanently printed photographs taken from some of the finest specimens of ancient lace which were collected for the International Exhibition of 1874. These were accompanied by a brief history of lace, written from the technical aspect of the art, by Mr Alan S. Cole. At the same time appeared a bulky imperial 4to volume by M. Seguin, entitled La Dentelle, which is illustrated with woodcuts and fifty photo-typographical plates. M. Seguin divides his work into four sections. The first of these is devoted to a sketch of the origin of lacis ; the second deals with pillow laces, bibliography of lace, and a review of sumptuary edicts ; the third relates to needle-made lace ; and the fourth contains an account of places where lace has been and is made, remarks upon commerce in lace, and upon the industry of lace makers. This method of treating the subject entails the repetition of numerous facts and observations. Without sufficient conclusive evidence M. Seguin accords to France the palm for having excelled in producing the richer sorts of laces, which both before and since the publication of his otherwise valuable work have been identified as being Italian in origin. Descriptive catalogues are issued of the lace collections at South Kensington Museum, at the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, and at the Industrial Museum, Nuremberg. In 1881 a series of four Cantor Lectures on the art of lace making were delivered before the Society of Arts by Mr Alan S. Cole, and have since been extracted from the journal of the society, and published in a pamphlet form, with illustrations. The latest work on the subject is a Technical History of the Manufacture of Venetian Laces, by G. M. Urbani de Gheltof, with plates, translated by Lady Layard, and published at Venice by Signor Ongania. The History of Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufacture (London, 1867), by Felkin, has already been referred to. There is also a technological essay upon lace made by machinery, with diagrams of lace stitches and patterns (Technologische Studien im Sächsischen Erzgebirge, Leipsic, 1878), by Hugo Fischer. (A. S. C. )
1 Italian, nierletto, trina ; Genoese, pizzo ; German, Spitzen ; French, dentelle ; Dutch, kanten ; Spanish, encode. The English word is the Fr. lassis or lacis, connected with the Latin laqueus, Early French laces were ajso called passeinents (" insertions "),
186-1 The lace workers at Alençon and its neighbourhood produced work of a daintier kind than that chiefly made by the Venetians. As a rule the hexagonal bride grounds of Alençon laces are smaller than similar details in Venetian laces. The average size of a diagonal taken from angle to angle in an Alençon (or so-called Argentan) hexagon was about one-sixth of an inch, and each side of the hexagon was about one-tenth of an inch. An idea of the minuteness of the work can be formed from the fact that a side of a hexagon would be overcast with some nine or ten button-hole stitches.
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Prevention of Infectious Diseases
Prevention is the key to stopping the spread of many infectious diseases and sometimes can make the difference between life and death. Handwashing is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection. Unfortunately, improper or infrequent handwashing continues to be a major factor in the spread of disease. Other important ways to prevent infection include following the appropriate immunization schedule, and using precautions with pets and on the job.
If you cannot find the information in which you are interested, please visit the Infectious Diseases Online Resources page in this Web site for an Internet/World Wide Web address that may contain additional information on that topic.
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Meal Plan for a Yeast Free Diet
There are hundreds of species of yeast found on virtually every organic surface. Of these, only a few are commonly found in or on the human body. One species, Candida albicans, is very common in the moist areas of our bodies: inside the mouth, the digestive tract, the urinary tract and the genital areas. We also have some bacteria species which live in our bodies symbiotically and these feed on the yeast and keep its growth in check. However, when something throws off the balance between bacteria and yeast, candida can get out of control. The balance can be upset due to antibiotics prescribed to target harmful bacteria but also affect the good bacteria. Also, contraceptive pills, steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, fatigue, stress and other factors can affect the levels of our good bacteria.
Symptoms of yeast overgrowth include diarrhoea and abdominal pain the short term, but if this goes on for longer, an overgrowth of candida leads to thrush, or candidiasis, which can affect the mouth, vagina (vaginitis) or penis or the digestive tract. Candidiasis in the digestive tract can lead to a range of symptoms including bloating, constipation and excessive gas.
Mostly yeast infections remain localised on a moist surface, but in some less common cases, prolonged growth can cause the yeast to shift to the fungal form which takes hold into the mucosal surface. This can cause a condition where food, toxins and other substances can penetrate the usually impenetrable gut wall and leak into the body. This is know as leaky gut syndrome and is a systemic infection associated with a number of symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhoea, thrush and even allergies due to the body's immune system 'attacking' itself. Some associated auto-immune symptoms include fatigue, eczema, respiratory problems, joint pain, dizziness, acne and irritability. In extreme cases, the yeast itself leaks through and enters the bloodstream causing fever and possible damage to organs.
To help inhibit the overgrowth of candida, you can follow a yeast free diet; this also means avoiding sugars and sugary foods wherever possible as yeasts feed on sugars. Aim to follow the diet for three to six weeks, but in some cases people need to follow such a diet long term. Include probiotic supplements as well as these will increase the levels of your good bacteria.
Sources of yeast in the diet to avoid:
- Bread made with yeast or yoghurt (soda breads are yeast-free)
- Buns and cakes made with yeast (e.g. crumpets, doughnuts, teacakes)
- Foods made with bread (e.g. bread sauce, stuffing, bread and butter pudding, apple charlotte, summer pudding)
- Foods containing bread as a 'filler' (e.g. sausages, burgers, rissoles, meat loaf)
- Foods coated in breadcrumbs, (e.g. fish fingers, fish cakes, breaded fish, potato cakes, scotch eggs)
- Cheese, yoghurt, buttermilk, soured cream, some synthetic creams
- Wine, fortified wines (e.g. vermouth), beer, cider
- Fruit juices (unless freshly prepared and consumed)
- Grapes, plums and any over-ripe fruit
- Dried fruit such as sultanas, raisins, currants, dates, figs or prunes and foods containing dried fruit (e.g. fruit cake, mincemeat, muesli)
- Soya sauce
- Pickles (e.g. pickled onions, pickled beetroot)
- Vinegar and vinegar-containing products (e.g. tomato sauce, salad dressing, mayonnaise)
Yeast and meat extracts
- Marmite, Bovril
- Oxo and similar beef, chicken or vegetable stock cubes
- Gravy mixes
- Many tinned and packet savoury foods (e.g. soups, sauces)
- Brewers yeast tablets
- B vitamins, either as multivitamin or single preparations, are often produced from yeast
- Malted milk drinks
- Cream crackers
- Any manufactured food with yeast as an ingredient on the label
The following is a suitable meal plan for someone following a yeast freed diet, based on an average weight individual with a sedentary job for weight maintenance. Use this to give you an idea of what are healthy nutritious foods to include, but don't forget to vary your food choices and to drink plenty of water through the day.
2-3 rice cakes
Sandwich: 2 slices soda bread + butter + slice off bone chicken or salmon
Mixed salad inc tbsp sunflower seeds
Low fat natural yoghurt + fruit
Handful mixed nuts
Large chicken breast or
fillet white fish or
lean red meatBasmati rice or
potatoes / sweet potatoes
Loads of veg or
Sandwich: 2 slices soda bread + butter + slice off bone chicken or tuna
Mixed raw veg
Plans for people with illness or medical conditions in no way should override advice provided specifically for you by your doctor, clinical dietitian or other clinician. We advise that you seek the advice of a suitably qualified physician before commencing any exercise regime, following any dietary or nutritional regimen or beginning the use of any dietary supplements, legal or otherwise. The information provided on the Website is intended as information only and does not constitute advice. Therefore, it must not be relied on to assist in making or refraining from making a decision, or to assist in deciding on a course of action.
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| 0.919747 | 1,187 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Grand fir (Abies grandis)
Return to our Trees of Canada resource here:
Trees of Canada →
Latin (scientific) name: Abies grandis
Common English name: Grand fir
Other names: Lowland fir
French name: Sapin grandissime
Well-drained, deep soil, often mixed with other species.
As its name suggests, this tree is the largest of the firs and is found in the coastal and interior forests of southern British Columbia.
6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b
A hardiness zone is a geographically defined area where a given plant is capable of growing. Hardiness zones are based largely on climate, particularly minimum temperatures. Zone 0 covers the harshest areas in Canada for plant species. Higher numbers represent more temperate areas.
For more information on plant hardiness zones in Canada, visit Natural Resources Canada.
No information available
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The HL Musical Investigation must be no more than a maximum of 2000 words, and is an ethnomusicalogical study, as well as a music theory study of two distinct musical cultures.
Ethnomusicology is the study of music from different areas and times. Students must compare and contrast two different genres of music from completely different areas and times to see the relationships between the two. Examples include the relationship between ragtime and Skandinavian folk Music or the differences between the punk rock and the Indian Tabla Drums. The more obscure the difference between the two the more likely you are to score well.
The Musical Investigation must also be written as a media script---THIS IS NOT AN ESSAY OR REPORT!!!! Again, the more obscure you can be with what type of media script, the better. Examples include a festival adjudicators sheet, a magazine article, a Myspace page, etc. Have fun with this part, because this is the most creative part of the Musical Investigation.
Advice to Writing the Musical InvestigationEdit
Try to write the Investigation in parts. Compare and contrast the Melody of each piece, then the Harmony of each piece, and so on. The reader will not follow your thought process as well as if you were to talk about Genre A and then go into how Genre B differs. Keep the similarites and differences close together - it just sounds like you know what you're talking about better.
These are some Musical Investigations, using a website as a media format:
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Fa la la la la la la...
Make 8 paper ornaments to create a gorgeous garland! It 's easy. Just add the paper strips to the stem and snap together! Includes:
- 144 paper strips
- Plastic stems and knobs
- Easy instructions
DEFINITION: If you are anything like us, you have no idea what a garland is. So, here is the definition: a circular or spiral arrangement of intertwined material (as flowers or leaves) - or in this case, paper and wribbon.
Why Our Experts Love It
We are always on the lookout for something different. And we found it.
Developmentally, these are great. Super for fine motor development. And decorating-wise, we love them. Good for a unique way to decorate gifts, a room or the holiday tree!
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major rivers and lakes in Virginia
Source: US Geological Survey (USGS), Reference and Outline Maps of the United States - Rivers and Lakes
Virginia has been shaped by its rivers. Storms have carved away at the land since the continents and the atmosphere emerged, and the rivers have carried "Virginia" mountains to the oceans before the current mountains (or oceans) even existed.
What we see today is a brief snapshop, in geologic time. In another billion years, old mountains will be flattened by erosion, new mountains will be uplifted by tectonic forces, and rivers will move their channels as the perpetual process of erosion continues to reshape the landscape.
Church Hill in Richmond, site of Patrick Henry's Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death speech at St. John's Church on March 23, 1775, is on the high ground (watershed divide) between Shockoe Creek and Stony Run/Gillie Creek
Source: US Geological Survey (USGS), Richmond 1:24,000 scale topographic map (2010)
Today the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Front are the primary topographic features directing water towards the east or west. Virginia's rivers have been carrying sediments downstream, reshaping the surface of the state, for eons. The New River was flowing even before the continents smashed into each other 300 million years ago, before "thundering lizards" left their dinosaur tracks in the sandstones of Triassic Basins.
Most Virginia rivers were redirected by the Appalachian Orogeny, 300 million years ago, and subsequent creation of the Atlantic Ocean. The New River is unique because it continued to flow through its old channel, and cut through the Appalachian Mountains as they rose. The current New River Gorge in West Virginia is just the most recent demonstration of how the energy in the New River's falling water can defeat the strength of rising rock...
A map of the hydrography of Virginia shows the rivers run in different directions. They do not all flow south, or "down the map." Rain falling in Southwest Virginia ends up flowing though Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia to the Ohio River, then down the Mississippi River to New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico.
When the clouds move just a little further to the north or east, the rainfall will run downhill in the other direction. It can follow the Roanoke River watershed to Albemarle/Pamlico Sound, or the James River/Potomac River watersheds to the Chesapeake Bay.
When it quits raining, streams do not dry up immediately. Water in the ground seeps into the drainages. Sometimes the water emerges in a defined location called a spring; sometimes to seeps in less obvious ways into streams and rivers.
A river will run even during a drought, as groundwater from previous rains seeps through the soil to the low spots. In a drought, those groundwater levels will gradually drop, just as a wet sponge left out in the sun will gradually dry from the top to the bottom.
When the groundwater level drops below the level of the stream, then the bed of the stream - the sand, mud, or rocks in the bottom - will be exposed. In the summertime, many areas have edges of their streambeds showing rounded rocks and, occasionally, flopping fish in remaining pools of water. The rocks had rough edges when they first reached the earth's surface through erosion, but got rounded edges as the rocks were bounced around and washed downstream.
a raindrop falling into the headwaters of the Ararat River in Virginia will flow 376 miles to the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina
Source: US Geological Survey (USGS), National Atlas Streamer
It's the natural cycle for rivers to etch the landscape, until ultimately (if left unaffected by other forces) the mountains are transformed into hills and then into a flat level plain. In the continental collisions before the Appalachian orogeny, 25,000-feet high mountains were located where Emporia and Richmond are located today. In the last 300 million years, Virginia's rivers have eroded those mountains away. Today you can see the incredible sediments carried westward, in the layers of sandstone and shale stretching from western Virginia through West Virginia to the Great Lakes.
shorelines erode and paths of rivers change over time
Thousands of feet of sediments eroded westward off the mountain ranges pushed up by the Taconic and Acadian orogenies, filling the lowlands in the center of the continent and forming today's Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Perhaps an equal amount eroded to the east, prior to the creation of the Atlantic Ocean. After the continents split again and the Atlantic was formed, the sediments on the Coastal plain and the Coastal Shelf were deposited primarily by the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James rivers (as they are known today, in their current locations).
Much of the largest estuary in the Western Hemisphere is located in Virginia. The Chesapeake Bay is the drowned mouth of the Susquehanna and James rivers. Both rivers once ran separately to the Atlantic Ocean, before sea level rose after the last glacial period and formed the modern bay about 3,000 years ago. You can still see evidence of the separate river channels at the mouth of the bay.
artifical stream to drain stormwater behind Research 1 building on Fairfax Campus of GMU
When the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel was built, the U.S. Navy required a portion of the span be constructed as an underwater tunnel. This was intended to prevent an enemy from collapsing the bridge, blocking the shipping channels, and trapping the aircraft carriers at Norfolk. There are two tunnels now - the southern one in the deep channel that was carved by the ancestral James River, and the northern tunnel in the channel of the old Susquehanna River.
The southeast portion of modern Virginia is known today as both Hampton Roads and as Tidewater, but Tidewater is also applied to all portions of Virginia where the water level is affected by the tides - which is most of the land east of I-95 and north of US 460. Tidewater is not necessarily saltwater. Alexandria, Fredericksburg, and Richmond are tidewater ports. After a heavy rain upstream, the water in those ports may be completely fresh, with no brackish/salt water at the surface, but the tides will still cause the fresh water to rise and fall at the docks.
Virginia requires separate fishing licenses for saltwater and freshwater, and separate agencies enforce regulations. Back Bay, Northwest River, North Landing River, Dismal Swamp Canal south of Deep Creek Locks, and the Intercoastal Waterway upstream to Great Bridge Locks are defined as "freshwater." The boundary between salt/fresh is defined as:1
|Potomac River||Rt. 301 Bridge|
|Rappahannock River||Rt. 360 Bridge|
|Piankatank River/Dragon Run||The 1st set of power lines immediately upriver of Anderson Point|
|York River System (including the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers)||Rt. 33 Bridges|
|James River||A line connecting Hog Point on Hog Island (Surry County) and the downstream point of the mouth of College Creek (James City County).|
during the Civil War, Union forces carried pontoons to build temporary bridges across rivers in Virginia
Source: Frank Leslie's Illustrated History of the Civil War, The Pontoon Bridge “On The March” - The Pontoon Wagons On Their Way From Aquia Creek To The Rappahannock (p.343)
salinity varies from fresh (less than 0.5 parts/thousand salt) to saline (35 parts/thousand) at the ocean
Source: Draft Tidal Wetlands Guidelines submitted to Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program (Figure 5)
Chesapeake Bay watershed in Virginia
Source: Choose Clean Water (click on image for map of full watershed)
the North Carolina surveyor who marked the Virginia-Carolina border in 1728 identified Back Bay as "Black Bay"
Source: East Carolina University, New and Correct Map of the Province of North Carolina by Edward Moseley (1733)
watersheds in southwestern Virginia
Source: Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, River Basins in Virginia
1. "Freshwater/Saltwater License Lines on Tidal Waters," Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/tidalwaters.asp (last checked August 15, 2012)
groins on James River, to reduce erosion
at Fort Boykin (Isle of Wight County)
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Field visits in Spain and the Baltic States show: Europe’s forests are threatened by forest fires, clear-cutting and the climate crisis. The EU forest strategy aims to improve European forest management.
Forests are our greatest allies in the fight against the climate crisis. Healthy forests help absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and regulate the water cycle. They help protect against soil erosion and provide a habitat for a huge number of plants, animals and insects. Therefore, protecting forests is central to achieving our climate goals. As shadow rapporteur for the EU Forest Strategy, my goal is to improve the protection of forests in Europe. And there is still a lot to be done:
Field visits in Austria, Spain, Estonia, Poland and Slovakia
For the last couple of months I have been traveling all over Europe to see the state of Europe’s forests on the ground. The results were sobering.
Many forests in Europe are managed as monocultures. This makes it easier to work with heavy machinery. When all the trees in a large area are of the same species and the same age, and are neatly arranged in rows, it is very easy to carry out large-scale clear-cutting with huge harvesting machines. However, this type of management leads to the loss of the forest’s climate protection function. This is because monocultures, which are also regularly clear-cut, do not provide a good living environment for insects or other animals or plants. As a result, biodiversity is lost in these areas. Heavy harvesting equipment also compacts the soil, which destroys life in the soil and leads to soil erosion. As a result, water cannot be absorbed as well and the area becomes vulnerable to mudslides, landslides, avalanches, floods but also droughts. In Andalusia I saw huge monocultures of eucalyptus. These trees further drain the already dry soil and are also toxic to most other plants in the region.
In Málaga, Andalusia, I visited a national park that is increasingly threatened by forest fires. 80% of the forest fires were started by humans, often presumably on purpose. The climate crisis only intensifies the problem. Drought is a serious threat to forests in Europe. Again, diversification of forests with adapted native tree species is the best answer.
In the Basque Country, near Bilbao, we found a continuous clear-cut of 500ha. I also saw massive clearcutting in Estonia, Poland, Slovenia, some even in Natura 2000 areas. These clearcut and reforestation areas release CO2 and destroy the habitat of many animal and insect species. Clear-cutting is not only a climate disaster, but also more expensive in the long run than natural regeneration. Replanting completely clear-cut parts of the forest is time-consuming and cost-intensive due to the elaborate care the soil and young plants need. In contrast, regeneration in near-natural forests occurs naturally, the trees best adapted to the site establish themselves, the forest becomes more resilient and diverse, and it does not take decades for a completely cleared area to grow back.
Wood for biomass
Together with Eestimaa Looduse Fond and Päästame Eesti Metsad MTÜ, we uncovered that the pellet company Graanul Invest in Estonia is legally allowed to clear-cut trees for biomass in Natura 2000 areas, i.e. in nature reserves. Whole tree trunks are completely used for pellet production. That is a massive waste of resources. Only waste material should be used for heat production. We need to protect forests and only use wood for regional heat supply on a smaller scale (e.g. in rural communities).
The EU Parliament is currently negotiating the EU Forest Strategy. As shadow rapporteur I represent the Green Party in these negotiations and fight for:
- Stricter protection for particularly sensitive areas such as wetlands.
- Protection of primeval forests, old trees and soil
- Improving the resilience of forests through mixed use forests (diverse species and age)
- Improvement of the definition of “close to nature forestry”: use of the forest under ecological conditions
- Reforestation and renaturation of forests
- Recognition of the achievements of close to nature forest managers
- A ban on clear-cutting
- Avoiding short-lived wood products
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Colorado IPL conducts a range of environmental justice advocacy efforts, to help create a healthy environment for vulnerable communities.
The following is a list of important documents, resources and links related to environmental justice issues.
This statement, considered a vitally important “founding” document of the environmental justice movement, was drafted and adopted by delegates to the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit held in 1991 in Washington, DC.
These two groundbreaking studies – commissioned by the United Church of Christ – show the relationship between the location of toxic waste sites and the ethnicity and income levels of the communities where these sites are located. The reports also offer recommendations for policies to address environmental racism and injustice.
This site is a remarkable collection of environmental justice resources – including reports, news articles, bibliographies, and much more.
The US Environmental Protection Agency has a range of environmental justice programs and resources.
This statement is one of the best-known supporting statements for the Precautionary Principle.
The Environmental Research Foundation – the long-time publisher of Rachel’s Democracy and Health News– offers a range of articles, studies and resources on environmental health and justice issues.
A powerful letter for African American Christian clergy which addresses the issue of climate justice, and the connections between oppression, environmental degradation, and responsibility for those most affected by climate change.
Colorado IPL, Earth Ministry, GreenFaith and others are advocating for reform our nation’s laws regulating toxic chemicals – the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). We’ve partnered with the National Council of Churches and the Union for Reform Judaism to issue an interfaith statement on toxic policy reform, and are undertaking advocacy in support of the Safe Chemicals Act.
Read our Interfaith Statement for Chemical Policy Reform which offers religious teachings and policy recommendations related to toxics policy.
Interfaith Statement for Chemical Policy Reform
The Problem: Toxic Chemicals Threaten Life on Earth
Toxic chemicals enter and harm our bodies, plants and animals, and natural systems through air and water pollution, and chemicals in household products including cleaners, personal care products, plastic food and drink containers, textiles, and children’s toys. Yet these chemicals are poorly understood and inadequately regulated. The U.S. Government Accountability Office found that only 200 of the more than
80,000 registered industrial chemicals have been tested.(1)
. Existing chemical policies fail to protect the web of Creation, including the human community. While all people are at risk, some are more vulnerable. Communities of color and low-income communities suffer disproportionately from pollution caused by current and past industrial activity, waste disposal(2)
, heavily-traveled transportation routes, and consumer products containing toxic chemicals.
Researchers also warn that toxic chemicals negatively impact children, expectant mothers, and workers.(3)
Chemical workers suffer from exposures because of the lack of public data on chemicals they use, unsafe workplaces, and lax enforcement of regulations.
As religious leaders and people of faith and conscience from diverse traditions, we affirm that reforming current chemical policies is vital to protecting people and life on God’s Earth.
Our Shared Call: Four Religious Values
The world’s faith traditions share values which serve as a foundation for ethical decision-making regarding toxic chemicals. Four core values shared by the world’s great traditions are as follows:
- All life is to be respected.
- People of faith must ensure that air, water, and land – which belong to the Divine – sustain life on Earth.
- Society owes justice and care to its most vulnerable people and communities, and to future generations
- Our faith traditions call us to protect and promote the health of the human body.
The conclusion of this statement contains reference to religious teachings that reflect these shared values. Sadly, existing chemical policies fail to respect these values.
The Principles: Strong Toxic Policies to Sustain All Life
Government policy on chemicals can and should protect people and all life on Earth.
Chemical legislation should:
Protect People and All Life on Earth
Remove the most dangerous chemicals, such as chemicals that persist, bioaccumulate, or are acutely toxic (PBTs), from use except when no safe alternative is available.
1 Government Accountability Office. Chemical Regulation: Options Exist to Improve EPA’s Ability to Assess Health Risks and Manage Its Chemical
Review Program. 2005. 22.
2 United Church of Christ. Toxic Waste and Race. 1987.
3 For examples see President’s Cancer Panel. Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk: What We Know and What We Can Do. Letfall, LD and Kripke,
M. May 2010, ;Environmental Working Group. Body Burden: A Benchmark Investigation of Industrial Chemicals, Pollutants, and Pesticides in
Human Umbilical Cord Blood., 2004; Christiansen S, M Scholze, M Dalgaard, AM Vinggaard, M. Axelstad, A. Kortenkamp and U. Hass. Synergistic
disruption of external male sex organ development by a mixture of four antiandrogens. Environmental Health Perspectives doi:10.1289/ehp.0900689.
September 2009; California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Toxic Substances Control. PBDE Levels in Falcon Egg Studies Highest
Ever., May 2008.
Read about the Safe Chemicals Act of 2013, and why it’s important.
Download a petition sign-on sheet to use in your faith community.
Read a letter supporting the Act from the American Academy of Pediatrics.
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Immunisation coverage is the percentage of children who have received all of the target immunisations on the National Childhood Immunisation Schedule for their age.
Why is it measured?
Immunisation coverage is measured to identify groups at risk of vaccine-preventable diseases and to evaluate the effectiveness of programmes designed to increase coverage.
Why is high coverage important?
High coverage is important to protect not only the health of an individual but to protect the community as well. High coverage reduces the spread of disease to those who have not been vaccinated either by choice or because of medical reasons, such as children with leukaemia whilst receiving treatment.
What is New Zealand’s target?
New Zealand has a range of targets and performance measures to ensure that high rates of immunisation coverage are achieved and maintained. These are changed from time to time to meet the needs for the highest priority populations.
In 2017/18, the national health target is 95 percent of children are fully immunised by eight months. Performance measures also aim for 95 percent immunisation coverage at age 2 years and 5 years.
Since 2005 coverage has been measured using New Zealand’s National Immunisation Register (NIR). Detailed national and district health board immunisation coverage data is available.
Before the NIR, immunisation coverage was measured using coverage surveys. The last survey was in 2005 – the National Childhood Immunisation Coverage Survey 2005. The results showed 77 percent of children were fully immunised at the age of two years old.
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Make English in form or character: he anglicized his name to Goodman (as adjective anglicized) an anglicized form of a Navajo word
More example sentences
- This comic operetta tells the story of a South Sea Island despot who wishes to anglicise his island by importing all things English.
- For Owen, to whom speaking English has brought success and respectability, anglicising Irish place names represents the modernisation of Ireland as a nation.
- While not anti-English, it is decidedly pro-Gaelic (even insisting on Gaelic names in cases where anglicised forms are far more familiar to Scots) and tends to be anti-Presbyterian.
- More example sentences
- Our own town of Athy owes its name to the anglicization of the Gaelic place name Ath Í meaning the Ford of Ae.
- The Union had brought remarkable benefits but at the cost of anglicisation; as Scott put it, ‘what makes Scotland Scotland is fast disappearing’.
- A letter of complaint has been sent to An Post about the anglicisation of its name to The Post Office and a motion condemning this retrograde step was passed unanimously.
More definitions of anglicizeDefinition of anglicize in:
- The US English dictionary
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The Ninth Amendment: It Means What It Says
Although the Ninth Amendment appears on its face to protect unenumerated individual rights of the same sort as those that were enumerated in the Bill of Rights, courts and scholars have long deprived it of any relevance to constitutional adjudication. With the growing interest in originalist methods of interpretation since the 1980s, however, this situation has changed. In the past twenty years, five originalist models of the Ninth Amendment have been propounded by scholars: The state law rights model, the residual rights model, the individual natural rights model, the collective rights model, and the federalism model. This article examines thirteen crucial pieces of historical evidence that either directly contradict the state law and residual rights models, undercut the collective rights model, or strongly support the individual natural rights and federalism models. Evaluating the five models in light of this evidence establishes that the Ninth Amendment actually meant at the time of its enactment what it appears now to say: the unenumerated rights that people possessed prior to the formation of government and which they retain should be accorded the same protection as those natural rights that ended up being included in the enumeration.
Date of this Version
Randy E. Barnett, "The Ninth Amendment: It Means What It Says" (February 27, 2006). bepress Legal Series. bepress Legal Series.Working Paper 1003.
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Charles Hampson Grantmade his first model aircraft in 1908 at the age of 14. The following year he progressed to a man-carrying hang-glider with a wingspan of 13 feet, on which he flew successfully after launching himself off the sloping roof of the family home. Further research with models led to a larger, biplane hang-glider that had ailerons and an undercambered wing section. With this machine, Grant made flights of over 400 feet at altitudes of 25 feet.
Model building continued in parallel with this full size activity, and he won a contest in 1911 with an A-frame pusher that equalled the existing endurance record. During 1912, in New York City, Grant won several long-distance events. He had specialised in directional flight control and won because his aeroplanes would fly distances of 2,200 feet or more whilst those of other competitors were prone to wander.
Whilst Grant was studying at Princeton University, the USA entered the First World War and he volunteered for service in the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps, but a ruptured eardrum prevented him from serving as a pilot.
After the War, Grant started a business selling completely assembled model aircraft. The enterprise was successful, but the financial backers did not pay the agreed royalties and the venture was abandoned. Later in the decade, a second attempt at mass marketing, involving an all aluminium aircraft called the "Silver Arrow", came to grief as a result of the Great Depression.
During this period, Grant was experimenting with countless variations on the shape of the aerofoil and this led to the granting of a patent (1935) dealing with the variation of camber in flight by pivoting the forward and rear sections of the wing on the front and rear spars.
Grant took over as editor of Model Airplane News in 1932 and boosted the circulation from 21,000 to over 300,000 by the time he handed over the reins in 1943. He wrote many articles, often using variations of the Cloud Tramp as examples and test beds, and promoted the formation of model flying clubs. His book, "Model Airplane Design", was also published during this period.
He was an important innovator in the field of FF power models and designed the famous KG-1 Model which was one of the first really successful machines of this type. The KG-1 was built by his friend Joseph Kovel and made its first flight in August 1934 powered by a Brown Jnr. Grant produced the airfoil section used on the model by drawing round the outline of a trout!
Charles Hampson Grant continued to produce new ideas in both model and full size aviation for the rest of his working life and variations on his flap designs and aerofoils are still in use today. He died in 1986.
The above information was abstracted from an article by Wally Batter that was reprinted in the SAM 35 Yearbook No1 published in the UK.
Cloud Tramp enthusiast Sergio Montes would like to produce a more detailed biography of Charles Grant and would welcome any information on the subject. Contact him at 37 Windsor St, Kingston Beach 7050, Tasmania, Australia or e-mail:[email protected]
Back to Index
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| 0.981089 | 669 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Whether you’ve just skimmed over the news or are an avid researcher of financial technology, there’s a large chance you’ve heard of cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin, the first publicly traded ‘new-era’ cryptocurrency, is considered the father of cryptocurrencies. However, cryptocurrencies are not limited to just Bitcoin, in fact, there are thousands of them. We call these altcoins, essentially ‘alternative’ forms of the main underlying cryptocurrency considered to be Bitcoin. Altcoins can range in value, purpose, utility, as well as pure technology, so consequently, they are fairly difficult and complex to use as well as buy. As a result, we’re going to, in this guide, overview how to buy altcoins in the new age of the internet, what this entails, as well as the benefactors you can extract in terms of investment and usability when purchasing altcoins, which will help understand the process for buying cryptocurrencies as a whole.
This guide assumes you have a working internet connection, a valid email address, as well as funds to actually make a purchase for altcoins. Buying altcoins can be complicated for beginners, and is nonetheless a sensitive procedure that involves putting your funds at risk – as a result, follow instructions carefully, ask questions if you’re unsure, and do extensive research prior to making any buying decisions that you might be unsure of.
What Are Altcoins?
Altcoins, which is a nickname for ‘alternative cryptocurrencies’, are volatile tradeable and market-priced currencies that are essentially digital forms of value. Altcoins are cryptocurrencies, in fact they are classified as all cryptocurrencies that are not Bitcoin. Altcoins do not have to run on a blockchain; they simply need to be a form of technology that can be transferred to others in a cryptographic manner. While a majority of cryptocurrencies do run on blockchains, a cryptocurrency doesn’t have to. As long as it can be digitally and cryptographically sent to other people, it’s considered a cryptocurrency.
Altcoins are volatile and digital assets. They are 100% digital and are therefore treated as such.
What Can Altcoins Be Used For?
Altcoins are unique/different from one another and most of them have their own respective characteristics that make them wanted as opposed to the others. Examples:
- IOTA is an altcoin that runs on an alternative to blockchain technology, called the tangle, which has a goal of being faster and more decentral than blockchain.
- The altcoin Monero (XMR) is an alternative cryptocurrency that runs on a private blockchain and gets rid of all transaction information as soon as a transaction on the blockchain is made; as a result, Monero is entirely (At least at this moment) anonymous. Sender and receiver information is hidden as opposed to Bitcoin, where transactions and identity is only pseudonymous.
- Binance Coin (BNB) is an altcoin distributed by the cryptocurrency exchange giant Binance that is used to facilitate exchange transactions making it faster and easier to use Binance-related products. Buying BNB gives you various perks on their exchange.
How Altcoins Make People Rich
The majority of the population engages with altcoins with the hope that they will strike rich with purchases of these coins. This is mainly because of the volatility behind altcoins and their fluctuation in times of cryptocurrency market growth such as the year 2017. Altcoins are traded on public markets such as Binance (That we show you how to use later in this guide) where they are paired either to fiat value or to major pair cryptos such as Bitcoin (A non-altcoin). When the demand for these altcoins increase, in short, their price will and sell-rate will. Meaning as an example, you can purchase an altcoin for $100 and sell it for $1,000 at statistically faster rates than other markets like stocks or bonds.
The above shows the return of the altcoin Lisk in just 3 years time. That is nearly 96 times the amount of profit that the average stock market investment profited in 3 years time. So what’s the catch? Altcoins are much more volatile – while they saw monumental increases in 2017, the general altcoin market lost over 85% of its value. As a result, while these altcoins can yield outstanding long-term returns, they are only newly established markets which means they can just as equally produce the opposite of large profit.
Altcoins can make people who buy them rich when and if they increase in exponentially movements and then that same person sells it for a profit, and in the past, it has done just this. Always keep in mind, previous results do not indicate future performance, and same applies for altcoins. Also, keep in mind, altcoins are in fact correlated in some instances, but they are not and never will be finitely correlated to one another. This means that just because most altcoins increase in price, it does not mean the altcoin you’re holding has to as well. While we can sugarcoat things and say ‘buy altcoins and you will be rich!’, we rather feel it necessary the best method for profiting in markets is to assess all angles of the market, including the hard truths such as the fact that this is not a one-stop shop for massive profit.
Let’s get to it then – we’ll nextly review how to buy altcoins, the various methods you can use to purchase them, and some tips and tricks to get along the way. Whether you’re a beginner or experienced in buying cryptocurrency/a blockchain veteran, refining your skills and learning new and improved methods is always a smart choice.
How to Buy Altcoins
Fast Step Guide to Buy Altcoins
- Create an account on an exchange/platform that supports the trading of altcoins; we’ll assess some of the best options below.
- Verify your account if the platform you’ve chosen requires ID validation and add a 2FA – for added security (This can be a phone number or additional email)
- Deposit funds to your account through your method of choice and wait for the deposit processing to complete.
- Navigate to the markets and find the ‘cryptocurrencies’ section; select the altcoin of your choice and click on the ‘Order’ or ‘Trade’ section.
- Select ‘Market’ and then input the number of funds you want to spend on the altcoin.
- Press ‘Buy’ and wait for order execution.
- Upon execution, check your created account wallets (On the platform) and you’ll see you now own that altcoin.
Exchange Platforms Where You Can Buy Altcoins
As we stated above, to actually buy altcoins, you’ll first need an account with an exchange platform that supports the buying and selling of altcoins. There is a range of different options for you to choose from; below is a list of some of the top-contenders that maintain their own positive attributes.
HitBTC – HitBTC is a popular cryptocurrency exchange that lists a wide range of different altcoins and enables you to create an account and get started trading altcoins near instantly with no verification. You can deposit crypto directly on the exchange and begin trading in mere seconds.
Plus500 – Plus500 is a broker that allows for the buying and selling of CFDs only (Contracts for difference) which are merely contract-representations of altcoins. In this case, you’re just buying contracts that have relative value to altcoins and the contracts will react according to the price of the altcoins.
Changelly – A retail-focused exchange, maintains instant swaps to cryptocurrencies and can be integrated to other platforms. For example, Changelly is integrated into HitBTC as well as a large number of brokers and retail merchants.
Poloniex – Poloniex is widely acclaimed mainly because of its co-sign and indirect backing from Goldman Sachs, one of the world’s largest investment banks. It offers a variety of altcoin trading and leveraging products.
- Regulated and registered – highly secure
- Both margin contract trading of altcoins as well as purchasing of underlying altcoins
- Different payment and deposit methods
- Low fees
- Verification documents are required
- Certain countries restrict seamless deposit methods such as PayPal
Step 1: Register
The first step is to register an account. In order to do this, head over to eToro by clicking here and click the ‘Join Now’ that is located in the green button on the welcome screen as demonstrated.
Doing so will prompt a new screen where you will be able to sign up. Input a valid email address that you have access to and press ‘continue’. A confirmation email will be sent to the address you input; click on this, and login on the newly loaded page with your new account credentials. This will establish a preliminary eToro account. You can begin demo trading, however, to start buying altcoins we need to next verify our account.
Step 2: Verify
eToro requires account verification, for an obviously worthwhile purpose of account security and insurance. To verify our account, we’ll need a few documents on hand to submit to the eToro team (Don’t worry, they are held encrypted and securely);
- Valid identification (Passport, driver’s license, or equivalent)
- Proof of residence (Bank statement, lease agreement, loan document)
- 2FA – A valid phone number.
Next, you’ll have to click the ‘Complete Your Profile’ button as indicated here:
Clicking this will subsequently lead you to a page where you’ll need to submit the documents mentioned earlier to this newfound portal. Doing this will send the documents to the eToro verification team who will review the submitted materials and get back with an approval or denial for your account. Assuming your documents were successfully submitted, wait 1-3 days and when your account is validated, you now have a fully functional account.
Step 3: Deposit
To buy altcoins on eToro we need actualized funds that we need to transfer to eToro. We can do this through PayPal, credit card, or a number of different alternative options. To do this, click the ‘Deposit Funds’ button in blue located at the bottom-left of the user panel. This will load a screen asking you to specify the deposit form, which for this instance we’ll use PayPal to buy cryptocurrency as it’s the quickest option assuming a verified PayPal.
In this example, we’ll next simply need to specify how much worth we want to withdraw from our PayPal account to deposit to eToro. Then, press ‘Submit’ and you’ll be redirected to a new page where you can input your PayPal credentials and confirm the transaction. Upon processing, the funds will have now been moved to eToro and ready for usage.
Step 4: Use Markets to Buy Altcoins
The final step here would be to navigate to the markets/exchange section of eToro and make a buy order to finally buy an altcoin. To do this, click ‘Trade Markets’ under ‘Discover’ on the left-hand side of the user panel. This will load a list of assets; from here, simply select the altcoin that you want to buy under ‘Cryptocurrencies’ or search for a specific altcoin. For example, let’s say you wanted to buy Stellar [XLM], you would search ‘Stellar’ in the search field and click the blue trade button.
A new window will pop up which will ask you to input the criteria associated with your buy of the altcoin in question; input the quantity, order type (Market with 1x margin is recommended as this lets you buy the underlying asset with no additional risk), as well as additional stop-losses. Input the amount you’d like, press ‘Open Trade’ and upon execution, you’ll have bought altcoins on eToro.
- Regulated and registered, maintains high user safety
- Intuitive platform, easy to use interface
- Various deposit methods
- High-level diligence of all listed assets
- Lengthy verification required
- Although audited, not a large number of listed assets
Step 1: Register
The first step to buy altcoins on Coinbase is to create an account. To do this, head to the homepage and click the ‘Get Started’ button.
Doing this will ask you to provide basic account information including an email, password, and phone number in order to establish a preliminary account. Make sure that the email you input is accessible and once submitted, click on the confirmation link sent to that email. Once done, you’ll be able to move forward.
Step 2: Verify Your Account
Coinbase requires extended verification in order to operate a legitimate and liquid account, so as a result, once logged in click on the ‘Finish Verification’ button. This will require you to submit a valid form of identification. Refer to the image below to see Coinbase’s criteria in terms of what is considered acceptable in terms of documentation. Also, be sure that you submit legible documents and materials.
After submitting the documents as instructed above, you’ll be asked to establish a 2FA method which is simply a phone number or alternative email address. Once done, your application including the documents and materials needed to verify your identity will be sent for review. Wait for verification, which traditionally takes 12-24 hours for U.S. residents and 1-4 days for external customers, and then you’ll be able to proceed.
Step 3: Link a Deposit Method and Add Funds
We’ll need actual funds in order to buy altcoins on Coinbase – to do this, link a deposit method. Head to the ‘Accounts’ tab on Coinbase and next to your fiat account, ex: USD, select ‘Deposit’. Then, click on deposit method, and from the drop-down click on the plus sign that says ‘Add Account’.
This will load a variety of options that include bank account, wire, or credit card. Select whichever account you have and proceed to enter the information required (Account numbers, etc). Once done, follow the on-screen instructions (This will be unique for each user) to move forward. After completing, you’ll have added a new account.
Next, we’ll need to deposit funds to Coinbase. To do this, head back to the ‘Accounts’ tab and select ‘Deposit’ next to the fiat currency you have, just as we did earlier, except this time select the new account that we have added. Then, enter in the number of funds you want to deposit and then confirm the transaction. Initiate the process, and depending on which account you opted for, the deposit will be completed relative to the confirmation days that are required for the option you selected (Credit card instant, wire transfers take a few days).
Step 4: Buy Altcoins
The final step is to finally make a purchase for altcoins on Coinbase! To do this, head to the ‘Buy/Sell’ tab on your user panel, and on this page, select the ‘Buy’ tab and once here, click one of the altcoins from the drop-down menu. Then, select a payment method and click on whichever fiat funds you deposited in step 3 –> then enter the amount of the altcoin that you want to purchase and Coinbase will calculate a fair price.
In the above example, we’re buying the XRP altcoin – press ‘Buy XRP’ relative to the price you’re given. Once executed, you will now see the altcoin in your own wallet.
- Active in the altcoin community, always working on improving products
- All assets listed on Binance are actively audited and vetted
- Crypto as well as fiat deposit methods
- Competitive fees structures
- Currently not officially registered and/or regulated
- Verification not required but can be lengthy if pursued
Step 1: Create An Account
To buy altcoins on Binance, we first need to create an account with the exchange. Binance does not require identity verification for buying and selling of retail amounts of altcoins, so the process will be fairly quicker than other opposing exchanges. To get started, head to the Binance homepage (Ensure it’s not fake/phishing) and click on the ‘Register’ button in the top-right of the navigation bar and a new input form will load up. Here, enter in your email, a safe and secure password, and then head back to your email and click on the confirmation link that was sent to you.
Once you’ve confirmed the email, you’ll then be asked to login using your newly created credentials. Do this, and you’ve completed the first step.
Step 2: Deposit Funds
You can either deposit funds to Binance either through a direct cryptocurrency deposit or by buying a base cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin using a credit card. Both are applicable methods of buying altcoins on Binance. Assuming you own zero cryptocurrency currently, the step would be to buy Bitcoin using a credit card and then exchange that Bitcoin for an altcoin on Binance’s markets. To do this, on your account navigation bar, on the top-right click on the ‘Funds’ tab and from the drop-down, select the ‘Buy with Credit Card’ option.
This will then lead you to a new page where you’ll input your credit card information as well as specifying how much worth of a base cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin, you want to buy. Then, click the buy button and proceed forward and confirm the order; upon completion, you’ll now have bought Bitcoin using a credit card and funded your Binance account.
Step 3: Buy Altcoins On the Markets
The final step here is to finally buy altcoins on the markets, which we can do by navigating to the homepage and on the left-hand side of the navigation bar and clicking on the ‘Exchange –> Basic’ tabs. This will then load up the tradeable assets on Binance. From this space, simply navigate on the right side of the page where the assets are listed and select which assets you wish to trade. Let’s say we want to buy the altcoin Binance Coin (BNB), then we’d find the ticker symbol of Binance Coin relative to Bitcoin (BNB/BTC). Then, click the ‘Buy’ tab:
Differences Between Buying and Trading Altcoins
- The underlying altcoins are in your ownership.
- Can extract the utility of the altcoin when buying.
- You can use altcoins for payment services when buying.
- Altcoins can only be staked when bought.
- Trading altcoins only looks to make profit off of the altcoins price movements
- When trading altcoin CFDs (Most common trading method), you don’t own the underlying asset.
- Trading is typically consisted of multiple buys and sells
- You can only use margin in trading where higher risk is imposed
How Can I Tell Which Cryptocurrencies Are Altcoins?
The classification amongst altcoins is really simple: if you are not buying Bitcoin, but buying a different cryptocurrency you are considered to be buying an altcoin. In mainstream cryptocurrency today, Bitcoin is the singular head-pillar and the subsequent cryptocurrencies were deviations of the initial technology. As a result, every cryptocurrency that is non-Bitcoin is an altcoin, technically.
Are Altcoins Better Investments Than Bitcoin?
Altcoins are not explicitly better investments in comparison to Bitcoin, however, they have in recent years demonstrated statistically larger price increases which means more profit for investors. Bitcoin maintained lower volatility than most altcoins, however, so keep that in mind also.
How Can I Find the Best Altcoins?
Doing your own research and completing as much due diligence as possible is the most efficient way to find the altcoins with the most potential. You can utilize InsideBitcoins news as leverage through our guides, constant news updates, as well as additional content to find the best options.
Are Altcoins Safe?
Altcoins are independent technologies, they are coded by individual users, so not all are safe; this is why you should do extensive research prior to investments.
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Extend physical education to include regular exercise in the home, and present proper sleeping, eating and exercise habits as part of a larger picture of personal well-being.
Prepare handouts of various exercises.
* Talk regularly about the relationship of exercise to health, productivity, even economics.
* Discuss various health problems that can be eliminated or minimized by regular exercises or stretching.
* Students invent their own exercises, focusing on certain parts of the body or muscle groups, or…
* Pick from existing exercises already used in class.
* Students can teach exercises to adults at home.
* Have kids figure out an exercise regimen they can undertake at home.
* Include stretching exercises that may be done as part of TV watching
* Children can talk with their parents about their physical activity as children, and why they do or don’t exercise now.
* Students can keep a chart of exercises performed nightly by themselves and their parents.
* Write about results of their teaching experience.
* Can have adults help them check and record their heart rate before and after exercise.
Posing a question recently to our own high school age children of “how many of your friends DON’T smoke?” resulted in the answer: “none.” Need we say more?
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Do you want to set a goal but you’re unsure which shape that goal setting should encompass? This article will explore what pro athletes and veteran amateur athletes do to set goals. We will explore outcomes, planning, mentalities and more importantly thinking clearly. Goal setting is perceived as boring and this can be a realistic description. However, the effectiveness of setting a goal, monitoring that goal and achieving that goal has a psychological effect that helps athletes or amateurs continue in sport and fitness for longer.
It should be noted that goal setting is different to workout journal planning in so far as the planner helps with the theoretical of the activity setting whilst goal setting helps with the mechanics of the activity in question. In your planner your will note your durations and calories whilst goal setting help you increase your speed, picks up on issues and help you further your physical activities by perfecting your speed, technique and style.
When we think of twenty-first century sports science with its biomechanical aerodynamics, it’s smart phone and supercomputer mentalities and it’s wider space age technologies we can sometimes forget the original thinking behind sports.
In the nineteenth-century a man called Hyrum Smith, an American religious leader, coined the acronym SMARTS. A way of goal-setting and how to better plan your goals and systems. This article will introduce you to SMARTS and it will show you how using these systems you can better achieve your goals by creating goals that have realistic and tangible end-results.
S is for Specificity
We need a bit of specifics in our planning and goal setting. We cannot operate on weak or vague goals like ‘I want to loose weight’ you need to use language to better identify your specific goal which could be ‘I want to loose 4 dress sizes’ or ‘I want to lose 20kg’. These are specifics that goal-setting requires for success.
M is for Measurability
You need to be able to measure your goal’s successes. You can measure the success of your savings account by the interest-rates and you can measure the success of your job by your job title and general happiness in that role. These are measures and they should be applied to your own. Use numbers in your journal to better identify markets that become a benchmark for measurability.
A is for Activity
You need to focus your goals on activity-orientated and you should focus on what actions need to be done in order to reach that goal by pursuing activity-orientated processes. So focus on the jog but think about incrementally increasing your speed over a period of time to help increase the likelihood that your target or goals are met.
R is for Realism
You need to be incredibly realistic in your goal-setting. You need to think about moderating the ‘difficulties’ within your workouts. So a bit of extra weight, or an extra 1k or even a few extra laps in the pool. These will help you focus your attention on your goals by making the exercise more real. The last thing you need is for your body to stall because you’re doing the same thing day-in and day-out.
T is for Timely
You need to achieve your goals in a timely manner. So this means you need to focus your attention on hitting your goals in the medium and not long-term. This is important if weight-loss is your goal as a 1 year target will be psychologically harder to maintain than a six month target. This means you need to think about not just the exercise times but the long-term times and how it will impact on your goals.
S is for Self-Determination
You are your own boss! You need to set your own goals so you can find meaning in the end result of achieving your goal. When you start on a weight-loss diet and workout plan – your goal of ‘loosing 20kg in six months’ – you will need self-determination and by being ruthless to yourself you can achieve your own goals and therein find meaning from the end product.
If you are starting out and you have a goal – either weight loss or muscle gain – then you will need a goal that follows the SMARTS goal-setting formula. You will need to be specific – have a clear goal, have benchmarks – measures that can identify success and failure, have a focus on activities – your actions are what’s required to achieve your goals, be realistic – don’t set a goal with too higher standard, think about timings – think about the medium term like three to six months rather than the year-long picture and finally have self-determination. If you can focus on these key elements you can achieve your goals and targets successfully.
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Bio-identical or Body identical hormones are a medication derived from plant based products that are the same chemical structure as your own hormones. They are made from Soya beans or wild yam, and converted into bio-identical hormones.
Bio-identical hormones are available for men and women, and contain Oestrogen and Progesterone for women, and Testosterone for men. Women may also need Testosterone and DHEA.
Bio-identical Oestrogen helps to increase collagen, and slow down bone loss at the time of the menopause, as well as increasing oestrogen in the vagina and bladder. The latter reverses vaginal dryness and improves bladder function.
Most importantly oestrogen will reverse hot flushes and night sweats.
Progesterone elevates mood and may prevent depression in P.M.S. and the menopause. Progesterone also acts as a mild diuretic.
Testosterone increases energy and sex drive in both sexes, and is normally given if Testosterone is low.
D.H.E.A. is a precursor of Testosterone, and useful in Post-Menopausal women, sometimes helping with brain fog and memory problems.
Other hormones include Melatonin the hormone of sleep, insomnia is a common symptom of the menopause often made worse by night sweats, but also from anxiety.
Pregnelalone the mother of all hormones is sometimes helpful in memory problems.
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SLIPPERY ROCK, Pa. - Helium, that colorless, odorless, tasteless, inert, non-toxic gas, most often employed to inflate party balloons - and for then creating squeaky voices - is becoming extinct worldwide. The price is on an upward spiral, which means Slippery Rock University chemistry students are quickly learning the economic laws of supply and demand.
On campus, the chemical element, with the atomic number 2 on the Periodic Table of Elements, is used in cryogenics, particularly for cooling the University's superconducting magnets, said Donald Zapien, SRU professor of chemistry.
"Superconducting magnets only operate at very low temperatures which can be produced by using the super cooling temperature of liquid helium," he said. The magnets on campus are used to create a magnetic field around molecules enabling students to examine molecular structures as part of chemistry lab courses. It is also used in a number of chemistry-related research projects."
"It [the shortage] is a subject that is affecting everyone in the scientific community," Zapien said.
"Unfortunately," he said, "we need the amount of liquid helium that we need to make use of the expensive equipment we have on campus. So, I am afraid we will just have to bear any cost increases, or idle the very expensive equipment that we have."
Frank Oesterling, a sales engineer at Greco Gas Co.'s Butler Office, which supplies much of SRU's helium, says the price is already up 50 to 75 percent compared to the last two years. "We have been allocated only two-thirds of the supply we received a year ago." He said he expects to see further prices increases and is telling a number of customers they will have to reduce usage.
Greco supplies helium to a number of "big balloon" users in the area as well as the welding industry. Helium (and argon, another elemental gas) is often used to create a "gas blanket" at welding sites. The helium blanket keeps oxygen away from the molten metal making for a better bond. It is also used extensively in hospital and clinic MRI machines.
National Geographic reports most of the U.S. helium supplies come from natural gas in the Great Plains. "The U.S. began stockpiling it in the 1960s, but in 1996 opted to recoup its investment and sell off the reserve by 2015. After that, other producers, including Russia, Algeria and Qatar, will control what's left of the global market: perhaps a mere 40 year's worth."
Zapien said helium, one of the so-called "noble gases," is also used on campus as an inert gas to flow through chromatic graphing equipment in order to separate molecules in a mixture as part of gas chromatography, the analysis of chemical compounds.
"We also use helium to drive out oxygen from liquids used in liquid chromatography and in organic synthesis," he said.
SRU receives liquid nitrogen deliveries about twice a month. Liquid helium is usually delivered twice each year. The next delivery is expected during summer.
The worldwide shortage is attributed to continued use and dwindling natural supplies.
The gas, which cannot be made, is created by the natural radioactive decay of heavy radioactive elements and is captured through a fractional distillation process.
The U.S. government has storage stockpiles, mostly in Texas at the nation's only Federal Helium Reserve. The facility reportedly stores about a third of the entire known world supply. Work is under way to privatize ownership of the U.S. supply.
Helium is also used extensively in medical scanners, LCD screens, welding, electronics, metals, fiber optics, aerospace and research as well as weather balloons. It is used in lifting dirigible airships, including those that cover outdoor sporting events. It replaces the explosive hydrogen formerly used in airships. The gas is mixed with oxygen for some newborn babies needing lung development and for underwater divers to reach deeper parts of the oceans.
Slippery Rock University is Pennsylvania's premier public residential university. Slippery Rock University provides students with a comprehensive learning experience that intentionally combines academic instruction with enhanced educational and learning opportunities that make a positive difference in their lives.
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Summary: Flu season is upon us and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is so eager to keep this year's outbreak contained, it has issued new recommendations that all people, including those with egg allergies, receive the influenza vaccination.
By Carolyn Buchanan | Posted: October 7, 2013
Each year, more than 21,100 children under the age of five are hospitalized because of the flu. Yet, according to the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI), up to 2 percent of children may not be getting the vaccination.
One reason for this is that, in the past, the flu shot has been associated with severe side effects in children with egg allergies. "The influenza vaccine is grown in chicken eggs, therefore it contains trace amounts of egg allergen," said allergist James Sublett, chair of the ACAAI Public Relations Committee. "It has been long advised that children and adults with an egg allergy do not receive the vaccination, however, we now know administration is safe."
"In a large number of research studies published over the last several years, thousands of egg allergic children, including those with a severe life-threatening reaction to eating eggs, have received injectable influenza vaccine (IIV) as a single dose without a reaction" said allergist John Kelso, MD, fellow of the ACAAI. (There is a flu vaccine that doesn't contain egg proteins, but that is only approved for use in adults age 18 and older.)
ACAAI allergists issued their latest update on the safety of the flu vaccine for allergic patients in the October issue of the Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the official journal of the ACAAI.
"The benefits of the flu vaccination far outweigh the risks," said Dr. Sublett. "The best precaution for children that have experienced anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction, after ingesting eggs in the past is to receive the vaccination from an allergist."
Eggs happen to be one of the most common food allergens, According to the ACAAUI approximately 600,000 Americans are affected. Studies show that about 70 percent of them outgrow the allergy symptoms by age 16.
Most allergic reactions to eggs involve the skin — egg allergy is the most common food allergy in babies and young children with eczema. Egg allergy reactions can range from minor symptoms like hives to severe reactions such as anaphylaxis, which may cause death.
The current recommendation from the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices is to observe children with egg allergy for 30 minutes after a flu shot. It also advises having the shot under the care of a primary care provider, if the reaction to eating eggs is on the mild side, as in hives. If your child's reaction to eating eggs is more serious, have the vaccine administered by an allergist.
3 More Articles to Read Now:
Photo credit: Flickr
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EMBL/EMBO Joint Conference 2000
Panel discussion – 10 November 2000
First of all, let us identify some of the main reasons why public trust in science gets undermined.
Science is complicated. It often requires specialized knowledge and experience to grasp the significance of scientific advances and to appreciate their practical implications. People fear what they do not understand. We all believe in better public education about science, but our ideas about how to promote it may be unrealistic. It is implausible that there will be big changes in public "scientific literacy." We need to learn to do better talking to people where they are. The challenge of doing so is great. Many scientists live in a subculture that is quite detached from ordinary life, even from the ordinary life of educated members of affluent societies. With other groups, the cultural gap is even larger.
Scientists overpromise. There is a widespread belief, not entirely without foundation, that the most effective way to "sell" science is emphasizing near-term practical applications, particularly to human health. History teaches us that advancing scientific knowledge does correlate, on a time scale of decades, with applications that greatly improve human welfare. On a shorter time scale, the relationship between support for science and practical applications is highly unpredictable. Even the relationship between major scientific discoveries and practical applications is erratic. We live in an impatient, utilitarian age in which cautious voices are readily drowned out by hucksterism. Indeed, it is age in which hucksterism pays particularly well.
Scientists are losing their scholarly aura. Along with high salaries, large grants, lucrative consulting fees, and stock options comes loss of credibility. Many scientists, particularly those with high public profiles, are serving a variety of masters. When they speak out on issues of public interest, it is not always clear that they are bringing their best, objective judgment to bear on complex issues. They may simply be trying to run up the stock price of their company.
Scientists do not always bring good news. Humanity is facing problems of ever-increasing complexity. Scientists are often the source of the unwelcome news that these problems are real, that some of them will get worse before they get better, and that politically popular "solutions" to them are poorly considered. Shooting the messenger who brings bad news will remain in style.
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Being new in this world of translations and interpretations, and as a Human Resources professional, I find really impressive the number of people, roles and trades that collaborate and strive in a project to reach a final shared goal: that a concept or idea is understood by many people as possible.
Following this idea, and being close to the International Translation Day, I would like to write with a special focus on the role played by linguists.
There is no specific information about when this activity began. It certainly evolved along with the growth of a population spreading in villages and the need to communicate with each other thousands of years ago. Even at the time of the Aztec and Mayan empires, which were united despite being formed by different tribes with their well maintained and respected own dialects and religions, those who had the ability to manage two or more of those dialects were highly regarded and used as mediators to communicate the central city with the surrounding towns.
There is a lot of historical data about translations, but for me, the most interesting thing about all this is the role assumed by the person who is going to translate. The translator must be able not only to know perfectly well the languages involved, but also the culture that surrounds them. She or he becomes a link that unites different cultures transmitting a unique message, which must be understood and interpreted in the same way in all the languages to which it will be targeted. This is where they find the great challenge of creating a content that, when processed by the recipients, they do not notice that it is a transformed text, but that it rather has the characteristics of having been originally written as such.
This is why, among other things, I think it is a very interesting and more complex work than commonly believed. So, it is not only about knowing words in a different language, but also to know how to adapt them without losing the idea where those words are coming from.
For more information about the translation process, or to get a free quote please feel free to contact us.
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE, ENGLAND
By Tim Lambert
BOSTON IN THE MIDDLE AGES
According to legend Boston is named after St Botolph. It is said he came to the area in the 7th century and built a monastery and church next to an existing settlement. The settlement was renamed Botolph's tun (town). However this story is disputed by some historians who believe its name has a different origin.
Boston was not mentioned in the Domesday book of 1086. However it probably grew into a little town in the late 11th century or early 12th century. At that time international trade was booming. Boston was well situated to trade with Europe and it soon became a busy little port. Boston also became a focal point for the surrounding villages. It grew into a market town.
As well as weekly markets Boston had an annual fair by 1125. In the Middle Ages fairs were like markets but they were held only once a year. Merchants came from all over Europe to buy and sell at a Boston fair.
In the Middle Ages wool was England's most important export. By the 13th century wool exports from Boston were booming. In the early 13th century Boston paid more tax than any other town except London. Apart from wool some salt, grain and lead were exported. The main import was wine (the drink of the upper class). Timber and fish were imported from Scandinavia. Spices were also imported into Boston.
In the 14th century only certain towns were allowed to export wool. They were called staples. In 1369 the king made Boston a staple. However in the 15th century the wool industry shifted away from the East Midlands to other parts of England. As a result Boston began to decline. Furthermore the River Witham began to silt up which hindered shipping adding to the decline of the port.
Medieval Boston was surrounded by a ditch called the Barditch. Bar is the old word for gate. Just to make life complicated the street name 'gate' as in Bargate is derived from the old Danish for street 'gata'.
Medieval Boston was a large town. It had several thousand inhabitants. To us it would seem no more than a large village but by the standards of the time, when settlements were very small, it was a large and important settlement.
However although it was a busy port Boston was not a manufacturing center. Nevertheless it did have the same craftsmen found in any Medieval town such as carpenters, shoemakers, tanners, butchers and bakers.
St Botolph's church was constructed during the 14th century. The tower, known as the Boston Stump was added between the early 15th century and the early 16th century. It stands 272 feet tall. For centuries it acted as a landmark for sailors.
In the late 13th century friars came to Boston. The friars were like monks but instead of withdrawing from the world they went out to preach. There were 4 orders of friars in Boston, the Dominicans (known as black friars because of the color of their costumes), Franciscan or grey friars, Carmelites and (from the early 14th century) Austins or Augustines. (The refectory or dining room of the friary was made into a theatre in 1965. It is now Blackfriars Arts Centre).
There was also a 'hospital' just outside the town called St John's Hospital. It was run by an order of monks called the Knights Hospitaller. Here they cared for the poor and the sick as best they could.
In 1281 Boston suffered a fire, which destroyed much of the town. (Fire was a constant danger in Medieval towns as most of the buildings were made of wood with thatched roofs. However if they did burn they could easily be rebuilt).
Several buildings in Boston have survived from the Middle Ages. Shodfriars Hall probably dates from the 14th century. (Some friars were called shod friars because they wore shoes unlike the Carmelites who were 'unshod'). Pescod Hall is part of house built in the mid-15th century. St Mary's Guildhall was also built in the 15th century. (In the Middle Ages some people joined religious guilds, which looked after members spiritual wellbeing). Hussey Tower was built in the mid-15th century as part of Hussey Hall. (It was named after Lord Hussey who once owned it).
BOSTON IN THE 16th CENTURY AND 17th CENTURY
In the mid-16th century Henry VIII closed the friaries in Boston. However Boston continued to be a busy little town. However Boston was not made a borough until 1545 when King Henry VIII granted it a charter (a document giving the townspeople certain rights). Furthermore from 1552 Boston sent 2 MPs to parliament. Boston Grammar School was founded in 1555.
Nevertheless in the 16th century Boston was much less important than it had been in the 13th century. The wool trade had almost stopped by 1500. The main trade from Boston was a coastal trade. (In those days it was easier to transport goods by water than by land and many commodities were shipped around the coast of Britain).
In the mid 16th century a writer named John Leland described Boston thus: (I have changed his words slightly to make them easier to read) 'The greatest and chief part of the town in on the east side of the river, where there is a fair market place and a (market) cross with a square tower.'
Leland said the Church of St Botolph was: 'so risen and adorned that it is the chief (church) of the town and for a parish church is the best and fairest in all Lincolnshire.'
During the 16th and 17th centuries the population of Boston continued to grow. (This was despite outbreaks of plague in 1587-88, 1603 and 1625). Maud Foster drain was dug in the mid-16th century. Then in 1604 James I granted Boston a new charter.
In 1607 a group of Puritans from the Gainsborough area, led by William Brewster, attempted to escape to Holland from Boston. At the time such 'emigration' was illegal but they bribed a captain to smuggle them on board a ship. However he betrayed them to the authorities before they could set sail. Nevertheless most of the Puritans were soon released and the next year they escaped in a ship from the Humber.
BOSTON IN THE 18th CENTURY
The writer Daniel Defoe visited Boston in the 1720s and he was impressed. He called it 'large and populous'. However Boston only really began to revive in the late 18th century when Holland Fen was drained. The newly drained land was rich and fertile and soon Boston began to 'export' cereals from the area to London.
In 1794 the River Slea was made navigable from Sleaford to the Witham, which increased the amount of traffic travelling through Boston. The Grand Sluice in Boston opened in 1766.
In 1713 a charity school opened in Boston. It was called the Blue Coat School because of the color of the uniforms. A new Customs House was built in Boston in 1725. Fydell House was built in 1726 by William Fydell who was mayor of Boston 3 times.
In 1776 an Act of Parliament formed a body of men called Commissioners with power to light the streets of Boston and to appoint watchmen to patrol the streets at night.
In 1774 Boston gained its first bank and in 1795 a dispensary was opened where the poor could obtain free medicines.
BOSTON IN THE 19th CENTURY
In 1801 Boston had a population of 5,926. By the standards of the time it was quite a large market town.
In the early 19th century the coastal trade to and from Boston continued to flourish. Then in 1884 new docks were built downriver of the town which greatly boosted business. Meanwhile Maud Foster Mill was built in 1819.
Although Boston was really a market town there was some industry in the 19th century such as making farm implements and in the later 19th century a label making industry.
Furthermore there were some improvements to Boston in the 19th century. From 1825 Boston had gas light and a waterworks company was formed in 1845. The railway reached Boston in 1848. A volunteer fire brigade was formed in 1855. Also in 1855 a Corn Exchange was built in Boston.
BOSTON IN THE 20th CENTURY
In 1901 the population of Boston was 15,000. It rose only slowly in the early 20th century. In 1931 Boston still had a population of only 16,500. By 1951 the population of had risen to 24,000 but this was largely due to boundary changes. (The boundaries of Boston were extended to include other communities).
In the 20th century Boston was still a busy port. Grain, fertilizer and animal feed were imported. So was timber. Wheat, potatoes and beet sugar were exported. Industries in Boston included making tags and labels, food canning and making beds and pillows.
In the 20th century amenities in Boston improved rapidly. The first cinema in Boston opened in 1910. Centenary Methodist Church opened in 1911. A new town bridge was built in 1913. Then in 1919 the council bought Central Park. In 1924 Boston gained electric light.
Meanwhile a War Memorial was erected in Boston in 1921. County Hall was built in 1927. Also in the 1920's the first council houses were built in Boston.
The Guildhall was turned into a museum in 1929. In 1938 the American Room in Fydell House was opened by US Ambassador Joseph Kennedy.
Sutterton Enterprise Park opened in 1997.
BOSTON IN THE 21st CENTURY
The Pescod Shopping Centre Opened in Boston in 2004. Boston is also a busy and important port. Today Boston has a population of 59,000.
A timeline of Boston
A brief history of Grantham
A brief history of Lincoln
A brief history of Wisbech
A brief history of Louth
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Natural and Man-Made Radiation
The Nuclear Age generates and processes massive amounts of radioactive material and waste. Processing uranium for use as nuclear fuel for generating electricity, in nuclear weapons and other nuclear applications, has exposed millions of workers and ordinary people worldwide to radiation. Fission in nuclear reactors and the detonation of nuclear weapons result in the generation of new sources of radioactivity. All life on Earth is exposed to and impacted by natural sources of ionizing radiation. Radiation exposures are increasing due to planned and accidental releases of man-made radioactivity.
Ionizing radiation is the emission of energetic particles (alpha, beta, neutron) or rays (gamma and x-rays) from a radioactive isotope--also called a radionuclide. These emissions may knock off an electron in its target, thus resulting in ionization. When something absorbs the energy of the ray or the particle, irradiation occurs. When a living being absorbs it, that individual has received a “dose” of radiation.
Curies, Rads, and Rems
The pioneers of the Nuclear Age invented units for measuring radioactivity. The measure of radio - active decay--the curie (named for Madame Marie Curie)--is the count, per second, of radioactive emissions, also called “disintegrations.” One curie is that amount of a radioactive material that gives off 37 billion radioactive particles or rays per second. This unit is a fixed standard, and concentrations in curies (or fractions of a curie) per gram or per liter, and per second or per minute, can be verified with proper instrumentation.
Translating the curie amount into a potential dose to a living organism is far from precise. Unlike the curie, which has a clear definition, the units for estimating impacts of radiation on living tissues--rads, rems and millirems--are based on models and assumptions. Estimates of the biological impacts of exposure to specific types of radiation have been based on animal experiments and on a limited number of human experiments. Some estimates of dose are based on data collected from the survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs, even when the given situation is different.
The Rad is used to measure the energy absorbed by tissue that is exposed to radioactivity. In Europe the unit for 100 Rads is called a Gray.
The Rem combines the amount of radiation exposure (Rad) with its alleged impact on health. The estimated damage or “biological effectiveness” of the radiation is based on models. In Europe the unit for 100 Rems is called a Sievert. The prefix, “milli,” denotes one-thousandth of a unit. For example: one rem equals 1,000 millirems.
The Rem (the unit of radiation dose) is not based upon a standard unit that can be verified. One must know the duration of exposure, amount and type of radioactivity involved, the size of the body that absorbed it, and what that radiation event did to the particular body in question. Even under very controlled conditions, it is virtually impossible to derive each of these data points with certainty. In uncontrolled conditions, such as accidental releases and doses to the “general population,” as we are known, it is even less possible to gather this information accurately.
The Standard Man
Emblematic of the arbitrary nature of dose assessment is the invention of the Standard Man: a fictional or contrived individual whose physical characteristics have been defined by officials who set radiation standards. Sadly, the nuclear pioneers who were charged with overseeing a work force of not-so-standard men did not take variability into account. Nor did they assess the differing impacts on women, fetuses, infants, children and elders. The work of the late Dr. Alice Stewart confirms that many groups of human beings are not comparable to the Standard Man.
When a radioactive release happens, and the dose to those impacted is estimated or “reconstructed,” the characteristics of the Standard Man and the standardized assumptions about the impact of radiation on the Standard Man are used as the basis for the estimated dose. The many differences between real people and the Standard Man are not considered when estimating the official dose to individual members of the public.
Radiation Effects on Real People
Exposure to radiation increases the risk of damage to tissues, cells, DNA and other vital molecules--potentially causing programmed cell death (apoptosis), genetic mutations, cancers, leukemias, birth defects, and reproductive, immune, cardiovascular, and endocrine system disorders. The varying impacts on health of each of the hundreds of different nuclides to which people may be exposed are simply not known.
Since scientists do not truly know the specific impacts a given radionuclide may have on the organs and tissues of a specific person, the translation of the amount of radioactivity to which that person has been exposed (in curies or fractions of a curie) into a radiation dose (in rems or millirems) is basically speculation. That is, determining the quality and the quantity of a radiation dose is far from an exact science.
The late Dr. Donnell Boardman, a physician with many years of medical observation of nuclear workers, explained that no two radiation exposures are ever the same, even to the same individual. Ongoing research about the biochemical and physical impacts of ionizing radiation on living cells by British scientists Eric Wright and Carmel Mothersill, and others, confirms Dr. Boardman’s observation. A single alpha particle, acting on a single cell, may damage that cell to the same degree as if a thousand x-rays had hit it. That is, one radiation particle can cause great damage to a single cell; that damage can even lead to a person’s death, while registering a dose to the total body of zero!
“Permissible” Does NOT Mean Safe
Since the beginning of the Atomic Age, radiation standards have been set by governments based on advice from commissions composed of representatives of industries, governmental agencies, academic institutions and the medical profession involved in nuclear technologies. The standards so devised are lenient enough to allow the nuclear industry to continue exposing its workers and the public to levels of radiation decreed to be “permissible,” and to continue contaminating our air, water, and soil. Permissible does not mean safe, but merely expedient.
In the U.S. the “protection” standards are usually written in rems and millirems. Since dose in rems or millirems cannot be verified, our “legal protection standards” for workers and the public cannot be verified. These standards must be taken for exactly what they are: a myth. Unfortunately, the radiation and its likely impacts on health are real.
The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has provided ample evidence of the non-verifiability of the millirem in how it has revised its radiation standards. Although in 1991 the NRC announced that it had lowered its maximum annual radiation dose for a worker and a member of the public, it actually increased the permissible levels of concentration --- in air and water --- of some radionuclides inside the workplace and in releases to our environment.
Please Don’t Tell Us What You Don’t Know
The “mythical millirem” has given a false legitimacy to official pronouncements about risk from exposure to radiation. Whether promoting the deregulation of radioactive waste for use in consumer products, or reporting on Chernobyl, Three Mile Island and other nuclear accidents, the nuclear industry minimizes the dangers of radiation and does not admit to the many uncertainties about monitoring and calculating the amounts of radioactivity to which workers and the public may be exposed, or its impact on our health.
A prominent health physicist admitted after an accident at the Tokaimura nuclear fuel factory in Japan in 1999, “The local government took external measurements where there was no possibility of measurement, nor were they measuring for the appropriate type of radiation . . . . We as a profession need to stop taking actions solely to pacify a population, when there is absolutely no benefit, and more importantly, no scientific merit.”
It is time to reject the term, millirem. We should request instead that official statements about nuclear accidents, materials and facilities include data given in curies of specific radionuclides, and that authorities make it clear that the health consequences of any resulting exposure cannot be standardized or accurately predicted. Therefore any claim of “no damage to the public” has no credible basis except as one more convenient myth. --Mary Fox Olson & Kay Drey, November 2003
Nuclear Information & Resource Service
1424 16 th St. NW Suite 404
Washington , DC 20036
click here for .pdf version of this factsheet
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The Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade
Publication Year: 2013
During the era of the Atlantic slave trade, vibrant port cities became home to thousands of Africans in transit. Free and enslaved blacks alike crafted the necessary materials to support transoceanic commerce and labored as stevedores, carters, sex workers, and boarding-house keepers. Even though Africans continued to be exchanged as chattel, urban frontiers allowed a number of enslaved blacks to negotiate the right to hire out their own time, often greatly enhancing their autonomy within the Atlantic commercial system.
In The Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade, eleven original essays by leading scholars from the United States, Europe, and Latin America chronicle the black experience in Atlantic ports, providing a rich and diverse portrait of the ways in which Africans experienced urban life during the era of plantation slavery. Describing life in Portugal, Brazil, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Africa, this volume illuminates the historical identity, agency, and autonomy of the African experience as well as the crucial role Atlantic cities played in the formation of diasporic cultures. By shifting focus away from plantations, this volume poses new questions about the nature of slavery in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, illustrating early modern urban spaces as multiethnic sites of social connectivity, cultural incubation, and political negotiation.
Contributors: Trevor Burnard, Mariza de Carvalho Soares, Matt D. Childs, Kevin Dawson, Roquinaldo Ferreira, David Geggus, Jane Landers, Robin Law, David Northrup, João José Reis, James H. Sweet, Nicole von Germeten.
Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press
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In 1763 a young enslaved man who went by the name Gustavus Vassa went to sea in the British Caribbean. Like most sailors, he soon began to engage in petty commerce to make a bit of money. Over the next four years he built up his small savings by transporting goods from one island port and selling them in another. ...
Part I. African Identities in Atlantic Spaces
Chapter 1. Identity among Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone
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In their influential collection of essays on Caribbean and Latin American port cities in 1991, Franklin Knight and Peggy Liss suggested that the presence of people of African origins, both slave and free, was an “especially important” topic in Atlantic history that deserved greater attention and study.1 ...
Chapter 2. Ouidah as a Multiethnic Community
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The town of Ouidah, in the modern Republic of Bénin (formerly the French colony of Dahomey), was one of the preeminent “port” towns on the Atlantic coast of Africa in the precolonial period.1 It was a major point of embarkation of slaves for export across the Atlantic from the 1670s onward, and continued to flourish in this role ...
Chapter 3. African Nations in Nineteenth-Century Salvador, Bahia
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The city of São Salvador da Bahia, known as the city of Bahia through the nineteenth century, and later as Salvador, was founded between the open sea and the Bay of All Saints in 1549. The city held the position of Portuguese America’s colonial capital until 1763, when it was replaced by Rio de Janeiro, ...
Part II: The Sources of Black Agency
Chapter 4. Re-creating African Ethnic Identities in Cuba
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Havana has long served as a location for the major social and cultural processes that have marked the history of the Black Atlantic over the past five hundred years. In the sixteenth century, Havana became the largest city in the Caribbean, with an enslaved labor force that made up at least one-third of the city’s population. ...
Chapter 5. The Slaves and Free People of Color of Cap Français
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For most of the eighteenth century, Cap Français was the largest town in the Caribbean’s wealthiest colony, French Saint Domingue. At the height of its commercial importance in the late 1780s, it was home to about 15,000 permanent residents. Two-thirds were slaves and about one-tenth were free people of color. ...
Chapter 6. Kingston, Jamaica: Crucible of Modernity
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J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur is one of the key delineators of the American national character, a man whose Letters from an American Farmer has a canonical status in early American literature. He is primarily known for his bucolic depiction of rural Pennsylvania, as the originator of the notion of America as a mostly harmonious melting pot ...
Part III: Urban Spaces and Black Autonomy
Chapter 7. The African Landscape of Seventeenth-Century Cartagena and Its Hinterlands
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Spain spent almost eight hundred years advancing its frontiers in the Iberian Peninsula, and the conquest of the last Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492 segued into the “discovery” and conquest of new frontiers in the Americas. Spaniards viewed these events as proof of God’s will and of their own divine mission, ...
Chapter 8. The Cultural Geography of Enslaved Ship Pilots
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Westerners were world voyagers navigating the blue deep-water seas that Africans, Asians, Amerindians, and Polynesians knew as their own waters. Yet they usually relied on local pilots to guide them through green coastal waterways and into and out of port, enabling pilots to control the waters between land and the open ocean. ...
Chapter 9. Slavery and the Social and Cultural Landscapes of Luanda
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On July 10, 1771, Manoel de Salvador, a slave living in Luanda, was arrested on the accusation of committing a burglary. To defend himself, he laid out a set of startling arguments. According to Salvador, he had been “shipped from this city [Luanda] together with his mother and his brother to Rio de Janeiro when he was a child, ...
Chapter 10. African Barbeiros in Brazilian Slave Ports
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For many decades, Latin American historians did not argue, debate, or investigate in detail where African slaves came from. Only during the last decades have scholars begun to emphasize the different experiences of enslavement for individuals who were born as slaves in the Americas from those who arrived as adults from abroad ...
Part IV. Black Identities in Non-plantation Economies
Chapter 11. The Hidden Histories of African Lisbon
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The Monument to the Discoveries overlooking the Rio Tejo, with the faces of Portugal’s early overseas explorers permanently etched in stone, acts as a memorial to Portugal’s imperial greatness—a testament to a glorious past in which Portuguese invention and bravery brought extraordinary wealth to the metropole, ...
Chapter 12. Black Brotherhoods in Mexico City
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As explored in other chapters in this volume that focus on port cities in the Iberian Black Atlantic, this chapter analyzes seventeenth-century Mexico City confraternities that had an African or Creole membership or were described in colonial documentation as founded and led by negros or mulatos.1 ...
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In a 1991 analysis of black life in the eighteenth-century British Empire titled “British Encounters with Africans and African-Americans, circa 1600–1780,” in Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire, ed. Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 157–219, Philip D. Morgan suggested ...
List of Contributors
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Trevor Burnard is the author of several books on Atlantic history and on white slave owners on the Chesapeake and in Jamaica. He has written a large number of articles on such things as the history of early Jamaica; gender, whiteness, and slavery in plantation societies; and the character of the planter class in the British Atlantic World. ...
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The funds that made possible the conference that inspired these essays came from the University of Texas at Austin through the Faculty Harrington Fellowship and the Alice Drysdale Sheffield Professorship. Julie Ewald with the Harrington Fellowship facilitated all things. ..
Page Count: 376
Illustrations: 4 illus.
Publication Year: 2013
Series Title: The Early Modern Americas
Series Editor Byline: Peter C. Mancall, Series Editor
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